AISC 5th Ed. Manual

:]CJ
i~·
(;t< ESTNUT tlI L. L
STEEL
CONSTRUCTION
A Manual for Architects, Engineers and

Fabricators of Buildings and Other
Steel Structures
Fifth Edition
Twenty-t hird Printing
1958
COPYRIGHT 1947
American Institute of Steel Construction
New York. N. Y.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

NEW YORK, N. Y.
Printed in t he U nited States or America

4
FOREWORD
The American Institute of Steel Construction is a service organi-
zation operating without possibility of dividends or profit. It is
financed by assessments received from structural steel fabricators.
It is engaged in research and in the assembling and distribution of
data and information from which architects and engineers may pre-
pare engineering plans conforming to the most advanced information
available to the technical professions, and in conformity with the
best industrial practices.
Executive and engineering offices are maintained in New York
City.
Recognizing the merits of personal contact in the clearer under-
standing of data, the Institute has established district offices in
various sections of the country. These offices are in charge of
engineers with a background of valuable experience, and their
services are available without cost to those interested or engaged in
the construction industries.
The Institute does not prepare engineering plans. While every
precaution has been taken so that all data and information are as
accurate as possible, and while our engineers endeavor to supple-
ment these data by conference and advice, the Institute cannot
assume responsibility for errors or oversights in the use of such
information or in the preparation of engineering plans.
Where it has been possible to identify the authors of data that
are reproduced in full, in part, or in modified form in this book, such
data are used with the author's permission. Acknowledgment is
made to:
American Bridge Company
American Institute o f Bolt, Nut and Rivet Manufacturers
American Iron and Steel Institute
American Society for Testing Materials
American Standards Association
American Welding Society
Bethlehem Steel Company
Carnegie Illinois Steel Corporation
M
Inland Steel Company

Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation
Lukens Steel Company
Mississippi Valley Structural Steel Company
National Lumber Manufacturers Association
National Tube Company
Phoenix Bridge Company
United States Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards
United States Steel Corporation
Weiskopf & Pickworth. Consulting Engineers, New York

5
PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION
The unique position which this Manual holds in engineering

literature carries with it two obligations which are not always easily
reconciled. On the one hand is the necessity for keeping the contents
abreast of the latest technical developments and production prac-
tices. On the other hand, it is recognized that the user, through
frequent reference, forms an attachment to a particular edition of
the Manual and may naturally feel some annoyance when the copy
with which he is familiar is superseded. In deference to this latter
consideration, a new edition of the Manual is issued only wh~n
necessitated by major technical or commercial developments. This
Fifth Edition reflects such developments.
In Part IV. it will be noted that the Specification for the Design,
Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for Buildings (Riveted,
Bolted and Arc Welded Construction), and the Code of Standard
Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges have both been substantially
revised (the Specification as of February, 1946 ; the Code as of
December, 1946) from the texts in former editions.
In Part 1. the tables of available rolled shapes have of necessity
been radically revised, to conform to the lists agreed upon by in-
dustry since the close of the war and contained in "Simplified Prac-
tice Recommendation R-216-46" of the United States Department
of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, issued February, 1946.
These changes have carried with them the necessity for many
corrections, throughout most of the tables in the Manual, to ensure
conformity with the revised Specification and the revised lists of
shapes.
Preparation of the present Edition has been the work of a small
Committee on Manual. Commencing as soon as the release of the
Simplified Practice Recommendations and the revised Specification
would permit, this Committee has endeavored to publish the up-to-
date data as quickly as possible.
Since the Manual is widely used by designers and detailers of
fabricated steel, it is earnestly desired that it be, so far as possible,
perfected and rendered of the greatest convenience and serviceability.
All criticism and suggestions for its improvement, forwarded to the
Director of Engineering at Institute headquarters, will receive con-
sideration in future revisions.

6
LIST OF SYMBOLS
A Area
B Bending factor (A/S)
b Breadtb or width
C Constant
c Distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber
D Diameter
d Depth
Deflection of a point of a structure
• Unit deformation or strain
E Modulus of elasticity (fl .)
e Eccentricity of application of load
f Unit stress
g Gage for riveting
I Moment of inertia
L Length in feet
I Length in inches
M Moment of force induding bending moment
P Force or concentrated load
p Pressure per unit of area
R Reaction
r Radius of gyration
S Section modulus (lie)
t Thickness. or temperature
V Total shear
v Unit shear
W Totalload
w Load per unit of length
X Horizontal axis
x Distance parallel to X axis
Y Vertical axis
y Distance parallel to Y axis
Deviations from the above symbols are indicated at the places

of exception.
Unless otherwise indicated loads are expressed in KIPS. The term kip (abbre-
viation from kilo-pound) is extensively used in technical literature to designate one
thousand pounds and is here used as being terse and convenient.

7
ARRANGEMENT OF CONTENTS
The matter contained in this Manual has been arranged to
provide maximum convenience for the estimator, the designer, and
the detailer, respectively, rather than to adhere to a strictly academic
classification. However, in order to avoid repetition, the arrange-
ment of certain matter, such as the detailing dimensions of rolled
shapes, rolling mill practice as to tolerances and surface finish and
a few other topics, does not strictly comply with this rule. In such
cases suitable cross reference is made.
Furthermore, in order that the designer may concentrate ad-

vantageously on the application of design, matter that is to be found
in engineering text books, such as the definitions of terms, the deri-
vation of formulas, and similar topics, has been excluded.
PART I contains . the data most frequently referred to by struc-

tural estimators and designers. In general this part includes products
that are usually figured individually, whereas the details of products
which it is the practice to estimate by percentage are given in
Part II.
PART II contains the data most frequently required in making

shop drawings not previously given in Part I.
PART III gives tables of allowable loads for stipulated conditions

based on the unit stresses permitted by the A. I. S. C. Specification.
PART IV assembles the standard specifications and codes most

commonly applicable to steel buildings.
PART V contains in tabulated form various data that may be

needed for occasional reference.

B
PART I
Part I contains the data most frequently referred to by struc-

tural estimators and by structural designers engaged in proportioning
steel members after ascertainment of the forces to be resisted. It is
grouped in three portions, as follows:
ROLLED STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES
DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF REGULAR

AND SPECIAL SERIES SHAPES
GENERAL INFORMATION ON BARS AND PLATES
ROLLING MILL PRACTICE
PERMISSIBLE TOLERANCES AND VARIATIONS FOR ROLLED

STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES AND PLATES
MISCELLANEOUS DATA FOR DESIGNING AND ESTIMATING
WEIGHT AND AREA OF BARS AND PLATES
ECONOMY TABLES FOR SHAPES USED AS BEAMS
TABLES FOR DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDERS
DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF PLATE AND

ANGLE GIRDER SECTIONS
WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF COMPOUND BEAM SECTIONS
NET SECTION OF RIVETED TENSION MEMBERS
DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF COMPOUND

COLUMN SECTIONS
WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF TWO ANGLES
BEARING PLATE AND BASE PLATE DESIGN
CRANE RAILS AND FASTENINGS
EYE BARS AND STRUCTURAL ACCESSORIES
AMERICAN INSTITUTE O F STEEL CONSTRUCTION

9
i
DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES

OF
ROLLED STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES
Structural Shapes are presented in Part I in two groupings,

namely "Regular" and "Special." Under the grouping "Regular"
Shapes are shown the popular sizes for which there is a constant
demand, and such sizes are readily procurable in any size lots.
Under the grouping "Special" Shapes are shown sizes and
sections for which there is a fluctuating demand and, therefore, are
rolled at irregular intervals, and then only by special arrangement.
Consequently the use of "Special" Shapes should generally be
avoided, unless the quantity of anyone size is sufficient to warrant
a rolling.
"Regular" W (Wide Flange) Shapes can be furnished from
Bethlehem Steel Company or United States Steel Corporation Mills.
Certain "Regular" W Shapes can also be furnished by Inland Steel
Company. "Regular" American Standard Beams, Channels and
Angles are readily procurable from all mills rolling these products.
The same is true of the Miscellaneous "Regular" Shapes rolled by
the various mills.
All W Shapes produced by United States Steel Corporation
and Inland Steel Company have parallel face flanges. W Shapes
produced by Bethlehem Steel Company have parallel face flanges
with the following exceptions: All sizes with nominal depths from
36 to 16 inches, inclusive; 14 W 38 to 30; 12 W 36 to 27; 10 W 29
to 21 ; 8 W 20 and 17. These shapes have a 5 per cent slope on the
inside face of flange.
Due to this difference in rolling practice the properties of
certain W Shapes produced by the different mills are not precisely
identical, but the difference is so small as to be practically negligible.
In the interest of standardization the tables of properties show only
the lesser values and are thus a trifle on the side of safety.
When W Shapes are availahle either with sloping flanges or
parallel flanges, the dimensions such as T, k, and g, (see page 15),
are given for the sloping flange shapes and therefore may be used
for all shapes. Where thickness of flange is given in the tables, it is,
in the case of shapes with sloping flanges, the mean thickness. If
necessary, additional dimensions may be obtained from mill catalogs.

'(
- 10
All American Standard Beam and Channel Shapes have a slope

on the inside face of flange of 16-2/ 3 per cent. The Miscellaneous
Column and Beam Shapes in the Regular Series, as well as the Chan-
nels and the Tees in the Special Series, have various flange slopes
whose amounts may be ascertained from the respective mill catalogs.
It is the practice of the rolling mills to use the terms" Sections"
or "Shapes" when referring to their finished flanged product. The
term" Shapes" is used throughout this Manual as being the standard
practice of the Fabricating Industry.
When designating rolled steel shapes on drawings it is desirable
that a standard method of abbreviating be followed that will identify
the group without reference to the manufacturer, and without the
use of inch and pound marks. To this end it is recommended that
the nominal depth of shape, its group symbol, and its weight in
pounds per linear foot, be abbreviated in the manner exemplified
below. For completeness a convenient method of abbreviating the
sizes of plates and bars is included.
Pages
Group of Part I Example
of Manual
Wide Flange Shapes 12-25 24 W' 76

Miscellaneous Light Beams 24-25 6 B 12
Miscellaneous Light Columns 26-27 8 x 8 M 34.3
Miscellaneous Light Beams 26-27 8 M 17
Junior Beams 26-27 7 Jr. 5.5
Junior Channels 26-27 10 Jr. U 8.4
American Standard Beams 28-29 15 I 42.9
American Standard Channels 30-31 9 U 13.4
Equal Leg Angles - 32-33 L3x3xji
Unequal Leg Angles 34-37 L7x4xY2
Structural Tees 38-43 ST 5 W' 10.5
" " 44-45 ST 6 I 20.4
ST 6 B 9.5
ST 6 Jr. 5.90
Bearing Piles 46 14 BP 73
Car and Ship Channels 48-51 12x4U44.5
Tees (Flange by Stem) 52 T 3 x 3 x 6.7
Zees 53 Z 6 x 3Yz x 15.7
Bulb Angles 54-55 Bulb L 6 x 3Yz x 17.4
Plates 59-60 PI. 18 x Yz
Square Bars 72-73 Bar 1 !\l
Round Bars 72-73 Bar lji <l>
Flat Bars 74 Bar 2% x ~
The abbreviations exemplified above are intended only for use

on design drawings. When lists of material are being prepared for
ordering from the mills, the requirements of the respective mills from
which the material in question is to be ordered should be observed.
Space does not permit of the inclusion in this Manual of data
on every rolled steel product occasionally useful in building con-
struction. For products herein omitted, reference should be made
to the various mill catalog£.

II
REGULAR SERIES SHAPES

PAGES 12-46
The designation "Regular Series" is applied in this Manual

to those Shapes for which a steady demand has led to ready
availability; the use of "Regular Shapes" alone in design is
therefore advisable.
Not all .. Regular Series" Shapes are produced by all manu-
facturers; this holds particularly for the lighter shapes used
largely in floors and for housing.
.. Regular" Wi' (Wide Flange) Shapes can be furnished
from Bethlehem Steel Company or United States Steel Corpora-
tion mills. "Regular" 24 x 9,21 x 8}, 18 x 7!, 16 x 7, 14 x 6i.
12 x 6!, 10 x 51, and 8 x 51 W Shapes can also be furnished
by Inland Steel Co .
.. Regular" American Standard Beams, Channels and Angles
are readily procurable from most structural mills.
"'Regular" Structural Tees are as readily procurable as the
beams from which they are split.
The" Regular" Shapes listed on pages 24 and 26 are readily
available, but only from certain mills as listed at the foot of the
respective pages.
For notes regarding "Special Series" Shapes see page 47.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT teN

12
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
W SHAPES
I PROPERTIES FOR DESIGNING

x-·
,
.Y
·-x
Flange AXIS X-X AXIS V-V

Weight Wob
Nominal poe Area Depth Thick-
Thick- S r
Size Foot Width
ness
ness I S r I
- - - --- - -
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -In.4
'". Lb. In, J
-- - '". '". '". '".
In.4 In. 3
- - --- -- -- --- ---- -- ----
I n,3
'". '".
36x16Y2 300 88.17 36.72 16.655 1.680 .945 20290.2 1105.1 15.17 1225.2 147.1 3.73
280 82.32 36.50 16.595 1.570 .885 18819.3 1031.2 15.12 1127.5 135.9 3.70
260 76.56 36.24 16.555 1.440 .845 17233.8 951.1 15.00 1020.6 123.3 3.65
245 72.03 36.06 16.512 1.350 .802 16092.2 892.5 14.95 944.7 114.4 3.62
230 67.73 35.88 16.475 1.260 .765 14988.4 835.5 14.88 870.9 105.7 3.59
36 x 12 194 57.11 36.48 12.117 1.260 .770 12103.4 663.6 14.56 355.4 58.7 2.49
182 53.54 36.32 12.072 1.180 .725 11281.5 621.2 14.52 327.7 54.3 2.47
170 49.98 36.16 12.027 1.100 .680 10470.0 579.1 14.47 300.6 50.0 2.45
160 47.09 36.00 12.000 1.020 .653 9738.8 541.0 14.38 275.4 45.9 2.42
150 44.16 35.84 11.972 .940 .625 9012.1 502.9 14.29 250.4 41.8 2.38
33x15%" 240 70.52 33.50 15.865 1.400 .830 13585.1 811.1 13.88 874.3 110.2 3.52
220 64.73 33.25 15.810 1.275 .775 12312.1 740.6 13.79 782.4 99.0 3.48
200 58.79 33.00 15.750 1.150 .715 11048.2 669.6 13.71 691.7 87.8 3.43
33x11)--2 152 44.71 33.50 11.565 1.055 .635 8147.6 486.4 13.50 256.1 44.3 2.39
141 41.51 33.31 11.535 .960 .605 7442.2 446.8 13.39 229.7 39.8 2.35
130 38.26 33.10 11.510 .855 .580 6699.0 404.8 13.23 201.4 35.0 2.29
30 x 15 210 61.78 30.38 15.105 1.315 .775 9872.4 649.9 12.64 707.9 93.7 3.38
190 55.90 30.12 15.040 1.185 .710 8825.9 586.1 12.57 624.6 83.1 3.34
172 50.65 29.88 14.985 1.065 .655 7891.5 528.2 12.48 550.1 73.4 3.30
30xl0)--2 132 38.83 30.30 10.551 1.000 .615 5753.1 379.7 12.17 185.0 35.1 2.18
124 36.45 30.16 10.521 .930 .585 5347.1 354.6 12.11 169.7 32.3 2.16
116 34.13 30.00 10.500 .850 .564 4919.1 327.9 12.00 153.2 29.2 2.12
108 31.77 29.82 10.484 .760 .548 4461.0 299.2 11.85 135.1 25.8 2.06
See page 10 for method of designation.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE ,OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

13
REGULAR SERI ES
if·"·)- "'" 10.

\!oF SHAPES
DIMENSIONS FOR DETA I LING I

~-'f
1S -.:.
Flange W,b Distance
W eight Usual
Nominal Depth H alf Gage
Size ~:~t Width Th ick-
ness
T hick-
ness
Thick- a T k m g. c 9
ness
-Lb.- - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - ,".- - ,".- - - - -
'". - '".- '".
- -- - '". '". '".
-- - - -'".- -'"-
. - '".- - - - - - '".- - '".-
36 x 16)1 300 36U 16% 11!1G 1}{6 )1 7Ya 31 Ys 21 %; 40 % 4 lii 5)1
280 36 )1 16% 1%; Y, l{, 7 Y, 31 Ys 21 !.16 40Ys 4 Ys 5Yz
36 Y.( 7% 31 Ys 39Y, 3~ 571
'"
260 16)1 11{, Y, 2\{, )1
245 36 16)1 1% I~ % 7 Y, 31 Ys 2'U6 39U 33( l{, 5)1
230 35Y, 16)1 l Y.( U % 7 Y, 31 Ys 2% 39)1 3)1 l{, 572
36 X 12 194 36)1 12Ys l Y.( I%; % 5% 32Ys 2Ys 38 )1 3Y.( l{, 5)1
182 12Ys I l{o 5% 32Ys 2", 38 % 3Y.( 5)1
''""
36% U %
170 36Ys 12 l Ys l!.{s % 5% 32Y.( 11 ~6 38Ys 3Y.( 5)1
160 36 12 I 1!{6 l{, 5% 32Y.( l Y, 38 3 % 5)1
150 35Y, 12 I%; 5% 32Y.( 531
33x lS;( 240 33 )1 15Y, l Ys
%
Y,
''U6" 7 )1 28 %
1 JUG 37Ys
2l{, 37Ys
3
3%
%
Ys 5)1
220 33Y.( 15U Hi 1~6 % 7Yz 28% 2%; 36Y, 3Yz l{, 5Yz
200 33 15% l Ys U % 7)1 28% 2'<, 36% 3Yz l{, 5)1
33x l 1 )1 152 33 )1 11 % 1!{s % %; 5 )1 29U l Ys 35 )1 3 % 571

141 33Y.( 11 )1 1 ~6 5Yz 3 5Yz
11 )1
%
'" 5 )1
29U
29U
l U 35!-i
11!.16 35Ys
%
'"
130 33Ys Y, lii 3 % 5)1
30 X 15 210 30 % 15Ys 1%; I%; % 7 Ys 25U 2U6 34 3 )1 l{, 5)1

190 15 1l{, 2l{o 3 )1 5Yz
30Ys
15 1!16
U
l!{,
% 7 Ys 25U 33U
33)1 '"
'"
172 29Yo 7 Ys 25U 2'<, 3Ys % 5)1
30 X 10)1 10 )1 I 1 1~
''""
132 30 Y.( % 5 26Yo 32Ys 3 % 5)1
124 30Ys 10)1 I U6 % 5 26Yo 1% 31 Yo 3 % 5)1
11 6 30 10)1 Yo lii ~ 5 26Yo l lii 31 %" 2% % 5)1
loa 10)1 5 1)1 5)1
Gage gl is based on k
29Y, U
+ 1 ~ " . to nearest~"
lii
'" 26Yo 31 % 1 2U %
A M ER I CA N INSTI T UTE OF S T EEL CON STRUCTI ON

14 -
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
'(
'I
W SHAPES

Y
Flange AXIS X-X AXIS V - V

Weight W,b
Nominal Area Depth Thick-
P" Thick-
Size Foot Width
ness
ness I S r I S r
- - - - - - - - - - - - - -3 - - -In.4- - In.l - - -
'"- Lb.
-
- -
I n.'
'". ,".
-- --- -- -- --- -- '".
In.4 In. ".
'".
-- - - -- --
, '".
27 X 14 177 52.1 0 27.31 14.090 1.190 .725 6728.6 492.8 11.36 518.9 73.7 3.16
160 47.04 27.08 14.023 1.075 .658 6018.6 444.5 11.31 458.0 65.3 3.12 ·
145 42.68 26.88 13.965 .975 .600 5414.3 402.9 11.26 406.9 58.3 3.09
27 X 10 114
102
94
33.53 27.28 10.070
30.01 27.07 10.018
27.65 26.91 9.990
.*
.827
.747
.570
.518
.490
4080.5 299.2 11.03 149.6
3604.1 266.3 10.96 129.5
3266.7 . 242.8 10.87 115.1
29.7
25.9
23.0
2.11
2.08
2.04
24 X 14 160 47.04 24.72 14.091 1.135 .656 5110.3 413.5 10.42 492.6 69.9 3.23
145 42.62 24.49 14.043 1.020 .608 4561.0 372.5 10.34 434.3 61.8 3.19
130 38.21 24.25 14.000 .900 .565 4009.5 330.7 10.24 375.2 53.6 3.13 :
24 X 12 120 35.29 24.31 12.088 .930 .556 3635.3 299.1 10.15 254.0 42.0 2.68
110 32.36 24.16 12.042 .855 .510 3315.0 274.4 10.12 229.1 38.0 2.66
100 29.43 24.00 12.000 .775 .468 2987.3 248.9 10.08 203.5 33.9 2.63
24 X 9 94 27.63 24.29 9.061 .872 .516 2683.0 220.9 9.85 102.2 22.6 1.92
84 24.71 24.09 9.015 .772 .470 2364.3 196.3 9.78 88.3 19.6 1.89
76 22.37 23.91 8.985 .682 .440 2096.4 175.4 9.68 76.5 17.0 1.85
21 X 13 142 41.76 21.46 13.132 1.095 .659 3403.1 317.2 9.03 385.9 -58.8 3.04
127 37.34 21.24 13.061 .985 .588 3017.2 284.1 8.99 338.6 51.8 3.01
112 32.93 21.00 13.000 .865 .527 2620.6 249.6 8.92 289.7 44.6 2.96
21 X 9 96 28.21 21.14 9.038 .935 .575 2088.9 197.6 8.60 109.3 24.2 1.97
82 24.10 20.86 8.962 .795 .499 1752.4 168.0 8.53 89.6 20.0 1.93
21 X 874" 73 21.46 21.24 8.295 .740 .455 1600.3 150.7 8.64 66.2 16.0 1.76
68 20.02 21.13 8.270 .685 .430 1478.3 139.9 8.59 14.6 1.74 1
60.4 1
62 18.23 20.99 8.240 .615 .400 1326.8 126.4 8.53 53.1 12.9 1.71
See page 10 Cor melliexl. of designation.
:
,
I

15
REGU L AR SERIES
IfF SHAPES
DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING I

Flange Web Distance
Nominal
Weight I--T--I---,--,::-:-,-I----;--,-----,------,------,---I Usual
per Depth Half Gage
Size Foot Width Thick- Thick- Thick- a T k m 01 c 9
ness ness ness
--:--1--,-,----
r-.
In. lb. In. In.
-
In.
-
In.
-
In.
-
In.
-
In.
- In. -
In.
-
In.
-
In.
- In.
11-- - -1- - - - - - --- ----- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
'Zl X 14 177 27)4 14Ys 1% )4 % 6)4 23 2Ys 30)4 3)4 Uo 5Y,
160 27Ys 14 1116 1116 >1'. 6 i)i 23 2!{. 30Y, 3)4 % SY,
145 26% 14 1 % % 6)4 23 1';{. 30% 3)4 % 5Y,
'Zlx l0 114 27)4 10Ys l }{S % 4 i)i 24 1% 29Ys 2)4 %

102 27Ys 10 1 ~6 72 4)4 24 1% 28Ys 2 i)i ;{.
94 26% 10 ~ Y2 4 i)i 24 1'Us 28% 2% ~6
24 X 14 160 24)4 14Ys lYs 6% 20% 2 28Y, 3)4

145 24 % 14 1 6% 20% 1 VB 28)4 3)4
130 24)4 14 Ys 6~ 20% 1% 28 3
24 X 12 120 24 )4 12Ys 1 ~6 'Us >1'. 5 i)i 20Ys 1'l16 27Ys 3 % 5%

110 24Ys 12 :Va Y2 )4 5 i)i 20 % 1 % 27 2i)i >1'. 5%
100 24 12 i)i % )4 5 i)i 20Ys 1 ~. 26Ys 2)4 % 5%
24 X 9 94 24)4 9 Va Y2 )4 4 )4 21 % Hi'. 25Ys 2)4 ;{. 5%

64 24Ys 9 % Yz 74 47i 21 % 1% 25% 2% ~6 5%
76 23Ys 9 1~ U6 )4 4 )4 21 % 1)4 · 25 % 2% ;{. 5%
21 X 13 142 21 % 13Ys l Ys Il{. % 6)4 17)4 1 Ys 25)4 3 116 5%

127 21)4 13 1 % >1'. 6)4 17)4 1)4 25 3 % 5%
112 21 13 Ys % -)4 6)4 17)4 1 % 24)4 3 >1'. 5Y,
21 X 9 96 21Ys 9 % 47,i 18 1% 23 2)4 % 5%

62 20 % 9 )4 4)4 16 1!{6 22% 2% ~ 572
21 X 8)4 73 21)4 6)4 i)i % )4 4 18% l U6 22 }1 2% % 571

66 21 Ys 6)4 1 ~6 !{6 )4 4 18% 17,( 22% 2 31 }f6 5%
62 21 8)4 Ys % ;{, 4 18% l j{. 22% 2% )4 5%
Gage gl is based on k + 1~ " . to nearest }l".
AMERI CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

16
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
I
W SHAPES
I
Wei ght
PROPERTIES FOR DESIGNING
Flange
Wo'
AXIS X -X
"f y
AXIS V-V
Size P" Thick-
Foot Width
ness
ness I S r I S r
-- - ---- -- -- - - - -In.'- - - ----- -
". Lb. In.'
".
-- --- - ".
-".- - --
\n.4
". - - - ".-
In.4 In.'
- -- - --- ".
lax11%, 114 33.51 18.48 11.833 .991 .595 2033.8 220.1 7.79 255.6 43.2 2.76
105 30.86 18.32 11.792 .911 .554 1852.5 202.2 7.75 231.0 39.2 2.73
96 28.22 18.16 11.750 .831 .512 1674.7 184.4 7.70 206 .8 35.2 2.71
18 X 8%" 85 24.97 18.32 8.838 .911 .526 1429.9 156.1 7.57 99.4 22.5 2.00
77 22.63 18.16 8.787 .831 .475 1286.8 141.7 7.54 88.6 20.2 1.98
70 20.56 18.00 8.750 .751 .438 1153.9 128.2 7.49 78.5 17.9 1.95
64 18.80 17.87 8.715 .686 .403 1045.8 117.0 7.46 70.3 16.1 1.93
18 x 7)1 60 17.64 18.25 7.558 .695 .416 984.0 107.8 7.47 47.1 12.5 1.63
55 16.19 18.12 7. 532 .630 .390 889.9 98.2 7.41 42.0 11.1 1.61
50 14.71 18.00 7.500 .570 .358 800.6 89.0 7.38 37.2 9.9 1.59
16xll )1 96 28.22 16.32 11.533 .875 .535 1355.1 166.1 6.93 207.2 35.9 2.71
88 25.87 16.16 11.502 .795 .504 1=.6 151.3 6.87 185.2 32.2 2.67
16 X 8 )1 78 22.92 16.32 8.586 .875 .529 1042.6 127.8 6.74 87.5 20.4 1.95
71 20.86 16.16 8.543 .795 .486 936.9 115.9 6.70 77.9 18.2 1.93
64 18.80 16.00 8.500 .715 .443 833.8 104.2 6.66 68.4 16.1 1.91
58 17.04 15.86 8.464 .645 .407 746.4 94.1 6.62 60.5 14.3 1.88
16 X 7 50 14.70 16.25 7.073 .628 .380 655.4 80.7 6.68 34.8 9.8 1.54
45 13.24 16.12 7.039 .563 .346 583.3 72.4 6.64 30.5 8.7 1.52
40 11.77 16.00 7.000 .503 .307 515.5 64.4 6.62 26.5 7.6 1.50
36 10.59 15.85 6.992 .428 .299 446.3 56.3 6.49 22.1 6.3 1.45

,
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTnUCTI O I'I.I

17
REGULAR SERIES
->! j-.-e .. twel) +,\-"

10.
j- W SHAPES
T
.,-of DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING I

(.-.
Flange We b Distance
W eight Usual
Nomi nal Depth Half Gago
Size ~e, Thi ck- T hick-
001 Width
ness noss a T Thick-
k m g, c 9
ness
'0.
- -
'0. - -
'0. '0. -- ------- - --
~-
- - '0-. -'0-
. - '0.- -'0-. -'0.- - '0.- -- - '0.- - '0.-
- - - --'0-
L h.
- - I-
18x1 1%" 114 18Y, 11 VB 1 % j{, 5% 1SYs 11!.16 22 3 % 5%
lOS 18 Ys 11 ~ '% !10 ;{, 5% 1SYs 1% 21 % 2~ % 5}-4
96 18Ys 11 % 1 ~6 Y, U S% 1SYs l Y, 21 ~ 2% ;{, 5Yz
18 x B%" 8S 18 % 8% 1 ~6 !10 U 4Ys 1S% l Y, 20 % 2% ;{, SY,
77 18Ys 8~ l UG Y, U 4Ys 1S% 1% 20 Ys 2% % SY,
70 lq 8~ % l{, U 4Ys 1S % 1~ 20 2% ;{, SY,
64 17% 8% 'l{, l{, % 4>1; 1S% H4 20 2Y, U SY,
18 x 7}2 60 18U 7Yz 1!16 l{, % 3% 1S% 1 ~ 19% 2Y, U 331

ss l BYs 7Y, % % ;{, 3% 1S% 1>1; 19% 2}4 U 372
SO 18 7Y, U, % l{, 3 % 1S% His 1972 2U U 3Y,
16xl1 Yz 96 16% n y, % !10 % 5Yz 13Ys 1% 20 2% % SY,

88 16 )1 n y, l UG Y, U SY, 13Ys 172 19% 2~ % 57':3
16 X 8Y, 78 16% 8% Ys !10 U 4 13 % l Y, 18Y, 2% ;{, S)1
71 16>1; 871 l;{a )1 U 4 13 % 1% 18U 2% % 57'1
64 16 8Y, 1!16 l{, U 4 13% 1% 18Ys 2 )1 ;(, 571
S8 1SYs BYz % Yl6 U 4 13% 174 18 2)1 % 572
16 X 7 SO 16U 7 Ys % % l{, 3% 14 l Ys 17% 2Y, U 3Y,
4S 16Ys 7 !10 % l{, 3% 14 1;(,; 17% 2% U 3Y,
40 16 7 Y, ~6 % 3% 14 1 17 )4 2).> )1 3 )4
36 1SYs 7 l{, ;{, l{, 3% 14 l ?1G 17% 2)1 U 3Y,
Gage gl is based on k + Hi" , to nearest ~" .
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL C O NS T RUCTION

r 18
RO LLE D STEEL SHAPES
'1
\!oF SHAPES
I P ROPERTIES FOR DESIGNING
. ,
y
Flange AX I S X - X AX I S V-y
Weight W,b
Nominal po< Area Depth Thick-
Size Thick- S r I S r
Foot Width
ness
ness I
'0. '0. '0. '0. In.· -In.3- '0. In.· In.l '0.
- ---
-- --- - - --- ---- -- --
'0. Lb. I n. 2
-- ------- ------ - --------
14 X 16 426 125.25 18.69 16.695 3.033 1.875 6610.3 707.4 7.26 2359.5 282.7 4.34
398 116.98 18.31 16.590 2.843 1.770 6013.7 656.9 7.17 2169.7 261.6 4.31
370 108.78 17.94 16.475 2.658 1.655 5454.2 608.1 7.08 1986.0 241.1 4.27
342 100.59 17.56 16.365 2.468 1.545 4911 .5 559.4 6.99 1806.9 220.8 4.24
314 92.30 17.19 16.235 2.283 1.415 4399.4 511.9 6.90 1631.4 201.0 4.20
287 84.37 16.81 16.130 2.093 1.310 3912.1 465.5 6.81 1466.5 181.8 4.17
264 77.63 16.50 16.025 1.938 1.205 3526.0 427.4 6.74 1331.2 166.1 4 .14
246 72.33 16.25 15.945 1.813 1.125 3228.9 397.4 6.68 1226.6 153.9 4.12
237 69.69 16.1 2 15.910 1.748 1.090 3080.9 382.2 6.65 1174.8 147.7 4.11
228 67 .06 16.00 15.865 1.688 1.045 2942.4 367.8 6.62 i124.8 141.8 4.10
219 64.36 15.87 15.825 1.623 1.005 2798.2 352.6 6.59 1073.2 135.6 4.08
211 62.07 15.75 15.800 1.563 .980 2671.4 339.2 6.56 1028.6 130.2 4.07
202 59.39 15.63 15.750 1.503 .930 2538.8 324.9 6.54 979.7 124.4 4.06
193 56.73 15.50 15.710 1.438 .890 2402.4 310.0 6.51 930.1 118.4 4.05
184 54.07 15.38 15.660 1.378 .840 2274.8 295.8 6.49 882.7 112.7 4.04
176 51.73 15.25 15.640 1.313 .820 2149.6 281.9 6.45 837.9 107.1 4.02
167 49.09 15.12 15.600 1.248 .780 2020.8 267.3 6.42 790.2 101.3 4.01
158 46 .47 15.00 15.550 1.188 .730 1900.6 253.4 6.40 745.0 95.8 4.00
150 44.08 14.88 15.515 1.128 .695 1786.9 240.2 6.37 702.5 90.6 3.99
142 41 .85 14.75 15.500 1.063 .680 1672.2 226.7 6.32 660.1 85.2 3.97
· 320 94.12 16.81 16.710 2.093 1.890 4141.7 492.8 6.63 1635.1 195.7 4.17
14x14,!.1 136 39.98 14.75 14.740 1.063 .660 1593.0 216.0 6.31 567.7 77.0 3.77
127 37.33 14.62 14.690 .998 .610 1476.7 202.0 6.29 527.6 71.8 3.76
119 34.99 14.50 14.650 .938 .570 1373.1 189.4 6.26 491.8 67.1 3.75
111 32.65 14.37 14.620 .873 .540 1266.5 176.3 6.23 454.9 62.2 3.73
103 30.26 14.25 14.575 .813 .495 1165.8 163.6 6.21 419.7 57.6 3.72
95 27.94 14.12 14.545 .748 .465 1063.5 150.6 6.17 383.7 52.8 3.71
87 25.56 14.00 14.500 .688 .420 966.9 138.1 6.15 349.7 48.2 3.70
14 X 12 84 24.71 14.18 12.023 .778 .451 928.4 130.9 6.13 225.5 37.5 3 .02
78 22.94 14.06 12.000 .718 .428 851.2 121.1 6.09 206.9 34.5 3.00
14 X 10 74 21.76 14.19 10.072 .783 .450 796.8 112.3 6.05 133.5 26.5 2.48
68 20.00 14.06 10.040 .718 .418 724.1 103.0 6.02 121.2 24 .1 2.46
61 17.94 13.91 10.000 .643 .378 641.5 92.2 5.98 107.3 21.5 2.45
*Column core section.

See page 10 for method of design<ltion.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT I ON
19
REGULAR SERIES
->! f"-e",t web +*"

•
T
D- W SHAPES
I
TV~
DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING
Flange W, b D istance
Wei ght Usual
Nominal Depth Half
~:~t Thick- Gage
Si%e W idth Thick-
ne88 ness
Thick-
neS8
a Tk m g. c 9
,,. - - - - -,,.- - - -- -- - - - - - -- - - - - -
- -".
- ". - - - - ". ".- - - - - - - '0.- - - - '0.- - ".-
". ". ".
Lb.
. - -".
14 X 16 426 18 Ji 16')i 3!10 l Ys 1% 7% 11 % 3% 25Ys 5 1
398 18U 16% 21 ;U 11;W Ys 7% 11 Ys 3% 24 %; 4% I ~S
2/0 18 16)1 21!.16 11!{G IUs 7% 11 % 3U 24 % 4)1 Ys
342 17)1 16% 2U, 1~ IUS 7% 11 % 3U, 24 4U Ys
: 314 17U 16,. 2~ l UG ')i 7% 11 % 2 Ys 23')i 4 7,( 1~
287 16')i 16 78 2 J,{, 1;{, IJ,{, 7% 11 % 21!{e 23 % 4 ')i
264 16)1 16 11 ~ 1~ % 7% 11 % 2% 23 3 ')i Ih'6
246 167,( 16 11 ~ 178 % 7% 11 % 2'!{s 22Ys 3 ')i %
237 16 78 15Ys 1~ 178 % 7% 11 % 2 % 22 ')i 3 ')i %
228 16 15Ys 1 1~ l !1o % 7% 11 % 2§16 22% 3 )1 %
'"I
219 15Ys 15Ys 1% 1 )1 7% 11 Ys 2 ,. 22)1 3)1 % ~
on
211 15% 15')i 1'U6 1 )1 7% 11 % 2%; 22 % 3)1 % I
202
193
15%
15)1
15%:
15')i
1)1
1'!{G
I ~S
Ys
)1
}fo
7%
7%
11 %
11 %
2 % 227,(
2!10 22 %
3)1
37,(
%
)1
'"
184 15 % 15% 1% Ys U, 7% 11% 2 22 3 7,( )1
176 157,( 15% 1;{, l;U }fo 7% 11 % 11%; 21 Ys 3,. )1
167 15 78 15% 1,. 1~6 % 7% 11 % lYs 21 ')i 37,( }fo
158 15 15)1 1% ')i % 7% 11 % 11%; 21 % 3 }fo
150 14Ys 15 )1 1 78 l~ % 7% 11 Ys 1% 21 )1 3 }fo
142 14')i 15)1 1 J,{, l !.{S % 7% 11 % 11 ~ 21)1 3 }fo
· 320 16% 16')i 2J,{, l Ys l ;{S 7% 11 Ys 2 1~ 23')i 4 1
14x 14)1 136 14')i 14')i 1 !.{s 1!{6 % 7 1"% 11!{S 20Ys 3 U, 5 )1
127 14% 14%; 1 % ;{, 7 11 % 1% 20')i 3 % 5)1
119 14Yz 14% I%; % ;{, 7 11 % 1% 20% 2 ')i % 5)1
111 14% 14% Ys % ;{, 7 11 % 171 20)1 2')i % 5)1
103
95
87
14,.
14 78
14
14%
14)1
14)1
1%
')i
l Y.6
)1
)1
!{6
,.
7,(
7,(
7
7
7
11 %
11 %
11 %
l}fo
1%
1%;
20)1
207,(
20,.
2 ')i
2%
2)1
;{o
;{,
;{,
571
5)1
5 )1
114 X 12 84 14 78 12 ')i ~{6 U 5')i 11 % 1% 18% 2')i ;{, 5 )1

78 14 12 I H'G U, 7,( 5~ 11 % l ;{o 18)1 2)1 % 571
14 X 10 74 14,. 10 78 I%; }fo ,. 4 ')i 11% 1% 17)1 2 ')i % 5Yz
68
61
14
13Ys
10
10 1!1o
%
I%
~6 7,(
%;
4 ')i
4%
11%
11 %
1%
lU
17,.
17 78
2)1
2)1
;{,
U
5)1
571
*Column Core Section.
I
GaRe IZI IS based on k + 13(", to nearest U" .
AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STE EL CONSTRUCTION
20
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
"I'
W SHAPES
Flange A X I S X-X A X IS V-V

Weight W.b
Nominal Area Depth T hick-
Size
':~t W idth T hick_
ness
ness I S r I S r
-In.~- -'0.- - - - - - -'0.- -I -- - I n.-3 - - - I n.·- -In.l- -'0.-
'0. Lb.
-- -- - - - '0.
- - - - '".
n.·
- -- - - - - - - - - - - '".
14 X 8 53 15.59 13.94 8.062 .658 .370 542.1 77.8 5.90 57.5 14.3 1.92
48 14.11 13.81 8.031 .593 .339 484.9 70.2 5.88 51.3 12.8 1.91
43 12.65 13.68 8.000 .528 .308 429.0 82.7 5.82 45.1 11.3 1.89
14 X 6% 38 11.17 14.12 6.776 .513 .313 385.3 54.6 5.87 24.6 7.3 1.49
34 10.00 14.00 6.750 .453 .287 339.2 48.5 5.83 21.3 6 .3 1.46
30 8.81 13.86 6.733 .383 .270 289.6 41.8 5.73 17.5 5.2 1.41
12 X 12 190 55.86 14.38 12.670 1.736 1.060 1892.5 263.2 5.82 589.7 93.1 3.25
161 47.38 13.88 12.515 10486 .905 1541.8 222.2 5.70 486.2 77.7 3.20
133 39.11 13.38 12.365 1.236 .755 1221.2 182.5 5.59 389.9 63.1 3.16
120 35.31 13.12 12.320 1.106 .710 1071.7 16304 5.51 345.1 56.0 3.13
106 31 .19 12.88 12.230 .986 .620 930.7 144.5 5.46 300.9 49.2 3.11
99 29.09 12.75 12.190 .921 .580 858.5 134.7 5.43 278.2 45.7 3.09
92 27.06 12.62 12.1 55 .856 .545 788.9 125.0 5040 256.4 42.2 3.08
85 24.98 12.50 12.105 .796 .495 723.3 115.7 5.38 235 .5 38.9 3.07
79 23.22 12.38 12.080 .736 .470 663.0 107.1 5.34 21 604 35.8 3.05
72 21.16 12.25 12.040 .671 .430 597.4 97. 5 5.31 195.3 32.4 3.04
65 19.11 12.12 12.000 .606 .390 533.4 88.0 5.28 174.6 29.1 3.02
12 X 10 58 17.06 12.19 10.014 .641 .359 476.1 78.1 5.28 10704 21.4 2.51
53 15.59 12.06 10.000 .576 .345 426.2 70.7 5.23 96.1 19.2 2.48
12 X 8 50 14.71 12.1 9 8.077 .641 .371 394.5 64.7 5.18 5604 14.0 1.96
45 13.24 12.06 8.042 .576 .336 350.8 58.2 5.15 50.0 12.4 1.94
40 11.77 11.94 8.000 .516 .294 3 10.1 I 51.9 5.13 44.1 11.0 1.94
12 X 6V2 36 10.59 12.24 6.565 .540 .305 280.8 45.9 5.15 23.7 7.2 1.50
31
27
9.12 12.09
7.97 11.95
6.525
6.500
0465
0400
.265
.240
238.4
204.1
39.4
34.1
5.11
5.06
I 19.8
16.6
6.1
5.1
1047
1.44
See page 10 for melhod of designation.
,
I
..
21
REGULAR SERIES
->! t+-c .. !well+-k"

"
)- \IF SHAPES
T
I
b :;<
Flange W,b Distance

Weight Usual
Nominal po. Depth Half Gage
Size Thick~ Thick-
Foot Width
ness ness
Thick-
noss
a T k m g, c 9
I,. Lb. I,. I,. I,. I,. I,.
-I ,.- - I,.- - - - - - - - - - -
- - --
- - - - - - - - - - - - -I,.- -I,.- -I,.- -I,.- -I,.-
14 X 8 53 14 8 1}16 % l{, 3% 11 % 1 Y4 16J1j 2~ % 5~
48 13% 8 l{, % ;(. 3% 11 % 1\{, 16 2~ % 5~
43 13% 8 ~ %; ;(. 3% 11% lJ1j 15% 2~ % 5~
14 x 6% 38 14J1j 6% ~ li', ;(. 3Y.( 12J1j 1 15% 2~ ~ 3~

34 14 6% li6 li', l{, 3Y.( 12Ys 1;(6 15% 2~ ~ 3)1
30 13 % 6~ % li', J1j 3~ 12J1j % 15V2 2~ ;(. 371
12 X 12 190 14% 12% 1% l>i6 l{, 5% 9% 2%; 19~ 3% % 5~
161
133
13%
13%
12)1
12%
1Yz
l Y.(
I §{S
%
",
%
5%
5%
9% 2li6 18% 3)1
9% 11hS 18~ 3~
)1
li6
5)1
5)1
120 13J1j 12% l Ys % % 5% 9%" 11~ 18 3 li6 5)1
106 12% 12~ 1 % li', 5% 9% 1% 17% 3 % 5~
99 12M 12 ~ 1~6 % li', 5% 9%, 1)1 17% 2% % 5~
92 12% 12J1j % l{, li', 5% 9% 1~5 17 ~ 2% % 5)1
85 12)1 12J1j 1;{6 Y, ~ 5% 9% Hi 17Y, 2% li', 57'2
79 12% 12J1j % )1 7i 5% 9% 1%; 17% 2% li', 5)1
72
65
12U
12Ys
12
12
I}{S
%
",
%
~
;(.
5%
5U
9%
9%
1~
1% 17 J1j
17~ 2)1
2)1
l{,
~
571
5)1
12 X 10 58 12% 10 % % ;(. 4% 9% 1~ 15% 2Y, ~ 5)1

53 12 10 l{, % l{, 4Yo 9% 1;(. 15% 2Y, ~ 5Y,
12 x 8 50 12 ~ 8J1j % % ;(. 3% 9% 1~ 14% 2)1 ~ 5)1

45 12 8 l{, % l{, 3% 9% 1;(. 14)1 2)1 ~ 5%
40 12 8 )1 l{, li', 3Yo 9% lJ1j 14% 2Y, ~ 5Y,
12 x 6)1 36 12U 6% l{, l{, ;(. 3J1j 10% 14 2~ ~ 3)1

",
IU6
31 12Ys 6)1. ~ J1j 3J1j 10% Yo 13% 2~ ;(. 3)1
27 12 6~ % ~ J1j 3J1j 10% ' l{, 13% 2~ ;(. 3~
Gage g. is based on k + l~ " . to nearest 7(".

22
RO LLED STEEL SHAPES
,
IJIF SHAPES
x-·
,
{-
·-x

Weight W,b
Nominal po< Area Depth Thick-
Size Thick-
Foot
ness
ness
Width I S r I S r
---------------- - - - - - In,3
- - -
'0. Lb. In.2 '0.
- - - - - -- -'0- '0.
. - - --[n,4 [n. 3
---- - - -'0. In.4 '0. - - - '0-.
10 X 10 112 32.92 11 .38 10.415 1.248 .755 718.7 126.3 4.67 235.4 45.2 2.67
100 29.43 11 .1 2 10.345 1.11 8 .685 625.0 112.4 4.61 206.6 39.9 2.65
89 26.19 10.88 10.275 .998 .615 542.4 99.7 4.55 180.6 35.2 2.63
77 22.67 10.62 10.1 95 .868 .535 457.2 86.1 4.49 153.4 30.1 2.60
72 21.18 10.50 10.170 .808 .510 420.7 80.1 4.46 141.8 27.9 2.59
66 19.41 10.38 10.117 .748 .457 382.5 73.7 4.44 129.2 25.5 2.58
60 17.66 10.25 10.075 .683 .415 343.7 67.1 4.41 116.5 23.1 2.57
54 15.88 10.12 10.028 .618 .368 305.7 60.4 4.39 103.9 20.7 2.56
49 14.40 10.00 10.000 .558 .340 272.9 54.6 4.35 93.0 18.6 2.54
10 X 8 45 13.24 10.12 8.022 .618 .350 248.6 49.1 4.33 53.2 13.3 2.00
39 11.48 9.94 7.990 .528 .318 209.7 42.2 4.27 44.9 11.2 1.98
33 9.71 9.75 7.964 .433 .292 170.9 35.0 4.20 36.5 9.2 1.94
10x 5% 29 8.53 10.22 5.799 .500 .289 157.3 30.8 4.29 15.2 5.2 1.34
25 7.35 10.08 5.762 .430 .252 133.2 26.4 4.26 12.7 4.4 1.31
I 21 6.19 9.90 5.750 .340 .240 106.3 21.5 4.14 9.7 3.4 1.25
8x8 67 19.70 9.00 8.287 .933 .575 271.8 60.4 3.71 88.6 21.4 2.12
58 17.06 8.75 8.222 .808 .510 227.3 52.0 3.65 74.9 18.2 2.10
48 14.11 8.50 8.117 .683 .405 183.7 43.2 3.61 60.9 15.0 2.08
40 11.76 8.25 8.077 .558 .365 146.3 35.5 3.53 49.0 12.1 2.04
35 10.30 8.12 8.027 .493 .315 126.5 31.1 3.50 42.5 10.6 2.03
31 9.12 8.00 8.000 .433 .288 109.7 27.4 3.47 37.0 9.2 2.01
8 X 672" 28 8.23 8.06 6.540 .463 .285 97.8 24.3 3.45 21.6 6.6 1.62
24 7.06 7.93 6.500 .398 .245 82.5 20.8 3.42 18.2 5.6 1.61
8 X 534 20 5.88 8.14 5.268 .378 .248 69.2 17.0 3.43 8.5 3.2 1.20
17 5.00 8.00 5.250 .308 .230 56.4 14.1 3.36 6.7 2.6 1.16
See page 10 for me thod of designation.
AMERICAN INSTI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT I ON
h
23
RE:GULAR SERIES
->! ~e .. tweb+iT"
"
w:
T
l~->f
J- SHAPES
I
-r1t!< !; DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING
Flange W,b Distance

We .ght Usual
Nom inal Depth Half Gilge
Size
'"
Foo' Width Thick-
ness
Thick-
ness
Thick-
ness
a T k m g. c g
- - - - - - - - -- - - -- - -
- - ----
".- - ".- - ".- -".--".- -".- -".- - ".- - ".- - ,,.- -".- - ".-
- -
". Lb.
-
10 X10 11 2 11 % 10% 1% % % 4Ys 7% 1% 1531 3 !16 5"

100 11 Ys 10% lYs 1~ % 4% 7Ya 1% 15% 3 l{, 5"
89 10Ys 1034 1 % }i6 4Ys 7% 172 15 2% % 5"
77 10% 10% Ys % l16 4% 7Ys 1% 14%: 2% % 5"
72 10>4 10Ys l ;{S Ys % 4Ys 7% 1~ 14% 2% ~, 5Yz
66 10% 10Ys % ?i6 % 4Ys 7Ys 1~ 14Ys 2Ys l16 5"
60 10% 10Ys l~ % % 4Ys 7% l;{s 14% 2Ys l16 5Ys
54 10Ys 10 % % l16 4Ys 7Ys 1% 14% 2Y2 % 5"
49 10 10 % % ;(, 4Ys 7Ys H16 14Ys 2}i % 5Ys
10 x 8 45 10Ys 8 % % l16 3% 7% lYs 13 2Ys % 5Ys
39 10 8 Ys ~, l16 3Ys 7Ys 1~ 12Ys 2" % 572
33 9% 8 l{, }1s l16 3Ys 7% Itt6 {2% 2% % 5"
lOx53( 29 lO X( 5% Ys l16 l16 2% 8}4 Ys 11 % 2X( X( 2%
25 10Ys 5% !16 % Ys 2% 8% 1;{6 ,11% 2M ;(, 2%
21 9Ys 5% l16 % Ys 2% 8Y2 1116 11 Yz 2 ;(, 2%
8x8 67
58
9
8%
8%
8X(
l~
1;{6
%
Ys
l16
X(
3%
3Ys 6%
6% 1~
1;(,
1274:
12
2%
2Ys
%
~,
5"
5"
48 8Ys 8Ys ,;(, l{, ~ 3Ys 6% 1~ 11 Ys 2" X( 5Yz
40 8X( 8Ys ~{6 % ~ 3Ys 6% l~ 11 % 2X( X( 5Ys
35 8Ys 8 Ys y.& ;((, 3Ys 6% Ys 11 "
2X( X( 5Ys
31 8 8 l{, ~, Hs 3Ys 6% l;{S 11% 2X( X( 5Ys
8x 6Ys 28 8 6" !16 ~, Ys 3Ys 6% l;U 10Ys 2% l16 3"
24 7Ys 6Ys % % Ys 3Ys 6% % lOX( 2% l16 3Ys
8x5%" 20 8Ys 5X( % % Ys 2Ys 6% l~ 9% 2X( ;(, 2%
17 8 5X( l16 % Ys 2Ys 6% % 9% 2X( l16 2%
Gage gl is based on k + l ~" , to nearest~"
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTR UCr"QN

24
ROLLED STEEL. SHAPES
\JIF SHAPES Y
f
MISCELLANEOUS (B)
I COLUMNS AND BEAMS
PROPERTIES FOR DESIGNING y

Weight W.b
NomInal Area Depth Thick-
Size /."
00' Widlh Thick_
ne88
ne88 I 5 r I 5 r
-In.2- - - - -- - - - - - -- - In.'- - - - In.4- - I n)- - -
'". Lb.
'". '". '". '". [0. 4
'". '".
W SHAPES AND LIGHT COLUMNS
'6 W 25 7.37 6.37 6.080 .456 .320 53.5 16.8 2.69 17.1 5.6 1.52
*6 X 6 20 5.90 6.20 6.018 .367 .258 41.7 13.4 2.66 13.3 4.4 1.50
15.5 4.62 6.00 6.000 .269 .240 30.3 10.1 2.56 9.69 3.2 1.45
'5 W 18.5 5.45 5.12 5.025 .420 .265 25.4 9.94 2.16 8.89 3.54 1.28
*5 X 5 16 4.70 5.00 5.000 .360 .240 21.3 8.53 2.13 7 .51 3.00 1.26
t4 W 13 3.82 4.16 4.060 .345 .280 11.3 5.45 1.72 3.76 1.85 .99
LIGHT BEAMS
t14 X 4 17.2 5.05 14.00 4.000 .272 .210 147.3 21.0 5.40 2.65 1.32 .72
&1 12 X 4 22 6.47 12.31 4.030 .424 .260 155.7 25.3 4. 91 4.55 2.26 .84
19 5.62 12.16 4.010 .349 .240 130.1 21.4 4.81 3.67 1.83 .81
16% 4.86 12.00 4.000 .269 .230 105.3 17.5 4.65 2.79 1.39 .76
111 10 X 4 19 5.61 10.25 4.020 .394 .250 96.2 18.8 4.14 4.19 2.08 .86
17 4.98 10.12 4.010 .329 .240 81.8 16.2 4.05 3.45 1.72 .83
15 4.40 10.00 4.000 .269 .230 68.8 13.8 3.95 2.79 1.39 .80
*8 X 4 15 4.43 8.12 4.015 .314 .245 48.0 11.8 3.29 3.30 1.65 .86
13 3.83 8.00 4.000 .284 .230 39.5 9.88 3.21 2.62 1.31 .83
"'6 X 4 16 4.72 6.25 4.030 .404 .260 31.7 10.1 2.59 4 .32 2.14 .96
12 3.53 6.00 4.000 .279 .230 21.7 7.24 2.48 2.89 1.44 .90
JOISTS
§ 12 X 4 14 4.14 11 .91 3.970 .224 .200 88.2 14.8 4.61 2.25 1.13 .74
§ 10 X 4 11 % 3.39 9.87 3.950 .204 .180 51.9 10.5 3.92 2.01 1.02 .77
·8 X4 10 2.95 7.90 3.940 .204 .170 30.8 7.79 3.23 1.99 1.01 .82
"' 6 X 4 8% 2.50 5.83 3.940 .194 .170 14.8 5.07 2.43 1.89 .96 .87
ffi Rolled by B ethlehem Steel Co., United States Steel Corp, and Inl and Steel Co.
• R olled hy Bethlehem Steel C o . a nd United States Steel Corp .
§ RoUe~ by Bethlehem Steel Co., U ll ittdStat es Stw Corp., Inland Steel Co. and J o nes &Lau(:'bJio Steel Corp,
t Rolled by Bethlehem S teel Co.
l !0lled bO'lones & Laughlin Steel Cor p.
i page 1 or method o f designation.
25
REGUL AR SERIES
....I l+o-i web +1li"

i g, SHAPES w:
MISCELLANEOUS (B)
T
:1
COLUMNS AND BEAMS
I
l~
Flange Wob Oistance

Wei£1ht Max. Usual
Nominal pO' Depth Half Fig. Gage
Size Thick- T hick- g, g
FOClt Width
ness ness
T hick-
ness
a T k C Ri vet
---- - - --- - - - --- - - - -~

- - -~
". Lb.
". ". ". ". ". ". ". ". ". ". ". ".
W SHAPES AND LIGHT COLUMNS
*6W 25 6% 6 )1 % % 2Y1i 4Y1i ~ 2U U YIi 3)1

*6 X 6 20 6U 6 % U ;{. 2Y1i 4Y1i 1!{6 2 % YIi 37-'2
15.5 6 6 U U )1 2Y1i 4Y1i % 2 % YIi 3)1
·* 5W 18.5 5)1 5 '!{s U )1 2% 31~ ~ 2 % YIi 2%

*5 X 5 16 5 5 % U )1 2% 3 1!.16 % 2 ;{, YIi 2~
j4W 13 4)1 4 % ;{6 V. lYs 2Y1i % H4 ;{. % 2U
LIGHT BEAMS
i 14 X 4 17.2 14 4 U !}t. V. lY1i 12 Y1i ~. 1% ')1 , % 2~

E912 X 4 22 12U 4 l{, U )1 1% 10% % 2 ;{, %: 2U
19 12)1 4 % U )1 l Y1i 10% l}ft; 2 ;{, % 2U
16)1 12 4 U U )1 lY1i 10% % 1% ;{, ~ 2Y-;
910 X 4 19 lOU 4 % U V. l Y1i 8Y1i 1!-j6 2 % % 2U

17 10Ji 4 '1, U V. lY1i 8Y1i % 2 ;{, ~ 2U
15 1O 4 U U )1 lY1i 8Y1i % 1% ;{, % 2U
*8 X 4 15 8)1 4 % U Ji l Y1i 6Y1i % 2 % % 2U

13 8 4 U U )1 l Y1i 6Y1i % 1% % % 2U
*6 X 4 16 6U 4 % U V. lY1i 4Y1i l!{s 2 ;{. % 2U

12 6 4 U U )1 lY1i 4Y1i % 1% % ~ 2U
JOISTS
§12 X 4 14 11 YIi 4 U % )1 lY1i 10% % 1~ ;{, % 2U

§10 X 4 11 )1 9Y1i 4 % % )1 lY1i 8Y1i )1 Hi % % 2U
*8 X 4 10 7Y1i 4 ;{, ;{, V. 1Y1i 6Y1i )1 1~ ;{, % 2U
*6 X 4 831 5Y1i 4 % ;{. )1 lY1i 5 >i', 1% ;{, % 2U
t
Ell Rolled by Bethlehem S tee l Co., United St ates S teel Corp. a nd Inland S t ed Co.
• Roll ed b y Bethlehem Steel Co. and United S t a tes Steel Corp.
Roll ed by Bethlehem Steel Co., United S tates Steel Corp. , Inland Steel Co. and Jones & Laughlin Steel COrp.
Rolled by Bethlehem Steel Co,
RoBed by Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.
26
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
I
MISCELLANEOUS SHAPES
PROPERTIES FOR DESIGNING -T

JL y
AXIS X - X AXIS V-V
Weight Width Wob
Nominal Area Depth of Thick-
Size
'"'
Foot Flange
"'" I S r I S r
- -- - - - - - - - In.4- - -
'0. tn! - In.l-
--- - - --
'0. Lb. [n. 2 '0. '0. '0. In) '0.
LIGHT COLUMNS
*SxB 34.3 10.09 8.00 8.000 .375 115.5 28.9 3.40 35.1 8.8 1.87
*6x6 25.0 7_35 6.00 5.938 .313 47.0 15.7 2.53 14.9 5.0 1.43
20.0 5.88 6.00 5.938 .250 38.8 12.9 2.57 11.4 3.8 1.39
,5 x 5 18.9 5.56 5.00 5.000 .313 23.8 9.5 2.08 7.8 3.1 1.20
t4x4 13.0 3.82 4.00 3.937 .250 10.4 5.2 1.65 3.4 1.7 .94
STANDARD MILL BEAMS

,
j l0 x 5 ;i 25 7.35 9.90 5.86 .35 117.0 23.6 3.99 9.84 3.36 1.16
21 6.18 9.90 5.74 .24 107.5 21.7 4.17 9.30 3.24 1.22
:8 x 6 ~ 28
24
8.23
7.06
8.00
8.00
6 .65
6.50
.39
.24
90.1
83.8
22.5
21.0
3.31
3.45
17.73
16.52
5.33 1.47
5.08 1.53
j8 X 5>4 20 5.88 8.00 5.36 .35 60.7 15.2 3.22 6.60 2.46 1.06
17 5.00 8.00 5.25 .24 56.0 14.0 3.35 6.16 2.35 1.11
JUNIOR BEAMS
m12 x 3 11 .8 3.45 12.00 3.063 .175 72.2 12.0 4.57 .98 .64 .53
m10 x 2% 9.0 2.64 10.00 2.688 .1 55 39.0 7.8 3.85 .61 .45 .48
$8x2 34 6.5 1.92 8.00 2.281 .135 18.7 4.7 3.12 .34 .30 .42
ED 7x2 Ys 5.5 1.61 7.00 2.078 .126 12.1 3.5 2.74 .25 .24 .39
e 6 x 1% 4.4 1.30 6.00 1.844 .114 7.3 2.4 2.37 .17 .18 .36
,
y
[ JUNIOR CHANNELS
AX I S X - X
-t-
AXI S V-V
,,
Weight Width Wob
Nominal pO' Area Depth of Thick-
Size Flange ness I
Foot S r I S r
- - - - -- -1-In}- - In.3
I X
-- --
'0. Lb. In.2 In. In. In. I n.4 In.3 In. '0. '0.
812x 1 )-!i
910xl Y2
I 10.6
8.4
3.12 112.00 1 1 .500
2.47 10.00 1.500 1 .170
55 8
.190 1 32.3
9.3
. 1 6.5
4 23 .39 .32 .35 .27-
1 3.61
. 1 .33 .28 .37 .29
s10x 1Ys 6.5 I 1.91 10.00 1.125 .150 22.1 4.4 3.47 .12 I .1 3 .25 .19
*Rolled by United S tates Sleel Corp. and Inla nd St eel Co.
fRolled by United States Steel Corp. and Bethlehe m Steel Co.-M.
Rolled by United Statt's Steel Corp.·M .
t Rolled by The Phoenilt Iron Co.-M.
$ Rolled by Jones & Laughlin S teel Corp.-Jr.
Sec page 10 for method of dec;ignation.
...
27
REGULAR SERIES
-+!~C ... tweb+~"
"
MISCELLANEOUS SHAPES
I, .~~ DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING I

l~~
t
Flange Wob Distance

Weight Mru<. Usual
Nominal por Depth Mean Half Fig. Gage
Si.l!6 Thick-
Foot Width Thick-
ness Thick- a T k g, C Rivet g
nsss ness
-- -- ---- -- - - - -1--:--
'0. Lb. '0. '0. '0. '0. ". '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0.
LIGHT COLUMNS
*8 x 8 34.3 8 8 '!{6 % %; 3~ 67,i ~ 2% )4 ~ 5%
*6 x6 25.0 6 6 % %; %; 2Ys 47i ~ 2M )4 ~ 372
20.0 6 6 % )4 7& 2Ys 4% 1}{6 2)4 %; ~ 372
§ 5 X5 18.9 5 5 ~6 %; %; 2% 3% 1~6 2)4 )4 % 2~
t 4x4 13.0 4 4 % )4 7& l Ys 272 % 2 h, % 2)4
STANDARD MILL BEAMS
11 0 X 5% 25 gl§{6 5Ys % % h, 2% 8% % 2 )4 % 2%
21 91~6 5% % )4 7& 2% 8% % 2 %; % 2%
1 8x6% 28 8 6% % % %; 37& 67;1 ~ 2)4 )4 ~ 3%
24 8 6% % )4 7& 37& 6)4 ~ 2)4 h, ~ 3%
1 8 X 5)4 20 8 5% %; % %; 2% 6% 'hi 2 )4 ~ 2%
17 8 5)4 ;{, )4 7& 2% 6% 'hi 2 %; Ys 2%
JUNIOR BEAMS
12 X 3 11.8 12 3 )4 h, 7& Hi! 11 % 1% %;
10 X 2% 9.0 10 2% ;{6 Vt6 H", 1M 9}S l{6 1% 7&
8x2M 6.5 8 2M ~6 7& H"6 17& 7 )4 % 1% 7&
7x2.Vs 5.5 7 2 7& h6 7& H", 1 67:i % 1% 7&
6 X 1 Ys 4.4 6 l Ys h, 7& hi ~ 5)4 % 1% 7&
,,,
l -- 1
'IJ
..L
,
-f- L:(>rIP
"'"
f 1iI":
,
I
JUNIOR CHANNELS
[
Flange Wob Distance
Depth Weight
of Mean Half
Section '"'
Foot Width Th ick-
ness
Thick_
nass
Thick-
nass
a T k g, c
- -- - -- - -- - - - - - - - --
'0. Lb. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0.
E912xlY2 17'2
1~% I
10.6 ;{6 ;{6 7& 1)4 % 2 )4
e l0xl% 8.4 172 )4 0/(6 % 1% % 1% )4
e l0xlYs I 6.5 I 17& I ;(6 I %; I %; I 1%; I 9)4 % I 1% I )4
*Rolled by United States Steel Corp. and Inland Steel Co.
§Rolled by United States Steel Corp. and Bethlehem Steel Co.-M.
tRolled by U ni t ed States Steel Corp.-M.
tRolled by The Phoenix Iron Co.-M.
E9 Rolled by Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp -Jr.
Gage gl is based on k + 1M". to nearest M".
Gall:e 10{ i~~ ~rmi~ible n ear ends of beam; elsewb.ere S Jedfication may renuire reduction in rivet size.
,...
28
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
AMERICAN STANDARD
I BEAMS
PROPERTIES FOR DESIGNING -I- I
Y
Flange AXIS X - X AXIS V-V

Weight W.b
Size f~~t Width Thick-
ness "~, I 5 r I 5 r
- -2 - - - -- -- -- -- ----
- - - - - - In.4
- -'".
- - -'". --'"-
. -'".- - - - -In.'- - '"-. -In.-4 -In.]- -'".-
'n. Lb. I n.
24 X 7Ys 120.0 35.13 24.00 8.048 1.102 .798 3010.8 250.9 9.26 84.9 21.1 1.56
105.9 30.98 24.00 7.875 1.102 .625 2811.5 234.3 9.53 78.9 20.0 1.60
24 X 7 100.0 29.25 24.00 7.247 .871 .747 2371.8 197.6 9.05 48.4 13.4 1.29
90.0 26.30 24.00 7.124 .871 .624 2230. 1 185.8 9.21 45.5 12.8 1.32
79.9 23.33 24.00 7.000 .871 .500 2087.2 173.9 9.46 42.9 12.2 1.36
20 X 7 95.0 27.74 20.00 7.200 .916 .800 1599.7 160.0 7.59 50.5 14.0 1.35
85.0 24.80 20.00 7.053 .916 .653 1501.7 150.2 7.78 47.0 13.3 1.38
20x 6U 75.0 21.90 20.00 6.391 .789 .641 1263.5 126.3 7.60 30.1 9.4 1.17
65.4 19.08 20.00 6.250 .789 .500 1169.5 116.9 7.83 27.9 8.9 1.21
18 X 6 70.0 20.46 18.00 6.251 .691 .711 917.5 101.9 6.70 24.5 7.8 1.09
54.7 15.94 18.00 6.000 .691 .460 795.5 88.4 7.07 21.2 7.1 1.15
15 x 5 % 50.0 14.59 15.00 5.640 .622 .550 481.1 64.2 5.74 16.0 5.7 1.05
42.9 12.49 15.00 5.500 .622 .410 441.8 58.9 5.95 14.6 5.3 1.08
12 x5U 50.0 14.57 12.00 5.477 .659 .687 301.6 50.3 4.55 16.0 5.8 1.05
40.8 11.84 12.00 5.250 .659 .460 268.9 44.8 4.77 13.8 5.3 1.08
12 X 5 35.0 10.20 12.00 5.078 .544 .428 227.0 37.8 4.72 10.0 3.9 .99
31.8 9.26 12.00 5.000 .544 .350 215.8 36.0 4.83 9.5 3.8 1.01
10 x4% 35.0 10.22 10.00 4.944 .491 .594 145.8 29.2 3.78 8.5 3.4 .91
25.4 7.38 10.00 4.660 .491 .310 122.1 24.4 4.07 6.9 3.0 .97
8x4 23.0 6.71 8.00 4.171 .425 .441 64.2 16.0 3.09 4.4 2.1 .81
18.4 5.34 8.00 4.000 .425 .270 56.9 14.2 3.26 3.8 1.9 .84
7x3% 20.0 5.83 7.00 3.860 .392 .450 41.9 12.0 2.68 3.1 1.6 .74
15.3 4.43 7.00 3.660 .392 .250 36.2 10.4 2.86 2.7 1.5 .78
6x3Ys 17.25 5.02 6.00 3.565 .359 .465 26.0 8.7 2.28 2.3 1.3 .68
12.5 3.61 6.00 3 .330 .359 .230 21.8 7.3 2.46 1.8 1.1 .72
5 x3 14.75 4.29 5.00 3.284 .326 .494 15.0 6.0 1.87 1.7 1.0 .63
10.0 2.87 5.00 3.000 .326 .210 12.1 4.8 2.05 1.2 .82 .65
4 X 2% 9.5 2.76 4.00 2.796 .293 .326 6.7 3.3 1.56 .91 .65 .56
7.7 2.21 4.00 2.660 .293 .190 6.0 3.0 1.64 .77 .58 .59
3x2% 7.5 2.17 3.00 2.509 .260 .349 2.9 1.9 1.15 .59 .47 .52
5.7 1.64 3.00 2.330 .260 .170 2.5 1.7 1.23 .46 .40 .53
See page 10 for method o f dcsigmltion.

29
r-
REGULAR SERIES
~ ....e- !web+n"
l
• lls, AMERICAN STANDARD
1
'p
BEAMS
I
~
T
Flange Wob D istance

Depth W e ight Mu . Usual
of
Sectio n
PO'
Foot W idth
Mean
ness nesa
Half
Thick- Th ic k_ T hick-
ness
a T k g. , Grip Fl ange
Rive t
0 ...
9
--- - Lb.-- - - - , o.- - - -, o.- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
'0. - - - - - '0.- -
-- - -'0-
. - - -'0-. -'0.- -'0.- -'0-
. - '0-. -'0-
. - '0-. - '0-.
24 120.0 8 1~ I;{, l{, 3% 2O~ 11 ~ 3,. )1 1~ 1 4
105.9 7Ys lYs % l{, 3% 20 ~ 1 1§{6 3,. % l Ys 1 4
100.0
24
90.0
79.9
7,.
7Ys
7
Ys
Ys
Ys
ii
%
)1 ,.
%
l{,
3,.
3}i
3,.
20ii
20 ii
20 ii
1%
1%
1%
3
3
3
!{,
~
Ys
Ys
Ys
1
1
1
4
4
4
20 95.0 7,. 1% l~ !{, 3 ,. 16)1 l ii 3 ,. )1 1 ~6 1 4
85.0 7 I%; 1!.1s l{, 3,. 16)1 l ii 3,. % Ys 1 4
20 75.0
65.4
6%
6,.
I%;
I%;
%
J.j ,.
l{, 2 Ys
2Ys
16 Ys
16Ys
l U6
l U6
3
3
%
l{,
1!16
%
Ys
Ys
3Yz
3J.j .
18 70.0
54.7
6»"
6
'l{,
1!{6
ii
J.j ,.
% 2% 15»"
2 ii 15»"
1%
1%
2%
2%
!{,
l{,
'l{,
1;{6
Ys
Ys
3J.j
3J.j
15 SO.O 5% % % l{, 272 12J.j 1~ 2~ % % ii 372
42.9 5J.j % l{, »" 2 J.j 12)1 1 »" 2,. l{, ~, ii 372
12 50.0 5J.j l W6 l~
,.
% 2% 9% 1§{6 2% l{, ' l{, ii 3
12
40.8
35.0
31 .8
5,.
5~
5
1}(6
%
%
J.j
l{,
%
,.
;{o
2%
2%
2%
9%
9%
9%
1§{,
lYs
lYs
2%
2 J.j
2J.j
l{,
~
%
J.j
J.j
ii
%
ii
3
3
3
10 35.0
25.4
5
4%
J.j
)1
%
l{,
;{o
;{o
2~
2~
8
8
1
1
2J.j
2J.j ,.
% )1
J.j
%
%
2%
2ii
8 2 3.0 4Ys l{, l{, % 1 Ys 6% Ys 2% l{, l{, ii 2%
18.4 Ys 634
,. Ys,.
4 l{, l{, l Ys Ys 2~ ;{, l{, % 2N
7 20.0 3Ys % !{, l ii 5% I%; 2 l{, % % 2)i
3% 1% 2
,. ,.Ys
15.3 % 1% 5% ;{o Ys % 2%
6 17.25 3% % J.j 1 )1 4Ys ii 2 ;{o % % 2
5
12.5
14.75
10.0
3%
3%
3
Ys
l{,
l{,
J.j
%
,.Ys l J.j
1%
1%
4J.j
3%
3%
%
l~
'li6
2
2
2
;{,
;{o
;{o
;{o
;{o
;{o
J.j
)1
Hi
l ii
4 9 .5 2% ;{o ;{o ;{o 1% 2% % 2 % ;{o )1 l J.j
7.7 2% ;{o ;{, Ys 1% 2% % 2 ;{o ;{o
3 7 .5
5.7
2J.j
2% ,.
% Ys
;{,
%
Ys
1~
1~
l Ys
l Ys
%
%
%
;{o
%
%
Ys
Ys
1 )1
l J.j
Gage g l is based on k + 1M ", to nearest M ".

Gage g is permissible near ends of beam ; ebewhere Specification may require reduction in rivet siu.
A M E R IC A N I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUC TI O N
- ...
30
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
AMERICAN STANDARD ;1=
[ CHANNELS
x- I\-·-x
... Ii-
*='
y
Fl ange AXIS X-X AXIS V-y

Weight W.b
Nominal P" Area Depth Averag e Thick-
Size Foot Width Thick- ness I S r I S r X
nass
- - - - - '0.- - '0-. - '0.- -In.4- -In.3- - '0.- -I n.4- - In.3- - - - '0.-
'0. Lb. In.2 '0. I-"'=-
*18 X 4 58.0 16.98 18.00 4.200 .625 .700 670.7 74.5 6.29 18.5 5.6 1.04 .88
51.9 15.18 18.00 4.100 .625 .600 622.1 69.1 6.40 17.1 5.3 1.06 .87
45.8 13.38 18.00 4.000 .625 .500 573.5 63.7 6.55 15.8 5.1 1.09 .89
42.7 12.48 18.00 3.950 .625 .450 549.2 61.0 6.64 15.0 4.9 1.10 .90
15 x 3% 50.0 14.64 15.00 3.716 .650 .716 401.4 53.6 5.24 11.2 3.8 .87 .80
40.0 11.70 15.00 3.520 .650 .520 346.3 46.2 5.44 9.3 3.4 .89 .78
33.9 9.90 15.00 3.400 .650 .400 312.6 41.7 5.62 8.2 3.2 .91 .79
12 X 3 30.0 8.79 12.00 3.170 .501 .510 161.2 26.9 4.28 5.2 2.1 .77 .68
25.0 7.32 12.00 3.047 .501 .387 143.5 23.9 4.43 4.5 1.9 .79 .68
20.7 6.03 12.00 2.940 .501 .280 128.1 21.4 4.61 3.9 1.7 .81 .70
10 X 2% 30.0 8.80 10.00 3.033 .436 .673 103.0 20.6 3.42 4.0 1.7 .67 .65
25.0 7.33 10.00 2.886 .436 .526 90.7 18.1 3.52 3.4 1.5 .68 .62
20.0 5.86 10.00 2.739 .436 .379 78.5 15.7 3.66 2.8 1.3 .70 .61
15.3 4.47 10.00 2.600 .436 .240 66.9 13.4 3.87 2.3 1.2 .72 .64
9x2M 20.0 5.86 9.00 2.648 .413 .448 60.6 13.5 3.22 2.4 1.2 .65 .59
15.0 4.39 9.00 2.485 .413 .285 50.7 11.3 3.40 1.9 1.0 .67 .59
13.4 3.89 9.00 2.430 .413 .230 47.3 10.5 3.49 1.8 .97 .67 .61
8x2 7,f 18.75 5.49 8.00 2.527 .390 .487 43.7 10.9 2.82 2.0 1.0 .60 .57
13.75 4.02 8.00 2.343 .390 .303 35.8 9.0 2.99 1.5 .86 .62 .56
11.5 3.36 8.00 2.260 .390 .220 32.3 8.1 3.10 1.3 .79 .63 .58
7 x 2Ys' 14.75 4.32 7.00 2.299 .366 .419 27.1 7.7 2.51 1.4 .79 .57 .53
12.25 3.58 7.00 2.194 .366 .314 24.1 6.9 2.59 1.2 .71 .58 .53
9.8 2.85 7.00 2.090 .366 .210 21.1 6.0 2.72 .98 .63 .59 .55
6x2 13.0 3.81 6.00 2.157 .343 .437 17.3 5.8 2.13 1.1 .65 .53 .52
10.5 3.07 6.00 2.034 .343 .314 15.1 5.0 2.22 •.87 .57 .53 .50
8.2 2.39 6.00 1.920 .343 .200 13.0 4.3 2.34 .70 .50 .54 .52
5 X 1% 9.0 2.63 5.00 1.885 .320 .325 8.8 3.5 1.83 , ,64 .45 .49 .48
6.7 1.95 5.00 1.750 .320 .190 7.4 3.0 1.95 .48 .38 .50 .49
4 X 1% 7.25 2.12 4.00 1.720 .296 .320 4.5 2.3 1.47 .44 .35 .46 .46
5.4 1.56 4.00 1.580 .296 .180 3.8 1.9 1.56 .32 .29 .45 .46
3 x 1% 6.0 1.75 3.00 1.596 .273 .356 2.1 1.4 1.08 .31 .27 .42 .46
5.0 1.46 3.00 1.498 .273 .258 1.8 1.2 1.12 .25 .24 .41 .44
4.1 1.19 3.00 1.410 .273 .170 1.6 1.1 1.17 .20 .21 .41 .44
*Car and Shipbuilding Channel; not an American Standard.

See page 10 for method o f designation.

31
R E GULA R SERIES
e=w.:lb+,i"
J~
--1---
+,,
_t_
, ,
----
I
~- AMERICAN STANDARD
CHANNELS
[
-f- : i g =(-TIP DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING
, ,
><=.
Flange Wob Oistance

Depth Weight Max. Usual
Mean H(llf Flange Gage
of
Section
P'"
Foot Width T hick- Thick- Thick- a T k g, C
Grip
Rivet g
ness ness ness
- - - --- - - - - - - - -
'0. - '0.- '0. - '0.- -'0-
. -'0.- - '0.-
-- -- ---
- - - - - '0-- -'0
'0. - - lb. -. - '0-. - '0.- -- - - -- -- -- - - - - - '0
-.
' 18 58.0 4ji % 1!16 % 3Y, 15% 1~ 2%, %; % 1 231
51.9 478 % % h6 3% 15% 1%; 2~ I~ % 1 2Yz
45.8 4 % Y, ji 3 )Ai 15% Hi'6 2% j{, % 1 2)Ai
ji 2% 1 2Yz
15
42.7 4
50.0
40.0
% >1",
3%
3)Ai
%
%
,.
j{,
%
%
3)Ai
3
3
15%
12%
12%
lh6
1%;
1'16
2%
2%
)Ai
1~
%
%
%
%
1
1
27,(
2
33.9 3% % %; ;{o 3 12% 1 ~6 2% )Ai % 1 2
12 30.0 378 )Ai )Ai % 2% 9% 1!{, 271 j{, )Ai % 1%;
25.0 3 )Ai % %; 2% 9% Hi's 2)Ai %; Y:i % 1%
231
20. 7 3 )Ai ;{, 78 2% 9% 1!{,
,.
% )Ai
,.,.
% 1%
10 30.0
25.0
20.0
3
2.%
2%
%;
%;
%;
1!{6
j{,
%
%
%
%;
2%
2%
2%
878
878
878
1'16
l~
I%; 2Yz
2)Ai
2)Ai %
%;
%;
%;
%; ,. 1%;
1%"
172
15.3 2% %; % 78 2% 878 1~6 2)Ai j{, %;
,.,.
%; 1)Ai
9 20.0
15.0
2%
2)Ai
%;
>1",
%;
h6
%
;.(,
2%
2%
7%
7%
%
%
2)Ai
271
)Ai
%
%;
%; ,. 1Y,
1%
13.4 2% }1G % 78 2% 7% % 2Yz ;{, %
,.,. 1%
8 18.75
13.75
11.5
2 )Ai
2%
2%
%
%
%
)Ai
h6
ji
%
%;
78
2
2
2
6%
6%
6%
l~
I%;
I U6
2%
2%
2U
j{,
%
;{,
%
%
%
,. I
1)Ai
1%
1% I
7 14.75 2% % %; % 1% 5% l~ 2 )Ai % % Hi
12.25 2% % h6 ~6 1% 5% 1;U 2 % % % lU
9.8 1% 5% 2 ;{, % 1ji
6 13.0
10.5
278
278
2
%
%
%
%
%;
h6
78
%
;.(,
1,.
1,.
4}1
4)Ai
,.,.
IVJ6
2
2
)Ai
%
%
~16
%
%
%
1%
178
8.2 1% % ~ 78 1%; 4)Ai %; 2 % ~6 % 178
5 9_0 j{, 1)Ai 3% I~ 2 ;{, )Ai 178
6.7
1%
1%;
}}s
HE *
;.(, 78 1 )Ai 3% I~ 2
%
% ;{, )Ai 178
4 7.25 1% ~i6 h6 %; 1% 2%; % 2 % ;{, )Ai 1
5.4 178 % ~ 78 1% 2%; % 2 ji % )Ai 1
3 6.0 1% % % ;.(, 1% 1.%; % >1". h6 )Ai %
5.0 1)Ai % J4 78 134 1%; % ;{, % )Ai %
4.1 1% % %; 78 1% 1,. % % %
.Car and ShiPbui\din~ Channel; not an American Standard.
Gage g,. is based on + 1M". to nearest M".
Gage g is permissible near ends of channel; elsewhere Specification may require reduction in rivet size.
AMER ICA N IN STI TUTE O F STEE L CON STRU C TI O N

•
32
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
..T
ANGLES
z, !
L EQUAL LEGS

x- :b--.r
I
y 'z
x
AXIS X - X AND A X IS Y -Y AXIS Z_2

Weight
Size Thickness Area
ro~t I S r X or y r
'0. '0. Lb. In.2 In.4 In.3 '0. '0. '0.

8x8 1~ 56.9 16.73 98.0 17.5 2.42 2.41 1.56
1 51.0 15.00 89.0 15.8 2.44 2.37 1.56
~ 45.0 13.23 79.6 14.0 2.45 2.32 1.57
%: 38.9 11.44 69.7 12.2 2.47 2.28 1.57
% 32.7 9.61 59.4 10.3 2.49 2.23 1.58
% 29.6 8.68 54.1 9.3 2.50 2.21 1.58
J1 26.4 7.75 48.6 8.4 2.50 2.19 1.59
6x6 1 37.4 11.00 35.5 8.6 1.80 1.86 1.17

~ 33.1 9.73 31.9 7.6 1.81 1.82 1.17
%: 28.7 8.44 28.2 6.7 1.83 1.78 1.17
% 24.2 7.11 24.2 5.7 1.84 1.73 1.18
% 21.9 6.43 22.1 5.1 1.85 1.71 1.1 8
J1 19.6 5.75 19.9 4.6 1.86 1.68 1.18
116 17.2 5.06 17.7 4.1 1.87 1.66 1.19
% 14.9 4.36 15.4 3.5 1.88 1.64 1.19
>I. 12.5 3.66 13.0 3.0 1.89 1.61 1.19
5x5 ~ 27.2 7.98 17.8 5.2 1.49 1.57 .97

%: 23.6 6.94 15.7 4.5 1.51 1.52 .97
% 20.0 5.86 13.6 3.9 1.52 1.48 .98
J1 16.2 4.75 11.3 3.2 1.54 1.43 .98
U. 14.3 4.18 10.0 2.8 1.55 1.41 .98
% 12.3 3.61 8.7 2.4 1.56 1.39 .99
>I. 10.3 3.03 7.4 2.0 1.57 1.37 .99
4x4 %: 18.5 5.44 7.7 2.8 1.19 1.27 .78

% 15.7 4.61 6.7 2.4 1.20 1.23 .78
J1 12.8 3.75 5.6 2.0 1.22 1.18 .78
U, 11.3 3.31 5.0 1.8 1.23 1.16 .78
% 9.8 2.86 4.4 1.5 1.23 1.14 .79
% 8.2 2.40 3.7 1.3 1.24 1.12 .79
Ji 6.6 1.94 3.0 1.1 1.25 1.09 .80

33
REGULAR SERIES
xJ
ANGLES
i
z'.
x- tk~-Tx
'z
EQUAL LEGS

L
+
AXIS X - X AND AXIS V-V AXISZ-Z
Weight
Size Thickness Area
""
Foot I S r X or y r
'". '". Lb. In.' In.4 I n.'

'". '". '".
3% x3% % 11.1 3.25 3.6 1.5 1.06 1.06 .68
>ii 9.8 2.87 3.3 1.3 1.07 1.04 .68
% 8.5 2.48 2.9 1.2 1.07 1.01 .69
li, 7.2 2.09 2.5 .98 1.08 .99 .69
U 5.8 1.69 2.0 .79 1.09 .97 .69
3x 3 Y2 9.4 2.75 2.2 1.1 .90 .93 .58
'l' 8.3 2.43 2.0 .95 .91 .91 .58
% 7.2 2.11 1.8 .83 .91 .89 .58
% 6.1 1.78 1.5 .71 .92 .87 .59
U 4.9 1.44 1.2 .58 .93 .84 .59
% 3.71 1.09 .96 .44 .94 .82 .59
2% X 2% % 7.7 2.25 1.2 .72 .74 .81 .49
% 5.9 1.73 .98 .57 .75 .76 .49
% 5.0 1.47 .85 .48 .76 .74 A9
U 4.1 1.19 .70 .39 .77 .72 .49
li, 3.07 .90 .55 .30 .78 .69 .49
2x2 % 4.7 1.36 .48 .35 .59 .64 .39
\ li, 3.92 1.15 .42 .30 .60 .61 .39
U 3.19 .94 .35 .25 .61 .59 .39
li's 2.44 .71 .27 .19 .62 .57 .39
Ys 1.65 .48 .19 .13 .63 .55 AO
l %, x l % U 2.77 .81 .23 .19 .53 .53 .34
li's 2.12 .62 .18 .14 .54 .51 .34
Ys 1.44 .42 .13 .10 .55 .48 .35
1Y,i x1 Y,i U 2.34 .69 .14 .1 3 .45 A7 .29

li's 1.80 .53 .11 .10 .46 .44 .29
Ys 1.23 .36 .08 .07 .47 .42 .30
1U X 1U U 1.92 .56 .08 .09 .37 .40 .24

li's 1.48 .43 .06 .07 .38 .38 .24
Ys 1.01 .30 .04 .05 .38 .36 .25
1 X 1 U 1.49 .44 .04 .06 .29 .34 .20

li's 1.16 .34 .03 .04 .30 .32 .19
Ys .80 .23 .02 .03 .30 .30 .20

34
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
z\
rT
ANGLES I
L UNEQUAL LEGS

x- -
! \
---~x
,
_ .i.
AXIS X-X AXIS V - V

f\
Y.
AX IS Z-Z
Weight
Size Thick- pO' Area
ness Foot I S r y I S r X r Tan a
- -- --- - - - - - - - -
'0. - - -I n,4- -ln- -I n- ---- - -
'0. '0. -'0-
. - - - ,l- - - -'0-
. - '0.- -
Lb. In.~ In.4 I n.3 . .
- - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - -
*9 x 4 1 40.8 12.00 97.0 17.6 2.84 3.50 12.0 4.0 1.00 1.00 .83 .203
)1. 36.1 10.61 86.8 15.7 2.86 3.45 10.8 3.6 1.01 .95 .84 .208
~ 31.3 9.1 9 76.1 13.6 2.88 3.41 9.6 3.1 1.02 .91 .84 .212
% 26.3 7.73 64.9 11.5 2.90 3.36 8.3 2.6 1.04 .86 .85 .216
li6 23.8 7.00 59.1 10.4 2.91 3.33 7.6 2.4 1.04 .83 .85 .218
Y, 21.3 6.25 53.2 9.3 2.92 3.31 6.9 2.2 1.05 .81 .85 .220
8x6 1 44.2 13.00 80.8 15.1 2.49 2.65 38.8 8.9 1.73 1.65 1.28 .543
)1. 39.1 11.48 72.3 13.4 2.51 2.61 34.9 7.9 1.74 1.61 1.28 .547
~ 33.8 9.94 63.4 11.7 2.53 2.56 30.7 6.9 1.76 1.56 1.29 .551
% 28.5 8.36 54.1 9.9 2.54 2.52 26.3 5.9 1.77 1.52 1.29 .554
li6 25.7 7.56 49.3 9.0 2.55 2.50 24.0 5.3 1.78 1.50 1.30 .556
72 23.0 6.75 44.3 8.0 2.56 2.47 21.7 4.8 1.79 1.47 1.30 .558
'!16 20.2 5.93 39.2 7.1 2.57 2.45 19.3 4.2 1.80 1.45 1.31 .560
8x4 1 37.4 11.00 69.6 14.1 2.52 3.05 11.6 3.9 1.03 1.05 .85 .247
)1. 33.1 9.73 62.5 12.5 2.53 3.00 10.5 3.5 1.04 1.00 .85 .253
~ 28.7 8.44 54.9 10.9 2.55 2.95 9.4 3.1 1.05 .95 .85 .258
% 24.2 7.11 46.9 9.2 2.57 2.91 8.1 2.6 1.07 .91 .86 .262
U, 21.9 6.43 42.8 8.4 2.58 2.88 7.4 2.4 1.07 .88 .86 .265
Y, 19.6 5.75 38.5 7.5 2.59 2.86 6.7 2.2 1.08 .86 .86 .267
>I, 17.2 5.06 34.1 6.6 2 .60 2.83 6.0 1.9 1.09 .83 .87 .269
7x4 )1. 30.2 8.86 42.9 9.7 2.20 2.55 10.2 3.5 1.07 1.05 .86 .318
% 26.2 7.69 37.8 8.4 2 .22 2.51 9.1 3.0 1.09 1.01 .86 .324
% 22.1 6.48 32.4 7.1 2.24 2.46 7.8 2.6 1.10 .96 .86 .329
li6 20.0 5.87 29.6 6.5 2.24 2.44 7.2 2.4 1.11 .94 .87 .332
Y, 17.9 5.25 26.7 5.8 2.25 2.42 6 .5 2.1 1.11 .92 .87 .335
l<o 15.8 4.62 23.7 5.1 2.26 2.39 5.8 1.9 1.12 .89 .88 .337
% 13.6 3.98 20.6 4.4 2.27 2.37 5.1 1.6 1.13 .87 .88 .339
"'Rolled by Bethlehem Steel Company and U. S . Steel Corp.

AMER I CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
35
REGULAR SERIES
rl
z\
I ANGLES
x- c- ---,x
_.L
y
UNEQUAL LEGS
PROPERTIES FOR DESIGNING L

I f\ Weight
AXIS X-X AXIS Y - V AXIS Z - Z
Si<a T hick- poe Area

ness Foot I S r y I S r X r Tan a
- - - 3- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
'L '0. - - - '0-. -'0-
. - In.4- - 00.- -'0-
. - '0-. -'0-
. -
Lb. I n. 2 In.4 [n.
-
6x4 y, 27.2 7.98 27.7 7.2 1.86 2.12 9.8 3.4 1.11 1.12 .86 .421
%: 23.6 6.94 24.5 6.3 1.88 2.08 8.7 3.0 1.1 2 1.08 .86 .428
% 20.0 5.86 21.1 5.3 1.90 2.03 7.5 2.5 1.13 1.03 .86 .435
'U6 18.1 5.31 19.3 4.8 1.90 2.01 6.9 2.3 1.14 1.01 .87 .438
Yo 16.2 4.75 17.4 4.3 1.91 1.99 6.3 2.1 1.15 .99 .87 .440
!-16 14.3 4.18 15.5 3.8 1.92 1.96 5.6 1.9 1.16 .96 .87 .443
% 12.3 3.61 13.5 3.3 1.93 1.94 4.9 1.6 1.17 .94 .88 .446
% 10.3 3.03 11.4 2.8 1.94 1.92 4.2 1.4 1.17 .92 .88 .449
-x3» Y2 15.3 4.50 16.6 4.2 1.92 2.08 4.3 1.6 .97 .83 .76 .344
% 11.7 3.42 12.9 3.2 1.94 2.04 3.3 1.2 .99 .79 .77 .350
,.
~6 9.8
7.9
2.87
2.31
10.9
8.9
2.7
2.2
1.95
1.96
2.01
1.99
2.9
2.3
1.0 1.00
0.85 1.01
.76
.74
.77
.78
.352
.355
- x 3», %: 19.8 5.81 13.9 4.3 1.55 1.75 5.6 2.2 .98 1 .00 .75 .464
% 16.8 4.92 12.6 3.7 1.56 1.70 4.8 1.9 .99 .95 .75 .472
Yo 13.6 4.00 10.0 3.0 1.58 1.66 4.1 1.6 1.01 .91 .75 .479
l{6 12.0 3.53 8.9 2.6 1.59 1.63 3.6 1.4 1.01 .88 .76 .482
% 10.4 3.05 7.8 2.3 1.60 1.61 3.2 1.2 1.02 .86 .76 .486
,.
% 8.7
7.0
2.56
2.06
6.6
5.4
1.9
1.6
1.61
1.61
1.59
1.56
2.7
2.2
1.0 1.03
.83 1.04
.84
.81
.76
.76
.489
.492
.5x3 Yo 12.8 3.75 9.5 2.9 1.59 1.75 2.6 1.1 .83 .75 .65 .357
l{6 11.3 3.31 8.4 2.6 1.60 1.73 2.3 1.0 .84 .73 .65 .361
% 9.8 2.86 7.4 2.2 1.61 1.70 2.0 .89 .84 .70 .65 .364
,.
>{6 8.2
6.6
2.40
1.94
6.3
5.1
1.9
1.5
1.61
1.62
1.68
1.66
1.8
1.4
.75
.61
.85
.86
.68
.66
.66
.66
.368
.371
I -
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF S TEEL CONSTRUCT ION

36
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
Y
.\ I
n
ANGLES
L UNEQUAL LEGS

x- !:-- -
I\
--.-x
Y
--'-
We ight
AX I S X-X AXIS V - y
f\ AXIS Z-Z
Size
Thick_ Area
f~~t
ness I S r y I S r X r Tan a
- - - - - - - - - - - - -In,l- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
-
". ". ".
- - - - - - - - - -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lb. tn.~ In.4 I n. 4 In.'
". ". ".
4x3)Ai % 14.7 4.30 6.4 2.4 1.22 1.29 4.5 1.8 1.03 1.04 .72 .745
)Ai 11.9 3.50 5.3 1.9 1.23 1.25 3.8 1.5 1.04 1.00 .72 .750
%; 10.6 3.09 4.8 1.7 1.24 1.23 3.4 1.4 1.05 .98 .72 .753
% 9.1 2.67 4.2 1.5 1.25 1.21 3.0 1.2 1.06 .96 .73 .755
~, 7.7 2.25 3.6 1.3 1.26 1.18 2.6 1.0 1.07 .93 .73 .757
J.4 6.2 1.81 2.9 1.0 1.27 1.16 2.1 .81 1.07 .91 .73 .759
4x3 % 13.6 3.98 6.0 2.3 1.23 1.37 2.9 1.4 .85 .87 .64 .534
)Ai 11.1 3.25 5.1 1.9 1.25 1.33 2.4 1.1 .86 .83 .64 .543
%; 9.8 2.87 4.5 1.7 1.25 1.30 2.2 1.0 .87 .80 .64 .547
% 8.5 2.48 4.0 1.5 1.26 1.28 1.9 .87 .88 .78 .64 .551
%; 7.2 2.09 3.4 1.2 1.27 1.26 1.7 .73 .89 .76 .65 .554
J.4 5.8 1.69 2.8 1.0 1.28 1.24 1.4 .60 .90 .74 .65 .558
3)Ai X 3 )Ai 10.2 3.00 3.5 1.5 1.07 1.13 2.3 1.1 .88 .88 .62 .714
%; 9.1 2.65 3.1 1.3 1.08 1.10 2.1 .98 .89 .85 .62 .718
% 7.9 2.30 2.7 1.1 1.09 1.08 1.9 .85 .90 .83 .62 .721
%; 6.6 1.93 2.3 .95 1.10 1.06 1.6 .72 .90 .81 .63 .724
J.4 5.4 1.56 1.9 .78 1.11 1.04 1.3 .59 .91 .79 .63 .727
3Y,x2)Ai Y, 9.4 2.75 3.2 1.4 1.09 1.20 1.4 .76 .70 .70 .53 .486
%; 8.3 2.43 2.9 1.3 1.09 1.18 1.2 .68 .71 .68 .54 .491
% 7.2 2.11 2.6 1.1 1.10 1.16 1.1 .59 .72 .66 .54 .496
j{, 6.1 1.78 2.2 .93 1.11 1.14 .94 .50 .73 .64 .54 .501
J.4 4.9 1.44 1.8 .75 1.12 1.11 .78 .41 .74 .61 .54 .506

37
REGULAR SERIES
Y
rl
Z\
I ANGLES
x- ~
I,
- ---,--x
... y
UNEQUAL LEGS
L
f\
Thi ck_
Weight
AXIS X-X
,
AXIS V-Y AX I S Z-Z
Sile Area
ness '"
Foot I S r y I S r X r Tan a
--- --- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- -- -- --
'0. , o. Lb. I n,2 In, 4 In.3 I n.4 I n,l
- - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - '0. '0. '0. '0. '0.
3x2Yi! Y2 8.5 2.50 2.1 1.0 .91 1.00 1.3 .74 .72 .75 .52 .667
>i6 7.6 2.21 1.9 .93 .92 .98 1.2 .66 .73 .73 .52 .672
% 6.6 1.92 1.7 .81 .93 .96 1.0 .58 .74 .71 .52 .676
j{, 5.6 1.62 1.4 .69 .94 .93 .90 .49 .74 .68 .53 .680
U 4.5 1.31 1.2 .56 .95 .91 .74 .40 .75 .66 .53 .684
3x2 Y2 7.7 2.25 1.9 1.0 .92 1.08 .67 .47 .55 .58 .43 .414
>i6 6.8 2.00 1.7 .89 .93 1.06 .61 .42 .55 .56 .43 .421
% 5.9 1.73 1.5 .78 .94 1.04 .54 .37 .56 .54 .43 .428
j{, 5.0 1.47 1.3 .66 .95 1.02 .47 .32 .57 .52 .43 .435
U 4.1 1.19 1.1 .54 .95 .99 .39 .26 .57 .49 .43 .440
j{, 3.07 .90 .84 .41 .97 .97 .31 .20 .58 .47 .44 .446
2)1' x 2 % 5.3 1.55 .91 .55 .77 .83 .51 .36 .58 .58 .42 .614
~, 4.5 1.31 .79 .47 .78 .81 .45 .31 .58 .56 .42 . .620
U 3.62 1.06 .65 .38 .78 .79 .37 .25 .59 .54 .42 .626
;{, 2.75 .81 .51 .29 .79 .76 .29 .20 .60 .51 .43 .631
2)1xl Y2 % 4.7 1.36 .82 .52 .78 .92 .22 .20 .40 .42 .32 .340
~, 3.92 1.15 .71 .44 .79 .90 .19 .17 .41 .40 .32 .349
U 3.19 .94 .59 .36 .79 .88 .16 .14 .41 .38 .32 .357
;{, 2.44 .72 .46 . .28 .80 .85 .13 .11 .42 .35 .33 .364
2x 131 U 2.n .81 .32 .24 .62 .66 ", 15 .14 .43 .41 .32 .543
;{, 2.12 .62 .25 .18 .63 .64 .12 .11 .44 .39 .32 .551
~ 1.44 .42 .17 .13 .64 .62 .09 .08 .45 .37 .33 .558
l%xl U U 2.34 .69 .20 .18 .54 .60 .09 .10 .35 .35 .27 .486
;{, 1.80 .53 .16 .14 .55 .58 .07 .08 .36 .33 .27 .496
~ 1.23 .36 .11 .09 .56 .56 .05 .05 .37 .31 .27 .506

38
STRUCTURAL TEES
Structural Tees are obtained by splitting the webs of various beams, generally
with the aid of rotary shears, and then restraightening to established tolerances.
The following tolerances, over or under, apply to the depth of the Tee (which is
approximately Yz of the beam depth).
For Tees 3" to 7Y2" (inclusive) in Depth ;{6"

7'%,." to 10" >i"
" 1O>i" to 12M" Vts"
" over 12>4'" %"
The above tolerances for depth of Tees include the allowable tolerances in depth
for the beams before splitting. Tolerances for dimensions as set up for the beams from
which the Tees are cut, will apply.
length in feet
Straightness = Ys" X f
5 eet
For the sake of economy, these Split Beam Tees should be ordered in pairs.
Detail dimensions will be the same as those of the beams from which the Tees are
split. Hence the beam property tables, and detailing dimension tables may be used so
far as they may be applicable to Tees.

39
REGULAR SERIES
I
STRUCTURAL TEES
c:::... ,,.=..J.lx CUT FROM \/IF BEAMS
x
i DIMENSIONS AND T
I Weight
Depth
Flan ge
Stem
AXIS X-X AXIS y-y
D" Area or Average Th ick-
Section
Number
Foot roo Width T hick_ ness I S r y
I S r
ness
- - - -2 - - - - - - - - - - ---- -- -- -- --
Lb. In . ID. ID. ID. ID. In.4 In.3 I D. ID. In.4 In.] ID.
-- -- -- - - -- - - --- - -- - - -- - -
ST 18 IN' 150 44.09 18.36 16.655 1.680 .945 1222.7 85.9 5.27 4.13 612.6 73.6 3.73
140 41.16 18.25 16.595 1.570 .885 1133.3 79.9 5.25 4.07 563.7 67.9 3.70
130 38.28 18.12 16.555 1.440 .845 1059.2 75.4 5.26 4.07 510.3 61.6 3.65
122.5 36.01 18.03 16.512 1.350 .802 994.3 71.1 5.25 4.04 472.3 57.2 3.62
115 33.86 17.94 16.475 1.260 .765 935.8 67.2 5.26 4.02 435.5 52.9 3.59
ST 18 IN' 97 28.56 18.24 12.117 1.260 .770 904.0 67.3 5.63 4.81 177.7 29.3 2.49
91 26.77 18.16 12.072 1.180 .725 844.0 63.0 5.61 4.77 163.9 27.1 2.47
85 24.99 18.08 12.027 1.1 00 .680 784.7 58.8 5.60 4.74 150.3 25.0 2 .45
80 23.54 18.00 12.000 1.020 .653 741.0 56.0 5.61 4.76 137.7 22.9 2.42
75 22.08 17.92 11.972 .940 .625 696.7 53.0 5.62 4.79 125.2 20.9 2.38
ST 16 IN' 120 35.26 16.75 15.865 1.400 .830 822.5 63.2 4.83 3.73 437.2 55.1 3.52
110 32.36 16.63 15.810 1.275 .775 754.1 58.4 4.83 3.71 391.2 49.5 3.48
100 29.40 16.50 15.750 1.150 .715 683.6 53.3 4.82 3.67 345.8 43.9 3.43
ST 16 IN' 76 22.35 16.75 11.565 1.055 .635 591.9 47.4 5.15 4.26 128.1 22.1 2.39
70.5 20.76 16.66 11.535 .960 .603 551.8 44.7 5.16 4 .30 114.9 19.9 2.35
65 19.13 16.55 11.510 .855 .580 513.0 42.1 5.18 4.37 100.7 17.5 2.29
ST 15 IN' 105 30.89 15.19 15.105 1.315 .775 578.0 ~ . 7 4.33 3.31 354.0 46.9 3.38
95 27.95 15.06 15.040 1.185 .710 520.4 44.1 4.31 3.26 312.3 41.5 3.34
86 25.32 14.94 14.985 1.065 .655 471.0 40.2 4.31 3.23 275.1 36.7 3.30
ST 15 IN' 66 19.41 15.15 10.551 1.000 .615 420.7 37.4 4.66 3.90 92.5 17.5 2.18
62 18.22 15.08 10.521 .930 .585 394.8 35.3 4.65 3.90 84.8 16.1 2.16
58.0 17.07 15.00 10.500 .850 .564 371.8 33.6 4.67 3.94 76.6 14.6 2.12
54 .0 15.88 14.91 10.484 .760 .548 349.5 32.1 4.69 4.03 67.6 12.9 2.06
ST 13 IN' 88.5 26.05 13.66 14.090 1.190 .725 391.8 36.7 3.88 2.97 259.4 36.8 3.16
80 23.72 13.54 14.023 1.075 .658 351.4 33.1 3.87 2.91 229.0 32.7 3.12
72.5 21.34 13.44 13.965 .975 .600 316.3 29.9 3.85 2.85 203.5 29.1 3.09
ST 13 IN' 57 16.77 13.64 10.070 .932 .570 288.9 28.3 4.15 3.42 74.8 14.9 2.11
51 15.01 13.53 10.018 .827 .518 257.7 25.4 4.14 3.39 64.8 12.9 2.08
47 13.83 13.45 9.990 .747 .490 238.5 23.7 4.15 3.41 57.5 11.5 2.04
See page 10 for method of designation .

r 40
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
STRUCTURAL TEES
'~.L
L-
CUT FROM \IF BEAMS
T DIMENSIONS AND
x--
I
Flange AXIS X-X AX I S V-V

Weight Depth Stem
Area of Avorage Thick-
Section
Number
'"
Foot Too Width Thick-
ness
ness I S r
- - --- - - -
y I S r
-In.- -- -- - - - - I ~ -'0-
. '0. In.4 , ~ '0.
Lb. 2
1-
'0. '0. '0. '0. I n,4
ST 12 W" 80 23.54 12.36 14.091 1.135 .656 271.6 27.6 3.40 2.51 246.3 35.0 3.23
72.5 21.31 12.24 14.043 1.020 .608 246.2 25.2 3.40 2.48 217.1 30.9 3.1 9
65 19.11 12.13 14.000 .900 .565 222.6 23.1 3.41 2.47 187.6 26.8 3.13
17.64 12.16 12.088 .930 .556 213.6 22.4 3.48 2.62 127.0 21.0 2.68
ST 12 W" 60
55 16.18 12.08 12.042 .855 .510 195.2 20.5 3.47 2.57 114.5 19.0 2.66
14.71 12.00 12.000 .775 .468 176.7 18.7 3.46 2.54 101.8 17.0 2.63
50
47 13.81 12.15 9.061 .872 .516 185.9 20.3 3.67 2.99 51.1 11.3 1.92
ST 12 W"
9.015 .772 .470 165.9 18.3 3.66 2.97 44.2 9.8 1.89
42 12.35 12.04
38 11.18 11.95 8.985 .682 .440 151.1 16.9 3.68 3.00 38.3 8.5 1.85
.659 177.3 20.8 2.91 2.18 193.0 29.4 3.04

ST 10 W" 71 20.88 10.73 13.132 1.095
63.5 18.67 10.62 13.061 .985 .588 155.8 18.3 2.89 2.11 169.3 25.9 3.01
56 16.47 10.50 13.000 .865 .527 136.4 16.2 2.88 2.06 144.8 22.3 2.96
14.11 10.57 9.038 .935 .575 137.1 17.1 3.11 2.55 54.7 12.1 1.97
ST 10 W" 48
12.05 10.43 8.962 .795 .499 115.4 14.5 3.09 2.48 44.8 10.0 1.93
41
36.5 10.73 10.62 8.295 .740 .455 110.2 13.7 3.21 2.60 33.1 7.98 1.76
ST 10 W"
8.270 .685 .430 102.8 12.9 3.20 2.59 30.2 7.30 1.74
34 10.01 10.57
9.12 10.49 8.240 .615 .400 93.7 11.9 3.21 2.59 26.6 6.45 1.71
31
57 16.77 9.24 11.833 .991 .595 102.6 13.9 2.47 1.85 127.8 21.6 2.76
ST 9W"
52.5 15.43 9.16 11.792 .911 .554 93.9 12.8 2.47 1.82 115.5 19.6 2.73
48 14.11 9.08 11.750 .831 .512 85.3 11.7 2.46 1.78 103.4 17.6 2.71
12.49 9 .16 8.838 .911 .526 84.4 11.9 2.60 2.05 49.7 11.3 2.00
ST 9W" 42.5
38.5 11.32 9.08 8.787 .831 .475 75.3 10.6 2.58 1.99 44.3 10.1 1.98
9.00 8.750 .751 .438 68.1 9.67 2.57 1.96 39.2 8.97 1.95
35 1.0.28
32 9.40 8.94 8.715 .686 .403 61.8 8.82 2.56 1.93 35.2 8.07 1.93
30 8.82 9.12 7.558 .695 .416 64.8 9.32 2.71 2.17 23.5 6.23 1.63
ST 9W"
8.09 9.06 7.532 .630 .390 59.6 8.63 2.71 2.16 21.0 5.57 1.61
27.5
25 7.35 9.00 7.500 .570 .358 53.9 7.85 2.71 2.14 18.6 4.96 1.59
ST 8W" 48 14.11 8.16 11.533 .875 .535 64.7 9.82 2.1 4 1.57 103.61 8.0 2.71
44 12.94 8.08 11.502 .795 .504 59.5 9.11 2.14 1.55 92.6 16.1 2.67
1
Sre page 10 for method of designation

AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
41
REGULAR SERIES
STRUCTURAL TEES
' ~.L
L---
T
x--- CUT FROM 'IF BEAMS
f
DIMENSIONS AND
y

Weight Depth Starn
P" Area of Average Thick-
Section
Number
Foot T" Width Thick- ness I S r y I S r
ness
- - - -2 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Lb. In.
". ".
In.4 In.3
". In.4 In.3
- - - - - - - - - - -".- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ". ". ".
ST 8 W' 39 11.46 8.16 8.586 .875 .529 60.0 9,45 2.28 1.81 43.8 10.2 1.95
35.5 10,43 8.08 8.543 .795 ,486 54.0 8.57 2.28 1.77 38.9 9.11 1.93
32 9,40 8.00 8.500 .715 ,443 48.3 7.71 2.27 1.73 34.2 8.05 1.91
29 8.52 7.93 8,464 .645 ,407 43.6 7.00 2.26 1.70 30.2 7.14 1.88
ST 8 W' 25 7.35 8.13 7.073 .628 .380 42.2 6.77 2,40 1.89 17,4 4.92 1.54
22.5 6.62 8.06 7.039 .563 .346 37.8 6.10 2.39 1.87 15.2 4.33 1.52
20 5.88 8.00 7.000 .503 .307 33.2 5.37 2.37 1.82 13.3 3.79 1.50
18 5.30 7.93 6.992 ,428 .299 30.7 5.10 2.41 1.90 11.1 3.17 1,45
ST 7 W' 105.5 31.04 7.88 15.800 1.563 .980 102.2 16.2 1.81 1.57 514.3 65.1 4.07
101 29.70 7.82 15.750 1.503 .930 95.7 15.2 1.80 1.53 489.8 62.2 4.06
96.5 28.36 7.75 15.710 1,438 .890 90.1 14.4 1.78 1,49 465.1 59.2 4.05
92 27.04 7.69 15.660 1.378 .840 83.9 13.4 1.76 1.45 441.4 56.4 4.04
88 25.87 7.63 15.640 1.313 .820 80.2 12.9 1.76 1.42 418.9 53.6 4.02
83.5 24.55 7.56 15.600 1.248 .780 75.0 12.1 1.75 1.39 395.1 50.7 4.01
79 23.24 7.50 15.550 1.188 .730 69.3 11.3 1.73 1.34 372.5 47.9 4.00
75 22.04 7.44 15.515 1.128 .695 64.9 10.6 1.72 1.31 351.3 45.3 3.99
71 20.92 7.38 15.500 1.063 .680 62.1 10.2 1.72 1.29 330.1 42.6 3.97
ST7 W' 68 19.99 7.38 14.740 1.063 .660 60.0 9.89 1.73 1.31 283.9 38.5 3.77
63.5 18.67 7.31 14.690 .998 .610 54.7 9.04 1.71 1.26 263.8 35.9 3.76
59.5 17,49 7.25 14.650 .938 .570 5004 8.36 1.70 1.22 245.9 33.6 3.75
55.5 16.33 7.19 14.620 .873 .540 46.7 7.80 1.69 1.19 227,4 31.1 3.73
51.5 15.13 7.13 14.575 .813 ,495 42.4 7.10 1.67 1.15 209.9 28.8 3.72
47.5 13.97 7.06 14.545 .748 ,465 39.1 6.58 1.67 1.12 191.9 26.4 3.71
43.5 12.78 7.00 14.5 .688 ,420 34.9 5.88 1.65 1.08 174.8 24.1 3.70
ST 7 W' 42 12.36 7.09 12.023 .778 ,451 37.4 6.36 1.74 1.21 112.7 18.8 3.02
39 11,47 7.03 12.000 .718 .428 34.8 5.96 1.74 1.19 103.5 17.2 3.00
ST 7W' 37 10.88 7.10 10.072 .783 ,450 36.1 6.26 1.82 1.32 66.7 13.3 2.48
34 10.00 7.03 10.040 .718 ,418 33.0 5.74 1.81 1.29 60.6 12.1 2,46
30.5 8.97 6.96 10.000 .643 .378 29.2 5.13 1.80 1.25 53.6 10.7 2,45
ST7 W' 26.5 7.79 6.97 8.062 .658 .370 27.7 4.95 1.88 1.38 28.8 7.14 1.92
24 7.06 6.91 8.031 .593 .339 24.9 4.49 1.88 1.35 25.6 6.38 1.91
21.5 6.32 6.84 8.000 .528 .308 22.2 4.02 1.87 1.33 22.6 5.54 1.89

r 42
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
STRUCTURAL TEES
, ~lx
L-.
T CUT FROM VIF BEAMS

DIMENSIONS AND
x~ ·-
Flange AXI S X - X A X IS y-y

We ight Depth Stem
Area of Averi.ge Thick-
Section
Number
~"
00' Too Width Thick- ness I S r y I S r
ness
------ --- - -- - - -- -- -- -- -- - -
- - -'".- -'"-
. - '"-. '". '". '". '".
Lb. In,7 In.4 In.3 In.4 In.l
- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -
ST 7 w= 19 5.59 7.06 6,776 .513 .313 23.5 4.27 2.05 1.56 12.3 3.64 1.49
17 5.00 7.00 6.750 .453 .287 21.1 3.86 2.05 1.55 10.6 3,15 1.46
15 4.41 6.93 6.733 .383 .270 19.0 3.55 2.08 1.59 8,77 2.61 1.41
ST6W= 80.5 23.69 6.94 12.515 1.486 .905 62.6 11.5 1.63 1.47 243.1 38.9 3.20
66.5 19.56 6.69 12.365 1.236 .755 48.4 9.03 1.57 1.33 195.0 31.5 3.16
60 17.65 6.56 12.320 1.106 .710 43.4 8.22 1.57 1.28 172.5 28.0 3.13
53 15.59 6.44 12.230 .986 .620 36.7 7.01 1.53 1.20 150.4 24.6 3.11
49.5 14.54 6.38 12.190 .921 .580 33.7 6.46 1.52 1.16 139.1 22.8 3.09
46 13.53 6.31 12.155 .856 .545 31.0 5.98 1.51 1.13 128.2 21.1 3.08
42.5 12.49 6.25 12.105 .796 .495 27.8 5.38 1.49 1.08 117.7 19.5 3.07
39.5 11.61 6.19 12.080 .736 .470 25.8 5.02 1.48 1.06 108.2 17.9 3.05
36 10.58 6.13 12.040 .671 .430 23.1 4.53 1.48 1.02 97.6 16.2 3.04
32.5 9.55 6.06 12.000 .606 .390 20.6 4.06 1.47 .98 87.3 14.6 3.02
ST6W= 29 8.53 6.10 10.014 .641 .359 19.0 3.75 1.49 1.03 53.7 10.7 2.51
. 26.5 7.80 6.03 10.000 .576 .345 17.7 3.54 1.51 1.02 48.0 9.60 2.48
ST6W= 25 7.36 6.10 8.077 .641 .371 18.7 3.80 1.60 1.17 28.2 6.98 1.96
.,. 22.5 6.62 6.03 8.042 .576 .336 16.6 3 .40 1.59 1.13 25.0 6.20 1.94
20 5.89 5.97 8.000 .516 .294 14.4 2.94 1.56 1.08 22.0 5.50 1.94
ST6W= 18 5.29 6.12 6.565 .540 .305 15.3 3.14 1.70 1.26 11.9 3.62 1.50
15.5 4 .56 6.04 6.525 .465 .265 13.0 2.69 1.69 1.22 9.9 3.04 1.47
13.5 3.98 5.98 6.500 .400 .240 11.4 2.39 1.69 1.21 8.3 2.55 1.44
See page 10 for method of designation
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEE L CONSTRUCTION

43
REGULAR SERIES
STRUCTURAL TEES
,,----l.l,
L--
x - - f-._. x
!
CUT FROM \IF BEAMS
DIMENSIONS AND

T
Flange AXIS X - X AXIS Y - V
Weight Depth Stem
Area Average Thick-
Section
Number
~~~t "
Too Width Thick- ness I S r y I S r
ness
- -- -- - - --- - - - - - -- ---- ---- --
Lb. In.2
-- -
, o.
-
'0. In} '0.
In.! '0.
I n.4 In,]
--- - - - - - --- ---- -- - - -- '0. '0. '0.
ST5W 56 16.46 5.69 10.415 1.248 .755 28.8 6.42 1.32 1.21 117.7 22.6 2.67
50 14.72 5.56 10.345 1.118 .685 24.8 5.62 1.30 1.14 103.3 20.0 2.65
44.5 13.09 5.44 10.275 .998 .615 21 .3 4.88 1.28 1.07 90.3 17.6 2.63
38.5 11.33 5.31 10.195 .868 .535 17.7 4.10 1.25 1.00 76.7 15.1 2.60
36 10.59 5.25 10.170 .808 .510 16.4 3.83 1.24 .97 70.9 13.9 2.59
33 9.70 5.19 10.117 .748 .457 14.5 3.39 1.22 .92 64.6 12.8 2.58
30 8.83 5.13 10.075 .683 .415 12.8 3.02 1.21 .88 58.2 11.6 2.57
27 7.94 5.06 10.028 .618 .368 11.2 2.64 1.18 .84 51.95 10.4 2.56
24.5 7.20 5.00 10.000 .558 .340 10.1 2.40 1.18 .81 46.5 9.30 2.54
ST5W 22.5 6.62 5.06 8.022 .618 .350 10.3 2.48 1.25 .91 26.6 6.63 2.00
19.5 5.74 4.97 7.990 .528 .318 8.96 2.19 1.25 .88 22.5 5.62 1.98
16.5 4.85 4.88 7.964 .433 .292 7.80 1.95 1.27 .88 18.2 4.58 1.94
ST5W 14.5 4.27 5.11 5.799 .500 .289 8.38 2.07 1.40 1.05 7.61 2.62 1.34
12.5 3.67 5.04 5.762 .430 .252 7.12 1.77 1.39 1.02 6.34 2.20 1.31
10.5 3.10 4.95 5.750 .340 .240 6.31 1.6'..::; 1.43 1.06 4.87 1.69 1.25
ST4W 33.5 9.85 4.50 8.287 .933 .575 10.94 3.07 1.05 .94 44.3 10.7 2.12
29 8.53 4.38 8.222 .808 .510 9.11 2.60 1.03 .87 37.5 9.10 2.10
24 7.06 4.25 8.117 .683 .405 6.92 2.00 .99 .78 30.45 7.50 2.08
I 20
17.5
15.5
5.88
5.15
4.56
4.13
4.06
4.00
8.077
8.027
8.000
.558
.493
.433
.365
.315
.288
5.80
4.88
4.31
1.71 .99
1.45 .97
1.30 .97
.74
.69
.67
24.5 6.05
21.25 5.30
18.5 4.60
2.04
2.03
2.01
ST 4W 14 4.11 4.03 6.540 .463 .285 4.22 1.28 1.01 .73 10.8 3.30 1.62
12 3.53 3.97 6.500 .398 .245 3.53 1.08 1.00 .70 9.10 2.80 1.61
ST4 W 10 2.94 4.07 5.268 .378 .248 3.66 1.13 1.12 .83 4.25 1.61 1.20
8.5 2.50 4.00 5.250 .308 .230 3.21 1.01 1.13 .84 3.36 1.28 1.16

44
ROLLED STEE L SHAPES
STRUCTURAL TEES l'

x~! ~lx
T CUT FROM STANDARD BEAMS
DIMENSIONS
AND
!
y
Flange AX I S X-X AXIS Y - V

Weight Depth Stem
Section
Number
poc
Foot
Area 0'
Too Width
Average Thick-
Thick- ness I S r y I S r
nes s
- Lb.- I - - -. 1---,----- -In.4
- - - -- - - - - I-
In.2
". ". ". ".
--- - -
In.s
- ". ". In.4 I n.3
-- -- --- - -- ".
ST 61 25 7.29 6.00 5.477 .660 .687 25.2 6.05 1.85 1.84 7.85 2.87 1.03
20.4 5.92 6.00 5.250 .660 .460 18.8 4.26 1.77 1.57 6.77 2.58 1.06
ST61 17.5 5.10 6.00 5.078 .544 .428 17.2 3.95 1.83 1.65 4.93 1.94 .98
15.9 4.63 6.00 5.000 .544 .350 14.9 3.31 1.78 1.51 4.68 1.87 1.00
ST 51 17.5 5.11 5.00 4.944 .491 .594 12.5 3.63 1.56 1.56 4.18 1.69 .90
12 .7 3.69 5.00 4.660 .491 .310 7.81 2.05 1.45 1.20 3.39 1.46 .95
ST41 11.5 3.36 4.00 4.171 .425 .441 5.03 1.77 1.22 1.15 2.15 1.03 .80
9.2 2.67 4.00 4.000 .425 .270 3.50 1. 14 1.14 .94 1.86 .93 .83
ST 3.51 10 2.92 3.50 3.860 .392 .450 3.36 1.36 1.07 1.04 1.58 .82 .73
7.65 2.22 3.50 3.660 .392 .250 2.18 .81 .99 .81 1.32 .72 .77
ST 31 8.625 2.51 3.00 3.565 .359 .465 2.13 1.02 .92 .91 1.15 .65 .67
6.25 1.81 3.00 3.330 .359 .230 1.27 .55 .83 .69 .93 .56 .71

45
REGULAR SERIES
STRUCTURAL TEES
i
x~ ! ~.lx
CUT FROM MISCELLANEOUS
I
y
BEAMS
DIMJ:;NSIONS AND
T
Flange AXIS X - X AXIS V-V
Weight Area Depth Stem
po< of of Average Thick-
Section Foot Section Too
Number
Width Thick- ness I S r y I S r
--
Lb.
-In.2- -Ip.- -Ip.- -ness
-
Ip.
- - -- ---- --- - --
Ip. In.4 In.3 Ip. Ip. In. ~ In.3
--
Ip.
MISCELLANEOUS
ST6 B 11.00 3.24 6.1 6 4.030 .424 .260 11.7 2.58 1.90 1.63 2.27 1.13 .84
9.5 2.81 6.08 4.010 .349 .240 10.2 2.32 1.91 1.67 1.84 .92 .81
8.25 2.43 6.00 4.000 .269 .230 9.02 2.1 3 1.93 1.76 1.39 .70 .76
7.0 2.07 5.96 3.970 .224 .200 7.70 1.83 1.92 1.76 1.13 .57 .74
ST 5 B 9.5 2.80 5.13 4.020 .394 .250 6.70 1.74 1.55 1.28 2.09 1.04 .86
8.5 2.49 5.06 4.010 .329 .240 6.07 1.62 1.56 1.32 1.73 .86 .83
7.5 2.20 5.00 4.000 .269 .230 5.46 1.50 1.57 1.37 1.39 .70 .80
ST 5 B 5.75 1.69 4.94 3.950 .204 .180 4.15 1.16 1.57 1.35 1.00 .51 .77
ST4 B 7.50 2.22 4.06 4.015 .314 .245 3.29 1.07 1.22 1.00 1.65 .82 .86
6.50 1.91 4.00 4.000 .254 .230 2.90 .98 1.23 1.03 1.31 .66 .83
ST4 B 5.00 1.48 3.95 3.940 .204 .170 2.15 .72 1.21 .96 1.00 .51 .82
ST 3 B 8.00 2.36 3.13 4.030 .404 .260 1.66 .68 .84 .67 2.16 1.07 .96
6.00 1.77 3.00 4.000 .279 .230 1.30 .56 .86 .67 1.44 .72 .90
ST 3 B 4.25 1.25 2.92 3.940 .194 .170 .90 .40 .85 .64 .94 .48 .87
JUNIOR
S T 6 Jr. 5.90 1.72 6.00 3.06 .225 .175 6.59 1.60 1.96 1.88 .49 .32 .53
S T 5 Jr. 4.50 1.32 5.00 2.69 .206 .155 3.46 .99 1.62 1.53 .30 .23 .48
S T 4 Jr. 3.25 .96 4.00 2.28 .189 .135 1.59 .56 1.29 1.18 .17 .15 .42
S T 3 Jr. 2.20 .65 3.00 1.84 .171 .114 .58 .27 .95 .84 .082 .089 .36

See pages 24-26 for mills supplying.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRU CTION
46
ROLLED ST E E L SHAPES
- 1'- -
,
I
I -. ~-w
H BEARING PILES
I
d, x- ·- I---'-X
D IMEN S I O NS AND
,,
,
_;I-
,,
I
Y ,, ,- I
..
't
-~- PRO PERTIES FOR DESIGNING
j+-----b-----1
Flange W,b AXIS X - X AXIS Y-V
Section W eight Area Depth Th ick-
Number
, "d ~"
oot
Width Th ick-
ness
ness
I S , I' S'
- - -"-
W
A
-Lb.- -In.- -d- - -
b
- -t- - -
Nominal
Size --- -- - - -In.-
- - -'"-. -'"--
. -'".- - '"-. -'".- - - - - -'"-
.
2 In.4 In.3 4 I n.3
--- - -
11 7 34.44 14.234 14.885 .805 .805 1228.5 172.6 5.97 443.1 59.5 3.59
BP 14 102 30.01 14.032 14.784 .704 .704 1055.1 150.4 5.93 379.6 51.3 3.56
,
14x14Y2 89 26.19 13.856 14.696 .616 .616 909.1 131.2 5.89 326.2 44.4 3.53
73 21.46 13.636 14.586 .506 .506 733.1 107.5 5.85 261.9 35.9 3.49
BP12 74 21.76 12.122 12.217 .607 .607 566.5 93.5 5.10 184.7 30.2 2.91
12 X 12 53 15.58 11.780 12.046 .436 .436 394.8 67.0 5.03 127.3 21.2 2.86
BP 10 57 16.76 10.012 10.224 .564 .564 294.7 58.9 4.19 100.6 19.7 2.45
10 x 10 42 12.35 9.720 10.078 .418 · , .418 210.8 43.4 4.13 71.4 14.2 2.40
BP8
36 10.60 8.026 8.158 .446 .446 119.8 29.9 3.36 40.4 9.9 1.95
8x8
....._- - AMER I CAN INSTITUT E OF STEEL CON STRUCT I ON

47
SPECIAL SERIES SHAPES

PAGES 48-55
Under the grouping "Special" Shapes are shown sizes and

shapes for which there is a fluctuating demand and which,
therefore, are rolled at irregular intervals, and then only by
special arrangement. Consequently the use of "Special" Shapes
should generally be avoided, unless the quantity of anyone size
is sufficient to warrant a rolling.

48
ROLLED STEE L SHAP E S
CHANNELS ;!=
[ CARBUILDING AND SHIPBUILDING

x-
~
It~X
j«<
y
Flange AXIS X - X AXIS V - y

Weight W,b
Nominal Area Depth Average Thick- I
Size ~"
00' Width Thick- ness I S r I S r X
ness
10. Lb.
-In.- 10. - 10.-
2
-~ - -
I,.
-I,.- -~
In.4
-~
In.3
-~
10.
-~
In.4
-~
In.3
-~
10.
-~
10.
-- -- - - -~
-- -- -~ -~ -~ -~ -~ -~
13 X 4 50.0 14.66 13.00 4.412 .610 .787 312.9 48.1 4.62 16.7 4.9 1.07 .98
40.0 11.71 13.00 4.185 .610 .560 271.4 41.7 4·.82 13.9 4.3 1.09 .97
35.0 10.24 13.00 4.072 .610 .447 250.7 38.6 4.95 12.5 4.0 1.10 .99
31.8 9.30 13.00 4.000 .610 .375 237.5 36.5 5.05 11 .6 3.9 1.11 1.01
12 X 4 50.0 14.64 12.00 4.135 .700 .835 267.9 44.6 4.28 17.8 5.8 1.10 1.06
45.0 13.24 12.00 4.000 .700 .700 248.4 41.4 4.37 16.0 5.4 1.11 1.05
40.0 11.70 12.00 3.890 .700 .590 232.6 38.8 4.46 14.5 5.1 1.11 1.05
35.0 10.22 12.00 3.767 .700 .467 214.9 35.8 4.58 12.9 4.8 1.12 1.07
12 X 3 ~ 37.0 10.80 12.00 3.600 .600 .600 203.4 33.9 4.34 10.3 3.8 .98 .89
32.9 9.60 12.00 3.500 .600 .500 189.0 31.5 4.44 9.4 3.6 .99 .89
30.9 9.00 12.00 3.450 .600 .450 181.8 30.3 4.50 8.9 3.5 .99 .90
10 X 4 41.1 12.06 10.00 4.319 .575 .794 156.3 31.3 3.61 16.4 5.1 1.17 1.11
33.6 9.80 10.00 4.100 .575 .575 138.0 27.6 3.75 13.7 4.6 1.18 1.11
28.5 8.30 10.00 3.950 .575 .425 125.5 25.1 3.89 11.8 4.2 1.19 1.15
10 X 3 ~ 28.3 8.23 10.00 3.500 .575 .475 116.9 23.4 3.77 8.6 3.4 1.02 .96
24.9 7.23 10.00 3.400 .575 .375 108.6 21.7 3.88 7.6 3.2 1.03 .98
10 X 3 ~ 25.3 7.38 10.00 3.550 .500 .425 106.0 21.2 3.79 7.9 3.0 1.04 .94
21.9 6.38 10.00 3.450 .500 .325 97.6 19.5 3.91 7.0 2.8 1.05 .98
9 X 3 ~ 25.4 7.41 9.00 3.500 .550 .450 87.3 19.4 3.43 8.0 3.2 1.04 1.00
23.9 6.96 9.00 3.450 .550 .400 84.3 18.7 3.48 7.5 3.1 1.04 1.01
8x3Y2 22.8 6.63 8.00 3.500 .525 .425 63.3 15.8 3.09 7.4 3.0 1.05 1.04
21.4 6.23 8.00 3.450 .525 .375 61.2 15.3 3.13 6.9 2.9 1.05 1.05
8x3 20.0 5.83 8.00 3.025 .500 .400 54.0 13.5 3.05 4.7 2.2 .90 .86
18.7 5.43 8.00 2.975 .500 .350 51.9 13.0 3.09 4.4 2.1 .90 .88
For complete list of Carbuilding and Shipbuilding Channels, sec cata l o~ of the various mills.
See page 10 for mcLhod of designation.
AMER I CAN INST I TUTE OF STEE L CONSTRUCT I ON

•
49
S PECIAL SERIES
c~eb +ia"
~
, ~
r CHANNELS
CARBU I L DING A N D SHIPBUILDING
[
L<~->I
T ~1
1 ". DIMENS IONS FOR DETAILING
Flange Web Distance

Depth Weight Mu. Usual
of Mean Half Grip Flange Gage
tg~t
Section Width
ness ness
Thick- a Thick-
------ --- - -- - - -- -- -- -- -- -- ----

T k Thick-
g.
ness
Rivel 9 •
- - -'0.- - '0
"- - - Lb.
-- -. -'0-. -'0-
. -'0-
. -'0- . - '0.- -'0.- - '0.- -'0.-
. - '0.- -'0-
13 50.0 4% % IU6 !is 3% 10% 1~ 2%; Yo % 1 27!i
40.0 4% % U. l{, 3% 10% 1l{, 2%; % % 1 27!i
35.0 !is
",
4% % Ys 3% 10% 1l{, 2% % U. 1 27!i
31.8 4 % % li's 3% 10% 1 ~6 2% U. 1 272
12 50.0 4% 1!16 Yo !is 3% 9% lYs 2% 1~6 1!.{6 1 27!i
45.0 4 'l16 1!{6 % 3% 97!i lYs 2% %; 'l{, 1 27!i
40.0 3Yo 1!{s % li'o 3% 97!i l Ys 2% 1~ 1!{6 1 27!i
35.0 3%; ll{, % Ys 3% 9% l Ys 27!i U, ll{, 1 271
12 37.0 3% % % l{, 3 9% 1~ 2 3;2 ll{, % Yo 2~
32.9 3% % 7!i Ys 3 97!i 1~ 2% U. U. Yo 234
30.9 3% % !is ~ 3 97!i lYs 2% % U. Yo 2!4
10 41.1 4l{, U. l~ !is 37!i 7% 1", 2% Yo Us Yo 2
U, U,
",
33.6 4% Us li'o 3% 7% 1~ 2% % Yo 2
28.5 4 'U6 ~ 37!i 7% 1;{6 2% % Us Yo 2
10 2B.3 Us ~ 3 1", U. Yo 2
24.9
3%
3% U.
7!i
% li's 3
7%
7% 1'1,
2%
2~
", %
U. Yo 2
10 25.3
21.9
3%
3%
%
% ",
l{,
~
li's
3%
3%
7Yo
7Yo
1l{,
1l{,
2%
2%
%
%
%
%
Yo
Yo
2
2
",",
9 25.4 37!i Us ~ 3 6% 1% 2% % U. Yo 2
23.9 37!i U, !{, 3 6;0 1% 27!i % Us Yo 2
8 22.8
21.4
3%
3%
%
% ",
%
~
li's
3%
3%
5Yo 1l{,
5Yo 1116
2Ys
2Ys
%
!is
%
%
Yo
Yo
2
2
8 20.0 3 % !is ~ 2% 5Yo Hfs 2~ 7!i % Yo 2
l B.7 3 % % !{, 2% 5Yo 1l{, 2Ys !is % Yo 2
Gage gl is based on k + 1.J.i". to nearest ,",n.
AMER ICAN INS TI TU T E OF S TEEL C ONS TRU CTION

r 50
ROL LED STEEL SHAPES
Y
CHANNELS P
[ CARBUILDING AND SHIPBUILDING

x--
-> i-
--x
*""
y
Flango AXIS X - X AX I S y - y
Weight W,b
Nominal Area Depth Average T hick-
Size P"
Foot Width Thi ckness I S r I S r X
----- - -"'''- - - -In.4- -tn.l- - - - - -In.3- - - - -
'P. Lb. In.2
----- -
'P. 'P. - 'P.- -'P-
. - - - - - 'P.- - - - - -'P- . -'P-
. In.~
7x3)1 22.7 6.60 7.00 3.600 .500 .500 47.1 13.5 2.67 7.5 3.0 1.07 1.07
19.1 5.55 7.00 3.450 .500 .350 42.8 12.2 2.78 6.3 2.7 1.07 1.11
7x3 17.6 5.12 7.00 3.000 .475 .375 37.3 10.7 2.70 4.2 2.0 .90 .90
6 x3)1 18.0 5.22 6.00 3.500 .475 .375 29.4 9.8 2.38 6.1 2.6 1.08 1.1 5
6 x3Yz 15.3 4.47 6.00 3.500 .385 .340 25.3 8.4 2.38 5.1 2.1 1.07 1.08
6x 3 16.3 4.75 6.00 3.000 .475 .375 25.8 8.6 2.33 4.0 1.9 .91 .95
15.1 4.37 6.00 2.938 .475 .313 24.7 8.2 2.38 3.6 1.8 .91 .97
6 X 2)1 12.0 3.52 6.00 2.500 .375 .313 18.6 6.2 2.30 2.0 1.1 .75 .72
!4 X 2 )1 13.8 4.00 4.00 2.500 .500 .500 8.8 4.4 1.49 2.2 1.4 .74 .86
3 X 1 Y8 9.0 2.64 3.00 2.125 .351 .500 3.1 2.1 1.09 .97 .68 .61 .70
7.1 2.08 3.00 1.938 .351 .312 2.7 1.8 1.14 .71 .56 .59 .67
k-I.99- Y -I,B2- J
!t 1:_11 ' 11-
~ -- ·1 1II--~
SPECIAL
1 -J;"" --t:-;IIi"-
,
I ' ~ ~--l-I CAR
! 1. 50 I ~R f1j R , :
[
1
x~~- ' ~x
1.4 2s
t' BUILDING
: 1G~ SHAPES
¥1-'--,:?e' R ,_______---:f-
I Ii--2.1...--. '>:
16 - ,;,
SIDE POST SP
Weight A X I S X-X AX I S Y - V
Depth Area
Symbol '"
Foot I S r I S r
'P. Lb. In.2 10. 4 In.' 'P. In. 4 In,J 'P.
HCS 13!16 51 .2 15.06 373.66 55.79 4.98 71.02 11 .16 2.17
121 ~ 41.2 12.12 313.02 47.51 5.08 59.14 9.41 2.21
12Y8 36.21 10.65 276.10 42.75 5.09 51.38 8.17 2.20
121 ~6 31.3 9.20 240.97 37.08 5.12 43.76 6.94 2.18
SP 3 5.10 1.50 2.13 1.34 1.19 1.16 0.58 0.88
SPL 3% 8.30 2.44 6.53 1.81 1.64 4.48 2.25 1.36
WSPL 7'!{6 9.9 2.89 11.26 2.70 1.97 6.94 2.34 1.55
t Rolled by United S ta tes Steel Corp.
AMER I CAN I NST ITUTE OF STE EL CON STRUCT I O N

51
SPECIAL SERIES
_web~
,~ i'-
k CHANNELS
CARBUILDING AND SHIPBUILDING

[
Flange W,b Distance
Depth We ight Mall. Usual
Mean Half Grip Flange G&.ge
P"
"
Section Foot Width T hick-
ness
Thick-
ness
Th ick-
ness
a T k g, C Rivet
9
'0. Lb. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0.
7 22.7 3% ).<2 ).<2 )4 3Ys 4Ys 1}{s 2)4 j{. ).<2 Ys 2
19.1 3).<2 ).<2 % l{, 3Ys 4Ys 1~ 2)4 % ).<2 Ys 2
7 17.6 3 I%; % ~ 2% 5 1 2!-.{ }{6 ).<2 J4 1~
6 18.0 3).<2 ).<2 % !{, 3Ys 4 1 2U % ).<2 Ys 2
15.3 3% % % !{, 3Ys 4% 1~6 2 lI, % Ys 2
6 16.3 3 ).<2 % !{, 2% 4 1 2}i !{, ).<2 J4 1%,
15.1 3 ).<2 l{, l{, 2% 4 1 2U % ).<2 J4 1%,
6 12.0 2).<2 % !{, l{, 2Ys 4Yz J4 2 % % % l Yz
4 13.8 2Yz ).<2 Y, )4 2 2% 1;{6 2 j{. ).<2 % 1).<2
3 9.0 2Ys % ).<2 )4 1% l Ys j{. j{.
7.1 2 % l{. l{, 1% l Ys j{. %
~- _ ______ _ __61I ___ ____ ___ _ ~
I 3;: I ,
-.--r-----' '-- 'H

I I I -.(
SPECIAL , :,
: .Jt R ,: '
CARBUILDING 1: Y !
,I I, ~---- ---- 6.29------- ->i
SHAPES
! 6.~2 i
( Properties on Page SO) : : i
: : ", ~ I. --
.11 Dimen'!ions shown
for HCS are
"'" , I. fo. 36.21 lb.
t. ~ffl
.
,k--J.L..,.!,
" ---:_Jc- ~---------.
"'
12i
,
I I
Weight
-. -
'
I
I
I
I
I -
;.;
1.;1 r:l
: ~ ,2.--:-'
4 In
-2- I xi---#-- -x
! Ii -rc:LcouPler
,
3
I
I
lf
I
kU
I
."
1 I)
.1.
~ l I
3.:H
I , '
I
I I
~
b:fo R i 'T, :
-----I
:
st-- ---~
:
I
I !
. :
:-=+=-l·x
6.~6 6~
-1-4 X _ _-
,: .,,!.' ' fi RL ,I 1 ' 1

~ -2,97--
t
-1.78 I I
I I
, '
r----T- ~ 4.15 -- I
I
I - ~4. :17 II
I:
I I Y
,
4 ~:
, , : 1 :"i R~- 1
I I I ' I
_ . __ 1- I HALF CENTER SILL
W-81DE PLATE : :
, , ~ I ",I R !
~i" _ _~_~'2 _~
I
J __
,
t. HCS
W SPL I l , ,
hR . L 't -
,
~- --- --- 4 ---- ---)00/ ,
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
52
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
TEES
T DIMENSIONS

AND
x
L
'T .- i--
y
X
DIMENSIONS AXIS X - X AXIS V-y

Woight
Nominal Area Width Minimum
Size t:~t Depth of Thickness
I S r y I S r
Flange Flange Stem
10. Lb.
----
In.2 10. 10. 10. 10.
- In.4
- - -
In.3
- -
10.
-- ------
10. In.4 In.3 10.
--- - --- - -- -- -- - - -- ---- - -
5x3 ~ 13.6 4.00 3~ 5 Y, 2.7 1.1 .82 .76 5.2 2.1 1.14
5x3 11.5 3.37 3 5 Ys

'''
I"" 2.4 1.1 .84 .76 3.9 1.6 1.10
4x4J.1i 11.2 3.29 4Y, 4 Ys Ys 6.3 2.0 1.39 1.31 2.1 1.1 .80
4x4 13.5 3.97 4 4 Y, Y, 5.7 2.0 1.20 1.18 2.8 1.4 .84
4x3 9.2 2.68 3 4 Ys Ys 2.0 .90 .86 .78 2.1 1.1 .89
4x2Y2 8.5 2.48 27'2 4 Ys Ys 1.2 .62 .69 .62 2.1 1.0 .92
3x3 7.8 2.29 3 3 Ys Ys 1.84 .86 .89 .88 .89 .60 .63
3x3 6:7 1.97 3 3 ;{, ;{, 1.61 .74 .90 .85 .75 .50 .62
3x2Y2 6.1 1.77 27'2 3 VJ6 ;{, .94 .51 .73 .68 .75 .50 .65
2Y,x 2Y, 6.4 1.87 2Yz 2 }:! Ys Ys 1.0 .59 .74 .76 .52 .42 .53
2Y,x2Y, 4.6 1.33 2Yz 2Yz Xl ~ .74 .42 .75 .71 .34 .27 .51
2~x2~ 4.1 1.1 9 2~ 2U ~ ~ .52 .32 .66 .65 .25 .22 .46
2x2 4.3 1.26 2 2 ~ ;{, .44 .31 .59 .61 .23 .23 .43
2x2 3.56 1.05 2 2 ~ ~ .37 .26 .59 .59 .18 .18 .42
u
-
53
SPECIAL SERIES
, l
Y
ZEES
i/
x--:·ti ·--x
!
LJi
~
DIMENSIONS

AND I
AX I S
DIMENSIONS AX IS X - X AX I S V - V Z -Z
W eight
Nominal Area
Size ro~t Depth
Width
of
Thick-
ness I S r I S r r
FlanOe
-In.2-- -'n-
. 'n.
- - - - -- - - -- - - --
~ In.l
- - - - - - - 'n-. - - -In.'- -'n-
'n. . - 'n-.
10. Lb. In.4
- -- - - - -
6x3J1i 21.1 6.19 6J1i 3% J1i 34.4 11.2 2.36 12.9 3.8 1.44 .84
15.7 4.59 6 3J1i % 25.3 8.4 2.35 9.1 2.8 1.41 .83
5x3% 17.9 5.25 5 3% J1i 19.2 7.7 1.91 9.1 3.0 1.31 .74
16.4 4.81 5Ys 3% !i, 19.1 7.4 1.99 9.2 2.9 1.38 .77
14.0 4.10 5 !10 3 j{o % 16.2 6.4 1.99 7 .7 2.5 1.37 .76
11 .6 3.40 5 3 ,. ;{, 13.4 5.3 1.98 6.2 2.0 1.35 .75
4x3 15.9 4 .66 4!10 3Ys J1i 11.2 5.5 1.55 8.0 2.8 1.31 .67
12.5 3.66 4Ys 3;(, % 9.6 4.7 1.62 6.8 2.3 1.36 .69
10.3
8.2
3.03
2.41
4!10
4
3Ys
3!10 ,.
% 7.9
6.3
3 .9
3.1
1.62
1.62
5.5
4.2
1.8
1.4
1.34
1.33
.68
.67
3x 2 ~ 12.6 3.69 3 2 1;(, J1i 4 .6 3 .1 1.12 4.9 2.0 1.1 5 .53
9.8 2.86 3 21!{S % 3.9 2.6 1.16 3.9 1.6 1.17 .54
,.
I 6.7 1.97 3 2 1!{6 2 .9 1.9 1.21 2.8 1.1
Tees and Zees are seldom used as structural framing members. When so used they are generally employed.
on short spans in flexure .
1.1 9 .55
A MER ICA N INS T IT U TE O F ST E E L C O N S T R UCT ION

54
ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
BULB -t---~
, i,
b, t--
--8--1
- W
ANGLES 'v-'g~·
_-1:. __ ;, '=t.::f)-v
i
X '
AXIS X - X AXIS V-V
Nominal
Weight ~~i~~~ Flange T~~t
per Area ness Width ness
Size Foot s 9 s 9
I b W
---;-- 1--:-:-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - -
In. Lb. In.2 In. In. In. In. ~ In. l In. In. In.4 I n. ' In. I n.
SHIPBUILDING TYPE
10 X 3).-2 32.3 9.49 .61 3.69 .64 118.1 22.1 3.53 4.69 6.2 2.2 0.81 0.77
29.9 8.78 .58 3.63 .58 11 0.7 20.9 3.55 4.70 5.6 2.0 0.80 0.75
27.2 7.98 .485 3.57 .52 102.9 19.6 3.59 4.80 5.1 1.8 0.80 0.72
24.8 7.28 0455 3.51 .46 95.4 18.4 3.62 4.82 4.6 1.6 0.80 0.70
22.4 6.57 .425 3.45 .40 88.0 17.2 3.66 4.85 4.1 1.5 0.79 0.68
9 X 3).-2 23.8 7 .00 0465 3.57 .50 73.3 15.1 3.24 4.19 4.7 1.7 0.82 0.72
21.6 6.35 .435 3.51 .44 67.7 14.1 3.27 4.21 4.2 1.5 0.82 0.70
19.4 5.70 0405 3.45 .38 62.2 13.1 3.30 4.22 3.7 1.4 0.81 0.68
8 X 3 ).-2 24.3 7.14 .55 3 .68 .58 57.0 12.7 2.83 3.53 5.2 1.9 0.85 0.78
20.0 5.87 043 3 .56 .46 48.9 11.1 2.89 3 .61 4.2 1.5 0.85 0.72
16.0 4.70 .37 3.44 .34 40.9 9.4 2.95 3.62 3.3 1.2 0.84 0.69
7 X 3 ).-2 21.1 6.19 .54 3.68 .56 37.5 9.2 2046 2.95 4.8 1.8 0.88 0.80
17.1 5.03 041 3.56 .44 32.0 8.0 2.52 3.03 3.9 1.4 0.88 0.74
13.6 3.98 .35 3 .44 .32 26.4 6.7 2.58 3.01 3.0 1.1 0.87 0.71
6 X 3).-2 17.4 5.12 .49 3.69 .52 22.7 6.3 2.1 0 2.42 4.3 1.6 0.92 0.82
13.9 4.06 .365 3.57 .40 19.0 5.3 2.1 6 2.47 3.4 1.2 0.91 0.76
10.7 3.13 .305 3.45 .28 15.3 4.4 2.21 2.45 2.6 0.94 0.91 0.73
5 X 2 ).-2 9.8 2.88 .33 2.56 .36 9.1 3.1 1.78 2.06 1.1 0.56 0.63 0.55
7.3 2.13 .27 2.44 .24 7.1 2.4 1.83 2.01 0.81 0.42 0.62 0.51
3 X 2 3.8 1.12 .19 2.00 .19 1.3 0.74 1.09 1.24 0.31 0 .20 0.54 0.45
CARBUILDING TYPE
5 X 4).-2 19 .1 5.64 .44 4.50 044 20.7 7.9 1.92 2.38 8.0 2.4 1.19 1.19
5 X 3 ).-2 13.0 3.81 .38 3.50 .38 13.4 4.8 1.88 2.22 3.3 1.2 .93 .86
4x3).-2 14.3 4.20 .50 3.50 .50 8.7 3.7 1.44 1.65 3.8 1.5 .96 .99
4x3Y2 11.9 3.48 .38 3.50 .38 7.9 3.5 1.50 1.77 3.1 1.2 .94 .94

55
SPECIAL SERIES
, -- - R'
1 - ---,
+,
r- ~~'---hl
I
_t.__
-+1
YI'
a ~- ---T _L _ _ ___ .,j R" j
R~1-
y1 sao
...L
BULB
ANGLES
~---------d ~- - -----~
Flange Web Width Tange nts Rad ius Radii
Nominal
Weight
po<
W idth Thick_ Depth Thick- B~~b Web Flange .of of .
Size ( Nom- ness (N om- ness (N (N ' I) (N· I) Fillet Roundmgs
Foot . I) (Nom- . I) (Nom- . om- OOllna omma ( Aoot)
ma inal) Ina inal) mal) 1-:::-:--,---=_1
b' t' d' W' B • I T a' I T' R R' I R"
I,. l b. In. tn. In. In . In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In.
SHIPBU ILDING TYPE
10 x 3Yz 32.3 3 %; 10 % 1'% l Ys 7% 1~ 2" .54 .27 .40

29.9
27.2
3%
3%
10
10
%
Y,
l Ys l Ys
11;{6 1
7%
7%
1 Ys
1 ~6
2"
27i
.54
.54
.27
.27
.40
.40
24.8 3Y, 10 U, 1% 1 7% 1 2" .54 .27 .40
22.4 3Y, 10 % 11 ~ 1§{6 7% l~ 2!-i .54 .27 .40
222"""
9x3}'2 23.8 3% 9 Y, 11!16 1 6% 1~ .54 .27 .36
21.6 3Yz 9 %; 1% 1 6U6 1 .54 .27 .36
19.4 3Yz 9 % 1% lYt6 6% .54 .27 .36
8 X 3Y2 24.3 3% ~6 8 % 1% 1>(. 5% 1 Ys 2%; .54 .27 .32

20.0 3Y, U, 8 U. 1 Y, 1 5% 1 2;{, .54 .27 .32
16.0 3Y, % 8 §{G 1% l~ 5%; :Va 2~6 .54 .27 .32
7x3Yz 21.1 3% % 7 % 1 Yz 1~ 41 %; 1 Ys 2}1s .54 .27 .28

17 .1 3 Yz 'U6 7 ?-i6 1% 1 ~6 41 %; 1 2}}s.54 .27 .28
13.6 3Y, % 7 %; 1~ Ys 41 ~6 % 2}}6 .54 .27 .28
6 x 3}1 17.4 3 ;!4 6 Y, 1 4!{. 1!16 2% .54 .27 .24

13.9 3% 6 % Ys 4~6 1}M 2% .54 .27 .24
10.7 3Y, 6 Va 1~ 2% .54 .27
"
4Y!6 .24
5 x 2Yz 9.8 2Yz % 5 % 1 % 1~ .42 .21 .20

7.3 2Y, " 5 >i :Va 1!{6 1~ .42 .21 .20
3x 2 3.8 2 %:, 3 % 1'%; % l Y, .1 9 .125 .25
CARBUILDING TYPE
5 X 4Y, 19.1 4Y, 5 1;{6 2%; l;{ij 3;(6 % Y,

5 X 37'2 13.0 3)1 5 % 3 % 2!{s % %
4 x 3Y, 14.3 3Y, 4 Ys 1Ys Ys 2}}s % %
4 X 37'2 11.9 3 )4 4 % 1% % 2 !{6 % %
AMERICAN INSTITUTE O F STEEL CONSTRUCTION

56

57
BARS. PLATES
AND
ROLLED STEEL BEARING PLATES

58
BARS AND PLATES

Flat steel, in the thicknesses adapted to structural use, is classified as follows:
Bars____ ______ 6 inches or less in width, 1~" or over in thickness.
Plates__ ____ Over 6 inches in width , U" and over in thickness.
Over 48 inches in width, %;" and over in thickness.
Bars are available from many mills in all necessary thicknesses and lengths, in
widths varying by half-inches and thicknesses varying by sixteenths of an inch.
Plates are further defined as "Universal Mill (U. M.) Plates" or "Sheared Plates",
according as they are rolled to the specified width, with rolled longitudinal edges, or
are sheared (sometimes, at the option of the producer, flame cut) to the ordered width
from wider plates. When universal plates are required, the mill order must so state.
U. M . plates are used for cover plates of columns and girders, for web plates, and where
the appearance or the specifications require a finished edge.
Plate widths should vary by even inches, though Y2 inch increments are obtainable;
thicknesses by increments of !i6 inch up to two inches, Ys inch over 2 inches to 6 inches,
and 7i inch over 6 inches.
Plate mills are located in all districts, but the sizes of plates produced differ greatly
and the catalogs of individual mills should be consulted for detail data. Tables on
page 59 give, in condensed form , the lengths obtainable for various width ranges from
the major producers, together with the number of mills from which such sizes may be
obtained.
"Sketch Plates", exclusive of those with re-entrant cuts, can be supplied by most
mills by shearing. Odd shapes in most instances require flame cutting, for which flame
cutting extras are applicable. "Full Circles" are also available; either by shearing, up
to 1 inch, or by flame cutting for heavier gauges. "Floor Plates- Raised Pattern",
page 59, are rolled by only a few mills; which should be consulted concerning sizes and
extras.
The base price of steel plates is applied without extras for thickness or size, to
rectangular plates which faU within all of the following limits:
Thickness; .% in. to and including 1Y2 in.
Width; (sheared mill product required) 24 in. to 90 in. incl.
(" " " n o t " ) 6in. "90in. "
Length; 8 ft. and over, up to published limit of length but not over 60 ft.
Designs and details usually specify plates by thicknesses, but plates up to 2 inches
are occasionally ordered by weight per foot. Plates over 2 inches t hick must be ordered
by thickness.
Standard practice is to invoice plates to the fabricator at actual scale weight at
point of shipment. The allowable overweight which may be charged for is limited in
accordance with the tables on pages 68 and 69 of this Manual.
All sketch plates, including circles, are invoiced at actual weight and are not subject
to the same weight tolerance limits as apply to rectangular plates.
All plates ordered flame cut for whatever reason take extras for flame cutting in
addition to all other extras. For example, rolled steel bearing plates are often flame
cut to prevent distortion due to shearing and would also take the regular extra for the
t hickness involved.
Plates of Structural Steel for Bridges and Buildings, A.S.T.M. Designation A7,
are sold at as Iowan extra for quality as any steel sold subject to physical test.
Extras for thickness, width, length, cutting, quality and quantity, which are added
to the base price of plates, are subject to occasional revision, and should be obtained
by inquiry of the producer; the foregoing general statements are made as a guide toward
economy in design.

59
PLATES
TABLES OF AVAILABLE SIZES
Note to T abl es I and II: The first length given is obta in able from most, and usually from
all, of the mills rolling the given width. The second length given is the maximum obtai nable
from any mill , a nd such lengths are subject to substantial extras. For plates of large sizes,
designers should consult fabricators regarding possibilities of fabricat ion, shipment and
erection.
TABLE I
Length, in Feet, of Uni versal Mill Plates obtainable in the respective w id ths shown.
Width, I nchBs
Th ickness
I nches 27-30 31-36 37-42 43-46 47-48 49-58 59-60
6-12 13-20 21-26
--- --- - -- - - -
Ji 65-80 60-125 60-125 60-125 60-1 25 40-1 00 90-1 00 90-100 40- 65 60-
% 65-80 60-125 60-125 60- 125 60-1 25 60-1 25 90-1 25 90-125 80- 90 70-
Y, 65-80 60-125 60-125 60- 125 60-125 60-1 25 90-1 25 90-120 85-120 60-
%: 65-80 60-125 60-125 60-125 60-125 55-125 90-125 90-120 80-120 40-
1 65-80 60-125 60-125 60-125 60-125 40-1 25 90-1 25 90- 95 70- 95 40-
1Ji 65-75 48-125 48-125 49-125 49-1 25 38-125 90-11 5 75- 90 60- 75 40-
1Y2 40-60 48-120 46-125 46-125 45-125 33-1 05 90- 95 65- 90 50- 65 35-
1%; 35-60 41 -110 40-125 40- 125 38-110 28- 90 80- 90 55- 90 45- 55 30-
2 30-60 36- 90 35-125 35-110 34- 95 24- 75 70- 90 45- 90 40- 45 25-
No. of mills
--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - -- - -- - --
from which 5 7 7 6 6 4 3 3 1 1
obtainable
TABLE II
Length, in Feet, of Sheared Plates obtainable i n the respective widths show n.
Width, Inches
Thic kness
Inchos 24-36 37-48 49-60 61-78 79-96 97-114 115-1321133-150151-168169-186
--- - -- - -- - -- --- - - - - - - - - - - --
)i 40-45 40-50 40-50 35-55 30-48 27-38 21-30

% 38-50 40-70 40-70 35-70 30-65 30-52 26-48 17-30 24- 21 -
Y, 36-50 40-70 40-70 35-70 30-70 30-55 36-50 20-37 33- 27-
%: 36-50 37-70 35-70 35-70 30-70 30-55 35-48 19-45 45- 39-
1 36-50 34-70 30-70 32-70 25-66 25-53 35-48 18-45 45- 41-
1Ji 30-50 30-70 25-70 25-65 20-60 20-45 31-45 17-45 42- 38-
172 25-40 30-70 23-60 21-60 16-56 15-45 30-45 16-42 41- 33-
1~ 25-40 30-60 22-52 18-59 14-50 12-45 28-44 15-42 40- 31 -
2 20-35 25-55 20-49 16-52 13-47 11-45 24-43 14-42 39- 29-
No. of mills
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- --- - --
from wh ich 14 14 14 12 12 11 9 5 1 1
obtainable
FLOOR PLATES-RAISED PATTERN

Different mills offer floor plates in different styles, patterns and extreme dimensions.
The nominal or ordered thickness is that of the flat plate exclusive of the height of the
raised pattern. The usual weights are as follows:
I
I 6.15
Ys I 8.7~6 I 11.25
Ji I 13.8
% I 16.35
%I~6 I Yz I % I %:IYs I 1
Nominal Thickness
Inches
I
Nominal Weight 18.9 21.45 26.55 31.65 36.75 41.85
Lb. per SQ. ft.
I
In general, lengths are limited to 10 feet for widths of 6 to 20 inches and 20 feet
for widths of 20 to 72 inches. For longer or thicker plates, and for precise in fonnation
on all the foregoing, the individual manufacturers should be consulted .
AMERICAN INSTITUTE . OF STEEL CON STRUCTION

60
ROLLED STEEL BEARING PLATES

Rolled steel bearing plates are extensively used for column bases, wall bearing
plates, and a variety of other uses.
Since standard sizes are kept in stock, and only simple fabrication is required,
shipments can be made promptly.
The smaller and thinner bearing plates, up to and including 2 inches in thickness,
are rolled flat and with surfaces sufficiently smooth to receive, without planing, the
milled ends of column shafts. Bearing plates 4 inches and under in thickness can be
straightened by a press to within the required limits of flatness.
Rolled steel bearing plates of thicknesses greater than 4 inches are likely to be
slightly bowed or cambered so that, in order to provide proper bearing surfaces, these
plates should be planed on their top surfaces directly under the columns. It will not
be necessary to plane the bottom surfaces when the plates rest on concrete foundations,
as full bearing contact can be provided with strong cement grout.
When plates over 4 inches thick rest on steel, the top surfaces shoulpl be planed
for the colwnn bearing and the bottom surfaces planed all over.
Sizes of rolled steel bearing plates required for use as wall bearing plates or colwnn
base plates can be determined by the methods given on pages 128 and 129. Allowable
loads on column base plates are given on pages 249 to 251.
The tables of permissible variations of dimensions of the American Iron and Steel
Institute, as given on page 69, Table III, should be consulted when ordering bearing
plates for such finished dimensions as are required by the design.
STANDARD ROLLED SIZES

ALL DIMENS I ONS IN INCHES
14 x 134 20 x 2 28 x 3 36 x 4 44 x 5 52 x 6 60 x 7 66 x 9 78 x 9
14x1Yz 20 x 2Yz 28 x 3Yz 36 x 4Yz 44 x 5Yz 52 x 671 60 x 7Yz 72 x 8 78 x 9Yz
20 x 3 44 x 6 52 x 7 60 x 8 72 x 8Yz 78 x 10
16 x 1 Yz 24 x 2 32 x 3Yz 40 x 4Yz 48 x 572 56 x 672 66 x 7Yz 72 x 9 84 x 931

16 x 2 24 x 2Yz 32 x 4 40 x 5 48 x 6 56 x 7 66 x 8 72 x 9Yz 84 x 10
24 x 3 48 x 6Yz 56 x 8 66 x 8Yz 72 x 10
SECTION MODULI OF BEARING PLATES 1 INCH WIDE

FOR THICKNESSES GREATER THAN 1 INCH
Thickness S Thickness S Thickness S Thickness S

'0. In.1 '0. In. ~ '0. In. 1 '0. In.1
lU .26 3!4 1.76 5~ 4.59 7!4 8.76

1Yz .38 3}2 2.04 5Yz 5.04 7Yz 9.38
1% .51 3%; 2.34 5%; 5.51 7% 10.01
2 .67 4 2.67 6 6.00 8 10.67
2!4 .84 434 3.01 6U 6.51 834 11.34

2)4 1.04 4Yz 3.38 672 7.04 8Yz 12.04
2%
3
1.26
1.50
4%
5
3.76
4.17
6%
7
7.59
8.17
8%;
9
12.76
13.50
I
I
..
61
ROLLING MILL PRACTICE
METHODS OF SPREADING ROLLS
CAMBERING OF ROLLED BEAMS
ROLLING AND CUTTING TOLERANCES FOR ROLLED

STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES
PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN WEIGHT AND

THICKNESS OF ROLLED STEEL
STRUCTURAL SHAPES
78 x 9 AND PLATES
78x 9M
78 x 10
84 x 9Yz
84 x 10
s
In.I
8.76
9.38
10.01
10.67
11.34
12.04
12.76
13.50
•
62
METHODS OF SPREADING ROLLS
Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the method of increasing the areas and

weights of Wide Flange Shapes, whereby the thickness of both flange
and web is changed with a corresponding ct:ange in the beam depth and
flange width. The areas and weights of American Standard Beams and
Channels are increased from the minimum as shown in Figures 3 and 4;
an equal amount is added to the thickness of the web and to the width
of the flange, all other dimension~ remaining unchanged. As shown in
Figure 5, the weights and areas of Angles are varied from the minimum
by increasing the thickness of each leg, the length of the legs being
slightly increased by so doing. Figure 6 illustrates the method of
increasing the areas and weights of Zees. Rolls for Tees cannot be
spread.

63
CAMBERING OF ROLLED BEAMS

The following information covers the limitations upon cold cambering of deep
beams at the mill, as offered by the American mills which produce wide flange sections.
Maximum length for cambering is 100 feet.
Maximum camber measured at mid-length is shown in the table below. Conversely,
this table may be read to give the minimum length for a given camber.
Maximum Camber for Given Length
I Section
25' 30'
--
35' 40' 45' 50'
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - --
55' 60'
,
65' 70' 75' 80' .5'
2411 Wide F lange

a nd OveL ......... 1" 172/1 2" 2Y2" 3" 3}-2" 3%" 4" 4}:i" 4Yz" 4%" 5"
21 " Wide Flange
24" Standard __ 1" 171" 2" 2Yz" 3" 3 71 " 3%" 4" 4U" 4Yz" 4%:'15"
Camber will approximate a simple regular curve from end to end (nearly) of beam,
or between any two points on beam as specified. Reverse or other compound curves
will not be undertaken. Camber shall be specified by the ordinate at mid-length of the
portion specified to be curved. Ordinates at other points shall not be specified. The
camber ordinate is subject to a tolerance of nothing under to Y2 in. over for a length
50 ft. and less; and for lengths over 50 ft., Ys in. is to be added to the over tolerance
fo r each additional 10 ft. or fraction thereof.
Camber is secured by gagging beams cold. Extremely small cambers may not be
permanent and the beam may lose camber due to the release of stresses put into the
beam during the camber operation. Minimum camber likely to remain permanent is
indicated in table below.
Minimum Camber Likely to Remain Permanent

Wide Flange Sections
30' 35' 40' 45' 50' 55' 65' 75' .5'
Length Length Length Length Length Length Length Length Length
- -- - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - - - --
36" 3--2" 3--2" %11 1" lU" 13--2" 2}i" 3" 3%//
33" %/f %" 1" 17i1l 1%" 1%/f 23--2" 37i" 4"
3D" Yz" %" 1" 1}i" 1%" 2" 2%/f 3%" 4Yz//
27" %" 1" 1" 1 31" 1 %" 2" 3" 4" 5"
24" %" 1" 1 Xi" 13--2/f 2" 2Yz/l 3%," 4Yz// 5"
• Minimum Camber Likely to Remain Per manent

'-Ide Flange Sections
~ Standard Beams
25' 30' 35' 40' 45' 50' 50' 70' .0'
Length Length Length Length Length Length Length Length L ength
I - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - --- - -- - - - ---
21/1 W Yz/l %/1 1" 1%" 1 %11 27i" 37i/l 4Yz" 5"
24" Standard 7'2/1 %" 1" 1M" 1Yz/l 2" 2%" 3%/1 5"
I
While cambers less than shown in this table can be furnished, no guarantee can be
given with respect to their permanency.
AMER I CAN INSTITUTE OF S T E E L. CONSTRUCTI ON

/'
64
ROLLING AND CUTTING TOLERANCES

'IF SHAPES
n--'
m
lb~ '
-. .. I
- - -J
n
•
[[i
m 2"b±i'i
It
-
---
n
•
~--
--- ·1 ---
---- ~~
J<-----b-1
Scale of Permissible Tolerances exaggerated for c larity.
ROLLING TOLERANCES
Width of
Depth Flange Out of Square or Paraliel Ma ximum Depth
Nominal d at any Point W eb off
Depth b Center
m minus n m
+ --- -+- -
Not more than
Up to Not more
12/1 incl. Ys" Ys" U" ~" Not more than ~If ,"," over
than ~"
theoretical
- - --- --
~" I
Not more than
>in Not more
Over 12"
Shapes may have

Ys"
a ll
Ys"
"" Not more than ~" over
theoretical
al lowab le va r iation in weight of plu s or minu s 2';7: % from the nominal weight.
than ;{6"
I
CUTTING TOLERANCES
length in feet
Up10
Section 30 incl. Over 30 Special Tolerances
--- ra" plus }{6"+for each 5' or - -

-
-+-
Beams 8" When ord er specifies cu t-
to 24" incl. %/1
. _- %" fraction thereof above 3~' %" ting tolera nce "all plus,
- - minus" (no under-run)
no
the
Beams r:i/l plus H6" for each 5' or to lerance applyin g to th e
over 24" Yz/l W' fraction thereof abGve 3D' %" ordered length shall be th e
-- arithmetical sum of the plus
Columns ~" plus ~" for each 5' or and minus tolerances given
al l sizes %" W' fraction thereof above 3D' 72" in this table .
Ends out of ~are: !.M" per inch of depth, or flange width if greater than depth.
Allowance for illing: For material which is to be milled the order should show
whether one or both ends are to be milled, allowance added
for milling, and whether material is to be cut to standard or
special tolerances given above.
I t is recommended that material to be milled be ordered in
the following lengths:
Milled one end only : Finished length plus %/1.
Milled both ends: Finished length plus 31/1.
total length in feet
Straightness : Tolerances for beams: Ys/lX !O'
Where sections are specified on orders as columns, the fol-
il
lowing tolerances will apply:
total length in feet
Lengths up tv 45' 0": Ys" X 10' but not over %" max.
totallength-45'
Lengths over 45' 011 : %11 + 78" X 10'

65
AMERICAN STANDARD BEAMS AND TEES

STRUCTURAL SIZES
'-.. r
L
r -- ,.- r-- b .1
I
•
I If r ~ ,--J
.
J -- ,--
~b--j
,
-'----
T
~ --.,
•
I
c-U
Scale of Permissible Tolerances exaggerated for clarity.
ROLLING TOLERANCES
Width of Outof
Depth Flanges Square Weight
Nominal
Depth d b "
Parallel
+ - + - S + s + -
3 11 to 7/1 incl. %'2" ~6/1 Ys" Ys" !12" 2}1% 271%
Over 7" to 14" incl. Ys" %'2/1 %2" ~I/ per inch 2.~% 276%
Ov er 14" to 24" incl. ;{6" Ys" %i" ;{6/1 of f lange 276% 2Yz%
CUTTING TOLERANCES
Ovor 30' Over 40'

Up to 30' incl. to to Over 50'
Section 40' incl. 50' incl.
Over Under Over Under Over Under Over Under
Structural Beams %" %" %/1 %" Ys" %" 1" Va"
Structural Tees %" 0 1" 0 174''' 0 l U" 0
Ends out of square: J.i4" per inch of depth.
Camber tolerance:
Ys" X total length in feet
5'
Weight tolerances are based on each shipment consisting of carload lots or fraction
thereof of the same figured or ordered weight per linear foot.
*Back of square and web to be parallel when measuring for "out of square."

66
AMERICAN STANDARD CHANNELS

CARBUILDING AND SHIPBUILDING CHANNELS
(STRUCTURAL SIZES)
J
,- r
I
d
~
i I
U
-l b
Scale of Permissible Tolerances exaggerated for clarity.
ROLLING TOLERANCES
Width of Out of
Depth Flanges Square Weight
Nominal
Depth d b "
Paraliel
+ - + - S+S + -
3" to 7/1 incl. %2" !{6" Ys" .Va" ~" 2)1% 2)1%
Over 7" to 14" incl . Ys" %2" Ys" %'2" per inch 2)1% 2)1%
Over 14" to 18" incl. %" Ys" 7f' %/1 of flange 2)1% 2)1%
CUTTING TOLERANCES
Over 30' Over 40'

Up to 30' incl. to to Over 50'
Section 40' incr. 50' inel.
Over Under Over Under Over Under Qv", Under
Structural %" I %" %11 I %" Ye" I %" 1" I %1/
Ends out of square: !-Mil per inch of depth.
Camber tolerance:
Ys" X total length in feet
5'
AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

i
•
67
ANGLES, BULB ANGLES AND ZEES

(STRUCTURAL SIZES)
n
~--b--j
et
",
\
'II
\ I d
b \ 1/ :
\ j I
\ nI
,
\ I' -~-_.i'~-----
c _:::._:::_
. I
..1-.... ---- - -
1<--- b----7\1 ~b----.,.
I
Scale of Permissible T o lerances exaggerated for clarity.
ROLLING TOLERANCES
Depth of Length
Size- Section of Leg Out of Weight
Thick- Square
Length
ness d b
of Leg
+ _ + t _ +
J- - -- - - - - - -- -- --I-~~-- I --'--- - -
311 to 4" incl. All ~ ~fI Va" ~ 1Yz°, or 2Yz% 2Yz %
3/ 128/1 per
Over 4" to 6" incl. All 7'8" !1&" Ys" 7'8 " inch of leg 234% 2Yz%
Over 6/1 All Ys" length 2%% 2% %
CUTTING TOLERANCES
Over 30'
Up to 30' incl. to Over 40'
Section Thick- 40' incl.
""
Over Under O ver Undor Ovor Under
Structural All %" I 0 1" I 0 1}4" I 0

Ends out of square-For Angles and Bulb Angles 1Yz degrees, or %28" per inch of
leg length.
For Zees 1Yz degrees, or ;'bs/l per inch of sum of leg lengths.
UII total length in feet
Camber tolerance: 78 X 5'
Longer leg of unequal1eg angle determines size for tolerances.
I AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

68

THICKNESS OF ROLLED STEEL STRUCTURAL
SHAPES AND PLATES
AMERICAN SOCIETY F OR TESTING MATERIALS: A 7_46
Permissible Variations
(a) One cubic inch of rolled steel is assumed to weigh 0.2833 lb. The cross-
sectional area or weight of each structural-size shape shall not vary more than 2.5 per
cent. from the theoretical or specified amounts. The thickness or weights of rectangular
sheared mill plates and of universal mill plates shall conform to the requirements of
Paragraphs (b) , (c) and (d).
(b) Plates, when ordered to thickness. No plate shall vary more than 0.01 in.
under the thickness specified.
The ovenveight in each lotI of plates in each shipment shall not exceed the amolUlt
given in Table I.
(c) Plates. when ordered to weIght per square foot. The weight oC each lotI of
plates in each shIpment shall not vary from the weight ordered more than the amounts
given In Table I!.
(d) Plates over 2 in. in thickness. Each plate over 2 in. in thi ckness shall confonn
to the permissible variations over ordered thickness given in Table III.
TAB L E I. PERMISSIBLE OVERWEIGHTS OF PLA TES TWO INCHES AN D

UNDER IN THICKNESS WHEN ORDERE D T O THIC KNESS
Specified Thickness,
I Permissible Excess in Average Weight of Lots 1 for Widths Given, in In c hes
Expressed in Percentage of Nomin a l Weights '
Inches Over 60 to 72 to 84 to 96 to 108 to 120 to 132 to 144 to 168

48 and 48 to 60, 72, 84, 96, lOB , 120, 132, 144, 168,
under "d
exel. exel. excl . exel. exel. exel. exel. exel. excl. over
--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
~6 to ~ ,e~,c1.._ . .......... 8 9 10 12 14 16 18
._. 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 19
~ to
~6 to
~"
Ya. " ._. 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 17 18
% to "Us, " ._. 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 16 18
W6 to %, " ._. 4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 16
72 to %. " .- 4 4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 14
% to U, " .- 4 4 4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 12
% to 1, " .- 3.5 4 4 4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 11
1 to 2, incl. ... 3.5 3.5 4 4 4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9
P e rm issible variations in weight for individual plates s hall be one and one-third times the amounts
prescri bed in this table.
Permissible varia tion under specified thickness, 0.01 in.
lThe term "lot" as applied to Table I means all the plates of each group width and group thickness
represented in each shipment.

69
I
THICKNESS OF ROLLED STEEL STRUCTURAL
SHAPES AND PLATES
AMERI CAN SOC I E TY F OR TEST ING M ATE RIALS, A 7_46
T AB LE II. PERMISSIBLE VAR IATI ONS OF PLATES ORDERED TO WEIGHT

I
Permissibl e Variations in Averag e W eight of Lo tsl f o r Widths G i ven, in In ches,
Ex pressed in Percentage of Ordered Weight pe r Square Foot.
Specified Over 60 to 72 to 84 to 96 to 108 to 120 to 132 to 144 to

Weight, 48 or 48to60, 72, 84, 96, 108, 120, 132, 144, 16B, 168 or
Ib. per sq, ft. under exel. exel. exel. exe l. exel. exel. exel. exel. over
.• • •• .• • • .• •• .• .• • •• • •• --••
8l1C!.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - -
~
~
>
~
~
~
>
~ ~
~
~
~
~
~
~
~
>
~
>
~
~
~
0 0 0 0 0
" -- "
--
0
" " -- "
- " " -- " -- " -"- -- --
- - " 0
- -
0
-
0
- - - - -
0
- -
0
7.65 to 10, exel. .._- .,.- 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 .... .... ... .... .... .... ...-
.0 to 12.5, axel. 4 3 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 6.5 3 7 3 8 3 9 3 .... - .-..
12.5 to 15, excl. 4 3 4 3 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7.5 3 8 3 .... .... .... ....
IS to 17.5, exel. 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 3 4.5 3 5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 7 3 9 3 10 3
17..5 to 20, exel. 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 3 4 3 4.5 3 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3 8 3 9 3
t02 5, exel. 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 3 3.5 3 4 3 4 3 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 7 3 8 3
'"
..
25 to 30, 8)(CI.
30 to 40, exel.
t0 81.6, incl.
3
3
2.5
2.5
2
2
3.5
3
3
2.5
2
2
3.5
3
3
2.5
2
2
3.5
3
3
3
2
2
3.5
3.5
3.5
3
2
2
P ermissihle variations ;n weight for individual plates s hall be one and one-third times the amounts
3.5 2.5 4
3.5 2
3.5 2
3
3.5 2.5
3 2.5
4.5
4
3.5
3
3
3
5
4.5
4
3
3
3
6.5
6
5.5
3
3
3 6
7
6.5
3
3
3
prescribed in this table.

t The term "lot" as applied to Table II, means all the plates of each group wid th and group weight
~resented in each s hipment.
TABLE II J. PERMI SS IBLE VARIATIO N S OVER OR DER ED THICKNESS

OF PLATES OVER TWO I NCHES THI C K
I
Variations over Specifi ed Thickness for W id th Gi ven
Specifioo Thickness,
Inches 36 to 60, 60 to 84, 84 to 120, 120 to 132,
Under 36 exel. exel. exel. exel. 132 and over
I
Ove r 2 to 3, e xcl.._ .. __ ... li6 !li lt4 )i )i j(,
3 to 4, " -_ ...._... lt4 !li lt4 Ys Ys lt4
4 to 6, " .---- ... !li Ys lt4 lt4 !li llO.
6 to B, " ... _.. __ . lt4 )i !li !li llO.
8 to 1O, " .__ .. __ . llO. ~ ~
10to12, " ._--_..- ~ I%; l~
12 to 15, incl. ....... li2 )i
Each plate shall not vary more than 0.01 in . under the ordered thickness.
AMERIC A N INSTITUTE OF STEEL C O NSTRUCTION

70
PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN LENGTH,

WIDTH, FLATNESS AND CAMBER FOR
PLATES OVER TWO INCHES THICK
AMERICAN IRON AND STEEL IN S TITUTE , 1943
PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN LENGTH AND WIDTH FOR GAS CUT PLATES
All Lengths and Widt hs

Orde red T hickness,
Inch.es Variation Over These variation s m ay be taken all under,
Ove r 2 to 3,excl. % in.
or di vided over and under, if so
specified wh en ordering.
3 to 4, axel. Va in.
4 to 6, exel. ;i in. Plates with roll ed edg es wi ll be gas cut
6 to 8, exel. Ys in. to length only .
8 to 15, incl. 1 i n.
PERMISSIBLE V ARIATIONS IN WIDTH FOR ROLLE D EDGE

( U N I V ERSAL M ILL) PLA TES
Ordered D imensions, Inches Width Var iation

Width Thickness Over, In. Under, I n.
60 or und er Over 2to10, inel. % y,

30 or und er Over 10 to 15, incl. % y,
Over 30 t o 50, inclusive Ove r 10 to 15, inc l. % Va
PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS FROM TRUE FLATNESS FOR UNI V ERSAL MILL

AND SHEARED MILL PLAT ES
F OR L E N GTH OR WI DTH , INC HES

O rdered T hickness,
Inches Unde r 36 to 48, 48 to 60, 60 to 72, 72 to 84, 84 to 96, 96 to 108, 108 to 120 to
36 e )lcl. e)lcl. 6)lcl. excl. e)lcl. exel. 120, e )lCI. 144, incl.
--- - -- --- --- - - - ------ ---
Ove r 2 ta 4 ,ex c l. li6 J4 % % )16 % % % %
4to 6 , axcl. J4 % % Y, % % % Ys 1
6 to 8 , e x c l. % )16 Ys % % Ys I~ 1 1
8 to 10, a xcl. % % % % Ys 1 1 1 1
lO t a 12 , axcl. y, 1!1ij Ys 1 1 1 1 1 1
12 to 15, in c l. % 1:}{6 Ys 1 1 1 1 1 1
PERMISSIBLE CAMBER F OR UNI V ERSA L MILL PLATES
Ordere d Dime nsions, Inches

Camber
Width Thickness
3 0 o r u n der Over 2 to 15, incl .

%. Total Length (feet)
6 In. x 5'
~ . Total Length (feet)

30 to 60, incl. Over 2 to 15, incl. ~ m. X 5'
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT ION
71
MISCELLANEOUS DATA
FOR
ESTIMATING AND DESIGNING
WEIGHT AND AREA OF BARS AND PLATES
ECONOMY OF SHAPES USED AS BEAMS
TABLES FOR DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDERS
DIMEN SIONS, WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF

PLATE AND ANGLE GIRDER SECTIONS
DIMENSIONS. WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF

COMPOUND COLUMN SECTIONS
WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES O F SHAPE COMBINATIONS
WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF TWO ANGLES
BEARING PLATE AND BASE PLATE DESIGN
CRANE RAILS AND FASTENINGS
THREADED STRUCTURAL ACCESSORIES
EYE BARS
PIPE
SHEET METAL CONSTRUCT ION
BATTLE DECK FLOOR
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONS TRUCTION

72
SQUARE AND ROUND BARS

WEIGHT AND AREA
Weight Area Weight Area

Lb. per Foot Squar e I n~hes Lb. per Foot Square I nches
Size Size
Inches
--
0
}{6
• •
.013 .010
~
.0039
<!!D
.0031
Inches
--
3
li6
• •
30.60
31 .89
24.03
25.05
Iil!I
9.000
9.379
<!!D
7.069
7.366
Ys .053 .042 .0156 .0123 Ys 33.20 26.08 9.766 7.670
~ .120 .094 .0352 .0276 lIB 34.54 27.13 10.160 7.980
74 .213 .167 .0625 .0491 74 35.91 28.21 10.563 8.296
% .332 .261 .0977 .0767 % 37.31 29.30 10.973 8.618
% .478 .376 .1406 .1105 % 38.73 30.42 11.391 8.946
li6 .651 .511 .1914 .1 503 l{B 40.18 31.55 11.816 9.281
Y, .850 .668 .2500 .1 963 Y, 41.65 32.71 12.250 9.621
% 1.076 .845 .3164 .2485 lIB 43.15 33.89 12.691 9.968
% 1.328 1.043 .3906 .3068 % 44.68 35.09 13.141 10.321
,.
1k6
1~
1.607
1.913
2.245
1.262
1.502
1.763
.4727
.5625
.6602
.3712
.4418
.5185
,.
1}{6
1;{6
46.23
47.81
49.42
36.31
37.55
38.81
13.598
14.063
14.535
10.680
11.045
11.416
VB 2.603 2.044 .7656 .6013 VB 51.05 40.10 15.016 11.793
I%; 2.988 2.347 .8789 .6903 1}{6 52.71 41.40 15.504 12.177
1 3.400 2.670 1.0000 .7854 4 54.40 42.73 16.000 12.566
li6 3.838 3.015 1.1 289 .8866 l{B 56.11 44.07 16.504 12.962
Ys 4.303 3.380 1.2656 .9940 Ys 57.85 45.44 17.016 13.364
lIB 4.795 3.766 1.4102 1.1075 % 59.62 46.83 17.535 13.772
74 5.313 4.1 72 1.5625 1.2272 74 61.41 48.23 18.063 14.186
lIB 5.857 . 4.600 1.7227 1.3530 }{6 63.23 49.66 18.598 14.607
% 6.428 5.049 1.8906 1.4849 % 65.08 51.11 19.141 15.033
l{, 7.026 5.51 8 2.0664 1.6230 l{, 66.95 52.58 19.691 15.466
Y, 7.650 6.008 2.2500 1.7671 Y, 68.85 54.07 20.250 15.904
% 8.301 6.519 2.4414 1.9175 ?16 70.78 55.59 20.816 16.349
% 8.978 7.051 2.6406 2.0739 % 72.73 57.12 21.391 16.800
,.
1;{6
1~6
9.682
10.41 3
11.170
7.604
8.178
8.773
2.8477
3.0625
3.2852
2.2365
2.4053
2.5802
,.
1!.{6
1%
74.71
76.71
78.74
58.67
60.25
61.85
21.973
22.563
23.160
17.257
17.721
18.190
VB 11 .953 9.388 3.5156 2.7612 VB 80.80 63.46 23.766 18.665
1%6 12.763 10.024 3.7539 2.9483 1 ~6 82.89 65.10 24.379 19.147
2 13.600 10.681 4.0000 3.1416 5 85.00 66.76 25.000 19.635
l{B 14.463 11.359 4.2539 3.3410 l{B 87.14 68.44 25.629 20.129
Ys 15.353 12.058 4.5156 3.5466 Ys 89.30 70.14 26.266 20.629
% 16.270 12.778 4.7852 3.7583 lIB 91.49 71.86 26.910 21.135
74 17.213 13.519 5.0625 3.9761 74 93.71 73.60 27.563 21.648
l{, 18.182 14 .280 5.3477 4.2000 l{, 95.96 75.36 28.223 22.166
% 19.178 15.062 5.6406 4.4301 % 98.23 77.15 28.891 22.691
li6 20.201 15.866 5.9414 4.6654 l{, 100.53 78.95 29.566 23.221
Y, 21.250 16.690 6.2500 4.9087 Y, 102.85 80.78 30.250 23 .758
% 22.326 17.534 6. 5664 5.1572 % 105.20 82.62· 30.941 24.301
% 23.428 18.400 6.8906 5.4119 % 107.58 84.49 31.641 24.850
,.
1}{6
1:}{6
24.557
25.713
26.895
19.287
20.195
21.123
7.2227
7.5625
7.9102
5.6727
5.9396
6.2126
,.
1!.{6
IUS
109.98
112.41
114 .87
86.38
88.29
90.22
32.348
33.063
33.785
25.406
25.967
26.535
VB 28.103 22.072 8.2656 6.4918 VB 117.35 92.17 34.516 27.1 09
1 ~6 29.338 23.042 8.6289 6.7771 lYt6 119.86 94.14 35.254 27.688
3 30.600 24.033 9.0000 7.0686 6 122.40 96.13 36.000 28.274
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF S T EEL CONSTRUCTION
..
73
SQUARE AND ROUND BARS

WEIGHT AND AREA
Weight Area Weight Area

lb. per Foot Square Inches Lb. per Foot Square Inchea
Size Size
Inches
6
li6
• •
122.40
124.96
96.13
98.15
tt11
36.000
36.754
®
28.274
28.866
Inches
9
!{,
• •
275.40
279.24
216.30
219.31
~
81.000
82.129
®
63.617
64.504
Ys 127.55 100.18 37.516 29.465 Ys 283.10 222.35 83.266 65.397
li, 130.17 102.23 38.285 30.069 li, 286.99 225.41 84.410 66.296
Ys 132.81 104.31 39.063 30.680 Ys 290.91 228.48 85.563 67.201
li6 135.48 106.41 39.848 31.296 l{, 294.86 231.58 86.723 68.112
% 138.18 108.53 40.641 31.919 % 298.83 234.70 87.891 69.029
ltO 140.90 11 0.66 41.441 32.548 l{, 302.83 237.84 89.066 69.953
Yz 143.65 112.82 42.250 33.183 Yz 306.85 241.00 90.250 70.882
?{, 146.43 11 5.00 43.066 33.824 l{, 310.90 244.18 91.441 71.818
% 149.23 117.20 43.891 34.472 % 314.98 247.38 92.641 72.760
1}j6 152.06 11 9.43 44.723 35.125 1116 319.08 250.61 93.848 73.708
Ys 154.91 121.67 45.563 35.785 Ys 323.21 253.85 95.063 74.662
lUG 157.79 123.93 46.410 36.450 1;{6 327.37 257.12 96.285 75.622
Y, 160.70 126.22 47.266 37.122 Ys 331.55 260.40 97.516 76.589
1~ 163.64 128.52 48.129 37.800 1~6 335.76 263.71 98.754 77.561
7 166.60 130.85 49.000 38.485 10 340.00 267.04 100.000 78.540
li6 169.59 133.19 49.879 39.175 !{, 344.26 270.38 101.254 79.525
Ys 172.60 135.56 50.766 39.871 Ys 348.55 273 .75 102.516 80.516
?{, 175.64 137.95 51.660 40.574 Us . 352.87 277.14 103.785 81.513
Ys 178.71 140.36 52.563 41.282 Ys 357.21 280.55 105.063 82.516
?{, 181.81 142.79 53.473 41.997 li', 361.58 283.99 106.348 83.525
% 184.93 145.24 54.391 42.718 % 365.98 287.44 107.641 84.541
'"
l{, 188.07 147.71 55.316 43 .445 370.40 290.91 108.941 85.563
Yz 191.25 150.21 56.250 44.179 Yz 374.85 294.41 110.250 86.590
?{, 194.45 152.72 57.191 44.918 l{, 379.33 297.92 111.566 87.624
% 197.68 155.26 58.141 45.664 % 383.83 301.46 112.891 88.664
l~ 200.93 157.81 59.098 46.415 1!{6 388.36 305.02 114.223 89.710
Ys 204.21 160.39 60.063 47.1 73 Ys 392.91 308.59 115.563 90.763
1;.(6 207.52 162.99 61.035 47.937 l~ 397.49 312.19 116.910 91 .821
Ys 210.85 165.60 62.016 48.707 Ys 402.10 315.81 118.266 92.886
IUS 214.21 168.24 63.004 49.483 l~ 406.74 319.45 119.629 93.957
8 217.60 170.90 64.000 50.265 11 411.40 323.11 121.000 95.033
65.004 li6 41 6.09
'" 221.01 173.58 51.054 326.80 122.379 96.116
Ys 224.45 176.29 66.016 51.849 Ys 420.80 330.50 123.766 97.205
~ 227.92 179.01 67.035 52.649 li6 425.54 334.22 125.160 98.301
Ys 231.41 181.75 68.063 53.456 Ys 430.31 337.97 126.563 99.402
~ 234.93 184.52 69.098 54.269 % 435.11 341.73 127.973 100.510
% 238.48 187.30 70.141 55.088 % 439.93 345.52 129.391 101.623
444.78
'"
242.05 190.11 71 .191 55.914 l{, 349.33 130.816 102.743
Yz 245.65 192.93 72.250 56.745 Yz 449.65 353.16 132.250 103.869
~ 249.28 195.78 73.316 57.583 li6 454.55 357.00 133.691 105.001
% 252.93 198.65 74.391 58.426 % 459.48 360.87 135.141 106.1 39
I~ 256.61 201.54 75.473 59.276 1}(6 464.43 364.76 136.598 107.284
~ 260.31 204.45 76.563 60.132 % 469.41 368.68 138.063 108.434
~
264.04 207.38 77.660 60.994 1~ 474.42 372.61 139.535 109.591
267.80 210.33 78.766 61.863 Ys 479.45 376.56 141.016 110.754
~ 271.59 213.31 79.879 62.737 l~ 484.51 380.54 142.504 111.923
9 275.40 216.30 81.000 63.617 12 489.60 384.53 144.000 113.098
-- AM E RICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

~~--------------------------
74
WEIGHT OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

POUNDS PER LINEAR FOOT
Th ickness, Inches
Width
'0.
---- % U % % l{, Y, ~ % 1!{6 :li l~ Ys I~ 1
- -- -
U .16 .21 .27 .32 .37 .43 .48 .53 .58 .64 .69 .74 .80 .85
% .32 .43 .53 .64 .74 .85 .96 1.06 1.17 1.28 1.38 1.49 1.59 1.70
:li .48 .64 .80 .96 1.12 1.28 1.43 1.59 1.75 1.91 2.07 2.23 2.39 2.55
1 .64 .85 1.06 1.28 1.49 1.70 1.91 2.13 2.34 2.55 2.76 2.98 3.19 3.40
lU .80 1.06 1.33 1.59 1.86 2.13 2.39 2.66 2.92 3.19 3.45 3.72 3.98 4.25
1% .96 1.28 1.59 1.91 2.23 2.55 2.87 3.19 3.51 3.83 4.14 4.46 4.78 5.10
1%, 1.12 1.49 1.86 2.23 2.60 2.98 3 .35 3.72 4.09 4.46 4.83 5.21 5.58 5.95
2 1.28 1.70 2.13 2.55 2.98 3.40 3.83 4.25 4.68 5.10 5.53 5.95 6.38 6.80
2U 1.43 1.91 2.39 2.87 3.35 3.83 4.30 4.78 5.26 5.74 6.22 6.69 7.17 7.65
2% 1.59 2.1 3 2.66 3.19 3.72 4. 25 4.78 5.31 5.84 6.38 6.91 7.44 7.97 8.50
2~ 1.75 2.34 2.92 3.51 4.09 4.68 5.26 5.84 6.43 7.01 7.60 8.18 8.77 9.35
3 1.91 2.55 3.19 3.83 4.46 5.10 5.74 6.38 7.01 7.65 8.29 8.93 9.56 10.2
~U 2.07 2.76 3.45 4.14 4.83 5.53 6.22 6.91 7.60 8.29 8.98 9.67 10.4 11.1
3% 2.23 2.98 3.72 4.46 5.21 5.95 6.69 7.44 8.18 8.93 9.67 10.4 11.2 11.9
3:li 2.39 3.19 3.98 4.78 5.58 6.38 7.17 7.97 8.77 9.56 10.4 11 .2 12.0 12.8
4 2.55 3.40 4.25 5.10 5.95 6.80 7.65 8.50 9.35 10.2 11.1 11 .9 12.8 13.6
4U 2.71 3.61 4.52 5.42 6.32 7.23 8.13 9.03 9.93 10.8 11.7 12.6 13.6 14.5
4% 2.87 3.83 4.78 5.74 6.69 7.65 8.61 9.56 10.5 11.5 12.4 13.4 14.3 15.3
4:li 3.03 4.04 5.05 6.06 7.07 8.08 9.08 10.1 11 .1 12.1 13.1 14.1 15.1 16.2
5 3.19 4.25 5.31 6 .38 7.44 8.50 9.56 10.6 11.7 12.8 13.8 14.9 15.9 17.0
5U 3.35 4.46 5.58 6.69 7.81 8.93 10.0 11.2 12.3 13.4 14.5 15.6 16.7 17.9
57'2 3.51 4.68 5.84 7.01 8.18 9.35 10.5 11.7 12.9 14.0 15.2 16.4 17.5 18.7
5 :li 3.67 4.89 6.11 7.33 8.55 9.78 11.0 12.2 13.4 14.7 15.9 17.1 18.3 19.6
6 3.83 5.10 6.38 7.65 8.93 10.2 11.5 12.8 14.0 15.3 16.6 17.9 19.1 20.4
6U 3.98 5.31 6.64 7.97 9.30 10.6 12.0 13.3 14.6 15.9 17.3 18.6 19.9 21.3
6% 4.14 5.53 6 .91 8.29 9.67 11.1 12.4 13.8 15.2 16.6 18.0 19.3 20.7 22.1
6 :li 4.30 5.74 7.17 8.61 10.0 11.5 12.9 14.3 15.8 17.2 18.7 20.1 21.5 23.0
7 4.46 5.95 7.44 8.93 10.4 11.9 13.4 14.9 16.4 17.9 19.3 20.8 22.3 23.8
7U 4.62 6.16 7.70 9.24 10.8 12.3 13.9 15.4 17.0 18.5 20.0 21.6 23.1 24.7
7% 4.78 6.38 7.97 9 .56 11.2 12.8 14.3 15.9 17.5 19.1 20.7 22.3 23.9 25.5
7% 4. 94 6.59 8.23 9.88 11.5 13.2 14.8 16.5 18.1 19.8 21.4 23.1 24.7 26.4
8 5.10 6.80 8.50 10.2 11.9 13.6 15.3 17.0 18.7 20.4 22.1 23.8 25.5 27.2
,
8U 5.26 7.01 8.77 10.5 12.3 14.0 15.8 17.5 19.3 21.0 22.8 24.5 26.3 28.1
8% 5.42 7.23 9.03 10.8 12.6 14.5 16.3 18.1 19.9 21.7 23.5 25.3 27.1 28.9
8:li 5.58 7.44 9.30 11.2 13.0 14.9 16.7 18.6 20.5 22.3 24.2 26.0 27.9 29.8
9 5.74 7.65 9.56 11.5 13.4 15.3 17.2 19.1 21.0 23.0 24.9 26.8 28.7 30.6
9U 5.90 7.86 9.83 11.8 13.8 15.7 17.7 19.7 21.6 23.6 25.6 27.5 29.5 31.5
9% 6.06 8.08 10.1 12.1 14.1 16.2 18.2 20.2 22.2 24.2 26.2 28.3 30.3 32.3
9:li 6.22 8.29 10.4 12.4 14.5 16.6 18.7 20.7 22.8 24.9 26.9 29.0 31.1 33.2
10 6.38 8.50 10.6 12.8 14.9 17.0 19.1 21.3 23.4 25.5 27.6 29.8 31.9 34.0

75

Thickness, I nches
Width
'0. \{, ~ %; % %; % Uo % 1!16 % 1 ~6 % 1;(6 1
--
--
10 ~ 6.53 8.71 10.9 13.1 15.3 17.4 19.6 21.8 24.0 26.1 28.3 30.5 32.7 34.9
10% 6.69 8.93 11.2 13.4 15.6 17.9 20.1 22.3 24.5 26.8 29.0 31.2 33.5 35.7
10% 6.85 9.14 11.4 13.7 16.0 18.3 20.6 22.8 25.1 27.4 29.7 32.0 34.3 36.6
11 7.01 9.35 11.7 14.0 16.4 18.7 21.0 23.4 25.7 28.1 30.4 32.7 35.1 37.4
11~ 7.17 9.56 12.0 14.3 16.7 19.1 21.5 23.9 26.3 28.7 31.1 33.5 35.9 38.3
11 % 7.33 9.78 12.2 14.7 17.1 19.6 22.0 24.4 26.9 29.3 31.8 34.2 36.7 39.1
11 % 7.49 9.99 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0 27.5 30.0 32.5 35.0 37.5 40.0
12 7.65 10.2 12.8 15.3 17.9 20.4 23.0 25.5 28.1 30.6 33.2 35.7 38.3 40.8
12% 7.97 10.6 13.3 15.9 18.6 21.3 23.9 26.6 29.2 31.9 34.5 37.2 39.8 42.5
13 8.29 11 .1 13.8 16.6 19.3 22.1 24.9 27.6 30.4 33.2 35.9 38.7 41 .4 44.2
13% 8.61 11.5 14.3 17.2 20.1 23.0 25.8 28.7 31.6 34.4 37.3 40.2 43.0 45.9
14 8.93 11.9 14.9 17.9 20.8 23.8 26.8 29.8 32.7 35.7 38.7 41.7 44.6 47.6
14% 9.24 12.3 15.4 18.5 21.6 24.7 27.7 30.8 33.9 37.0 40.1 43.1 46.2 49.3
15 9.56 12.8 15.9 19.1 22.3 25.5 28.7 31 .9 35.1 38.3 41.4 44.6 47.8 51.0
15% 9.88 13.2 16.5 19.8 23.1 26.4 29.6 32.9 36.2 39.5 42.8 46.1 49.4 52.7
16 10.2 13.6 17.0 20.4 23.8 27.2 30.6 34.0 37.4 40.8 44.2 47 .6 51.0 54.4
16% 10.5 14.0 17.5 21.0 24.5 28.1 31.6 35.1 38.6 42.1 45.6 49.1 52.6 56.1
17 10.8 14.5 18.1 21.7 25.3 28.9 32.5 36.1 39.7 43.4 47.0 50.6 54.2 57.8
17% 11.2 14.9 18.6 22.3 26.0 29.8 33.5 37.2 40.9 44.6 48.3 52.1 55.8 59.5
18 11.5 15.3 19.1 23.0 26.8 30.6 34.4 38.3 42.1 45.9 49.7 53.6 57.4 61.2
18% 11.8 15.7 19.7 23.6 27.5 31.5 35.4 39.3 43.2 47.2 51.1 55.0 59.0 62.9
19 12.1 16.2 20.2 24.2 28.3 32.3 36.3 40.4 44.4 48.5 52.5 56.5 60.6 64.6
19% 12.4 16.6 20.7 24.9 29.0 33.2 37.3 41.4 45.6 49.7 53.9 58.0 62.2 66.3
20 12.8 17.0 21.3 25.5 29.8 34.0 38.3 42.5 46.8 51.0 55.3 59.5 63.8 68.0
20% 13.1 17.4 21.8 26.1 30.5 34.9 39.2 43.6 47.9 52.3 56.6 61.0 65.3 69.7
21 13.4 17.9 22.3 26.8 31.2 35.7 40.2 44.6 49.1 53.6 58.0 62.5 66.9 71.4
21% 13.7 18.3 22.8 27.4 32.0 36.6 41.1 45.7 50.3 54.8 59.4 64.0 68.5 73.1
22 14.0 18.7 23.4 28.1 32.7 37.4 42.1 46.8 51.4 56.1 60.8 65.5 70.1 74.8
22% 14.3 19.1 23.9 28.7 33.5 38.3 43.0 47.8 52.6 57.4 62.2 66.9 71.7 76.5
23 14.7 19.6 24.4 29.3 34.2 39.1 44.0 48.9 53.8 58.7 63.5 68.4 73.3 78.2
23% 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0 44.9 49.9 54.9 59.9 64.9 69.9 74.9 79.9
24 15.3 20.4 25.5 30.6 35.7 40.8 45.9 51 .0 56.1 61.2 66.3 71.4 76.5 81.6
25 15.9 21.3 26.6 31.9 37.2 42.5 47.8 53.1 58.4 63.8 69.1 74.4 79.7 85.0
26 16.6 22.1 27.6 33.2 38.7 44.2 49.7 55.3 60.8 66.3 71.8 77.4 82.9 88.4
27 17.2 23.0 28.7 34.4 40.2 45.9 51.6 57.4 63.1 68.9 74.6 80.3 86.1 91.8
28 17.9 23.8 29.8 35.7 41.7 47.6 53.6 59.5 65.5 71.4 77.4 83.3 89.3 95.2
29 18.5 24.7 30.8 37.0 43.1 49.3 55.5 61 .6 67.8 74.0 80.1 86.3 92.4 98.6
30 19.1 25.5 31.9 38.3 44.6 51.0 57.4 63.8 70.1 76.5 82.9 89.3 95.6 102
31 19.8 26.4 32.9 39.5 46.1" 52.7 59.3 65.9 72.5 79.1 85.6 92.2 98.8 105
32 20.4 27.2 34.0 40.8 47.6 54.4 61.2 68.0 74.8 81.6 88.4 95.2 102 109
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION·

76

Thickness, Inches
Width
'0. !16 ~ ~, -.lL ).> % % 1~ %: Ys 1 ~6
-- l{, 1;{6
-1-
33 21.0 28.1 35.1 42.1 49.1 56.1 63.1 70.1 77.1 84.2 91.2 98.2 105 112
34 21.7 28.9 36.1 43.4 50.6 57.8 65.0 72.3 79.5 86.7 93.9 101 108 116
35 22.3 29.8 37.2 44.6 52.1 59.5 66.9 74.4 81.8 89.3 96.1 104 112 119
36 23.0 30.6 38.3 45.9 53.6 61.2 68.9 76.5 84.2 91.8 99.5 107 115 122
37 23.6 31.5 39.3 47.2 55.0 62.9 70.8 78.6 86.5 94.4 102 110 118 126
38 24.2 32.3 40.4 48.5 56.5 64.6 72.7 80.8 88.8 96.9 105 113 121 129
39 24.9 33.2 41.4 49.7 58.0 66.3 74.6 82.9 91.2 99.5 108 116 124 133
40 25.5 34.0 42.5 51.0 59.5 68.0 76.5 85.0 93.5 102 111 119 128 136
41 26.1 34.9 43.6 52.3 61.0 69.7 78.4 87.1 95.8 105 113 122 131 139
42 26.8 35.7 44.6 53.6 62.5 71.4 80.3 89.3 98.2 107 116 125 134 143
43 27.4 36.6 45.7 64.8 64.0 73.1 82.2 91.4 101 110 119 128 137 146
44 28.1 37.4 46.8 56.1 65.5 74.8 84.2 93.5 103 112 122 131 140 150
45 28.7 38.3 47.8 57.4 66.9 76.5 86.1 95.6 105 115 124 134 143 153
46 29.3 39.1 48.9 58.7 68.4 78.2 88.0 97.8 108 117 127 137 147 156
47 30.0 40.0 49.9 59.9 69.9 79.9 89.9 99.9 110 120 130 140 150 160
48 30.6 40.8 51.0 61.2 71.4 81.6 91.8 102 112 122 133 143 153 163
49 31.2 41.7 52.1 62.5 72.9 83.3 93.7 104 115 125 135 146 156 167
50 31.9 42.5 53.1 63.8 74.4 85.0 95.6 106 117 128 138 149 159 170
51 32.5 43 .4 64.2 65.0 75.9 86.7 97.5 108 119 130 141 152 163 173
52 33.2 44.2 55.3 66.3 77.4 88.4 99.5 111 122 133 144 155 166 177
53 33.8 45.1 56.3 67.6 78.8 90.1 101 113 124 135 146 158 169 180
64 34.4 45.9 57.4 68.9 80.3 91.8 103 115 126 138 149 161 172 184
55 35.1 46.8 58.4 70.1 81.8 93.5 105 117 129 140 152 164 175 187
56 35.7 47.6 59.5 71.4 83.3 95.2 107 119 131 143 155 167 179 190
57 36.3 48.5 60.6 72.7 84.8 96.9 109 121 133 145 158 170 182 194
58 37.0 49.3 61 .6 74.0 86.3 98.6 111 123 136 148 160 173 185 197
59 37.6 50.2 62.7 75.2 87.8 100 113 125 138 151 163 176 188 201
60 38.3 51.0 63.8 76.5 89.3 102 115 128 140 163 166 179 191 204
61 38.9 51.9 64.8 77.8 90.7 104 117 130 143 156 169 182 194 207
62 39.5 52.7 65.9 79.1 92.2 105 119 132 145 158 171 185 198 211
63 40.2 53.6 66.9 80.3 93.7 107 121 134 147 161 174 187 201 214
64 40.8 54.4 68.0 81.6 95.2 109 122 136 150 163 177 190 204 218
65 41.4 55.3 69.1 82.9 96.7 111 124 138 152 166 180 193 207 221
66 42.1 56.1 70.1 84.2 98.2 112 126 140 164 168 182 196 210 224
67 42.7 57.0 71.2 85.4 99.7 11 4 128 142 157 171 185 199 214 228
68 43.4 57.8 72.3 86.7 101 116 130 145 159 173 188 202 217 231
69 44.0 58.7 73.3 88.0 103 117 132 147 161 176 191 205 220 235
70 44.6 59.5 74.4 89.3 104 119 134 149 164 179 193 208 223 238
71 45.3 60.4 75.4 90.5 106 121 136 151 166 181 196 211 226 241
72 45.9 61.2 76.5 91.8 107 122 138 153 168 184 199 214 230 245

77

Thickness, I nchea
Width
'0. ;{o Ji ;{o % li6 Y, li6 % l~ Ji l~ :!> 1~6 1
- - --
73 46.5 62.1 77.6 93.1 109 124 140 155 171 186 202 217 233 248
74 47.2 62.9 78.6 94.4 110 126 142 157 173 189 204 220 236 252
75 47.8 63.8 79.7 95.6 112 128 143 159 175 191 207 223 239 255
76 48.5 64.6 80.8 96.9 113 129 145 162 178 194 210 226 242 258
77 49.1 65.5 81.8 98.2 115 131 147 164 180 196 213 229 245 262
78 49.7 66.3 82.9 99.5 116 133 149 166 182 199 216 232 249 265
79 50.4 67.2 83.9 101 118 134 151 168 185 202 218 235 252 269
80 51.0 68.0 85.0 102 119 136 153 170 187 204 221 238 255 272
81 51.6 68.9 86.1 103 121 138 155 172 189 207 224 241 258 275
82 52.3 69.7 87.1 105 122 139 157 174 192 209 227 244 261 279
83 52.9 70.6 88.2 106 124 141 159 176 194 212 229 247 265 282
84 53.6 71.4 89.3 107 125 143 161 179 196 214 232 250 268 286
85 54.2 72.3 90.3 108 126 145 163 181 199 217 235 253 271 289
86 54.8 73.1 91.4 110 128 146 165 183 201 219 238 256 274 292
87 55.5 74.0 92.4 111 129 148 166 185 203 222 240 259 277 296
88 56.1 74.8 93.5 112 131 150 168 187 206 224 243 262 281 299
89 56.7 75.7 94.6 114 132 151 170 189 208 227 246 265 284 303
90 57.4 76.5 95.6 115 134 153 172 191 210 230 249 268 287 306
91 ---------- 77.4 96.7 11 6 135 155 174 193 213 232 251 271 290 309
92 ......._-- 78.2 97.8 117 137 156 176 196 215 235 254 274 293 313
93 ........ _- 79.1 98.8 119 138 158 178 198 217 237 257 277 296 316
94 .......... 79.9 99.9 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320
95 ........ _- 80.8 101 121 141 162 182 202 222 242 262 283 303 323
96 .... __._-. 81.6 102 122 143 163 184 204 224 245 265 286 306 326 .
98 -_ .. .... _- 83.3 104 125 146 167 187 208 229 250 271 292 312 333
100 .... __ .. _- 85.0 106 128 149 170 191 213 234 255 276 298 319 340
102 .-.... _--- 86.7 108 130 152 173 195 21 7 238 260 282 304 325 347
104 ....... _-- 88.4 111 133 155 177 199 221 243 265 287 309 332 354
106 ........ _- 90.1 113 135 158 180 203 225 248 270 293 315 338 360
108 .. -....... 91.8 115 138 161 184 207 230 253 275 298 321 344 367
11 0 ..._-_.... 93.5 117 140 164 187 210 234 257 281 304 327 351 374
112 ...... _--- 95.2 119 143 167 190 214 238 262 286 309 333 357 381
114 ... __ ..... 96.9 121 145 170 194 218 242 267 291 315 339 363 388
116 -------_ .. 98.6 123 148 173 197 222 247 271 296 321 345 370 394
118 ._--..... . 100 125 151 176 201 226 251 276 301 326 351 376 401
120 ......._- . 102 128 153 179 204 230 255 281 306 332 357 383 408
22 --_ .... _. . 104 130 156 182 207 233 259 285 311 337 363 389 415
'24 ......... . 105 132 158 185 211 237 264 290 316 343 369 395 422
26 --•...... . 107 134 161 187 214 241 268 295 321 348 375 402 428
'28 .......... 109 136 163 190 218 245 272 299 326 354 381 408 435

78
AREA OF RECTANGULAR SECTIONS

SQUARE INCHES
Thickness, Inches
Wi dth
'0.
-- ;{s Ji %; % 716 Y, % % 1}{6 %: I~ Ys I%; 1
--
Ji .047 .063 .078 .094 .109 .125 .141 .156 .172 .188 .203 .219 .234 .250
Y, .094 .125 .156 .188 .219 .250 .281 .313 .344 .375 .406 .438 .469 .500
%: .141 .188 .234 .281 .328 .375 .422 .469 .516 .563 .609 .656 .703 .750
1 .188 .250 .31 3 .375 .438 .500 .563 .625 .688 .750 .813 .875 .938 1.00
lJi .234 .313 .391 .469 .547 .625 .703 .781 .859 .938 1.02 1.09 1.17 1.2.5
1J1 .281 .375 .469 .563 .656 .750 .844 .938 1.03 1.13 1.22 1.31 1.41 1.50
1%: .328 .438 .547 .656 .766 .875 .984 1.09 1.20 1.31 1.42 1.53 1.64 1.75
2 .375 .500 .625 .750 .875 1.00 1.13 1.25 1.38 1.50 1.63 1.75 1.88 2.00
2Ji .422 .563 .703 .844 .984 1.13 1.27 1.41 1.55 1.69 1.83 1.97 2.11 2.25
272 .469 .625 .781 .938 1.09 1.25 1.41 1.56 1.72 1.88 2.03 2.19 2.34 2.50
2%: .516 .688 .859 1.03 1.20 1.38 1.55 1.72 1.89 2.06 2.23 2.41 2.58 2.75
3 .563 .750 .938 1.13 1.31 1.50 1.69 1.88 2.06 2.25 2.44 2.63 2.81 3.00
3U .609 .813 1.02 1.22 1.42 1.63 1.83 2.03 2.23 2.44 2.64 2.84 3.05 3.25
372 .656 .875 1.09 1.31 1.53 1.75 1.97 2.19 2.41 2.63 2.84 3.06 3.28 3.50
3%: .703 .938 1.17 1.41 1.64 1.88 2.11 2.34 2.58 2.81 3.05 3.28 3.52 3.75
4 .750 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00 2.25 2.50 2.75 3.00 3.25 3.50 3.75 4.00
4Ji .797 1.06 1.33 1.59 1.86 2.13 2.39 2.66 2.92 3.19 3.45 3.72 3.98 4.25
4}-'2 .844 1.13 1.41 1.69 1.97 2.25 2. 53 2.81 3.09 3.38 3.66 3.94 4.22 4.50
4%: .891 1.19 1.48 1.78 2.09 2.38 2.67 2.97 3.27 3.56 3.86 4.16 4.45 4.75
? .938 1.25 1.56 1.88 2.19 2.50 2.81 3.1 3 3.44 3.75 4.06 4.38 4.69 5.00
5Ji .984 1.31 1.64 1.97 2.30 2.63 2.95 3.28 3.61 3.94 4.27 4 .59 4.92 5.25
571 1.03 1.38 U2 2.06 2.41 2.75 3.09 3.44 3.78 4.13 4.47 4 .81 5.16 5.50
5%: 1.08 1·41 1.80 2.16 , 2.52 2.88 3.23 3.59 3.95 4.31 4.67 5.03 5.39 5.75
6 Ll.3 1.50 1.8 8 2.25 2.63 3:00 3.38 3.75 4.13 4.50 4.88 5.25 5.63 6.00
6 Ji 1.17 1.56 1.95 . 2.34 2.73 3.13 3.52 3.91 4.30 4.69 5.08 5.47 5.86 6.25
6Y, 1.22 1.63 2.03 2.44 2.84 3.25 3.66 4.06 4.47 4.88 5.28 5.69 6.09 6.50
6%: 1.27 1.69 2.10 2.53 1 2.95 i 3.38 3.80 4.22 4.64 5.06 5.48 5.91 6.33 6.75
7 1.31 1.75 2.19 2.63 3.06 3.50 3.94 4.38 4.81 5.25 5.69 6.1 3 6.56 7.00
7Ji 1.36 1.81 2.27 2.72 317 3.63 4.08 4.53 4.98 5.44 5.89 6.34 6.80 7.25
77'2 1.41 1.88 2.34 2.81 3.28 3.75 4.22 4.69 5.16 5.63 6.09 6.56 7.03 7.50
7% 1.45 1.94 2.42 2.91 3.39 3.88 4.36 4.84 5.33 5.81 6.30 6.78 7.27 7.75
8 1.50 2.00 2. 50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.50 8.00
8U 1.55 2.06 2.58 3.09 3.61 4.13 4.64 5.16 5.67 6.19 6.70 7.22 7.73 8.25
871 1.59 2.13 2.66 3.19 3.72 4.25 4.78 5.31 5.84 6.38 6.91 7.44 7.97 8.50
8%: 1.64 2.19 2.73 3.28 3.83 4.38 4.92 5.47 6.02 6.56 7.11 7.66 8.20 8.75
9 1.69 2.25 2.81 3.38 3.94 4.50 5.06 5.63 6.19 6.75 7.31 7.88 8.44 9.00
9Ji 1.73 2.31 2.89 3.47 4.05 4.63 5.20 5.78 6.36 6.94 7.52 8.09 8.67 9.25
9% 1.78 2.38 2.97 3.56 4.16 4.75 5.34 5.94 6.53 7.13 7.72 8.31 8.91 9.50
9%: 1.83 2.44 3.05 3.66 4.27 4.88 5.48 6.09 6.70 7.31 7.92 8.53 9.1 4 9.75
10 1.88 2.50 3.13 3.75 4.38 5.00 5.63 6.25 6.88 7.50 8.13 8.75 9.38 10.00

79

SQUARE INCHES
Thickness, Inches
Width
- ".- ;{, U ;{, % !i6 Y, ;{, % ,!{. % 1 ~16 % 1 ~1s 1

--
lOU 1.92 2.56 3.20 3.84 4.48 5.13 5.77 6.41 7.05 7.69 8.33 8.97 9.61 10.25
lOY, 1.97 2.63 3.28 3.94 4.59 5.25 5.91 6.56 7. 22 7.88 8.53 9.19 9.84 10.50
10% 2.02 2.69 3.36 4.03 4.70 5.38 6.05 6.72 7.39 8.06 8.73 9.41 10.08 10.75
11 2.06 2.75 3.44 4.1 3 4.81 5.50 6.1 9 6.88 7.56 8.25 8.94 9.63 10.31 11.00
ll U 2.11 2.81 3.52 4.22 4.92 5.63 6.33 7.03 7.73 8.44 9.14 9.84 10.55 11.25
11 % 2.16 2.88 3.59 4.31 5.03 5.75 6.47 7.19 7.91 8.63 9.34 10.06 10.78 11.5Q
11% 2.20 2.94 3.67 4.41 5.1 4 5.88 6.61 7.34 8.08 8.81 9.55 10.28 11.02 11.75
12 2.25 3.00 3.75 4.50 5.25 6.00 6.75 7.50 8.25 9.00 9.75 10.50 11.25 12.00
12Y, 2.34 3.13 3.91 4.69 5.47 6.25 7.03 7.81 8.59 9.38 10.16 10.94 11.72 12.50
13 2.44 3.25 4.06 4.88 5.69 6.50 7.31 8.13 8.94 9.75 10.56 11.38 12.19 13.00
13Y, 2.53 3.38 4.22 5.06 5.91 6.75 7.59 8.44 9.28 10.13 10.97 11.81 12.66 13.50
14 2.63 3.50 4.38 5.25 6.13 7.00 7.88 8.75 9.63 10.50 11.38 12.25 13.13 14.00
14Y, 2.72 3.63 4.53 5.44 6.34 7.25 8.16 9.06 9.97 10.88 11.78 12.69 13.59 14.50
15 2.81 3.75 4.69 5.63 6.56 7.50 8.44 9.38 10.31 11.25 12.19 13.13 14.06 15.00
15Y, 2.91 3.88 4.84 5.81 6.78 7.75 8.72 9.69 10.66 11.63 12.59 13.56 14.53 15.50
16 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.00 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.00 13.00 14.00 15.00 16.00
16Y, 3.09 4.1 3 5.16 6.19 7.22 8.25 9.28 10.31 11.34 12.38 13.41 14.44 15 .47 16.50
17 3 .19 4.25 5.31 6.38 7.44 8.50 9.56 10.63 11.69 12.75 13.81 14.88 15.94 17.00
17Y, 3.28 4.38 5.47 6.56 7.66 8.75 9.84 10.94 12.03 13.1 3 14.22 15.31 16.41 17.50
18 3.38 4.50 5.63 6.75 7.88 9.00 10.1 3 11.25 12.38 13.50 14.63 15.75 16.88 18.00
18Y, 3.47 4.63 5.78 6.94 8.09 9.25 10.41 11.56 12.72 13.88 15.03 16.19 17.34 18.50
19 3.56 4.75 5.94 7.13 8.31 9.50 10.69 11.88 13.06 14.25 15.44 16.63 17.81 19.00
19Yz 3.66 4.88 6.09 7.31 8.53 9.75 10.97 12.19 13.41 14.63 15.84 17.06 18.28 19.50
20 3.75 5.00 6.25 7.50 8.75 10.00 11.25 12.50 13.75 15.00 16.25 17.50 18.75 20.00
20)1 3.84 5.13 6.41 7.69 8.97 10.25 11.53 12.81 14.09 15.38 16.66 17.94 19.22 20.50
21 3.94 5.25 6.56 7.88 9.19 10.50 11.81 13.13 14.44 15.75 17.06 18.38 19.69 21.00
21 Y, 4.03 5.38 6.72 8.06 9.41 10.75 12.09 13.44 14.78 16.13 17.47 18.81 20.16 21.50
22 4.13 5.50 6.88 8.25 9.63 11.00 12.38 13.75 15.13 16.50 17.88 19.25 20.63 22.00
22Y, 4.22 5.63 7.03 8.44 9.84 11.25 12.66 14.06 15.47 16.88 18.28 19.69 21.09 22.50
23 4.31 5.75 7.19 8.63 10.06 11 .50 12.94 14.38 15.81 17.25 18.69 20.13 21.56 23.00
23Y, 4.41 5.88 7.34 8.81 10.28 11.75 13.22 14.69 16.1 6 17.63 19.09 20.56 22.03 23.50
24 4.50 6.00 7.50 9.00 10.50 12.00 13.50 15.00 16.50 18.00 19.50 21.00 22.50 24.00
25 4.69 6.25 7.81 9.38 10.94 12.50 14.06 15.63 17.19 18.75 20.31 21.88 23.44 25.00
26 4.88 6.50 8.13 9.75 11.38 13.00 14.63 16.25 17.88 19.50 21.13 22.75 24.38 26.00
27 5.06 6.75 8.44 10.1 3 11.81 13.50 15.1 9 16.88 18.56 20.25 21.94 23.63 25.31 27.00
28 5.25 7.00 8.75 10.50 12.25 14.00 15.75 17.50 19.25 21.00 22.75 24.50 26.25 28.00
29 5.44 7.25 9.06 10.88 12.69 14.50 16.31 18.1 3 19.94 21.75 23.56 25.38 27.19 29.00
30 5.63 7.50 9.38 11.25 13.13 15.00 16.88 18.75 20.63 22.50 24.38 26.25 28.13 30.00
31 5.81 7.75 9.69 11.63 13.56 15.50 17.44 19.38 21.31 23.25 25.19 27.13 29.06 31.00
32 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00 14.00 16.00 18.00 20.00 22.00 24.00 26.00 28.00 30.00 32.00
I
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTR UCTION
80

SQUARE INCHES
Thickness, Inches
Width
'0. ~ }i 'i6 V. >1,
I~
7> 'i6 % 1!.{s ~ I%; % 1}(6 1
33 6.19 8.25 10.31 12.38 14.44 16.50 18.56 20.63 22.69 24.75 26.81 28.88 30.94 33.()
34 6.38 8.50 10.63 12.75 14.88 17.00 19.1 3 21.25 23.38 25.50 27.63 29.75 31.88 34.()
35 6.56 8.75 10.94 13.13 15.31 17.50 19.69 21.88 24.06 26.25 28.44 30.63 32.81 35.()
36 6.75 9.00 11 .25 13.50 15.75 18.00 20.25 22.50 24.75 27.00 29.25 31.50 33.75 36.()
37 6.94 9.25 11.56 13.88 15.19 18.50 20.81 23.13 25.44 27.75 30.06 32.38 34.69 37.()
38 7.13 9.50 11.88 14.25 16.63 19.00 21.38 23.75 26.13 28.50 30.88 33.25 35.63 38.()
39 7.31 9.75 12.19 14.63 17.06 19.50 21.94 24.38 26.81 29.25 31.69 34.13 36.56 39.()
40 7.50 10.00 12.50 15.00 17.50 20.00 22.50 25.00 27.50 30.00 32.50 35.00 37.50 40.()
41 7.69 10.25 12.81 15.38 17.94 20.50 23.06 25.63 28.19 30.75 33.31 35.88 38.44 41.()
42 7.88 10.50 13.1 3 15.75 18.38 21.00 23.63 26.25 28.88 31 .50 34.13 36.75 39.38 42.()
43 8.06 10.75 13.44 16.13 18.81 21.50 24.19 26.88 29.56 32.25 34.94 37.63 40.31 43.()
44 8.25 11 .00 13.75 16.50 19.25 22.00 24.75 27.50 30.25 33.00 35.75 38.50 41.25 44.()
45 8.44 11.25 14.06 16.88 19.69 22.50 25.31 28.13 30.94 33.75 36.56 39.38 42.19 45.()
46 8.63 11.50 14.38 17.25 20.13 23.00 25.88 28.75 31.63 34. 50 37.38 40.25 43.13 46.()
47 8.81 11.75 14.69 17.63 20.56 23.50 26.44 29.38 32.31 35.25 38.19 41.1 3 44.06 47.()
48 9.00 12.00 15.00 18.00 21.00 24.00 27.00 30.00 33.00 36.00 39.00 42.00 45.00 48.()
. 49 9.19 12.25 15.31 18.38 21.44 24.50 27.56 30.63 33.69 36.75 39.81 42.88 45.94 49.()
50 9.38 12.50 15.63 18.75 21.88 25.00 28.13 31.25 34.38 37.50 40.63 43.75 46.88 50.()(
51 9.56 12.75 15.94 19.13 22.31 25.50 28.69 31 .88 35.06 38.25 41.44 44.63 47.81 51.()(
52 9.75 13.00 16.25 19.50 22.75 26.00 29.25 32.50 35.75 39.00 42.25 45.50 48.75 52.()(
53 9.94 13.25 16.56 19.88 23.19 26.50 29.81 33.13 36.44 39.75 43.06 46.38 49.69 53.()(
54 10.13 13.50 16.88 20.25 23.63 27.00 30.38 33.75 37.13 40.50 43.88 47.25 50.63 54.()(
55 10.31 13.75 17.19 20.63 24.06 27.50 30.94 34.38 37.81 41.25 44.69 48.13 51.56 55.()(
56 10.50 14.00 17.50 21.00 24.50 28.00 31.50 35.00 38.50 42.00 45.50 49.00 52.50 56.()(
57 10.69 14.25 17.81 21.38 24.94 28.50 32.06 35.63 39.19 42.75 46.31 49.88 53.44 57.()(
58 10.88 14.50 18.13 21.75 25.38 29.00 32.63 36.25 39.88 43.50 47.1 3 50.75 54.38 58.()(
59 11.06 14.75 18.44 22.13 25.81 29.50 33.19 36.88 40.56 44.25 47.94 51.63 55.31 59.()(
60 11.25 15.00 18.75 22.50 26.25 30.00 33.75 37.50 41.25 45.00 48.75 52.50 56.25 60.()(
61 11.44 15.25 19.06 22.88 26.69 30.50 34.31 38.13 41.94 45.75 49.56 53.38 57.19 61.()(
62 11 .63 15.50 19.38 23.25 27.13 31.00 34.88 38.75 42.63 46.50 50.38 54.25 58.13 62.()(
63 11.81 15.75 19.69 23.63 27.56 31.50 35.44 39.38 43.31 47.25 51.19 55.13 59.06 63.()(
54 12.00 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 32.00 36.00 40.00 44.00 48.00 52.00 56.00 60.00 64.()(
65 12.19 16.25 20.31 24.38 28.44 32.50 36.56 40.63 44.69 48.75 52.81 56.88 60.94 65.()(
66 12.38 16.50 20.63 24.75 28.88 33.00 37.13 41.25 45.38 49.50 53.63 57.75 61.88 66.()(
67 12.56 16.75 20.94 25.13 29.31 33.50 37.69 41.88 46.06 50.25 54.44 58.63 62.81 67.()(
68 12.75 17.00 21.25 25.50 29.75 34.00 38.25 42.50 46.75 51.00 55.25 59.50 63.75 68.()(
69 12.94 17.25 21.56 25.88 30.19 34.50 38.81 43.13 47.44 51.75 56.06 60.38 64.69 69.()(
70 13.1 3 17.50 21.88 26.25 30.63 35.00 39.38 43.75 48.13 52.50 56.88 61.25 65.63 70.()(
71 13.31 17.75 22.19 26.63 31.06 35.50 39.94 44.38 48.81 53.25 57.69 62. 13 66.56 71 .()(
72 13.50 18.00 22.50 27.00 31.50 36.00 40.50 45.00 49 .50 54.00 58.50 63.00 67.50 72.()(

81

SQUARE INCHES
Thickness, Inches
Width
'".
- - ;{6 J.i ~, Va l{, :v, % % 1!16 'li I%; Ys 1~6 1
73 13.69 18.25 22.81 27.38 31.94 36.50 41.06 45.63 50.19 54.n 59.31 63.88 68.44 73.00
74 13.88 18.50 23.13 27.75 32.38 37.00 41.63 46.25 50.88 55.5C 60.1' 64.7 69.38 74.00
75 14.06 18.75 23.44 28.13 32.81 37.50 42.1 9 46.88 51.56 56.21 60.94 65.63 70.31 75.00
76 14.25 19.00 23.75 28.50 33.25 38.00 42.75 47.50 52.21 57.0C 61.75 66.5 71.25 76.00
77 14.44 19.25 24.06 28.88 33.69 38.50 43.31 48.13 52.9<1 57.75 62.56 67.38 72.19 77.00
78 14.63 19.50 24.38 29.25 34.13 39.00 43.88 48.75 53.63 58.50 63.38 68.25 73.13 78.00
79 14.81 19.75 24.69 29.63 34.56 39.50 44.44 49.38 54.31 59.25 64.19 69.13 74.06 79.00
80 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00 45.00 50.0( 55.0C 60.00 65.00 70.00 75.00 80.00
81 15.19 20.25 25.31 30.38 35.44 40.50 45.56 50.63 55.69 60.75 65.81 70.881 75.94 81.00
82 15.38 20.50 25.63 30.75 35.88 41.00 46.13 51.25 56.38 61.50 66.63 71.751 76.88 82.00
83 15.56 20.75 25.94 31 .13 36.31 41.50 46.69 51.88 57.ill 62.25 67.4< 72.63 77.81 83.00
84 15.75 21.00 26.25 31.50 36.75 42.00 47.25 52.50 57.75 63.00 68.25 73.50 78.75 84.00
85 15.94 21.25 26.56 31.88 37.19 42.50 47.81 53.13 58.44 63.75 69.0E 74.381 79.69 85.00
86 16.13 21.50 26.88 32.25 37.63 43.00 48.38 53.75 59.13 64.50 69.88 75.25 80.63 86.00
87 16.31 21.75 27.19 32.63 38.06 43.50 48.94 54.38 59.81 65.25 70.69 76.13 81.56 87.00
88 16.50 22.00 27.50 33.00 38.50 44.00 49.50 55.00 60.50 66.00 71.50 77.00 82.50 88.00
89 16.69 22.25 27.81 33.38 38.94 44.50 50.06' 55.63 61.19 66.75 72.31 77.881 83.44 89.00
90 16.88 22.50 28.13 33.75 39.38 45.00 50.63 56.21 61.88 67.50 73.13 78.75 84.38 90.00
91 --_.-. ... 22.75 28.44 34.13 39.81 45.50 51.19 56.88 62.56 68.25 73.9<1 79.63 85.31 91.00
92 23.00 28.75 34.50
___ 0 ______
40.25 46.00 51.75 57.5C 63.25 69.00 74.n 80.50 86.25 92.00
93 -- -.----- · 23.25 29.06 34.88 40.69 46.50 52.31 58.13 63.94 69.75 75.56 81.38 87.19 93.00
94 -- ------- · 23.50 29.38 35.25 41.13 47.00 52.88 58.75 64.63 70.50 76.38 82.25 88.13 94.00
95 -------_.- 23.75 29.69 35.63 41.56 47.50 53.44 59.38 65.31 71.25 77.19 83.1 3 89.06 95.00
96 ----,--".- 24.00 30.00 36.00 42.00 48.00 54.00 60.DC 66.00 72.0C 78.00 84.0< 90.DC 96.00
98 --.. ------ 24.50 30.63 36.75 42.88 49.00 55.13 61.25 67.38 73.50 79.63 85.75 91.88 98.00
100 ----_ .... - 25.00 31.25 37.50 43.75 50.00 56.25 62.5C 68.n 75.DC 81.25 87.50 93.75 100.00
102 - .._-.---
"oowr
25.50 31.88 38.25 44.63 51.00 57.38 63.71 70.13 76.5C 82.88 89.25 95.63 102.00
104 ---------- 26.00 32.50 39.00 45.50 52.00 58.5C 65.0( 71.5C 78.0C 84.5 oo
106 · 26.50 33.13 39.75 46.38 53.00 59.63 66.21 72.88
7~:~
-- -- --- - - 86.1 3 92.75 99.38106.00
108 · 27.00 33.75 40.50 47.25 54.00 60.75 67.5C 74.25 81. 87.75 94.50101.25108.00
110 · 27.50 34.38 41.25 48.13 55.00 61.88 68.7575.63 82.5C 89.3 8 96.25103.13110.00
112 · 28.00 35.00 42.00 49.00 56.00 63.0C 70.0C 77.0< 84.0<
.,. 91.00 98.00105.0 112.00
114
116
___ _- 0-.- ·
·
28.50
29.00
35.63
36.25
42.75
43.50
49.88
50.75
57.00
58.00
64.1 3
65.25
71.25
72.5e
78.38 85.5C
79.7587.00
92.6 3 99.75106.8~114.00
94.25101 .50 108.75 116.00
118 · 29.50 36.88 44.25 51.63 59.00 66.38 73.75 81.1 3 88.50 95.88103.25110.63118.00
120 · 30.00 37.50 45.00 52.50 60.00 67.50 75.0C 82.5 o 90.00 97.50105.001112.501120.00
122 ---.----- · 30.50 38.13 45.75 53.3 8 61.0o 68.6 3 76.21 83.8 8 91.50 99.1 3106.75114.38122.00 1
124
126
· 31.00 38.75 46.5o 54.25 62.0o 69.7 5 77.50 85.2 5 93.00100.75108.5+ 1
16.2~ 124.00
· 31.50 39.3 847.25 55.1 3 63.00 70.8 8 78.75 86.6 394.50102.3 8 110.25,118. 13126.00
128 · 32.00 40.0o 48.00 56.00 64.00 72.0 o 80.00 88.0o 96.00 104.0C 112.00 120.00 128.00
1 1 1

82

83
ECONOMY OF SHAPES USED AS BEAMS

SECTION MODULUS TABLE
When a simply supported beam is designed to carry a uniform load per lineal foot
over its full length, or a single concentrated load at mid-span, the required beam may
best be selected by reference to the tables of allowable loads on beams, pages 175 to
195; particularly since those tables show the shear capacity and the necessary end
cennections or end bearings.
In aU other cases it is convenient to calculate the required Section Modulus and,
knowing this. to select the beam from the table which follows on pages 84 and 85.
This table includes wide-flange beams, standard beams and channels. light beams
rolled on wide flange mills, and other miscellaneous beams, all in the •• Regular Series".
pages 12 to 55.
The following symbols are used:
I - American Standard I Beams Rolled by all structural mills.
U - American Standard Channels Rolled by all structural mills.
\/IF = Wide Flange Beams Rolled only by Bethlehem Steel Co., U. S.
Steel Corp. and Inland Steel Co.
B = Miscellaneous Beams Rolled by Bethlehem Steel Co., U. S. Steel
Corp. and Inland Steel Co.
M = Miscellaneous Beams Rolled by United States Steel Cor-
JX)ration, Phoenix Iron Company, or
Inland Steel Company.
Jr = Junior Beams and Channels Rolled by Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp-
The method of using the table is as follows:
Find, in the column headed "Section Modulus", the value equal to, or next larger
than, the Section Modulus required.
The beam opposite this value, in the adjoining column, and all beams above it,
have a sufficient Section Modulus.
If the first (lowest) of these appears in bold-faced type, it is the lightest beam
that will serve. Otherwise, the first beam higher up, that appears in bold-faced type,
is the lightest beam that will serve.
If conditions require that the beam must not exceed a certain depth, proceed up
the column until a beam within the required. depth is reached. (Check to see that no
lighter beam of the same depth appears higher up.)
EXAMPLE: Required, a beam with Section Modulus not less than 250 in.'.
The next higher section modulus tabulated is 250.9. This corresponds to 24 I 120.
However. this beam is not in bold-face. The first higher beam in bold-face is
27 w= !o2.
1. If 27 in. is not too deep, use 27 \/IF 102.
2. If 27 in. is too deep but 24 in. will do, use 24 w= 110.
3. If a still shallower beam is required, there will be found, proceeding upward
from the starting point, 12 w= 190 and 21 w= 127.
A check should be made for web capacity in shear. Also proper provision must be
made in cases of eccentricity or other special conditions of loading.
It is assumed in this table that the beam is to be supported laterally. Otherwise
consult the text and charts for laterally unsupported beams, pages 202 to 206.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL. CONSTRUCTION

84

FOR SHAPES USED AS BEAMS
Section Shape Section Shape

Section Shape M odulus
Modulus Modulus
36 v-F 300 220.9 24 YF 94 98.2 18 YF 55

1105.1 12 v-F 72
1031.2 36 v-F 280 220.1 18 v-F 114 97.5
36 v-F 260 216.0 14v-F1 36 94.1 16 v-F 58
951.1 92.2 14 v-F 61
892.5 36 v-F 245 202.2 18 v-F 105
202.0 14 v-F 127
36 YF 230 197.6 21 v-F 96 89.0 18 YF 50
835.5 88.4 18 I 54.7
811.1 33 v-F 240 197.6 24 I 100
88.0 12 v-F 65
33 YF 220 196.3 24 YF 84 86.1 10v-F77
740.6
189.4 14 v-F 119
33 YF 200 185.8 24 I 90 80.7 16 YF 50
669.6 80. 1 10 v-F 72
184.4 18v-F 96
182.5 12v-F1 33 78.1 12 v-F 58
663.6 36 YF 194 14 v-F 53
649.9 30 v-F 210 176.3 14v-F111 77.8
74.5 18 U 58
36 YF 182 175.4 24 YF 76 73.7 10 v-F 66
621.2
586.1 30 v-F 190 173.9 24 I 79.9
168.0 21 v-F 82 72.4 16 W' 45
36 YF 170 166.1 16 v-F 96 70.7 12 v-F 53
579.1 14 v-F 48
163.6 14 v-F 103 70.2
36 YF 160 163.4 12 v-F 120 69.1 18 U 51.9
541.0 67.1 10 v-F 60
528.2 , 30 v-F 172 160.0 20 I 95
156.1 18 v-F 85 64.7 12 v-F 50
502.9 36 \IF 150 151 .3 16 v-F 88
27 v-F 177 64.4 16 W' 40
492.8 64.2 15 I 50
486.4 33 v-F 152 150.7 21 YF 73
150.6 14 v-F 95 63.7 18 U 45.8
150.2 20 I 85 62.7 14 v-F 43
446.8 33 'IF 141 18 U 42.7
444.5 27 v-F 160 144.5 12 v-F 106 61.0
24 v-F 160 141.7 18 v-F 77 60.4 10 v-F 54
413.5 8 v-F 67
60.4
33 YF 130 139.9 21 YF 68 58.9 15 I 42.9
404.8 12 v-F 45
402.9 27 v-F 145 13R.1 14 v-F 87 58.2
379.7 30 v-F 132 134.7 12 v-F 99
24 v-F 145 130.9 14 v-F 84 56.3 16 YF 36
372.5 14 v-F 38
128.2 18 v-F 70 54.6
127.8 16 v-F 78 54.6 10 v-F 49
354.6 30 YF 124 15 U 50
330.7 24 v-F 130 53.6
126.4 21 YF 62 52.0 8 v-F 58
126.3 20 I 75 51.9 12 v-F 40
327.9 30YF U6
21 v-F 142 126.3 10 v-F 112 50.3 12 I 50
317.2 49.1 10 v-F 45
125.0 12 v-F 92
299.2 30 YF 108 121.1 14 v-F 78
27 v-F 114 117.0 18 v-F 64 48.5 14 YF 34
299.2 46.2 15 U 40
299.1 24 v-F 120 116.9 20 I 65.4
21 v-F 127 11 5.9 16v-F 71 45.9 12 v-F 36
284.1 44.8 12 I 40.8
274.4 24v-F110 115.7 12v-F 85
112.4 10 v-F 100 43.2 8 v-F 48
27 YF 102 112.3 14 v-F 74 42.2 10 v-F 39
266.3
263.2 12v-F1 90
24 I 120 107.8 18 W' 60 41 .8 14 YF 30
250.9 41.7 15 U 33.9
249.6 21 v-F 11 2 107.1 12v-F 79
104.2 16 v-F 64 39.4 12 v-F 31
24 YF 100 103.0 14 v-F 68 37.8 12 I 35
248.9 12 I 31.8
101 .9 18 I 70 36.0
27 YF 94 99.7 10 v-F 89 35.5 8 v-F 40
242.8 35.0 10 v-F 33
234.3 24 I 105.9
222.2 12 v-F 161
AMER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEE L CONSTR U C TION

85

FOR SHAPES USED AS BEAMS
Section Shape Source Section Shape Source Section Shape Source

Modulus Modulus Modul us
34.1 12 VF 27 9 14.8 12B14 8 7.8 10 Jr 9 7

31.1 8 W' 35 2 14.2 8 I 18.4 1 7.8 8 B 10 2
30.8 10 W' 29 9 14.1 8 W' 17 9 7.7 7 U 14.75 1
29.2 10 I 35 1 14.0 8 M 17 6 7.3 6 I 12.5 1
28.9 8 M 34.3 3 13.8 10 B 15 9 7.2 6 B 12 2
27.4 8 W'31 2 13.5 9 U 20 1 6.9 7 U 12.25 1
26.9 12 U 30 1 13.4 10 U 15.3 1
13.4 6 W'20 2 6.5 10 JrU 8.4 7
26.4 10 VF 25 9 12.9 6 M 20 3 6.0 7 U 9.8 1
6.0 5 I 14.75 1
25.3 12B 22 9 12.0 12 Jr U.8 7 5.8 6 U 13 1
24.4 10 I 25.4 1 12.0 7 I 20 1 5.4 4 W'13 5
24.3 8 W'28 2 11.8 8 B 15 2 5.2 4 M 13 4
23.9 12 U 25 1 11.3 9 U 15 1 5.1 6 B 8.5 2
10.9 8 U 18.75 1 5.0 6 U 10.5 1
21.5 10 VF 21 9 4.8 5 I 10 1
10.5 10 B U.S 8
21.4 12 B 19 9 10.5 9 U 13.4 1 4.7 8 Jr 6.5 7
21.4 12 U 20.7 1 10.4 7 I 15.3 1 4.4 10JrU6.5 7
21.0 8 M 24 6 10.1 6 W'15.5 2 4.3 6U 8.2 1
10.1 6 8 16 2
21 .0 14 B 17.2 7 9.9 8 8 13 2
20.8 8 W'24 2 9.9 5 W'18.5 2 3.5 7 Jr 5.5 7
20.6 10 U 30 1 9.5 5 M 18.9 2 3.5 5U 9 1
18.8 10 B 19 9 3.3 4 I 9.5 1
18.1 10 U 25 1 9.3 12JrUl0.6 7 3.0 5U 6.7 1
9.0 8 U 13.75 1 3.0 4 I 7.7 1
17.5 12 B 16.5 9 8.7 6 I 17.25 1
17.0 8 W' 20 9 8.5 5 W' 16 2 2.4 6 Jr 4.4 7
16.8 6 W' 25 2 8.1 8 U 11.5 1 2.3 4U 7.25 1
16.2 10 B 17 9 1.9 4U 5.4 1
16.0 8 I 23 1 1.9 3 I 7.5 1
15.7 10 U 20 1 1.7 3 I 5.7 1
15.7 6 M 25 3 1.4 3U 6 1
15.2 8 M 20 6
1.2 3U 5 1
1.1 3 U 4.1 1
Index to Source Numbers

l. All Structural Mills.
2. U. S. Steel, Bethlehem.
3. U. S. Steel, Inland.
4. U. S. Steel.
5. Bethlehem.
6. Phoenix.
7. Jones & Laughlin .
8. U. S . Steel , B ethle h em , Jones & Laughlin, Inland.
9. U. S . Steel, B ethlehem, Inland.
NOTE: On this page, if the bold-face shape at the head of the group is one which because of its "source"
is not available for the particular job. examine the adjacent upper groups for a lighter s hape that is available .
•.
AMERICAN IN S TITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
86
USE OF TABLES
FOR DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDERS
The American Institute of Steel Construction in 1936 revised its Specification so

as to provide for design of plate girders by gross moment of inertia, with certain reser-
vations for special cases. (See Sect. 26(a), page 297.) The attention of the engineering
profession was called to this revision, and the reasons therefor, and discussion was
invited. The reception of this method having to date been generally favorable, the
examples and tables in this Manual have been primarily based upon this Specification.
For the benefit, however, of such offices as are still designing under net area rules, the
examples and tables have been amplified to assist therein.
Design of a plate girder by moment of inertia necessitates a preliminary design
and frequently this will require one or more corrections before it will fully conform to
the Specification. For comparatively light girders the design may be taken directly
from the tables on pages 102 to 108, by selecting the capacity next greater than the
requirement. For greater economy it may be convenient to choose a trial design by
interpolation between the designs tabulated. For deeper and heavier ~irders than
those tabulated, it is generaJly expeditious to select a trial section by the 'flange area
method" and to check this for moment of inertia. In the following two examples this
latter method has been used , although in the first example a close approximation might
have been made, as above suggested, by interpolation in the girder tables.
Specification sections controlling a design step are listed at the right of the page·
Where information is obtained from data in the Manual, the page number therefor is
also given at the right.
EXAMPLE 1. Plate Girder without Cover Plates.

Given Conditions: Max. Bending MomenL .................. 1250 ft. kips
Max. Vertical Shear.......................... 200 kips
Effective Span.................................... 38 ft.
Max. depth, out to out of steel._ .. _. 39 in.
Rivets.................................................. %" dia.
The compression flange is laterally supported only at the ends and center.
Design by "Flange Area Method."

a. Assume depth of girder =38Yz" back to back of flange angles.
Web area required = 21~O = 15.38 SQ. in. Sect. 15(a)
Web area furnished =38X!16 = 16.63 sq. in. p. 80
(Assuming flange angles to have 4" vertical legs Sect. 26(b)
. .
mmtmum we bth'elm
I
_38S-(2
ess- 170 X4) 0179"
. , or 7U")
4 Sect. 18(a)
b. Assume flanges 16'!{s" wide by :Va" thick
~ 19 X12 X38.5~610 Sect. 15(a)(3)
>600
bt 16U,X%
12,000,000
Max. allowable unit stress in compression flange 610
=19.67 kips per sq. in.
· stress at c.g. 0 f ft ange 19.67
M ax. urut . ki ps per sq. m.
X36.5 1865
38.5 .
c. Required flange area (including % web)~3!2~~i.~5~22.04 sq. in.

% gross area of web ~ 16 63 ~ 2.77
6
Gross flange area required =19.27 sq. in.
d. Flange section furnished = 2 angles 8 x 4 x %

Gross area~2X9.73~19.46 sq. in.

87
2X%X%
e. Percentage of rivet holes 19.46 X 100=7.9< 15%
No increase in gross area necessary.
f. Trial girder section: 1 Web 38 x }(,

4Angles8x4x%
Check by ., Moment of Inertia Method,"
Section A .y Ay' 10 I gr.

in. 2 on. in. 4 in. 4 in. 4
lweb38x~ 16.63 - - 2000 2000 p . 90

4angles8x4x ~ 38.92 18.25 129601 42 13002 p.96
See foot note for notation.
Gross Area =55.55 SQ. in. Gross I = 15002 in.·

Section Modulus required 1250 X 12 762 in.'
19.67
Section Modulus furnished ~ ~~ ~779 in.'
Check for minimum required rivet pitch to determine if 4" vertical angle legs are
satisfactory. (1 gage line)
- VQ 200 X 19.46
V-I . k'IpS per rmear
15002X 18.25 473 .
In
ch
.
p. 365
Minimum pitch = !~7~ =2.78 in. %" rivs., bearing on }(," p. 270
Minimum allowable pitch=3 rivet diameters=2~ in. Sect. 23(0)
Section is satisfactory.
Modification if design is based on net area.
Assuming that the bottom flange stress will govern, and assuming that a trial
design has been similarly arrived at, but using only VB web area instead of >i. then the
only change in the check calculations is as follows:
f. Trial girder section: 1 Web 38 x !16

4Angles8x4x1
Check by "Moment of Inertia Method."
Section A .y Ay' 10 1 JI'". I net

in. 2 m. in.4 in.4 in.4 in. 4
1web38x%; 16.63 - - 2000 2000

f16610 p.90
4angles8x4x1 44.00 18.20 14564t 46 14610 p.96
2 holes Ys x 2~6 -4.27 16.75 1198t - - 1198
See foot note for notallon.
Gross Area =60.63 sq. in. I gr.-I66lOin.< I net = 15412 in."
tThis may be obtained from the tables on pages 92, and 96, as follows : enler pa~e 92 with d
38.5-2.0 (from p. 96) - 36.5, reading 666: 2 angles each flange '" 19.46 X 666 ,.. 12960.
Notation: A = area, y = distance from neutral axis oC the entire section to the center of Q:ravity
oC the component being considered, 10 - moment of inertia about own axis, 1 gr. ~ moment of mertia
of gross section, I net ,. moment of inertia of nel section.
tMay be obtained similarly as explained in foot note t.

88
Section Modulus required 1250

20X 12 750'm. S
Section Modulus furnished = 15412

19.25 -800'
- ffi.
8
EXAMPLE II. P late Girder with Cover Plates.

Given Conditions: Max. Bending Moment...... __.__ .__ ...__ 5000 ft. kips
Max. Vertical Shear......... __ ..... __ ........ 500 kips
E ffective Span. ___ . __ ..... __ ...... 40 ft.
Max. depth, out to Qut of steeL___ 66 in.
Rivets... ______ .. ___......... __ I" dia.
The compression flange is laterally supported for the full length of the
girder.
Design by "Flange Area Method."

a. Assume total thickness of covers=2X I JI8" =3%"
H eight of rivet heads=2X IM'6" =1%/1 p. 160
Max. depth back to back of flange angles =
66-3%-1%=60%". Use 6O}'2" .
Web area required ~ 51~ ~ 38.46 sq. in. Sect. 15(a)
Web area furnished = 60 X 1!16 =41.25 sq. in. p. 80
(Assuming flange angles to have 6" vertical legs
. .
minimum we b thOIeImess 60.5-(2
170 X6) .285") Sect. 26(b)
b. Assume distance between c.g. of flanges = distance back to back of flange

angles = 60.5" and tha t distance out to out of steel, excluding rivet
heads ~ 60.5 + (2 X 1J-8 ) ~ 64.25"
· stress at c.g. 0 fft ange 20X60.5
M ax. umt 64.25 1883k·
. .
IpS per sq. m.
c. Required flange area (including 76' web) ~~~8~~3 52.67 sq. in.
Ys gross area of web = 416~ = 6.87
Gross flange area required =45.80 sq. in.
d. Flange section furnished = 2 Angles 6x6xl=2Xll.OO=22.00 sq. in. p. 32 or 96

2 Cover Plates 14 X l~~26.26 p. 79 or 95
Gross Flange area =48.26 sq. in.
e. Percentage of rivet holes (2X 1 J-8X 1~~.~(4X 1 X1J-8) X 100~1 8.07%

Reduction in effective area (18.07- 1::) X 48.26 1.48 sq. in.
Flange area required =45.80+1.48=47.28 sq. in.
f. Trial girder section: 1 Web 60 x 1!{6

4AngJes6x6 xl
4 Cover Plates 14 x 1~
AMERICAN IN STI TUTE OF STEEL CON STR U CTION

89
Check by " M oment of Inertia Method."
Section A Y Ay' 10 1 g<.

in. 2 in. in.· in.· in.·
1 web 60 x 1!1ij 41.25 - - 12375 12375 p. 91

4angies6x6xl 44.00 28.39 35464j 142 35606 p.96
2 COY. pis. 14 x l~ 26.25
2 rov. pis. 14 x 1~6 26.25 }31.19 51082 j - 51082
Gross Area = 137.75 sq. in. Gross I =99063 in.'

"Deduction of 1.48 sq . in. in each flange =2 X 1.48 X29.75 = 2620 in,4
--,
Effective Moment of Inertia =96443 in;'
· M 0d u Ius reqUIre
Sectlon . d 5OOOX12
20 =
3000·m. 3
96443
Section Modulus furnished 32.13 3002 in.a
Modification if design is based on net area.

Assuming that the" Given Conditions" are the same, and t hat a trial design
has been obtained by the flange area method, deducting rivet holes and using Ys
the gross web as flange area, then the check calculations will be as follows:
f. Trial girder section: 1 web 60 x 1!16

4 Angles 8 x 6 x 1 (60Y," b. to b. angles)
4 Cover Plates 18 x l ~
Check by "Moment of Inertia Method."
Section A Y Ay' 10 I gr. I net

in.1 in. in.· in.· in. 4 in.·
- -- --- - - - - - - - - - ---
I web 60 x lWs 41.25 - - 12375 12375 1 p. 91
4angies8x6x1 52.00 28.60 42536 j 155 42691 J111518 p.96
4 COY. pis. 18 x IUs 58.50 31.06 58452 j - 56452
2 holes 1Ys x 21!{6 -6.05 27.75 4659j - - }15695
4 holes 1Ys x 2 % - 11.81 30.56 11036 j - -
Gross Area = 151. 75 SQ. in.; I gr = 111518 in.~ I net = 95823 in."
. . 5OOO X 12 .
Section Modulus reqwred = 20 30CK) m.S
95823
Section Modulus furnished 31.88 =3006 in .S
tSee notes under previous example illustrating the alternative of using the tables on pages 92 to 97
in obtaining these values.
*Flange area to be deducted is assumed concentrated at the c.g. of the outstanding flange legs.

90
-,.-
~ t
MOMENT OF INERTIA
x-t-·- ·-x
OF ONE PLATE ABOUT AXIS X-X
To obtain the moment of inertia f or any thickness of plate not li sted below,
.'-- mu ltip ly the value for a plate one inch thick by the desired thickness .
Depth Thickness t, Inches

d
Inches % %; Y, % % % Ys 1
10 31.3 36.5 41.7 46.9 52.1 62.5 72.9 83.3

11 41.6 48.5 55.5 62.4 69.3 83.2 97.1 110.9
12 64.0 63.0 72.0 81.0 90.0 108.0 126.0 144.0
13 68.7 80.1 91.5 103.0 114.4 137.3 160.2 183.1
14 85.8 100.0 114.3 128.6 142.9 171.5 200.1 228.7
15 105.5 123.0 140.6 158.2 175.8 210.9 246.1 281.3
16 128.0 149.3 170.7 192.0 213.3 256. 0 298.7 341.3
17 153.5 179.1 204.7 230.3 255.9 307.1 358.2 409.4
18 182.3 212.6 243.0 273.4 303.8 364.5 425.3 486.0
19 214.3 250.1 285.8 321.5 357.2 428.7 500.1 571.6
20 250.0 291.7 333.3 375.0 416.7 500.0 583.3 666.7

21 289.4 337.6 385.9 434.1 482.3 578.8 675.3 771.8
22 332.8 388.2 443.7 499.1 554.6 665.5 776.4 887.3
23 380.2 443.6 507.0 570.3 633.7 760.4 887.2 101 3.9
24 432.0 504.0 576.0 648.0 720.0 864.0 1008.0 1152.0
25 488.3 569.7 651.0 732.4 813.8 976.6 1139.3 1302.1
26 549.3 640.8 732.3 823.9 915.4 1098.5 1281.6 1464.7
27 615.1 717.6 820.1 922.6 1025.2 1230.2 1435.2 1640.3
28 686.0 800.3 914.7 1029.0 1143.3 1372.0 1600.7 1829.3
29 762.2 889.2 1016.2 1143.2 1270.3 1524.3 1778.4 2032.4
30 843.8 984.4 1125.0 1265.6 1406.3 1687.5 1968.8 2250.0
31 931.0 1086.1 1241.3 1396.5 1551.6 1861 .9 2172.3 2482.6
32 1024.0 1194.7 1365.3 1536.0 1706.7 2048.0 2389.3 2730.7
33 1123.0 1310.2 1497.4 1684.5 1871.7 2246.1 2620.4 2994.8
34 1228.3 1433.0 1637.7 1842.4 2047.1 2456.5 2865.9 3275.3
35 1339.8 1563.2 1786.5 2009.8 2233.1 2679.7 3126.3 3572.9
36 1458.0 1701.0 1944.0 2187.0 2430.0 2916.0 3402.0 3888.0
37 1582.9 1846.7 2110.5 2374.4 2638.2 3165.8 3693.4 4221.1
38 1714.8 2000.5 2286.3 2572.1 2857.9 3429.5 4001.1 4572.7
39 1853.7 2162.7 2471 .6 2780.6 3089.5 3707.4 4325.3 4943.3
40 2000.0 2333.3 2666.7 3000.0 3333.3 4000.0 4666.7 5333.3

41 2153.8 2512.7 2871.7 3230.7 3589.6 4307.6 5025.5 5743.4
42 2315.3 2701.1 3087.0 3472.9 3858.8 4630.5 5402.3 6174.0
43 2484.6 2898.7 3312.8 3726.9 4141.0 4969.2 5797.4 6625.6
44 2662.0 3105.7 3549.3 3993.0 4436.7 5324.0 6211.3 7098.7
45 2847.7 3322.3 3796.9 4271.5 4746.1 5695.3 6644.5 7593.8
46 3041.8 3548.7 4055.7 4562.6 5069.6 6083.5 7097.4 8111.3
47 3244.5 3785.2 4326.0 4866.7 5407.4 6488.9 7570.4 8651.9
48 3456.0 4032.0 4608.0 5184.0 5760.0 6912.0 8064.0 9216.0
49 3676.5 4289.3 4902.0 5514.8 6127.6 7353.1 8578.6 9804.1
50 3906.3 4557.3 5208.3 5859.4 6510.4 7812.5 9114.6 10417
51 4145.3 4836.2 5527.1 6218.0 6908.9 8290.7 9672.5 11054
52 4394.0 5126.3 5858.7 6591.0 7323.3 8788.0 10253 1171 7
53 4652.4 5427.8 6203.2 6978.6 7764.0 9304.8 10856 12406
54 4920.8 5740.9 6561.0 7381.1 8201.3 9841.5 11482 13122

91
.--
~ t
MOMENT OF INERTIA
x- \-.- ·-x
OF ONE PLATE ABOUT AXIS X-X
To obtain the moment of inertia for any thickness of plate not listed below,
multiply the va lu e for a plate one inch thick by the desired thickness.
"--
Depth
d
Inches % l{6 Y,
Thickness t, Inches
% %
,. Ys 1
55 5199.2 6065.8 6932.3 7798.8 8665.4 10398 12132 13865

56 5488.0 6402.7 7317.3 8232.0 9146.7 10976 12805 14635
57 5787.3 6751.8 7716.4 8680.9 9645.5 11575 13504 15433
58 6097.3 7113.5 8129.7 9145.9 10162 12195 14227 16259
59 6418.1 7487.8 8557.5 9627.1 10697 12836 14976 17115
60 6750.0 7875.0 9000.0 10125 11250 13500 15750 18000
61 7093.2 8275.3 9457.5 10640 11822 14186 16551 18915
62 7447.8 8689.0 9930.3 11172 12413 14896 17378 19861
63 7814.0 9116.3 10419 11721 13023 15628 18232 20837
64 8192.0 9557.3 10923 12288 13653 16384 19115 21845
65 8582.0 10012 11443 12873 14303 17164 20025 22885

66 8984.3 10482 11979 13476 14974 17969 20963 23958
67 9398.8 10965 12532 14098 15665 18798 21931 25064
68 9826.0 11464 13101 14739 16377 19652 22927 26203
69 10266 11977 13688 15399 17110 20532 23954 27376
70 10719 12505 14292 16078 17865 21438 25010 28583
72 11664 13608 15552 17496 19440 23328 27216 31104
74 12663 14774 16884 18995 21105 25327 29548 33769
76 13718 16004 18291 20577 22863 27436 32009 36581
78 14830 17301 19773 22245 24716 29660 34603 39546
80 16000 18667 21333 24000 26667 32000 37333 42667

82 17230 20102 22974 25845 28717 34461 40204 45947
84 18522 21609 24696 27783 30870 37044 43218 49392
86 19877 23190 26502 29815 33128 39754 46379 53005
88 21296 24845 28395 31944 35493 42592 49691 56789
90 22781 26578 30375 34172 37969 45563 53156 60750
92 24334 28390 32445 36501 40557 48668 56779 64891
94 25956 30282 34608 38934 43260 51912 60563 69215
96 27648 32256 36864 41472 46080 55296 64512 73728
98 29412 34314 39216 44118 49020 58825 68629 78433
100 31250 36458 41667 46875 52083 62500 72917 83333
102 33163 38690 44217 49744 55271 66326 77380 88434
104 35152 41011 46869 52728 58587 70304 82021 93739
106 37219 43422 49626 55829 62032 74439 86845 99251
108 39366 45927 52488 59049 65610 78732 91854 104976
11 0 41594 48526 55458 62391 69323 83188 97052 110917
11 2 43904 51221 58539 65856 73173 87808 102443 117077
114 46298 54015 61731 69447 77164 92597 108029 123462
11 6 48778 56908 65037 73167 81297 97556 113815 130075
118 51345 59902 68460 77017 85575 102690 119804 136919
120 .54000 63000 72000 81000 90000 108000 126000 144000
122 56745 66203 75660 85118 94575 113491 132406 151321
124 59582 69512 79443 89373 99303 119164 139025 158885
126 62512 72930 83349 93768 104186 125024 145861 166698
128 65536 76459 87381 98304 109227 131072 152917 174763

92
Unit Area.
-B--
x - - - - -d - x r MOMENT OF INERTIA
OF
-;a-J
Unit Area
A PAIR OF UNIT AREAS
ABOUT AXIS X-X
d .0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 _7 .8 .9
--- --- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - --- - --
10 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59
11 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 70 71
12 72 73 74 76 77 78 79 81 82 83
13 85 86 87 88 90 91 92 94 95 97
14 98 99 101 102 104 105 107 108 110 111
15 113 114 116 117 119 120 122 123 125 126
16 128 130 131 133 134 136 138 139 141 143
17 145 146 148 150 151 153 155 157 158 160
18 162 164 166 167 169 171 173 175 177 179
19 181 182 184 186 188 190 192 194 196 198
20 200 202 204 206 208 210 212 214 216 218
21 221 223 225 227 229 231 233 235 238 240
22 242 244 246 249 251 253 255 258 260 262
23 265 267 269 271 274 276 278 281 283 286
24 288 290 293 295 298 300 303 305 308 310
25 313 315 318 320 323 325 328 330 333 335
26 338 341 343 346 348 351 354 356 359 362
27 365 367 370 373 375 378 381 384 386 389
28 392 395 398 400 403 406 409 412 415 418
29 421 423 426 429 432 435 438 441 444 447
30 450 453 456 459 462 465 468 471 474 477
31 481 484 487 490 493 496 499 502 506 509
32 512 515 518 522 525 528 531 535 538 541
33 545 548 551 554 558 561 564 568 571 575
34 578 581 585 588 592 595 598 602 606 609
35 613 616 620 623 627 630 634 637 641 644
36 648 652 655 659 662 666 670 673 677 681
37 685 688 692 696 699 703 707 711 714 718
38 722 726 730 733 737 741 745 749 753 757
39 761 764 768 772 776 780 784 788 792 796
40 800 804 808 812 816 820 824 828 832 836
41 841 845 849 853 857 861 865 869 874 878
42 882 886 890 895 899 903 907 912 916 920
43 925 929 933 937 942 946 950 955 959 964
44 968 972 977 981 986 990 995 999 1004 1008
45 1013 1017 1022 1026 1031 1035 1040 1044 1049 1053
46 1058 1063 1067 1072 1076 1081 1086 1090 1095 1100
47 1105 1109 1114 1119 1123 1128 1133 1138 1142 1147
48 1152 1157 1162 1166 1171 1176 1181 1186 1191 1196
49 1201 1205 1210 1215 1220 1225 1230 1235 1240 1245
I
Copyright, Weiskopf & Pickworth.
93
MOMENT OF INERTIA
38
x-------x
'j-
OF d

ABOUT AXIS X-X
_;B_1
l1nlt Area
d .0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
1250
- -- -
1255
-
1260
- --- - - - - - - - - -
1265 1270 1275 1280
- 1285
-- -1290
-- - - -
1295
50
51 1301 1306 1311 1316 1321 1326 1331 1336 1342 1347
52 1352 1357 1362 1368 1373 1378 1383 1389 1394 1399
53 1405 1410 1415 1420 1426 1431 1436 1442 1447 1453
54 1458 1463 1469 1474 1480 1485 1491 1496 1502 1507
55 1513 1518 1524 1529 1535 1540 1546 1551 1557 1562
56 1568 1574 1579 1585 1590 1596 1602 1607 1613 1619
57 1625 1630 1636 1642 1647 1653 1659 1565 1670 1676
58 1662 1688 1694 1699 1705 1711 1717 1723 1729 1735
59 1741 1746 1752 1758 1764 1770 1776 1782 1788 1794
60 1800 1806 1812 1818 1824 1830 11396 1842 1848 1854
61 1861 1867 1873 1879 1885 1891 1897 1903 1910 1916
62 1922 1928 1934 1941 1947 1953 1959 1966 1972 1978
63 1985 1991 1997 2003 2010 2016 2022 2029 2035 2042
64 2048 2054 2061 2067 2074 2080 2087 2093 2100 2106
65 2113 2119 2126 2132 2139 2145 2152 2158 2165 2171
66 2178 2185 2191 2198 2204 2211 2218 2224 2231 2238
67 2245 2251 2258 2265 2271 2278 2285 2292 2298 2305
66 2312 2319 2326 2332 2339 2346 2353 2360 2367 2374
69 2381 2387 2394 2401 2408 2415 2422 2429 2436 2443
70 2450 2457 2464 2471 2478 2485 2492 2499 2506 2513
71 2521 2528 2535 2542 2549 2556 2563 2570 2578 2585
72 2592 2599 2606 2614 2621 2628 2635 2643 2650 2657
73 2665 2672 2679 2686 2694 2701 2708 2716 2723 2731
74 2738 2745 2753 2760 2766 2775 2783 2790 2798 2805
75 2613 2820 2828 2835 2843 2850 2858 2865 2873 2880
76 2888 2896 2903 2911 2918 2926 2934 2941 2949 2957
77 2965 2972 2980 2988 2995 3003 3011 3019 3026 3034
78 3042 3050 3058 3065 3073 3081 3089 3097 3105 3113
79 3121 3128 3136 3144 3152 3160 3168 3176 3184 3192
80 3200 3208 3216 3224 3232 3240 3248 3256 3264 3272
81 3281 3289 3297 3305 3313 3321 3329 3337 3346 3354
82 3362 3370 3378 3387 3395 3403 3411 3420 3428 3436
83 3445 3453 3461 3469 3478 3486 3494 3503 3511 3520
84 3528 3536 3545 3553 3562 3570 3579 3587 3596 3604
85 3613 3621 3630 3638 3647 3655 3664 3672 3681 3669
86 3698 3707 3715 3724 3732 3741 3750 3758 3767 3776
87 3785 3793 3802 3811 3819 3828 3837 3846 3854 3863
88 3872 3881 3890 3898 3907 3916 3925 3934 3943 3952
89 3961 3969 3978 3987 3996 4005 4014 4023 4032 4041
Copyright, WeiSkopf & Pickworth.
,..
94
Unit Area
x__ B]~x
,
MOMENT OF INERTIA
OF
-;aJ
Unit Are a
ABOUT AXIS X-X
--
d .0 .1 .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9
--- - -- -4077
-- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -
90 4050 4059 4068 4086 4095 4104 4113 4122 4131
91 4141 4150 4159 4168 4177 4186 4195 4204 4214 4223
92 4232 4241 4250 4260 4269 4278 4287 4297 4306 4315
93 4325 4334 4343 4352 4362 4371 4380 4390 4399 4409
94 4418 4427 4437 4446 4456 4465 4475 4484 4494 4503
95 4513 4522 4532 4541 4551 4560 4570 4579 4589 4598
96 4608 4618 4627 4637 4646 4656 4666 4675 4685 4695
97 4705 4714 4724 4734 4743 4753 4763 4773 4782 4792
98 4802 4812 4822 4831 4841 4851 4861 4871 4881 4891
99 4901 4910 4920 4930 4940 4950 4960 4970 4980 4990
100 5000 5010 , 5020 5030 5040 5050 5060 5070 5080 5090
101 5101 5111 5121 51 31 5141 5151 5161 5171 5182 5192
102 5202 5212 5222 5233 5243 5253 5263 5274 5284 5294
103 5305 5315 5325 5335 5346 5356 5366 5377 5387 5398 .
104 5408 5418 5429 5439 5450 5460 5471 5481 5492 5502
105 5513 5523 5534 5544 5555 5565 5576 5586 5597 5607
106 5618 5629 5639 5650 5660 5671 5682 5692 5703 5714
107 5725 5735 5746 5757 5767 5778 5789 5800 5810 5821
108 5832 5843 5854 5864 5875 5886 5897 5908 5919 5930
109 5941 5951 5962 5973 5984 5995 6006 6017 6028 6039
110 6050 6061 6072 6083 6094 6105 6116 6127 6138 6149
111 6161 6172 61 83 6194 6205 6216 6227 6238 6250 6261
112 6272 6283 6294 6306 6317 6328 6339 6351 6362 6373
113 6385 6396 6407 6418 6430 6441 6452 6464 6475 6487
114 6498 6509 6521 6532 6544 6555 6567 6578 6590 6601
115 6613 6624 6636 6647 6659 6670 6682 6693 6705 6716
116 6728 6740 6751 6763 6774 6786 6798 6809 6821 6833
117 6845 6856 6868 6880 6891 6903 6915 6927 6938 6950
118 6962 6974 6986 6997 7009 7021 7033 7045 7057 7069
119 7081 7092 7104 7116 7128 7140 7152 7164 7176 7188
120 7200 7212 7224 7236 7248 7260 7272 7284 7296 7308
121 7321 7333 7345 7357 7369 7381 7393 7405 7418 7430
122 7442 7454 7466 7479 7491 7503 7515 7528 7540 7552
123 7565 7577 7589 7601 7614 7626 7638 7651 7663 7676
124 7688 7700 771 3 7725 7738 7750 7763 7775 7788 7800
125 7813 7825 7838 7850 7863 7875 7888 7900 7913 7925
126 7938 7951 7963 7976 7988 8001 8014 8026 8039 8052
127 8065 8077 8090 8103 8115 8128 8141 8154 8166 8179
128 8192 8205 8218 8230 8243 8256 8269 8282 8295 8308
129 8321 8333 8346 8359 8372 8385 8398 8411 8424 8437
Copytight. Weiskopf & Pickworth.
•
95
AREA OF ONE COVER PLATE
GROSS AREA
I
,. ,.
Plate Thickness, Inches
Ptate Width,
Inchal
;{, % %; Y2 % % l~ l;{s % 1% 1 1% 1,.
I - - -- -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- -- - - - -
24 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0 13.5 15.0 16.5 18.0 19.5 21.0 22.5 24.0 27.0 30.0
22 5.5 6.9 8.2 9.6 11.0 12.4 13.7 15.1 16.5 17.9 19.2 20.6 22.0 24.8 27.5
20 5.0 6.2 7.5 8.7 10.0 11.2 12.5 13.7 15.0 16.2 17.5 18.7 20.0 22.5 25.0
18 4.5 5.6 6.7 7.9 9.0 10.1 11.2 12.4 13.5 14.6 15.8 16.9 18.0 20.3 22.5
16 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
14 3.5 4.4 5.2 6.1 7.0 7.9 8.7 9.6 10.5 11.4 12.2 13.1 14.0 15.7 17.5
12 3.0 3.7 4.5 5.2 6.0 6.7 7.5 8.2 9.0 9.7 10.5 11.2 12.0 13.5 15.0
10 2.5 3.1 3.7 4.4 5.0 5.6 6.2 6.9 7.5 8.1 8.7 9.4 10.0 11.2 12.5
8 2.0 2.5 3 .0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 9.0 10.0
NET AREA
TWO RIVET HOLES DEDUCTED
I Ri",
Diam.
In. ,.
Pl ate
W idth
In.
Plate Thic kn ess, Inches
1;(s
;{, % %; Y, % % , ~,
~ 1;.(6 % 1 1% 1,.
-- ---- - - - ---- -- - - -- -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - -
16 3.6 4.5 5.3 6.2 7.1 8.0 8.9 9.8 10.7 11.6 12.5 13.4 14.2 16.0 17.8
14 3.1 3.8 4.6 5.4 6.1 6.9 7.7 8.4 9.2 10.0 10.7 11.5 12.2 13.8 15.3
% 12
10
2.6
2.1
3.2
2.6
3.8
3.1
4.5
3.6
5.1
4.1
5.8
4.6
6.4
5.2
7.0 7.7 8.3 9.0 9.6 10.2 11.5 12.8
5.7 6.2 6.7 7.2 7.7 8.2 9.3 10.3
8 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.7 3.1 3.5 3.9 4.3 4.7 5.1 5.5 5.9 6.2 7.0 7.8
18 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 10.0 11.0 12.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 16.0 18.0 20.0
16 3.5 4.4 5.2 6.1 7.0 7.9 8.7 9.6 10.5 11.4 12.2 13.1 14.0 15.7 17.5
14 3.0 3.7 4.5 5.2 6.0 6.7 7.5 8.2 9.0 9.7 10.5 11.2 12.0 13.5 15.0
1's 12
10
2.5
2.0
3.1
2.5
3.7
3.0
4.4
3.5
5.0
4.0
5.6 6.2 6.9 7.5 8.1 8.7 9.4 10.0
4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0
11.2
9.0
12.5
10.0
8 1.5 1.9 2.2 2.6 3.0 3.4 3.7 4.1 4.5 4.9 5.2 5.6 6.0 6.7 7.5
22 4.9 6.2 7.4 8.6 9.9 11.1 12.3 13.6 14.8 16.0 17.3 18.5 19.7 22.2 24.7
20 4.4 5.5 6.7 7.8 8.9 10.0 11.1 12.2 13.3 14.4 15.5 16.6 17.7 20.0 22.2
18 3.9 4.9 5.9 6.9 7.9 8.9 9.8 10.8 11.8 12.8 13.8 14.8 15.7 17.7 19.7
1 16 3.4 4.3 5.2 6.0 6.9 7.7 8.6 9.5 10.3 11.2 12.0 12.9 13.7 15.5 17.2
14 2.9 3.7 4.4 5.1 5.9 6.6 7.3 8.1 8.8 9.5 10.3 11.0 11.7 13.2 14.7
12 2.4 3.0 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.5 6.1 6.7 7.3 7.9 8.5 9.1 9.7 11.0 12.2
24 5.4 6.7 8.1 9.4 10.7 12.1 13.4 14.8 16.1 17.5 18.8 20.2 21.5 24.2 26.9
22 4.9 6.1 7.3 8.5 9.7 11.0 12.2 13.4 14.6 15.8 17.1 18.3 19.5 21.9 24.4
20 4.4 5.5 6.6 7.7 8.7 9.8 10.9 12.0 13.1 14.2 15.3 16.4 17.5 19.7 21.9
IVs 18 3.9 4.8 5.8 6.8 7.7 8.7 9.7 10.7 11.6 12.6 13.6 14.5 15.5 17.4 19.4
16 3.4 4.2 5.1 5.9 6.7 7.6 8.4 9.3 10.1 11.0 11.8 12.7 13.5 15.2 16.9
14 2.9 3.6 4.3 5.0 5.7 6.5 7.2 7.9 B.6 9.3 10.1 10.8 11.5 12.9 14.4
24 5.3 6.6 8.0 9.3 10.6 12.0 13.3 14.6 15.9 17.3 18.6 19.9 21.2 23.9 26.6
22 4.8 6.0 7.2 8.4 9.6 10.8 12.0 13.2 14.4 15.6 16.8 18.0 19.2 21.7 24.1
1~ 20
18
4.3
3.8
5.4
4.8
6.5
5.7
7.5 8.6 9.7 10.8 11.9
6.7 7.6 8.6 9.5 10.5
12.9
11.4
14.0
12.4
15.1
13.3
16.2
14.3
17.2
15.2
19.4
17.2
21.6
19.1
16 3.3 4 .1 5.0 5.8 6.6 7.5 8.3 9.1 9.9 10.8 11.6 12.4 13.2 14.9 16.6
Diameter of Hole is assumed J.i in . larger than Nominal Diameter of Rivet.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTR UCTI ON
;
96
GIRDER FLANGE ANGLES
TWO AN GLE FOUR ANGLES
Size
Thick-
ness
GROSS AREA
tr=
1-4 Ls 2,
=t=rru
1- 4 ls 2,
'". In.t 1n. t

'". In.!
'".
9x4 1 24.00 388 7.0 48 2.0
Y, 21.22 347 6.9 43 1.9
ii 18.38 304 6.8 38 1.8
% 15.46 260 6.7 33 1.7
j{, 14.00 236 6.7 30 1.7
Y2 12.50 213 6.6 28 1.6
8x8 1» 33.46 392 4.8

1 30.00 356 4.7
Y, 26.46 318 4.6
ii 22.88 279 4.6
% 19.22 238 4.5
% 17.36 216 4.4
Y, 15.50 195 4.4
8x6 1 26.00 323 5.3 155 3.3

Y, 22.96 289 5.2 140 3.2
ii 19.88 254 5.1 123 3.1
% 16.72 216 5.0 105 3.0
% 15.12 197 5.0 96 3.0
Y, 13.50 177 4.9 87 2.9
8x4 1
". 11.86
22.00
157
278
4.9
6.1
77
46
2.9
2.1
Y, 19.46 249 6.0 42 2.0
ii 16.88 219 5.9 38 1.9
% 14.22 187 5.8 32 1.8
% 12.86 171 5.S 30 1.8
Y, 11.50 154 5.7 27 1.7
7x4
".
y,
10.12
17.72
136
172
5.7
5.1
24
41
1.7
2.1
ii 15.38 151 5.0 36 2.0
% 12.96 130 4.9 31 1.9
% 11.74 118 4.9 29 1.9
Y, 10.50 107 4.8 26 1.8
liS 9.24 95 4.8 23 1.8
% 7.96 82 4.7 20 1.7
6x6 1 22.00 142 3.7

Y, 19.46 128 3.6
ii 16.88 113 3.6
% 14.22 97 3.5
% 12.86 88 3.4
Y, 11.50 80 3.4
".
%
10.12
8.72
71
62
3.3
3.3

97
TWO ANGLES-NET AREA
Si ze
Thick-
ness
I II I 2 H o les Out
RIVETS
I
4 Holes Out
RIVETS
lFo", RIVETS
[e. %1/ Ys" %"
- - 1 Ys"
~II :Va" 1" 1" lYs" ji" 1" 1 Ys"
- - -- -- - -
9x4 1 22.25 22.00 21.75 21.50 20.50 20.00 19.50 19.00 18.75 18.00 17.25 16.50
Ys 19.69 19.47 19.25 19.03 18.16 17.72 17.28 16.84 16.63 15.97 15.31 14.66
'!i 17.07 16.88 16.69 16.50 15.75 15.38 15.00 14.63 14.44 13.88 13.32 12.76
% 14.37 14.21 14.05 13.90 13 .27 12.96 12.65 12.33 12.18 11.71 11.24 10.77
l{o 13.02 12.88 12.73 12.59 12.03 11.75 11.47 11.19 11.05 10.62 10.20 9.78
Y2 11.62 11.50 11.37 11.25 10.75 10.50 10.25 10.00 9.88 9.50 9.12 8.75
8 x8 1Ys 31.49 31.21 30.93 30.65 29.52 28.96 28.40 27.83 27.55 26.71 25.86 25.02
1 28.25 28.00 27.75 27.50 26.50 26.00 25.50 25.00 24.75 24.00 23.25 22.50
Ys 24.93 24.71 24.49 24.27 23.40 22.96 22.52 22.08 21.86 21.21 20.56 19.90
% 21.57 21.38 21.19 21.00 20.25 19.88 19.50 19.13 18.94 18.38 17.82 17.25
% 18.13 17.97 17.81 17.66 17.03 16.72 16.41 16.09 15.94 15.47 15.00 14.53
l{, 16.38 16.23 16.09 15.95 15.39 15.11 14.83 14.55 14.41 13.99 13.57 13.15
Y, 14.62 14.50 14.37 14.25 13.75 13.50 13.25 13.00 12.87 12.50 12.13 11.75
8x 6 1 24.25 24.00 23.75 23.50 22.50 22.00 21.50 21.00 20.75 20.00 19.25 18.50
Ys 21.43 21.21 20.99 20.77 19.90 19.46 19.02 18.58 18.36 17.71 17.06 16.40
'!i 18.57 18.38 18.19 18.00 17.25 16.88 16.50 16.13 15.94 15.38 14.82 14.25
% 15.63 15.47 15.31 15.16 14.53 14.22 13.91 13.59 13.44 12.97 12.50 12.03
n6
Y,
14.14
12.62
13.99
12.50
13.85
12.37
13.71 13.15 12.87 12.59 12.31 12.17 11.75 11.32 10.90
12.25 11.75 11.50 11.25 11.00 10.87 10.50 10.13 9.75
Uti 11.09 10.98 10.88 10.77 10.33 10.11 9.89 9.67 9.56 9.24 8.91 8.58
8 x4 1 20.25 20.00 19.75 19.50 18.50 18.00 17.50 17.00 16.75 16.00 15.25 14.50
Ys 17.93 17.71 17.49 17.27 16.40 15.96 15.52 15.08 14.86 14.21 13.56 12.90
'!i 15.57 15.38 15.19 15.00 14.25 13.88 13.50 13.13 12.94 12.38 11.82 11.25
% 13.13 12.97 12.81 12.66 12.03 11.72 11.41 11.10 10.94 10.47 10.00 9.53
% 11.88 11.73 11.59 11.45 10.89 10.61 10.33 10.05 9.90 9.50 9.09 8.64
Y, 10.62 10.50 10.37 10.25 9.75 9.50 9.25 9.00 8.87 8.50 8.13 7.75
l{G 9.35 9.24 9.14 9.03 8.59 8.37 8.15 7.93 7.83 7.50 7.18 6.84
7x4 Ys 16.19 15.97 15.75 15.53 14.66 14.22 13.78 13.34 13.13 12.47 ---_ .. .. ... __....
'!i 14.07 13.88 13.69 13.50 12.75 12.38 12.00 11.63 11.44 10.88 ---_..... --- .- _ ...
% 11.89 11.73 11.57 11.42 10.79 10.48 10.15 9.84 9.70 9.23 -----_.- - ----..
l{, 10.76 10.61 10.47 10.33 9.77 9.49 9.21 8.93 8.78 8.38 ---_ ... .._-_....
Y2 9.62 9.50 9.37 9.25 8.75 8.50 8.25 8.00 7.87 7.50 --_ ..... ---- - --.
l{, 8.47 8.36 8.26 8.15 7.71 7.49 7.27 7.05 6.95 6.62 --_ ..... ..._ ---.
% 7.32 7.23 7.14 7.04 6.67 6.48 6.27 6.08 6.01 5.73 .__ ..... ._--.o.
6x 6 1 20.25 20.00 19.75 19.50 18.50 18.00 17.50 17.00 16.75 16.00 ----_ ... -----_.
Ys 17.93 17.71 17.49 17.27 16.40 15.96 15.52 15.08 14.87 14.21 ---_... -------
'!i 15.57 15.38 15.19 15.00 14.25 13.88 13.50 13.13 12.94 12.38 ---_ ... -------
% 13.13 12.97 12.81 12.66 12.03 11.72 11 .41 11.09 10.94 10.47 ------- --------
l{, 11.88 11.73 11.59 11.45 10.89 10.61 10.33 10.05 9.91 9.49 -_... __.-
y, 10.62 10.50
--------
10.37 10.25 9.75 9.50 9.25 9.00 8.87 8.50 -----_.. -------
l{, 9.35 9.24 9.14 9.03 8.59 8.37 8.15 7.93 7.82 7.50 ---_... ---------
% 8.06 7.97 7.88 7.78 7.41 7.22 7.03 6.84 6.75 6.47 --- - "-. ----_ ...

98
TWO ANGLES FOUR ANGLES
Sile
Thick-
ness
GROSS AREA
tw= +nu
1- 4 Ls 2y 1- 4 Ls 2,
10. In.z In.4 10. In.4 10.
6x4 Yo 15.96 111 4.2 39 2.2

%' 13.88 98 4.2 35 2.2
% 11.72 84 4.1 30 2.1
%; 10.62 77 4.0 28 2.0
Y, 9.50 70 4.0 25 2.0
U, 8.36 62 3.9 22 1.9
% 7.22 54 3.9 20 1.9
5x5 Yo 15.96 71 3.1
%' 13.88 63 3.0
% 11.72 54 3.0
Y, 9.50 45 2.9
U, 8.36 40 2.8
% 7.22 35 2.8
6x3 Y2 y, 9.00 66 4.2 17 1.7

% 6.84 52 4.1 13 1.6
%" 5.74 44 4.0 11 1.5
5x3Y2 %' 11 .62 56 3.5 22 2.0

% 9.84 48 3.4 19 1.9
Y, 8.00 40 3.3 16 1.8
U, 7.06 36 3.3 14 1.8
% 6.10 31 3.2 13 1.7
%" 5.12 26 3.2 11 1.7
I
5x3 y, 7.50 38 3.5 10 1.5

% 5.72 30 3.4 8 1.4
%; I 4.80 25 3.4 7 1.4
4x4 %' 10.88 31 2.5

% I 9.22 27 2.5
Y, 7.50 22 2.4
U, 6.62 20 2.3
% 5.72 18 2.3
%" 4.80 15 2.2
4x3Y2 % 8.60 26 2.6 18 2.1

Y, 7.00 21 2.5 15 2.0
%; 6.18 19 2.5 14 2.0
% 5.34 17 2.4 12 1.9
%" 4.50 14 2.4 10 1.9
4x3 % 7.96 24 2.7 12 1.7

Y, 6.50 20 2.7 10 1.7
%; 5.74 18 2.6 9 1.6
% 4.96 16 2.6 8 1.6
%; 4.18 14 2.5 7 1.5
%' 3.38 11 2.5 6 1.5

99
TWO ANGLES-NET AREA
Size
Thick_
ness
i l M! lFo~
2 Hol es Out ... Holes Out
RIVETS RIVETS RIVETS

'0. 1 Ys"
-- -- %" %" - 1"- %" 'Ys" -1"- 1Ys" .%" :%" -1"- 1%"
6x4 Ys 14.43 14.21 13.99 13.77 12.90 12.46 12.02 11.58 11.37
~ 12.57 12.38 12.19 12.00 11.25 10.88 10.50 10.13 9.94
% 10.63 10.47 10.31 10.16 9.53 9.22 8.91 8.60 8.44
% 9.64 9.49 9.35 9.21 8.65 8.37 8.09 7.81 7.67
)1 8.62 8.50 8.37 8.25 7.75 7.50 7.25 7.00 6.88
J.(, 7.59 7.48 7.38 7.27 6.83 6.61 6.39 6.1 7 6.06
% 6.56 6.47 6.38 6.28 5.91 5.72 5.53 5.34 5.25
5x5 Ys 14.43 14.21 13.99 13.77 12.90 12.46 12.02 11.58
~ 12.57 12.38 12.19 12.00 11.25 10.88 10.50 10.13
% 10.63 10.47 10.31 10.16 9.53 9.22 8.91 8.59
)1 8.62 8.50 8.37 8.25 7.75 7.50 7.25 7.00
J.(, 7.59 7.48 7.38 7.27 6.83 6.61 6.39 6.17
% 6.56 6.47 6.38 6.28 5.91 5.72 5 .53 5.34
6x3)1 )1 8. 12 8.00 7.87 7.25 7.00 6.38
% 6. 18 6.09 6.00 5.53 5.34 4.87
% 5.19 5.11 5.04 4.65 4.49 4.10
5x3Y2 ~ 10.31 10.12 9.93 8.99 8.62
% 8.75 8.59 8.43 7.65 7 .34
)1 7.12 7.00 6.87 6.25 6.00
J.(, 6.29 6.18 6.08 5.53 5.31
% 5.44 5.35 5.26 4.79 4 .60
% 4.57 4.49 4 .42 4.03 3 .87
5x3 )1 6.62 6.50 5.75 5.50
% 5.06 4.97 4.41 4 .22
% 4 .25 4 .1 7 3.71 3 .55
4x 4 ~ 9.57 9.38 9.19 9.00 8.26 7.88
% 8.13 7.97 7.81 7.66 7.03 6.72
)1 6.62 6.50 6.37 6.25 5.75 5.50
J.(, 5.85 5.74 5.64 5.53 5.09 4.87
Va 5.06 4.97 4.88 4.78 4.41 4 .22
% 4.25 4.17 4.10 4.02 3.71 3.55
4x3)1 % 7.51 7.35 7.19 6.42 6.10
)1 6.12 6.00 5.87 5.25 5.00
>i6 5.41 5.30 5.20 4.65 4.43
% 4.68 4.59 4.50 4.03 3.84
l{, 3.95 3.87 3.80 3.41 3.25
4x3 % 6.87 6.71 5.77 5.46
)1 5.62 5.50 4.75 4.50
>i6 4.97 4 .86 4.21 3.99
Va 4.30 4 .21 3.65 3.46
l{, 3.63 3.55 3.09 2.93
J4 2.94 2.88 2.50 2.38

100
REDUCTION OF AREA FOR RIVET HOLES

AREA I N SQUARE IN CHES - ASS UMED DIAMETER OF H OLE BY TH I CKNESS OF METAL
F O R COMPUTATION P U RPOSES RIVET HOLES SHALL BE TAKEN AT THE NOMINAL
DIAM ETE R OF T HE R I VET PL U S V8 I NCH
Diameter of H ole, Inches

Thickness
of Metal
I nches 1 1;£ I V, I V, 1%
% %: % 1".
!{, .11 7 .141 .1 64 .188 .211 .234 .258 .281 .305

;£ .156 .188 .219 .250 .281 .313 .344 .375 .406
;{, .195 ' .234 .273 .313 .352 .391 .430 .469 .508
V, .234 .281 .328 .375 .422 .469 .516 .563 .609
.273 .328 .383 .438 .492 .547 .602 .656 .711
%
V, .313 .375 .438 .500 .563 .625 .688 .750 .81 3
.352 .422 .492 .563 .633 .703 .773 .844 .914
%
.391 .469 .547 .625 .703 .781 .859 .938 1.01 6
%
l~, .430 .516 .602 .688 .773 .859 .945 1.031 1.117
%: .469 .563 .656 .750 .844 .938 1.031 1.1 25 1.219
1 ~6 .508 .609 .711 .813 .914 1.016 1.117 1.219 1.320

.547 .656 .766 .875 .984 1.094 1.203 1.313 1.422
%
I%; .586 .703 .820 .938 1.055 1.172 1.289 1.406 1.523
1 .625 .750 .875 1.000 1.1 25 1.250 1.375 1.500 1.625
1~, .664 .797 .930 1.063 1.1 95 1.328 1.461 1.594 1.727
1 ". .703 .844 .984 1.125 1.266 1.406 1.547 1.688 1.828
I %; .742 .891 1.039 1.188 1.336 1.484 1.633 1.781 1.930
1;£ .781 .938 1.094 1.250 1.406 1.563 1.719 1.875 2.031
1;{, ----_... _-_.--- .984 1.148 1.313 1.477 1.641 1.805 1.969 2.133
I V, ----------- 1.031 1.203 1.375 1.547 1.71 9 1.891 2.063 2.234
l U, ---.------------ 1.078 1.258 1.438 1.617 1.797 1.977 2.156 2.336
I V, -----_. -- - 1.1 25 1.313 1.500 1.688 1.875 2.063 2.250 2.438
1l{, ----------- - 1.172 1.367 1.563 1.758 1.953 2.148 2.344 2.539
1% --------------- 1.219 1.422 1.625 1.828 2.031 2.234 2.438 2.641
11!-16 ------- -------- 1.266 1.477 1.688 1.898 2.109 2.320 2.531 2.742
1%" -----_ .. _------ 1.313 1.531 1.750 1.969 2.188 2.406 2.625 2.844
1'%; -----_ ..... _- .. . ... .. --._--- .

_ 1.586 1.813 2.039 2.266 2.492 2.719 2.945
1% --_.-.. -------- ... _--------_ .. 1.641 1.875 2.109 2.344 2.578 2.813 3.047
11 ~6 --_0··---------- ... _..... __.... 1.695 1.938 2.180 2.422 2.664 2.906 3.148
2 .... _----_ ..- _. . _---------.- ... 1.750 2.000 2.250 2.500 2.750 3.000 3.250
2!.1ij --._---_. _--_._- .. _---_.... _--- 1.805 2.063 2.320 2.578 2.836 3.094 3.352
2". --------------- ---.. -.. --- ..-.. 1.859 2.125 2.391 2.656 2.922 3.188 3.453
2%; . _-----_. -_.... ................ 1.914 2.188 2.461 2.734 3.008 3.281 3.555
2;£ ........ ...• . .......•......... 1.969 2.250 2.531 2.813 3.094 3.375 3.656
2;{, ........ ... .. ................ 2.023 2.313 2.602 2.891 3.180 3.469 3.758
2 V, ... ........ ..................
~
2.078 2.375 2.672 2.969 3.266 3.563 3.859
2><0 ....... _...... ... ............. 2.133 2.438 2.742 3.047 3.352 3.656 3.961
2 V, ............ ... ................ 2.188 2.500 2.813 3.125 3.438 3.750 4.063
2% ............. ................ 2.297 2.625 2.953 3.281 3.609 3.938 4.266

2% ..... ....... .................. 2.406 2.750 3.094 3.438 3.781 4.1 25 4.469
2% _
..... ....... . ................ 2.516 2.875 3.234 3.594 3.953 4 .313 4.672
3 ..... ....... .................. 2.625 3.000 3.375 3.750 4.125 4.500 4.875
, J
101

Curves are values of Stagger, S, In Inches,
.50 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.30 1M
,,
.10 .20 .30 .40
0
YOrt leal dotted lines are limiting lines
for rive ts wit h nominal di a meters shown.
i~ -; " if*- ,'.- i' ! '
I
I
,
, 2
2
3
3
•
4
" , 4
,
'" ",'
, •"
~ 5
5
<
., ",'
,
~
..
..
.!: 6
,;
:7
0
.'• " ,,
6
7
~
•
0
8 • <, 8
• '" 9
10
" , 10
,
,
" "
12 12
.10 .2 0 .30 .40 .50 .60 .70 .80 .90 1.00 1.10 1.20 1.3 0
Values of S' In Inches,
4,
Tho above chart will simplify the application of the rule for net width, Section 19, Pars.
(c) and Cd ) of the Inst itute Specifications. Entering the chart at left or right with the gauge
"g" and proceeding horizontally to intersection with the curve for the pitch "5", thence verti·
cally to top or bottom, the value of s*g may be read directly.
The exa mple below illustrates the application of the rule, and the use of the chart.
Chain ABC E F
Deduct for 3 holes @ (~~ + SA) ..
, .~,f-1~
- 2.625
BC,9 - 4, s - 2; add s;49 - + 0.25
CE,9 =1 0,s - 21h;addso/49 = + 0.16
fs+\
" Total Deduction -2.215"
, ""f-c ~\' Chain ABC D E F

Deduct for 4 h oles @ n~ tAl) + - - 3.50
0 BC, as above. add - + 0.25
r 2"
E
CD , 9 = 6, s "" 41h; add S%9
DE, 9 = 4, s = 2; add s%g
.,.
-
+ 0.85
+ 0.25
T F T otal Deduction _ - 2.15"

NetWidth - 18.0 - 2.215 . 15.785" . ,
0/01" Rivets
In comparing the path CDE with the path CE. it is see n that if the s um of the two values
of S%9 for CD and DE exceed the single value of S%9 for CE, by more than the deduction for
one hole. then the path CDE is not critical as compared with CE o
Evidently if the value of S'*9 for one leg CD of the path CDE Is greater than the deduction
for one hole, the path CDE cannot be critical as compared with CEo The vertica l dotted lines
in the chart serve to indicate, for the respective rivet di a meters noted at the top thereof, that
any value of s~g to the right of such line is derived from a non-critical chain which need not
be further considered.
AMERICAN tNSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

102
DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES

OF PLATE AND ANGLE GIRDERS
These tables of plate girders have been compiled for the purpose of showing certain
economies in their use for average spans and relatively light loads.
Moments of inertia and section moduli are given for both gross and net flange
areas as may be preferred by the designer, although the A. 1. S. C. Specification, upon
which the tables are based, permits of gross area being used. No provision has been
made in spacing of flange rivets for concentrated external loads or forces, and such
loads or forces coming upon the girders should be provided for by stiffen~rs or by other
equally effective devices.
E_
=1 ALLOWABLE WEB SHEARS
PER SQUARE INCH FOR
r~,
hJ UNSTIFFENED WEBS
*~C~OO)' L
v= ='='
Total shear in Ihs. [See A. r. S. C. Specification, Sec. 26(b) and (o) J
~!k.
A - Gross area of web in sq. in.
V V V V V V
h h h h h h
A A A T A A T A
T (Kips)
T ( Kips )
T ( Kips) ( Kips)
T (Kips) (Kips)
I
I-
70 13.00 80 10.00 90 7.90 100 6.40 110 5.29 125 4.10
71 12.70 81 9.76 91 7 .73 101 6.27 111 5.19 130 3.79
72 12.35 82 9.52 92 7.56 102 6.15 112 5.10 135 3.51
73 12.01 83 9.29 93 7.40 103 6.03 113 5.01 140 3.27
74 11.69 84 9.07 94 7.24 104 5.92 114 4.93 145 3.04
75 11.38 85 8.86 95 7.09 105 5.81 115 4.84 150 2.84
76 11.08 86 8.65 96 6.94 106 5.70 117 4.68 155 2.66
77 10.79 87 8.46 97 6.80 107 5.59 119 4.52 160 2.50
78 10.52 88 8.26 98 6.66 108 5.49 121 4.37 165 2.35
79 10.26 89 8.08 99 6.53 109 5.39 123 4.23 170 2.22

103
PLATE AND ANGLE GIRDERS

44
tii x-- ·-x
MATERIALS
PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS
SHORT LEGS CONNECTED TO WEB PLATE
~" RIVETS
GROSS SECTION NET SECTION

I
Maxi·
Weight M",. M", .
per Foot m"m Rivet
Allow- Allow- Allow-
Two including Factor
0" Four Cover Rivets Ix Sx able
Mo-
Ix Sx able
Mo-
able
Shear
Wob Anglos
Plate Plates rnent ment
- -- -~
In.4
~~
-- ~~
~~
- - -Kips- - -
I~
Lb. In.3 1n.4 I n.3 Ft. Kips In. Kips
5 x 3% X % 100.1 8037 365 608 7249 329 548 107 702

5 X 3Y2 X Us 106.5 8885 404 673 8010 364 607 107 671
5x3%x% 112.9 9705 441 735 8742 398 663 107 648
5 X 3% X % 125.7 11312 514 857 10174 462 770 107 615
5 X 3Y2 X % 137.7 12844 584 973 11531 524 873 107 590
5 X 3% X % 12 xU 139.3 12642 568 947 11 386 512 853 107 613
5 X 3% X % 12 X Ys 149.5 14134 632 1053 12660 566 943 107 603
5 X 3% X % 12 X % 159.7 15646 695 1158 13952 620 1033 107 597
~
6 X 4 X % 107.7 8996 409 682 8247 375 625 11 3 666
-;;;
ii:
.0
~
6
6
6
X
X
X
4
4
4
X
X'"
x%
%
115.7
123.3
130.9
9996
10984
11958
454
499
544
757
832
907
9164
10053
10954
417
457
498
695
762
830
113
113
113
640
620
604
3: 6 X 4 X % 138.5 12910 587 978 11823 537 895 113 591
~ 6 X 4 X %: 152.9 14752 671 1118 13498 613 1022 113 572
x 6 X 4 X ~ 167.3 16528 751 1252 15108 687 1145 113 558
6 X 4 X % 14 X % 192.1 19841 882 1470 17943 797 1328 113 593
.
~
M 6 X 4
6
X % 14 X % 204.0
119.1
21621 956
9853 448
1593 19506 862 1437 113 590
6 X X % 747 9095 413 688 143 626

6
'"
X 6 X 128.3 11016 501 835 10163 462 770 143 603
6 X 6 X % 137.9 12149 552 920 11211 509 848 143 585
6 X 6 x% 147.1 13252 602 1003 12229 556 927 143 572
6 X 6 X % 156.3 14354 652 1087 13245 602 1003 143 561
6 X 6 X %: 174.3 16488 750 1250 15209 691 1151 143 544
6 X 6 X ~ 191.9 18509 841 1402 17059 775 1291 143 531
6 X 6 X % 14 X Y2 209.9 21784 946 1577 19389 862 1437 143 540
6 X 6 X % 14 X % 221.8 23069 1020 1700 20951 926 1543 143 537
To obtain rivet pitch in any panel divide Rivet Factor by Shear in that panel. CAUTION: Notapplicable
for rivets carrying both horizontal and vertical shearing stresses.
Maximum A!lowable Bending Moments are permissible only when compression flange is fully supported
laterally.
Weight of rivets is based on spacing of 4 inches

104
40
I
MATERIALS
%If RIVETS

tt
Maxi-
Weight Max. MaJ;. m,m
per Foot Allow- Allow- Allow- Rivet
including Factor
0" Four
Two
Cover Rivets I, S, able
Mo-
I, S, able
Mo-
able
Shear
W,b Angles Plates mant ment
Plata
- -- - -
Lb. I n.4
-In.3- Ft.
-- -- -- -- -- - -
Kips In.4 In. 3 Ft. Kips Kips In. Kips
- - -- -- --- - --- - - -
5x3 Yzx% 94.9 64Q() 320 533 5762 288 480 122 617
5x3 Yzx~6 101 .4 71Q() 355 592 6391 319 531 122 592
5x3YzxYz 107.8 7773 389 648 6993 349 581 122 573
5x372X% 120.6 9087 454 757 8166 408 680 122 546
5x3Yzx% 132.6 10334 517 862 9271 464 773 122 527
5 X 3Yz X Yz 134.2 10203 504 840 9166 453 755 122 546
... 5 X 3Yz X Yz
12x'X!
12 X % 144.4 11441 562 937 10224 502 836 122 539
5 X 372 X Yz 12 X Y2 154.6 12694 619 1032 11294 551 918 122 535
6 X 4 X % 101.7 7191 360 600 6588 329 548 130 588

m
4 !i6 110.6 8010 400 667 7340 367 611 130 567
" 6 X X
0:: 6 X 4 X Y, 118.2 8818 441 735 8081 404 673 130 550
~
m 6 X 4 X ?1'6 125.8 9613 481 802 8809 440 733 130 537
;;; 6 X 4 X % 133.4 10391 520 867 9520 476 793 130 526
6 4 X % 147.8 11899 595 992 10894 545 908 130 510
~ X
x 6 X 4 X Ys 162.2 13343 667 11 12 12204 610 1016 130 499
6 X 4 X % 14 X Yz 187.0 161 32 787 1312 14567 711 1185 130 533
~ 6 X 4 X % 14 X % 198.9 17611 854 1423 15861 770 1283 130 531
'"'" 6 X6 X 114.0 7766 388 647 7146 357 595 170 546
%
6 X6 X U6 123.2 8804 440 733 8115 406 677 170 534
6 X 6 X Y, 132.8 9725 486 810 8967 448 767 170 520
6 X6 X ?1's 142.0 10618 531 885 9791 490 816 170 508
6 X6 X % 151.2 11516 576 960 10620 531 885 170 499
6 X 6 X % 169.2 13246 662 1103 12212 611 1018 170 485
6 X6 X Ys 186.8 14917 746 1243 13746 687 1145 170 475
6 X 6 X % 14 X Yz 204.8 17256 841 1402 15694 785 1308 170 484
6 X6 X % 14 x % 216.7 18735 1 908 1513 16979 849 1415 170 482
To obtain rivet pitch in any panel divide Rivet Factor by Shear in that panel. CAUTION: Not applicable
Maximum Allowable Bending Moments are pennissible only when compression flange is fully supported
laterally.
Weight of rivets is based on spacing of 4 inches.

105
PLATE AND ANGLE GIRDERS 36
tt MATERIALS
%" RIVETS

I
M axi-
we~ht Max. M",. m"m
per oo t Allow- Allow- Allow- Rivet
000 Two including
I, S, able I, S, able able Factor
W,b Four Cover Rivets M~ Mo· Shear
Plate Angles Plates mont ment
- - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - - - - -
Lb. In,4 In,3 Ft. Kips In.4 In,l Ft. K ips Kips In. Kips
- - - --- - - - - - - -- - - - - - -
5 X 372 X % 89.9 4995 278 463 4491 249 415 143 538
5 3% X ~6
X 96.3 5551 308 513 4991 277 461 143 517
5 X 3Yz X Yz 102.7 6088 338 563 5472 304 507 143 501
5 X 3Yz X Ys 115.5 7138 397 662 6410 356 594 143 479
5x3 yzx% 127.5 8137 452 753 7297 405 675 143 464
5 X 3}1 X Y2 12 X J1. 129.1 8059 442 733 7220 396 660 143 482
5 X 3)1 X )1 12 X % 139.3 9065 493 822 8080 440 733 143 477
5 X 3)1 X )1 12 X )1 149.5 10084 545 909 8950 484 806 143 475
~ 6 X 4 X VB 97.5 5618 312 520 5144 286 476 152 514

1;;
0::
6 X 4 X Us 105.5 6275 349 582 5749 319 532 152 496
.0
6 X 4 X )1 113.1 6921 385 642 6342 352 587 152 482
~ 6 X 4 X ~ 120.7 7557 420 700 6926 385 642 152 472
3 6 X 4 X VB 128.3 8178 454 757 7494 416 694 152 463
~ 6 X 4 X %: 142.7 9380 521 858 8591 477 795 152 450
x 6 X 4 X Ys 157.1 10532 585 975 9638 535 892 152 440
~
6 X 4 X Va 14 X )1 181.9 12841 694 1157 11575 626 1043 152 475
6 X 4 X Va 14 X ~ 193.8 14047 754 1257 12617 679 1132 152 474
'"'"
6 X 6 X VB 108.9 6127 340 567 5639 313 522 173 484
6 X 6 X '!{s 118.1 6873 382 637 6331 352 587 173 468
6 X 6 X )1 127.7 7603 422 704 7006 390 650 173 456
6 X 6 X Us 136.9 8308 462 770 7657 425 709 173 447
6 X 6 X Va 146.1 9023 501 835 8318 462 770 173 439
6 X 6 X %: 164.1 10393 577 962 9579 532 887 173 427
6 X 6 X Ys 181.7 11695 650 1083 10773 598 997 173 418
6 X 6 X Va 14 X Yz 199.7 13685 739 1232 12422 671 1118 173 429
6 X 6 X Va 14 X % 211.6 14892 799 1332 13474 723 1205 173 428
To obtain rivet pitch in any panel divide Rivet Factor by Shear in that panel. CAliTION: Notapplicable
for rivets carrying both horizontal and vertical shearing s tresses.
Maximum Allowable Bending Moments are pcnnissible only when compression flange is fully supported
laterally.

106
32
I
MATERI ALS
SHORT LEGS CONNECTED TO
%" RIVETS
GROSS SECTION
WEB P LATE
NET SECTION
tt
Maxi·
We~ht Mu. Mu. m,m
per oot Allow- Allow- Allow- Ri vet
Two includi ng able able able Factor
0"
W.b Four Cover Rivets Ix Sx M<>-
Ix Sx M<>- Shear
Plate Anoles Plates ment ment
- Lb.
- --In.4- -I n.'
-- - - - - - - -- - - - - - -
Ft. K ips In.4 Ft. Kips Kips In. Kips
-- - - - - - - In.'
-- - - - - - -
4 X 3 X Ji 59.7 2393 150 250 2105 132 220 91 435

4 X 3 X >i6 65.3 2762 173 288 2429 152 253 91 407
4 X 3 X % 70.5 3119 195 325 2742 172 286 91 388
4 X 3 X '!16 75.7 3475 217 362 3053 191 318 91 374
4 X 3 X % 80.9 3815 238 397 3348 209 348 91 363
4 X 3 X % 90.9 4470 279 465 3916 245 408 91 344
4 X 3 X % 10 X M 103.9 5115 315 525 4454 274 457 91 345
4 X 3 X % 10 X % 112.4 5781 353 588 5001 305 508 91 340
4 X 3 X % 10 X Y2 120.9 6455 391 651 5559 337 562 91 337
~
-;;; 5 X 37'2 X % 71.3 3178 199 331 2856 178 297 98 384
0:: 5 X 37'2 X % 78.1 3623 226 377 3258 204 340 98 368
.0 5 X 3% X hi 84.5 4056 254 423 3649 228 380 98 . 356
~
:;: 5 X 372 X Y2 90.9 4474 280 467 4024 252 420 98 348
5 X 3% X % 103.7 5291 331 553 4755 297 495 98 335
3£ 5 X 3}1 X ~ 115.7 6065 379 632 5443 340 567 98 326
x
5 X 37'2 X Y2 12 X ~ 117.3 6034 371 618 5373 331 552 98 335
~ 5 X 372 X Y2 12 X % 127.5 6832 417 695 6052 369 615 98 331
;;; 5 X 3% X % 12 X Yz 137.7 7642 463 772 6746 408 680 98 328
6 X 4 X % 85.7 4109 257 428 3770 235 392 107 354

6 X 4 X J.fo 93.7 4618 289 481 4239 265 441 107 345
6 X 4 X % 101.3 5120 320 533 4701 294 490 107 337
6 X 4 X J.fo 108.9 5614 351 585 5155 322 539 107 331
6 X 4 X % 116.5 6097 381 635 5598 349 582 107 326
6 X 4 X %: 130.9 7028 439 732 6450 403 672 107 318
6 X 4 X Ys 145.3 7920 495 825 7263 454 757 107 313
6 X 4 X % 14 X Y2 170.1 9794 594 990 8793 532 887 107 331
6 X 4 X % 14 X % 182.0 10753 647 1078 9633 579 965 107 329
To obtain rivet pitch in any panel divide Rivet Factor by Shear in that panel. CAUTION: N ot a pplicable
for ri vets carrying both horizontal and vertical shearing s tresses.
Maximum Allowable Bending Moments a re permissible only when compression flange is full y s upported
laterally.
Weight of rive ts is based on spacing o f 4 inches.

107

28
tt M ATERIALS
%" RIVETS

I
Maxi-
W6~ht Mal(. Max. m,m
per oot Allow- Allow- Allow- Rivet
0", Two including able able able Factor
Wob Four Cover Rivets Ix Sx MOo
Ix Sx Mo- Shear
Plate Angles Plates ment mant
- - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - -
Lb. In.4 In.3 Ft. Kips In.4 In.' Ft. Kips Kips In. Kips
- - - -- - -- - - - - - -
4 X 3 X M 55.4 1736 124 207 1523 109 182 111 363
4 X 3 X \i. 61.0 2014 144 240 1768 126 210 111 341
4 X 3 X % 66.2 2283 163 272 2003 143 238 111 327
4 X 3 X '!{6 71.4 2551 182 303 2238 160 267 111 316
4 X 3 X Yo 76.6 2806 201 335 2460 176 293 111 307
4 X 3 X % 86.6 3298 236 393 2887 206 346 111 296
4 X 3 X Yo lOx ~ 99.6 3804 267 445 3299 232 387 111 295
4 X 3 X Yo 10 X % 108.1 4314 300 500 3719 259 432 11 I 292
4 X 3 X Yo 10 X Y2 116.6 4836 334 557 4150 286 477 111 289
0>
-:0 5 X 3J,t2 X ~ 67.0 2326 166 277 2090 149 248 112 324
0:: 5 X 3}1 X Va 73.8 2661 190 317 2393 171 285 112 311
.,
0> 5 X 371 x}Js 80.2 2987 214 357 2688 192 320 112 302
;;: 5 X 3Y, X Y, 86.6 3300 236 393 2969 212 353 112 296
5 X 331 X % 99.4 3912 279 465 3518 251 418 112 286
~ 5 X 371 X % 111.4 4492 321 535 4035 288 480 112 279
X
5 X 3J.t2 X Yz 12 X M 113.0 4497 316 527 3992 280 467 112 287
~
.... 5 X 37'1 X Yz 12 X Y2 123.6 5110 356 593 4515 314 523 112 284
5 X 372 X Yz 12 X Yo 133.8 5736 396 660 5050 348 580 112 283
'"
6 X 4 X % 81.4 3024 216 360 2778 198 330 112 301
6 X 4 X ~ 89.4 3407 243 405 3131 224 373 112 293
6 X 4 X Yo 97.0 3783 270 450 3479 248 413 112 287
6 X 4 X % 104.6 4153 297 495 3819 272 453 112 282
6 X 4 X % 112.2 4515 322 537 4153 296 493 112 279
6 X 4 X % 126.6 5210 372 620 4790 342 570 112 273
6 X 4 X Y, 141.0 5876 420 700 5399 385 641 112 268
6 X 4 X % 14 X Y, 165.8 7358 507 845 6593 454 756 112 286
6 X 4 X % 14 X % 177.7 8099 554 923 7241 496 827 112 284
To obtain rivet pitch in any panel divide Rivet Factor by Shear in that panel. CAUTION: Not applicable
Maximum Allowable Bending Moments are permissible only when compression flange is fully supported
laterally.

108

24
:[
MATERIALS
PRO PERTIES OF SECTIONS
S HORT LEGS CONNECTED TO WEB PLATE
~If RIVETS

ITi x-· -- x
,
Maxi-
We~ht Max . Max. mom
per oot Allow- AUow_ Allow- Rivet
including Factor
0"
W,b Four
Tw,
Gover Rivets I, S, able
M ,-
I, S, able
M~
able
Shear
Plate Angles Plates mont mont
--- - -- - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - -
Lb. In.4 In.3 Ft. Kips In.4 In,3 Ft. Kips Kips I n. Kips
- - - - - - - - - -- - -- - - - - - -
4 3 X J4
X 51.2 1201 100 167 1051 87 145 95 296
4 3 X Vt6
X 56.8 1401 117 195 1229 102 170 95 280
4 X 3 X Ys 61.0 1594 133 222 1399 116 193 95 269
4 X 3 X li6 67.2 1787 149 248 1569 131 218 95 261
4 X 3 X Y, 72.4 1970 164 273 1729 144 240 95 255
4 , 3 X % 82.4 2322 194 323 2035 169 282 95 246
4 X 3 X Y, 10 X ~ 95.4 2705 221 368 2335 191 318 95 248
4 X 3 X Y, 10 X Ys 103.9 3084 249 415 2648 214 356 95 245
4 X 3 X Y, 10 X Yz 112.4 3470 278 463 2966 237 395 95 243
~ 5x3Yzx§{6 62.8 1624 135 225 1461 122 203 95 267

c:: 5 X 3Yz X % 69.6 1865 155 258 1679 140 233 95 257
.0
~
5x3Y2xBij 75.8 2098 175 292 1890 158 263 95 251
~ 5 X 3% X Yz 82.4 2322 194 323 2092 174 290 95 245
5 X 3Yz X % 95.2 2761 230 383 2487 207 390 95 238
~ 5x3Y2x~ 107.2 3172 264 440 2854 238 397 95 233
~
5 X 3)1 X Yz 12 X Y.i 108.8 3204 262 464 2834 231 385 95 240
SR 5x3 )1 xYz 12 X % 11 9.0 3659 296 493 3222 260 433 95 239
'"
N. 5 X 3Yz X Yz 12 X Yz 129.2 4123 330 550 3619 289 482 95 238
6 X 4 X % 77.2 2124 177 295 1956 163 272 95 249

6 X 4 X '!16 85.2 2398 200 333 2210 184 306 95 244
6 X 4 X Y, 92.8 2666 222 370 2458 204 340 95 239
6 X 4 X %; 100.4 2931 244 407 2703 225 375 95 236
6 X4 X % 108.0 3189 266 443 2941 245 408 95 233
6 X4 X ii 122.4 3683 307 512 3396 283 471 95 228
6 X4 X J1i 136.8 4156 346 577 3829 319 530 95 224
6 X 4 X% 14 X Yz 161.6 5290 423 705 4717 377 628 95 232
6 X4 X% 14 X % 173.5 5842 463 772 5212 413 688 95 232
To obtain rivet pitch in any panel d ivide Rivet Factor by Shear in that panel. CAUTION: Not applicable
Maximum Allowable Bending Moments are permissible only when compression flange is fully supported
laterally.

109
==-~
PLATE AND ANGLE COLU MNS
t
•
~
x--- .- · - x
PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS I"
.-JL
S H OR T LEGS CO N NECTED TO W EB P L A TE
+
MATERIAL AX I S X- X AXIS v -v
Weight
Total PO'
Gross
Depth Foot Area
DO' Four
Two I S r I S r
W,b Cover
-- -- -- -- -- - -
'0. - - -In:- --
Plate Angles Plates
'0.Lb. I n.2 In.4
-- -- -- - - --
In.3
- - - - -'0.-
In.4 3
16 X 1 % 8x8xl Ys 24 X 3% 24 91 4 268.9 21808 1817.3 9.01 9677 806.4 6.00

24 X 3 78 23% 894 262.9 20951 1764.3 8.93 9389 782.4 5.98
24 X 3X 23 X 874 256.9 2011 4 1711.8 8.85 9101 758.4 5.95
23 X 3X 23 X 850 249.9 19407 1651.7 8.81 8135 707.4 5.70
16 X 1 % 8xaxlYs 23 X 3 % 23,. 830 244.2 18615 1601.3 8.73 7881 685.3 5.68
23 X 3U 23 81 1 238.4 17846 1551.8 8.65 7627 663.2 5. 66
23 X 3Ys 22% 791 232.7 17095 1502.9 8.57 7374 641.2 5.63
23 X 3 227'2 772 226.9 16358 1454.0 8.49 71 20 619.1 5.60
16 X 1 Ys 8x8xl 23 X 3Ys 22% 754 221.8 16773 1474.5 8.70 7211 627.0 5.70
23 X 3 22X 734 216.0 16037 1425.5 8.62 6957 605.0 5.67
22 X 3 22X 714 210.0 15462 1374.4 8.58 6198 563.5 5.43
15 X 1 8x6x l 22 X3 Ys 21 %' 695 204.5 14396 1323.8 8.39 6386 580.5 5.59
22 X 3 21X 677 199.0 13753 1279.3 8.31 6164 560.4 5.57
8 x 6xl 22 X 2 % 21 ,. 658 193.5 13136 1236.3 8.24 '942 540.2 5.54
22 X 2% 21 639 188.0 12522 1192.6 8.16 5721 520.1 5.52
22 X 2% 20% 621 182.5 11924 1149.3 8.08 5499 499.9 5.49
22 X 27'2 20X 602 177.0 11338 1106.1 8.00 5277 479.7 5.46
8x6x;Y8 22 X 2 7'2 20X 581 170.9 111 19 1084.8 8.07 5171 470.1 5.50
22 X 2% 20,. 563 165.4 10549 1041.9 7.99 4949 449.9 5.47
2 1 X 2 Ys 20,. 547 160.7 10168 1004.2 7.96 4400 419.0 5.24
8x4xl 20 X 2% 20,. 524 154.0 9937 981.4 8.03 4001 400.1 5.10
20x 2~ 20 507 149.0 9429 942.9 7. 95 3834 383.4 5.07
19 X 27a' 20 491 144.5 9073 907.3 7.92 3406 358.5 4.86
14 X 1 8x4xl 19 X 2,. 19 488 143.5 7999 842.0 7.46 3406 358.5 4.87
18 X 2 ,. 19 473 139.0 7682 808.6 7.43 3021 335.7 4 .66
14xl7fj 8x4x ~ 18 X 2 ,. 19 461 135.7 7533 792.9 7.45 2933 325.9 4.65
18 X 2 Ys 18% 446 131.2 7132 760.8 7.37 2812 312.4 4 .63
14 X % 8x 4 xys 17 X 2,. 19 428 125.9 7130 750.5 7.53 2536 298.4 4.49
8x4x Ys 17 X 2 18X 399 11 7.4 6383 690.1 7.37 2332 274.4 4.46
8x4x ys 17xl%, 18 371 108.9 5675 630.6 7.22 2127 250.2 4.42
14 X 1~ 8x4x ys 17 X 1% 17% 359 105.6 5352 603.0 7.12 2033 239.2 4.39
17x 17'2 17X 345 101.3 5022 573.9 7.04 1931 227.2 4.37
17 X 1 % 17,. 330 97.05 4701 545.0 6.95 1828 215.1 4 .34
17 X 1M 17 316 92.80 4390 516.5 6.88 1726 203 .1 4.31
17 x l Ys 16% 301 88.55 4087 488.0 6.79 1623 190.9 4.28
Properties are given (or gross section: properties of net section must be used if extreme fibers are in tension.
Weights given do not include rivet heads.
A MER ICAN I N S TIT U T E OF S TEE L C O N STRUCTIO N

110
'-.,
U
'r
..JL
PLATE AND ANGLE COLUMNS
~
1; x--- f-- - x
•
~
JL
+
MATERIAL AXIS X-X AXIS V - V
Weight
Total pO' G....
Depth Am I 5 r
0",
Four
Two Foot I 5 r
W.b Cover
Plate Angles Plates -- - - -In.2- - In.4- - - - - -- -- --
'0. -
Lb.
- -- -- --
In.3
- '0--
In.4
-- --
In .3
-'0-
-
14 X % 8x4x %' 16 x 1 ~ 17 287 84.26 4035 474.7 6.92 1447 180.9 4_14
7x4x Ys 16 X 1 16)1 265 77.94 3500 424.2 6.70 1158 144_8 3_86
7x4x%, 16 x 1 16)1 249 73.26 3335 404_2 6.75 1090 136_3 3_86
7 x4x% 16 X Va 16Ji 236 69.26 3067 377.5 6.65 1005 125.6 3_81
7 x4x%, 16 x l~ 16Ys 229 67.26 2931 363.5 6.60 962 120.3 3_78
14x 1!16 7 X 4 X ~ 16 x%' 16 219 64.39 2788 348.5 6.58 914 114.3 3.77
7x4x %' 16x 1!.{6 15Ys 212 62.39 2661 335.2 6.53 871 108.9 3.74
14x% 7 x 4 x .%' 16 X % 15% 202 59.51 2521 320.1 6.51 823 102.9 3.72
14 x % 7x4x% 16 X % 15% 192 56.84 2384 305.2 6.49 775 96.9 3.70
14 x % 7 X 4 X % 16 x % 15% 186 54.67 2347 298.0 6.55 756 94.5 3.72
14 x % 7 X4 X % 16 X Us 15% 176 51.80 2210 282.9 6.53 709 88.6 3.70
14 x Y2 7 X4 X % 16 x Y2 15)1 166 48.92 2072 267.4 6.51 661 82.6 3_68
7 X4 x % 15 X U6 15% 157 46.05 1903 247.5 6.43 566 75.5 3.51
7 X4 X % 15 x ~ 15Ji 150 44.17 1794 235.3 6.37 531 70.8 3.47
7 X 4 X % 15 x Ys 15Ji 142 41.73 1700 223.0 6.38 499 66.5 3.46
14 X % 7x4x Va - 14)1 139 40.69 1489 205.4 6.05 437 60.8 3.28
14x )1 7x 4x % - 14)1 128 37.76 1348 185.9 5.98 386 53.2 3.20
14 X % 7x 4X% - 14 72 123 36.01 1324 182.6 6.06 375 52.2 3.23
1.4 X )1 7x 4x % - 14 71 11 2 32.92 1171 161.5 5.96 320 44.1 3.12
14 X Va 7 X4 X% - 14)1 104 30.48 1078 148.7 5_95 288 39.7 3_08
7x4x?{6 - 14)1 97.9 28.73 1049 144.7 6.04 280 39.0 3.12
7 x4x )1 - 14)1 89.5 26.25 953 131.4 6.03 249 34.6 3.08
6x4xY2 - 14)1 82.7 24.25 856 118.1 5.94 160 25.9 2.57
6x4x?{s - 1472 75.1 21 .97 770 106.2 5.92 139 22.5 2.52
5x3 )1x )1 - 14)1 72.3 21.25 745 102.8 5.92 94.7 18.3 2.11
5x3 )1 x U. - 14)1 65.9 19.37 673 92.8 5.89 82.3 15.9 2.06
5x3 Y2x % - 14)1 59.5 17.45 597 82.3 5.85 70.6 13.6 2.01
4x3xUs - 14% 57.1 16.73 572 78.9 5.85 43.6 10.4 1.61
4x3X% - 14)1 51.9 15.17 509 70.2 5.79 37.3 8.9 1.57
14 X ~6 4x3x % - 14 )1 48.9 14.30 495 68.3 5.88 36.3 8.7 1.59
4 X3 X ~ - 14)1 43.7 12.74 431 59.4 5.81 30.3 7.3 1.54
12 X % 6x4 X % 13 X % 14 191 56.26 1742 248.9 5.56 540 83.1 3.10
6 X4 X % l3 x % 14 177 51.94 1634 233 .4 5.61 495 76.2 3.09
12 X % 6x 4 X % 13 x % 13% 161 47.20 1460 212.4 5.56 442 68.0 3.06
12x'U6 6 X4 X % 13 x Yz 13)1 147 43.19 1300 192.6 5.49 393 60.5 3.02
Pro~i es are given for gross section ; properties of net section must be used if extreme fibers are in tension.
WeIghts given do not include rivet heads.

,
111
PLATE AND ANGLE COLUMNS

J~
'1+
• x--- - --x
• PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS
y
MATERIAL A XIS X - X AXIS V - V

Weight
Total po< Gross
Depth Foot Area
0" Four
Two I S r I S r
Wob Cover
Plats Angles Plates - '0-. ---- -- -- -'0- ---
. In.4
- --
-'0-
.
Lb. I n.2 In.4 In.' In.3
-- -- -- -- - - -- - -
12 X Yz 6 x 4 X % 13 x % 1374' 134 39.20 1145 172.8 5.41 344 52.9 2.96
6x 4 xUs 13 x ~6 13» 120 35.36 1017 155.0 5.36 300 46.2 2.91
6x 4 x Ys - 12 72 100 29.44 741 118.6 5.02 206 33.0 2.65
6 X4 X ~ - 12)1 92.8 27.24 683 109.3 5.01 186 29.8 2.61
12 x % 6 X4 X~ - 12)1 87.7 25.74 665 106.4 5.08 180 29.1 2.64
6x 4 x )1 - 12}2 80.1 23.50 605 96.8 5.07 160 25.9 2.61
6x 4 x ~6 - 12 )1 72.5 21.22 544 87.0 5.06 139 22.5 2.56
6x 4 x Ys -- 12)1 64.5 18.94 481 77.0 5.04 119 19.2 2.51
5x3J1x ~ 12)1 63.3 18.62 476 76.2 5.06 82.3 15.9 2.10
12 X % 5x3 )1x U. - 12)1 60.8 17.87 467 74.7 5.1 1 80.7 15.7 2.13
5x3%x % - 12)1 54.4 15.95 41 2 65.9 5.08 69.2 13.4 2.08
4 x3x,!{s - 12 )1 52.0 15.23 395 63.2 5.09 42.4 10.2 1.67
4x3x 78 - 12 )1 46.8 13 .67 350 56.0 5.06 36.3 8.7 1.63
4 x3x ~6 - 12)1 41.6 12.11 304 48.6 5.01 30.3 7.3 1.58
10 X )1 5x3 )1x % 11 X 1>16 11 % 136 39.81 898 151.2 4.75 276 50.2 2.63
10 X '!{6 5x3 }2x % 11 x U6 11 % 124 36.43 798 137.3 4.68 245 44.5 2.59
5x3 )1x )1 11 X?{6 11 % 111 32.75 734 126.3 4.73 221 40.2 2.60
10 X % 5x3 )1x )1 11 x Us 11 % 99.9 29.38 637 112.0 4.66 192 34.9 2.55
5x3Yzx Yz 11 x ~6 11 » 90.5 26.63 551 99.1 4.55 164 29.8 2.48
5x3Yz x % - 10)1 80.0 23.43 413 78.7 4.20 118 22.7 2.25
10 X ~ 5x3 )1x )1 - 10% 65.0 19.13 344 65.5 4 .24 92.7 18.0 2.20
5x3Yzx 'Us - 10)1 58.6 17.25 310 59.0 4 .24 80.7 15.7 2.16
10 X % 5x3)1x % - 10)1 50.1 14.70 269 51.2 4.28 67.8 13.2 2 .15
4x3 x!1s - 10 )1 47.7 13.98 257 49.0 4.28 41.4 10.0 1.72
4 X3 X% -- 10 )1 42.5 12.42 227 43.2 4.28 35.4 8.6 1.69
4 X3 X~ 10 )1 37.3 10.86 196 37.3 4.25 29.6 7.2 1.65
4x3x }i - 10)1 31.7 9.26 164 31.2 4.21 23.7 5.7 1.60
8x % 4 X3 X % - 871 64.6 18.92 209 49.2 3.32 62.7 15.0 1.82

4 x 3x Yz - 8 )1 54.6 16.00 178 41.9 3.34 50.1 12.0 1.77
8 x Us 4 x3x U6 - 8 )1 47.7 13.98 158 37.2 3.37 42.4 10.2 1.74

4 X 3 X % - 8)1 42.5 12.42 140 32.9 3.36 36.3 8.7 1.71
8 X % 4 X 3 X ~ - 8 )1 35.6 10.36 118 27.8 3.38 29.6 7.2 1.69

4x3 xfri - 8 )1 30.0 8.76 99.7 23.5 3.37 23.7 5.7 1.65
3x2 7':2 x U6 - 8 )1 29.2 8.48 91.2 21.5 3.28 12.9 4.1 1.23
3x2 )1x % - 8)1 24.8 7.24 76.5 18.0 3.25 10.3 3.3 1.19
Properties are li:iven for ~ross section ; properties of net section must be used if extreme fibers are in tension.
Weights given do not in udc rivet heads.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONS TR UCTION

112
T
COVER PLATED ' - - . ,------l
I W COLUMNS
x- - -
r-
~--x
,' - - '
PROPERTIES FOR DESIGNING ~
14 W' 320 CORE SECTION

COVER PtA T£S AXIS X-X AXIS V - V
Total
I Thick-
Total
Depth
Weight Total
Area
I
Width PO' 1 S r 1 S r
ness d Foot
- - - --- - - - --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
". ". -".-- - -- - -- - - - - - - - ".
lb. In.3 In.4 In.l In.4 In.3
". -
- - - - - --- - -
24 3% 24.06 912 268.1 22497 1870 9.16 9987 832 6.10
3Yz 23.81 891 262.1 21638 1818 9.09 9699 808 6.08
3% 23.56 871 256.1 20797 1765 9.01 9411 784 6.06
3J4" 23.31 850 250.1 19973 1714 8.94 9123 760 6.04
3Ys 23.06 830 244.1 19166 1662 8.86 8835 736 6.02
3 22.81 810 238.1 18377 1611 8.79 8547 712 5.99
23 3 22.81 789 232.1 17784 1559 8.75 7719 671 5.77

2Ya 22.56 770 226.4 17044 1511 8.68 7465 649 5.74
2~ 22.31 750 220.6 16321 1463 8.60 7212 627 5.72
22 2J4" 22.31 731 215.1 15791 1416 8.57 6515 592 5.50
2% 22.06 71 3 209.6 15115 1370 8.49 6294 572 5.48
2)1 21.81 694 204.1 14453 1325 8.41 6072 552 5.45
2% 21.56 675 198.6 13806 1281 8.34 5850 532 5.43
2J4" 21.31 657 193.1 13175 1236 8.26 5628 512 5.40
2Ys 21.06 638 187.6 12558 1193 8.18 5406 491 5.37
2 20.81 619 182.1 11955 1149 8.10 5184 471 5.34
1 Ya 20.56 601 176.6 11367 1106 8.02 4963 451 5.30
1% 20.31 582 171.1 10792 1063 7.94 4741 431 5.26
1% 20.06 563 165.6 10232 1020 7.86 4519 411 5.22
171 19.81 544 160.1 9686 978 7.78 4297 391 5.18
20 1)1 19.81 524 154.1 9182 927 7.72 3635 364 4.86
1% 19.56 507 149.1 8697 889 7.64 3468 347 4.82
1J4" 19.31 490 144.1 8225 852 7.55 3302 330 4.79
18 17i 19.31 473 139.1 7817 810 7.50 2850 317 4.53
1 Ys 19.06 458 134.6 7403 777 7.42 2729 303 4.50
1 18.81 442 130.1 6999 744 7. 33 2607 290 4.48
Pro~rties are given for gross section; properties of net section must be used if extreme fibers are in tension.
WeJg hts given do not include rivet heads.
For properties and dimensions of 14 w: 320, see pages 18 and 19.

11 3
, ,1""-',
1!
,, 4,"- "--
' k
__ COVER PLATED
I
I '?,
_ _,2" '
~ \18 8 ", W COLUMNS
:
:i-----
. :t' _*-_ I /
~
>
,
/
DIMENSIONS FOR DETAI LI NG
:-",," -a -~
14 W 3 20 CO RE SEC T IO N
COVER PLAT ES DIMENSIONS
U sual
Total Total Distance Flange
Wid th T hickness Depth We~ h t
Flange Gage
Thic kness
d per oot a k m
'0. '0. '0. L b. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0.
24 3% 24 912 51 ~ 11 6% 34 3-5 »-3
372 23%: 891 5%; 11 6U, 33 Ys 3-5 >--2-3
3% 23 Y2 871 5Us 11 6~ 33,. 3-5» -3
37i 23 )4 850 5Us 11 5 1~ 33» 3-5» -3
3Ys 23 830 5% 11 5 1;{6 33% 3-5» -3
3 22,. 81 0 5!{6 11 5 1!{6 33 Ys 3-5 71- 3
23 3 22 ~ 789 5J.1s 10» 5 1!-{6 32» 3-5 71 -3

2% 22» 770 4 1~ 10» S% 32)4 3-5%-3
2~ 227:i 750 41 ;{ij 10 72 5 ~6 32Ys 3-5»-3
22 2%: 22 )4 731 4 1~ 10 SUs 31 % 3-5»-3

2% 22 71 3 4 1!{r; 10 5l{, 31 )4 3-5» -3
2» 21,. 694 4\!{6 10 5~ 31 3-5Yz-3
2% 21 71 675 4U6 10 5!16 30Ys 3-5» -3
2)4 21)4 657 4l{, 10 4 1~ 30,. 3-5» -3
2 Ys 21 638 4~ 10 41;{G 30» 3-5» -3
2 20,. 619 4 !{G 10 41 !{6 30% 3-5Yz -3
1% 20 » 601 3 1U6 10 4?{6 30Ys 3-5» -3
1,. 20 )4 582 3 1;{6 10 4U6 30 3-571-3
1% 20 563 3 1!.{6 10 4l{, 29% 3-5» -3
1» 19K 544 3% 10 4~6 29% 3-5Yz-3
20 1» 19~ 524 3'Ws 9 4% 28 )4 3-5» -3

1% 197'2 507 3U6 9 4 ~, 28 3-5»-3
1)4 19)4 490 3%; 9 31 ~6 27Ys 3-5»-3
18 1)4 19)4 473 3l{, 8 3 1~ 26 » 3-5» -3

l Ys 19 458 3 ;{s 8 3 1;.(6 26 )4 3-572- 3
1 18,. 442 3 ~, 8 3 1!16 26 Ys 3-5»-3
Propert ies are given for g ross section; properties of net section m ust be used if extre me fibers are in tension.
Weights given do not include ri ve t hea ds.
For properties and d imensions o f 14 V<F 320, see pages 18 and 19
A M ER IC A N I NSTITU TE O·~ S T EEL CONSTRU C TION

114
PROPERTIES OF TWO ANGLES AND ONE PLATE
..o. . ....-,
y
lit Back of Angles:.. I
'iO~~"'o"""o oooo~
x--- ------+'-x
. ,iY,
_ _________ -1..
y
AX I S X-X .AXIS Y_V

Size Size Gross Strut
Plate Angles Area Area
I Sl=I/ Yl Sz=I / yz r y. r
---- -- - - -
'0. '0. In. 2 In.2 In.4 In.3 In ,J '0. '0. '0-
- --
8 x4 XY2 16.75 14.59 246.2 86.1 21.6 3.83 2.86 3.31
7 x4 Xy, 15.75 13.59 239.1 78.9 21.3 3.90 3.03 2.82
6 x4 Xy, 14.75 12.59 230.9 71.7 20.9 3.96 3.22 2.33
5 X 3% X Y2 13.25 10_91 221.2 64.7 20.4 4.09 3.42 1.89
14 X % 7 x4 x%; 14.49 12.33 232.6 72.9"" """2D) 4.01 3.19 2.74
6 x4 X Us 13.61 11.45 224.7 66.3 20.7 4.06 3.39 2.26
5 X 3% X !{6 12.31 9.97 215.3 59.8 20.2 4.18 3.60 1.83
7 x4 X %- 13.21 11.05 225.0 66.0 2D.8 4:"i"3"" 3.41 2:66
6 x4 x% 12.47 10.31 216.7 60.2 20.4 4 .1 7 3.60 2.19
5 X 3Y2 X Ys 11.35 9.01 207.5 54.3 19.9 4.28 3.82 1.77
6 x4 x% 16.62 15.74 191.0 65.9 20T 3.39 2.90 2.36
5 X 3yz X % 14.94 13.81 182.7 59.5 19.9 3.50 3.Q7 1.93
4 x3 x% 13.24 11.99 173.1 52.5 19.3 3.62 3.30 1.50
6 x4 Xy,- 15.50 14.62 186.5 61.5 20.2 3.47 3.03 2.31
12 X Y2 5 X 3Y, X Y,14.00 12.87 177.9 55.6 19.7 3.57 3.20 1.88
4 x3 xy, 12.50 11.25 168.4 49.1 19.1 3.67 3.43 1.46
6 x4 x~ 14.36 13.48 180.9 57.1 19.9 3.55 "'3.i7 224
5 X3% X ~ 13.06 11.93 172.9 51.6 19.4 3.64 3.35 1.81
4 x3 x!16 11.74 10.49 163.6 45.5 19.0 3.74 3.60 1.40
6 x4 xy, 14.75 13.55 169.0 59.1 18.0 3.39 2.86 2.35
5 X 3% X72 13.25 11.83 161.7 53.4 17.5 3.49 3.03 1.91
4 x3 xy, 11.75 10.22 153.1 47.1 17.0 3.61 3.25 1.48
6 x4 xT16 13.61 12.41 I 164.4 54.8 -----;7,8 3.48 3.00 2.28
12 X !16 5 X 3Y.; X %; 12.31 10.89 157.1 49.6 17.3 3.57 3.17 1.85
4 x3 x~ 10.99 9.46 148.7 43.7 16.8 3.68 3.40 1.43
6 x4 x% 12.47 ----,-,-:v 158.7 49.9 17.5 3.57 3.18 2.20
5 X 3% XYs 11.35 9.93 151.2 45.1 17.0 3.65 3.35 1.78
4 x3 x% 10.21 8.68 143.1 39.9 16.5 3.74 3.59 1.37
6 x4 X 'U6 12.86 11.45 147.0 52.3" ----;s:s 3.3i"l" 2.81 2.33
5 X 3% U6X 11.56 9.97 140.5 47.3 15.1 3.49 2.97 1.89
4 x3 UsX 10.24 8.55 133.4 41.7 14.7 3.61 3.20 1.46
-6 x4 x% 11.72 10.31 142.0 47.7 -----;s:3 3.48 2.98 2.28
5 X 37'2 X % 10.60 9.01 135.7 43.1 14.9 3.58 3.15 1.83
12 X Ys 4 x3 x% 7.77 38.0 14.5 3.68 3.38 1.40
9.46 128.4
372 X 3 x% 9.10 7.41 124.5 35.4 14.3 3.70 3 .52 1.19
5 X 3Yz X ~ 9.62 8.03 129.5 3ilA ----,-;r.s 3.67 3.37 1.75
4 x3 X ~6 8.68 6.99 122.7 34.0 14.2 3.76 3.61 1.34
3)1 X 3 X§{6 8.36 6.67 118.7 31.7 13.9 3.77 3.74 1.13
5 x3 Y, x %- --"'9.85 ----s:21 ----,--;a:s 40:8 1"2:7 3A7 2.91 1.87
4 x3 x% 8.71 6.99 11 2.9 36.0 12.4 3.60 3.14 1.45
3Y, X 3 x% 8.35 6.63 109.4 33.5 12.2 3.62 3.27 1.22
12 X ~6 5 X3 % X;}6 8.87 7.23 """""ff3.4 36.1 "12:4 3.57 3.14 1.81
4 x3 x% 7.93 6.21 108.0 32.1 12.2 3.69 3.36 1.39
3 }.-2 X 3 X U6 7.61 5.89 104.4 29.9 12.0 3.71 3.50 1.17
3 X 271 X % 6.99 5.15 100.8 27.5 11 .7 3.80 3.67 0.98
Note: "Strut Area" is that remaining after deduction (A. L S. C. Spec.. $ect. 18 (e» of plate width (as
measured from free edge to center of ri vet) in excess of 16 times thickness: and therefore available in resistance
to compression.
AMEPICAN INSTI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
115
PROPERTIES OF TWO ANGLES AND ONE PLATE

y
4~~~,**rt''lo"c~~~~=r-=--'
x- · - · _· __ ·-x-x
, ,iY
2
__ __ _ ___ ___t. _
v
Size AX1S x-x /lX IS Y _ V
Plate
Size Gross Strut - --
Angles Area Area I y. r r
Sl = I/ Yl Sz=I/yz
- -- - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - --
'". '". In.2 In.2 In.4 In.3 I n.3
--- --- --- --- --- --- - -- '". '". '".
4 x3 xli 7.13 5.41 101.7 28.0 11.8 3.78 3.64 1.31
12 X ~ 3% X3 x li 6.87 5.15 98.4 26.1 11.6 3.78 3.77 1.10
3 X 27'2 X 3{ 6.37 4.53 94.7 24.0 11.4 3.86 3.95 0.92
5 x 3" X % 9.85 9 .0 1 82.3 32:5 ~ 2.89 2.53 ---,-:sg
4 X 3 X % 8.71 7.77 77.7 28.8 10.3 2.99 2.70 1.46
3" X 3 X % 8.35 7.41 75.5 26.8 10.2 3.01 2.82 1.24
lO x % 5 x3% x ~ 8.87 s:D3 78.'7 """"29.1 10.4 2.98 2.70 ---,-:s2
4 x3 x ~ 7.93 6.99 74.4 25.8 10.1 3.06 2.88 1.40
3 }2 X3 x ;(s 7.61 6.67 72.0 24.0 9.9 3.07 3.00 1.19
3 X 272 X ;(s 6.99 5.91 69.2 22.2 9.7 3.15 3.13 0.99
5 X 371 X % 9.23 8.21 . 72.3 30:8 ~ 2]Q 2.'35 1.§4
4 X 3 X % 8.09 6.99 68.2 27.2 8.8 2.91 2.51 1.50
3" X 3 x % 7.72 6.63 66.1 25.2 8.7 2.93 2.62 1.27
3 X 272 X Ys 6.97 5.75 63.7 23.2 8.5 3.02 2.75 1.08
5 X 372 X ~ 8.25 7.23 69.2 27.6 ---s:9 2.90 2.51 ----,:s]
10 X ;u 4 x3 x ~ 7.30 6.21 65.4 24.4 8.6 2.99 2.68 1.45
3" X 3 X ;.(6 6.99 5.89 63.3 22.6 8.5 3.01 2.80 1.22
3 X 2 % X ;{6 6.36 5.15 61.0 20.9 8.3 3.10 2.92 1.02
4 x3 x li 6.50 5.41 61:B 21.3 ~ 3:08 2.91 ~
371 X 3 X ~ 6.25 5.15 59.6 19.8 8.2 3.09 3.02 1.16
3 X 272 X ~ 5.74 4 .53 57.5 18.3 8.1 3.16 3.15 0.96
4 x3 x.% 5.88 4:75 52.8 """19.9 7:D 3.00 2.66 1.42
10 x li 3Y2 X 3 xM 5.62 4.49 · 51.0 18.4 6.8 3.01 2.77 1.20
3 X 2% X 74' 5.12 3.90 49.3 17.0 6.7 3.10 2.90 1.01
5 X 3}2 X ;W 7.93 7.23 52.3 23.4 7.4 2.57 2.23 """"f:91
4 x3 x % 6.99 6.21 49.0 20.8 7.1 2.65 2.36 1.48
331 X 3 x~ 6.67 5.89 47.5 19.2 7.0 2.67 2.47 1.24
9 X }(6 3 X 2% X ~ 6.05 5.15 45.7 17.8 6.8 2.75 2.57 1.05
4 x3 xli 6.19 5.41 46.4 """"""f8.1 ----s:9 2.73 2.66 1.40
3" X 3 xli 5.93 5.15 44.8 16.8 6.8 2.75 2.67 1.18
3 X 2" X li 5.43 4.53 43.2 15.5 6.7 2.82 2.78 0.99
4 x3 x li 5.63 4:75 39.6 ---,--s:g 5 T 2.65 2.34 """"1:42
9x M 3% X 3 xli 5.37 4.49 38.3 15.6 5.6 2.67 2.45 1.22
3 X 2% X .% 4.87 3.90 36.9 14.5 5.5 2.75 2.55 1.03
4 x3 X ;.(6 6.68 8.21 35.7 ---;7,3 --s:s 2.31 ""2.07 1.51
3" X 3 X '16 6.36 5.89 34.4 15.9 5.7 2.33 2.16 1.27
3 X 2% X '16 5.74 5.15 33.1 14.8 5.5 2.40 2.23 1.08
ax ~
4 x3 x li 5.88 5.41 33.7 ---,--s:,-- 5:li 2.39 2.23 ~
3" X 3 x li 5.62 5.15 32.5 14.0 5.5 2.40 2.33 1.21
3 x 27'2 x ~ 5.12 4.53 31.3 13.0 5.4 2.47 2.41 1.02
4 x3 xM 5.38 4.75 2if.9 ~ -----v- 2:32 2.05 ---,-:;t8
8 x li 3% x3 x li 5.12 4.49 27.9 13.0 4.6 2.33 2.44 1.25
3 x 2Y2 x 7i 4.62 3.90 26.7 12.1 4.4 2.41 2.21 1.06
3% x 3 x li 4.87 ""4.49 19.5 ---,-0:5 3.6 2.00 1.85 1.28
7 xli 3 x 2% x .% 4.37 3.90 18.7 9.8 3.5 2.07 1.90 1.09
Note : " Strut Area " is tha t re maining after deduction (A . !, S. C. Spec. Sect. 18 (c) ) of plate width (as
measured from free edge to center of rivet) in excess of 16 times thickness ; and theJ"erO£~ available in resistance
to compression.
116
y
R b
-
x. ~x'Z....,.
¥.'
WIDE FLANGE BEAMS
~, ? AND CHANNELS
xt- l--~x
0 c
"' ~" 1?
,I
~;:)15
r
1 1Y
C"2
& ~ &:
c PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS
AXIS X-X AX I S V-V

Size and Weight Total Total I I I
Weight Area S1 - 83 -!.
! 52=-Y,
Y, Y.
r y, . " ., r X, b
51 ".- 52 =-
--- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - --
".m Chan~e l Lb. In.2
--
In. 3
- - -
In.l
- - -
In. 3
- -
10.
-- -
10.
- -
In,]
- -
In.'
---
10. 10.
-- - - --
10.
8"-11.5 9.55 20.7 29.1 56.5 3.54 5.78 18.2 11.8 2.88 4.33 11 .00
10"-21 32.5
10.71 25.6 34.8 65.4 3.72 5.81 2<1.2 12.3 2.80 4.18 11 .01
25 11 .5 36.5
11.89 39.6 72.5 3.83 5.82 21.8 12.8 2.73 4.07 11.04
29 11.5 40.5 29.'
12/1-27 8"-11.5 38.5 11 .33 33.3 46.8 78.4 4.53 6.99 19.9 12.9 2.80 4.47 11.37
11.5 42.5 12.48 38.6 52.7 86.5 4.64 6.98 21.5 13.4 2.74 4.38 11 .40
31
13.95 45.1 59.6 96.0 4.74 6.97 23.3 14.0 2.68 4.28 11.44
36 11.5 47.5
12.17 41.4 58.8 90.3 5.26 8.13 20.3 13.0 2.74 4.51 11.51
14"-30 8"- 11 .5 41.5
11.5 45.5 13.36 48.0 66.2 100.2 5.40 8,1' 21.9 13.6 2.69 4.42 11.52
3' 2.64 4.35 11.55
11.5 49.5 14.53 54.1 72.8 109.0 5.49 8.10 23.3 14.1
38
8"-11 .5 47.5 13.95 56.5 78.5 11 2.4 6.11 9.21 21.9 13.8 2,66 '.50 11.65
16"-36
51.5 15.1 3 64.5 87.3 123.7 6.26 9.20 23.5 14.4 2.62 4.42 11.65
40 11.5
10"- 15.3 55.3 16.24 64.' 93.7 135.1 6.13 9.48 36.5 20.6 3.32 4.92 13.65
40
8" - 11.5 16.60 72.5 95.7 134.4 6.33 9.17 25.0 14.9 2.56 '.36 11.69
16"-45 56.5
17.71 72.5 102.2 145.8 6.21 9,43 38.7 21.0 3.24 4.82 13.69
45 HY'-15.3 60.3
18.06 104.5 145.5 6.40 9.15 26.7 15.5 2.52 4.32 11.73
50 8"-11.5 61.5 80.'
19.17 80.9 111.2 157.2 6.30 9,40 40.8 21.6 3.18 4.75 13.73
50 10"- 15.3 65.3
18.Q7 89.3 115.4 161.8 7.08 10.15 25.9 15.8 2.55 4.53 11.93
18" - 50 8"-11.5 61.5
19.18 89.3 122.8 174.6 6.97 10,42 39.6 21.9 3.20 4.96 13.93
50 10"-15.3 65.3
19.55 98.6 125.1 174.1 7.15 10.13 27.4 16.5 2.51 4.49 11.97
55 8"-11.5 66.5
20.66 98.7 132.7 187.2 7.05 10.39 41.6 22.4 3.14 4.89 13.97
55 10"-15.3 70.3
8"-11.5 71.5 2 1.00 108.3 135.1 187.0 7.23 10.13 29.1 17.2 2.48 4.45 11.99
18"-60
10"-1 5.3 75.3 22.1 1 108.3 143.0 200.4 7.13 10.39 43.6 23.0 3.09 '.83 13.99
60
22.16 11 6.9 144.0 200.3 7.21 9.87 30.6 20.3 2.63 5.00 12.56
64 8"- 11.5 75.5
23.27 11 6.9 151.7 213.4 7. 12 10.10 43.8 25.5 3.18 5.36 14.56
64 10" -1 5.3 79.3
21'" -62 8"-11.5 73.5 2 1.59 127.9 160.7 2 12.0 8.32 11.69 28.4 17.9 2.50 •. n 12.32
22.70 128.1 170.8 227.8 8.23 11.99 42.2 2;3.7 3.09 5.14 14.32
62 10"-1 5.3 77.3
24.26 128.4 184.3 249.4 8.10 12.37 62.8 33.3 3.83 5.66 16.32
62 12"- 20.7 82.7
24.49 141.8 185.1 245.4 8.32 11 .96 44.5 24.4 3.04 5.09 14.36
68 10" -15.3 83.3
12"-20.7 88.7 26.05 142.1 198.9 267.3 8.20 12.32 65.9 34.1 3.76 5.58 16.36
68
10"-15.3 88.3 25.93 152.6 196.3 259.0 8.39 11.95 46.4 25. 1 3.00 5.05 14.38
73
12" - 20.7 93.7 27.49 153.0 210.4 281.2 8.27 12.30 68.4 34.8 3.71 5.52 16.38
73
~ - 76 10"-15.3 9 1.3 26.84 178.6 230.2 293.5 9.47 13.47 45.7 26.2 3.02 5.36 14.71
12"-20.7 96.7 28.40 179.2 247.5 318.9 '.36 13.87 66.8 35.6 3.70 5.81 16.71
76
10"-15.3 99.3 29.18 199.6 252.2 319.8 9.59 13.45 48.8 27.4 2.98 5.31 14.74
84
12"-20.7 10·0 30.74 200.2 269.9 345.7 9.49 13.83 70.6 36.8 3.63 5.73 16.74
84
94 10"-15.3 109.3 32.10 224.5 277.8 350.5 9.69 13.43 52.3 28.' 2.93 5.26 14.79
33.66 225.2 296.0 376.8 9.60 13.79 75.0 38. 1 3.55 5.65 16.79
94 12"- 20.7 114.7
94 15"- 33.9 127.9 37.53 226.6 338.3 439.9 9.37 14.M 129.8 64.7 •.n 6.58 19.79
12"-20.7 11 4.7 33.68 248.9 329.8 409.4 10.65 15.34 71.4 39.2 3.60 6." 17.24
17"- 94
15"-33.9 127.9 37.55 251.0 379.7 480.6 10. 41 16.20 122.9 65.5 4.80 7.04 20.24
94
12"-20.7 122.7 36.04 272.5 354.5 438.4 10.76 15.31 75.0 40.5 3.55 6.06 17.27
102
15"- 33.9 135.9 39.91 274.6 405.4 510.5 10.54 16.14 128.4 66.8 4.72 6.93 20.27
102
305.7 388.7 478.3 10.86 15.27 80.0 42.4 3.48 6.00 17.32
II. 12" -20.7 134.7 39.56
15"-33.9 147.9 43.43 308.0 440.9 551.5 10.67 16.06 135.7 68.4 4.61 6.B1 20.32
114
AMER I CAN IN ST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
117
'----.
y
WIDE FLANGE BEAMS ~ u u
AND CHANNELS xt-- - -x
PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS J y
AXIS X-X AXIS V-Y

Size and Weight Total Total
Weight Area
I Sl=~ S2~! r y, I S r
Y, Y,
- -- - - - - - - - - - --- - - - --- - --
Beam Channel Lb. In. ~ In. 4 In.' In.o In.4
'".
In.' ,".
- - - --- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - '".
8"- 17 8"- 11.5 28.5 8.36 84.4 15.4 30.6 3. 18 5.46 39.0 9.8 2.16
10"-15.3 32.3 9.47 89.3 15.7 35.2 3.07 5.70 73.6 14.7 2.79
10"- 21 8"-1 1.5 32.5 9.55 153.6 23.4 43.1 4.01 6.56 42.0 10.5 2.10
10"- 15.3 36.3 10.66 162.3 23.7 49.5 3.90 6.86 76.6 15.3 2.68
12"- 27 10"-15.3 42.3 12.44 295.6 37.0 70.1 4.87 7.99 83.5 16.7 2.59
12" -20.7 47.7 14.00 314.1 37.5 81.3 4.74 8.37 144.7 24. 1 3.22
14"- 30 10"-15.3 45.3 13.28 418.3 45.8 84.2 5.61 9.13 84.' 16.9 2.52
12/1-20.7 50.7 14.84 445.0 46.5 97.6 5.48 9.58 145.6 24.3 3. 13
16" - 36 12" -20.7 56.7 16.62 666.4 62.6 121.6 6.33 10.64 150.2 25.0 3.01
15"-33.9 69.9 20.49 744.5 64.4 159.1 6.03 11.56 334.7 46.6 '.04
18"- 50 12"- 20.7 70.7 20.74 1119.3 97.4 165.0 7.35 1 1.49 165.3 27.6 2.82
15"--33.9 83.9 24.61 1247.5 100.1 210.2 7.12 12.46 349.8 46.6 3.n
21"- 62 12"- 20.7 82.7 24.26 1790.6 137.7 216.5 8.59 13.00 181.2 30.2 2.73
15"-33.9 95.9 28.13 1990.1 141.6 271.2 8.41 14.05 365.7 48.8 3.61
68 12"-20.7 88.7 26.05 1959.2 151.7 230.6 8.67 12.91 188.5 31.4 2.69
15"-33.9 101.9 29.92 2172.3 1~.9 285.9 8.52 13.93 373.0 49.7 3.53
24"- 76 12"-20.7 96.7 28.40 2732.3 189.7 279.2 9.81 14.40 204.6 34.1 2.68
15"--33.9 109.9 32.27 3022.5 195.0 343.2 9.68 15.50 389.1 51.9 3.47
84 12"-20.7 104.7 30.74 3023.2 211.0 301.0 9.92 14.33 216.4 36.1 2.65
15"-33.9 117.9 34.61 3332.6 216.7 365.8 9.81 15.38 400.9 53.5 3.40
27"- 94 12"-20.7 114.7 33.68 4111.7 260.4 360.6 11 .05 15.79 243.2 40.5 2.69
15"-33.9 127.9 37.55 4519.2 267.4 434.1 10.97 16.90 427.7 57.0 3.37
102 12"-20.7 122.7 36.04 4471.7 284.3 384.8 11 .14 15.73 257.6 42.9 2.67
15"-33.9 135.9 39.91 4898.6 291 .7 458.9 11.08 16.80 442.1 58.9 3.33
11. 12"-20.7 134.7 39.56 4977.3 317.8 418.3 11.22 15.66 277.7 46.3 2.65
15"-33.9 147.9 43.43 5430.7 326.0 492.8 11.18 16.66 462.2 61.6 3.26
30" - 108 15"-33.9 141.9 41.67 6060.5 330.1 511.0 12.06 18.36 447.7 59.7 3.28
18"-42.7 lSO.7 44 .25 6349.2 334.3 562.9 11.98 18.99 684.1 76.0 3.93
116 15"- 33.9 149.9 44.03 6564.6 358.9 542.1 12.21 18.29 465.8 62.2 3.25
18"---42.7 158.7 46.61 6867.9 363.4 594.6 12.14 18.90 702.2 78.0 3.88
12. 15"-33.9 157.9 46.35 7035.0 386.1 570.1 12.32 18.22 482.3 64.3 3.23
18"---42.7 166.7 48.93 7352.2 390.9 623.1 12.26 18.81 718.7 79.9 3.83
132 15"-33.9 165.9 48.73 7479.7 412.1 596.0 12.39 18.15 497.6 66.4 3.20
18"---42.7 174.7 51.31 7808.2 416.9 649.6 12.34 18.73 734.0 81.6 3.78
33"- 130 15"-33.9 163.9 48.16 8761.1 440.9 642.9 13.49 19.87 514.0 68.5 3.27
18"-42.7 172.7 SO.74 9153.3 446.3 701.9 13.44 20.51 750.6 83.4 3.85
141 15"- 33.9 174.9 51.41 9566.9 483.4 686.8 13.64 19.79 542.3 12.3 3.25
18"---42.7 183.7 53.99 9977.9 488.9 746.8 13.59 20.41 778.7 86.5 3.80
152 15"-33.9 185.9 54.61 10324.5 523.6 728.1 13.75 19.72 568.7 75.8 3.23
18"-42.7 194.7 57.19 10754.2 529.5 788.4 13.71 20.31 805.1 89.5 3.71
36"- 150 15"-33.9 183.9 54.06 11505.5 544.5 761.5 14.59 21.13 563.0 75.1 3.23
18"---42.7 192.7 56.64 11996.7 551.1 826.2 14.55 21.77 799.4 88.8 3.76
160 15"- 33.9 193.9 56.99 12283.7 583.3 800.8 14.68 2 1.06 588 .• 78.4 3.21
18"--42.7 202. 7 59.57 12791.6 590.0 866.1 14.65 21.68 824.4 91.6 3.12
17. 15"--33.9 203.9 59.88 13064.9 622.1 839.6 14.77 21.00 613.2 81.8 3.20
18"--42.7 212.7 62.46 13589.5 629.1 905.4 14.75 21.60 849.6 94.' 3.69
182 15" - 33.9 215.9 63.44 13928.5 665.5 882.1 14.82 20.93 640.3 85.4 3.18
18"-42.7 224.7 66.02 14470.3 672.7 948.3 14.80 21.51 876.7 97.4 3.64
19. 15"-33.9 227.9 67.01 14799.5 708.8 925.0 14.86 20.88 668.0 89.1 3.16
18"--42.7 236.7 69.59 15359.9 716.8 991.0 14.86 21.43 904.4 100.5 3.61

118
V u ;, TWO CHANNELS
x-.--f 1-1x
I
y
l' PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS
AX I S X - X AXIS V-V
Vertical Horizontal Weight
Channel Channel Total
Size
,"d
Size
,"d
Area to"
oot I Sl - ~ Sz=!
Y, Y,
r y, I S r
Weight Weight - In.l- -Lb.- -In.'- -In.'- - In.'- - '0-. - '0-. - In.·- -In.J- - '0-.
3"- 4.1
-9.5- - - - - -3.0- -
2.9 1.3
- - - - - -2.0
1.03 2.19
- --
1.21
4"- 5.4 2.75 ~
4"- 5.4 4"- 5.4 3.12 10.8 6.4 2.2 4.9 1.44 2.86 4.1 2.1 1.15
5"- 6.7 3.51 12.1 6.8 2.3 5.4 139 2.94 7.7 3.1 1.48
5"- 6.7 3.90 13.4 12.6 3.5 7.9 1.80 3.60 7.9 3.2 1.42
5"- 6.7 6"- 8.2 4.34 14.9 13.2 3.6 8.8 1.74 3.70 13.5 4.5 1.76
7 11- 9.8 4.80 16.5 13.8 3.7 9.6 1.69 3.78 21.6 6.8 2.12
5"- 6.7 4.34 14.9
------- -
2L3 5.1 10.8 2.22 4.21
----
8.1
--
3.2 1.37
6"- 8.2 4.78 16.4 22.3 5.1 12.0 2.16 4.34 13.7 4.6 1.69
7/1- 9.8 5.24 18.0 23.2 5.2 13.2 2.10 4.45 21.8 6.2 2.04
6"- 8.2 8"- 11.5 5.75 19.7 24.0 5.3 14.3 2.04 4.54 33.0 8.2 2.40
9"-13.4 6.28 21.6 25.0 5.4 15.5 1.99 4.62 48.0 10.7 2.76
10"-15.3 6.86 23.5 25.8 5.5 16.7 1.94 4.69 67.6 ~ 3.14
6/1- 8.2 5.24 18.0 35.0 7.1 15.5 2.58 4.95 14.0 4.7 1.69
7"- 9.8 5.70 19.6 36.3 7.2 17.0 2.52 5.08 22.1 6.3 1.97
7"- 9.8 8"-11.5 6.21 21.3 37.6 7.2 18.6 2.46 5.20 33.3 8.3 2.31
9 /1- 13.4 6.74 23.2 38.9 7.4 20.2 2.40 5.30 48.3 10.7 2.68
10"- 15.3 7.32 25.1 40.2 7.4 21.7 2.34 5.39 67.9 13.6 3.05
6/1- 8.2 5.75 19.7 51.9 9.4 19.4 3.00 5.53 14.3 4.8 1.58
7"- 9.8 6.21 21.3 53.9 9.5 21.3 2.95 5.68 22.4 6.4 1.90
8/1-11.5 8 11- 11.5 6.72 23.0 55.9 9.6 23.3 2.88 5.82 33.6 8.4 2.24
9"-13.4 7.25 24.9 57.8 9.7 25.2 2.82 5.94 48.6 10.8 2.59
10"-15.3 7.83 26.8 59.5 9.8 27.2 2.76 6.05 68.2 13.6 2.95
12"-20.7 9.39 32.2 63.8 10.1 32.2 2.61 6.30 129.4 21.6 3.71
7 '1- 9.8 6.74 23.2
---- - -
76.8 12.3 26.0 3.37 6.26
--
22.9
--
6.5 1.84
8"-11.5 7.25 24.9 79.5 12.4 28.4 3.31 6.42 34.1 8.5 2.17
9"-13.4 9"-13.4 7.78 26.8 82.1 12.5 30.8 3.25 6.56 49.1 10.9 2.51
10"-15.3 8.36 28.7 84.6 12.6 33.2 3.18 6.69 68.7 13.7 2.87
12"- 20.7 9.92 34.1 90.6 13.0 39.4 3.02 6.98 129.9 21 .6 3 .62
8"-11.5 7.83
- -
--
26.8 109.5 15.7 33.9 3.74 6.99
- - - - --
8.6 2.10
34.6
9"-13.4 8.36 28.7 113.1 15.8 36.7 3.68 7.15 49.6 11.0 2.44
10"-15.3 10"- 15.3 8.94 30.6 116.5 16.0 39.6 3.61 7.30 69.2 13.8 2.78
12"- 20.7 10.50 36.0 124.7 16.3 47.0 3.45 7.63 130.4 21.7 3.41
15"-33.9 14.37 49.2 140.4 17.2 63.2 3.1 3 ~ 314.9 42.0 4.68
9"- 13 .4 9.92 34.1 204.7 25.0 50.8 4.54 8.20 51.2 11.4 2.27
10"-15.3 10.50 36.0 211.0 25.2 54.7 4.48 8.38 70.8 14.2 2.60
12"- 20.7 12"-20.7 12.06 41.4 225.9 25.7 64.7 4.33 8.79 132.0 22.0 3.31
15"-33.9 15.93 54.6 254.0 26.8 87.3 3.99 9.49 316.5 42.2 4.46
10"- 15.3 14.37 49.2 470.1 48.4 85.0 5.72 9.71 75.1 15.0 2.29
12 /1-20.7 15.93 54.6 504.3 49.5 98.9 5.63 10.18 136.3 22.7 2.93
15"- 33.9 15 /1-33.9 19.80 67.8 570.7 51.6 131.5 5.37 11.06 320.8 42.8 4.02
18"-42.7 22.38 76.6 602.1 52.7 149.8 5.1 9 11.43 557.2 61.9 4.99
121/-20.7 18.51
- - -- -- - - --- - - -
63.4 852.0 72.2 131.5 6.78 11.80
----
143.1 23.8 2.78
18"-42.7 15"-33.9 22.38 76.6 966.4 75.4 172.9 6.57 12.81 327.6 43.7 3.83
18"--42.7 24.96 85.4 1020.7 76.9 197.0 6.39 13.27 564.0 62.7 4.75
Centers of gravity of both channels arc in the same vertical line.

119
TWO CHANNELS
n
xt-- Y,
_·- x
J
y
AXIS X -X AX IS V-V
Vertical Horizontal Weight
Total pO'
.
Channel Channel
Size Area Foot 8 1 - !. Sa- !
Size I r y. I S r
.nd
Weight
• nd
Weight -In.-
2
- Lb.- ---- " - - - '
- ----- - --
In.4 In.' In.3 I n. I n. In.4 In.' In.
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -
3"- 4.1 4/1- 5.4 9.5 4.5 2.3 4.0 2.0 1.21
~ 3.8 I~
2.75 2.61
4"- 5.4 4"- 5.4 3.12 10.8 8.8 2.7 1.69 3.23 4.1 2.1 1.15
5"- 6.7 3.51 12.1 9.7 2.9 4.1 1.66 3.38 7.7 3.1 1.48
5"- 6.7 3.90 13.4 16.6 4.2 6.0 2.06
--
7.9
-- --
3.2 1.42
3.99
5"_ 6.7 6"- 8.2 4.34 14.9 17.9 4.3 6.5 2.03 4.16 13.5 4.5 1.76
7"- 9.8 4.80 - 16.5 19.1 4.4 6.9 1.99 4.31 21.6 6.2 2. 12
5"- 6.7 4.34 14.9
-
26.6 5.8
--
8.4 2.47 4.57
- -- -
8.1 3.2 1.37
6"- 8.2 4.78 16.4 28.5 6.0 9.0 2.44 4.76 13.7 4.6 1.69
7/ ~- 9.8 5.24 18.0 30.4 6.2 9.6 2.41 4.93 21.8 6.2 2.04
6"- 8.2
8"-11 .5 5.75 19.7 32.2 6.3 10.2 2.37 5.09 33.0 8.2 2.40
9/1-13 .4 6.28 21 .6 34.0 6.5 10.7 2.33 5.24 48.0 10.7 2.76
6.86 23.5
I~
10"- 15.3 36.0 11 .1 2.29 5.37 67.6 13.5 3.14
6"- 8.2 5.24 18.0 42.8 8.0 11.9 2.86 5.33 14.0 4.7 1.69
7"- 9.8 5.70 19.6 45.5 8.2 12.8 2.82 5.52 22.1 6.3 1.97
7"- 9.8 8"- 11.5 6.21 21.3 48.0 8.4 13.5 2.78 5.71 33.3 8.3 2.31
9"- 13.4 6.74 23.2 50.7 8.6 14.2 2.74 5.87 48.3 10.7 2.68
7.32 25.1 53.2 8.8
10"- 15.3
I~ 2. 70 6.03 67.9 13.6 3.05
6"- 8.2 5.75 19.7 61.5 10.5 15.2 3.27 5.88 14.3 4.8 1.58
7"- 9.8 6.21 21.3 65.2 10.7 16.3 3.24 6.09 22.4 6.4 1.90
8"- 11.5
8"-11.5 6.72 23.0 68.8 10.9 17.3 3.20 6.29 33.6 8.4 2.24
9"-13 .4 7.25 24.9 72.5 11.2 18.3 3.16 6.47 48.6 10.8 2.59
10"- 15.3 7.83 26.8 75.9 11.4 19.2 3.11 6.65 68.2 13.6 2.95
12"-20.7 9.39 32.2 83.8 11.9 21.4 2.99 7.02 129.4 21.6 3.71
7"- 9.8 6.74 23.2 90.2 13.6 20.3 3.66 6.64
- -
22.9
- - --
6.5 1.84
8"- 11 .5 7.25 24.9 95.2 13.9 21.6 3.62 6.85 34.1 8.5 2.17
9"- 13.4 91/- 13.4 7.78 26.8 99.8 14.1 22.8 3.58 7.06 49.1 10.9 2.51
10"- 15.3 8.36 28.7 104.5 14.4 24.0 3.54 7.25 68.7 13.7 2.87
9.92 34.1 11 5.2 15.0
12"- 20.7
I~ 3.41 7.66 129.9 21.6 3.62
8"- 11.5 7.83 26.8 127.8 17.3 26.3 4.04 7.40 34.6 8.6 2.10
9"- 13.4 8.36 28.7 134.2 17.6 27.8 4.01 7.61 49.6 11.0 2.44
10"- 15.3 10"- 15.3 8.94 30.6 140.3 17.9 29.4 3.96 7.82 69.2 13.8 2.78
12"- 20.7 10.50 36.0 154.3 18.7 33.0 3.83 8.27 130.4 21.7 3.52
I~
15"-33.9 14.37 49.2 178.3 40.4 3.52 8.99 314.9 42.0 4.68
9"-13.4 9.92 34.1 233.2 27.2 39.9 4.85 8.59 51.2 11.4 2.27
12"- 20.7 10"-15.3 10.50 36.0 243.5 27.6 42.2 4.82 8.83 70.8 14.2 2.60
12"-20.7 12.06 41.4 267.3 28.6 47.8 4.71 9.35 132.0 22.0 3.31
15"-33.9 15.93 ~ 309.0 30.2 59.7 4.40 10.22 316.5 42.2 4.46
10"- 15.3 14.37 49.2 519.0 51.8 68.6 6.01 10.03 75.1 15.0 2.29
15"- 33.9
12/1- 20.7 15.93 54.6 568.7 53.6 77.5 5.97 10.60 136.3 22.7 2.93
15"---33.9 19.80 67.8 661.4 56.8 97.8 5.78 11.64 320.8 42.8 4.02
18"--42.7 22.38 76.6 717.6 58.9 106.0 5.66 12.18 557.2 61.9 4.99
12/1- 20.7 18.51 63.4 935.4 76.9 106.5 7.11 12.16 143.1 23.8 2.78
18"-42.7 15"-33.9 22.38 76.6 1086.4 81.5 134.6 6.97 13.33 327.6 43.7 3.83
18"---42.7 24.96 85.4 1175.6 84.3 147.0 6.86 13.95 564.0 62.7 4.75
Centers of gravity of both channels are in the same vertical linc.

120
y
h CHANNELS AND ANGLES

x~
-+xJ PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS
1-,,_ "J LONG LEG OF AN G LE TURNED OUT

Y
1 AXIS X-X AX I S V-V
Channel Angle Total Total
Size Si ze WI. Area
I Sl =!. SZ"~ r y, I Sl ~ Sz=~ r X,
-In.l- -In.4- In.3Y, 1n. Y. - I".- -I".- - In.4- In .3" In.l'. -I ".- - I".-
and
Weight
Lb. 3
I".
-3.58
- -17.8- - 8.0- -4.7- - - --- - - 1--;-:0 - - - - - -
2J;2x 2Y2xXl 12.3 2.23 2.24 2.6 1.4 0.86 2.61
3 x2Y2x3i 12.7 3.70 18.4 8.5 4.8 2.23 2.1 7 3.6 1.2 1.9 0.99 3.01
6/1- 8.2 3 ~ x3 x)4 13.6 3.95 18.9 8.9 4.9 2.19 2.1 3 4.9 1.4 2.4 1.1 1 3.40
3 }1x3 x~ 14.8 4.32 19.7 9.8 5.0 2.14 2.02 5.7 1.7 2.7 1.14 3.31
4 x3 x)4 14.0 4.08 19.4 9.4 4.9 2.18 2.06 6.5 1.7 3.1 1.26 3.79
2Y2x2Y2x7,( 13.9 4.04 28.3 10.6 6.6 2.65 2.68 3.0 1.1 1.6 0.87 2.68
3 x2Yzx ;!4 14.3 4.16 29.1 11.2 6.6 2.64 2.61 4.1 1.3 2.0 0.99 3.09
7" - 9.8 3 Y,x3 x)4 15.2 4.41 29.8 11.7 6.7 2.60 2.54 5.4 1.6 2.6 1.11 3.49
3Y,x3 X ~6 16.4 4.78 31.0 12.8 6.8 2.55 2.41 6.3 1.8 2.9 1.15 3.40
4 x3 xU 15.6 4.54 30.5 12.4 6.7 2.59 2.47 7.1 1.8 3.2 1.25 3.88
4 x3 X ~6 17.0 4.94 31.8 13.6 6.8 2.54 2.34 8.3 2.2 3.6 1.30 3.78
3 x2Y2x>i 16.0 4.67 43.6 14.2 8.8
--
3.05 3.06 4.6
- -
1.4 2.2 0.99 3.16
3Y,x 3 x)4 16.9 4 .92 44.6 15.0 8.9 3.01 2.98 6.0 1.7 2.8 1.10 3.57
8"- 11 .5 3Y,x3 x~ 18.1 5.29 46.4 16.3 9.0 2.96 2.84 6.9 2.0 3.0 1.14 3.48
4 x3 xU 17.3 5.05 45.6 15.7 9.0 3.00 2.91 7.8 2.0 3.4 1.24 3.97
4 x3 x% 18.7 5.45 47.5 17.2 9.1 2.95 2.76 9.0 2.3 3.8 1.29 3.87
5 X372X% 20.2 5.92 49.5 18.8 9.2 2.89 2.63 14.7 3 .2 5.6 1.58 4.64
3 x2,Y2x;..a 17.9 5.20 62.5 17.7 11.4
--- -
3.47 3.53 5.2 1.6 2.4 1.00 3.23
3Y,x 3 x ~ 18.8 5.45 63.9 18.6 11.5 3 .43 3.44 6.2 1.7 2.7 1.07 3.64
9"- 13.4 3Y,x3 X~G 20.0 5.82 66.5 20.3 11.6 3.38 3.28 7.7 2.2 3.3 1.15 3.56
4 x3 xX 19.2 5.58 65.3 19.4 11.6 3.42 3.36 8.6 2.1 3.6 1.24 4.05
4 x3 x% 20.6 5. 98 68.0 21.3 11.7 3.37 3.19 10.0 2.5 4 .0 1.29 3.96
5 x3Y2xi{G 22.1 6.45 70.7 23.2 11 .9 3.31 3.05 15.9 3 .4 5 .9 1.57 4.74
3Y,x 3 x)4
- '.- -- ------
20.7 6.03 88.7 22.7 14.6
-- --
3.84 3.91 7.5 2.0 3.1 1.11 3.71
372 X3 X~6 21.9 6.40 92.2 24.4 14.7 3 .79 3.74 8.5 2.4 3.4 1.15 3.63
10"- 15.3 4 x3 x7,i 21.1 6.16 90.5 23.6 14.7 3.83 3.83 9.4 2.3 3.8 1.23 4.12
4 x3 x% 22.5 6.56 94.2 25.8 14.8 3.79 3 .65 10.8 2.7 4.2 1.28 4.03
5 x37ix% 24.0 7.03 97.8 28.0 15.0 3.73 1 3 .49 17.0 3 .5 6.1 1.56 4.83
5 x3Y2x% 25.7 7.52 101.2 30.5 15.4 3.67 3.32 19.3 4.1 6.7 1.60 4.73
3Y,x3 xU
-- - -
26.1 7.59 163.1 33.1
- 23.1
- - --
4 ."" 14.93 9.6 2.5 3.7 1.12 3.84
3Y,x3 X~G 27.3 7.96 169.1 35.7 23.3 4.61 4.74 10.8 2.8 4.0 1.16 3.77
4 x3 xU 26.5 7.72 166.0 34.2 23.2 4.64 4.85 11.7 2.7 4.4 1.23 4.28
12" -20.7 4 x3 x% 27.9 8.12 172.4 37.1 23.4 4 .61 4 .65 13.3 3 .2 4.8 1.28 4.20
5 x3YzX916 29.4 8.59 178.6 40.0 23.7 4 .56 4.46 19.9 4.0 6.8 1.52 5.02
5 x3Y2x % 31.1 9.08 184.8 43.3 23.9 4.51 4.27 22.5 4.6 7.4 1.57 4.92
6 x4 x% 33.0 9.64 190.7 46.5 24.1 4 .45 4.10 33.1 5.8 10.2 1.85 5.71
6 x4 X'U6 35.0 10.21 196.5 49.9 24.4 4.39 3.94 36.8 6.6 11 .1 1.90 5.61
3Y, x3 x§W
-- - - --
31.6 9.25 186.3 37.9
--
26.3
--
4.49 4. 92 11.5 3.0 4.2 1.1 1 3.82
4 x3 x,," 30.8 9.01 182.8 36.5 26.2 4.50 5.01 12.3 2.8 4.5 1.17 4.32
4 x3 X ~6 32.2 9.41 189.8 39.2 26.5 4.49 4.84 14.0 3 .3 5.0 1.22 4.25
12"-25 5 x3 Y2 x ~6 33.7 9.88 196.7 42.2 26.8 4.46 4. 66 20.9 4.1 7.0 1.45 5.09
5 x3Y2x% 35.4 10.37 203.6 45.4 27.1 4.43 4.49 23.6 4.7 7 .8 1.51 5.01
6 x4 x Ys 37.3 10.93 210.3 48.6 27.4 4.39 4.33 34.5 5.9 10.7 1.78 5.81
6 x4 xUs 39.3 11.50 216.7 52.0 27.7 4.34 4.17 38.5 6.7 11.6 1.83 5.72
- -
4 x3 xU 39.7 11.59 379.8 58.4 44.7 5.72 6.51 16.9 3.8 5.8 1.21 4.49
4 x3 x~ 41.1 11.99 392.6 62.1 45.2 5.72 6.32 18.8 4.2 6.3 1.25 4.43
15° -33.9 5 x3}'2x%; 42.6 12.46 405.5 66.2 45.7 5.70 6.13 26.3 5.0 8.5 1.45 5.30
5 x3Yzx% 44.3 12.95 41 8.6 70.5 46.2 5.69 5.94 29.4 5.6 9.2 1.51 5.22
6 x4 xYs 46.2 13.51 431.4 75.0 46.6 5.65 5.75 41.4 6.8 12.4 1.75 6.06
6 x4 xUG 48.2 14.08 444.01 79.8 47.0 5.62 5.56 46.0 7.7 13.4 1.81 5.97
AMERICAN INSTI TUTE O F STEEL. CONSTRUCTION
121
y
~::t,
LINTELS
xt'-l -x
.l
U ~
,
AXIS X-X AXIS Y-V
Weight
Area
Channel Angle ro~t I" f" X, Iyy· ryy* y,'
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -
Lbs. In.2 In.4 10. 10. In.4 10. 10.
---
6x 3~ X ~6 43.7 12.77 467.2 6.05 9.36 41.9 1.81 1.51
5x3 X §{6 42.1 12.30 443.6 6.00 9.10 26.9 1.48 1.28
15 U 33.9
4x3 xU 39.7 11.59 412.0 5.96 8.70 16.6 1.20 1.08
3 X3 xk( 38.8 11.34 401.2 5.95 8.56 11.8 1.02 0.96
6x3)1x%', 30.5 8.90 219.8 4.97 8.18 35.9 2.01 1.76
5x3 x §{6 28.9 8.43 206.4 4.95 7.90 22.0 1.61 1.45
12 U 20.7 4x3 xU 26.5 7.72 189.5 4.95 7.48 12.3 1.26 1.15
3 X 3 xk( 25.6 7.47 183.7 4.96 7.32 7.6 1.01 0.98
3 X 2)1 x k( 25.2 7.34 176.6 4.90 7.19 7.2 0.99 0.95
6 x 33;2 X §{6 25.1 7.34 127.7 4.17 7.25 32.8 2.11 1.95
5x3 x §{6 23.5 6.87 119.0 4.16 6.98 19.8 1.70 1.58
10 U 15.3 4x3 x~ 21.1 6.16 108.7 4.20 6.57 10.6 1.31 1.22
3x3 xk( 20.2 5.91 105.2 4.22 6.42 6.0 1.01 1.01
3 x 2 )1 x k( 19.8 5.78 100.1 4.16 6.28 5.6 0.99 0.97
6 x 3}-2X §{s 23.2 6.76 95.8 3.76 6.73 31.6 2.16 2.04
5x3 X§{6 21.6 6.29 88.8 3.76 6.48 19.0 1.74 1.64
9U 13.4 4x3 xk( 19.2 5.58 81.1 3.81 6.09 10.0 1.34 1.26
3x3 xU 18.3 5.33 78.5 3.84 5.94 5.5 1.02 1.03
3 x 2}2 x U 17.9 5.20 74.1 3.78 5.80 5.1 0.99 0.98
6x 3~ X U6 21.3 6.23 70.2 3.36 6.19 30.8 2.22 2.12

5x3 X ;{s 19.7 5.76 64.7 3.35 5.95 18.6 1.80 1.69
8Ul1 .5 4x3 xk( 17.3 5.05 59.0 3.42 5.59 9.4 1.37 1.31
3x3 xU 16.4 4.80 57.1 3.45 5.45 5.0 1.02 1.05
3 x 2>1 X U 16.0 4.67 53.5 3.38 5.31 4.7 1.00 1.00
6x3Y2x ;{6 19.6 5.72 49.9 2.95 5.64 28.8 2.24 2.28
5x3 x ;{6 18.0 5.25 45.6 2.95 5.41 17.3 1.81 1.82
7U 9.8 4x3 xU 15.6 4.54 41.6 3.03 5.08 9.0 1.41 1.37
3x3 xk( 14.7 4.29 40.3 3.07 4.96 4.7 1.04 1.09
3 X 2yz x U 14.3 4.16 37.4 3.00 4.81 4.3 1.02 1.04
6 X 3.J;2 X ;{6 18.0 5.26 34.2 2.55 5.05 27.3 2.28 2.41
5x3 X ;{6 16.4 4.79 30.9 2.54 4.84 16.4 1.85 1.92
6U 8.2 4x3 xk( 14.0 4.08 28.3 2.63 4.55 8.5 1.44 1.45
3x3 xX 13.1 3.83 27.5 2.68 4.44 4.3 1.06 1.14
3 x 2 }.-2 x U 12.7 3.70 25.1 2.60 4.29 4.0 1.04 1.08
.Based on Nominal Toe of Angle flush with Ba{'"k of Channel.
AMERICAN INSTIT UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

122
y
,-L -d.
;-J=-=L
::----LJ
EAVE STRUTS
y II
AXIS X - X AX I S V -y
Weight
Channel
Bottom
p." Area ,
>od
Top Angle Angle
Foot
I" r" X, Iyy ryy' y,'
--- --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -
'0.
Lbs. In. 2 In.4 '0.
- - - - - - - - - - -- --- - -- - '0.
In.4
-- '0.
6 X 3% X ~6 31.1 9.10 111.6 3.50 4.79 75.1 2.87 5.16
8 U 11.5 5x3 X ~6 29.5 8.63 101.1 3.42 4.56 55.7 2.54 4.52
and 4x3 xU 27.1 7.92 88.6 3.34 4.20 40.5 2.2£ 3.89
6x3}2X}16 L 3x3 x~ 2£.2 7.67 84.4 3.32 4.07 32.8 2.07 3.09
3 x 2% x ~ 25.8 7.54 78.7 3.23 3.96 31.7 2.05 3.14
6x3YzX}16 29.5 8.63 107.2 3.52 4.94 61.9 2.68 4.91

8 U 11.5 5x3 x ~6 27.9 8 .1 6 97.3 3.45 4.69 44.0 2.32 4.28
and 4x3 x7,i 25.5 7.45 85.5 3.39 4.33 30.3 2.02 3.65
5x3x% L 3x3 x U 24.6 7.20 81 .6 3.37 4.19 23.3 1.80 2.86
3 x 2% x ~ 24.2 7.07 76.1 3.28 4.08 22.4 1.78 2.91
6 x 37'2 X }1s 27.1 7.92 97.9 3 .52 5.24 48.3 2.47 4.57
8 U 11 .5 5x3 x ;{6 25.5 7.45 89.2 3.46 4.99 32.4 2.08 3.95
and 4x3 x~ 23.1 6.74 79.1 3.43 4.62 20.5 1.74 3.33
4x3x~ L 3x3 x U 22.2 6.49 75.7 3.42 4.49 14.4 1.49 2.54
3 x 2% x ~ 21.8 6.36 70.7 3.33 4.36 13.7 1.47 2.59
6 x 371 X }16 2£.2 7.67 93.5 3.49 5.38 41.9 2.34 4 .41
8 U 11.5 5x3 x }{6 24.6 7.20 85.3 3.44 5.13 26.9 1.93 3 .79
and 4x3 x~ 22.2 6.49 75.9 3.42 4.76 15.8 1.56 3.17
3x3x7.i L 3x3 xU 21.3 6.24 72.8 3.41 4.62 10.2 1.28 2.38
3 x 2Y2 x M 20.9 6.11 67.9 3.33 4.49 9.6 1.25 2.43
6x3Yzx }{6 25.8 7.54 93.2 3.51 5.41 41.5 2.35 4.38
8 U 11.5 5x3 x ~6 24.2 7.07 85.1 3.47 5.15 26.7 1.94 3.77
and 4x3 x~ 21.8 6.36 75.3 3.45 4.78 15.8 1.57 3.15
3x2Yzx.!i L 3x3 xU 20.9 6.11 72.7 3.45 4.64 10.2 1.29 2.37
3 x 2% x ~ 20.5 5.98 67.9 3.37 4.51 9.6 1.27 2.42
.Based on Nominal Toe of Bottom Angle flush with Back of Channel
AMERICA N INSTITUTE OF S TEEL CON STRUCTION

123
-,r
y
I TWO EQUAL ANGLES
XC _ ~~. .-xl
y
AXIS X -X RADII OF GYRATION ABOUT AXIS Y -Y

Weight Area
Size Th ick- per Ft. of Back to Back of Angles, Inches
ness 2 2 S r y
Angles Angles I
-In.2-- - -In.3- - - - - 0 )4 % Yz % %
". ". Lb.
-----
[n. 4
- - - - ".- - ".- - - -- ---- ----
8x8 l Yz 11 3.8 33.46 195.9 35.1 2.42 2.41 3.42 3.50 3.55 3.60 3.64 3.69
1 102.0 30.00 178.0 31.6 2.44 2.37 3.40 3.49 3.53 3.58 3.62 3.67
Ys 90.0 26.46 159.2 28.0 2.45 2.32 3.38 3.46 3.51 3.55 3.60 3.64
% 77.8 22.88 139.5 24.4 2.47 2.28 3.36 3.45 3.49 3.54 3.58 3.63
% 65.4 19.22 118.9 20.6 2.49 2.23 3.34 3.42 3.47 3.51 3.56 3.60
116 59.2 17.36 108.2 18.7 2.50 2.21 3.33 3 .41 3.46 3.50 3.55 3.59
Yz 52.8 15.50 97.3 16.7 2.50 2.19 3.33 3.41 3.45 3.50 3.54 3.59
6x6 1 74.8 22.00 70.9 17.1 1.80 1.86 2.59 2.68 2.72 2.77 2.82 2.87
Ys 66.2 19.46 63.8 15.3 1.81 1.82 2.57 2.66 2.70 2.75 2.80 2.85
% 57.4 16.88 56.3 13.3 1.83 1.78 2.55 2.64 2.68 2.73 2.78 2.82
% 48.4 14.22 48 .3 11.3 1.84 1.73 2.53 2. 62 2.66 2.71 2.75 2.80
116 43.8 12.86 44.1 10.3 1.85 1.71 2.52 2.60 2.65 2.69 2.74 2.78
Yz 39.2 11.50 39.8 9.2 1.86 1.68 2.51 2.59 2.64 2.68 2.73 2.77
Us 34.4 10.12 35.4 8.1 1.87 1.66 2.50 2.58 2.63 2.67 2.72 2.76
% 29.8 8.72 30.8 7.1 1.88 1.64 2.49 2.58 2.62 2.66 2.71 2.76
5x5 % 54.4 15.96 35.5 10.3 1.49 1.S7 2.17 2.26 2.31 2.35 2.40 2.45
% 47.2 13.88 31.5 9.1 1.51 1.52 2.14 2.23 2.28 2.32 2.37 2.42
% 40.0 11.72 27.2 7.7 1.52 1.48 2.12 2.21 2.26 2.30 2.35 2.40
Yz 32.4 9.50 22.5 6.3 1.54 1.43 2.10 2.19 2.23 2.28 2.32 2.37
l1", 28.6 8.36 20.0 5.6 1.55 1.41 2.09 2.18 2.22 2.27 2.31 2.36
% 24.6 7.22 17.5 4.8 1.56 1.39 2.09 2.1 7 2.22 2.26 2.31 2.35
4 x4 % 37.0 10.88 15.3 5.6 1.19 1.27 1.74 1.83 1.88 1.93 1.98 2.03
% 31.4 9.22 13.3 4.8 1.20 1.23 1.72 1.81 1.86 1.91 1.96 2.01
Yz 25.6 7.50 11.1 2 3.9 1.22 1.18 1.70 1.78 1.83 1.88 1.93 1.98
Us 22.6 6.62 9.9 3.5 1.23 1.16 1.69 1.77 1.82 1.87 1.92 1.96
% 19.6 5.72 8 .7 3.0 1.23 1.14 1.68 1.77 1.81 1.86 1.91 1.95
~, 16.4 4.80 7.4 2.6 1.24 1.12 1.67 1.75 1.80 1.84 1.89 1.94
)4 13.2 3.88 6.1 2.1 1.25 1.09 1.66 1.74 1.79 1.83 1.88 1.93
3Yzx3Yz Yz 22.2 6.50 7.3 3.0 1.06 1.06 1.50 1.59 1.64 1.68 1.73 1.78
l1", 19.6 5.74 6.5 2.6 1.07 1.04 1.49 1.57 1.62 1.67 1.71 1.76
% 17.0 4.96 5.7 2.3 1.07 1.01 1.48 1.56 1.61 1.66 1.70 1.75
116 14.4 4.18 4.9 2.0 1.08 .99 1.47 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.69 1.74
)4 11.6 3.38 4.0 1.6 1.09 .97 1.46 1.55 1.59 1.64 1.68 1.73
3x3 Yz 18.8 5.50 4.4 2.1 .90 .93 1.29 1.39 1.43 1.48 1.53 1.58
Us 16.6 4.86 4.0 1.9 .91 .91 1.28 1.38 1.42 1.47 1.52 1.57
% 14.4 4.22 3.5 1.7 .91 .89 1.28 1.37 1.41 1.46 1.5 1 1.56
% 12.2 3.56 3.0 1.4 .92 .87 1.26 1.35 1.40 1.44 1.49 1.54
)4 9.8 2.88 2.5 1.2 .93 .84 1.25 1.34 1.38 1.43 1.48 1.53
2Yzx2Yz Yz 15.4 4.50 2.5 1.4 .74 .81 1.1 0 1.1 9 1.24 1.29 1.34 1.40
% 11.8 3.46 2.0 1.1 .75 .76 1.07 1.16 1.21 1.26 1.31 1.36
~, 10.0 2.94 1.7 1.0 .76 .74 1.06 1.1 5 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35
)4 8.2 2.38 1.4 0.8 .77 .72 1.05 1.14 1.19 1.24 1.29 1.34
2x2 % 9.4 2.72 1.0 0.7 .59 .64 .87 .97 1.02 1.07 1.12 1.18
~, 7.84 2.30 0.8 0.6 .60 .61 .86 .95 1.00 1.05 1.10 1.16
)4 6.38 1.88 0.7 0.5 .61 .59 .85 .94 .99 1.04 1.09 1.14
AMERICAN IN ST ITU TE O F STEEL CONSTRUCTION
124
TWO UNEQUAL ANGLES y
-,r PROPERTIES OF S.E CTIONS )t--=t- XJ.!

S HORT LEGS BACK TO BACK Y
AX I S X - X RADII OF GYRATION ABO UT AXIS V - V

Weight Area
Size Thick- per Ft. of Back to Back of Angles, Inches
0"" Angles
2 2
Angles I S r y
- - - -- - - - - - - - 0
'0. '0. - Lb.- -In.'--In.--
4 In.3 . - - -}i- -%- -%- -%- -%-
- -'0.- -'0-
9x 4 1 81.6 24.00 24.0 8.0 1.00 1.00 4.51 4.61 4.66 4.71 4.76 4.80
Ys 72.2 21.22 21.6 7.2 1.01 .95 4.48 4.58 4.63 4.68 4.73 4.78
% 62.6 18.38 19.2 6.2 1.02 .91 4.46 4.56 4.61 4.65 4.70 4.75
% 52.6 15.46 16.6 5.2 1.04 .86 4.43 4.53 4.58 4.63 4.68 4.73
% 47 .6 14.00 15.2 4.8 1.04 .83 4.42 4.51 4.56 4.61 4.66 4.71
% 42.6 12.50 13.8 4.4 1.05 .81 4.41 4.51 4.55 4.60 4.65 4.70
8x 6 1 88.4 26.00 77.6 17.8 1.73 1.65 3.64 3.73 3.78 3.82 3.87 3.92
Ys 78.2 22.96 69.7 15.9 1.74 1.61 3.62 3.71 3.76 3.81 3.85 3.90
% 67.6 19.88 61.4 13.8 1.76 1.56 3.60 3.69 3.73 3.78 3.83 3.87
% 57.0 16.72 52.7 11.8 1.77 1.52 3.58 3.67 3.72 3.76 3.81 3.85
~, 51.4 15.12 48.1 10.7 1.78 1.50 3.57 3.66 3.70 3.75 3.79 3.84
% 46.0 13.50 43.4 9.6 1.79 1.47 3.56 3.65 3.69 3.74 3.78 3.83
>1', 40.4 11.86 38.5 8.5 1.80 1.45 3.55 3.64 3.68 3.73 3.77 3.82
8x 4 1 74.8 22.00 23.3 7.9 1.03 1.05 3.95 4.05 4.10 4.15 4.20 4.25
Ys 66.2 19.46 21 .1 7.0 1.04 1.00 3.93 4.02 4.07 4.12 4.17 4.22
% 57.4 16.88 18.7 6.1 1.05 .95 3.90 3.99 4.04 4.09 4.14 4.19
% 48.4 14.22 16.2 5.2 1.07 .91 3.88 3.98 4.02 4.07 4.12 4.17
% 43.8 12.86 14.8 4.8 1.07 .88 3.87 3.96 4.01 4.06 4.10 4.1 5
% 39.2 11.50 13.5 4.3 1.08 .86 3 .86 3.95 4.00 4.05 4.09 4.14
>1', 34.4 10.12 12.0 3.8 1.09 .83 3.85 3.94 3.99 4.04 4.07 4.12
7x4 Ys 60.4 17.72 20.4 6.9 1.07 1.05 3.37 3.46 3.51 3.56 3.61 3.66
% 52.4 15.38 18.1 6.1 1.09 1.01 3.35 3.44 3.49 3.54 3.59 3.64
% 44.2 12.96 15.7 5.2 1.10 .96 3.32 3.42 3.47 3.51 3.56 3.61
~, 40.0 11.74 14.4 4.8 1.11 .94 3.32 3.41 3.46 3.50 3.55 3.60
% 35.8 10.50 13.0 4.2 1.11 .92 3.31 3.40 3.45 3.49 3.54 3.59
>1', 31.6 9.24 11.6 3.8 1.12 ~ 89 3.29 3.39 3.43 3.48 3.53 3.57
% 27.2 7.96 10.2 3.3 1.1 3 .87 3.28 3.38 3.42 3.47 3.52 3.56
6x 4 Ys 54.4 15.96 19.5 6.8 1.1 1 1.12 2.82 2.92 2.97 3.02 3.06 3.11
% 47.2 13.88 17.4 5.9 1.12 1.08 2.80 2.90 2.95 2.99 3.04 3.09
% 40.0 11.72 15.0 5.1 1.13 1.03 2.78 2.87 2.92 2.97 3.01 3.06
~, 36.2 10.62 13.8 4.6 1.14 1.01 2.77 2.86 2.91 2.96 3.00 3.05
% 32.4 9.50 12.5 4.2 1.15 .99 2.76 2.85 2.90 2.95 2.99 3.04
~ 28.6 8.36 11.2 3.7 1.16 .96 2.75 2.84 2.88 2.93 2.98 3.03
% 24.6 7.22 9.8 3.2 1.17 .94 2.74 2.83 2.87 2.92 2.97 3.02
6x3% % 30.6 9.00 8.5 3.2 .97 .83 2.83 2.92 2 .97 3.02 3.07 3.12
% 23.4 6.84 6.7 2.5 .99 .79 2.81 2.90 2.95 3.00 3.05 3.09
~, 19.6 5.74 5.7 2.1 1.00 .76 2.80 2.89 2.94 2.99 3.03 3.08
5x3Y2 % 39.6 11.62 11.1 4.4 .98 1.00 2.34 2.43 2.48 2.53 2.58 2.63
% 33.6 9.84 9.7 3.8 .99 .95 2.31 2.40 2.45 2.50 2.55 2.60
% 27.2 8.00 8 .1 3.1 1.01 .91 2.29 2.38 2.43 2.48 2.63 2.5Q;
>1', 24.0 7.06 7.3 2.8 1.01 .88 2.28 2.37 2.41 2.46 2.51 2.56
% 20.8 6.10 6.4 2.4 1.02 .86 2.27 2.36 2.40 2.45 2.50 2.55
~, 17.4 5.12 5.4 2.0 1.03 .84 2.26 2.35 2.38 2.43 2.48 2.63
5x3 % 25.6 7.50 5.2 2.3 .83 .75 2.36 2.46 2.50 2.55 2.60 2.65
% 19.6 5.72 4 .1 1.8 .84 .70 2.34 2.43 2.48 2.63 2.58 2.63
% 16.4 4.80 3 .5 1.5 .85 .68 2.33 2.42 2.47 2.52 2.57 2.62

125
y TWO UNEQUAL ANGLES

X==UF
I
Jt
I
Y
SHORT LEGS BACK TO BACK
-,r
AXIS X - X RADII OF GYRATION ABOUT AXIS y_y
Wei oht Area
Si~6 Thic k~
o" s
per Ft.
2 2 0' I S r y
Back to Back of Angles, Inches
Angles Angles
- -- -- --
- -- - - 0 )i % Yz % %
'0. '0. - Lb.- - In.!- - In,4- -In.- -'0-
. -'0-
. - -
1
- - --- - - - --
4 X 372 % 29.4 8.60 9.0 3.7 1.03 1.04 1.77 1.87 1.91 1.96 2.01 2.06
Yz 23.8 7.00 7.6 3.0 1.04 1.00 1.76 1.85 1.89 1.94 1.99 2.04
J10 21.2 6.18 6.8 2.7 1.05 .98 1.75 1.84 1.89 1.94 1.98 2.03
% 18.2 5.34 6.0 2.3 1.06 .96 1.74 1.83 1.88 1.92 1.97 2.02
% 15.4 4.50 5.1 2.0 1.07 .93 1.73 1.81 1.86 1.91 1.96 2.00
)i 12.4 3.62 4.2 1.6 1.07 .91 1.72 1.80 1.85 1.90 1.94 1.99
4x3 % 27.2 7.96 5.7 2.7 .85 .87 1.84 1.94 1.99 2.03 2.08 2.14
Yz 22.2 6.50 4.8 2.2 .86 .83 1.82 1.92 1.96 2.01 2.06 2.11
J10 19.6 5.74 4.4 2.0 .87 .80 1.81 1.90 1.95 1.99 2.04 2.09
% 17.0 4.96 3.8 1.7 .88 .78 1.80 1.89 1.94 1.98 2.03 2.08
~, 14.4 4.18 3.3 1.5 .89 .76 1.79 1.88 1.93 1.97 2.02 2.07
)i 11.6 3.38 2.7 1.2 .90 .74 1.78 1.87 1.92 1.96 2.01 2.06
371 X 3 Yz 20.4 6.00 4.7 2.2 .88 .88 1.56 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85
l{, 18.2 5.30 4.2 2.0 .89 .85 1.54 1.63 1.68 1.73 1.78 1.83
% 15.8 4.60 3.7 1.7 .90 .83 1.53 1.62 1.67 1.72 1.77 1.82
% 13.2 3.86 3.2 1.4 .90 .81 1.52 1.61 1.66 1.71 1.76 1.81
)i 10.8 3.12 2.6 1.2 .91 .79 1.52 1.61 1.65 1.70 1.75 1.80
3Yz x2Yz Yz 18.8 5.50 2.7 1.5 .70 .70 1.62 1.71 1.76 1.81 1.86 1.91
l{, 16.6 4.86 2.5 1.4 .71 .68 1.61 1.70 1.75 1.80 1.85 1.90
% 14.4 4.22 2.2 1.2 .72 .66 1.61 1.69 1.74 1.79 1.84 1.89
VJ6 12.2 3.56 1.9 1.0 .73 .64 1.60 1.68 1.73 1.77 1.82 1.88
)i 9.8 2.88 1.6 0.8 .74 .61 1.58 1.67 1.71 1.76 1.81 1.86
3x2Yz Yz 17.0 5.00 2.6 1.5 .72 .75 1.35 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65
l{, 15.2 4.42 2.4 1.3 .73 .73 1.34 1.44 1.49 1.54 1.59 1.64
% 13.2 3.84 2.1 1.2 .74 .71 1.34 1.43 1.48 1.53 1.58 1.63
% 11.2 3.24 1.8 1.0 .74 .68 1.32 1.41 1.46 1.51 1.56 1.60
)i 9.0 2.62 1.5 0.8 .75 .66 1.31 1.40 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.60
3x2 Yz 15.4 4.50 1.3 0.9 .55 .58 1.42 1.52 1.57 1.62 1.67 1.73
l{, 13.6 4.00 1.2 0.8 .55 .56 1.41 1.51 1.56 1.61 1.65 1.71
% 11.8 3.46 1.1 0.7 .56 .54 1.40 1.49 1.54 1.59 1.64 1.69
% 10.0 2.94 0.9 0.6 .57 .52 1.39 1.48 1.53 1.58 1.63 1.68
)i 8.2 2.38 0.8 0.5 .57 .49 1.38 1.47 1.52 1.57 1.62 1.67
%; 6.1 1.80 0.6 0.4 .58 .47 1.37 1.46 1.51 1.56 1.61 1.66
2% X 2 % 10.6 3.10 1.0 0.7 .58 .58 1.13 1.22 1.27 1.32 1.38 1.43
~, 9.0 2.62 0.9 0.6 .58 .56 1.12 1.21 1.26 1.31 1.37 1.42
)i 7.2 2.12 0.7 0.5 .59 .54 1.11 1.20 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40
l{, 5.5 1.62 0.6 0.4 .60 .51 1.10 1.19 1.24 1.29 1.34 1.38
126
TWO UNEQUAL ANGLES y

I
lr PROPERTIES OF SECTIONS
LONG L EGS BACK TO BACK
x '00' ~~
I
y
AXIS X - X RADII OF GYRATION ABOUT AX IS Y _V

Weight Area
sa. Thick- per Ft. of Back to Back of Angles, Inches
0'" 2
Angles
2I
An gles S r y
-- - - - - - - - - 0 U % % % %
In. '0. -Lb.- -In.2- -In.'- -In.3- -'0.- -'0.- - - ---- -- -- --
9x 4 1 81.6 24.00 194.0 35.2 2.84 3.50 1.41 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70
% 72.2 21.22 173.6 31.4 2.86 3.45 1.39 1.47 1.52 1.57 1.62 1.67
% 62.6 18.38 152.2 27.2 2.88 3.41 1.37 1.45 1.50 1.55 1.59 1.64
% 52.6 15.46 129.8 23.0 2.90 3.36 1.35 1.43 1.47 1.52 1.56 1.61
% . 47.6 14.00 118.2 20.8 2.91 3.33 1.33 1.41 1.46 1.50 1.55 1.59
% 42.6 12.50 106.4 18.6 2.92 3.31 1.33 1.41 1.45 1.49 1.54 1.58
8x6 1 88.4 26.00 161.6 30.2 2.49 2.65 2.39 2.48 2.52 2.57 2.61 2.66
% 78.2 22.96 144.6 26.8 2.51 2.61 2.37 2.46 2.50 2.55 2.59 2.64
% 67.6 19.88 126.8 23.3 2.53 2.56 2.35 2.44 2.48 2.52 2.57 2.61
% 57.0 16.72 108.2 19.7 2.54 2.52 2.34 2.42 2.46 2.51 2.55 2.60
l{, 51.4 15.12 98.5 17.9 2.55 2.50 2.33 2.41 2.46 2.50 2.54 2.59
% 46.0 13.50 88.6 16.0 2.56 2.47 2.32 2.40 2.44 2.48 2.53 2.57
!{, 40.4 11 .86 78.4 14.1 2.57 2.45 2.31 2.39 2.43 2.47 2.52 2.56
8x4 1 74.8 22.00 139.3 28.1 2.52 3.05 1.47 1.56 1.61 1.66 1.71 1.76
% 66.2 19.46 124.9 25.0 2.53 3.00 1.44 1.53 1.58 1.63 1.68 1.72
% 57.4 16.88 109.8 21.8 2.55 2.95 1.42 1.50 1.55 1.60 1.64 1.69
% 48.4 14.22 93.8 18.4 2.57 2.91 1.40 1.49 1.53 1.58 1.62 1.67
% 43.8 12.86 85.6 16.8 2.58 2.88 1.39 1.47 1.51 1.56 1.60 1.65
% 39.2 11 .50 77.0 15.0 2.59 2.86 1.38 1.46 1.51 1.55 1.60 1.64
}{, 34.4 10.12 68.2 13.2 2.60 2.83 1.37 1.45 1.49 1.53 1.58 1.62
7x4 % 60.4 17.72 85.8 19.3 2.20 2.55 1.50 1.59 1.64 1.68 1.73 1.78
% 52.4 15.38 75.6 16.8 2.22 2.51 1.48 1.57 1.62 1.66 1.71 1.76
% 44.2 12.96 64.8 14.3 2.24 2.46 1.46 1.55 1.59 1.64 1.68 1.73
% 40.0 11.74 59.2 13.0 2.24 2.44 1.45 1.54 1.58 1.62 1.67 1.72
% 35.8 10.50 53.3 11.6 2.25 2.42 1.45 1.53 1.57 1.62 1.66 1.71
}{, 31.6 9.24 47.4 10.2 2.26 2.39 1.43 1.51 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.69
% 27.2 7.96 41.1 8.9 2.27 2.37 1.43 1.51 1.55 1.59 1.64 1.68
6x4 % 54.4 15.96 55.5 14.3 1.86 2.12 1.57 1.66 1.71 1.76 1.81 1.86
% 47 .2 13.88 49 .0 12.5 1.88 2.08 1.55 1.64 1.69 1.74 1.79 1.84
% 40.0 11 .72 42.1 10.6 1.90 2.03 1.53 1.62 1.66 1.71 1.76 1.80
% 36.2 10.62 38.5 9.7 1.90 2.01 1.52 1.61 1.66 1.70 1.75 1.79
% 32.4 9.50 34.8 8.7 1.91 1.99 1.52 1.60 1.65 1.69 1.74 1.78
!{, 28.6 8.36 3 1.0 7.7 1.92 1.96 1.50 1.59 1.63 1.68 1.72 1.77
% 24.6 7.22 26.9 6.6 1.93 1.94 1.50 1.58 1.62 1.67 1.71 1.76
6x3% % 30.6 9.00 33.2 8. 5 1.92 2.08 1.27 1.36 1.40 1.45 1.49 1.55
% 23.4 6.84 25.7 6.5 1.94 2.04 1.26 1.34 1.39 1.43 1.48 1.53
% 19.6 5.74 21.8 5.5 1.95 2.01 1.26 1.33 1.38 1.42 1.46 1.51
5x3% % 39.6 11.62 27.8 8.6 1.55 1.75 1.40 1.49 1.54 1.59 1.64 1.69
% 33.6 9.84 24.1 7.3 1.56 1.70 1.37 1.46 1.51 1.56 1.60 1.65
Yz 27.2 8.00 20.0 6.0 1.58 1.66 1.36 1.44 1.49 1.54 1.58 1.63
}{, 24.0 7.06 17.8 5.3 1.59 1.63 1.35 1.43 1.47 1.52 1.57 1.62
% 20.8 6.10 15.6 4.6 1.60 1.61 1.34 1.42 1.46 1.51 1.55 1.60
% 17.4 5.12 13.2 3.9 1.61 1.59 1.33 1.41 1.45 1.50 1.54 1.59
5x3 % 25.6 7.50 18.9 5.8 1.59 1.75 1.11 1.21 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.40
% 19.6 5.72 14.7 4.5 1.61 1.70 1.09 1.18 1.23 1.27 1.32 1.37
% 16.4 4.80 12.5 3.8 1.61 1.68 1.09 1.17 1.22 1.26 1.31 1.36

127
TWO UNEQUAL ANGLES

x -i- ~J
I
LONG LEGS BACK TO BACK
lr
Y
AXIS X-X RADI I OF GYRATION ABOUT AX IS V-Y

We ight Area
Size Thick- per Ft. of Back to Back of Angles, Inches
ness 2 2 y
Angles Ang les I S r
- - - Lb.- - In.2- -1r..4- - In.l- - '0-. -- 0 U % Y, % %:
'0. . - - - - - - - - - - - '0.- -
-'0- - - - -- - - - - - -
4x3Yz % 29.4 8.60 12.7 4.7 1.22 1.29 1.46 1.55 1.60 1.65 1.70 1.75
Y, 23.8 7.00 10.6 3.9 1.23 1.25 1.44 1.53 1.58 1.63 1.67 1.72
>1, 21.2 6.18 9.5 3.4 1.24 1.23 1.44 1.52 1.57 1.62 1.66 1.71
% 18.2 5.34 8.4 3.0 1.25 1.21 1.43 1.52 1.56 1.61 1.66 1.70
4.50 7.1 2.5 1.26 1.18
"74 '" 15.4
12.4 3.62 5.8 2.1 1.27 1.16
1.42
1.41
1.50
1.49
1.55
1.54
1.59
1.58
1.64
1.63
1.69
1.67
4x3 % 27.2 7.96 12.1 4.6 1.23 1.37 1.22 1.31 1.36 1.41 1.46 1.51
Y, 22.2 6.60 10.1 3.8 1.25 1.33 1.20 1.29 1.33 1.38 1.43 1.48
%; 19.6 5.74 9.0 3.4 1.25 1.30 1.18 1.27 1.32 1.36 1.41 1.46
% 17.0 4.96 7.9 2.9 1.26 1.28 1.18 1.26 1.31 1.35 1.40 1.45
% 14.4 4.18 6.8 2.5 1.27 1.26 1.17 1.25 1.30 1.35 1.39 1.44
U 11.6 3.38 5.5 2.0 1.28 1.24 1.16 1.25 1.29 1.34 1.38 1.43
3Y, x 3 Y, 20.4 6.00 6.9 2.9 1.07 1.13 1.25 1.34 1.38 1.43 1.48 1.53
%; 18.2 5.30 6.2 2.6 1.08 1.10 1.23 1.32 1.37 1.41 1.46 1.51
% 15.8 4.60 5.4 2.3 1.09 1.08 1.22 1.31 1.36 1.40 1.45 1.50
~i6 13.2 3.86 4.7 1.9 1.10 1.06 1.22 1.30 1.35 1.39 1.44 1.49
U 10.8 3.12 3.8 1.6 1.11 1.04 1.21 1.29 1.34 1.38 1.43 1.48
3Y, x2Y, Y, 18.8 5.50 6.5 2.8 1.09 1.20 .99 1.08 1.13 1.1 8 1.23 1.29
%; 16.6 4.86 5.8 2.5 1.09 1.18 .98 1.07 1.12 1.17 1.22 1.27
% 14.4 4.22 5.1 2.2 1.10 1.16 .97 1.07 1.11 1.16 1.21 1.26
% 12.2 3.56 4.4 1.9 1.11 1.14 .96 1.05 1.10 1.1 5 1.20 1.24
U 9.8 2.88 3.6 1.5 1.12 1.11 .95 1.04 1.09 1.1 3 1.1 8 1.23
3x2Y, Y, 17.0 5.00 4.2 2.1 .91 1.00 1.04 1.14 1.18 1.23 1.28 1.34
%; 15.2 4.42 3.8 1.9 .92 .98 1.03 1.12 1.17 1.22 1.27 1.33
% 13.2 3.84 3.3 1.6 .93 .96 1.02 1.11 1.16 1.21 1.26 1.31
% 11.2 3.24 2.8 1.4 .94 .93 1.01 1.10 1.14 1.1 9 1.24 1.29
U 9.0 2.62 2.3 1.1 .95 .91 1.00 1.09 1.1 3 1.18 1.23 1.28
3x2 Y, 15.4 4.50 3.8 2.0 .92 1.08 .80 .89 .94 1.00 1.04 1.10
%; 13.6 4.00 3.5 1.8 .93 1.06 .79 .88 .93 .98 1.03 1.09
% 11.8 3.46 3.1 1.6 .94 1.04 .78 .87 .92 .97 1.02 1.07
% 10.0 2.94 2.6 1.3 .95 1.02 .77 .86 .90 .95 1.00 1.06
U 8.2 2.38 2.2 1.1 .96 .99 .75 .84 .89 .93 .99 1.04
!i'o 6.14 1.80 1.7 0.8 .97 .97 .75 .83 .88 .93 .98 1.03
2Y, x 2 % 10.6 3.10 1.8 1.1 .77 .83 .82 .91 .96 1.01 1.06 1.11
'"
U
!i'o
9.0
7.2
5.5
2.62
2.12
1.62
1.6
1.3
1.0
0.9
0.8
0.6
.78
.78
.79
.81
.79
.76
.81
.80
.79
.91
.89
.88
.95
.94
.92
1.00
.99
.96
1.05
1.04
1.02
1.10
1.09
1.07
AMERICAN INSTI T UTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

128
BEAM BEARING PLATES

When a beam is supported by a masonry wall or pier it is essential that the beam
reaction be distributed over an area sufficient to keep the average pressure on the
masonry within the allowable limits. Steel bearing plates are generally used for this
p~pose.
Standard sizes of rolled steel bearing plates are listed on page 60. These sizes
should be used wherever possible.
The following method of design, using a maximum bending stress of 20,000 pounds
per square inch, is recommended .
R =Reaction of beam, in kips.

A =BXC=Area of plate, in square inches.
t =Thickness of plate, in inches.
p =Bearing pressure on masonry, in kips per square
inch.
k = Distance from outer face of beam flange to web toe
of fillet in inches.
1. Detennine the required area A = R i p.

When p is not given in the building code or specification, a bearing value may be ob-
tained from the table on page 346.
2. Determine C and solve for B.
The length of bearing, C, is usually governed by the available wall thickness or some
other structural consideration.
3. Determine n, and solve for t2 by substituting in the formula t2 = .15pn 2•
Example: An 18 'IJIF 50 beam has a span of 16 feet and supports a uniform load
of 69 kips including its own weight. One end of the beam rests on a masonry wall
with an allowable bearing pressure of .250 kips per square inch. The length of bearing
C is limited to 10 inches. Design the bearing plate.
R ~ ~ ~34.5 kips 34.5 =. 246 k"IpS per sq. m.

p = 14XlO .
A ~ 34.5 138 . t' ~.15X.246X6X6~1.33 in.'

.250 = sq. Ill.
t =1.15";uselki"
B -_138
10 =138"·
. , use 14"
n = 14" - 1!1s"=51%;"-say 6" UselO"Xl~"Xl'-2" BearingPlate.

2
Steel bearing plates may be materially reduced in size and weight by setting them
upon strong masonry, locally built into the wall or pier to distribute the load over the
weaker masonry. For this purpose, templates of bluestone or other hard stone, or
rich concrete masonry may be used. In designing such masonry the overhang of any
course beyond the course above should not exceed 3/4 of the thickness of the course
and the stronger masonry should be carried down far enough to obtain an adequate
base area on the weaker masonry.
Steel beams supported by masonry should always be properly anchored to the
wall. Recommended details are shown on page 155.
Some designers prefer to compute the required section modulus of bearing plates.
The table on page 60 will be found useful for this purpose.

129
COLUMN BASE PLATES

Steel base plates are generally used under columns for distributing the column
loads over a sufficient area of the concrete foundations.
Standard sizes of rolled steel base plates are listed on page 60. These sizes should
be used wherever possible. For many of the heavier columns, single or double tier
grillages may often be found to be lighter and more economical than base plates on
concrete.
The following method of design, using a maximum bending stress of 20,000 poWlds
per square inch, is recommended.
r- B
-
P = Total column load, in kips.

.9 d A = BXC = Area of plate, in square inches .
t = Thickness of plate, in inches.
p = Bearing pressure on foundation, in kips per square inch.
The column load, P, is assumed to be uniformly distributed within a rectangle

whose dimensions are .95 d and .80 b, and the base plate is assumed to have a uniform
bearing pressure, p, on the foundation.
1. Determine the required area A = P / p.
2. Determine Band C so that dimensions m and n are approximately equal.
3. Determine m and n, the projections of the plate beyond true assumed dotted
rectangle, and use the larger value to solve for t by one of the followng formulas:
t2= .15 pm2 or
Example: A 14W' 95 column has a reaction of 450 kips and rests on a concrete
foundation with an allowable bearing pressure of .600 kips per square inch. Design
a steel base plate for this column.
450 .
A ~ .600 ~ 750 sq. 10.
27-11.6
n 7.7"
2
Assume C = 28"
450
750 P ~ 27 X28 ~ .595 kips per sq. in.
B= 28 = 26.8"; use 27/1
t' ~.15X.595X7.7X7.7 ~5.29 in.'

. 95d~.95XI4.12 ~ 13.4"
.80b~.80XI4.545 ~11.6" t=2.30 1l ; use 3"
28-13.4 Use 28"X3"X2'·3/1 Base Plate
m= 7.3"
2
The column base plate tables. pages 249 to 251. are for base plates on concrete
foundations, for allowable bearing values of 600 and 800 pounds per square inch and
the maximum values given in the column load tables.
Some designers prefer to compute the required section modulus of base plates.
The table on page 60 will be found useful for this purpose.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CON S T RUCTI ON

r---
130
CRANE RAILS
r--t -
; l )
'---,
X-:-::-;~
C9
-,"s
-
R
1 V
t-I
} 'I
---
,I
~T ~ ~ '-:-J
I
,--J
I b II A. A. A.
A. S . C. E. A. A. E. A. BETHLEHEM 104 LB.
l ) ~H ) ~ )
r )--j
,--
u.
f-
S. STEEL 105 LB.

----. r" '---,
BETHLEHEM 171 LB.
H
~
I----i
U. S. STEEL 175 LB.

'----.
Nomenclature of sketch for A. S. C. E. Rails also applies to other sections.
Th e A. S. C. E. rails a nd the 104-175 lb. ralls tabulated below are recommended for crane
run way use.
Other rails, of gird er trcpe, though not recommended for crane run ways, are much used
in t rack, and their dimens ons are given as a co nvenience to drafts m en . For complete details
of rail contours consult the ra il m a nufacture r.
Whenever possible. crane ra ils should be ordered by co mpl ete length of run , allowing the
manu fact urer to determine t he lengths of individual pieces.
DIMENSIONS IN INCHES PROPERTIES

~
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Type
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Thickness Siopa
HEAD
Width c I ., .E ~
WEB
., Gage
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Area
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::~
8.33
" 90 5% 5% l?t< 13 2% 2% 12 U6 2'¥ 12 4}'i 2s 8.83 4.4 12.2 2.
" 5% 5%, 'J{, j{, 13 2 ~ 2% 12 '!{,
~:O.7 10.6 2.!,
100 ¥ 12 6% 28 9.84 14.6
Bethlehem 104 5 5 1%; 72 13 272 272 12 1 Z116 3)1 116 10.29 2.21
U. S. Steel 105 5%; 1 I~ 13 ~ti6 2% 12 1916 :~ijl v"'.
12 l?t< 10.30 12.4 2.41
~~.4 24.5
Bethlehem
U. S. Steel
171
175
6
6
6 1 Ji %
51
6 1?t< )4
12
12 \4
4!-{6 Flat l Ji
4Ji 24 1%
~}4 Com:J %
. 2J{,
16.85
17.15
3.6
1.5 23] 3. t~
"lJi:.
•
A.A.A.-A. 90 5% 5Ys1 l!%'4 14 21;{2 2U, 14 '!{, ~!!2 14 Ut 23 8.82 "~.7 12.6 2.~
" 100 6 14 21 ~ 2% 14 '!{, 3% 14 2%
~:~
5)4!1li: % 9.84 48.9 15.0
A.RA- B. 100 5'lt4 5~11 5 'lt4 13 2U, 2'J{, 12 '!{, 2;j(, 12 26 ~/b8 9.85 1.3 13.7 2.
A.A.E.A.
"
100
11 5
6
~% 5%
1l16 '¥ 14
~11' 21;{6
14 EiiJ{, 2'~
14
10
'!{, 3%2 14 ~i?6. 9.95
fl~j{, Compo 2 %
49.0 15.1 2.7
~:~
5 )411Ys 11.25 18.0
~:~
116 %
" 132 17% 6 1%; 116 14 ~Il{, 3 10 ' J{, j{, Compo ~ 12.85 .2 22.5 3.

131
CRANE RAIL SPLICES AND FASTENINGS

SPLICES
For splice bar contours consult rail manufacturer. Many bars require cutting of bottom
flange to clear girder ri vet heads. Splice bars are used in pairs. Rails have circular and splice
bars have slotted holes to provide for expansion. Bolts should have spring washers und er nuts
I
4· .",. 4·
\ A:-
~.~
II
30ib. Asa.
{ 70 to 100 lb. A.S.C.E. S" 5" 5!.;: .5" S
~I , .~ r . c.
5· 5" 5·
105 lb. U. S. Sleel
5· sJti 5·
M lb. "_"i.e.F:.
10 4 eo 111lb. BeThlehem
17S lb.U. S. Sleel
6- 5"
4"1'" ." •
5'1."
5" S"
4"
Unless otherwise specified, mill will drill for and furnish standard splice barsj for crane
up to 25 tons capacity, however. some fabricators use flat bars.
FASTENINGS
Eccentric Fillers
'---'
~ litA-r
Hook Bol ts Clamps
The two types of fa stenings illustrated above incorporate adjustable features for the
alignment of the rails, suc h as length of thread for h oo k bolts or one-hole eccentric fillers for
clamps.
Use bolts with hexago n h eads and nuts, and spring wash ers or other locking device.
Two bolt connections should always be used for each clamp.
Hook bolts are used only on beams with flange too narrow to permit the US 9 of clamps.
Spacing between pairs of fastenings is in general: hook bolts about 2 f eet on centers of
pairs, 3 inches between bolts of a pair; clamps 3 feet centers up to l00-ton s capacity, then 2
feet centers.
The fabricator should a lways be consulted as to the type of fastenings shown, or any other
type, Which he manufactures and recommends.
HOOK CLAMPS
STANDARD SPliCES BOLTS (Two Bolts per Pit)
Weight
T,,,,,
,
sion
No. Dia. Lgth.
- - - - - - - - - r--- - -
.
Length
of
"
1- - - . - - -1
2
8M'
Set of
Bolts and
Washers
.j•
o
30 A.S.C.E. 2 4 % 2% 16Y8 10.5 1.9 % ·1.8 % 2 1%i 5

40 A.S.C.E. 2% 4 %
3% 20 16.1 3.0 % 2.6 % 3 5
60 A.S.C.E. 2% 4 % 4 24 32.4 3.3 Y8 3.8 % 3% 6
70 A.S.C.E. 3 6 % 4 34 54.6 5.4 % 4.0 % 3% 8
80 A.S.C.E. 3% 6 % 4Y, 34 62.6 7.5 % 4.0 % 3% 8
85 A.S.C.E. 3% 6 % 4Y, 34 67.6 7.5 % 4.2 % 3% 8
90 A.S.C.E. 3Y, 6 1 4% 34 72.7 11.4 % 4.2 % 3 1Yt6 8
100 A.S.C.E. 3% 6 1 5 34 85.7 11.7 1 4Y, 11
104 Beth. 3Y, 6 1 5 34 60.6 10.7 1 3% 11
105 U. S. Steel 2% 6 % 4Y, 34 54.6 7.5 1 3% 11
171 Beth. 3 6 1 6 34 76.7 12.2 1 4% 12
175 U. S. Steel 4 6 1 Y, 6Y, 26 79.6 18.2 1 4% 12

,..
132
CLEVISES
u(J f ~I
k"~a~
Thread: American Stand·
ard-Class 2 Fit
o(~ : 1 : :~rlP Grir, = th;ckness
pate + 1A"
Cle vis
Number M ax. 0 Max. p b
Dimensions, Inches
n a w t
Wei ght
Pounds
2.5
2)1 Ys 1)i 2)1 1 5 1)i %
3 1)i 1)1 3 1)i 5 172 )1 4.0
3)1 172 1% 3)1 1)1 6 1% )1 6.0
4 1% 2 4 1~ 6 2 )1 S..O
5 2Ys 2)1 5 2)i 7 2)1 % 16.0
6 2% 3 6 2% s 3 % 26.0
7 3 3% 7 3 9 3)1 Ys 36.0
S 4 4)i S 4 10 4 1)i 71.0
CLEVIS NUMBERS FOR VARIOUS RODS AND PINS
Upset Aods Diam- Diameter of Pin, Inches

Nominal Size oter
of Tap
Round Square D Ys 1 1Ys 1)1 1% 2 2Ys 2)1 2% 3 3Ys 3)1 3% 4 4U
- -- - - - - - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - --
% 2)1 2)1 2)1
% 2)1 2)1 2)1
Ys 2)1 2)1 2)1
% 1 ...... 3 3 3 3Yz
% 1Ys ...... 3 3 3 3)1
Ys Ys 1Ys ...... 3 3 3 3)1 4
1 1% ._--_. -_ ..-. 3)1 3)1 3)1 4
1Ys 1 H1 ...... _._.- . 3Y2 3)1 4 4 5
1Ys 1Ys 1% ...... ...... 4 4 5 5 5
1% 1% .. __.. . .... ... _- 4 5 5 5 5
1Ys 1Ys ...... . _---. --_ ... 5 5 5 5 5
1% 1% 2 ...... -----. ...... 5 5 5 5 6 6
1% 2Ys ...... --_._. ----_. 5 5 5 6 6 6 6
1% 1)1 2Ys ...... ----- ------ ------ .... _. 6 6 6 6 6 7 7
1Ys 1% 2% ...... ------ ---_.. ... ._- . .. _-- 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 S
2 1% 2)1 ...... _..... ---_.. ------ ...... 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 s
2Ys 2% ...... ... _-- ------ ------ ...... ----_ . .... 7 7 7 7 7 s
1Ys 2% ---_.. ... ..... ... ... " ' - ' ------ ._---. 7 7 7 7 S s
2Ys 2 2Ys ------ -.'.-- ..... .. .... .... - . ...... 7 7 7 S S S S s
2% 3
2Ys ...... .... ....-- ... ... .... - . ...... . _--- . 7 7 S S S S S s
3Ys ...... ..... . ..... . ... _. ..._.. . ..... . ..... 8 S S S S S s
2)4-2% 2Ys 3Ys ...... .. .... ...... ...•.. ...... ...... . _.. ...... S S S S S S s
3% ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... . ...... ...... . ..... S S S 8 S S s'
2% 2% 3)1 ...... ...... ...... ...... ..... . ...... ...... . ..... S S S S S S' s'
3% ...... ... _. ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . ..... S 8 S 8 S' 8' S'
2Ys-3 2)1-2% 3% .•.•.. ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... . ..... S S S S' S' S' s'
3Ys ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... S' S' S' S' S' S'
3Ys-3 )i 2% 4 ...... ...... ...... ...... .... .. .... .....~ . ..... ... .. . S' S' S' S'
Above Table of Clevis Sizes is based on t he Net Area of Cl evis through Pin Ho le be ing equ a l
to or greater t han 135 per cent of Net Area of Rod. Table a pplies t o round a nd squ a re rods
with upset en ds and ro und rods without upset ends ;" denotes th a t c levis is n ot suffi c ient for
round rods n ot u pset. Pin s a re s uffici en t fo r shear but mu st be in vestigated for bending. For
othe r co mbin a tions of pin a n d rod or n et a rea ratios, requ ired clevis s ize ca n be calcula t ed by
referen ce to th e tab ulated d imensi ons .
Weights and dim e ns ions of clevises are Cleveland City Forge Co. Standard. Similar prod-
ucts of other m a nufacturers are essentia lly the same.
AMERICAN INS TITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT I ON

133
TURNBUCKLES AND SLEEVE NUTS
~a~
p
It@~l Cf! ~
,'
/ 11
0 ,!II ,
~: Thread:
1'1 American Sta ndard-C lass 2 Fit
L
Standard Turnbuckl es Weight of Turnbuckles, Lb. Eye and H ook Stubs

Size
D
I,.
a
Dimensions, Inches
, , 9
n 6 9
Length, a, Inches
12 18 24 36 48
p ,,, E,.
Std. (av.)
In. 3=6"
Weight Lb.
Hook
- -- - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- - --
% 6 U, 7Ya ji6 1lj2 .41. ------.. ------ ------ +------ ----_.. ._---.--- % 19 .30 .25
Y, 6 % 7Y, 1 ~ 1 ~6 .70 .75 1.00 -----_. -_ .._-- ------- ....... __ . 1 19 .61 .48
% 6 ,%, 71%; l i}(6 lYz .89 1.38 1.50 ._....... -------- -------- ... _----- - 1~ 19Yz 1.07 .95
% 6 1~ 8Ya l~ 1'%, 1.20 1.63 2.13 3.06 4.38 l Y,~l 1.70 1.52
% 6 1lj2 8U, 1%, 1 % 1.46 ._----_.. 2.83 4.33 5.47 ~%f.13% 2.44 2.19
1 6 lYs 8% 1%, 2lj2 2.27 -_._---.-. 3.80 4.13 4.45 5.12 2 ~~~ 3.42 3.10
lYa 6 lUG 9Ya P :Ji2 2%, 2.72 -- ---_.. _- 4 .00 7.25 9.15 12.95 2%26% 4.92 4 .50
1% 6 1% 9Y, 1 ~ 2'lj2 3.58 ---------- 4.70 7.1 3 12.11 16.75 2Y,'28 6.35 5.82
1% 6 1 1'16 9 % l'116 2% 4.13 ---------------- ._ .... _. _._---- -_..- .. . ....... _._- 8.42 7.79
l Y, 6 2Ya 10% 12~ 3lj2 5.25 8.00 9.13 11.75 17.75 24.00 32%r 32 10.83 10.08
1% 6 2% lOY, 1'lj2 3%, 5.88 3% 4 13.91 12.94
1% 6 2% 11 2Ya 3ji6 7 .05 15.00 21.59 29.35 37.85 3Y,'35 17.40 16.38
1%
2
6
6
2% 11 Y, 2% 4
2% llY, 2% 4
9.95
9.95 15.23 28.35 37.95 48.45 4
3%~7Y, 20.62 19.45
OYz 25.45 24.13
2% 6 3% 12% 21!1l; 4 % 18.00 37.80 51.00 63.95 4Y,~3Y, 39.02 37.35
2Y, 6 3% 13Y, 3 5 23.25 49.38 65.30 82.50 5 50 57.02 54.94
2% 6 4Ya 14% 37i 5% 31.50 104.30 5Y,55 81.80 79.28
3 6 4Y, 15 3% 6Ya 39.50 .. ---_
... ------ ... _-".- ---_._- .__ .... . 126.406 60 106.06 103.06
3% 6 5% 16Y, 3% 6% 61.00 70.00 ------- .- ...__.. -..__ ... . .. ..... __... ...... ........ .... _..._- --_..__ ...
_---
3Y, 6 5% 16Y, 3% 6% 61.00 70.00 .. -----_ . ... _-_
. ... __ .-. 203.00 .. .. -- --- -- .. .......... ---_. __ ...
-----
3% 6 6 18 4% 8Y, 89.00 ._------_ . ._-_.-. ------ _.. . . _-_ _--_
.. --------- ..... - ... --.- ... ----- ._-_.__ .. .
4 6 6 18 4~ 8Y, 89.00 ._------_ . . _--_ __ _.
. . .. ._---- ._---- 314.00 ---_.. -. ....... _---- .... _----
4% 9 6% 22Y, 5% 9% ._ .. _... 152.00 ._. __... . _----- . __.__ . . _--_.-
..... _. __. - - ..... . _.._-- .. __ ._---
---_. __ ...
4Y, 9 6% 22Y, 5% 9% ._._---- 152.00 ..._--.- ------- ._--- . ._--_ ... ._--_._ ... ------ _... -- ... _. __ ... ... _._ ---
---_
_-_ ---_ _---_ _----
4% 9 6% 22 Y, 5% 9% -_._-_. 152.00 ----_. ... ------ ------ ... ._-_.- .... _.. -----_. -_._--_.
5 9 7Y, 24 6 10 ._--_. 200.00 ._--_. . ... _-"._
... . . ... . ......----_._- ---_._-- --_ .......
I
Weights and dimension s of Turnb u c kles, Eyes and Hooks are Cleveland City Forge Compa ny
Standard. Simila r products of other companies are essentia lly the sa me .
SLEEVE NUTS
Oia.
ffir.'t£9 OS"hn we
of Long Nut Clear Short Thick- Length
n n Screw Dia. Dia. ness
,
1!'
4"
,
1)1
~OI~Y Ola. D ,
- In.- I,. I,. -I,.- In.t - I,.I - -Lb.-
n
?':I'I,!/,Imi\~ . JIo
I,.
- - - - -- -- - - - - - - - -
y n ,
4
4%
7116 4%
7% 4%
4Ya
4%
6Ya
6Y,
1
1 !{6
13 55
13Y, 65
4Y, 7 1'16 5 4% 6% 1 !{, 14 75
QQJu 4~
5
8% 5%
8 % 5Y,
5% 9% 5%
5Y, 9% 6
5
5%
5Y,
5%
7%
7%
8
8%
l Ya
1~
l >i
l l{,
14Y, 98
15 110
15% 122
16 142
Thread : American Standard-Class 2 Fit 5% 10Ys 6% 6 8% 1% 16Y, 157
Material: Cast Steel 6 10% 6Y, 6% 9Ys Hi'6 17 176
AMERICAN INS TITUTE OF STEE L CONSTRUCTION

134
RECESSED PIN NUTS AND COTTER PINS

I'T"!F'---GrlP- -- -oI
Thread
Shape: American Standard
Class 2 Fit
f Pitch: 6 per inch
Material: Pressed Steel
Diameter
of Pin Weight
d o T e s Pounds
~~
1% 1' Ys 3 3% 1
2
2%
3
1Ys
1>i
1%
1
lYs
l >i
3%
4%
4 Ys
4Ys
5
5%
3Ys
4% %
e 2
3
4
3% 1% 1% 5%" 6% 5>i % 5
4 1% 1% 6>i 7)4 5%, % 6
4% 1~ 1% 7 8Ys 6% % 8
5 l Ys 1% 7% 8Ys 7 % 10
5% 2 l Ys 8Ys 9% 7% % 12
5% 2 l Ys 8% 10 8 % 14
6 2>i 2Ys 9% 10Ys 8%" % 19
6 2>i 2 Ys 10)4 11 Ys 9% % 24
6 2% 2)4 ll >i 13 10% % 32
6 2% 2)4 11)4 13 10% % 32
*;'''~>\I<---Grlp------
Recessed Pin Nuts similar to those listed above
I
d+I" ~'"
are available, in cast steel, for pins up to 24
inches in diameter.
I For pins over 10 inches in diameter, however,
the preferred practice Is a detail sim ilar to that
shown at the left, in which the pin is held in
pl ace by a recessed cap at each end and secured
by a bo lt passin g compl et e ly through the caps
and pin. S uitab le provision must be made for
TY P I CAL PIN c .. P DETAIL FOR PINS attach ing pil ots and driving nuts .
OVER 1 0 IN CHES IN D I A METER
Dimensions shown are approx imate.
HORIZONTA L OR VERTICAL PIN HORIZONTAL PIN
.I~Go1P+I'~'·h-
,..
'''D
I:.:J'
--,.'~
..
I I
I
"'
.."
"I I
~ !
u u
l = Length of Pin , in inches.
P INS W ITH HEADS DT I HEADS
Pin P in
~i:~
l: we~ht
Dia. Woight We ig ht Dia. D;,. We ight
of One.
Length
D~'. per tOO. of ne.
length
per tOO.
d II Lb. e Lb. d Lb. e -p Lb.
l >i 17'2 .19 + .351 2 >i 2.64 2% 3Ys .82+1.681 4 % 11.4
1% 1% .26+ .501 2% )4 3.10 3 37'2 1.02 +2.001 5 % 28,5
1% 2 .33+ .681 2% )4 3.50 3)4 3%; 1,17+2.351 5 % 28.5
2 2% .47+ .891 3 % 9.00 3% 4 1.34+2.731 6 % 33.8
2)4 2% .58+1.131 3>i % 9.40 3% 4>i 1.51 +3,131 6 % 33.8
2Yz 2% 7n _, ,n,
3% % 10.9
AMERICAN INSTITUTE; OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
135
EYE BARS
EYE BAR ADJUSTABLE EYE BAR
F~~f~-::;>-\-ll ietFF' lutL .~ --l

/--A----1 1+-. 'I A----..J
Mi nimu m length, L, for short end is 6'-6", preferably 7'·0". Left thread.
Thread: American Standard- Class 2 Fit
HEADS FOR ALL BARS SCREW ENDS FOR ADJUSTABLE BARS
Size of Bar I Head Size of Bar Upset End

Add. 1----';=~7_-+--;--.,_::.::c7-:::.::____c=c_-,__ Add.
Thickness Ma- At Root of Thread Ma-
Width
Oia. ~i~' ~:~s te~a[ Width T~I~k- Aroa Dba. L!!fh. Tllds. teri al
In. Max. Min.
b
'0. In. over Ft. In. In. ness In.l In. In. I~~h Diam. Area2 ~:~s 8
Ft. ,n.
In. In. Bar % In. In. 10. Bar %
1-- 1--4--~-+-+--I--
4Y2 1~ 0-10Yz , % 1.25 1~ 4 5 1.49 1.7439.6 1- 0
2 Y2 5Y2 2 ~ 37.5 1- 2Yz 2 % 1.50 1 % 4Yz 5 1.62 2.05 36.6 1- 0
* 6J.1 3~ 1- 7Yz % 1.75 2 4Yz 4Yz 1.71 2.3031.4 0-11
---f-
6 2Yz 1- 1 ~ * % 1.88 2% 4Yz 4Yz 1.84 2.65 41.2 1- 0
2Yz 1 % 7 3Yz 40.0 1- 5 ~ 2Yz % 2.19 2Ji 5 4Yz 1.96 3.0238.1 1- 0
, 8 4Yz 1 - 10 ~ 1 2.50 2% 5 4 2.09 3.42 36.7 1- 0
1-----I--+--+--r--+--1r-+-~---~-~-1---I--I---I--4--- 1
7Yz 3U 1- 4Yz • %' 2.25 2U 5 4Yz 1.96 3.02 34.3 1- 0
3 8Yz 4U 41.7 1- 9YzI 3 % 2.63 2Yz 5Yz 4 2.18 3.7241.6 1- 1
2- 2% 1 3.00 2Yz 5Yz 4 2.18 3.72 23.9 1- 1
- - --I--I--e--+---jf.--I'---I---+--f---~-f----I-- - -- ---f---
• ~ 3.00 2Yz 5Yz 4 2.18 3.72 23.9 1- 1
~ 10 4Yz 1- 9
% 3 .50 2~ 5Yz 4 2.43 4.62 32.0 0-11
4 1% Ys 11 5Yz 37.5 2- 3 4
1 4.00 3 6 3Yz 2.63 5.43 35.7 1- 1
1 ·12 6Yz 2- 8
1% 4.50 3U 6Yz 3Yz 2.88 6.51 44.6 1- 2
---1 --1·--1--4--+---j---~--+--4---~-f---~-1---·1--1---f---
, ~ 3.75 2 % 6 3Yz 2.55 5.11 36.2 1- 0
~ 12 5U 1-10Yz % 4.38 3 6 3Yz 2.63 5.43 24.1 0-11
5 2 1 13Yz 6~
35.0 2- 6 5 1 5.00 3U 6Yz 3Yz 2.88 6.51 30.2 1- 0
1 *158 X( 3-3 1% 5.63 3Yz 7 3U 3.10 7.55 34.2 1- 1
1 Ji 6.25 3% 7 3 3.32 8.64 38.3 1- 2
'1 6.00 3Yz 7 3Ji 3.10 7.55 25.8 1- 0

~ 14 5~ 2- 1
1 % 6.75 3~ 7 3 3.32 8.64 28.0 1- 0
6 2 1 14% 6Yz 37.5 2- 4 6
1 Ji 7.50 4 7Yz 3 3.57 9.99 33.2 1- 1
1 *16Yz 8~ 3- 2
1 % 8.25 4Ji 8 2% 3.80 11.3 37.3 1- 2
Pin holes to be deducted in estimat in g weight.

* Bars are special.
AMERICAN INS TITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

136
UPSET SCREW ENDS FOR SQUARE BARS
.. f 1 _L\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\1
Thread: American Standard-Class 2 Fit
BAR UPSET
Area
Side of Weight Diameter length AdJitional Diameter
Square poe Length at Excess
Area Foot 10< Root of At Aoot Over
D T Upset Thread 01
d Area of
+10% K Thread
S"
Inches Sq. In. lb. Inches. Inches Inches Inches Sq. In.
%
0.563 1.91 4 4 0.939 0.693 23.2

0.766 2.60 4 4 1.064 0.890 16.2
1 1.000 3.40 lYz 4 4 1.283 1.294 29.4

lYs 1.266 4.30 1% 4 3Yz 1.389 1.515 19.7
1)1' 1.563 5.31 lYs 471 4Yz 1.615 2.049 31.1
1% , 1.891 6.43 2 4Yz 4 1. 711 2.300 21.7
lYz 2.250 7.65 5 1.961 3 .021 34.3

1% 2.641 8.98 4% 2.086 3.419 29.5
1% 3.063 10.41 471 2.175 3.716 21.3
lYs 3.516 11.95 5 2.425 4.619 31.4
2 4.000 13.60 2% 6 5 2.550 5.108 27.7

2Yz 4.516 15.35 3 6 4Yz 2.629 5.428 20.2
2)1' 5.063 17.21 3)1' 6Y2 5Yz 2.879 6.509 28.6
2% 5.641 19.18 3Yz 7 6Yz 3 .100 7.549 33.8
2Yz 6.250 21.25 7 7 3.317 8.641 38.3

2% 6.891 23.43 7 5Yz 3.317 8.641 25.4
2~ 7.563 25.71 7Yz 6Yz 3.567 9.993 32.1
2Ys 8.266 28.10 8 7Yz 3.798 11 .330 37.1
3 9.000 30.60 4)1' 8 6 3.798 11.330 25.9

3Ys 9.766 33.20 431 871 7 4.028 12.741 30.5
3>i 10.563 35.91 4~ 8Yz 7Yz 4.255 14.221 34.6
*Upsets are special .

137
UPSET SCREW ENDS FOR ROUND BARS
BAR
• fb
Thread:
JIIIIITI
American Standard- Class 2 Fit
UPSET
Area
Diameter Weight Dial116tar Length Additional Diameter
d
Area ~:~t 0 T
Length
f"
Upset
"
Root of
Thread
At Root
of
Excess
Ovor
Area of
+10% K Thread
S"
Inches Sq. In. Lb. Inches Inches Inches Inches Sq. In.
%
*% 0.442
, 1.50 1 4 5 0.838 0.551 24.7
* % 0 .601 2.04 Hi 4 5)1 1.064 0.890 48.0
1 0.785 r 2.67 1% 4 4 1.158 1.054 34.2

1% 0.994 3.38 1)1 4 4 1.283 1.294 30.2
1)4 1.227 4.17 1% 4 4 1.389 1.515 23.5
1% 1.485 5.05 1% 4 4 1.490 1.744 17.5
1 )1 1.767 6.01 2 472 4)1 1.711 2.300 30.2

1% 2.074 7.05 2Ys 4)1 4 1.836 2.649 27.7
1% 2.405 8.18 2)4 5 4 1.961 3 .021 25.6
1% 2.761 9.39 2% 5 4 2.086 3.419 23.8
2 3.142 10.68 2)1 5)1 4 2.175 3.716 18.3

2Ys 3.547 12.06 2% 5}'2 3Y2 2.300 4.156 17.2
2)4 3 .976 13.52 2% 6 4% 2.550 5.108 28.4
2% 4.430 15.06 3 6 4)1 2.629 5.428 22.5
2)1 4.909 16.69 3)4 6% 5% 2.879 6.509 32.6

2% 5.412 18.40 3)4 6}2 4 )1 2.879 6.509 20.3
2% 5.940 20.19 3)1 7 571 3.100 7.549 27.1
2% 6.492 22.07 3% 7 6 3.31 7 8.641 33.1
3 7.069 24.03 3% 7 5 3.317 8.641 22.2

3Ys 7.670 26.08 4 7% 6 3.567 9.993 30.3
3)4 8.296 28.21 4 7% 5 3.567 9.993 20.5
3% 8.946 30.42 4%: 8 5Yz 3.798 11.330 26.6
3)1 9.621 32.71 4)4 8 5 3.798 11.33C 17.8

3% 10.321 35.09 4Yz 8)1 5)1 4.028 12.741 23.4
3% 11.045 37.55 4% 8)1 6 4.255 14.221 28.8
3% 11.793 40.10 4~ 8)1 5)1 4.255 14.221 20.6
*Upsets are special.

138
LOOP RODS AND STUB ENDS

t'~ .
- fo'-t'f 1'-2 i P-=i A:
, -
I
ForTu rnbuckle oI-~

-
,"n "."' T"." _ !------" T~~
L
--. (, ,--,
Sho rt E nd
-----~
---~
.i.
--
A
_oj Ll
For ste eve Nut ~~ Min. L ength 4'7 I 4.1 7p + 5.B9d
Th read: American Standard- Class 2 Fit

LENGTH " A " F:OR ONE L OOP IN FEET AND INCHES
Pin
Diam. Size of SQuare or Round Bar, d, in Inches
p
Inches % Ys 1 lYs 1» 1% l Y, 1% 1% l Ys 2
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - - -
l Ys 0- 9 72 0-10 0-11 0-11 Y,
1,. 0-10 0-10Y2 0-11 Y, 1- 0 1- 1
l Y, 0-11 0-11 31 1- 07'2 1- 1 1- 2 1- 2Y,
lU 1- 0 1- Oy, 1- 1Y, 1- 2 1- 3 1- 3Y, 1- 4Y, 1- 5 1- 6
2 1- 1 1- 1Y, 1- 2Y, 1- 3 1- 4 1- 4Y, 1- 5Y, 1- 6 1- 7 1- 7Y, 1- 8Y,
2,. 1- 2 1- 3 1- 3Y, 1- 4Y, 1- 5 1- 5Y, 1- 6:Yf 1- 7 1- S 1- 8Y, 1- 9Y,
2Y, 1- 3 1- 4 1- 4Y, 1- 5Y, 1- 6 1- 7 1- 7 :Y2 1- s 1- 9 1- 9Y, 1-10Y,
2}4 1- 4 1- 5 1 -5Y, 1- 6Y, 1- 7 1- 8 1- 8}-'2 1- 9Y, 1-10 1-11 1-11 Y2
3 1- 5 1- 6 1- 6Y, 1- 7Y, 1- s 1- 9 1- 9% 1-10}2 1-11 2- 0 2- OY2

*3U 1- 6 1- 7 1- 7Y, 1- BY2 1- 9 1-10 1-1071 1-11 72 2- 0 2- 1 2- 1 Y2
3Y, ,- 77'2 1- s 1- SY, 1- 9Y, 1-10 1-11 1-11 )1 2- Oy, 2- 1 2- 2 2- 2Y,
*3% 1- SY, 1- 9 1-10 1-10Y, 1-11 2- 0 2- 071 2- 171 2- 2 2- 3 2- 3Y,
4 1- 9Y, 1-10 1-11 1-11 72 2- Oy, 2- 1 2- 2 2- 2Y, 2- 3 2- 4 2- 4Y,
*4 7.4' --------- 1-11 2- 0 2- 072 2- 1 Y, 2- 2 2- 3 2- 3Y2 2- 4Y, 2- 5 2- 6
4Y, ---------- 2- 0 2- 1 2- 1}2 2- 2Y, 2- 3 2- 4 2- 4Y, 2- 5Y, 2- 6 2 -7
*4% .. _------ 2- 1 2- 2 2- 2Y, 2- 3Y, 2- 4 2- 5 2- 5Y, 2- 6Y, 2- 7 2- S
5 --.-----_.. 2- ~ Y, 2- 3 2- 3Y, 2- 4Y, 2- 5 2- 6 2- 6Y, 2- 7Y, 2- S 2- 9
*5)4 ' .. -'..--.. - 2- 4 2- 5 2- 5Yz 2- 6 2- 7 2- 7}1 2- SY, 2- 9 2-10
5Y, . _--_. __ ... ---.-----.. 2- 5 2- 6 2- 6Y, 2- 7Y, 2- S 2- 9 2- 9Y, 2-10 2-11
*5%" ... _------- ---------- . 2- 6 2- 7 2- 7Y, 2- SY, 2- 9 2-10 2-10Y, 2-11 Y, 3- 0
6 ------_.. ---------.. 2- 7 2- S 2- SY, 2- 9Y, 2-10 2-11 2-11 Y, 3- 0 72 3- 1
*6 7,( ... _--_._- ._-----_ . .... _---- . 2- 9 2- 9Y, 2-10Y, 2-11 3- 0 3- OY, 3- l Y, 3- 2
6Y, --------. . _... _---- .... _----.. 2-10
---_.__ ...-. 2-11
2-10% 2-11 Y, 3- 0 3- 1
3- 2
3- 1 Y, 3- 2Y, 3- 3
*6%" ... _------ ----------- 3- 0 3- OY, 3- 1 3- 2Y, 3- 3Y, 3- 4
7 --._------- ---------- --- .. _--_.. 3- 0 3- 1 3- 1 Y, 3- 2Y, 3- 3 3- 3Y, 3- 4Y, 3- 5
"'Pins are special. M axi mum shipping length of long end =: 35 feet.
RIght Hand T hread ,r-:--T----;l I fE--T- - - j Left Han d Th read
I ? 0
I fl:f'"/,1,'
YiFl.1'FI:FiiFl
.. ' J
,L I I I
- - 1Ys
Dia. of Round, I n.._......___ ... % Ys 1 l Ys 1174' 1% l Y, 1% 1% 2
Side of Square, In ... ,.........
- - -- - - - - - - -- - - --
1 l Y, 1% 1%:
% Ys l Ys 1.\<' 1%
- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - -- - - -- - -
Dia. of Upset, 0, In. _......... 1 lYs 134 1% l Y, 1% 1M l Ys 2 2Ys 2,. 2 % 2Y,
Length of Upset, T, In ..____ 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 47'2 4Y, 4Y, 5 5 5Y,
Lengt h, I, In .. ___ ................. 9Y2 9Y, 10 l OY, 10Y2 11 11 Y, 11 Y, 11 Y, 11 7!i 12 12Y, 13

139
PIPE
DIMENSIONS COUPLINGS PROPERTIES
I0"";"1 Im"- I W,;ghL~' ITh'"' °"";" 1 I '

Inside Foot I A r
Oia. Length Weight
Dia.
Nom.
In.
Oia.
In.
Dia.
In.
ness
In. Plain 1 Thread
Ends &. Cplg.
STANDARD
I~~ In. In. lb. In.4
I I
In' 10.
,..
)1 .405
.540
.269
.364
.068
.088
.24
.42
.57
.25
.43
.57
27
18
18
.562
.685
.848
1
%
1 )1
.03
.04
.07
.001
.003
.007
.072
.125
.167
.12
.16
.21
% .675 .493 .091
)1 .840 .622 .109 .85 .85 14 1.024 1% .12 .017 .250 .26
~ 1.050 .824 .113 1.13 1.1 3 14 1.281 1% .21 .037 .333 .33
1 1.315 1.049 .133 1.68 1.68 11 )1 1.576 1% .35 .087 .494 .42
Hi 1.660 1.380 .140 2.27
2.72
2.28
2.73
11 )1
11 )1
1.950
2.218
2)1 .55
.76
.195
.310
.669
.799
.54
.62
1 )1 1.900 1.610 .145 2%
2 2.375 2.067 .154 3.65 3.68 11 )1 2.760 2% 1.23 .666 1.075 .79
2)1 2.875 2.469 .203 5.79 5.82 8 3.276 2Vs 1.76 1.530 1.704 .95
3 3.500 3.068 .216 7.58 7.62 8 3.948 3% 2.55 3.017 2.228 1.1 6
3)1 4.000 3.548 .226 9.11 9.20 8 4.591 3% 4.33 4.788 2.680 1.34
4 4.500 4.026 .237 10.79 10.89 8 5.091 3% 5.41 7.233 3.174 1.51
5 5.563 5.047 .258 14.62 14.81 8 6.296 4Ys 9.16 15.16 4.300 1.88
6 6.625 6.065 .280 18.97 19.19 8 7.358 4Ys 10.82 28.14 5.581 2.25
8 8.625 8.071 .277 24.70 25.00 8 9.420 4% 15.84 63.35 7.265 2.95
8 8.625 7.981 .322 28.55 28.81 8 9.420 4% 15.84 72.49 8.399 2.94 ,
10 10.750 10.192 .279 31.20 32.00 8 11.721 6Ys 33.92 125.9 9.178 3.70
10 10.750 10.136 .307 34.24 35.00 8 11.721 6Ys 33.92 137.4 10.07 3.69
10 10.750 10.020 .365 40.48 41.13 8 11.721 6Ys 33.92 160.7 11.91 3.67
12 12.750 12.090 .330 43.77 45.00 8 13.958 6Ys 48.27 248.5 12.88 4.39
12 12.750 12.000 .375 49.56 50.71 8 13.958 6Ys 48.27 279.3 14.58 4.38
EXTRA STRONG
,..
Ys .405
.540
.215
.302
.095
.119
.31
.54
.32
.54
27
18
.582
.724
l Ys
1%
.05
.07
.001
.004
.093
.157
.11
.15
% .675 .423 .1 26 .74 .75 18 .898 Hi .13 .009 .217 .20
)1 .840 .546 .147 1.09 1.10 14 1.085 1% .22 .020 .320 .25
~ 1.050 .742 .154 1.47 1.49 14 1.316 2Ys .33 .045 .433 .32
1 1.315 .957 .179 2.17 2.20 11 hi 1.575 2% .47 .1 06 .639 .41
I,.. 1.660 1.278 .191 3.00 3.05 11 )1 2.054 2% 1.04 .242 .881 .52
1 )1 1.900 1.500 .200 3.63 3.69 11 )1 2.294 2% 1.17 .391 1.068 .61
2 2.375 1.939 .218 5.02 5.13 11 )1 2.870 3% 2.17 .868 1.477 .77
2)1 2.875 2.323 .276 7.66 7.83 8 3.389 4Ys 3.43 1.924 2.254 .92
3 3.500 2.900 .300 10.25 10.46 8 4 .014 4Ys 4.13 3.894 3.016 1.14
3% 4.000 3.364 .318 12.51 12.82 8 4 .628 4% 6.29 6.280 3.678 1.31
4 4.500 3.826 .337 14.98 15.39 8 5.233 4% 8.16 9.610 4.407 1.48
5 5.563 4.813 .375 20.78 21.42 8 6.420 5 Ys 12.87 20.67 6.112 1.84
6 6.625 5.761 .432 28.57 29.33 8 7.482 5 Ys 15.18 40.49 8.405 2.20
8 8.625 7.625 .500 43.39 44.72 8 9.596 6Ys 26.63 105.7 12.76 2.88
10 10.750 9.750 .500 54.74 56.94 8 11.958 6% 44.16 211.9 16.10 3.63 ,
12 12.750 11.750 .500 65.42 68.02 8 13.958 6% 51.99 361.5 19.24 4 .34
DOUBLE-EXTR A STRONG
)1 .840 .252 .294 1.71 1.73 14 1.085 1% .22 .024 .504 .22
~ 1.050 .434 .308 2.44 2.46 14 1.316 2Ys .33 .058 .718 .28
1 1.315 .599 .358 3.66 3.68 11 )1 1.575 2% .47 .140 1.076 .36
1;4 1.660 .896 .382 5.21 5.27 11 )1 2.054 2% 1.04 .341 1.534 .47
1 )1 1.900 1.100 .400 6.41 6.47 11 )1 2.294 2% 1.17 .568 1.885 .55
2 2.375 1.503 .436 9.03 9.14 11 )1 2.870 3% 2.17 1.311 2.656 .70
2% 2.875 1.771 .552 13.70 13.87 8 3.389 4Ys 3.43 2.871 4.028 .84
3 3.500 2.300 .600 18.58 18.79 8 4.014 4Ys 4.13 5.992 5.466 1.05
3% 4.000 2.728 .636 22.85 23.16 8 4.628 4% 6.29 9.848 6.721 1.21
4 4.500 3.152 .674 27.54 27.95 8 5.233 4% 8.16 15.28 8.101 1.37
5 5.563 4.063 .750 38.55 39.20 8 6.420 5Ys 12.87 33.64 11 .34 1.72
6 6.625 4.897 .864 53.16 53.92 8 7.482 5Ys 15.18 66.33 15.64 2.06
8 8.625 6.875 .875 72.42 73.76 8 9.596 6Ys 26.63 162.0 21.30 2.76
LARGE o.
D. PIPE
Pipe 14" and larger Is sold by actua l O. S. diameter and thickness.
Sizes, 14", 15", and 16" are available regu larly in thicknesses vary ing by ¥16" from :!A" to 1 ", inclusive.
All pipe is fu rnished random length unless otherwise ordered, viz: 12 to 22 feet with privilege of
furnishing 5 per cent in 6 to 12 feet len gths. Pipe railing is most economica ll y detailed with
slip joints and random lengths between couplings.
140
MALLEABLE IRON PIPE RAILING FITTINGS
SEE NOTE ON PAGE 158
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CON S TRUCTION

141
CAST IRON FITTINGS FOR PIPE RAILING

142
CORRUGATED SHEET METAL CONSTRUCTION
Corrugated steel, in addition to its extensive application as roofing and siding for
buildings, is adaptable to other varied requirements such as lining of shafts, supports
and forms for floor arches, partitions, enclosures and culverts.
Corrugated sheets are available in steel of regular analysis or in rust-resisting
alloys, usually copper-bearing steel, either black (unpainted mill finish), painted or gal-
vanized. Although the mills offer a wide choice in types and widths of corrugations, the
curved type illustrated below is generally used. Standard lengths range from 60 inches
to a maximwn of 144 inches varying by 12 inches. Other lengths are available but
subject to an extra charge.
DATA FOR ESTIMATING ROOFING AND SIDING
•c ~
0
SIDING ROOFING
~
0
~ Standa rd S heet 26" Standard Sheet 27t"
,
~ I" 9 Corru~atlo n5 a t 2:t ~ '" ,~I'-1"1i'9-=C=o""":,ga,,,tlo n5 at 2 t'6
1
24" I" 2 -!"
0 ~ "_f-""~2411'~_~~"",,
,-:;;2"!,
~N:;;0i;im"
2 '-,"p'0'1P ( Corrui at ons
I"::;';-' ---< r-
"-1-=,2"
24'
a
,
Lap
:c.
~
0
j, I""~ - r ~
:i c
0
/' ........../ ~ - - ~I---.
~4" J.LOP
"4, ':.e
I"
2"L
B Co rru g3tio ns at 3':..24" J I"
a"
Corrua:atlons I" BCo rrugations a t3': "24{ 2 ¥'
Standard She et 26" Stand3rd Sheet 27t"
Corrugations: Nominal 2}2 inches (actual 2% inches), is preferred for domestic

work, and 3 inch for export.
Roofmg sheet is 27}2 inches wide after corrugating and has one edge turned up
and the other down. It is laid 'with a side lap of 1% corrugations (covering approxi·
mately 24 inches net width) and a minimum end lap of 6 inches for roof pitch of 4 inches
in 12 inches or over. For roofs under 4 inch pitch the minimum end lap should be 8
inches.
Corrugated steel roofing is seldom used for roof pitch under 3 inches in 12 inches.
Siding sheet is 26 inches wide after corrugating and has both edges of sheet turned
the same way. It is laid with a side lap of one corrugation (covering approximately
24 inches net width) and a minimum end lap of 4 inches.
For export work, corrugated sheets are frequently furnished with 3 inch corru-
gations and in 32 inch width, covering 27 inches net when laid with 2 corrugations side
lap for roofing, and 30 inches net with one corrugation side lap for siding; also in 33%
inch width, covering 30 inches net with 1M corrugations side lap, for roofmg and siding.
Sheet steel flashing must be provided at roof ridge, eaves, windows and wherever
necessary to insure watertight results.
The following approximate method of obtaining the gross area required may be used:
Roofing = Net area + end laps + 15% for side laps of 1Yz corrugations.
Siding = Net area + end laps + 10% for side laps of 1 corrugation.
AMERI CAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTI ON

143
CORRUGATED SHEET METAL CONSTRUCTION

231" and 3" Corrugations
u. S. Thick_ Per- Flat Sheats
Manu- missible Pounds per Sq. Ft. 26" Sheets 27}f" Sheets Maximum Span
facturers
Standard
"""
Inches
(Black)
Variation
+or -
Pounds per Sq. Fl Pounds per Sq. Ft. Between Supports
Gage %ofWt. Garv. Slack Black
- -- --- --- -Garv.
-- Black Garv.
- - - - - - - -- ---
Roofing Siding
12 .105 3.5 4.53 4.38 4.88 4.71 4.94 4.77 5'9" 5'10"
14 .075 3.5 3.28 3.13 3.53 3.37 3.58 3.41 5'9" 5'10"
16 .060 3.5 2.66 2.50 2.86 2.69 2.90 2.73 5'9" 5'10"
18 .048 3.5 2.16 2.00 2.32 2.15 2.35 2.18 5'9" 5'10"
20 .036 2.5 1.66 1.50 1.78 1.62 1.81 1.64 5'9 '1 5'10"
21 .033 2.5 1.53 1.38 1.65 1.48 1.67 1.50 5'9" 5'10 11
22 .030 2.5 1.41 1.25 1.51 1.35 1.53 1.36 4'9" 5' 10'1
23 .027 2.5 1.28 1.13 1.38 1.21 1.40 1.23 4'9" 5'10"
24 .024 2 .5 1.16 1.00 1.25 1.08 1.26 1.09 3'9" 4'10"
25 .021 2.5 1.03 .88 1.11 .94 1.13 .96 3'9" 4'10 11
26 .018 2.5 .91 .75 .98 .81 .99 .82 2'9" 3'10"
28 .015 2.5 .78 .63 .84 .67 .85 .68 2'9" 3'10"
To obtain the weight of black painted sheets. add 0.01 lb. per sq. ft. to weight of
black sheets.
Coffilgated metal for export work is sometimes specified to Birmingham (B.G.)
gage.
Permissible variations apply to weight of steel sheets ordered by weight or gage '
number, in lots of 20 tons and over. For further details of pennissible variations see
American Iron and Steel Institute Manual, Section 11.
FASTENINGS FOR CORRUGATED STEEL
Gt1
No.6 ~'62'
Umbre lla Head Clinch Ri~et
Maximum L ength IS'Y'
Clinch rivets shown above are frequently used where high winds are not anticipated.
Closing rivets, ~" dia. and driven cold, are used for riveting side and end laps.
tA" Galv. Bolts; Galv. Wash ers with Lead or

Asphalt Saturated Felt Washers unde rneath
18 Ga. Ga~v. Metal' Straps, 1" wide.
In most localities, the strap fastenings Sh0WIl above are a required standard.
A fastening now gaining in favor comprises a No. 14 Hex. Head self-tapping Cap
Screw, applied wholly from outside the structure; with a soft lead washer against the
sheet and a steel washer under the head of the screw.
AMERlCAN LNSTLTUTE IOF STEEL CONSTRUCTlON

144
BATTLEDECK FLOOR
I I SIMPLE-SPAN CONSTRUCTION
STANDARD I-BEAMS
+71 ?t
SPAN
MAXIMUM S T RINGER UNIT STRESS 18000 PS I. MAX . L. L. DEFLECTION """""5O'Q
DEAD LOAD INCLUDES 1. 1 LB. / SQ. FT. FOR BITUMINOUS SURFACING
RECOMMENDED STRINGER SIZES

Span Le ngth c. to c. of Bearings, in Feet
Plate
S Th'k- Live
ness LMd
14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36
-'". - • -
'".- -- - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- -- --
H-1 5 811 8.4 8118.4 8118,4 8123 10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12131,8
10 1I H-20 811 8.4
8 11 804
8118,4 8123 10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12140.8 15142.9
811 8.4 8118,4 8123
12 ~. H-1 5
H-W
811 8.4 811 8,4 10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 2131.8
10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 2140.8 15142.9
~. 8118.4 8123 8123
14 ~ H-1 5 811 8.4

H-20 811 8.4
8118.4 8118.4 8123
8123
10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12135
10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12135 15142.9" 15142.9"
16 ~ H-1 5 811 8.4f 811 8.4f 8123 f 10I25.4t 10125.4t 10125.4t 10125.4t 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 2131.8 12140.8
H-20 8123 t 10125.4t 10125.4t 10125.4t 12131.8 12131 .8 12131.8 12131.8 12135 12140.8 15142.9 15142.9
%. H-15 8118.4 8123 8123 10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12135 12140.8
18 8123 10125.4 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12135 12140.8 12140.8 15142.9 15142.9
'" H-20
20 n H-t5 8118.4 8123 10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12140.8 15142.9
H-W 10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 12131 .8 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12140.8 12140.8 15142.9 15142.9 15142.9
22 n
IIA,
H-15 8123 t 10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12140.8 12140.8 15142.9
H-20 101 25.4 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12135 12140.8 15142.9 15142.9 15142.9 5142.9
H-1 5 8123 10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 12131 .8 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12135 12140.8 15142.9 15142.9
24
.'"
l ';1i
H-20 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12135 12140.8 15142.9 15142.9 15142.9 15142.9 15150
H-1 5 10125.4 10125.4 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12131 .8 12135 12140.8 12140.8 15142.9 15142.9
26 l'fSt H-20 10125.4t 12131.8 12I31.8 12131.8 12135 12140.8 12140.8 15142.9 15142.9 15142.9 15150 18154.7
28 In' H-1 5 10125.4 10125.4 12131 .8 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12135 1214O.8 12140.8 15142.9 15142.9 15142.9
H-W 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131 .8 12140.8 12140.8 15142.9 15142.9 15142.9 5150 18154.7 18154.7
H-15 10125.4 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12135 15142.9* 15142.9. 15142.9* 15142.9* 15150 "
30 li~ H-W 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12135 12140.8 15142.9 15142.9 15142.9 15150 15150 18154.7 18154.7
H-1 5 10125.4 10125.4 12131.8 12131.8 12131.8 12135 12140.8 15142.9 5142.9 15142.9 15142.9 5150
32 ~ H-W 12131.8 12131.st 12131.8t 15142.9 15142.9 15142.9 15142.9 15142.9 '5150 18154.7 18154.7 18154.7
1
ilIAs defined by American Association of State Highway Offici a ls.

" P late thickness ~6" less than stated . 1 Plate t h ickness :Ifl6" more tha n s tated.
Th e foregoin3 table is adapted from one of the seve ral t.a bles contain e d in the A. 1. S . C.
pamphlet "The attledeck Fl oor for Highway Bridg es."
Variou s a pplications of this ty pe of floor construction, shop or field welded, w ith or w ithout
bituminou s surfacing, and for u se on short or lo ng s pans, are di s cussed in t h e ~amphlet.
together with semi-rationa l design rules based upon research wi th full- sca le mode s.
AM ER I CAN IN S TITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

145
AMERICAN IN S TITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRU C TI O N

146
AMER I CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT I ON

147
PART II
ESTIMATING AND DETAILING

INFORMATION
This part contains such data on details and weights as

will be useful in preparation of estimates and detail drawings,
and have not already appeared in Part 1.
DETAILING PRACTICE
STANDARD BEAM CONNECTIONS
SEPARATORS , TIE RODS, AND ANCHORS
FIELD RIVET AND ERECTION CLEARANCES
PIPE RAILING DETAILS
RIVET DIMENSIONS , WEIGHTS, ETC.
SCREW THREADS
BOLT AND NUT DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS, ETC.
AMERI CAN INS TITUTE OF S TEEL CON S TRUCTION

,..- --
148
DETAILING PRACTICE
Maximum efficiency in the fabrication of structural steel by modern shops is
entirely dependent upon close cooperation between designing office, drafting room and
shop. Designs should be favorable to, the drafting room should recognize and call for.
and the shop should adapt its equipment to, the use of recurrent details which have
been standardized.
Consideration should be given to duplication of details and multiple punching or
drilling. Utilization of standard jigs and machine set-ups eliminates unnecessary
handling of material and aids drilling or punching holes in groups.
Column gage lines should conform to the standard machine set-ups illustrated
below. Once determined they should be duplicated as far as possible throughout any
one job. Gages on an individual member should not be varied throughout the length
of that member.
DRILL GAGES
Keep gages and longitudinal spacing alike, if possible, as drilling can be done
simultaneously in both flanges.
a' ._
"f
lit"
.1. ~,
A}
~ S<""do.d I~
;Jil'
, . --
..i:.
M
._.
.·~·
6!"
~~"
.,
M inimum "a"
H f'+"i
3", Maximwn "a" controlled by size of member. Gages other
than standard should be multiples of 3".
PUNCH GAGES
Minimum "b" = 2"'''. Maximum "b" controlled by size of member. Gages other
than standara should be multiples of 3". Maximum "c" controlled by size of member.
Longitudinal spacing of holes for both punched and drilled work should be 3" or
multiples of 3". The adoption of such spacing facilitates the use of multiple drills and
punches and makes possible the use of the Standard Beam Connections detailed on
pages 151 and 153.
In general the principles governing the selection of gages and longitudinal spacing
of holes in beam webs and flanges are identical with those for columns. Sketches and
notes for "Punch Gages" apply to all sections. Minimum ga~cs are tabulated under
"Dimensions for Detailing;" pages 13 to 31. See page 156 for mformation and dimen-
sions pertaining to clearance requirements.
Beams are connected to colwnns or other beams by framing angles or they are
seated. The need of providing for wind or other bending moments may require a com-
bination of the two. Typical examples of seated and wind bracing connections are
illustrated on the opposite page.
Standard Beam Connections (A, H. HH. B, K and KK Series) should be used wher-
ever suitable ; special heavy connections, pages 260 and 261, should be used only when
the capacities of Standard Connections are exceeded. Single angle connections should
be used only where construction details prevent the use of standard connections.
AMERIC A N IN ST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
149
""
SEATED CONNECTIONS
"
Column
FJ3'flge
."
Seated connections without stiffener angles may be used for the values of end
reactions up to 35 kips given in the table on page 263. Seated connections with single
or double stiffeners are used for values of end reactions given in the table on page 262
or for beams over 18" in depth. It should be noted that the rivets in the vertical leg
determine the capacity of the connection.
WIND BRACING CONNECTIONS
Wind bracing connections, or connections designed to resist bending moments, are

usually made with angles or split beams. Brackets are frequently used where archi-
tectural features and clearances permit.
It is essential, for erection purposes, that sufficient clearance be provided between
the top angle and top of beam for all seated connections. For top angles riveted to
the column allow ~"and provide two Va" fills; if the angle is to be shipped loose provide
~" clearance with no fills. To insure web holes matching, beam details should be
dimensioned from the bottom flange. Always work with the actual depth of beams,
never the nominal.
T~~i;;l"
Where flanges interfere
.-----e:::=:J
they must be c ut as show n
to ",lIow insertion of field
rivets or bolts.
1-0
===1 ~
witb web unless c hipped
'=:::i-t COPE (
CUT .
If essentla oote "Cut and chip"
Otherwise , !;Iote "Cut not chip"
These sketches indicate standard methods of providing clearance

for beams connecting to beams or columns. Where possib le, a mini-
mum clearance of *"is to be provided. Consult fabricator for dimen-
sion list of his standard copes and blocks.
Coping or blocking of beams should be avoided wherever possible.
When construction will permit, the elevation of the top of filler beams
should be established a sufficient distance below the top of girders to
clear th e thickest girder flange. Unusually long or deep copes and
blocks, or blocks in beams with thi n webs, may materially affect the
See pages 254 and 258 for capacity of the beam. Such beams must be investigated for both
method of calcu lati ng val - shear and moment at lines A and B and, when necessary, adequate
ue of connections for reinforcement provided. Some fabricators designate all the opera-
beams framing opposite. tions pictUred above by the term "Cuts."
Forweights of standard connections and minimu m spans to which applicable, see pages 150to 153.
For allowable loads on standard connections, see pages 252 to 259.
For methods of calculating specia l connections and for detail of one sided connections, see pages
260 and 261.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL C ONSTRUCTION

150
RI V ETS
Ys" STANDARD BEAM CONNECTIONS

WIDE FLANGE BEAMS
WEIGHTS AND MINIMUM SPANS

FOR ALLOWABLE UNIFORM LOADS
Entering this table with s ize of beam, the sy mbols and wei g hts of Standard "A" , "H" and
"HH " Co nn ections are f o und , toget h e r with th e minimum s pa ns f or w hi c h th e y a fe res pectively
s ufficie nt. I nform ation fo r "H " Con nect io ns has bee n o m itt ed in th e t a bles w here shear in rivets
in outsta nd ing legs governs and , t herefo re. permit t he sa me valu es as "A " Co n nectio ns. Sta ndard
"A" , " H " a nd "HH " Co nnectio ns a re for use with %" rivets, a nd a re detailed o n page 1 51.
M ore gen era l inform ati on on capacity of a ny connection, Sta ndard or Specia l, will be found
o n pages 252 to 264.
Weight s include shop (web ) rivets only.
"A" "H" " HH" "A" "H" "HH"

Section Connection Connection Connection Section
I Connection Connection
I Connection
~ :g Min. "0 Min. Min. ~ "0 Min. "0 Min.

we Min.
"•
0
Wt.
Lb. E
~
w
Wt. Span
Lb. Feet
D
E
~
w
WI. Span Sym- Wt. Span
Lb. Feot bol Lb. Feet "•
0
WI.
Lb.
D
E
~
w
Wt.
Lb. ~!~
D
E
w
~
WI. Span
Lb . Feet S"or Span
Lb. Feot
36 300 40.8
:25:5 --
21
- --
142
- - - --i -
23.4
-14.7-
280 38.1 23.8 127 21.0 13.1
260 35. 1 22.0 112 18.4 II.St
245
230 A 10 62
194
33.0
30.9
24.5
H H 10 101
20.6
19.3
15.3
96
82
73
A5 31
'1;
12.
12.6
H5 43
12.4
11 .1
HH 5 50 9.1
8·31
8.Oj
14.3 68
182
170
160
23.0
21.4
20.0
13.4
12.5
62 'iM
12.
10.3
9.4
7.9t
7.7t
150 18.6 11.6 18 114 20.3 10.3t
'33 240
220
33.3
30.4
ru
19.5
105
96
85
18.7
17.2t
14.4t
17.0
14.4
10·21
1 0.~
8.3
n
~~:~
200 A9 56 27.5 H H9 90 17.7 A4 22 H4 32 13.1 HH 4 37 8.4t
152 20.0 12.8 70 11.8 8·31
14 1 18.3 11 .8 64 13.8t 10.8 8.31
130 16.6 10.8 60 12.3t 10.0 7.4t
'~:~
55 9.1 7.1t
"'-r
30 210 30.0 W.O 50 11. 8.2 7.1 t
190
172 A8 50
27.1
24.4 HH a 79
18.0
16.3 r,-.- 96
-- -- --
9.8t
132 17.5 11.7 88 14.3t 14.0 9.5t
124 16.4 10.9 78 1'.8t 11. 8 7.St
116 15.1 10.1 71 A 4 22 11.4tH4 32 10.7 HH 4 37 7.6t
108 13.8 ! 9.4t
116.6
64
58
Il.it
11.
9.6
8.7
7.5t
7.5t
50
'~H
177 26.0 7.5 6.lt
'" 160
145 A7 43
23.4
2 1.3 H7
15.8
60 HH 7 70
14.9
13.5
10.1
45
40
36
10.
10·ot
9.Oj
6.7
6.lt
6·lt
6.lt
114 6.1t 6.1t
102 14.1 9.lt
-
94
- - -
13.5t 12.8
~ 14 38 A3
34
16 l Ut H 3
10·lt
24 6.7 H H 3
6·21
27 6.3t
6·21
24 160 25.5 15.3 30 9.8t 5·lt 5· lt
145 23.0 13.8
130 20.4 12.4t 12 36 9.St 6.3
120 18.4 11.4 31 A3 16 9.4 H 3 24 6.3
110 A6 37 17.lt H 6 52 16.9 HH 6 60 11 .4 27 9.Oj G.lt
100 16.91' 15.3 11 .4
13.6 ~.!!i 10 29 5.7
'1~
94
84
76
13.
12.7t
12. 1
10.8
8·ot
8.6t
25 A2
21
16
5':1
4.6
8 20 4.3t
i-
17 A 2 16 3.9t
tThcse spans are governed by web bearing or web shear
AMERI C AN IN S TITUTE O F STEEL .C ON S TRUCTION

151
RIVETS
STANDARD BEAM CONNECTIONS yg"

AMERICAN STANDARD BEAMS
WEIGHTS AND MINIMUM SPANS FOR
ALLOWABLE UNIFORM LOADS
Notes on page 150 app ly In ge neral.

For Channels u se same sta ndard connection as for American Standard Beam of sa me depth .
"A" "H" "HH" "A" " H" "HH"
Soction
I Connection Connection Connection Section Connection Connection Connection
l'.
Q C
~- Lb.
3 ~ WI. Span
E
>
"'
Min.
Lb. Feet
"E
>
"'
Wt.
Lb.
Min.
~'"
o.t
S~:;r- WI.
Lb.
Min.
Span
Feet .- WI. "
";;
~
"
Lb.
~
E
>
"'
M in.
Wt. Span
Lb. Feet
"E
~
>
"'
M in.
Lb. Foet bol
M in.
Wt. Span Sym- Wt. Span
Lb. Feet
2. 12(1 15.5 9.3 12 50 6.2

- -- --
6.2
- - - - --
3. l t
105.9 14.4 8.7 40.8 A3 16 6.2t H 3 2. 5.5 HH3 27 4.1t
100 A6 37 12.2 H 6 52 HH 6 60 7.3 35 5.6t '.7 3.St
90 11 .4 6.9 31.S 6.5t ,.4 4.4t
79.9 11.Of 10.7 7.4t
2(1 95 11.8 7.' 10 35 A2 16 5.'
85 A5 31 11.1 H5 .3 HH 5 50 6.9 25.4 '.5
75 9.3 5.8
65.4 8.9t 8.6 G. l f 8 23 A2 16 3.0
18.4 3At
18 70 A. 22 9.4 H . 32 HH. 37 14:7 -
54.7 9.21 8.2
~ 7 20 AI 8 4-:4
15.3 4·o-r
6" , 7.25 'At
15 50 5.' '.OJ
42.9 A. 22 G.at H. 32 5.4 HH4 37 4.9t 8 3.2
12.5 3.Oj
5 14.75 AI 8 2.2
10 2.3t
tThese spans are governed by web bea ring or web s hear.
STANDARD TWO-ANGLE CONNECTIONS "A" SERIES
"~ serles AIO ' AO AS A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 - AI
.~!li\I ·- ~·TlrTrl-r~·=
'" 1::+ , :+U
STANDARD TWO_ANGLE CONNECTION S "H " AND "HH " SERIES
"H"Se rles
2·1! ex4x Jl
2-~ 6x6xi

152
RIVETS
~" STANDARD BEAM CONNECTIONS

WIDE FLANGE BEAMS
WEIGHTS AND MINIMUM SPANS FOR

ALLOWABLE UNIFORM LOADS
Entering this table with s ize of beam , the symbols and weights of Standard "B", "K" and
"KK" Connections are found, together with the minimum spans for which they are respectively
sufficient. I nformation for I I K'f Connections has been omitted in the tables where shear in rivets
in outstanding legs governs and, therefore, permit the same values as "B" Connections. Standard
" S", "K" and "KK" Connections are for use with %" rivets and are detailed on page 153.
More general information on capacity of any connection, Standard or Special, will be found
on pages 252 to 264.
Weights include shop (web) rivets only.
"8" "K" "KK" "8" "K" "KK"

Section Connection Connection Connection Section Connection Connection Connection
"0 Min. "0 Min. Min. "0 Min. "0 Min. Min.
~ Wt. ~ we Sp," ~ we Span Sym- we Span ~ Wt. ~
we ~
we .Sym- WI. Span
~!~
Span
0• 0•
Lb. E Lb . E Lb. F..t bol Lb. Feet Lb. E Lb. Feet E Lb. bol Lb. Feet
~ F~t ~ ~ ~
'" '" '" '"

36 300 55.6 34.7 21 142 31.9 20.0
280 51.9 32.4 127 28.6 17.9
260 47.9 29.' 112 25.1 15.7
245 45.0 28.0 96 .5 2. 19.9 K5 39 KK5 .6 12.4
230 .,0 57 42.1 KK 10 .3 26.3 .2 16.9 10.6
19. 33.' 20.' 73 15.2 '.5
182 31.3
29.2
19.5
18.2
68
62
14.5 14.1
12.7
'.OJ
170 14·ot '.OJ
160 27.2 17.0
150 25.3 15.8 18 11. 27.7 13.8
105 25.4 12.7
33 240 45.3 29.1 96 23.2 11.6
••••••
220 41.4 26.6 85 19.6
200
152 •• 51 37.4
27.2
KK. 83 24.1
17.5
n
70 •• 20
'l:~
16.
K' 28
16.1
KK. 33
'.31
~~
141 25.0 16.0 64 16.1 14.7
130
210
22.6
40.9
14.6
27.3
.,
60
50
14.4t
14.ot
13.8t
13.5
12.4
11 .2
7.1i
7.1
30
190 36.9 24.6 --
17"2 8. 46 33.2 KK. 73 22.1 16 96 20.9 10.4
132 23.9 15.9 88 19.0 9.5t
12. 22.3 14.9 78 16.1 '.0
116 20.6 13.7 71 8. 20 14.6 K' 2. KK. 33 7.6t
108 18.8 12.5 64 13.1 7.5t
-- --
'!:~
58 11 .8 7.5t
27 1n 35.4
31.9
22.5
20.3
50
45
11.
11.6
10.2
9.1
6.71
6.71
160
145 87 40 29.0 KK7 64 18.4 40 11.7 '.1 6.7i
11 . 21.5 13.7 36 10.5 7.1 6.1
102 19.2 12.2 - -
11.1 14 38 83 14
9. 17.5
'H! K3 20 9.1 KK3 2' 6.5t
'i:~
34 '.1 6·31
2. 160 34.7 2Q8 30 11. 7.0 5.7t
145
130
31.3
27.7
16.8
16.6 12 36 1Ut 17 ,7 - - - - - -
120
110 86 34
25.1
23.0 K6 47 KK6 55
15.0
13.8
31
~
83 14 II.U K3
10.5
20 6.6
6.lt
100
94
20.9
16.5
12.5
11 .1 10 29 -7-:8 - --
84 16.5 9.9 25 82 13 6.7
76 14.8 14.7 a.9t 21 5.'
• 20 82
17
13
i~
tThese spans are governed by web bearing or web shear

----"
153
RI V ETS
ST A N DARD B EAM C ONNECTIONS :UN

A MERI CAN STANDA R D BEA M S
W EIGHTS AND MIN IMUM SPA N S FOR
ALLOWAB L E U NI FORM LOADS
Notes o n page 1 52 app ly in ge n e ra l.

For C h a n n e ls use s a me s ta ndard connection as for Am er ica n Sta nd a rd Bea m of s am e d e pth.
uK" uK"
Section
"8"
Connection Connection I " KK"
Co nnection , Section
"8"
Connection Connecti on
"KK"
Con nection
~
~ WI. M in. e Min. Min. ~ e Min. e M in. Min.
WI. ~
Wt. Span SI::I WI. Spa" g~ WI. ~
W1. Sp," ~
W1.
~.£ Sy~ WI. Span
~!7
E Span E E E
0 Lb. ~ Lb. F.. , ~ Lb. Feet Lb. Feet 0 Lb. ~ Lb. F", ~ L b. bol Lb. Feet
"' "' "' - -"'
24 120 21.1 12.6 12 50 83 14 8.4 K3 20 KK 3 24 4.2
105.9 19.7 11.8 40.8 7.5 4.11
100 86 34 16.6 KK 6 55 9.9 35 6.5 6.3 3.8t
90 15.6 9.3 31.8 7.6t 6.0 4.4t
79.9 14.6 8.8
C;o .-
~
13 7.3
20 95 16.1 1-;0.;- 25.4 6.1
85 8 5 28 15.1 KK 5 46 9.4
75
65.4
12.7
11.8
7.9
7.4
S 23
18,4
82 13 4.0
3.6
-
18
-70- -04- 20 12.8 KK4 33 6.. 7 20 81 7 6.0
--
54. 11.1 5.6 15.3 5.2
4:4 - - - --r--- - - --
- - 1
20 I KK4
l~
15 50 84 K4 28 33 4.0 6 17.25 81 7
42.9 8. 7.' 4.9t 12.5 3.7
--
5 14.7 81 7 3.0
10 2.5
tThese spans arc governed by we b bearing o r web s hear.
. rlyrIT1tllt--
S T A N DA R D T WO- ANGLE CO N NECTIONS "B" SER IES
BO L.
j. t±::itit
"B " Series B 10 B B B7 B6 B 5 B4 B3 B 1
.11, .
~ .
.
..
. .
. t~2k Alw ays
tilt
t t'it .1, , .-
2· ~ 4xS!-" Ii 2- 1!! 4 x3~)t-i 2- t! 6 x 4 "A
~ !42t"Always
S T AN D A R D T W O_A N G LE CONNECTIONS " K " AND " K K" SER I ES
K 10 K9 KB K7 K6 K 5 K4 K 3
•• K " Series "KK" Series
'~'"llftlfiij
t, ::t
~. 1JI~
±i ±
+-: ,it1
+1'
t: +-t:t:,!l't
±: t.
" tt:lh+
" ---- ' "K" sero BS 2-1! 6 lt 4 xlG: 2.1! 6x4xt
~ ~ AIWaYS 2f~2t" " KK ''' Se rles :z·e 6· x6·~fI. 2-t! 6x 8 xfi
AMER I CAN IN S TITUTE O F STE EL CON S TRU CT I O N

r
I
154
SEATED CONNECTION S
MAX IMUM REACTION S AND M I NIMUM SPANS FOR

ALLOWABLE U N IFOR M LOADS
Seated conn ectio ns witho u t stiffe n er a ngles m ay be used for the va l ues of end reactio n s u p to
35 ki ps g ive n in the table on page 263. Seated con nectio n s w ith sing le or double stiffe n ers are
used for val u es of e nd react ions g iven i n t h e t a ble on page 262 or for beams over 18" in depth.
W' 31f2 In. 5'12 In. W 3% In. 51f2 In. Standard 3'12 In. 5'12 In.
Section Bearing Bearing Section Bearing Bearing Section Bear ing Bearing
Depth
--
WI.
Lb. .,
Max.
React.
Kips
- - ----
M in.
~'"
Max. Min.
Kips
- -I-
Feet
W I. Max. Min. Max. Min.
------------
Kips Kips
WI. M ~. Min . Max. Min
React. Span Depth Lb. React. Span React. Span Depth Lb. React. Span React. Span
Feet Feet
-- --
KIps Feat
-- - - - - - -
K Ips Feet
36 300 143 51.5 188 39.2 21 142 85 24.9 117 18.1 24 120 104 16.1 142 11.8
280 132 52.1 174 39.5 127 74 25.6 102 18.6 105.9 82 19.0 112 13.9
260 123 51.6 164 38.7 112 65 25.6 90 18.5 100 92 14.3 128 10.3
245 114 52.2 152 39.2 96 70 18.8 98 13.4 90 77 16.1 107 11.6
230 108 51.6 145 38.4 82 59 19.0 83 13.5 79.9 62 18.7 86 13.5
194 104 42.5 141 31.4 73 53 19.0 75 13.4
182 97 42.7 132 31.4 68 49 19.0 70 13.3
170 89 43.4 122 31.6 62 45 18.8 64 13.2 20 95 101 10.6 139 7.7
160 84 42.9 115 31.4 85 82 12.2 113 8.9
150 80 42.0 110 30.5 75 78 10.8 109 7.7
18 114 74 19.8 103 14.2 65.4 61 12.8 85 9.2
105 68 19.8 95 14.2
33 240 118 45.8 158 34.2 96 62 19.8 87 14.1
220 108 45.7 145 34.1 85 63 16.5 88 11.8 18 70 83 8.2 117 5.8
200 98 45.6 132 33.8 77 56 16.9 79 12.0 54.7 54 10.9 76 7.8
152 82 39.5 112 29.0 70 51 16.8 72 11.9
141 76 39.2 105 28.4 64 46 17.0 65 12.0
130 n 37.5 100 27.0 60 47 15.3 67 10.8 15 50 63 6.8 89 4.8
"50 43
39
15.2
15.2
62
56
10.6
10.6
42.9 47 8.4 67 5.9
.
30 210 108 40. 1 145 29.9
190 97 40.3 131 29.8 12 50 79 4.2 1071 3.1t
172 87 40.5 118 29.8 16 96 66 16.8 92 12.0 40.8 53 5.6 721 4. 1t
132 77 32.9 107 23.7 61 16.5 85 '1.9 35 48 5.3 671 3.8t
124 72 32.8 100 23.6 78 64 13.3 89 9.6 31.8 39 6.2 "I 4.4t
116 69 31.7 96 22.8 71 57 13.6 80 9.7
108 66 30.2 92 21.7 64 51 13.6 72 9.6
58 46 13.6 66 9.5 10 35 64 3.0 771 2.5t
50 42 12.8 60 9.0 25.4 34 4.8 40 4.1 t
133 24.7 45 12. 7
27 177
160
145
98
88
78
33.5
33.6
34.4
120
107
24.7
25.1
40
36
38
33
32
13.0
11.7
"
48
46
8.8
8.9
8.2 8 23 46 2.3
114 70 28.5 97 20.6 18.4 28 3.4
102 63 28.2 88 20.2
94 58 28.0 82 19.8 14 38 34 10.7 49 7.4
34 31 10.4 45 7.2
30 28 10.0 41 6.8
24 160 87 31.7 118 23.4
145 78 31.9 107 23.3
130 71 31. 1 98 22.5 12 36 33 9.3 48 6.4
120 69 28.9 96 20.8 31 28 9.4 41 6.4
110 63 29.0 87 2 1.0 27 25 9.1 36 6.4
100 57 29.1 79 21.0
94 61 24.1 86 17.1
84 55 23.8 78 16.8 10 29 30 6.8 381 5.4t
76 50 23.4 71 16.5 25 26 6.8 33t 5.4
21 24 6.0 311 4.6t
8 20 25 4.6 261 4.4t

17 23 4.1 241 3·91
tThcsc spans are governed by web shear.
AMER 1CAN I NSTIT U T E OF S TEE L CON STRUCTION

155
BEAM SEPARATORS
TYPICAL BUILT-UP SEPARATORS
ANGLE PLATE AN"D ANGLE PIPE
VarIable
f;i 8 B.EAMS 10" ANO U'NU'["R

fn~----·~ i
~---- ~
H P ~
;--
.tImI
l:.£!
,r
111 [
BEAMS 12" TO 2711
1 -, uf:~~'; ::~:
;".- Quare ou t s.
m ][1 ~
SEAMS OVER 27(1
Above sket ches i nd icate representative pract ice. Separators should be spaced approxi-
m ate ly 5'0" center to center; thickness and si ze of material an d number of bolts a nd r ivets to
be ada pted t o conditio ns.
TIE RODS AND ANCHORS
T'E RODS BU ILT-IN AN C HOR BOLTS SWEDGE BOLTS
2i"t 'f.' i"to It"

Jt1 c, to c. of beams
Square
£,.1
" I H ex.
N"' H ex. Nut
N"'
~
~~
"
fE--a fl
Lengt h "/" o. to o. of rod s hou ld

be specified in multiples of 3 inch es.
Diameter
".
Total Weight
including two nuts, l b.
+ .21
~
H t" Plate
Sq.NwtI
Weight includes
one h exagon nut
Diam.
Length
Weight
% .0871 ". - - - - - - -
--
Lb.
% .1 251 + .28 In ge neral, built-in anchor bolts

s hould extend Into the masonry 1 l' 0" 3.1
~ .1701 + .46 not less than 2' 6" , and farther
when n ecessa ry_
1,. l' 3" 6.0
1 .2231 + .70 1% l' 3" 8.7
GOVERNMENT ANCHOR S A NGLE W ALL ANCHOR S
Depth Weight
d ~
~
of with
".
{ _1, Beam
".
Belts
Lb. ~
'0
'"-
~
10
~
~
T and 7
'•"
~t'
under ;I'
- -- •
12-14 6 ~
c;IJ
15-16 9 •
·
w
18 9 14
a
20-21 12 c
~~" Rod l' 9" Long. Weight 3 pounds «
24 & over 12
AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTI O N
156
FIELD RIVET AND ERECTION CLEARANCES
RIVET CLEARANCE- W' COLUMNS
5.f- 5~ 14 'IF 426 to 43 lb. ~l a

ThIs dImension cOlll'fant
for W co lumn sections
4!.!. 4% 12 'IF 190 to 40 lb. ;ll ·t
f sa m e nominal depth. atl at. 10 W' 112 to 33 lb. I.,!- .'';-
2ll! 2H 8W'STto24Ib. •
T -
t t ,'J,.b
~ ,
E
-
0
Q "0
Q
.. ~ "" ~
't 0- «. .. ~ " ."t ~
"
~ ~ <F= "9}P"
ii '
~
It' .b
entr::;~~ 'r;::J~rvet. "

6j-'- 6 -'- 14 YF 426 to 43 lb. 6"- 6} 14YF 426t043 lb. 3* 3 "-
4t 6~ 12'11" 190to401b. 4f 4"-

• 12YF 190 to 40 lb• I~f ~
ali 41. 10 W' 112 to SSlb. 3 2
• 3"-•
f
IOYF112to331b.
"
at&: 3-'- B YF e7to 24 lb. 3 & B VF 67 to 24 lb. ,.1.
Based on Dimensions of Structural Rivets, page 160, and Length of Structural Rivets, page 162.
FLANGE CUTS FOR COLUMN WEB CONNECTIONS
.. . ... ..
!! !! !!
0 !! ."., . ~I ."
!! !!
0 !!
., 2
2
.
" e
0
2
N
..."2
<f!I!t
II 2
.. e .,...
0
2
~
2
When beams tramlna to the
"anges of columns Inte rfe rewld'l
beamli framing to the web afthe
. ., -""~I-
column, the latter must ba c;:ut
.. ~ ~
!! 51 I~
!< ~
!! 51
"
~ as shown.
-".. ...." -""

In all cases where mem b, ..
must' be erected by droppl
'" --- -- ";l;'" til ""
'" 'l, ..
~.~ --- --------
-.. -.1; -~
"
down, allow 4t leilst chi! aranco
at rivet heads.
0- ~
9 14 'IF 426 to 14~ Ib.
6 14 YF 136 to 871b.
7 14 ¥F 84 to 78; 12 W' 190 to 85 lb.
6 14W 74t061; 121/1F 58 and 53: 10 I/IF 112 to 491b.
6 14W 53 t043: 12 'W' 60 to 40: 10 W' 46 to 33: 6W'6 7to 811b.
4 8 W' 28 and 24 lb.
Based on Dimensions of Structural Rivets, page 160.

157
ERECTION CLEARANCES
FOR INSERTING AND DRIVING RIVETS
A B All hammers except No. 130 and No.11 can be

Diam. fitted with in verted handl es. These are for
No. Max. D Str. WI. Length Clear. Leng th Clear. crowded work and are only provided by siJecia l
Rivet I ns. Ins. Lbs. L C L, C arrangr.ment. No. 130 is a j a m riveter for close
Ins. Ins. Ins. Ins. quartf.r wor k.
-- -- - - -- -- - - - --
130 }ji 3l{, 4 15 ----- --_.- -_...... 9 12

}USed only to drive in close quarters.
50 % 2% 5 20 ---------- -_ ..... 14 17
60 % 2%; 6 23 19)-<2 24 15)-<2 19 Rarely used .
80 1 2Ws 8 25 21 )-<2 26 17% 121 Used for all except heaviest riveting.
90 1U 2%; 9 26 23% 28 19%; 23 )

JUsed for heaviest riveting.
11 1)-<2 2'!{s 11 32 26)-<2 31 ---'...... ... _...
I~
, ~ ~
~ _IIIIIII D1
~
m
IU
l
r='
j
1
rP
~
~
~ E
3" 2"
F
214
~
,, 4
C· ,, 5 2%
,, 6 2'%
,,
} ,
7
8
2'i'e
3
r-p "
I
I
_+"_R_O.!-~ \
( )
~ '---- ... -~
If hammer can be "rolled," easier driving and more symmetrical heads are ob-
tained. To permit this, distance "F" must be as given here and field rivets must
have a perfect stagger with shop rivets.
I>
~III~
~"'Y
01 3.,,;
4'L
A-STANDARD OPEN HANDLE

L
1 ~,.~
J AM RIVETER
No. 130
111 111=
B-INVERTED HANDLE
L,
01 00
l

158
PIPE RAILING
TYPICAL. DETAIL.S SHOWING USE OF STANDARD FITTINGS
The typical details illustrating the use of standard

fittings in the assembly of pipe railing, which were
shown in earlier editions and earlier printings of this
edition, are now deleted. In recent years consid ..
erable difficulty has been experienced in the pro-
curement of these fittings, because of the widespread
substitution of welded pipe railing for the earlier
threaded type. Variations of some of the items
formerly shown are still procurable from rnanufac ..
turers of plumbing supplies.

159
PIPE RAILING
TYPICAL DETAILS SHOWING USE OF SPECIAL FITTINGS

160
DIMENSIONS OF STRUCTURAL RIVETS

r
;<'" ~~ 1:1 G*~ T r=
~
!--A- ~G~H
~ 11- f...~"
f-A~
N
f-"-' tcD_~
,~ - .
R K L-l
~C_~39O l .fw ,~B~
DRIVEN HEADS MANUFACTURED HEADS DIE DRIVING CLEARANCE

"Basic Dimensions", High Button (Acorn) Heads: American Institute of Bolt, Nut and Rivet Mfrs., 1937.
Di a. of Rivet, Inches y, % % Ys 1 1Ys lJi 1% 1)1

I~
"0
'" , A 1.5D+Ys Ys 1 !16 1~ 1~6 1% 11;{6 2 2;{6 2%

I"0" ~ H .425 A % 'k'G 1~2 % l K'G % 2lij 1~6 1
e "5 F 1.5 H %i IYJ6 1~2 1%! 1% 11%2 1Yz
.. 1!16 l}{G
"e - -
~- C 1.81 D 2% Iw , 1 1!{z 11%! 11;{6 2l-f, 2X 2Y2 22%2
0 i5'" K .5 D Ji %'6 % !i6 Yz % % l}U %
-- -- 1%
"0 A 1.5 D + lij 2%! 1 %'2 11~ 11~ 1';;;' 12%2 2;;;' 2%
'" H .75 D + Ys Y, '% l~ 2%2 Ys 'lij 1~ 1% lJi
I" , .75 D + % 2lij l~ lYs
F 'lij % 1l-f2 llij 10/t6 11%2
I~.;10~
~
~-"
M .50 Y, Y, Yz Y, Y, y, y, Yz Y,
oe N .W', ;;;, %'2 ;;;, ;;;, ;;;, ;;;, ;;;, ;;;, ;;;,
.~ - G .750 -%'2 ;;;, % % ....2L '% ~6 2lij % 'lij
~
e - - 10/,
C 1.81 D 2% 1 1!{z 11%2 11;{6 2lij 2Ji 2Yz 22%2
:;;'" s
0 '" K .5 D )4 ?{6 % l{, Y,
-%
- -%
- 1!16 %
Die, In. B 1% I~ 2%; 2Yz 2% 3 3)4 3Yz 3%
Driving E (min.) %
I----y, 1 lYs lJi 1% 1%
1% 11y,
Clearance E (pref.) 1 lYs 174 1% 1Yz 1% 1% lYs 2
Inches
CONVENT IONAL SIGNS FOR RIVETING

Shop Rivets Field Rivets
i"
'" "
"••"
Countersunk Countersunk l~atten~,? to 4' '" Flattened to
"•• Countersu nk
.,
r
and Chipped
I N.ot over high f! 2" and B Rivets i"Rivets and o>(er
.,
r
,,
~
".
:g~ ".
111:2 £~
o!! I;· "
Q):2 ",:9
~ :5~
"
",
l3:!:! :a~
<~
o!! ".
~~ ~~
:5~
"
,,
~
;
"
,
~~
<"
.
"
'
;;;;;l;===~= USUAL GAGES FOR ANGLES, INCHES CRIMPS
I Leg 8 7 6 5
~13Y, 3 271 2 1% 171 1% 17,:i 1 b-t+l76"
Min. = 2"
f3 ,
g
g,
g,
4% 4
3
3
AMERICAN
2Y, 2)4 2
3 271 1%
371 3 2Y:; 2 1% 1% 1Ys 1
INSTITUTE: OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Ys Ys % %
~
161
, ,}
" H~~
~~ ~
:I : 1 11 1 I
•~
~[ I " ' 111 I
:-drii: i
I ' ,1 , 1 .
I
RIVET SPACING
I I I'll I I
~g1
Dia. of
Rivet
• C k
MINIM UM PITCH FOR MACHINE RIVETING
lYs 134 1% 1)1 1% 134 l Ys

Distance, f, Inches
-
2 2Ys 234 2% 2)1 234 - 3-
% Ys 1% 34 0
)1 1 l Ys % )1 0
% l Ys l UG lYs1 % % 0
% 134 134 l Ys 1
1% .. _----- % 0
Ys 1% 2 .- .... -. 1)1 1% l Ys
......,. Ys % 0
1 17'2 2h'6 .. _-_.-- -._--_.- -- .. _.. - 1% 1)1 1% l Ys Ys Ys 0
l Ys lYs 2% . .. . -----.'- ........ -------- 1% 1%
,., 1)1 1% l Ys Ys 0
134 1% 2% ._------ .. _-_ ... --._-_.' " ..... ... 2
--- , ' - l Ys 1% 1)1 134 1 % 0
1%
1)1 I~Ys 2 1Yt'6 -- ... .. ...... -- -----.-- ........ ...... . _.... _--
3 -_ .... ... _----- -----_ .. ...... -. ...... -- -..... --
2Ys 2
-- ...... 234
l Ys 1% l Ys 134 )1 0
2Ys 2 l Ys 1% I Ys 0
MINIMUM PITCH TO MAINTA I N 3 DIA M ETERS C. TO C .

Distance, g, 1nches
Dia. of m
Rivet 1 134 1)1 1% 2 234 2)11 2% 3 334 ~ 3% 4 434 4)1
% l Ys )1 0
Ys 17'2 I Ys Ys 0
% I Ys 1% 1% I Ys % 0
% 234 2 I Ys 1% 1% I 0
Ys 2% 2)1 2% 2Ys 2 1% 1% % 0
I 3 2% 2% 2% 272 234 2 1% I Ys 0
I Ys 3% 3,. 3Ys 3 2Ys 2% 2)1 2,. 2 172 Ys 0
134 3% 3% 3)1 3% 3% 334 3 2% 2)1 2,. I Ys 1% 0
1% 4Ys 4 4 3Ys 3% 3% 3)1 3,. 3Ys 2Ys 27'2 2Ys 1% I 0
1)1 47'2 4% 4% 4,. 4Ys 4 3Ys 3% 3)1 3% 3Ys 2Ys 2)1 2 1)1 0
COVER PLATE RIVETING

a d b d
In. In. In. In.
--- - ----
)1 2)1 2Y,
-~. ·~~_::~~~~~f~~~c-·
------------------------------ b'iJ-
1 2% Ys 2%
I Ys 2% % 2,.
2 2% I 2,.
2Ys 2Ys 134 2Ys
3
3Ys
2Ys
3 ;~~f~~I~~~~~~o~~f~=~c= 1Yz
1%
2
1%
4 3Ys 2 I Ys
5 3~ 234 1
·6 3% 2Ys _.__ .. ' .'
AMERIC A N I NST I TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTI ON

162
LENGTH OF STRUCTURAL RIVETS

LENGTH OF UNDRIVEN RIVETS. IN INCHES,
FOR VARIOUS GRIPS
~Grl~~
@L'"'~
f+--Gr1p----;
fJ=-l
@J I;B~
76'
I <!fr-:
I--Lellgth~ f!--Length~
FULL HEAD COUNTERSUNK HEAD
Diameter of Rivot, Inches Diameter of Rivet, Inches

Grip Grip
Inches [nchell
)1 % ". Ys 1 1)1 1,. )1 % ". Ys 1 1)1 1,.
-- --
)1 1% 1Ys 1Ys 2 2% )1 1 1 1% 1,. 17;1;
% 1% 2 2 2% 2,. % 1% 1,. Hi 1% 1%
%
Ys
1Ys
2
2%
2,.
2%
2U 2% 2" 2%
2)1
%
Ys
1% 1%
1Y, 1)1
1% 1)1
H1 1%
1)1
1%
2% 272 1% 1%
1
,.
%
%
2,.
2%
2)1
2%
2%
23--2 27-'2 2%
2%
2".
2% 2%
2% 2Ys
2% 2% 2Ys
2% 2Ys 3
2Ys 3
3
3%
3% 3,.
1
% ,.
%
1% 1%
1% 1;l4 1Ys 1Ys
2 2
2% 2% 2% 2)i
2 2
1~
1Ys
2
2)i
1Ys
2
2%
2%
1Ys
2
2%
2%
)1 2Ys 3 3 3% 3,. 3% 3)1 )1 2)i 2)i 2,. 2% 2% 2)1 2)1
% 3 3% 3% 3,. 3% 3)1 3% % 2% 2% 2% 2Y, 2)1 2% 2%
% 3% 3,. 3,. 3)1 3% 3% 3Ys % 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2%
Ys 3,. 3% 3% 3% 3% 3Ys 4 Ys 2". 2% 2% 2". 2% 2% 2Ys
2
%
Ji
%
3)1
3%
3%
4
3)1
3%
3%
4
3% 3%
3% 3Ys
3Ys 4
4 4%
3Ys 4
4
4%
4% 4)i
4% 4,. 4%
4,. 4% 4)1
2
,.
%
%
2Ys 2Ys 2Ys 2Ys
3% 3
3,. 3% 3% 3%
3% 3% 3% 3%
3 3
2Ys
3
3,.
3%
3
3%
3,.
3% 3%
3
3%
3,.
)1 4% 4% 4% 4,. 4% 4)1 4% Y, 3)1 3Y, 3Yz 3)1 3)1 3% 3%
4% 4% 4)1 4% 3%, 3% 3% 3%
4% 4% 44~
% 4,. 4Ji
7, % 3% 3% 3%
% 4% 4% 4% 4)1 % 3Ys 3% 3% 3% 3% 331 3Ys
Ys 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4Ys 5 Ys 4 3Ys 3% 3Ys 3Ys 4 4
_._ ... -- 5 5% 5,. -_ .. __ .. 4% 4% 4% 4Ys 4%
3
%,.
%
4%
...... -. 4Ys 4Ys 5
........ 5
........ 5% 5% 5Ji
4% 4Ys
5 5%
5% 5,. 5%
5,. 5% 5)1
5% 5Y, 5%
3
%
Ji
%
........ 4,. 4% 4~
--_ ... -' 4% 4% 4%
- ....... 4 )1 4)1 4)1
4%
4)i
4%
4,. 4,.
4% 4%
4Y, 4)1 4)1
Y, ........ 5% 5% 5% 5)1 5% 5% )1 -..... -- 4% 4% 4% 4% 4% 4%
% ........ 5}2 5V2 5)1 5% 5% 5Ys % ---_ .. -' 4% 4% 4% 4% 4Ys 4Ya
% ........ 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 6 ". ._ ..... - 5 5 5 5 5 5
Ys ... _-_ .. 5% 5% 5% 5Ys 6 6% Ys ........ 5% 5% 5% 5% 5% 5Ys
.. _-- .. - ._ ... _- 5Ys 6 6 6Ys 6,. 4 ........ .. __ .... 5)i 5,. 5,. 5,. 5Ji
4
,.
Ys
%
........ ... _- ... 6
........ '.--_." 6Ys 6,.
........ ........ 6%
6%
6)1
6,. 6% 6)1
6% 672 6%
6)1 6% 6%
%
)i
%
" .. -' ........ 5% 5%
'-
- ..... -- _....... 5)1

- ...... . ........
5)1
5% 5%
5% 5% 5%
5)1 5)1 5)1
5% 5% 5%
Y, ........ ....•... 6Y2 6% 6% 6% 6Ys Y, .... . .. .. ...... 5% 5 ~ 5% 5~ 5~
% ........ ....•... 6% 6iO 6% 6Ys 7 % .... .... .. ......6 6 6 6 6
% ........ ........ 6". 6Ys 6Ys 7 7% % ... ... . ........ 6% 6Ys 6Ys 6Ys 6Ys
Ys ........ ........ 6Ys 7 7 7Ys 7,. Ys ...... ......... 6,. 6)i 6)i 67,i 6Ji
........ .....•.. ........ 7% 7% 7,. 7% 6% 6% 6%
5
,.%
%
........ ........ .. -- .... 7,.
........ ........ ---- .... 7%
........ ........ .. -... -- 7%
774 7% 7)1
7% 7)1 7%
7% 7% 7%
5
,.
%
%
..•..... ........
'
6%
" ' --. "
........ ........ ..... 6)1

........ ........ ........ 6%
........ ........ ..... _..
-'
6%
6)1 6% 6Y,
6% 6% 6%
6% 6% 6%
)1 ........ ........ ...... -- 7 ~ 7~ 7% 7Ys )1 ........ ........ . ... ._.. 6Ys 6Ys 6Ys 6Ys
% ........ ........ ........ 7Ys 7% 8 8 % .......... ...... 7 7 7 7
". ........ ........ ....... 8 8 8Ys 8% ". .-...... .... 7)i 7,. 77.4: 77,i
Ys ........ ........ -- ..... B% B% 8,. 8,. Ys ......... . _. _.. -- 7% 7% 7% 7%
Above table may vary from sta ndard practice of individual fabricators and should be checked
against such standards by user.

163
WEIGHT OF STRUCTURAL RIVETS
WEIGHT WITH ONE HIGH BUTTON (ACORN) MANUFACTURED HEAD IN POUNDS PER 100
length
Inches
Yz %
Diameter of Rivet, Inches
'!i Vs 1
-- l Ys 1M
Length
Inches
Yz % ~ Vs 1
-- lYs
Diameter of Rivet, Inchea
1M
5 50 74 104 138 180 226
Ys .. _----- 51 76 106 141 183 230
1% 11 % -- ..... 52 78 108 144 187 234
% 12 % ···. -0- · 53 79 110 147 190 239
Yz 12 20 31 45 60 81 104 Yz ------. 54 81 113 149 194 243
% 13 21 32 47 63 85 108 % .. _--_ .. 55 82 115 152 197 247
% 14 22 33 49 66 88 113 % -- ...... 57 84 117 155 201 252
Ys 14 23 35 51 69 92 117 Ys _.. __ .- 58 85 119 158 204 258
2
Ys
M
15
16
17
24
25
26
37
39
40
53
55
57
72
74
77
95
99
102
122
126
130
6
Ys
%
._------ ._-- ....
-- ------ .. _-----
--.-_.-- ...... --
87 121 161 208
89 123 163 212
90 125 166 215
261
265
269
% 17 27 42 59 80 106 135 % ._------ ...... -- 92 127 169 219 274
Yz 18 28 43 62 83 109 139 Yz --._--- . .._----- 93 130 172 222 278
% 19 29 45 64 85 113 143 % --- ---- --.- .. -- 95 132 174 226 282
~ 19 31 46 66 88 116 148 % ._--_.-- ...... -- 96 134 177 229 287
Vs 20 32 48 68 91 120 152 Ys -._--_.. ------_. 98 136 180 233 291
3 21 33 50 70 94 123 156 7 ------_. .. _----- 100 138 183 236 295
Ys 21 34 51 72 97 127 161 Ys .. _- .- .. _---.- 101 140 186 240 300
% 22 35 53 74 99 131 165 % . _---_.- ..... _.. 103 142 188 243 304
% 23 36 54 76 102 134 169 % -------- ._------ 104 144 191 247 308
Yz 23 37 56 79 105 138 174 Yz .... -.-- ........ 106 147 194 250 313
% 24 38 57 81 108 141 178 % -- .- .- ... _----- 107 149 197 254 317
% 25 39 59 83 110 145 182 ~ _._-- .... _- .. -- 109 151 199 257 321
Ys 26 40 60 85 113 148 187 Ys -- ...... ... _---- 110 153 202 261 326
4 26 41 62 87 116 152 191 8 . _--.- . ........ . -.... .. 155 205 264 330
Ys 27 42 64 89 119 155 195 Ys -------- ._-_ .... -----.-- 157 208 268 334
% 28 44 65 91 122 159 200 % -----_.- ._------ ._._---- 159 211 271 339
% 28 45 67 93 124 162 204 % -_._- .. ...... .. ........ 161 213 275 343
Yz 29 46 68 96 127 166 208 Yz - ..... .. .....•.. ........ 164 216 278 347
% 30 47 70 98 · 130 169 21 3 % --- .... . ........ ........ 166 219 282 352
30 48 71 100 133 173 217 -- ........ ..... .... -... 168 222 285
" "Ys 356
Ys 31 49 73 102 135 176 221 .. _-- -- ....... - ........ 170 224 289 360
WEIGHT WITH ONE COUNTERSUNK HEAD IN POUNDS PER 100
For Countersunk Rivets, use weight Diamete r of Rivet, Inches
~1--1L12L1-.lL+s1~I~
given above with follow ing deductions.
Deduction, Lb. 3 4 7 12 18 26 36
WEIGHT OF HIGH BUTTON (ACORN ) HEADS AFTER DRIVING
1~1--1L12L1~I_l
26 I~I~
Diameter of Rivet, Inches
Weight per 100 Heads, Lb. 4 7 12 18 36 48
.-~
16
~ 4~ _____________________________________________.. __
SCREW THREADS
American Nationa l Form
American Standard, B 1.1 - 1935.
0. l'i .t==P=j,
,,R
..
'""'<>~o.
ci ci
,
-i 1 60 0 1i 0
~J~. "'K
D IAMETER AREA Number DIAMETER AREA Number

Total Net Total N"
'f
Threads ! -T
C"'-"-I --.---- ::,C'."C,"--;--CN:7'C",-1 Th~ads
N-" ---I--T
o K Dia., 0 Dia., K P" o K Dia.• 0 Dia., K per
In. In. SQ. In. Sq. In. I",h In. In. Sq. In. Sq. In. Inch
.185 .049 .027 20 2.675 7.069 5.621 4

.294 .110 .068 16 2.925 8.296 6.720 4
.400 .196 .126 13 3.1 75 9.621 7.918 4
.507 .307 .202 11 3.425 11.045 9.214 4
.620 .442 .302 10 3.675 12.566 10.608 4
.731 .601 .419 9
3.798 14.186 11.330 2%
.838 .785 .551 8 4.028 15.904 12.741 2~
.939 .994 .693 7 4.255 17.721 14.221 2%
1.064 1.227 .890 7
1.158 1.485 1.054 6
1.283 1.767 1.294 6 5 4.480 19.635 15.766
1.490 2.405 1.744 5 5)i 4.730 21.648 17.574
5)1 4.953 23.758 19.268
1.71 1 3.142 2.300 4 )1 5~ 5.203 25.967 21.262
1.961 3.976 3.021 4)1
2.175 4.909 3.716 4 6 5.423 28.274 23.095
2.425 5.940 4.619 4
Si zes over 4" are old U. S. Stand ard; there is no America n Sta ndard.
Dimensions are maximum; specify " Free Fit- Class 2, " For Bolts f rom 2*" t o 6" d ia m et er it
is always necessary to bi ll the number of threads per inc h.
LENGTH OF BOLT THREADS

American Standard, B 18.2-1 941.
Diamoter of Bolt, Inches

Length
1:0'!,":: )i I % 1 % 1 % 1 ~ 1 % 1 1 1
1
~t1 1 ~ ~ ~~ 1 1~ 1 2 )i 12% 1 2~ 1 3
M inimum Thread Length
1
l)i
172
1~
2
2% 2
3 2%
4 2%
5 2~
6 3)i
8 3U
10 3)i
12 3)i
16 3U
20 4
30 4
For interJ11ediate bolt lengths, same minimum thread length as for ne)(t shorter tabulated lengt h .
AMERICAN INSTITU TE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

165
BOLT HEADS AND NUTS

I<-F-
[J1.~0 ~ 1\\
~
'" ,.aian
~ o
F1 >- ~ ~
f--< 0
t--- t-
N H .N ~H
American American
H EADS AND NUTS Standard StamJard American Standard Bolt and Nut dimensions
Regular Heavy rounded to the nearest ~6 inch, are those adopted
by American In stitute of Bolt, Nut and Rivet
Manufacturers, American Standard B 18.2-1941.
HEAD
I
H,;,ht. H %0 ~4 0 +%6"
"American Standard Regular" fo rmerly call ed
ManufacturersSt a ndard, American Standard, etc.
"American Standard Heavy" form erly called
Short Oia., F ,,. 0 l¥.r:O +%" United States Sta ndard. Som e fabri cators have
NUT
I
H,;,ht. N ;00 0
standard heads a nd nuts differing only slight ly
from the table. For bolts with countersunk heads
the incl uded a ngle is 78 degrees, the same as for
rivets. See page 160 for dimensions.
1¥.r:D+~6"(O=W'or less)
Short Dia., F 1 ~ D ( greater than ~") l'f.:D +W'
STANDARD DIMENSIONS
Dia.
0'
Bolt
In.
·
--•
U>
He)(agon
Diameter, In.
HEAD
Height
In.
Square
Diameter, In.
Dia.
of
Bolt
In.
.~
U>
He)(agon
Diametar, In.
NUT
Height
In_
Square
Diameter, In.
Long Short Long Short Long Short
- - - ~ Short
I---
)i
%
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%
)1 % % ;{, 1 % )1 i I%;
l Ys 1
I~ }{, lYs
1% 1
1U6
% lli6 l;(s l{, l %; 1;{6 % 1: %
% l~ l Ys 1!1ij 1~ l Ys
% Hi, l Ys Yz l UG l Ys l'
% .,"
a
1)1 1;{, !{, ltYJ6 1 ~, % ;\l 1)1 l ~ti % 1 1U6 1 ~,
• 1)1 1)1 1 < l'l{, 1}'2 % 2l{, 1)1

1 II: 11 ~
1 I%;
% 2~
2%; 11!{6 lYs .~ l l%; 11!{(i 1 2;{, 11 ~6
lYs ~ l'li6 % l )i E 2Ys 1% 1Ys 2% 1%
l)i 2Ys 1% l~ 2~ 1%
l'
I%; 21;{6 1% "' 2% 2l{, 1}i 2 1U6 2~
1% ;\l 2% 2!{6 2li6 1)1 2% 2)i 1~ 3Ys 2)i
1)1
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<
.~
2~
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l li6
3l{,
3%
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1)1
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2% 1% - 3- -
3)i
2%
1% 3 2% 1% 3% 2% 2% 172 2%
E 3% 2t;{6 l)i 3% 21 %; 1% 21;{6 2?{6 1% 3J,t2 2?i6
1%
"' 1%
1%
~ 3Ys
3%
2%
21%;
1%;
1%
3%
4>16
2%
21;U
2 3}{s 3 1 ~, 4Ys 3 :l'
2)i 3Ys 3% 172 4% 3% 2 1: 3!{, 3Ys 2 4%; 3Ys
2)1 474' 3% 1 1h6 5Ys 3% 2)i ~
4 2)i 41%; 3)1
41 H6 1 I%; 5 1!{6 4Ys < 372
2% 4Ys 2)1 ;\l 4?-t6 3% 2)1 5%; 3%
3 5Ys 4)1 2 6;{6 4)1 2% 4% 4)i 2% 5 1%i 4)i
--
~
<
3)i 5?{6 4% 2U6 4% 3 .~ 5)i 4% 3 6% 4%
3)1 6 5)i 2§{6 7~ 5)i E
3% 6'!{6 5% 2)1 7% 5% 3>4 5 1!{s 5 3)i 6% 5
3)1 "' 6Ys 5% 3)1 7% 5%
4 ~ 6% 6 21l{, 8)i 6 33i 6U6 5% 3% 7 Ys 5%
4)i 7)i 6% 21;{6 8% 6% 4 -- 7 6Ys 4 8~ 6Ys
4)1 "~ 71!16 6% 3 9)i
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9
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0;
81!1G
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8
5
574'
10)1
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8
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91~ 8% 31;{6 111%; 8% 5% E 9% 8% 5% 11 )1 8%
5% 10 8% 5% 12 8%
6 10 )i 9 4 12% 9
6 "
~
10% 9Ys 6 12)1 9Ys

AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CON S TRUCTION
166
WEIGHT OF BOLTS
WITH SQUARE HEADS AND HEXAGON NUTS
IN POUNDS PER tOO
This head and nut combination , using "American Standard Regular" dimensions, is usual
practice with many fabricators.
Diameter of Bolt in Inches

length
under head
Inches
% l{, % Yt6 Y, % % Yo 1 lYs 1%
- - --- - --- - - -- -- - - -
I 2.7 5.0 7.2 11.2 14.9 28 43
1% 3.1 5.S 8.0 12.2 16.3 30 46 68
1Yz 3.4 6.1 8.8 13.3 17.7 32 49 73 103 144 190
1% 3.8 6.6 9.6 14.4 19.0 35 52 77 109 151 199
2 4.1 7.2 10.4 15.4 20.4 37 55 81 115 158 208
2~ 4.5 7.7 11.1 16.5 21.8 39 58 85 120 165 216
2'Y2 4.8 8.2 11.9 17.5 23.2 41 61 90 126 172 225
2% 5.2 8.8 12.7 18.6 24.6 43 64 94 131 179 234
3 5.5 9.3 13.5 19.7 26.0 45 68 98 137 187 242
3% 5.9 9.9 14.3 20.7 27.4 48 71 102 142 194 251
3% 6.2 10.4 15.1 21.8 28.8 50 74 107 148 201 260
3% 6.6 11.0 15.8 22.9 30.2 52 77 111 153 208 268
4 6.9 11.5 16.6 23.9 31.6 54 80 115 159 215 277
4U 7.3 12.0 17.4 25.0 33.0 56 83 119 165 222 286
4Yz 7.6 12.6 18.2 26.1 34.4 58 86 124 170 229 294
4% 8.0 13.1 19.0 27.1 35.7 61 89 128 176 · 236 303
5 8.3 13.7 19.8 28.2 37.1 63 93 132 181 243 312
5% 8.6 14.2 20.5 29.3 38.5 65 96 136 187 250 321
572 9.0 14.8 21.3 30.3 39.9 67 99 141 192 257 329
5% 9.3 15.3 22.1 31.4 41.3 69 102 145 198 264 338
6 9.7 15.9 22.9 32.4 42.7 71 105 149 204 271 347
6% 10.0 16.4 23.7 33.5 44.1 74 108 153 209 278 355
672 10.4 16.9 24.5 34.6 45.5 76 111 158 215 285 364
6% 10.7 17.5 25.2 35.6 46.9 78 114 162 220 292 373
7 11.1 18.0 26.0 36.7 48.3 80 118 166 226 299 381
7% 11.4 18.6 26.8 37.8 49.7 82 121 170 231 306 390
7Y, 11.8 19.1 27.6 38.8 51.1 84 124 175 237 313 399
7% 12.1 19.7 28.4 39.9 52.4 87 127 179 242 320 407
8 12.5 20.2 29.2 41.0 53.8 89 130 183 248 327 416
8Y, ---_ .. -_. 21.3 30.7 43.1 56.6 93 136 192 259 341 434
9 --------- 22.4 32.3 45.2 59.4 98 143 200 270 356 451
9Y, --------- 23.5 33.9 47.4 62.2 102 149 209 281 370 468
10 -----.----_. 24.6 35.4 49.5 65.0 106 155 217 293 384 486
lOY, -._-_.--" " --_._---_ ... 37.0 51.6 67.8 111 161 226 304 398 503
11 .... -.------ .. __ ._-_ .... 38.6 53.7 70.5 115 168 234 315 412 520
11 Y, .-.. -.-_ .. _- ._-_... _... - 40.1 55.9 73.3 119 174 243 326 426 538
12 ---.------_. ---- ...... 41.7
_ 58.0 76.1 124 180 251 337 440 555
12Y, -- .... ---- .. _. _-- ---- -----_ .... _- 60.1 78.9 128 186 260 348 454 573
13 . __ ... ------ ---_.. --_ .. .-.-.------ 62.3 81.7 132 193 268 359 468 590
13Y, ---_.. - -- .. ---.-. . --- ... _--_. 64.4 84.5 137 199 277 370 482 607
14 ------_._--- ._---_ .. _--- ... ... _- 66.5
_ 87.2 141 205 285 382 496 625
14Y, -------._--- .... __ ...... - ..... -- .. _--- 90.0 145 211 294 393 510 642
15 ------------ -------- ------ --- -- ------------ 92.8 150 218 302 404 525 660
15Y, ------ ----- ------ ----- - -- - ------ ------------ 95.6 154 224 311 415 539 677
16 --------- --_. __ .- 98.4 158 230 320 426 553 694
Per Inch 1.4 2.2 3.1 4.3 5.6 8.7 12.5 17.0 22.3 28.2 34.8
addi tional
167
WEIGHT OF BOLTS
SPECIAL CASES
IN POUNDS PER 100
VARIATIONS IN HEADS OR NUTS
As stated on page 166. usual practice is Square Head and Hexagon Nut, "American
Standard Regular ". For other combinations of head and nut, or for" American Stand-
ard Heavy", make the appropriate deductions and additions of weights of heads and
nuts as tabulated below, from the weights per 100 found on page 166.
Dia me te r of Bolt, Inches

Weigh t of 100 each
~
- - -%- -
% %; Y, Yo 1 1~
- - -%- - % 1%
- - - - --- - --- -
Square Heads .7 1.4 2.2 3.2 5.1 10 18 29 42 60 84
," Hexagon Heads .6 1.2 1.9 2.8 4.5 9 15 25 36 52 73
l Square Nuts .81 1.7 2.3 4.1 5.6 10 14 23 35 49 67
Hexagon Nuts .64 1.4 1.9 3 .7 4.2 9 12 18 28 42 54
--- - - - ----- - ----- - --
Square Heads -_ ...,. ._..... . ---- . __ ... 9.5 17 28 42 61 84 112
?;' Hexagon Heads -_ ..... ----- --_... . _-_., 8.2 14 24 36 53 73 94
f Square Nuts --_." ..-_.,. --_._- ._ ..... 7.9 14 23 35 50 66 92
Hexagon Nuts ----- --_ ... ----- --_... 6.6 11 19 28 41 56 73
HEAVY BOLTS
Weights of bolts over l>i inches in diameter may be calculated from the following
data. Standard practice is" American Standard Regular" head with" American Stand-
ard Regular" or "Heavy" nut. as specified.
Diameter of Bolt. Inches

Weight of 100 each
1 Yz 1% 2 3 4
1- , - - - - - 1- - - - - - -- -- - - - - - - - - -- - -
Square Heads 143 226 343 484 660 881 1148 1452 1830 2241 2710
~ Hexagon Heads 124 196 297 419 577 764 994 1257 1585 1941 2350
i SQuare Nuts 116 184 276 391 539 666 874
Hexagon Nuts 102 162 231 337 472 606 825
1-:-------1- - -- - - - - - - -- - - -- - - ---
Sq uare Heads 190 295 432 608 825 1087 1401 1775 2115 2715 3312
~ Hexagon Heads 162 254 377 538 727 890 1214 1526 1906 2344 2845
~ Square Nuts 154 242 355 496 674 831 1082 1767 2043 2303 2969
Hexagon Nuts 123 208 303 422 573 742 1008 11 96 1485 1789 2184
1--::,----,--'---,:--
Pounds per linear
- -- - - -- - - - -
inch of Shank .5007 .6815 .8900 1.127 1.391 1.683 2.003 2.348 2.723 3.126 3.556

168
MINIMUM RADIUS
FOR COLD FLANGING
The following T able gives safe minimum inside radius for structural steel, A.S.T.M .
Specification A7, when cold flanged with the bend transverse to the direction of final
rolling. Limiting thickness, one inch.
For cold flanging thicker plates, or plates of harder steel, or for flanging with the
bend parallel to the direction of fmal rolling, greater radii will be required, and can
best be determined by experiment on representative samples.
Length of Piece Minimum Inside Radius of Bend
Not over 18 in. T
Over 18 and not ove r 120 in. Hi T
Over 120 in. 2Yz T

I
in which T is the thickness of the material.

169

170
AMERlCAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT I ON

171
PART III
ALLOWABLE LOADS
BY
A. I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
CAPACITIES OF
WIDE FLANGE, AMERICAN STANDARD AND

MISCELLANEOUS SHAPES USED
AS BEAMS
WIDE FLANGE, AMERICAN STANDARD AND

MISCELLANEOUS SHAPES USED
AS COLUMNS
COMPOUND SECTIONS USED AS COLUMNS
PIPE COLUMNS
COLUMN BASE PLATES
BEAM CONNECTIONS
PINS, RIVETS AND BOLTS

172
ALLOWABLE LOADS ON BEAMS
The tables of allowable loads for Wide Flange, American Standard. and Miscel-
laneous Shapes used as simple beams, give the total allowable uniformly distributed
loads in kips, for ordinary spans laterally supported, based on the stresses specified in
the A. 1. S. C. Standard Specification. The loads include the weight of the beam.
which should be deducted to arrive at the net load which the beam will support.
The tables are also applicable to simple beams laterally supported, carrying a single
concentrated load at the center of the span. For this condition the allowable concen-
trated loa~ is one-half the allowable uniformly distributed load for the same span.
It is assumed in all cases that the loads are applied normal to the X-X axis as shown
in the tables of properties of shapes, and that the beam deflects vertically in the plane
of bending only. If the conditions of loading involve forces outside of this plane, the
allowable loads must be determined from the general theory of flexure, in accordance
with the character of the load and its mode of application.
SHEARING STRESSES. ,\\' ith relatively short spans the allowable loads for beams
and channels may be limited by the shearing or buckling strength of the web, instead of
by the maximum bending stress allowed in the flanges. This limit is indicated in the
tables by solid cross lines. Loads shown above these lines will produce the maximum
allowable shear on the beam web.
CRIPPLING VALUES OF BEAM WEBS. Beams sh0.lId be desi<ned S<) the com-
pression stress in the web at the toe of the fillet, resulting trom reactions or c.Jncentrated
loads, shall not exceed 24 kips per square inch figured as follows, for webs without
stiffeners :
Maximum end reaction = 24t (a+k)

Maximum interior load = 24t (al+2k)
where t = thickness of web in inches.
k = distance from outer face of flange
to web toe of fillet in inches.
a = length of bearing in inches.
a l = length of concentrated load in
inches.
When the above values are exceeded the web$ of the beams should be reinforced,
or the length of bearing increased. Lack ,of proper lateral support for the top flanges
of beams at the reaction point SO decreases the crippling strength of the webs as to
render such practice inadmissible.
LATERAL DEFLECTION OF BEAMS. The allowable loads given in the tables are
calculated on the assumption that the compression flanges of the beams are properly
secured against yielding.
These loads are however also allowable on the same spans, without side support,
provided that the quantity ld/ bt does not exceed 600. (See A.I.S.C. Specification Sect.
15 (a) for definition of terms.) Therefore the function d/ bt, which is a beam property,
is tabulated under each beam weight, and immediately below is tabulated, as Lu, the
greatest span in feet for which ldjbt does not exceed 600.

173
When ldjbt exceeds 600, the permissible unit stress must be reduced below 20,000
p.s.i., in accordance with the formula
12,000,000
f ~ ld
bt
This formula may be solved by the aid of the tabulated values of d/ bt. The allow-
able load must then be reduced below that tabulated for the span, in the same ratio
as the value of f thus calculated bears to 20,000.
However, the selection of a beam for trial calculation may not be simple. It will
usually be simplified by the use of the charts which appear on pages 203 to 206 hereafter.
VERTICAL DEFLECTION. In the column at the right of each page of allowable

loads are given the deflections for beams of various spans carrying the tabulated allow-
able loads. These deflections are based on the nominal depth of beam. The following
fonnula may be used for calculating the maximum deflection of any symmetrical beam
or girder uniformly loaded:
5Wl'
A= 384E I
where tJ. =defiection in inches. W = total uniform load including weight of beam in
pounds, and I = span in inches. For E = 29,000.000 pounds per square inch and flexural
stress 20000 IX>unds per square inch the formula reduces to.
0.02069 L2
d
where L = span in feet, and d = depth of beam or girder in inches.
The live load deflection of floor beams carrying plastered ceilings should be limited
to not more than 1/360 of the span length. This limit is not reached on the span lengths
herein tabulated.
STANDARD BEAM CONNECTIONS. Maximum loads are indicated in the tables

on pages 175 to 199 by long horizontal dash lines for Standard" A" Series Beam Con-
nections and by short horizontal dash lines for Standard" B" Series Connections Load
shown above these lines cause the capacities of these connections to be exceeded and
.. H", .. HH ", "K" or "KK" Series or Special connections must be used.
AMERICAN INSTI rUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTlC;)N

174
SUMMARY
OF
NOTES ON BEAM TABLES
SYMBOLS
d depth of beam
-;---=~::"::'::";::::CC"-- •all in inches.
bt breadth X thickness
of flange
Lu = length of span, in ft., up to which the tabulated loads are safe with or without
lateral supxx>rt.
S = Section modulus, in inches'.
v = Maximum web shear, in kips ~ 13 dt
R = Maximum end reaction. in kips, for 3}1 inch bearing ~ G(3J.-Hk)
G = Increase in R, in kips, for each additional inch of bearing = 24 t
N ~ Length of bearing, in inches, to develop V ~ (V+G)-k
HORIZONTAL LINES
- - - - - Load next above is maximum allowable shear on web.
- Load next below is maximum for Standard" A" Series beam connection.
- - - - - Load next below is maximum for Standard" B" Series beam connection.
(For greater loads use .. H". "Ill-I" ... K .. or .. KK " Series, or special connections.)

175
BEAMS 36
I
V'F BEAMS
ALLOWABLE UNIFORM LOADS IN KIPS
FOR BEAMS LATERALLY SUPPORTED
For beam s laterally uns upported, see page 202.
Nominal Depth and Wi dth- Weight per Foo t

Span
'" 36x 167'2 36 X 12
Feet Deflec-
300 280 260 245 230 194 182
-170 160
- - 150
tion
---
dj bt
- --
1.31 1.40 1.52 1.62 1.73 2.39 2.55
---
2.73 2.94
--- Inches
--- --- - - - 3.19
L, 38 35.5 32.5 30.5 28.5 20.5 19.5 18 17.0 15.5
- 1-1- - - - - -- --- 612 582 ---:0'7
12 730 684 640 651 ssg
.08
13 681 637 5 § 4 555
.1 0 516
14 632 592 552 515 479 .11
15 796 752 ~ 590 552 515 481 447 .13
16 902 840 793 744 696 553 518 483 451 419 .15
17 867 809 746 700 655 521 487 454 424 394 .17
18 819 764 705 661 619 492 460 429 401 373 .19
19 776 724 668 627 586 466 436 406 380 -353- .21
20 737 688 634 595 557 442 414 386 361 335 .23.
21 702 655 604 566 531 421 394 368 344 319 .25
22 670 625 577 540 506 402 377 -351- 328 305 .28
23 641 598 551 517 484 385 360 336 314 292 .30
24 614 573 528 496 464 369 345- 322 301 279 .33
25 589 550 507 476 446 -354- 331 309 289 268 .36
26 567 529 488 458 428 340 319 297 277 -258- .39
27 546 509 470 441 413 328 307 286 267 248 .42
28 526 491 453 425 398 316 296 276 -258- 240 .45
29 508 474 437 410 384 305 286 266 249 231 .48
30 491 458 423 397 371 295 276 -257- 240 224 .52
32 461 430 396 372 348 277 259 241 225 210 .59
34 433 404 373 -350- 328 -260- 244 227 212 197 .66
36 409 382 -352- 331 310 246 230 215 200 186 .75
38 388 362 334 313 293 233 218 203 190 177 .83
40 368 -344- 317 298 279 221 207 193 180 168 .92
42 351 327 302 283 265 211 197 184 172 160 1.01
44 335 313 288 271 -25i- 201 188 176 164 152 1.11
46 320 299 276 -259- 242 192 180 168 157 146 1.22
48 307 287 -264- 248 232 184 173 161 150 140 1.32
50 295 275 254 238 223 177 166 154 144 134 1.44
52 283 264 244 229 214 170 159 149 139 129 1.55
54 273 255 235 220 206 164 153 143 134 124 1.68
56 -263'- 246 227 213 199 158 148 138 129 120 1.80
58 254 237 219 205 192 153 143 133 124 116 1.93
60 246 229 211 197 186 148 138 129 120 112 2.07
62 238 222 205 192 180 143 134 125 116 108 2.21
64 '230 215 198 186 174 138 129 121 113 105 2.35
66 223 208 192 181 169 134 126 117 109 102 2.50
68 217 202 187 175 164 130 122 114 106 99 2.66
70 211 196 181 170 159 126 118 110 103 96 2.82
72 205 191 176 165 155 123 115 107 100 93 2.98
PROPERTIES AND REACTION VALUES
S in.S 1105.1 1031.2 951.1 892.5 835.5 663.6 621.2 I 579.1 541.0 502.9
V kips 451 420 398 376 357 365 342 320 306 291
R kips 143 132 123 114 108 104 97
s"
89 84 80 Page
G kips 22.7 21.2 20.3 173
19.2 18.4 18.5 17.4 16.3 15.7 15.0
N in. 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.1 17.6 17.6 17.7 17.6 17.6
AMERICAN INS TITUTE OF STEEL. CONSTRUCTION
176
33 BEAMS
I
'IF BEAMS
For beams laterally unsupported, see page 202.
Nominal Depth and Wi dth-Weight per Foot

S,?an
33 x 15% 33 X 11 Y,
'"
Feet Deflection
240 220 I 200 152 141 130 Inches
d/bt 1.51 1.65 1.82 2.74 3.01 3.36
L, 33 30 27 18 16.5 15
10 498 .06
11 524 554 490 .08
12 496 54u 449 .09
13 458 499 415 .11
14 724 670 614 426 463 385 .12
15 721 658 595 397 432 359 .14
16 676 617 558 372 405 337 .16
17 636 581 525 350 -317- 382 .18
18 601 549 496 331 300 360 .20
19 569 520 470 -314- 284 341 .23
20 541 494 446 298 269 324 .25
21 515 470 425 284
---
257 309 .28
22 492 449 406 271 245 295 .30
23 470 429 388 259 -234--282 .33
24 451 412 372 248 225 270 .36
25 433 395 357 -"238-- 216 259 .39
26 416 380 343 229 207 249 .42
27 401 366 _331,_ 221 199 240 .46
28 386 353 319 -232-- 213 193 .49
29 373 341 308 224 205 186 .53
30
32
361
338
---
329
309
298
279
216
203
199
186
179
168
.56
.64
34 -318- 291 263 191 175 159 .73
36 300 274 248 180 166 150 .81
38 285 260 -235-- 171 157 142 .91
40 270 247 223 162 149 135 1.00
-----
42 258 235 213 154 142 128 1.11
44 246 224 203 147 135 122 1.21
46 -235-- 215 194 141 130 117 1.33
48 225 206 186 135 124 112 145
50 216 198 179 130 119 108 1.57
52 208 190 172 125 115 104 1.70
54 200 183 165 120 110 100 1.83
56 193 176 159 116 106 96 1.97
58 187 170 154 112 103 93 2.11
60 180 165 149 108 99 90 2.26
62 175 159 144 105 96 87 2.41
64 169 154 140 101 93 84 2.57
66 164 150 135 98 90 82 2.73
68 159 145 131 95 88 79 2.90
S in. 3 811.1 740.6 669.6 486.4 446.8 404.8

V kips 362 335 307 277 262 249
R kips 118 108 98 82 76 72 S..
Pa{l6173
G kips 19.9 18.6 17.2 15.2 14.5 13.9
N in. 15.7 15.7 15.7 16.3 16.3 16.3
177
BEAMS 30
W BEAMS
I
Nominal Depth and Widttt-Welght per Foot

Sl;lan
30 X 15 30 X 10Y,
'"
Foet
Deflection
210 190 172 132
124 116 108 Inches
dj bt 1.53 1.69 1.87 2.87
3.08 3.36 3.74
L, 32.5 29.5 26.5 17.5
16 15 13
9 440 424 .06
10 437 399 .07
484 458
11 460 430 397 363 .08
12 422 394 364 332 .10
13 508 389 364 336 307 .12
14 612 556 503 362 338 312 -285- .14
15 578 521 470 338 315 292 266 .16
16 542 488 440 316 296 '273 249
--- .18
17 510 460 414 298 -278- 257 235 .20
18 481 434 391 -~81- 263 243 222 .22
19 456 411 371 267 249 230 --216"'- .25
20 433 391 352 253 236 219 200 .28
---- -
21 413 372 335 241 225 208 190 .30
22 394 355 320 230 215 199 181 .33
23 377 340 306 220 -"200-- 190 173 .37
24 361 326 294 fo- - 21f'- 197 182 166 .40
25 347 313 -28~- 203 189 175 160 .43
26 333 301 271 195 182 168 153 .47
27 321 289 261 188 175 162 148 .50
28 310 -279- 252 181 169 156 143 .54
29 299 270 243 175 163 151 138 .58
30
32
---
289
271
261
244
235
220
169
158
158
148
146
137
133
125
.62
.71
34 255 230 - -207- 149 139 129 117 .80
36 241 217 196 141 131 122 111 .89
38 228 --206-- 185 133 124 115 105 1.00
40 217 195 176 127 118 109 100 1.10
-----
42 206 186 168 121 113 104 95 1.22
44 197 178 160 115 107 99 91 1.34
46 188 170 153 110 103 95 87 1.46
48 181 163 147 106 99 91 83 1.59
50 173 156 141 101 95 88 80 1.72
52 167 150 135 97 91 84 77 1.87
54 161 145 130 94 88 81 74 2.01
56 155 140 126 90 84 78 71 2.16
68 149 135 121 87 82 75 69 2.32
60 144 130 117 84 79 73 67 2.48
62 140 126 114 82 76 71 64 2.65
S in.3 649.9 586.1 528.2 379.7 354.6 327.9 299.2
V kipS 306 278 254 242 229 220 212
R kips 108 97 87 77 72 69 66 s"
Page 173
G kips 18.6 17.0 15.7 14.8 14.0 13.5 13.2
N in. 14.2 14.1 14.1 14.7 14.7 14.7 14.7
178
27 BEAMS
I w BEAMS
Nominal Depth and Wi dth Weight per Foot

Sp,"
'0
Feet
27 X 14 27 X 10
Deflection
177 160 145 114 102 94 Inches
d/ bt 1.63 1.80 1.97 2.91 3.27 3.61
lo 30.5 27.5 25 17 15 13.5
9 404 364 344 .06
10 399 356 324 .08
11 363 323 294 .09
12 514 464 420 332 296 270 .11
13 505 455 413 307 274 249 .13
14 469 423 384 285 254 - 231 - .15
15 438 395 358 266 -237- 216 .17
16 411 370 336
- --
222 249 202 .20
17 387 348 316 209 235 190 .22
18 365 329 298 222 197 --1"80-- .25
19 346 312 283 210 187 170 .28
20 329 296 269 200 --178-- 162 .31
21 313 282 256 190 169 154 .34
22 299 269 - 2 4 4 - - -181-- 162 147 .37
23 286 257 234 173 154 141 .41
24 274 -247- 224 166 148 135 .44
25 263 237 215 160 142 129 .48
26 253 228 207 153 137 125 .52
27 -243- 219 199 148 132 120 .56
28 235 211 192 143 127 116 .60
29 227 204 --185-- 138 123 112 .64
30 219 197 179 133 119 108 .69
31 212 191 173 129 115 104 .74
32 205 - - 185-- 168 125 111 101 .79
33 199 179 163 121 108 98 .83
34 193 174 158 117 104 95 .89
154 114
35 - -188
--- 169
149 111
101 92 .94
36 183 164 99 90 .99
37 178 160 145 108 96 87 1.05
38 173 156 141 105 93 85 1.11
39 169 152 138 102 91 83 1.17
40 164 148 134 100 89 81 1.23
42 157 141 128 95 85 77 1.35
44 149 135 122 91 81 74 1.48
46 143 129 117 87 77 70 1.62
48 137 123 112 83 74 67 1.77
50 131 118 lOB 80 71 65 1.92
52 126 114 103 77 68 62 2.07
54 122 110 100 74 66 60 2.24
56 117 106 96 71 63 58 2.40
PROPERTIES AND REACT ION VALUES
S in.3 492.8 444.5 402.9 299.2 266 .3 242.8
V kips 257 232 210 202 182 172
R kips 98 88 78 70 63 58 80.
Page 173
G kips 17.4 15.8 14.4 13.7 12.4 11.8
N in. 12.7 12.6 12.6 13.1 13.1 13.1
AMERICAN INST~TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
179
.'
BEAMS 24
w:
I
BEAMS
Nominal Depth and Wi dth- Weight per Foot

Span
24 X 14 24 X 12 24 x 9
'"
Feet
Deflection
160 145 130 120 110 100 94 84 76 , Inches
d/bt 1.55 1.71 1.93 2.16 2.34 2.58 3.07 3.47 3.90
L, 32 29 26 23 21 19 16
- --
-- -- - - - - - 14.5 12.5
8 294 274 .06
9 326 291 26ll .07
10 295 262 234 .09
11 352 320 292 268 238 213 .10
12 388 356 """332 ----w5 2'f7 245 218 195 .12
13 422 """"3li2 339 307 281 255 227 202 -1 80- .15
14 ---a94 355 315 285 261 237 -210- -187- 167 .17
15 368 331 294 266 244 221 196 174 156 .19
16 345 311 276 249
229 207 184 164 146 .22
17
18
324
306
292
276
259
245
215 -195- 173
235
222 -203- 184 164
-'54-
145
138 .25
130 .28
19 290 261 -210- 193
232 175 -'55- 138 123 .31
20 276 248 221 199 183 166 147 131 117 .35
---
21 263 236 210 190 174 158 140 125 112 .38
22 251 226 200 181 166 151 134 119 106 .42
23 240-216- 192 173 -'59- 144 128 114 102 .46
24 230 207 184 166 153 138 123 109 98 .50
25 _~L 199 176 -]~- 146 133 118 105 94 .54
26 212 191 170 153 141 128 113 101 90 .58
27 204 184 163 148 136 123 109 97 87 .63
28
29
197
190
177
171
-'58-
152
142
138
131
126
119
114
105
102
93
90
84
81
.68
.73
30 184 166 147 133 122 111 98 87 78 .78
31 178 160 142 129 118 107 95 84 75 .83
32 172 -'55- 138 125 114 104 92 82 73 .88
33 167 151 134 121 111 101 89 79 71 .94
34 162 146 130 117 108 98 87 77 69 1.00
35 -'58- 142 126 114 105 95 84 75 67 1.06
36 153 138 123 111 102 92 82 73 65 1.12
37 149 134 119 108 99 90 80 71 63 1.18
38 145 131 11 6 105 96 87 78 69 61 1.25
39 141 127 11 3 102 94 85 76 67 60 1.31
40 138 124 110 100 92 83 74 65 58 1.38
42 131 118 105 95 87 79 70 62 56 1.52
44 125 113 100 91 83 75 67 59 53 1.67
46 120 108 96 87 80 72 64 57 51 1.82
48 115 104 92 83 76 69 61 55 49 1.99
50 110 99 88 80 73 66 59 52 47 2.16
S in.s 413.5 372.5 330.7 299.1 274 .4 248.9 220.9 196.3 175.4
V kips 211 194 178 176 160 146 163 147 137
R kips 87 78 71 69 63 57 61 55
s..
50 Page 173
G kips 15.7 14.6 13.6 13.3 12.2 11.2 12.4 11.3 10.6
N in. 11.4 11.4 11.4 11.5 11 .5 11.4 11.7 1.1.7 11.7
180
21 BEAMS
I
'/IF BEAMS
For beams laterally unsupported , see page 202.
Nominal Depth and W idth Weight per Foot

Span
21 x 8M
'" I
Feet
142
21 X 13
127 112 96
21 x 9
82 6873 62
Deffec-
tion
Inches
d.JJt 1.49 1.65 1.a7 2.50 2.93 3.46
3.73 4.15
- - -
Lo 33.5 30 27 20 17 14.5
13.5 12
7 236 218 .05
8 316 270 251 233 211 _06
9 293 249 223 207 187 .08
10 264 224 201 187 169 .10
11 368 326 288 240 204 183 170 153 .12
12 352 316 277 220 187 167 155 -141- .14
13 325 292 256 203 - ' 7 2 - - ' 5 5 - -144- 130 .17
14 302 271 238 188 160 144 133 -120-- .19
15 282 253 222 -176- 149 134 -124-- 112 .22
- - - -.-
16 264 237 208 165 140 126 117 105 .25
17 249 223 196 155 -132-- 118 110 99 .29
18 235 211 _'8~_ 146 124 112 104 94 .32
19 223 199 175 139 118 106 98 89 .36
r-13r-
20
21
212
201
---
189
180
166
159
112
126 107
101
96
93
89
84
80
.39
.43
22 192 172 151 120 102 91 85 77 .48
23 184 165 145 115 97 87 81 73 .52
24 -'76- 158 139 110 93 84 78 70 .57
25 169 152 133 105 90 80 75 67 .62
-----
26 163 146 128 101 86 77 72 65 .67
27 157 140 123 98 83 74 69 62 .72
28 151 135 119 94 80 72 67 60 .77
29 146 - 1 31-- 115 91 77 69 64 58 .83
30 141 126 111 88 75 67 62 56 .89
31 136 122 107 85 72 65 60 54 .95
32 -132-- 118 104 82 70 63 58 53 1.01
33 128 115 101 80 68 61 57 51 1.07
34 124 111 98 78 66 59 55 50 1.14
35 121 108 95 75 64 57 53 48 1.21
36 118 105 93 73 62 56 52 47 1.28
37 114 102 90 71 61 64 50 45 1.35
38 111 100 88 69 59 53 49 44 1.42
39 109 97 85 68 57 52 48 43 1.50
40 106 95 83 66 56 50 47 42 1.58
41 103 92 81 64 55 49 46 41 1.66
42 101 90 79 63 53 48 44 40 1.74
43 98 88 77 61 52 47 43 39 1.82
44 96 86 76 60 51 46 42 38 1.91
PR OPERTIES A ND REACTION VALUES
.S in.s 317.2 284.1 249.6 197.6 168.0 150.7 139.9 126.4
V kips 184 163 144 158 135 126 118 109 s..
R kips 85 74 65 70 59 53 49 45 Page
173
G kips 15.8 14.1 12.7 13.8 12.0 10.9 10.3 9.6
N in. 9.7 9.8 9.8 9.9 9.9 10.2 10.2 10.2
.AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
181
BEAMS 18
I
\IF BEAMS
ALLOWABLE UNIFORM L.OADS IN KIPS
FOR BEAMS LATERALL.Y SUPPORTED
Nomin~ Depth and Width- Weight per Foot

Span
In 18xll% 18x 8% 18X 7 Joi
Foet Denee-
114 105 85 I 77 70 tion
--- - - -
d/bt
- 96 -- 64 60 55
- - - - -
50
Inches
1.58 1.71 1.86 2.28 2.49 2.74 2.99 3.48 3.82 4.22
- -- - -
L. 31.5 29 27 22 20 18 16.5 14.5 13 12
- -7 - - - -- - -- 198 1'84 1"68 --:os
8 250 224 206 188 179 164 ""T48- .07
9 231 210 190 173 160 146 132 .09
10 286 264 242 208 189 171 156 144 131 119 .12
11 267 245 224 189 172 155 142 130 119 108 .14
12 245 225 205 173 157 142 130 120 109 99 .17
13 226 207 189 160 145 132 120 -'10- - '0'- 91 .19
14
15
210
196
193
180
176
164
149 135
-'39- -'26-
-'22- -111- 102 - 94- -'85- .23
114 104 96 87 79 .26
16 183 169 154 130 118 107 98 90 82 74 .29

17 173 159 _'.!~_ 122 111 -'01- - 92- 84 77 70 .33
18 183 150 137 116 -'05- 95 87 80 73 66 .37
19 155 -142- 129 110 99 90 82 75 69 83 .42
20 147 135 123 -'04- 95 86 78 72 86 59 .46
21 140 128 117 99 90 81 74 88 62 57 .51

22 133 123 112 95 86 78 71 65 60 54 .56
23 128 117 107 91 82 74 68 62 57 52 .61
24 122 112 -;03'- 87 79 71 65 60 55 49 .66
25 117 108 98 83 76 88 62 57 52 48 .72
26 113 104 95 80 73 66 60 55 50 46 .78

27 109 100 91 77 70 63 58 53 49 44 .84
28 -;05- 96 88 74 68 61 56 51 47 42 .90
29 101 93 85 72 65 59 54 49 45 41 .97
30 98 90 82 69 83 57 52 48 44 40 1.03
31 95 87 79 67 61 55 50 46 42 38 1.11
32 92 84 77 65 59 53 49 45 41 37 1.18
33 89 82 75 63 57 52 47 43 40 36 1.25
34 86 79 72 61 56 50 46 42 39 35 1.33
35 84 77 70 60 54 49 45 41 37 34 1.41
36 82 75 68 58 53 48 43 40 36 33 1.49
37 79 73 67 56 51 46 42 39 35 32 1.57
38 77 71 65 55 50 45 I 41 38 35 31 1.66
PROPERTIES AND REACTION V ALUES
S in. s 220.1 202.2 184.4 156.1 141.7 128.2 H7.0 107.8 98.2 89.0
V kips 143 132 121 125 112 103 94 99 92 84 s••
R kips 74 68 62 63 56 51 46 47 43 39 Page
173
G kips 14.3 13.3 12.3 12.6 11.4 10.5 9. 7 10.0 9.4 8.6
N in. 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.4 8.4 8.7 8.7 8.7
183
BEA M S 14
w
I
BEA M S
A L L O WAB L E U N I FO RM L OADS IN K I P S
F OR B EAMS L AT E RAL L Y SUPP ORTEO
Fo r beams laterally un su pported, see page 202.
Nominal Depth and Width- Weight per Foot

S~a n
'" 14 X 14Yz 14 X 12 14 x lO
Feat Deft...
119 111 103 95 87 84 78 74 68 61 tion
- -- -1.06
d/ bt
- - 1.1
- - - - -- - -
3 1.20 1.30 1.40
-- -1.63- -1.80- - 1.95
- 1.52 - - 2.16
- i nches
- -- -47- - 44- - 41- - 38 35.5
L, 33
- 30.5
- - 28- - - - -
25.5 23
- -9 - - - - - - - - - - 166
-- -- - - '
152 136 .1 2
10 166 156 --
150
--- 123 .1 5
---- 137
11 214 202 184 170 159 147 136 125 112 .1 8
12 21 0 196 182 167 152 145 135 125 114 102 .21
13 194 181 168 155
---
142 134 124 11 5 106 95 .25
14 180 168 156 143 132 125 115 107 98 88 .29
15 168 157 145 134 123 11 6 108 100 92 82 .33
16 158 147 136 126 115 109 101 94 86 77 .38
17 149 138 128 118 108 103 95 88 81 72 .43
18 140 131 121 11 2 102 97 90 83 76 68 .48
19 133 124 11 5 106 97 92 85 79 72 65 .53
20 126 118 109 100 92 87 81 75 69 62 .59
21 120 112 104 96 88 83 77 71 65 59 .65
22 11 5 107 99 91 84 79 73 68 62 56 .72
23 11 0 102 95 87 80 76 70 65 60 53 .78
24 105 98 91 84 77 73 67 62 57 51 .85
25 101 94 87 80 74 70 65 60 55 49 .92
26 97 90 84 77 71 67 62 58 53 47 1.00
27 94 87 81 74 68 65 60 56 51 46 1.08
28 90 84 78 72 66 62 58 54 49 44 1.16
29 87 81 75 69 64 60 56 52 47 42 1.24
30 84 78 73 67 61 58 54 50 46 41 1.33
31 81 76 70 65 59 56
32 79 73 68 63 57 54
33 76 71 66 61 56 53
34 74 69 64 59 54
35 72 67 62 57 53
36 70 65 60 56 51
37 68 63 59 54
38 66 62 57 53
P ROPE RTI ES AND R EACTION VA LU E S
S in.3 189.4 176.3 163.6 150.6 138.1 130.9 121.1 11 2.3 103.0 92.2
V ki ps 107 101 92 85 76 83 78 83 76 68 50.
R kips 69 65 59 55 49 53 49 53 48 43 Page
173
G kips 13.7 13.0 11.9 11.2 10.1 10.8 10.3 10.8 10.0 9.1
N in . 6. 3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.3
A MER I C A N I NSTITU T E OF STEEL CON S TRU C TION
184
14 BEAMS
I
\/IF BEAMS
For beams laterally unsupported, s ee page 202.
Nominal Depth and W idth- Weight per Foot

Span
14 X 8 14 6~
'"
Feet
X
Deflection
53 48 43 38 34 30 Inches
djbt 2.63 2.90 3.24 4.06 4.58 5.37
L, 19 17 15.5 12.5 11 9.5
5 98 .04
6 116 104 93 .05
7 134 122 110 104 92 80 .07
8 130 117 105 91 81 70 .10
9 115 • 104 93 81 72 62 .12
10 104 94 84 73 65
- -56 - .15
- --
11 94 85 76 _66_ 59 51 .18
- -- - -
12 86 78 70 61 54 46 .21
13 80 72 64
-----
56
-- - - -
50 43 .25
14 74 67 80 52 46 40 .29
15 69 62 56 49 43 37 .33
16 65 59 52 46 40 J5 .38
17 61 55 49 43 38 33 .43
18 58 52 46 40 36 31 .48
19 55 49 44 38 34 29 .53
20 52 47 42 36 .32 28 .59
21 49 45 40 35 31 27 .65
22 47 43 38 33 29 25 .72
23 45 41 36 32 28 24 .78
24 43 39 35 30 27 23 .85
25 42 37 33 29 26 22 .92
26 40 36 32 28 25 21 1.00
27 38 35 31 27 24 21 1.08
28 37 33 30 26 23 19.9 1.16
29 36 32 29 25 22 19.2 1.24
30 35 31 28 24 22 18.6 1.33

S in.s 77.8 70.2 62.7 54.6 48.5 41.8
V kips 67 61 55 58 52 49
R kips 42 38 34 34 31 28 s..
Page 173
G kips 8.9 8.1 7.4 7.5 6.9 6.5
N in. 6.3 6.3 6.3 6.7 6.6 6.6
185
BEAMS 12
w
I
BEAMS
For beams laterally un s u~ported, see page 202.
Nominal Depth and Width-Weig ht per Foot

Sl?an
12 X 12 12 X 10
'"
Feet
Deflection
85 79 72 65 58 53 Inches
d/bt 1.29 1.39 1.52 1.67 1.90 2.09
Lo 38 36 33 30 26 24
8 108 .11
9 160 152 138 122 114 105 .14
10 154 143 130 117 104 94 .17
11 140 130 118 107 95 86 .21
12 129 119 108 98 87 79 .25
13 119 110 100 90 80 73 .29
14 110 102 93 84 74 67 .34
15 103 95 87 78 69 63 .39
16 96 89 81 73 65 59 .44
17 91 84 77 69 61 56 .50
18 86 79 72 65 58 52 .56
19 81 75 68 62 55 50 .62
20 77 71 65 59 52 47 .69
21 74 68 62 56 50 45 .76
22 70 65 59 53 47 43 .63
23 67 62 57 51 45 41 .91
24 64 60 54 49 43 39 .99
25 62 57 52 47 42 38 1.08
26 59 55 50 45
27 57 53 48 43
28 55 51 46 42
29 53 49 45 40
30 51 48 43 39
31 50 46 42
32 48 45 41
33 47 43 39
34 45 42
35 44 41
36 43 40
37 42
38 41
S in.3 115.7 107.1 97.5 88.0 78.1 70.7
V kips 80 76 69 61 57 54
R kips 58 54 49 44 41 39 s..
Page 173
G kips 11.9 11.3 10.3 9.4 8.6 8.3
N in. 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.4 5.3
186
12 BEAMS
w:
I
BEAMS
AL LOWA BLE UN I FOR M LOADS IN KIPS
For beams latera ll y unsupported, see page 202.
Nominal Depth and Width Weight per Foot

Span
12 x 8 12 X 671
'"
Feet
Deflection
50 45 40 36 31 27 Inches
d/bt 2.35 2.60 2.89 3.45 3.98 4.60
Lo 21 19 17.5 14.5 12.5 10.5
6 98 82 74 .06
7 118 106 92 87 75 65 .08
8 108 97 87 77 65 57 .11
9
10
96
86
86
78
77
69 --- 68
61
58
52
50
45
.14
.17
11 78 71 63 56 48 41 .21
-----
12 72 65 58 51 44 38 .25
13 66 60 53 47 40 35 .29
14 62 55 49 44 37 32 .34
15 58 52 46 41 35 30 .39
16 54 49 43 38 33 28 .44
17 51 46 41 36 31 27 .50
18 48 43 38 34 29 25 .56
19 45 41 36 32 27 24 .62
20 43 39 35 31 26 23 .69
21 41 37 33 29 25 22 .76
22 39 35 32 28 24 21 .83
23 38 34 30 27 23 20 .91
24 36 32 29 26 22 19 .99
25 35 31 28 25 21 18 1.08
PROPER TIES AND REACTION VALUES

S in.:! 64.7 58.2 51.9 45.9 39.4 34.1
V kips 59 53 46 49 41 37
R kips 42 38 33 33 28 25 80.
Page 173
G kips 8.9 8.1 7.1 7.3 6.35 5.75
N in. 5.4 5.4 5.3 5.7 5.6 5.7
AMERICAN IN ST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
187
BEAMS 10
I
W BEAMS

Spa"
;" 10 X 10 10 X 8 10 X 5%
Feet Deflec~
66 60 64 49 45 39 33 29 25 21 tion
- -- - -- --- --- - - - - - - - - - - - - --- - - - - -- Inches
dlbt 1.37 1.49 1.63 1.79 2.04 2.36 2.83 3.52 4.08 5.07
- -- - -- - -- - - - - -- - - - - -- ---
Lo 36 33.5 30.5 28 24.5 21 17.5 14 12 10
- -- - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -- --- - - - - --
4 62 .03
5 76 66
---
57 .05
--- --- -----
6 82 74 68 59 48 .07
124 92
7
8 123 110 96 88 --- 82
80
70
67
66
59
---- -
51
50
44
41
36
.10
.13
9 109 99 90 81 73 62 52 46 39 32 .17
10 98 90 81 73 66 56 47 41 35 29 .21
11 89 81 73 66 60 51 42 37 32 26 .25
12 82 75 67 61 55 47 39 34 29 24 .30
13 76 69 62 56 50 43 36 32 27 22 .35
14 70 64 58 52 47 40 33 29 25 21 .41
15 66 60 64 49 44 37 31 27 23 19.1 .47
16 61 56 60 46 41 35 29 26 22 17.9 .53
17 66 53 47 43 39 33 28 24 21 16.9 .60
10 55 50 45 40 36 31 26 23 19 15.9 .67
19 52 47 42 38 35 30 25 22 18 15.1 .75
20 49 45 40 36 33 28 23 21 17 14.3 .83
21 47 43 38 35 31 27 22 19.6 16 13.7 .91

22 44 41 36 33 30
23 42 39 35 32 28
24 41 37 33 30 27
25 39 36 32 29
26 38 34 31 28
27 36 33 30 27
28 35 32 29 26
29 34 31 28
30 32 30 27 i
S in. s 73.7 67.1 60.4 64.6 49.1 42.2 35.0 30.8 26.4 21.5
V kips 62 55 48 44 46 41 37 38 33 31 See
R kips 52 47 41 37 39 35 31 30 26 24 Page
173
G kips 11 .0 10.0 8.8 8.2 8.4 7.65 7.0 6.9 6.05 5.8
N in. 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.7 4.7 4.7
lSS
8 BEAMS
w
I
BEAMS
For beams laterally unsup ported. see page 202.
Nomi nal Depth and Width- Weight per Foot

Spa"
;" SxS 8x6Y2 Sx5,.
Feet Deflection
35 31 28 24 20 17 Inches
d/ bt 2.05 2.31 2.66 3.07 4.08 4.95
L, 24 21.5 18.5 16 12 10
3 48 .02
4 52 47 .04
5 60 50
F -
45 38 .07
6 66 60 54 46 38 31 .09
7 59 52 46 40 32 27 .13
8 52 46 40 35 28 24 .17
9 46 41 36 31 25 21 .21
10 42 37 32 28 22.6 1.• ~.8 .26
11 38 33 29 25 20.6 17.1 .31

12 35 30 27 23 18.9 15.7 .37
13 32 28 25 21 17.4 14.5 .44
14 30 26 23 19.8 16.2 13.4 .51
15 28 24 21 18.5 15.1 12.5 .58
16 26 23 20 17.3 14.2 11.7 .66

17 24 22 19 16.3 13.3 11.1 .75
18 23 20 18
19 22 19 17
20 21 18
21 20 17
22 19 16
23 18
24 17
S in. 3 31.1 27.4 24.3 20.8 17.0 14.1

V kips 33 30 30 25 26 24
R kips 33 30 30 25 25 23 S"
Page 173
G kips 7.6 6.9 6.85 5.9 5.95 5.5
N in . 3.5 3 .5 3.6 3.5 3.7 3.7
AMERICAN INSTI TUTE OF STEEL. CONSTRUCTION
189
I
BEAMS 24-20
ALLOWABLE UNIFORM L.OADS IN KIPS
For beams laterally unsupported , see pages 172-3.
I
Nominal Depth and Widttt-Weight per Foot
Sl?an
'"
Foot
24x 7% 24 X 7 ! 20 X 7 20 X 6)i
120 105.9 100 90 79.9 95 85 75 65.4 D
djbt 3.81 3.87
- --
3.94
D
3.03 3.09 3.97 4.05
2.71 2.76
L,
---
12.5 16.5 16 12.5 12
18.5 18 13 13
5 466 416 340 334 ----:03
6 498 439 390 .03 356 334 281 260 .04
7 4'78 376 ---a54
312 .04 303 286 241 223""" .05
8 418 390 310 2§()
329 .06 267 250 211 195 .07
9 372 347 293
275 258 .07 237 223 187 -173- .08
10 335 312 264
248 232 .09 213 200 -169- 156 .10
11 304 284 240
225 211 .10 194 _1 8~_ 153 142 .13
12 279 260 -206- -;93-
220 .12 -f78- 167 140 -13"0- .15
13 257 240 1-~3- 191 178 .15 164 154 1-130-- 120 .18
.17 152 143 120 111 .20
-~
14 239 188 177 166
15 223 176 165 -15"5-- .19 142 _.!=!.4.. 112 104 .23
16 209 195 165 155 145 .22 133 125 105 97 .27
17 197 184 -'55-- 146 136 .25 -126-- 118 99 92 .30
18 186 174 146 138 129 .28 118 111 94 87 .34
19 176 164 139 130 122 .31 112 105 89 82 .37
20 167 -,&r 132 124 116 .35 107 100 64 78 .41
21 159 149 126 118 110 .38 102 95 80 74 .46
22 --152- 142 120 113 105 .42 97 91 77 71 .50
23 145 136 115 108 101 .46 93 87 73 68 .55
24 139 130 110 103 97 .50 89 84 70 65 .60
25 134 125 105 99 93 .54 65 80 67 62 .65
26 129 120 101 95 89 .58 82 77 65 60 .70
27 124 116 98 92 86 .63 79 74 62 58 .75
28 120 112 94 89 83 .68 76 72 60 56 .81
29 115 108 91 85 80 .73 74 69 58 54 .87
30 112 104 88 83 77 .78 71 67 56 52 .93
31 108 101 85 80 75 .83 69 65 54 50 .99
32 105 98 82 77 73 .88 67 63 53 49 1.06
33 101 95 80 75 70 .94 65 61 51 47 1.13
34 98 92 78 73 68 1.00 63 59 50 46 1.20
35 96 89 75 71 66 1.06 61 57 48 45 1.27
36 93 87 73 69 64 1.12 59 56 47 43 1.34
37 90 84 71 67 63 1.18 58 54 46 42 1.42
38 88 82 69 65 61 1.25 56 53 44 41 1.49
39 86 80 68 64 60 1.31 55 51 43 40 1.57
40 84 78 66 62 58 1.38 53 50 42 39 1.66
42 80 74 63 59 55 1.52 51 48 40 37 1.83
44 76 71 60 56 53 1.67
46 73 68 57 54 50 1.82 Note:
48 70 65 55 52 48 1.99 o = Deflection in Inches.
50 67 63 53 50 46 2.16
S in.s
V kips
R kips
250.9
249
104
234.3
195
82
197.6
233
92
185.8
195
77
173.9
156
62
Se.
Page
173
160.0
208
101
150.2
170
82
126.3
167
78
116.9
130
61
...
Page
173
G kips 19.2 15.0 17.9 15.0 12.0 19.2 15.7 15.4 12.0
N in. 11.1 11.1 11.4 11.4 11.4 9.1 9.1 9.3 9.3
190
18-15-12 BEAMS
I
FOR BEAMS LATERALLY SUPPORTE D
For beams late rally unsupported , s ee pages 172-3.
Nominal Depth and Wi dth Weight per Foot

Span
;" 18 X 6 15 X 5 )1 12 X 5~ 12 X 5
Feet
50 40.8 35 31.8 D
- -- - - - -54.7
70
-- D 50 \ 42.9 D
d/bt 4.17 4.35 4.28 ~ 3.32 3.47 4.34 4.41
- -- - - - - --
Lo 12 11.5 11.5 11 15 14.5 11.5 11.5
- -3- - - - - -- 214 134 .02
4 332 214 160 .02 168 144 ---;-26 110 .03
5 2'72 216 .03 """'1"'71 ----;sr
---
.03 134 120 101 --"'96 .04
6 226 196 .04 143 131 .05 1-1E_ 100 84 80 .06

7 194 168 .06 122 -iT2- .07 96 -85- --72-- -89- .08
8 170 147 .07 107 --98-- .09 84 --75-- 63 --so-- .11
9 151 131 .09 --95-- 87 .11 --75- - 66 56 53 .14
10 -1 36- -lT8- .12 86 79 .14 67 60 50 48 .17
11 124 107 .14 78 71 .17 61 54 46 44 .21

12 113 --98-- .17 71 65 .20 56 50 42 40 .25
13 -'05-- 91 .19 66 60 .23 52 46 39 37 .29
14 97 84 .23 61 56 .27 48 43 36 34 .34
15 91 79 .26 57 52 .31 45 40 34 32 .39
16 85 74 .29 54 49 .35 42 37 32 30 .44

17 80 69 .33 50 46 .40 40 35 30 28 .50
18 76 66 .37 48 44 .45 37 33 28 27 :56
19 72 62 .42 45 41 .50 35 31 27 25 .62
20 68 59 .46 43 39 .55 34 30 25 24 .69
21 65 56 .51 41 37 .61 32 28 24 23 .76

22 62 54 .56 39 36 .67 31 27 23 22 .83
23 59 51 .61 37 34 .73 29 26 22 21 .91
24 57 49 .66 36 33 .79 28 25 21 20 .99
25 54 47 .72 34 31 .86 27 24 20 19.2 1.08
26 52 45 .78 33 30 .93
27 50 44 .84 32 29 1.01
28 49 42 .90 31 28 1.08
29 47 41 .97 30 27 1.1 6
30 45 39 1.03 29 26 1.24
31 44 38 1.11 28 25 1.33
32 43 37 1.18 27 25 1.41
33 41 36 1.25
34 40 35 1.33
35 39 34 1.41
Note:
36 38 33 1.49 D = Deflection in Inches.
37 37 32 1.57
38 36 31 1.66
S in.s 101.9 88.4 64.2 58.9 50.3 44.8 37.8 36.0

V kips 166 108 Se. 107 80 S.. 107 72 67 55 So.
R kips 83 54 Page 63 47 Page 79 53 48 39 Pago
173 173 173
G kips 17.1 11.0 13.2 9.8 16.5 11.0 10.3 8.4
N in. 8.4 8.4 6.9 6.9 5.2 5.2 5.4 5.4
191
BEAMS 10-8- 7
AMERICAN STANDARD
I
BEAMS
A L LOWABLE UNIFORM LOADS IN KIPS
For beams laterally unsupported, see pages 172-3.
Nominal Depth and Width We ight par Foot

Span
10 4% 8x4 7x3%
'"
Feet
35.0
X
25.4 23.0 18.4 20.0 15.3
0 0 0
df bt 4.1 2 4.37 4.51 4.71 4.62 4.88
L, 12 11.5 11 10.5 11 10
- --
2 154 .01 92 .01 82 .01
3 130 .02 p.71 56 .02 53 46 .03
4 97 80 .03 53
- 47
- .04 40 35 .05
------
5 78 65 .05 43 38 .07 32 28 .07
- -- ----- -----
6 65 54 .07 36 32 .09 27 23 .11
7 56
-----
47 .10 31 27 .13 23 19.8 .15
- ----
8 49 41 .13 27 24 .17 20 17.3 .19
9 43 36 .17 24 21 .21 17.8 15.4 .24
10 39 33 .21 21 18.9 .26 16.0 13.9 .30
11 35 30 .25 19.4 17.2 .31 14.5 12.6 .36

12 32 27 .30 17.8 15.8 .37 13.3 11.6 .43
13 ' 30 25 .35 16.4 14.6 .44 12.3 10.7 .50
14 ' 28 23 .41 15.2 13.5 .51 11.4 9.9 .58
15 26 22 .47 14.2 12.6 .58 10.7 9.2 .67
16 24 20 .53 13.3 11.8 .66

17 23 19.1 .60 12.5 11.1 .73
18 22 18.1 .67
19 21 17.1 .75 .
20 19.5 16.3 .83
21 18.5 15.5 .91
Note:
D = Deflection in Inches.
-
S in ,3 29.2 24.4 16.0 14.2 12.0 10.4
V kips 77 40 s.. 46 28 So, 41 23 s..
R kips 64 34 Page 46 28 Paoe 47 26 P""
173 173 173
G kips 14.3 7.4 10.6 6.5 10.8 6.0
N in. 4.4 4.4 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.lJ
Values of R in italics exceed maximum web shear V.

192
6-5-4-3 BEAMS
I
ALLOWABLE UN IFORM LOADS IN KIPS
FOR SEAMS LATERALLY SUPPORTED
For beams laterally uns upported, see pages 172-3.
Nominal Depth and W idt h Weight per Foot

Spa"
6 x 3% 5x3 4 x 2~ 3 x 2%
'"
Feet
17.25 12.5 14.75 10.0 9.5 7.7 7.5 5.7
- --
d/bt 4.69
--- 5.02
D -- - -
4.67 5.11
D ----
4.89 5.13
D -- --
4.60 4.95
D
--- - - - -
L, 10.5 10
- - - -
10.5 10
-10- 9.5
-- - -
11 10
- - -36- - .01- - - - --
27 .02
- -- - -- -- - - --
2
3 39
---
32 .03
- - -- =-===
27 21 .04 14.7 13.3 .05 8.4 7.6 .06
4
---
29
:-;;.:"-=
24 .06 20 16.0 .07 11.0 10.0 .08 6.3 5.7 .11
5
-23-- 19.5 .09 16.0 12.8 .10 8.8 8.0 .13 5.1 4.5 .17
6 19.3 16.2 .12 13.3 10.7 .15 7.3 6.7 19 4.2 3.8 .25
7 16.6 13.9 .17 11.4 9.1 .20 6.3 5.7 .25 3.6 3.2 .34
8 14.5 12.2 .22 10.0 8.0 .27 5.5 5.0 .33
9 12.9 10.8 .28 8.9 7.1 .34 4.9 44 .42
10 11.6 9.7 .35 8.0 6.4 .41
11 10.5 8.8 .42 7.3 5.8 .50

12 9.7 8.1 .50
13 8.9 7.3 .58
Note:
D = Deflection in Inches.

S in ,s
V kips
R kips
8.7
36
47
7.3
17.9
24
...
Pog.
173
6.0 I 4.8
32
30
13.7
21
See
pog.
173
3.3
17.0
32
3.0
9.9
18.8 Page
S ••
173
1.9
13.6
34
1.7
6.6
16.6
...
Page
173
G kips 11 .2 6.5 11.9 50 7.8 4.6 8.4 4.1
N in. 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.1 1.1
Values of A in italics exceed maximum web shear V.

193
MISCELLANEOUS
LIGHT BEAMS
I
For beams laterally unsupported, see pages 172-3.
Nominal Depth and Width-Weight per Foot

Span
t14 X 4 t12 X 4 tl0 X 4 *8 4 X *6 X 4
'"
Feltt
17.2 22 19 16.5 19 17 15 15 13 16 12
d/bt 12.8 7.2
--- ---
8.7 11.2
-
6.5
--
- - 7.7- - 9.3 6.5 7.9 3.8
--
5.4
L, 3.8 7 5.5 4.5
---
7.5
---- - - -
6.5 5.5 7.5 6
--
13
- --
9
- -- - - - - -- - - - - - --- -- --
2 48
4-
3
4 70 64
76
71
72
58
66
63
64
54
--
60
46
52
39
44
33
42
34
32
24
5 56
-68
-- 57 47 50 43 37 32 26 27 19.3
6 46 58 48 39 42 36 31 26 22 22 16.1
7 40 48 41 33 36 31 26 23 18.8 19.2 13.8
8 35 42 36 29 31 27 23 19.7 16.5 16.8 12.1
9 31 38 32 26 28 24 20 17.5 14.6 15.0 10.7
10 28 34 29 23 25 22 18.4 15.7 13.2 13.5 9.7
11 25 31 26 21 23 19.6 16.7 14.3 12.0 12.2 8.8
12 23 28 24 19.4 21 18.0 15.3 13.1 11.0 11.2 8.0
13 21 26 22 17.9 19.3 16.6 14.2 12.1 10.1 10.4 7.4
14 20 24 20 16.7 17.9 15.4 13.1 11.2 9.4
15 18.7 23 19.0 15.6 16.7 14.4 12.3 10.5 8.8
16 17.5 21 17.8 14.6 15.7 13.5 11.5 9.8 8.2
17 16.4 19.8 16.8 13.7 14.7 12.7 10.8 9.3 7.7
18 15.5 18.7 15.9 13.0 13.9 12.0 10.2
19 14.7 17.8 15.0 12.3 13.2 11.4 9.7
20 14.0 16.9 14.3 11.7 12.5 10.8 9.2
21 13.3 16.1 13.6 11.1 11.9 10.3 8.8
22 12.7 15.3 13.0 10.6
23 12.1 14.7 12.4 10.1
24 11 .6 14.1 11.9 9.7
25 11.2 13.5 11.4 9.3
26 10.7
27 10.3
28 10.0
29 9.3
30 8.7
S in.8 21.0 25.3 21.4 17.5 18.8 16.2 13.8 11 .8 9.88 10.1 7.24
V kips 38 42 38 36 33 32 30 26 24 21 17.9
R kips 20 27 24 23 25 24 22 24 22 26 22
G kips 5.0 6.2 5.8 5.5 6.0 5.8 5.5 5.9 5.5 6.2 5.5
N in . 7.0 5.9 5.9 5.9 4.9 4.9 4.9 3.8 3.8 2.7 2.7
tRolled by Bethlehem Steel Co. United States Steel Corp. and Inland Steel Co.
tRolled by ~ones & Laug hlin Steel Corp.
*Rol!ed by ethlehem Steel Co. and United States Steel Corp.
194
MISCELLANEOUS
I LIGHT BEAMS AND JOISTS

ALLOWA BLE UNIFORM LOADS IN KIPS
For beams laterally un supported, see pages 172-3.

Span
in 112x4 110 X 4 ·8 x 4 *6 X 4 tlO X 5')i ts X 6Yf ts X 5><
Foot
14 11.5 10 S.5 25 21 28 24 20 17
d!bt 13.4 12.3 9.S 7.7 4.5 4.6 3.2 3.3 4.S 4.9
---
L, 3.5 4 5 6.5 11 11 15 15 10 10
- -- - --
2 26 72
3
4
62
49
46
35
35
26
23
16.9
90
---
79 62
82
---
75
67
51
---
47
5 40 28 21 13.5 63 58 60 51 41 37
6 33 23 17.3 11.3 52 48 50 46 34 31
7 28 20 14.8 9.7 45 41 43 40 29 27
8 25 17.5 13.0 8.5 39 36 38 35 25 23
9 22 15.6 11 .5 7.5 35 32 33 31 23 21
10 19.7 14.0 10.4 6.S 32 29 30 28 20 18.7
11 17.9 12.7 9.4 6.1 29 26 27 25 18.4 17.0

12 16.4 11.7 8.7 5.6 26 24 25 23 16.9 15.6
13 15.2 10.8 8.0 5.2 24 22 23 21 15.6 14.4
14 14.1 10.0 7.4 23 21 21 19.9 14.5 13.3
15 13.2 9.3 6.9 21 19.3 20 18.6 13.5 12.4
16 12.3 8.7 6.5 19.7 18.1 18.7 17.4 12.7 11 .7

17 11.6 8.2 6.1 18.5 17.0 17.6 16.4 11.9 11.0
18 11.0 7.8 17.5 16.1
19 10.4 7.4 16.6 15.2
20 9.9 7.0 15.7 14.5
21 9.4 6.7 15.0 13.8

22 9.0
23 8.6
24 8.2
25 7.9

S in.3 14.8 10.5 7.79 5.07 23.6 21.7 22.5 20.9 15.2 14.0
V k ips 31 23 17.5 12.9 45 31 41 25 36 25
R kips 19.5 17.3 16.3 16.1 36 25 41 25 35 24
G kips 4.8 4.3 4.1 4.1 8.4 5.8 9.4 5.9 8.4 5.8
N in. 5.9 4.9 3.8 2.7 4.6 4.6 3.5 3.5 3.6 3.6
"'Rolled by Bethlehem Steel Co. and United States Steel Corp.
1Rolled by The Phoenix Iron Co.
tRolled by United St ates Steel Corp., Bethlehem Steel C o. , Inland Steel Co. and Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.

195
• JUNIOR BEAMS
AND
JUNIOR CHANNELS
ALLOWABLE UNIFORM LOADS IN
FOR BEAMS AND CHANNELS
LATERALLY SUPPORTED
KIPS I
For beams and channels laterally unsupported, allowable loads must be redu ced .
Sl?an Beams Channels

m
Feet 12 x 3 10 X 2% 8x2)4 6 X 1:Va 12 X 1% 10 x 131 10 X 1 Ys
11.8 9.0 6.5 4.4 10.6 8.4 6.5
dfbt 16 20 19 17
L, 3 2.5 2.5 3
2 54 40 28 59
3 53 35 21 10.7 41 29 19.5
4 40 26 15.7 8.0 31 20.6 14.7
5 32 21 12.5 6.4 25 17.3 11.7
6 27 17.3 10.4 5.3 20.6 14.4 9.8

7 23 14.9 9.0 4.6 17.7 12.4 8.4
8 20 13.0 7.8 4.0 15.5 10.8 7.3
9 17.8 11.6 7.0 3.6 13.8 9.6 6.5
10 16.0 10.4 6.3 3.2 12.4 8.7 5.9
11 14.5 9.5 5.7 2.9 11.3 7.9

12 13.3 8.7 5.2 2.7 10.3 7.2
13 12.3 8.0 4.8 2.5 9.5 6.7
14 11.4 7.4 4 .5 8.8
15 10.7 6.9 4.2 8.3
16 10.0 6.5 3.9 7.7

17 9.4 6.1 3.7 7. 3
18 8.9 5.8
19 8.4 5.5
20 8.0 5.2
21 7.6 5.0
22 7.3
23 7.0
24 6.7
25 6.4
PROPERTIES AND REACTION VA LUES
S in .' 12.0 7.8 4.7 2.4 9.3 6.5 4.4

V kips 27 20 14.0 8.9 29.6 22.1 19.5
R kips 16.8 14.7 12.6 10.6
G kips 4 .2 3.7 3.2 2.7
N in. 6.0 5. 0 4.0 2.9
Rolled by Jones & Laughl in Steel Corp.
@I
Values of A in italics exceed maxImum web shear V.
AMERICAN JNSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

196
18-15 BEAMS
[ ALL OWABLE UNIFORM LOADS IN KIPS
F OR CHANNELS LAT ERAL L Y SUPPORTED
For channe ls latera ll y unsupported, a ll owable loads must be reduced.
N ominal Depth and Wid th WO lght per Foot

Span
18 X 4 DefJec- 15 X 3Y2 Daf lee-
'"
Feet
51.9 42.7
t ion
Inches 50 40
tion
58 45.8 33.9 Inches
2 280 .01
3 328 280 234 210 .01 238 202 156 .01
4 248 230 212 203 .02 178 154 139 .02
5 199 184 170 163 .03 143 123 111 .03
6 166 154 142 136 .04 119 103 93 .05
7 142 132 121 116 .06 102 88 79 .07
8 124 115 106 102 .07 89 77 70 .09
9 110 102 94 90 .09 79 68 62 .11
10 99 92 85 81 .12 71 62 56 .14
11 90 84 77 74 .14 65 56 51 .17
12 83 77 71 68 .17 59 51 46 .20
13 76 71 65 63 .19 55 47 43 .23
14 71 66 61 58 .23 51 44 40 .27
15 66 61 57 54 .26 48 41 37 .31
16 62 58 53 51 .29 45 39 35 .35
17 58 54 50 48 .33 42 36 33 .40
18 55 51 47 45 .37 40 34 31 .45
19 52 49 45 43 .42 38 32 29 .50
20 50 46 43 41 .46 36 31 28 .55
21 47 44 40 39 .51 34 29 27 .61
22 45 42 39 37 .56 32 28 25 .67
23 43 40 37 35 .61 31 27 24 .73
24 41 38 35 34 .66 30 26 23 .79
25 40 37 34 33 .72 29 25 22 .86
26 38 35 33 31 .78 27 24 21 .93
27 37 34 32 30 .84 26 23 21 1.01
28 36 33 30 29 .90 26 22 19.9 1.08
29 34 32 29 28 .97 25 21 19.2 1.16
30 33 31 28 27 1.03 24 21 18.5 1.24
31 32 30 27 26 1.11 23 19.9 17.9 1.33
32 31 29 27 25 1.1 8 22 19.3 17.4 1.41
33 30 28 26 25 1.25 22 18.7 16.8 1.50
34 29 27 25 24 1.33 21 18.1 16.4 1.60
35 28 26 24 23 1.41 20 17.6 15.9 1.69
36 28 26 24 23 1.49 19.8 17.1 15.4 1.79
37 27 25 23 22 1.57 19.3 16.7 15.0 1.89
38 26 24 22 21 1.66 18.7 16.2 14.6 1.99
39 25 24 22 21 1.75
40 25 23 21 20 1.84
42 24 22 20 19.4 2.03
44 23 21 19.3 18.5 2.23
S in. 3 74.5 69.1 63.7 61.0 53.6 46.2 41.7

V kips 164 140 117 105 Seo 140 101 78 S..
R ki ps 81 69 58 52 Page 83 60 46 Page
173 173
G kips 16.8 14.4 12.0 10.8 17.2 12.5 9.6
N in. 8.4 8.4 8.4 8.4 6.8 6.8 6.8
197
BEAMS 12-10
FOR CHANNELS LATERALLY SUPPORTED
[
For channels laterally unsupported , allowab le loads must be reduced.

SI>'"
;" 12 X 3 Deflee- 10 X 2% oefleo·
Feet tion tion
30 25 20.7 Inches 30 25 20 15.3 Inches
2 160 120 .01 98 62 .01

3 120 106 88 .02 92 80 70 60 .02
4 90 80 71 .03 69 60 52 45 .03
5 72 64 57 .04 55 48 42 36 .05
6 60 53 48 .06 46 40 35 30 .07
7 51 46 41 .08 39 35 30 26 .10
8 45 40 36 .11 34 30 26 22 .13
9 40 35 32 .14 31 27 23 19.9 .17
10 36 32 29 .17 28 24 21 17.9 .21
11 33 29 26 .21 25 22 19.0 16.2 .25

12 30 27 24 .25 23 20 17.4 14.9 .30
13 28 25 22 .29 21 18.6 16.1 13.7 .35
14 26 23 20 .34 19.6 17.2 15.0 12.8 .41
15 24 21 19.0 .39 18.3 16.1 14.0 11.9 .47
16 22 19.9 17.8 .44 17.2 15.1 13.1 11.2 .53

17 21 18.7 16.8 .50 16.2 14.2 12.3 10.5 .60
18 19.9 17.7 15.9 .56 15.3 13.4 11 :6 9 .9 .67
19 18.9 16.8 15.0 .62 14.5 12.7 11.0 9.4 .75
20 17.9 15.9 14.3 .69 13.7 12.1 10.5 8.9 .83
21 17.1 15.2 13.6 .76 13.1 11 .5 10.0 8.5 .91

22 16.3 14.5 13.0 .83 12.5 11.0 9.5 8.1 1.00
23 15.6 13.9 12.4 .91 11.9 10.5 9 .1 7.8 1.10
24 14.9 13.3 11.9 .99 11.4 10.1 8.7 7 .4 1.19
25 14.3 12.7 11.4 1.08 11.0 9.7 8.4 7.1 1.29
26 13.8 12.3 11.0 1.17

27 13.3 11.8 10.6 1.26
28 12.8 11.4 10.2 1.35
29 12.4 11.0 9.8 1.45
30 12.0 10.6 9.5 1.55
PROPERTIES AND REAC TION VALUES

Sin, s 26.9 23.9 21.4 20.6 18.1 15.7 13.4
V kips 80 60 44 Se. 88 68 49 31 Se.
R kips 56 42 31 Page 72 56 40 26 p,,,
173 173
G kips 12.2 9.3 6.7 16.2 12.6 9.1 5.8
N in. 5.4 5.4 5.4 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5
198
9-8-7 BEAMS
[ ALLOWABLE UNIFORM L OADS IN K I PS
FOR CHANNE L S LATERA L LY SUPPORTE D
For channels laterally unsupported, allowable loads must be reduced.

Span
9x2% Deflec- 8 x 2)4 D efleo- 7 x 2~ Deffee-
'"
Faet
20 15
tion tion
13.4 Inches 18.75 13.75 11.5 Inches 14.75 12.25 9.8
tion
Inches
--- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - --- --.01-
2 66 54 .01 46 .01 38
3 60 50 47
- --.02 48 40 36 .02 34 31
-27- .03
4 45 38 35 .04 36 30 27 .04 26 23 20 .05
5 36 30 28 .06 29 24 22 .07 21 18.4 16 .07
6 30 25 23 .08 24 20 18.0 .09 17.1 15.3 13.3 .11

7 26 22 20 .11 21 17.1 15.4 .13 14.7 13.1 11 .4 .15
8 23 18.8 17.5 .15 18.2 15.0 13.5 .17 12.8 11.5 10.0 .19
9 20 16.7 15.6 .19 16.1 13 .3 12.0 .21 11.4 10.2 8.9 .24
10 18.0 15.1 14.0 .23 14.5 12.0 10.8 .26 10.3 9.2 8.0 .30
11 16.4 13.7 12.7 .28 13.2 10.9 9.8 .31 9 .3 8.4 7.3 .36
12 15.0 12.6 11.7 .33 12.1 10.0 9.0 .37 8.6 7.7 6.7 .43
13 13.8 11.6 10.8 .39 11.2 9.2 8.3 .44 7.9 7.1 6.2 .50
14 12.9 10.8 10.0 .45 10.4 8.6 7.7 .51 7.3 6.6 5.7 .58
15 12.0 10.0 9.3 .52 9.7 8.0 7.2 .58 6.8 6.1 5.3 .67
16 11 .2 9.4 8.7 .59 9.1 7.5 6.7 .66 6.4 5.7 5.0 .76
17 10.6 8.9 8.2 .66 8.5 7.1 6.4 .75 6.0 5.4 4.7 .85
18 10.0 8.4 7.8 .75 8.1 6.7 6.0 .84 5.7 5.1 4.4 .96
19 9 .5 7.9 7.4 .83 7.6 6.3 5.7 .93
20 9.0 7.5 7.0 .92 7.3 6.0 5.4 1.04
21 8.6 7.2 6.7 1.01

22 8.2 6.8 6.4 1.11
23 7.8 6.6 6.1 1.22

S in. s 13.5 11 .3 10.5 10.9 9.0 8.1 7.7 6.9 6.0
V kips 52 33 27 Soo 51 32 23 Soo 38 29 19.1 Se.
R kips 47 30 24 Page 50 31 23 Page 43 33 22 Page
173 173 173
G kips 10.8 6.8 5.5 11.7 7.3 5.3 10.1 7.5 5.0
N in. 4.0 4.0 4.0 3.5 3.5 3.5 3.0 3.0 3.0

199
BEAMS 6-5-4-3
A LLO WABLE UNIFORM LOADS IN K I PS
FOR CHANNELS LATERALLY SUPPORTED
[
For channels laterally unsupported, allowable loads must be reduced.

Sran 6x2 5 X 1% Deflee- 4 X
Deflee- 1% Deflec- 3xl Y,! Deflec-
'"
Feet tion tion tioo tion
13.0 10.5 8.2 I nches 9.0 6.7 I nches 7.25 5.4 Inches 6.0 5.0 4.1 Inches
- - - - 1 . --
26 22 19.1 .03 ,5 6 13.3 .04 1D.2 8.4 .05 6.2 5.3
-4.9- - .06-
3
4 19.3 16.7 14.3 .06 11.7 10.0 .07 7.7 6.3 .08 4.7 4.0 3.7 .1 1
5 15.5 13.3 11.5 .09 9.3 8.0 .10 6.1 5.1 .13 3.7 3.2 2.9 .17
6 12.9 11.1 9.6 .12 7.8 6.7 .15 5. 1 4.2 .19 3.1 2.7 2.4 .25
7 11.0 9.5 8.2 .17 6.7 5.7 .20 4.4 3.6 .25 2.7 2.3 2.1 .34
8 9.7 8.3 7.2 .22 5.8 5.0 .27 3.8 3.2 .33 2.3 2.0 1.8 .44
9 8.6 7.4 6.4 .28 5.2 4.4 .34 3.4 2.8 .42
10 7.7 6.7 5.7 .35 4.7 4.0 .41 3.1 2.5 .52
11 7.0 6.1 5.2 .42 4.2 3.6 .50

12 6.4 5.6 4.8 .50 3.9 3.3 .60
13 5.9 5.1 4.4 .58 3.6 3.1 .70
14 5.5 4.8 4 .1 .68
15 5.2 4.4 3.8 .78
PROPERTIES AND REACTION VA LU ES

Sin.! 5.8 5.0 4.3 3 .5 3.0 2.3 1.9 1.4 1.2 1.1
V kips 34 25 15.6 s•• 21 12.4 So. 16.6 9.4 s.. 13.9 10.1 6.6 So.
R kips 45 32 20 Pago 33 19.1 Pags 32 17.8 Page 35 26 16.9 Page
173 173 173 173
G kips 10.5 7.5 4.8 7.8 4.6 7.7 4.3 8.5 6.2 4.1
N in. 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.0 1.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 1.0
Values o f R in italics exceed maximum web shear V.

200
BEAMS
L. REGULAR SERIES ANGLES

FOR ANGLES LATERALLY SUPPORTED
NEUTRAL AXIS PARALLEL TO HORIZONTAL LEG
For angles latera lly unsupported, allowable loads must be reduced.

For angles subject to torsion, make special investigation.
Hori~ Span in Feet

zontal Angle WI.
Size Ft.
per 8 9
log
51.0
4
52
5 6
- - ------
42 35
7
30 26
-
23
- -2110- -12 14
--- - -
16
17.6 15.0 13.2
18
11.7
8" 8 X 8 x l
~ 45 .0 46 37 31 26 23 20 18.7 15.6 13.3 11 .7 10.4
% 38.9 40 32 27 23 20 18.1 16.3 13.6 11.6 10.2 9.0
% 32.7 34 27 22 19.6 17.2 15.3 13.7 11.4 9.8 8.6 7 .6
)-2 26.4 28 22 18.7 16.0 14.0 12.4 11.2 9.3 8.0 7.0 6.2
8 X 6 X % 25.7 17.6 14.1 11.8 10.1 8.8 7.8 7.1 5.9 5.0
li', 20.2 14.0 11.2 9.3 8.0 7.0 6.2 5.6 4.7 4 .0
8x4x 'U6 17.2 6.3 5.1 4.2 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.5
7" 7 x4 X ~ 26.2 10.0 8.0 6.7 5.7 5.0 4 .4

% 22.1 8.7 6.9 5.8 5.0 4.3 3.9
)-2 17.9 7.0 5.6 4.7 4.0 3.5 3.1
>i6 15.8 6.2 5.0 4.2 3.5 3.1 2.8
6" 8 X 6 X % 33.8 39 31 26 22 19.5 17.3 15.6 13.0 11.1 9.7

% 28.5 33 26 22 18.9 16.5 14.7 13.2 11.0 9.4 8.2
)-2 23.0 26 21 17.8 15.2 13.3 11.8 10.7 8.9 7.6 6.7
>i6 20.2 23 18.9 15.8 13.5 11 .8 10.5 9.5 7.9 6.8 5.9
6x6x Us 17.2 13.7 10.9 9.1 7.8 6.8 6.1 5.5 4.6 3.9
% 14.9 11.7 9.3 7.8 6.7 5.8 5.2 4.7 3.9 3.3
6x4x 'Us 14.3 6.3 5.1 4.2 3.6 3.2 2.8
5" 5 X 5 X % 20.0 13.0 10.4 8.7 7.4 6.5 5.8 5.2

)-2 16.2 10.7 8.5 7.1 6.1 5.3 4.7 4.3
% 12.3 8.0 6.4 5.3 4.6 4.0 3.6 3.2
5x3 )-2x % 10.4 4.0 3.2 2.7 2.3 2.0
;{, 8.7 3.3 2.7 2.2 1.9 1.7
4" 9 X 4 X 1 40.8 59 47 39 33 29 26 23 19.6 16.8 14.7

~ 36.1 52 42 35 30 26 23 21 17.4 14.9 13.1
% 31.2 45 36 30 26 23 20 18.1 15.1 13.0 11.3
% 26.3 38 31 26 22 19.1 17.0 15.3 12.8 10.9 9.6
~, 23.8 35 28 23 19.8 17.3 15.4 13.8 11.5 9.9 8.7
)-2 21.3 31 25 21 17.7 15.5 13.8 12.4 10.3 9.0 7.8
4" 8x4x % 24.2 30 24 20 17.5 15.3 13.6 12.3 10.2 8.8 7.7
)-2 19.6 25 20 16.7 14.3 12.5 11.1 10.0 8 .3 7.1 6.2
>i6 17.2 22 17.6 14.7 12.6 11.0 9.8 8 .8 7.3 6.3 5.5

201
BEAMS
REGULAR SERIES ANGLES
ALLOWAB L E UNIFORM LOADS IN KIPS
FOR ANG L ES L ATERALLY SUPPO RTED
NEUTRA L AXIS PARALLEL TO H OR IZONTA L LEG
L
Fo r angles latera lly unsupported , allowable loads mu st be reduced.
For ang les subject to torsion, make specia l investigation.
Hori· Span in Feet

zontal Angle WI.
Size per Ft.
L"
--
2
- - - - - - - - - - -7- -8- -9- -10- -12- -14-
3 4 5 6
4" 7 X 4 X %
15.8 ...... . ..... 17.0 13.6 11.3 9.7 8.5 7.6 6.8 5.7 4.9
13.6 ...._- .. __ .. 14.7 11.7 9.8 8.4 7.3 6.5 5.9 4.9 4.2
%
6 x 4 x % 12.3 .. _--- ...... 11.0 8.8 7.3 6.3 5.5 4.9 4.4 3.7
4 x 4 X % 9.8 ..... ...... 5.0 4.0 3.3 2.9 2.5 2.2
li', 8.2 ---_.. ....-- 4.3 3.5 2.9 2.5 2.2 1.9
4 X 3 72X~6 7.7 .. _... ...... 3.3 2.7 2.2 1.9 1.7
4x3x ~6 7.2 ------ ...... 2.4 1.9 1.6 1.4
)i 5.8 .... - ...... 2.0 1.6 1.3 1.1
3%" 5 x 3Y2xYz 13.6 20.0 13.3 10.0 8.0 6.7 5.7 5.0 4.4 4.0
% 10.4 15.3 10.2 7.7 6.1 5.1 4.4 3.8 3.4 3.1
h6 8.7 12.7 8.4 6.3 5.1 4.2 3.6 3.2 2.8 2.5
4 x 3}v2x}}6 7.7 8.7 5.8 4.3 3.5 2.9 2. 5 2.2 1.9
372X3.72x~6 7.2 6.5 4.4 3.3 2.6 2.2 1.9 1.6
)i 5.8 5.3 3.5 2.6 2.1 1.8 1.5 1.3
3:!1x3 x )i 5.4 3.9 2.6 1.9 1.5 1.3 1.1
3" 4 X 3 X Yz 11.1 12.7 8.4 6.3 5.1 4.2 3.6 3.2

% 8.5 10.0 6.7 5.0 4.0 3.3 2.9 2.5
j{, 7.2 S.O 5.3 4.0 3.2 2.7 2.3 2.0
)i 5.8 6.7 4.4 3.3 2. 7 2.2 1.9 1.7
3}'2x3 X )i 5.4 5.2 3.5 2.6 2.1 1.7 1.5
3x3x ;{ 4.9 3.9 2.6 1.9 1.5 1.3
3 X 2YzxU 4.5 2. 7 1.8 1.3 1.1
2}12" 3 X 2Yzx % 6.6 5.4 3.6 2.7 2.2 1.8

j{, 5.6 4.6 3.1 2.3 1.8 1.5
)i 4.5 3.7 2.5 1.9 1.5 1.2
2Yzx2%x};i 4.1 2.6 1.7 1.3 1.0
2Yzx2 x U 3.62 1.7 1.1 0.8
AMERICAN I NST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT I ON

202
ALLOWABLE LOADS ON BEAMS

WITHOUT LATERAL SUPPORT
Up to a certain span (called in the tables on pp. 175 to 195 "Lu "), a beam will
carry the same load without, as with, lateral support. On greater spans the danger of
lateral buckling enters, and the beam must be protected by reducing the allowable load
below what would be permitted (as tabulated on pages 175 to 201) in the presence of
full lateral support.
The span "Lu" is defined by the formula" ~~ not to exceed 600," (See page 172) .
This span length is tabulated for each I beam, and the designer of a laterally unsupported
beam will know automatically that if its span does not exceed" Lu" the tabulated load
may be applied.
If the span does exceed "Lu" the unit stress is to be reduced below 20,000 p.s.i.,
in accordance with the formula 12,000,000
f ~ ld
bt
" , ~t" is entered at the top of each I beam table, and will be multiplied by the
span in inches to solve this formula for "f". The tabulated beam capacity will then
be reduced in the ratio of f/ 20,000.
In the most general case, however, the designer will be confronted with a given
(laterally unsupported) span and a calculated moment, from which to select a beam.
This is not easy to do by direct consideration of section modulus, as the depth and the
flange proportions (determinants of torsional strength) have an influence comparable
to that of bending strength. The selection of the proper beam can be immediately
made by referring to the following four charts.
The moment capacities shown on the charts take into account the moment due to
the weight of the beam, thereby avoiding any need for guessing a weight of beam in
the course of the moment 'calculations.
For instance, suppose that concentrated loads on a beam with laterally unsupported
span of 40 ft. produce a moment of 260 kip ft. without including the weight of the
beam. Entering the chart on page 204 with the figure 40 on the bottom scale, proceed
upwards to meet the horizontal line coming in from 260 on the left-hand scale. Any
beam listed above or to the right is safe. These include 24 \/IF @ 120
18 IfF @ 114
33 \IF @ 141, etc. It is seen
that the 18 \/IF, although its section modulus is only 220 compared to 299 for the 24 \/IF,
is equally able to carry the moment because of having a more compact and torsionally
resistant section.
Because several of its dimensions are thus involved, a given beam is the lightest
available for a certain combination of span and moment, over only a limited range of
length. This is indicated on the charts by using a full line for this range and a broken
line for the range or ranges in which some lighter beam is available. In the example
above cited, it will be seen that the 18 \/IF @ 114 is shown by a full line in the region
where the 40 ft. line and the 260 kip ft. line intersect.
The charts include several beams of relatively square cross-section which under
the capacity loads indicated will deflect vertically more than may be admissible. The
symbol X is shown on the upper or flat curve for each such beam, at the span length
which equals 24 times the depth (A.1.S.C. Spec. Sect. 17(a»; at which point the deflec-
tion under full uniform load equals 1/ 290 or d / 12.1. If the span length ordinate for a
given case intersects the curve for a beam so marked, to the right of the symbol X, the
deflection for uniform load is greater than 1/290, and requires consideration by the
designer. In any other case, the deflection of the unsupported beam as selected from
the charts is less than 1/ 290. The curves have arbitrarIly been stopped at a point
where the total capacity equals four times the weight of the beam itself.
The charts are not extended to include channels and angles, for which safe loads on
fully supported spans have been tabulated on pages 195 to 201. It is so difficult to
load an unstayed channel or angle on the one vertical axis which eliminates torsion,
and the actual torsIOnal moment involved in any unsupported span is so uncertain,
and so relatively great, that it is deemed impracticable to offer any short cut solution
for such deSIgns.

203
LENGTH OF SPAN IN FEET
o ~ 40 45 ~
1800
1100~
0:
III
~
....
III
III
"-
a.
so:
I
....
ti 900
~
~ 850
hi
..J
ID 800
"
W \1\
121 i4, . J!1 ~

\'t
~
'~
5 20 ~ 40 45 50 55
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL.. CONSTRUCTION
204
LENGTH OF SPAN IN FEET

5 10 45 50 55
~': ~
390 ~ ~
380
370
w
o """
.. -
.
~ -.,
S80
350
340
~
~ 330
18
10
6
24
ti
W 320
"-
a.
iii: 310
I
!zW 300 9
,,
:Ii
o 290 24 '''l :
:ll . ''.9
W
15 280
~
82
270 9
4(
18 -8
250 21
16
240
18'
7
230 21 68
220
-18
21 'IF 62
210
14 'IF 78
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55
AMERICAN ~ f""c""""TIIT~ , .., ... STEEL CONSTRUCTION
205
LENGTH OF S PAN IN FEET
miL 30 35 40
,"~O'
45 8i 55
''''~ L- '
f'lil~
~~ ,
ftM
~ ,~'IAA\~ g
r~
~.~ ,
'"
i=:
w
~
l- ,
w
...n.
W
,
Ii ,
i:
I
I-
Z 150
W
::IE
0 ,
::IE
w
-'
m
<
3 ,
0
-'
-'
< I
~
~
14-
~
110
11\
'"
r:1( 11
100
0
AMERICAN
15 20 25 0 35
INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
• • 50 55
207
ALLOWABLE LOADS ON COLUMNS
The loads given in the following column tables are based on allowable unit stresses
as follows (A. I.S.C. Spec. Section 15(a)(2) ):
Columns with values of ll r not greater than 120. main or secondary members;
f = 17,000 - 0.485 ~ inp.s.i.
Columns with values of l/ r greater than 120;

18,000
a. Bracing and secondary members. f =
I'
1 + 18,000 r'
1
b. Main members, f ~ _ _...:1::8",,0=00-c=-_ X ( 1.6 -
r
200 )
l'
1 +
18,000r'
For convenience in using these formulas a table of allowable unit stresses derived
therefrom is given on page 209.
In the column tables which follow, allowable loads given below the horizontal
heavy lines are for main members with ll r greater than 120. Allowable loads for
bracing and secondary members of the same ll c may be derived therefrom. by the slide-
rule process illustrated in Example 1 on page 210.
ECCENTRIC LOADING. The allowable loads given in the column tables are for
columns axially or symmetrically loaded. For columns subjected both to direct loads
and to bending produced by eccentric loads, the A. I.S.C. Specification in Section 12 (a)
requires that the quantity
.
-~- + -~- shall not exceed umty.
Fa Fb
The use of Bending Factors (Bx and By) tabulated at the bottom of the load tables
provides a convenient method of converting bending moments into equivalent direct
loads in order to select a trial section from the load tables. B;.; and By are respectively
equal to the area divided by the appropriate section modulus.
EXAMPLE. A 14 \/IF column with an unbraced length of 12 ft. carries a concentric

load of 300 kips and an eccentric load of 50 kips applied 18 inches from the major axis.*
Design the column.
Assume the average bending factor of the group, say, B;.; = 0.185, then
Bending Moment = M = 50 X 18 = 900 inch kips.
Equivalent Direct Load = ME;.; = 900 X 0.185 = 167 kips.
Approximate column load = 300 + 50 + 167 = 517 kips.
A trial column section ( 111 pounds) is first selected from the tables as having a carrying
capacity of 517 kips or more on an unbraced length of 12 feet. Since this selection is
only tentative, it will be necessary to investigate the selected column as to its compliance
with Section 12 (a) .
*The major and minor axes are frequently referred to in technical liternture as the strong and
weak axes.

208
Allowable Stress Actual Stress
Allowable Axial Bending Axial Bending

fa fb
Section Column p M - + Fb
-
Load,
Kips
F, Fb f[1 =---';:-
Kips per Square Inch

I fb=S Fa
14W" 111 531 16.28 20.00 10.72 5.10 0.913

14W"95 455 16.27 20.00 12.53 5.98 1.069
14 W" 103 493 16.27 20.00 11 .57 5.50 0.986(Use)
As shown in the above table, the 14 W 111 column section first selected was found
more than adequate. A 14 '\/IF 95 section was next tried and found to be inadequate.
A 14 'IF 103 section was then investigated and found allowable. The lighter of the two
adequate sections is used .
In designing columns subjected to bending about the minor axis only. Fb may be
taken at 20.0 ksi. In designing columns subjected to bending about the major axis
only. Fb must be limited in accordance with ld/bt, to the value permitted for unsup-
ported beams under the provisions of Section 15(a) (3).
In designing columns subjected to bending about both axes, the expression
~
Fa
+~
Fb
becomes~
Fa
+ (~)
Fb xx
+ (~)
20.0 yy,
in which Fb for the xx term is determined in accordance with [dfbt.
RAT IO rx /ry o Allowable loads for columns are given in the tables for various lengths
unbraced along the minor axis. It may be necessary, however, to investigate the
capacity of columns with reference to both major and minor a."{es. The Ratio rx/ ry
included in these tables provides a rapid and convenient method of investigating the
strength of the column with respect to the major axis.
Selection of a column from the tables is necessarily based on the greatest unbraced
length I with reference to the radius of gyration ry about the minor axis. To obtain the
maximum unbraced length with reference to the radius of gyration rx about the major
axis it is only necessary to multiply the length I by the Ratio rx/ ry. If the actual un-
braced length with reference to the major axis is equal to or less than the length thus
obtained, the selected section is adequate. If, however, the actual unbraced length
with reference to the major axis is greater than the length thus obtained, the section is
inadequate and must be redesigned.
EXAMPLE. A 12 \/IF column is required to carry a concentric load of 590 kips. The
greatest unbraced length along the minor axis is 16 feet. The column is unbraced along
the major axis for 31 feet .
Entering the column tables we find, on page 218 that at 16 feet a 12 VIF 133 will
carry an allowable load of 595 kips. This section will carry 590 kips at about 16.5 feet.
The Ratio rx / ry is 1.77. The maximum length at which the column may be unbraced
along the major axis is 16.5 x 1.77 =292 feet. The section is therefore inadequate.
The next heavier column is the 12 VF 161 which will carry 590 kips at about 25.S,
feet. The Ratio rx/ry is 1.78. The maximum length at which the column may be
unbraced along the major axis is 25.8 x 1.78=46.0 feet. The section is adequate.
AMERICAN INSTI T U T E OF STEEL CONSTRUCT I ON

209
ALLOWABLE STRESSES PER SQUARE INCH
FOR
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
Secondary Members,
Main and Secondary Members, J/f 121 to 200, Main Members,
Ilr not over 120,
f = 17()()(}----{).485 ( +y f -
'+
18000
I'
1 BOOOr z
l/r 121 to 200,
DoX ", )
(1.6- 200
I
,
Unit
Stress ,I
Unit
Stress ,I
Unit
Stress ,I
Unit
Stress ,I
Unit
Stross ,I
Unit
Stres8
,
,
Unit
Stress
ksi. ksi. ksi. kst. ksi. ksi. ks;.
1 17.00 41 16.19 81 13.82 121 9.93 161 7.38 121 9.88 161 5.87
2 17.00 42 16.14 82 13.74 122 9.85 162 7.32 122 9.75 162 5.78
3 17.00 43 16.10 83 13.65 123 9.78 163 7.27 123 9.63 163 5.71
4 16.99 44 16.06 84 13.58 124 9.71 164 7.22 124 9.52 164 5.63
5 16.99 45 16.02 85 13.50 125 9.64 165 7.16 125 9.40 165 5.55
6 16.98 46 15.97 86 13.41 126 9.56 166 7.11 126 9.27 166 5.47
7 16.98 47 15.93 87 13.33 127 9.49 167 7.06 127 9.16 167 5.40
8 16.97 48 15.88 SS 13.24 128 9.42 168 7.01 128 9.04 168 5.33
9 16.96 49 15.84 89 13.16 129 9.35 169 6.96 129 8.93 169 5.25
10 16.95 50 15.79 90 13.07 130 9.28 170 6.91 130 8.82 170 5.18
11 16.94 51 15.74 91 12.98 131 9.22 171 6.86 131 8.71 171 5.11
12 16.93 52 15.69 92 12.90 132 9.15 172 6.81 132 8.60 172 5.04
13 16.92 53 15.64 93 12.81 133 9.08 173 6.76 133 8.49 173 4.97
14 16.91 54 15.59 94 12.72 134 9.01 174 6.71 134 8.38 174 4.90
15 16.89 55 15.53 95 12.62 135 8.94 175 6.66 135 8.27 175 4.83
16 16.88 56 15.48 96 12.53 136 8.88 176 6.62 136 8.17 176 4.77
17 16.86 57 15.42 97 12.44 137 8.81 177 6.57 137 8.06 177 4.70
18 16.84 58 15.37 98 12.34 138 8.75 178 6.52 138 7.96 178 4.63
19 16.83 59 15.31 99 12.25 139 8.68 179 6.47 139 7.86 179 4.56
20 16.81 60 15.25 100 12.15 140 8.62 180 6.43 140 7.76 180 4.50
21 16.79 61 15.20 101 12.05 141 8.55 181 6.38 141 7.65 181 4.43
22 16.77 62 15.14 102 11.95 142 8.49 182 6.34 142 7.56 182 4.37
23 16.74 63 15.08 103 11.86 143 8.43 183 6.29 143 7.46 183 4.31
24 16.72 64 15.01 104 11.75 144 8.36 184 6.25 144 7.36 184 4.25
25 16.70 65 14.95 105 11.65 145 8.30 185 6.20 145 7.26 185 4.19
26 16.67 66 14.89 106 11.55 146 8.24 186 6.16 146 7.17 186 4.13
27 16.65 67 14.82 107 11.45 147 8.18 187 6.12 147 7.08 187 4.07
28 16.62 68 14.76 108 11.34 148 8.12 188 6.07 148 6.98 lSS 4.01
29 16.59 69 14.69 109 11 .24 149 8.06 189 6.03 149 6.89 189 3.95
30 16.56 70 14.62 110 11 .13 150 8.00 190 5.99 150 6.80 190 3.89
31 16.53 71 14.56 111 11.02 151 7.94 191 5.95 151 6.71 191 3.84
32 16.50 72 14.49 112 10.92 152 7.SS 192 5.91 152 6.62 192 3.78
33 16.47 73 14.42 113 10.81 153 7.82 193 5.86 153 6.53 193 3.72
34 16.44 74 14.34 114 10.70 154 7.77 194 5.82 154 6.45 194 3.67
35 16.41 75 14.27 115 10.59 155 7.71 195 5.78 155 6.36 195 3.61
36 16.37 76 14.20 116 10.47 156 7.65 196 5.74 156 6.27 196 3.56
37 16.34 77 14.12 117 1036 157 7.60 197 5.70 157 6.19 197 3.51
38 16.30 78 14.05 118 10.25 158 7.54 198 5.66 158 6.11 198 3.45
39 16.26 79 13.97 119 10.13 159 7.49 199 5.62 159 6.03 199 3.40
40 16.22 80 13.90 120 10.02 160 7.43 200 5.59 160 5.94 200 3.35
AMERICAN JNSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

21 0
COMPRESSION MEMBERS WITH [Ir OVER 120

Safe loads on Columns with l/r over 120, pp. 211 to 233, are tabulated on the basis
of reduced unit stresses applicable to main members (A.I.S.C. Spec. Sect. 16(b) ), since
the column sections are such that they would not often be used as bracing or as secondary
members.
Conversely, the safe loads on angle struts which follow on pp. 235 to 247, are
tabulated on the basis of the full Wlit stress (Sect. 15(a)(2) ), since the sections are
more often used as bracing and as secondary members than as main members.
By the use of the table of comparative unit stresses given below, a tabulated safe
load for a main member may be changed to the safe load on the same member used as
bracing or secondary; or vice versa; by a continuous slide-rule operation.
In so doing, column weights in the main member tables, pp. 211 to 233, may
conveniently be transformed to areas by dividing by 3.4 . The double-angle strut
tables, however, pp. 235 to 247. show the areas and render this step unnecessary.
EXAMPLE 1. Reqd .. Safe Load on 8 x 6M '/IF @ 24. 20' long, used as a bracing member.
Tabulated safe load on main member ~ 49 kips (Page 221).
49 X 3.4
~ 6.94 in Col. 11.; opposite in Col. I., f ~ 8.09 (by interpolation)
24
49 X ~:~ ~ 57 kips.
EXAMPLE 2. Reqd .. Safe Load on 2 angles 9 X 4 X U. 9/1 legs b. to b., 21' long, used
as a main column.
Tabulated safe load as a bracing member = 151 kips (Page 238).
2i5~ ~ 7.11 in Col. I.; opposite in Col. II., f ~ 5.47.
151 X ;:~i ~ 116 kips.
ALLOWABLE STRESS PER SQ. IN., COMPRESSION MEMBERS WITH Ilr OVER 120.
I. II. I. II. I. II. I. II .

"f" for I "f" for I "f" fo r -'.. "f" for
,I Seoond- "f" for
Main
, Second- "f" for
Main
, Second- "f" for
M ain
, Second- "f" for
Main
"Y Members "Y Members "Y Members "Y Members
Members Members Members M embers
121 9.93 9.88 141 8.55 7.65 161 7.38 5.87 181 6.38 4.43
122 9.85 9.75 142 8.49 7.56 162 7.32 5.78 182 6.34 4.37
123 9.78 9.63 143 8.43 7.46 163 7.27 5.71 183 6.29 4.31
124 9.71 9.52 144 8.36 7.36 164 7.22 5.63 184 6.25 4.25
125 9.64 9.40 145 8.30 7.26 165 7.16 5.55 185 6.20 4.19
126 9.56 9.27 146 8.24 7.17 166 7.11 5.47 186 6.16 4.13
127 9.49 9.16 147 8.18 7.08 167 7.06 5.40 187 6.12 4.07
128 9.42 9.04 148 8.12 6.9B 168 7.01 5.33 188 6.07 4.01
129 9.35 8.93 149 8.06 6.89 169 6.96 5.25 189 6.03 3.95
130 9.28 8.82 150 8.00 6.80 170 6.91 5.18 190 5.99 3.89
131 9.22 8.71 151 7.94 6.71 171 6.86 5.11 191 5.95 3.84
132 9.15 8.60 152 7.88 6.62 172 6.81 5.04 192 5.91 3.78
133 9.08 8.49 153 7.82 6.53 173 6.76 4.97 193 5.86 3.72
134 9.01 8.38 154 7.77 6.45 174 6.71 4.90 194 5.82 3.67
135 8.94 8.27 155 7.71 6.36 175 6.66 4.83 195 5.78 3.61
136 8.88 8.17 156 7.65 6.27 176 6.62 4.77 196 5.74 3.56
137 8.81 8.06 157 7.80 6.19 177 6.57 4.70 197 5.70 3.51
138 8.75 7.96 158 7.54 6.11 178 6.52 4.63 198 5.66 3.45
139 8.68 7.86 159 7.49 6.03 179 6.47 4.56 199 5.62 3.40
140 8.62 7.76 160 7.43 5.94 180 6.43 4.50 200 5.59 3.35
211
ITI COVER PLATED

II ' - I,----J
X--- I ---X
,---- I'-------,
I
COLUMNS
ALLOWA BLE C ONC EN TRIC LOADS

I
y IN KI PS
14 W 320 CORE SECTION

Unbraced
Length Cover Plates : Width and Thickness, 1nches
Feet
24x3% 24x3!t2 24x3% 24x3%: 24x3Ys 24x3 23x3 23x2yg 23x2;4
8 4526 4424 4323 4221 4120 4018 3915 3818 3720

9 4517 4415 4314 4213 4112 4010 3906 3810 3712
10 4507 4406 4305 4204 4103 4002 3897 3801 3703
11 4497 4396 4295 4193 4093 3992 3887 3791 3693

12 4485 4384 4283 4183 4082 3981 3875 3780 3682
13 4472 4372 4272 4171 4070 3970 3864 3768 3670
14 4459 4359 4258 4158 4068 3957 3850 3755 3658
c 15 4445 4344 4244 4144 4044 3944 3836 3741 3644
0
co
e
>,
16 4429 4329 4229 4129 4029 3929 3821 3726 3630
0 17 4413 4312 4213 4113 4013 3913 3805 3710 3614
'0 18 4395 4295 4196 4096 3997 3897 3788 3693 3597
00 19 4376 4277 4178 4079 3980 3880 3770 3676 3580
~
i3 20 4357 4257 4159 4060 3961 3862 3751 3657 3561
e
;;; 21 4336 4237 4139 4041 3942 3843 3731 3637 3542
'"
!E. 22
23
4314
4292
4216
4194
4118
4096
4020
3998
3921
3901
3823
3802
3710
3689
3617
3595
3522
3501
.8 24 4268 4170 4074 3976 3879 3781 3665 3572 3478
U 25 4243 4146 4049 3952 3856 3758 3641 3548 3456
"
~
00
~ 26 4218 4121 4024 3928 3832 3734 3616 3524 3432
Z 27 4191 4095 3998 3903 3807 3710 3590 3499 3407
.~
28 4163 4067 3972 3877 3781 3684 3564 3473 3382
Z0 29 4135 4040 3944 3849 3754 3658 3537 3446 3355
c
30 4105 4010 3916 3821 3726 3631 3507 3417 3327
!E.
"0 32 4043 3948 3854 3761 3668 3573 3446 3357 3268
"
0 34 3976 3883 3791 3699 3605 3512 3383 3294 3206
.0'" 36 3906 3813 3722 3632 3539 3447 3314 3226 3140
.C 38 3832 3741 3651 3560 3471 3379 3243 3157 3071
:::J 40 3752 3662 3575 3485 3398 3307 3167 3081 2979
42 3671 3582 3494 3408 3320 3231 3088 3002 2920

44 3585 3496 3412 3325 3239 3151 3003 2919 2839
46 3493 3408 3323 3238 3154 3066 2915 2833 2754
48 3399 3316 3233 3148 3065 2979 2824 2742 2665
50 3301 3217 3136 3056 2973 2888 2728 2650 2573
PROPERTIES
Wt. per Foot 912 891 871 850 830 810 789 770 750
Depth d 24 23;4 23 71 23)4 23 22;4 22~ 22)-2 22)4
W idth b 24 24 24 24 24 24 23 23 23
Ratio rx/ ry 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.47 1.47 1.52 1.51 1.50
Bend ing
Factors
iBxBy .143
.322
.144
.324
.145
.327
.146
.329
.147 .148 .149 .150 .151
.332 .334 .346 .349 .352
AMER IC AN I NSTI TU TE OF S TEE L C ONSTR U C TION
212
I~Y--I
COVER PLATED
I COLUMNS
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRIC LOADS

II L-I-'
X--~ l ---X
,--- -----,
~
I IN KIPS
14 W 320 CORE SECTION

Unbraced
Length Cover Plates: Width and Thicknoss, Inches
Feet
22x2~ 22x2% 22x2Yz 22x2% 22x274: 22x2Ys --~
22x2 22xl Ys 22xl%
8 3625 3532 3439 3346 3253 3160 3067 2974 2881

9 3617 3524 3431 3338 3245 3152 3060 2967 2874
10 3607 3514 3422 3329 3237 3144 3051 2958 2865
11 3597 3504 3412 3319 3227 3134 3042 2949 2857

12 3585 3493 3401 3308 3216 3124 3031 2939 2846
13 3573 3481 3389 3297 3204 3112 3020 2928 2835
14 3560 3468 3376 3284 3192 3100 3008 2916 2824
15 3545 3454 3362 3271 3179 3087 2995 2903 2812
"
0
~ 16 3530 3439 3347 3255 3164 3073 2981 2890 2798

"
'" 17
18
3513
3496
3423
3405
3331
3314
3240
3224
3149
3133
3058
3042
2967
2951
2875
2860
2784
2769
'0
0 19 3477 3387 3297 3206 3116 3025 2935 2844 2753
~
'5 20 3458 3368 3278 3188 3098 3007 2918 2827 2736
.,..
l'
21
22
3438
3416
3348
3327
3258
3238
3169
3149
3079
3059
2989
2969
2899
2880
2809
2790
2718
2699
2
23 3394 3305 3216 3128 3038 2949 2860 2770 2680
.8 24 3370 3282 3194 3106 3016 2928 2839 2750 2660
1:5 25 3346 3259 3170 3083 2993 2905 2817 2728 2639
'"
~
0
l' 26 3321 3234 3146 3058 2970 2882 2794 2705 2617
27 3295 3208 3120 3033 2946 2858 2682 2594
"
2771
.~ 28 3267 3181 3093 3007 2920 2833 2746 2658 2570
29 3239 3153 3065 2980 2894 2807 2721 2633 2546
"'"
c
.'!!
'C
30
32
3209
3148
3124
3064
3037
2978
2953
2895
2866
2809
2781
2724
2694
2639
2607
2552
2520
2466
'"
u
l'
34
36
3082
3014
2999
2932
2914
2847
2833
2766
2747
2683
2664
2601
2580
2518
2494
2433
2409
2349
.0
c
::;)
38 2940 2860 2776 2697 2616 2533 2452 2369 2285
40 2862 2783 2701 2624 2543 2462 2382 2299 2217
42 2781 2703 2623 2547 2467 2387 2309 2228 2147

44 2695 2620 2540 2466 2387 2310 2232 2152 2072
46 2605 2532 2454 2380 2304 2228 2152 2072 1996
48 2513 2440 2364 2292 2216 2142 2067 1990 1914
50 2415 2344 2270 2200 2127 2054 1980 1905 1828
PROPERTIES
wt. per Foot 731 713 694 675 657 638 619 601 582
Depth d 22)i 22 21% 21J.-2 21~ 21 20%, 20Yz 20)i
Width b 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22
Ratio rx/ry 1.56 1.55 1.54 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.52 1.51 1.51
Bending Bx1 .152 .153 .154 .155 .156 .157 .159 .160 .161 ,
Factors By .363 .366 .370 .374 .377 .382 .386 .391 .397
2 13
COVER PLATED
d. x- ~ --x
COLUMNS
A LLOWABLE CONCENTRIC LOA DS
I
y IN KIPS
Un braced
Length
Feat
8 2788 2695 2590 2506 2422 2334 2259 2183

9 2781 2688 2583 2498 2414 2326 2251 2175
10 2n3 2680 2574 2490 2406 2317 2242 2166
11 2764 2671 2564 2480 2397 2307 2232 2157

12 2754 2662 2554 2470 2386 2297 2221 2147
13 2743 2651 2543 2459 2375 2285 2210 2135
c 14 2732 2640 2530 2447 2364 2272 2197 2123
0
15 2720 2628 2517 2434 2351 2258 2184 2110
~>,
~
16 2706 2615 2503 2420 2337 2243 2169 2096
'0 17 2692 2601 2488 2405 2323 2228 2154 2081
~
~
18 2678 2587 2472 2390 2308 2211 2138 2065
'0 19 2662 2571 2455 2373 2291 2194 2121 2048
~ 20 2645 2555 2437 2355 2274 2175 2103 2030
00
~ " 21 2628 2538 2418 2337 2256 2156 2083 2012
22 2610 2520 2399 2317 2238 2135 2063 1993
.B 23 2590 2501 2379 2297 2218 2114 2043 1972
t: 24 2570 2482 2357 2276 2197 2092 2021 1951
'""-
~
25 2550 2461 2335 2255 2176 2069 1998 1928
l'
oS 26 2528 2440 2312 2232 2154 2045 1975 1906
.~ 27 2506 2418 2288 2208 2130 2020 1950 1882
28 2482 2395 2263 2183 2106 1994 1924 1857
oS ~
29 2458 2371 2237 2158 2080 1967 1898 1831
c 30 2433 2347 2209 2131 2054 1939 1870 1804
~
"C
32 2380 2295 2153 2075 2000 1880 1813 1748
'"~
Q
34 2324 2239 2094 2017 1942 1817 1751 1688
.0 36 2265 2182 2029 1954 1881 1751 1687 1625
c 38 2202 2120 1962 1888 1816 1681 1618
::J 1558
40 21 35 2054 1890 1817 1748 1607 1545 1488
42 2066 1987 1816 1744 1676
44 1994 1915 1738 1668 1601
46 1918 1839 1655 1587
48 1838 1761 1272 1218 1169
50 1755 1680 1349 1189 1138 1091
Wt. per Foot 563 544 524 507 490 473 458 442
Depth d 20 19 ~ 19 ~ 19Y, 19)i 19)i 18 ~
Width b 22 20 20 20 18 18
1.50 1.59 1.58 1.58 1.64
.175
.449
AMER I CAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT I ON

214
14 COLUMNS
I 'IF SHAPES

x-·· ·-x
y
,
IN KIPS

Unbraced
Length 14 X 16
Feot
426 398 370 342 *320
- -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
314 287
-264
- - -246
--
6 2113 1973 1834 1696 1586 1556 1422 1308 1219
7 2107 1967 1829 1691 1582 1551 1418 1304 1215
8 2100 1960 1823 1685 1576 1546 141 3 1299 1211
9 2092 1953 1816 1678 1569 1540 1407 1294 1206
10 2083 1945 1808 1671 1562 1533 1400 1288 1200
c 11 2073 1936 1799 1663 1554 1525 1393 1281 1194
0
~ 12 2062 1925 1789 1654 1546 1516 1386 1274 1187
>, 13 2051 1914 1779 1644 1536 1507 1377 1266 1179
'"
13 14 2038 1902 1768 1633 1526 1497 1368 1258 1171
00 15 2025 1889 1705 1622 1515 1487 1358 1249 1163
~
'ii 16 2011 1876 1742 1610 1503 1476 1348 1239 1154
~
17 1995 1862 1729 1597 1491 1463 1337 1228 1144
10 1133
18 1979 1846 1714 1584 1478 1450 1325 1217
2'" 19 1962 1830 1699 1569 1464 1437 1312 1205 1122
.s 20 1944 1813 1683 1554 1449 1423 1299 1193 1110
t>
""'-
00
21 1925 1794 1666 1538 1434 1408 1285 1180 1098
e 22 1905 1775 1648 1521 1417 1392 1270 1166 1085
05 23 1884 1756 1629 1503 1400 1376 1255 1152 1072
.~
24 1862 1736 1610 1485 1382 1359 1239 11 37 1058
05 25 1839 1714 1589 1466 1364 1341 1223 1122 1044
'"
c
26 1815 1691 1567 1446 1345 1322 1205 1106 1029
2
"0 27 1790 1668 1545 1425 1324 1303 1187 1089 1013
"~
0 28 1765 1643 1522 1404 1303 1283 1168 1071 996
.c 29 1738 1619 1499 1381 1282 1261 1149 1053 979
c
:0 30 1711 1593 1474 1358 1260 1240 1130 1035 962
32 1653 1538 1423 1310 1213 1195 1087 995 925
34 1593 1480 1367 1259 11 63 1147 1043 954 886
36 1528 1419 1309 1203 1110 1095 995 910 844
38 1458 1354 1247 1146 1054 1041 945 863 800
40 1386 1285 11 83 1085 995 984 892 814 753
PROPERTIES
Depth 18 ~ 18)4 18 17Y, 16 ~ 17}i 16~ 16Y, 16)4

Width 16~ 16% 16Y, 16% 16 ~ 16)4 16Ys 16 16
Ratio rx/ry 1.67 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.59 1.64 1.63 1.63 1.62
Bending Bx
Factors By
1 .177
.443
.178
.447
.1 79
.451
.1 80
.456
.1 91
.481
.180
.459
.181
.464
.182
.467
.182
.470
*Column Core Section.

215
COLUMNS 14
w SHAPES
x--
y
--x

IN KIPS
I
Unbraced
Length 14 X 16
Feet
237 228 219 211 202 193 184 176 167
--------- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - 158
--
6 1174 1130 1084 1046 1001 956 911 871 827 783
7 1171 1126 1081 1042 998 953 908 868 824 780
8 1166 1122 1077 1038 994 949 904 865 821 777
9 1161 1117 1072 1034 989 945 900 '861 817 774
10 1156 1112 1067 1029 984 940 896 857 813 770
c
11 1150 1106 1061 1024 979 935 891 852 809 766
0 12 1143 1100 1055 1018 973 930 886 847 804 761
~>- 13 1136 1093 1049 1011 967 924 880 842 799 756
14 1128 1086 1041 1004 960 917 874 836 793 750
""
'0 15 1120 1078 1033 996 953 910 867 829 787 744
00
~
u 16 1111 1069 1025 988 945 903 860 822 780 738
~ 17 1101 1060 1016 980 937 895 852 815 773 731
-:n 18 1091 1050 1007 971 928 886 844 807 765 724
~'" 19 1081 1040 997 961 919 877 836 799 757 717
.s 20 1070 1029 986 951 909 868 827 790 749 709
13
0
0- 21 1058 1017 975 940 899 858 817
00 781 741 701
e 22 1045 1005 963 928 888 848 807 771 731 692
;0 23 1032 993 951 916 877 837 797 761 722 683
'3 24 1019 980 938 904 865 825 786 751 712 673
;0 25 1005 966 925 892 853 813 775 740 701 663
""
c
~
u
26 990 952 911 878 840 801 763 728 690 653
0
u 27 975 937 897 864 826 788 751 716 679 642
~ 28 959 927 882 850 812 775 738 704 667 631
.0
c 29 942 906 867 835 798 761 725 691 655 619
::J
30 925 889 851 819 783 747 711 678 643 607
32 890 854 818 787 752 717 683 651 616 582
34 851 818 782 753 719 685 652 621 588 556
36 811 779 744 716 684 651 619 589 558 527
38 769 738 704 678 646 616 585 557 527 497
40 724 694 662 637 607 578 549 522 493 465
PROPERTIES
Depth 16Ys 16 15Ys 15% 15% 15Y2 15% 157i 15Ys 15

Width 15Ys 15Ys 15Ys 15;.< 15% 15% 15% 15% 15% 15Y2
Ratio rx/ ry 1.62 1.61 1.62 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.61 1.60 1.60 1.60
Bending {Bx .182 .182 .183 .183 .183 .183 .183 .184 .184 .183
Factors By .472 .473 .475 .477 .477 .479 .480 .483 .485 .485
216
14 COLUMNS I
'I
Un braced
w SHAPES

IN KIPS

"I ~
Length 14 x 16 14 X 14)1
Feet
150 142 *320 136 127 11 9 111 103 95 87
- -- --- --- - -- -- -
6 742 705 1586 673 628 589 549 509 470 430
7 740 702 1582 670 626 587 547 507 468 428
8 737 699 1576 667 623 584 545 505 466 426
9 734 696 1569 654 620 581 542 502 464 424
10 730 693 1562 660 616 578 539 499 461 422
c
0
11 726 689 1554 656 612 574 535 496 458 419
722 685 1546 651 608 570 531 493 455 416
~>- 12
13 717 680 1536 646 603 566 527 489 451 413
a
~ 14 712 675 1526 641 598 561 523 485 447 409
0
00 15 706 670 151 5 635 593 556 51 8 480 443 405
.=
"0 16 700 664 1503 629 587 551 513 475 439 401
~ 623 581 545 470 434
17 694 658 1491 508 397
<;;
~ 18 687 652 1478 616 575 539 502 465 429 392
!E 680 645 1464 609 568 532 496 459 424 387
19
.s 20 672 638 1449 601 561 525 490 453 418 382
~
~
0. 21 664 630 1434 593 553 51 8 483 447 412 377
00
e 22 656 622 1417 585 545 511 476 441 406 372
;0 23 647 614 1400 576 537 503 469 434 400 366
.~ 567 528 495 427
24 638 605 1382 461 393 360
.c 25 629 596 1364 557 519 486 453 419 386 353
C.
c
!E 26 619 586 1345 547 510 477 444 411 379 346
"0 27 609 576 1324 537 500 468 435 403 372 339
"~u 28 598 566 1303 526 490 459 426 395 364 332
D 29 587 555 1282 515 480 449 417 386 356 325
c
::::J 30 575 544 1260 503 469 438 408 377 347 317
32 552 522 1213 478 446 417 387 358 330 301
34 526 497 1163 453 421 394 366 338 311 284
36 499 471 1110 425 396 370 343 317 291 265
38 470 443 1054 395 368 343 317 293 269 246
40 439 414 995 365 339 317 293 270 249 226
PROPERTIES
Depth 14Ys 14%; 16%: 14%, 14% 14)1 14% 14)i 14% 14
Width 15)1 15)1 16%: 14% 14% 14% 14% 14% 14)1 14)1
Ratio rx/ry 1.60 1.59 1.59 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.67 1.66 1.66
Bending ~ Bx .184 .185 .191 .185 .1 85 .185 .185 .185 .186 .185
Factors By ' .487 .491 .481 .519 .520 .521 .525 .525 .529 .530
. Column Core Section.
Loads below heavy lin es are for main members with llr rati os between 120 a nd 200.
AME R I C AN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CON S TRUCTION

217
COLUMNS 14
w
I
x-- --x SHAPES

, y
IN KIPS

Unbraced
length 14 X 12 14 X 10 14 X 8
Feet
84 78 74 68 61 53 48 43
6 413 384 361 332 297 254 230 206
7 411 382 358 329 295 251 227 203
8 408 379 354 325 292 246 223 199
9 405 376 350 321 288 241 218 195
10 401 372 345 317 284 235 213 190
11 397 368 340 312 280 229 207 185
c 12 334
0 393 364 307 275 222 201 179
~ 13 388 360 328 301 270 215 194 173
'"
0
14 383 355 321 295 264 207 187 166
'0 15 378 350 314 288 258 199 179 159
~
.2 16 372 344 307 281 252 190 171 152

"0
~ 17 366 338 299 273 245 180 162 144
18 359 332 290 265 238 169 152 135
'"
~
~ 19 352 326 281 257 230 158 142 126
.8 20 345 319 271 248 222 146 131 116
""
~
~
l'
21
22
337
329
312
304
261
250
238
228
213
204
135
125
121
112
107
98
23 320 296 239 218 195 115 104
"
.~ 24 311 288 228 207 185 106 95
90
83
"
0
c
~
25
26
302
292
279
270
215
202
195
184
174
164
97
90
87
80
77
70
"0
27 282 260 190 172 154 82 74 64
"~
0
28 272 250 179 162 144 75 67 59
.c
c 29 261 240 168 152 135 69 61 54
::l 230 157 142
30 250 127 63 56 49
226
32 207 139 125 112 52
34 204 188 121 109 97
36 184 169 106 96 85 .
38 166 152 93 83 74
40 149 136 80 72 64
P ROPERTIES
Depth 14Ys 14 147i 14 13Ys 14 13Ys 13%

Width 12 12 lOY, 10 10 8 8 8
Ratio rx / ry 2.03 2.03 2.44 2.45 2.44 3.07 3.07 3.08
Bending 18x .189 .189 .194 .194 .195 .200 .201 .202
Facto rs By .659 .665 .821 .830 .834 1.090 1.102 1.119
Loads below heavy lines are for main members with l l r ratios between 120 and 200.
218
12 COLUMNS
w SHAPES
I ALLOWABLE CONCENTRIC LOADS
IN KIPS
x-·
¥
·-x

Unbraced
length 12 x 12
Feet
190 161
~I~ 106 99 92 85 79 72 65
6 936 794 655 591 522 487 453 418 388 354 320
7 932 790 651 588 519 484 450 416 386 352 318
8 926 785 647 584 516 481 447 413 384 350 316
9 920 779 643 580 512 477 444 410 381 347 313
10 913 773 638 575 508 473 440 406 378 344 310
c 11 905 766 632 570 503 469 436 402 374 341 307
g 12 896 759 626 564 498 464 431 398 370 337 304
1! 13 887 751 619 558 492 459 426 393 366 = 300
- >-
~
0
~
.~
14
15
16
877
866
855
742
733
723
611
603
595
551
544
536
486
480
473
453
447
440
421
415
409
388
383
377
361
356
350
328
324
319
296
292
288
"0
1! 17 843 712 586 528 465 433 402 371 344 314 283
"
~
~
18
19
830
816
701
689
576
566
519
510
457
449
426
418
395
388
365
358
338
332
308
302
278
272
.8 20 802 676 555 500 440 410 380 351 325 296 266
13
~
0-
~
21 787 663 544 489 431 401 372 343 318 289 260
e 22 771 649 532 478 421 392 364 335 310 282 254
£ 23 754 634 520 467 411 382 355 327 302 275 248
.~
24 737 619 507 455 400 372 346 318 294 268 241
£ 25 719 603 494 443 389 362 336 309 286 260 234
~
c
~ 26 700 587 480 430 378 351 326 300 277 252 226
"0
~
0
27 680 570 466 417 366 340 315 290 268 243 218
.,1!c 28
29
660
639
552
534
451
435
403
389
354
341
328
316
304
293
280
269
258
248
234
225
210
202
:J 30 617 515 419 374 327 303 281 258 238 216 193
- -- -- -- -- -- -- -
32 571 475 384 341 299 276 255 235 215 196 175
34 521 431 348 310 271 250 232 212 196 176 158
36 474 392 316 281 245 226 209 192 177 160 142
38 431 356 286 255 222 204 189 173 159 144 128
40 392 322 260 230 200 184 170 156 143 130 115
PROPERTIES
Depth 14 % 13Ys 13% 13% 12Ys 12 ~ 12% 12% 12% 12Ys 12%
Width 12% 12% 12% 12% 12Ys 12Ys 12% 12% 12% 12 12
Ratio rx / ry 1.79 1.78 1.77 1.76 1.76 1.76 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
Bending ~ 8 ,,; .212 .213 .214 .216 .216 .216 .216 .216 .217 .217 .217
Factors By .600 .610 .620 .631 .634 .637 .641 .642 .649 .653 .657
Loads be low heavy lines are for main members with l l r ratios between 120 and 200.

219
COLUMNS 12-10
x---' --x
I
y
\/IF SHAPES

IN KIPS
I
Nominal Depth and W idth Weight per Foot
Unbracad
Length 12 X 10 12 X 8 10 X 10
Feet
58 53 50 45 40 112 100
6 283 258 240 216 192 548 490

7 281 256 237 213 189 544 486
8 278 254 233 209 186 539 482
9 275 251 228 205 182 534 477
10 271 248 223 200 178 528 471
c 11 267 244 218 195 174 521 465

0
12 263 240 212 190 169 513 458
~ 13 258 235 205 184 163 505 451
~
"
0>
0
14 253 230 198 177 157 496 443
0
15 247 225 190 170 151 487 434
~
-c 16 241 220 182 162 144 477 425
~ 17 235 214 173 154 137 466 416
1;;
18 229 208 163 145 129 455 406
"
.!! 19 222 201 154 136 121 443 395
.s 20 214 194 142 127 113 431 383
"m
"-
0
21 206 187 132 117 104 417 371
~ 22 198 179 122 108 96 403 359
£ 23 190 171 113 100 89 389 346
.~
24 181 163 104 92 81 374 332
£0> 25 172 154 96 84 75 358 317
c
.!! 26 161 145
-C
88 78 69 341 302
~
u 27 152 136 81 71 63 324 286
~ 28 143 128 75 65 58 306 270
D
c 29 134 120 68 60 53 289 256
:::J
30 126 113 63 55 49 273 241
32 111 99 53 46 41 243 214
34 98 87 216 190
36 86 76 191 168
38 75 66 169 148
40 65 58 149 131
I
PROPERTIES
Depth 127,4 12 12}i 12 12 11% 11Y,
Width 10 10 8Y, 8 8 10% 10%
Ratio rx/ry 2.10 2.11 2.64 2.65 2.64 1.75 1.74
Bending {Bx .218 .221 .227 .227 .227 .261 .262
Factors By .797 .812 1.051 1.068 1.070 .728 .738
Loads below heavy line are for main members with Il r ratios between 120 and 200.
220
10 COLUMNS T,
I VIP SHAPES
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRIC L OADS

IN K IPS
x- ·
y
·-x
Nom inal Depth and Width Weight per Foot

Unbraced
Length 10 X 10 10 x 8
Feet
89 77 72 66 60 54 49 45 39 33
--- - -- - -- ---
6 436 377 352 323 294 264 239 217 188 159
7 432 374 349 320 291 262 237 214 185 156
8 428 370 346 317 288 259 235 210 182 153
9 424 366 342 313 285 256 232 206 178 150
10 419 362 338 309 282 253 229 202 175 147
c 11 41 3 357 333 305 278 250 226 197 170 143

0
12 407 352 328 301 274 246 222 192 166 139
~>, 13 401 346 323 296 269 242 218 186 160 135
co 14 394 340 317 290 264 237 214 180 155 130
'0 15 386 333 310 284 258 232 210 173 149 125
~
.=-c 16 378 326 303 278 252 227 205 166 143 119
.,
~ 17
18
369
360
318
310
296
289
271
264
246
240
221
215
200
194
156
150
136
129
113
107
'"
!E 19 350 301 281 257 233 209 188 142 121 100
.8 20 340 292 272 249 226 202 182 133
---
11 3 92
13
'"
0-
~
21 329 282 263 240 218 195 176 123 105 86
e 22 317 272 253 231 210 188 169 114 97 79
:5 23 305 261 243 222 202 180 162 106 90 73
'j 213 193
24 293 250 233 172 155 98 83 68
:5co 25 280 239 222 203 183 164 147 90 76 62
c --- ------- -- - --
!E 26 267 227 211 192 174 156 139 84 71 57
-c
252 214 199 181 164 146 131 77 65 53
'"
u
~
27
28 237 202 187 171 154 138 123 71 60 48
.0
c 29 224 191 176 161 145 130 116 65 55 44
:J
30 212 180 167 152 137 122 109 60 50 40
32 188 159 148 134 121 108 96 50 42 34
34 167 140 130 118 106 96 85
36 147 124 115 105 94 84 74
38 130 109 101 92 83 73 65
40 113 95 88 80 72 , 64 57
PROPERTIES
'T"
Depth lO Y, 10% 10Y2 10% 10.. lOY, 10 9%
Width 10.. 10 .. lOY, lOY, l OY, 10 10 8 8 8
Ratio rx/ry 1.73 1.73 1.72 1.72 1.72 1.71 1.71 2.17 2.16 2.16
Bending {Bx .263 .263 .264 .263 .263 .263 .264 .270 .275 .277
Factors By .744 .753 .759 .761 .765 .767 .774 .995 1.025 1.055
Loads below heavy line a re for main members with fI r ratios between 120 and 200.
...
221
r COLUMNS 8
'I \/IF SHAPES
~
IN KIPS
I
Nominal Depth and Width-We ight per Foot
Un braced
Length 8 X8 8 X 6),<2
Feet
67 58 48 40 35 31 28 24
6 324 280 232 193 169 149 132 11 3

7 320 277 229 190 167 147 129 111
8 315 273 225 187 164 145 126 108
9 310 268 221 184 161 142 122 105
10 304 263 217 180 158 139 118 101
~
0
11 298 257 212 176 154 136 114 97
12 291 251 207 172 150 132 108 93
~ 13 283 244 201 167 146 128 103
-""
0
0
~
14
15
275
266
237
229
195
189
161
155
141
136
124
120
96
90
88
83
77
'0 16 256 221 182 149 131 115 83 71
~
..:, 17 246 212 174 143 125 110 77 65
0
2'" 18 236 202 166 136 119 104 69 59

.B 19 224 192 158 129 112 98 64 54
20 212 182 149 121 105 92 58 49
""
~
0
~
21 200
186
171
159
139
129
112
105
98
91
86 52
47
44
22 79 40
"
.~
.c
C,
23
24
174
161
148
137
128
120
11 2
104
97
89
83
84
78
73
68
43
39
36
32
~
25 150 72 62 35 29
2
"0 26 139 118 96 77 67 57 31 26
"<>~ 27 129 109 89 71 62 53 28
.Q 28 120 102 82 65 57 49
~
::;) 29 111 94 76 61 52 46
30 102 87 70 56 48 42
31 95 80 64 51 44 38
32 87 73 60 47 41 35
33 81 68 54 43 37 32
34 74 62 50 40
' 35 68 57
PROPERTIES
Depth 9 8.% 8),<2 8U 8Y, 8 B!16 7%

Width 8U 8U 8Y, 8Y, 8 8 6),<2 6),<2
Ratio rx/ry 1.75 1.74 1.74 1.73 1.72 1.73 2.1 3 2.12
Bending ~ Bx .326 .328 .327 .331 .331 .333 .337 .339
Factors By .921 .937 .941 .972 .972 .991 1.244 1.261
Loads below heavy line are for main members with l fr ratios between 120 and 200.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTI ON
222
COLUMNS 0:::: P
I AMERICAN STANDARD BEAMS

IN KIPS
x-· ·-x
c:: ~
y

Un braced
Length 6x3 Ys 5 X3 4 X 2% 3 x 2%
Feet
17.25 12.5 14.75 10.0 9.5 7.7 7.5 5.7
2 82 59 70 47 45 36 35 26
3 79 56 66 45 42 34 32 " 24
4 73 54 61 41 38 30 28 21
5 66 49 54 37 33 26 23 18
6 58 44 46 32 26 22 17.2 13.4
c 7 48 38 36 26 20 16.6 12.6 9.9
0
~>- 8 38 31 28 20 15.2 12.7 9.1 7.3
-~
'"
0
"C
9
10
11
31
24
18.3
25
20
15.7
22
16.8
15.3
12.1
11.4 9.5
~ 12 12
1;;
~"
.s
<3m
0.
~
"
.~
.c
0,
c
~
"C
m
~
.0
C
::::>
,
PROPERTIES
Depth 6 6 5 5 4 4 3 3
Width 3% 3% 3% 3 2% 2% 27'2 2%
Ratio rx /ry 3.35 3.42 2.97 3.15 2.69 2.78 2.21 2.32
Bending {Bx .579 .497 .715 .593 .824 .737 1.124 .982
Factors By 3.862 3.282 4.290 3.500 4.246 3.810 4 .617 4.100
Loads below heavy line are for main members with l jr ratios between 120 and 200.
223
,I
'f
MISCELLANEOUS LIGHT
y
COLUMNS

I
IN KIPS

Unbraced
Length 8x8 6x6 6x4 5x5 4x4
Feet
*34.3 '2' \2. '20 \20 115.5 \16 \12 118.9 118.5 \16 t13 013
4 168 121 122 97 97 76 75 55 89 89 77 60 61

5 166 119 120 95 96 75 71 52 86 87 75 57 58
6 164 116 117 92 94 73 67 49 83 84 72 54 55

7 162 113 114 89 91 71 63 45 80 81 70 50 52
c 8 159 109 111 86 89 69 57 41 76 78 67 46 48
0
9 155 105 107 83 85 66 51 35 71 74 63 40 43
~ 10 151 100 103 79 82 63 44 29 66 69
--
59 ~ 37
>-
"
'0
0 11 147 95 98 74 78 60 37 25 61 65 55 30 32
"
'0 12 143 89 93 69 74 56 32 20 55 59 50 25 27
i.'! 69 53 27 17
13 138 83 88
~ 48 53 44 21 23
..
~
~
14
15
132
126 ~
68
82 58
52 ~ ~
64
43
22
19
14
11
42
37
47
41
39
35
17
15
19
~
16
-
.s
<:5 16 120 61 68 46 53 39 15 32 37 30 14
'"
0.
0 17 113 55 61 41 48 35 28 32 27
e 18 106 49 55 37 43 31 25 28 23
£ 19 9s 43 50 33 39 28 21 25 20
.~
~
20 90 39 45 29 35 25 19 21 18
0.
c
21 83 34 40 25 31 22 19 15
~ 22 76 31 36 22 28 20
'0 23 70 27 32 20 25 17
'"i.'!
~
24 65 28 22 15
"'c 25 59 25 19
:J 26 54
27 49
28 45
29 41
30 38
31 34
TT'
"
PROPERTIES
TT
Depth 8 6 6% 6
Width 8 6 6 6 6 6 4 4 5 5 5 4 4
Ratio rx/ry 1.82 1.77 1.77 1.85 1.77 1.77 .70 2.76 1.73 1.69 1.69 1.74 1.74
Bending ~ Bx .346 .467 .439 .454 .440 .457 .467 .488 .576 .548 .551 .755 .701
Factors By 1.1 36 1.466 1.316 1.54 1.341 1.444 2.2CY;; 2.451 1.76 1.5401.56 2.2452.065
*Rolled by Uaited States Steel Corp., Inland Steel Co. and The Ph I!nix Iron Co.
tROlled by Uilited States Steel Corp.
Rolled by Uaited States Steel Corp. and Bethlehem Steel Co.
°Rolled by Bethlehem Steel Co.
Loads below heavy line are for main members with l /r ratio ' between 120 and 200.
/~---------------
224
y
PLATE & ANGLE T~·I

1 II
'Ir
Wab+t"
COLUMNS x
- -. ·- x
-1L
IN KIPS
~LJ
Web Plate 16xl Ys 16xll1i
4 Ang les 8.8x l l1i 8 X8 X 1
2 Cover Plates 24x3 % 24x3 o/a 24x3V2 23x3 % 23x3~ 23x3% 23l1:3 Ys 23x3 23x3 Ys 23x3 22,3
- - - -- - - - - - --
8 4538 4436 4335 4214 4117 4019 3923 3824 3740 3642 3538
9 4529 4427 4326 4205 41 08 4010 3914 3816 3732 3634 3530
10 4519 441 8 4316 4194 4098 4000 3904 3806 3723 3825 3520
11 4508 4407 4306 4183 4087 3989 3893 3796 3713 3615 351 0
c 12 4496 4395 4294 4171 4075 3977 3882 3784 3702 3604 3498
0
13 4483 4382 4282 4157 4062 3965 3869 3771 3690 3593 3486
~>- 14 4469 4369 4268 4143 4047 3951 3855 3758 3677 3580 3473
-C>
0
~
.2
-0
15
16
17
4454
4438
4420
4354
4338
4321
4253
4237
4221
4127
4111
4093
4032
4016
3998
3935
3919
3902
3840
3824
3807
3743
3727
3711
3663
3649
3633
3566
3551
3536
3458
3442
3426
~ 18 4402 4303 4203 4074 3980 3884 3789 3693 3616 3520 3409
;;; 19 4383 4284 4185 4054 3960 3865 3770 3674 3598 3503 3390
20 4363 4264 4165 4033 3939 3844 3750 3655 3580 3485 3371
'"
2
.B 21 4341 4243 4143 4012 3918 3823 3729 3634 3561 3466 3351
"~
"-
~
~
22
23
24
4319
4295
4271
4221
4197
4173
4122
4099
4075
3988
3964
3939
3895
3871
3846
3801
3777
3753
3707
3684
3660
3612
3590
3566
3540
3519
3496
3445
3424
3402
3329
3307
3284
25 4245 4148 4051 3913 3820 3727 3635 3541 3473 3379 3260
"·3
~
26 4219 4122 4025 3886 3794 3703 3609 3515 3448 3355 3234
27 4191 4095 3998 3857 3766 3673 3582 3488 3423 3330 3207
.!!? 28 4162 4067 3970 3828 3736 3645 3554 3461 3397 3304 3180
E 29 4132 4037 3940 3796 3706 3615 3525 3432 3370 3277 3151
30 4102 4007 3911 3764 3675 3585 3494 3402 3342 3250 3122
"
2
C>
c
32
34
4037 3944 3849 3698 3610
3540
3520 3430 3339 3282 3192 3061
-0 3968 3876 3781 3627 3452 3363 3273 3219 3129 2996
36 3895 3805 371 1 3552 3466 3379 3291 3202 3152 3064 2925
"~ 38 3818 3727 3636 3473 3388 3302 3215 3127 3082 2995 2851
.c 40 3737 3647 3556 3389 3305 3221 3135 3048 3008 2921 2774
c
::>
42 3651 ,3563 3474 3301 3218 3135 3051 2965 2930 2844 2693
44 3561 3475 3387 3209 3127 3046 2963 2878 2848 2764 2608
46 3467 3383 3294 311 3 3032 2953 2871 2788 2763 2678 2516
48 3369 3287 3200 3010 2933 2855 2774 2693 2671 2590 2424
50 3267 3187 3101 2904 2829 2753 2674 2593 2578 2499 2326
I
PR O PERT IES
Wt. per Ft. 914 894 874 850 830 811 791 772 754 734 714
Depth d 24 23U 23 )1 23 )1 23Ji 23 22U 2272 22U 22)1 22)1
Width b 24 24 24 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 22
1.50
Rat io rx/ ry 1.49 1.49 1.55 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.52 1.53 1.52 1.58
Bending {Bx .148 .149 .1 50 .1 51 .153 .154 .155 .1 56 .150 .152 .153
Factors By .334 .336 .339 .354 .356 .359 .363 .366 .354 .357 .373
AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTI ON
225
i1, - - ' I
PLATE & ANGLE
T>~
I' . I
WCb+.!.II
x----
~ J1
r-X
i
d COLUMNS
1'1
-.lL
l--~~
IN KIPS
SHORT LEGS CONNECTE D TO WEB
Web Plato 15 X 1
4 Ang los 8 X 6 X 1 8x6x Y8 8 X 4 xl
2 Cover Plates 22x3% 22,3 22x2% 22x2% 22x2 % 22;.:2 'h 22x2% 22x2 % 2b2% 20)(2% 2Ox2 1,4 19x2 1A
f----'-C - 1----'- - - - - --- ---
8 3447 3354 3261 3168 3075 2982 2880 2787 2706 2592 2507 2429
9 3439 3346 3254 3161 3068 2975 2874 2781 2699 2584 2500 2422
10 3430 3338 3245 3153 3060 2967 2866 2773 2691 2577 2492 2414
11 3421 3328 3236 3144 3052 2959 2858 2765 2682 2568 2484 2405
c
0
12 3410 3318 3226 3134 3042 2949 2848 2756 2673 2559 2475 2395
:g 13 3399 3307 321 5 3123 3031 2939 2838 2747 2663 2548 2464 2384
14 3386 3295 3203 3112 3020 2928 2828 2736 2652 2537 2454 2373
>- 15 3373 3282 3190 3099 3007 2916 2817 2725 2640 2525 2442 2361
~""0
00 16 3359 3268 3176 3086 2994 2903 2804 2713 2627 2512 2429 2347
~
17 3344 3253 3162 3071 2980 2889 2791 2700 2614 2498 2416 2333
'ii 18 3328 3237 3147 3056 2966 2874 2777 2687 2600 2484 2402 2318
l' 19 3311 3221 3130 3040 2950 2859 2763 2672 2584 2469 2387 2302
1;; 20 3293 3203 311 3 3024 2934 2843 2747 2657 2568 2453 2371 2286
oS
2
B 21 3274 3185 3095 3006 2916 2826 2731 2641 2552 2436 2354 2268
22 3255 3166 3076 2988 2898 2808 2714 2625 2534 241 8 2337 2250
"'"
0
00
~
23
24
25
3234
3213
3190
3145
3124
3103
3057
3036
3014
2968
2948
2927
2879
2859
2838
2790
2771
2750
2696
2678
2659
2607
2589
2571
2515
2496
2476
2399
2380
2360
2319
2300
2280
2230
2210
21 90
Z
.~ 26 3167 3080 2992 2905 2817 2729 2639 2551 2456 2339 2259 2168
27 3143 3056 2968 2882 2794 2707 2618 2531 2434 2317 2238 2145
i 28 311 8 3031 2944 2858 2771 2684 2596 2509 2412 2294 2216 2122
~ 29 3092 3006 2919 2834 2747 2661 2573 2487 2388 2271 2193 2097
oS 30 3065 2979 2893 2808 2722 2636 2550 2464 2364 2246 2169 2072
£ 32 3008 2924 2839 2754 2670 2585 2501 2416 231 3 2195 211 9 2019
2
""c 34 2948 2865 2781 2698 2614 2530 2449 2365 2259 2140 2065 1963
36 2884 2802 271 8 2637 2554 2472 2394 2311 2203 2082 2009 1903
"'"u 38
40
2816
2745
2736
2666
2654
2586
2574
2506
2491
2426
2410
2346
2336
2274
2254
2193
2142
2078
2021 1949
1957 1885
1840
1772
l'
I
""c
:OJ 42 2670 2592 2512 2436 2357 2278 2210 2131 2011 1889 1819 1703
44 2591 2515 2437 2361 2283 2206 2141 2065 1940 1818 1750 1630
46 2509 2436 2358 2284 2209 2132 2070 1995 1868 1744 1676 1552
48 2423 2350 2274 2204 2128 2054 1997 1922 1791 1666 1600 1472
50 2333 2263 2189 21 19 2045 1972 1919 1846 1710 1585 1522 1408
PROPERTIES
WI. per Ft.

Depth d
Wid th b 22
695
mr639 621
21 )1 21 U 21
22
21%;
22 22
Ratio rx/ry 1.50 1.49 1.49 1.48 1.47
2O ~
22
Bend ing { Bx .154 .1 56 .157 .158 .1 59

Factors By .352 .355 .358 .362 .365
602
22
581
22 22
563
2071 20)1 20U 20U
21
547
524
20U
20
1.47 1.47 1.46 1.52 1.57
.160 .158 .159 .160 .157
.369 .364 .368 .383 .385
507
20
20
491
20
19
1.57 1.63
.158 .159
.389 .403
Loa ds below heavy lin e are for main members with l/ r ratios betwee n 120 and 200.
226
y
PLATE Be ANGLE
wIl!1 li~ I
'I'
--1L
COLUMNS
lx~--- [-X 1
-~-J
IN KIPS
SHORT LEGS CONNECTED TO WEB
Web Plata 14 X 1 14 X 1 Yo 14 x ~ 14x l ;{S

4 An gles 8 X 4 xl 8x4x Ys 3x4xYs 8x4x Ys
2 Cover Plates 19",2 % 18x2 1J! 18x2 Y4 lS)(2 'n1 17)(2 1,4 17x2 17)(1 % 17xl % 17xllh 17xl %
- - - - ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ----
8 2413 2334 2278 2202 21 12 1969 1826 1771 1698 1627

9 2405 2327 2271 2195 2104 1962 1819 1764 1692 1621
10 2397 2318 2263 2187 2096 1954 1812 1757 1685 1614
c 11 2388 2309 2253 2178 2087 1945 1804 1749 1677 1606
a
12 2379 2299 2243 2168 2077 1936 1795 1740 1669 1598
~>, 13 2368 2287 2232 2158 2066 1926 1785 1731 1660 1589
0 14 2357 2275 2221 2146 2054 1915 1774 1720 1650 1579
'0 15 2344 2263 2208 2134 2042 1903 1763 1709 1639 1569
~
.=
"0 16 2331 2249 2194 2120 2028 1890 1751 1697 1627 1558
~ 17 2317 2234 2180 2106 2014 1876 1738 1684 1615 1546
t> 18 2303 2218 2164 2091 1999 1862 1725 1671 1602 1533
'"
~
19
20
2287
2270
2202
2184
2148
2131
2076
2059
1982
1965
1847
1830
1710
1695
1657
1642
1588
1574
1520
1506
.8
"
~
Co
00
21
22
2253
2235
2166
2147
2113
2094
2041
2023
1947
1929
1814
1796
1679
1662
1626
1610
1559
1543
1491
1476
e 23 2216 2127 2074 2004 1909 1777 1645 1593 1526 1459
Z 24 2196 2106 2054 1984 1889 1758 1627 1575 1509 1442
.~ 25 2175 2083 2032 1963 1867 1738 1608 1556 1491 1425
i 2060 2010 1941 1845 1717 1407
~ 26 2154 1588 1536 1472
c 27 2132 2037 1987 1918 1822 1695 1567 1516 1452 1388
28 2108 2013 1963 1895 1798 1672 1546 1495 1432 1368
£
0
29 2084 1987 1938 1870 1773 1849 1523 1473 1411 1347
c 30 2059 1960 1912 1845 1747 1624 1500 1451 1389 1326
~
"0
~
0 32 2006 1905 1858 1792 1693 1573 1452 1403 1343 1281
~ 34 1951 1846 1801 1736 1636 1519 1401 1353 1293 1234
I>
c 36 1892 1784 1738 1676 1575 1461 1346 1299 1242 1184
::> 38 1830 1717 1673 1612 1510 1400 1289 1242 1188 11 30
40 1763 1648 1605 1546 1442 1336 1228 1183 1130 1074
42 1694 1574 1533 1476 1370 1268 1164 1120 1069 1015
44 1622 1498 1458 1402 1295 1197 1097 1052 1002 951
PROPERTIES
Wt. per Ft.

Depth d
Width b
Ratio rx/ ry
Bending {Bx
488
19
19
1.53
.170
473
19
18
1.59
.172
461
19
18
1.60
.171
·<or
18 3 ;i
18
1.59
.172
19
17
1.68
.168
399
18Ys
17
1.65
.170
371
18
17
1.63
.173
359
17')4
17
1.62
.175
345
17Ys
17
1.61
.176
330
17 ~
17
1.60
.178
Factors By .400 .414 .416 .420 .422 .428 .435 .441 .446 .451
Loads below heavy lin e are for main members with l /r ratios between 120 and 200.
227
y
T --,
Wrr- ~
~
W
H\---x
II PLATE
COLUMNS
ALLOWABLE CON CEN TRIC
& ANGLE
LOADS
I,r
---1L
y
i IN KIPS
f<-b~
SHOR T LEGS CON N ECTED TO WEe
Web Plate 14 x 1Yt6 14 X ~ 14 x lM'G 14 x %

4 Angles 8x4x Ys 8x4)(% 7x4x % 7 x4x%; 7x4 x .% 7x4x %
2 Cover Plates 17xP,4 17x1 % 16xlIA 16)(1 16)(1 16xYs 16xl~e 16)(% 16x 1 1A, 16x %
7 1561 1489 1415 1307 1228 1161 1127 1079 1045 997
8 1555 1484 1410 1301 1223 1156 1122 1074 1041 992
9 1549 1478 1404 1295 1217 1150 1117 1069 1035 987
10 1543 1472 1398 1298 1211 1144 1111 1063 1029 982
c
0 11 1535 1465 1390 1280 1203 1137 1104 1056 1023 975
~>- 12 1527 1457 1382 1272 1195 1129 1096 1049 1016 968
0 13 1519 1448 1374 1263 1187 1121 1088 1041 1008 961
'0 14 1509 1439 1365 1254 1178 1112 1079 1033 1000 953
00
~ 15 1499 1429 1355 1242 1168 1102 1070 1024 991 944
"0
~ 16 1489 1419 1344 1231 11 57 1092 1059 1014 981 935
1;; 1146 1081
17 1477 1408 1333 1219 1048 1003 971 925
"
.!? 18 1465 1396 1321 1206 1134 1069 1037 992 960 914
S 19 1452 1383 1308 1193 1121 1057 1025 980 948 903
t>
~ 20 1438 1370 1295 1178 1108 1044 101 2 968 936 892
~
00
~ 21 1424 1356 1281 1163 1093 1030 998 955 923 879
"i
.~
22
23
24
1409
1393
1377
1342
1327
1311
1266
1250
1234
1148
11 31
1114
1079
1063
1047
1016
1001
985
984
970
954
942
927
912
910
896
881
866
853
839
~ 25 1360 1294 1217 1096 1030 969 938 897 866 824
.:
,,- 26 1342 1277 1200
1182
1077
1058
1013
995
952
934
921 881 850 809
0
c 27 1323 1259 904 864 834 793
~ 28 1304 1241 11 63 1038 976 916 886 847 817 776
"0 1143 1017 956 897
~ 29 1284 1222 867 829 799 759
"e 30 1264 1202 1123 996 936 877 848 810 780 741
"'::Jc 32 1220 1160 1080 950 893 836 807 770 741 704
34 1174 1115 1035 902 848 792 764 729 700 664
36 1126 1068 987 851 800 745 717 685 657 623
---
38
40
1074
1019
101 8
966
936
883
---797
738
749
693
---696
642
667
616
636
587
608
561
576
531
PR OPERTIES
Wt. per Ft. 316 301 287 265 249 236 229 219 212 202
Depth d 17 16U 17 16Y, 16Y, 16,. 16)1 16 15Ys 15U
W id t h b 17 17 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
Ratio rx/ry 1.60 1.59 1.67 1.74 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75
Bending {Bx .180 .181 .178 .1 84 .181 .184 .1 85 .185 .186 .186
Factors By .457 .464 .466 .538 .538 .552 .559 .563 .573 .578
Loads below heavy line are for m a in members w ith lf r ratios between 120 and 200.
228
~
PLATE & ANGLE wI.!!, i~J

ilF
-1L
COLUMNS
r~·~ lrL I
IN KIPS
l-LJ
Web Plute 14x?i'6 14x% 14x% 14 X Y2 14x% 14xYz 14x % 14xYz
4 Angles 7,,4x % 7x4:<. % 7:<.4x% 7 x4 x % 7x4 x~6 7:<4 ... % 7... 4 ... % 7xfx % 7x4x %
2 Cover Plates 16 x ~16 16 x % 16 X ~6 16 X V2 15x )16 15 x % 15 x %
7 949 915 867 819 770 738 697 678 629 600 548
8 944 912 863 815 766 734 694 674 625 596 545
9 939 907 859 811 762 730 690 670 621 592 541
10 934 901 854 806 757 725 685 665 616 588 536
c
0 11 928 895 848 801 751 720 680 659 611 583 531
~ 12 921 889 842 795 745 714 674 653 605 577 526
~
"
0>
0
13
14
914
906
882
875
835
828
789
782
739
732
708
701
668
662
647
639
598
591
571
565
520
513
~
~ 15 898 867 821 775 724 693 655 632 584 557 506
-0
e 16 889 858 813 767 716 685 647 624 576 550 499
;; 17 879 849 804 759 707 677 639 615 568 542 491
~" 18 869 839 794 750 698 668 631 606 559 534 483
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~
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£ 22 823 795 752 710 657 627 592 563 518 495 445
.~
23 810 783 740 698 645 616 581 552 506 484 435
m 24 796 770 728 686 632 603 569 539 494 473 424
25 782 756 715 674 620 591 557 526 481 461 412
'"c' 26 768 742 701 661 606 578 545 513 468 449 400
£0> 27 752 728 687 648 593 564 532 499 454 436 387
c
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-0 29 720 697 658 619 563 535 505 469 425 409 361
m
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"
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c
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34 629 610 575 540 481 455 428 385 - 343 332 287
36 588 571 538 505 443 41 8 392 350 312 302 260
38 553 529 497 465 405 380 358 319 283 275 235
40 527 488 458 431 371 356 328 290 256 249 212
PROPERTIES
Wt. per Ft. 192 186 176 166 157 150 142 139 128 123 112
Depth d 15% 15% 15% 15Y, 15Y, 15)i 15)i 14Yz 14Yz 14% 14Y,
Widt h b 16 16 16 16 15 15 15 14% 14Y, 14% 14 71
Ratio rx / ry1-75 1-76 1.76 1-77 1.83 1.84 1.84 1.84 1.87 1.88 1.91
Bending ~ Bx .186 .183 .183 .183 .186 .188 .1 87 .1 98 .203 .197 .204
Factors By .585 .579 .585 .592 .610 .624 .627 .669 .710 .690 .746
Loads below heavy line are f or main members w ith l/r ratios between 120 and 200.
229
01.1:
y
r-I---Jr PLATE & ANGLE /
J~
COLUMNS
LL~ IN KIPS
Web Plate 14 X % 14 X §{6
4 Angles 7x4x!l~ 17)(4)(1/':1 6x4x':/2.... 6x4x~5: 5)(3':12)( Y2 5:..3%)(116 5)(3'/2)( % 4x3x ).<i6 4)(3 )(% 4)(3x % 4)(3x 11:6
- - - - -- --- --- - -- ---- - - -- - - -
7 478 437 400 362 345 314 282 262 237 224 198
8 475 434 396 358 340 309 277 256 230 218 193
9 472 431 391 354 334 303 272 248 223 211 186
10 468 427 387 349 328 297 266 239 215 204 179
c 11 463 423 381 344 321 291 260 230 206 195 171
0
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~>, 13 454 414 369 333 305 275 246 208 185 176 153
a 14 448 408 362 326 296 267 238 196 173 166 143
~
0 15 442 403 355 319 286 258 229 183 161 154 132
00
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~ 17 429 390 338 304 265 237 209 ----r53 134 128 108
<;; 18 422 384 329 295 253 226 199 140 121 116 98
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20 406 369 310 277 228 202 176 115 99 96 80
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24 370 335 265 234 172 150 129 76 65 63 51
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c 27 338 305 224 197 137 119 102
28 327 295 211 185 127 110 94
oSa 29 315 284 199 174 118 101 86
c 30 303 272 187 164 109 93 79
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32 276 247 166 144 92 79 66
D
c 33 263 235 156 135 85 72 61
::> 34 250 224 146 127 78 67
35 238 213 137 119 72
36 227 202 129 111

38 205 183 113 97
40 185 165 99 84
,
PROPERTIES
Wt. per Ft. 97.9 89.5 82.7 75.1 72.3 65.9 59.5 57.1 51.9 48.9 43.7
Depth d 14Y, 14Y2 14Y, 14Yz 14Yz 14Yz 14Y, 14}-2 14 71 14Yz 14Yz
Width b 14% 14% 12% 12% 10% 10% 10% 8% 8% 8§{ij 8§{ij
Ratio rx / ry 1.94 1.96 2.31 2.35 2.81 2.86 2.91 3.63 3.69 3.70 3.77
Bending {Bx .198 .200 .205 .207 .207 .209 .212 .212 .216 .210 .215
Factors By .736 .756 .939 .978 1.165 1.222 1.283 1.608 1.705 1.635 1.745
Loads below heavy line are for main members with l f r ratios between 120 and 200.
AMERIC:AN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
230
y
PLATE & ANGLE

T~I
Il-.JL r COLUMNS
l' .-xII
Web .... .!."
x-· ~
IN KIPS
L~ b~
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4 Angles 6x4x% 6x4x % 6x4x% 6x4x % 6x4J: % 6x4x~6 6x4x % 6x4x~, 6x4x%; 6x4x%
--- --- --- ---
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-- ---
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c 11 907 837 760 694 629 566 465 429 406 370
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0 14 876 809 733 669 605 544 443 408 387 352
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~ 17 838 773 701 639 576 517 416 382 363 330
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2 20 793 731 652 602 542 484 383 351 334 303
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740
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647
632
588
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529
515
501
473
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371
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346
340
328
315
324
313
301
293
283
272
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£ 24 721 664 600 544 486 433 332 302 289 261
.~ 25 701 645 582 528 471 419 318 288 276 249
i 26 680 626 564 511 455 404 303 274 283 237
.l" 27 658 606 546 493 438 389 286 258 248 223
c
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£" 29 613 . 564 506 456 403 356 255 230 222 198
0
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35 462 424 379 339 296 259 178 159 155 137
36 439 403 360 322 281 245 168 150 145 129
38 397 364 325 289 252 220 148 132 128 113
40 358 328 292 260 226 196 130 115 112 99
PROPERTIES
Wt. per Ft. 191 177 161 147 134 120 100 92.8 87.7 BO.l
Depth d 14 14 13% 13% 13)i 13Ys 12% 12%. 12>--2 12%
Width b 13 13 13 13 13 13 12Yz 12% 12% 12%
Ratio rX /fy 1.79 1.82 1.82 1.82 1.83 1.84 1.89 1.92 1.92 1.94
Bending ~ 8x .225 .223 .222 .224 .227 .228 .248 .249 .242 .243
Factors By .677 .682 .694 .715 .741 .766 .892 .917 .887 .910
Loads below heavy line are for ma in members with l /r ratios between 120 and 200.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CON S T RUCTION
231
y
T'------o ,---oJ PLATE & ANGLE

WT'~'~· ! --x
i
d
I
COLUMNS III
...JL
~~--J IN KIPS
Web Plate 12x% I 12x§{6 110 X Yz I 10 X %i

4 Angles 6x4xU6 6x4x o/s 5x3V2X:16 5x31M.Yl6 5)(31;1)(% 4x3)(U6 4)(3)( % 4x3xM6 5X3!j2X % 5x3!jlX % 5x3t;2x,/z
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
2 Cover Plates 11 )( 1\16 11 X ,*6 11 x ~6
-- - - -- - -- - - - - -- -- -- - -
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8 346 309 298 286 255 234 209 184 651 595 535
9 342 305 293 282 250 228 203 178 644 589 529
10 338 301 287 276 245 221 196 172 637 581 523
c
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:g 12 328 292 274 264 234 204 181 157 619 565 508
"'" 13
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316
286
281
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259
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250
228
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194
184
172
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500
490
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-;;; 17 295 261 231 224 197 148 128 107 561 510 459
oS 18 287 254 221 215 188 135 116 97 547 496 447
!! 19 279 246 210 205 178 123 106 88 532 482 435
.s 20 270 238 199 194 -168
-- 112 96 80 516 467 421
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e 22 251 220 173 170 146 93 79 65 482 436 393
£ 23 241 211 161 158 135 84 71 58 464 419 378
.~ 24 230 201 149 147 126 76 64 52 445 401 362
25 219 191 139 137 117 68 58 47 425 382 345
--- ---
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.~
,5
26
27
28
207
195
184
179
169
159
129
119
110
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109
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382
361
362
342
322
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308
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-0
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144
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80
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72
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253
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.c 32 230
c 33 135 116 74 73 61 268 238 216
::::J 34 127 108 68 68 56 252 223 203
35 119 101 62 62 237 209 190
36 111 95 223 197 179
38 98 83 196 173 157
f' ".
40 85 72 173 151 138
I
PROPERTIES
WI. per Ft.

Depth d
no
12Yz M' ~.;
1271 12;1 1272 12% 12Yz % . . . . .,
12Yz ~"136 124
12% 11Ys 11% 11%
111
I
Width b 12% 12% 10 38 10§{6 10~6 8VtG 8Yt6 8Yt6 11 11 11
Ratio rx / ry 1-98 2.01 2.41 2.40 2.44 3.05 3.10 3.17 1.81 1-81 1-82
Bending Bx
Factors By
1 .244 .246 .245 .239 .242 .241 .244 .249
.945 .983 1.174 1.141 1-188 1.492 1-564 1-660 .794
.263 .266 .259
.816 .814
Loads below heavy line are for main members w ith / j r ratios between 120 and 200.
232
y
.1 =---- II
PLATE ANGLE
F
&
wI!.!'x 1M
--'I
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COLUMNS
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IN KIPS
SHORT L EGS CONNECTED TO W EB
Web Plate 10 X % 10 X ~6 10 X 34
4 Angles 5x3Y2X 12
-- -- -- -- -- -- - 4x3.*_
5x 3 112 lC. % 5x3 1hlllj2 5x3V2X~6 5X3'12X% 4x3x~6 4)(3. %
- --
4x3x V.
2 Cover Plates 11 x M6 11 X ~6
- --- - - -- -- - - - - - - --
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8 479 433 378 308 277 236 217 192 167 141
9 474 428 372 303 272 232 211 187 162 137
10 468 422 366 298 267 228 205 181 157 132
c 461 416 359 292 262 223 198 174 151 127
0 11
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~,., 12
13
454
446
409
402
352
344
285
279 250 212 182 160
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115
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'0 15 428 385 326 263 235 200 163 143 122 101
~
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20 373 332 269 215 190 161 109 93 78 62
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319
306
256
242
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192
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168 141
152 99
90
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77
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5 24 318 279 211 166 145 123 75 64 53 42
-~
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.!" 26 285 247 185 145 126 106 61 52 42 33

c 27 269 233 172 134 117 99 55 47 38
£ 28 253 219 160 125 108 91 50 42
29 238 205 149 11 6 100 85
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21 1
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139
129
108
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.cc 33 186 159 111 86 73
68
62
57
34 174 148 103 79
:J 62 52
35 163 139 96 73
36 153 130 88 , 67 57
37 143 121 81
38 134 113
40 117 98
I
PROPERTIES
WI. per Ft. 99.9 90.5 SO.O 65.0 58.6 50.1 47.7 42.5 37.3 31.7
Depth d 11 % 11 Y, lOY. lOY. lOY. l OY. l OY. lOY. lO Y. 10}1
Width b 11 11 10% 10 ~ 10h". 10~ 874' 87£ 8~ 8~
Ratio rx / ry 1.83 1.83 1.87 1.93 1.96 1.99 2.49 2.53 2.58 2.63
Bending ~ Bx .262 .269 .298 .292 .292 .287 .286 .287 .291 .297
Factors By .843 .893 1.028 1.064 1.101 1.111 1.393 1.447 1.513 1.611
Loads below h~avy line are fo r main members with Ifr ratios betwee n 120 and 200.
233
T
~p
PLATE 8< ANGLE
r~-'-] COLUMNS
J~
LLJ IN KIPS
SHORT LEG S CONNECTED TO WEB
Wob Plata 8 X% 8 X ~6 8 X li
4 Angles 4 x 3x % 4x3x lj2 4x3l1:M6 4x3x ~8 4x3x~, 4 x3x 1A 3x2':4.x~6 3x2 lj2 "' 1,4
5 312 263 230 204 170 143 134 114
6 307 259 226 200 167 141 130 110

7 302 254 222 197 164 138 125 106
c 8 296 249 217 192 160 135 119 100
0
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10 282 236 205 181 151 126 105 87
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15 232 192 165 144 119 98 60 48
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£ 18 192 156 133 115 94 76 40 31
'3 19 177 143 122 104 86 69 35 27
.i 20 162 131 111 96 78 63 30
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o5- 22 137
a 110 92 79 64 52
c 23 126 101 84 72 58 47
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.c
c
=> 26 96 76 63 53 43 34
27 87 69 57 48 39 31
28 79 62 51 43 35
29 72 56 46
30 65
PROPERTIES
Wt. per Foot 64.6 54.6 47.7 42.5 35.6 30.0 29.2 24.8
Depth d 8~ 872 8~ 8~ 8~ 8~ 8~ 8~
Width b 8% 8% 8~ 8%i 8li 8li 6Ji 6)4
Rat io rx/ ry 1.82 1.89 1.94 1.96 2.00 2.04 2.67 2.73
Bend ing {Bx .385 .382 .375 .376 .371 .374 .384 .390
Factors By 1.263 1.337 1.370 1.421 1.442 1.525 2.054 2.196
Loads below heavy line are for main members with Ifr ratios between 120 and 200.
AM ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
234
SINGLE AND DOUBLE ANGLE STRUTS

Allowable loads on single-angle struts are not tabulated in this Manual because it
is virtually impossible to load such struts concentrically; it could in theory be accom-
plished by milling the ends of an angle and loading it through bearing plates ; in practice
the actual eccentricity of loading is relatively large, and its neglect in design may lead
to considerable danger. .
A satisfactorily approximate procedure is to compute the bending stress from the
actual eccentricity as scaled from a sketch, locating the center of gravity and the diagonal
(principal) axes of the angle by the right-hand columns in the tables of Properties of
Angles, pages 34 to 37. and placing the applied forces at the centers of the rivets, bolts
or welds; and then to apply the Specification rule for combined axial and bending stress
(Sect. 12(a) ). as exemplified on page 208.
In designing struts of two angles connected to opposite faces of a gusset plate, it
is customary to neglect any eccentricity between the rivet gage line and the gravity
axis of the strut. This has been done in the following tables of "Allowable Concentric
Loads on Double-Angle Struts".
These tables have been cast in a form believed to be new. Each angle size is
tabulated on a different set of lengths than its neighbors, in order (1) to locate more
precisely the length at which ll r = 120 and 200, and (2) to facilitate accurate inter-
polation for lengths which the page size forbids tabulating. A dash line indicates
the greatest center to center length in feet for which ll r is not over 120; and a solid
line, 200. An experienced designer will, in interpolating, recall that the curve of unit
stress is convex upward for ll r = 0 to 120, and convex downward thereafter.
The Institute will appreciate comment upon these tables, after they have been in
use over a trial period.
Tabulated capacities for struts with llr over 120 are applicable to bracing and
secondary members only (Specification Section 16(a» . For such struts used as main
members, the tabulated loads must be reduced as illustrated on Page 210 (Specification
Section 16(b) ).
The tabulated capacities of double-angle struts, referred to the Y-Y axis, assume
gussets %/1 thick. The effect on ll r of varying the gusset thickness is slight. If .r2/1
gussets are used, it is sufficiently accurate to increase the tabulated capacity on the
y - Y axis, when the length exceeds 10 feet, by the arbitrary fraction
length in ft.-l0
2000
T ransverse to the plane of a gusset plate the actual fixation of a strut is frequently
less than the column formula, on which the strut tables are based, presumes : and for such
construction the tabulated safe loads should be regarded as ideal limits and should be
reduced in practice.
The tabulated properties of two angles, on pages 123 to 127, will be found useful
when designing struts of this type in accordance with any particular conception of the
loading conditions.
Unit stresses for all types of compression members under concentric load, are
tabulated on page 209.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL C ONS TRU C TION

235
-,r
y
DOUBLE-ANGLE
I
x 1f-x STRUTS
~I~%"
y
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRIC
LOADS IN KIPS
r" 2.421 2.44 2.49 2 .50 2 .50 1.80 1.81 1.83 1.84 1.85 1.86 1.87 1.88
ryy 3.55 3.53 2.45r
3.51 .49 3.47 3.46 3.45 2.72 2.70 2.68 2.66 2.65 2.64 2.63 2.62
Wt.2l.t 11 3.8102.0 90.0 77.8 65.4 59.2 52.8 74.8 66.2 57.4 48.4 43.8 39.2 34.4 29.8
Area 2 11 33.46 30.00 26.46 22.88 19.22 17.36 15.50 22.00 19.46 16.88 14.22 12.86 11 .60 10.12 8.72
Size 8 X8 6 X6
Thickness lYs 1 Ys I l4 % % J1 1 Ys l4 % % J1 %; 'Vs
0 569 510 450
389 327 295 264 0 374 331 287 242 219 195 172 148
10 529 475 419
363 305 276 246 8 344 304 264 223 202 181 159 137
14 491 441 389
338 284 257 230 10 327 289 252 212 192 172 152 131
18 440 396 350
304 257 232 207 12 306 271 236 200 181 162 143 123
22 376 340 301
262 222 201 180 14 281 249 218 184 167 150 132 114
><, 23 358 324 287 251 212 192 172 16 253 225 197 167 152 136 120 104
><
~
24 339
--- --- 307 272 238 202 183
--- --
-
164 18 220
~~~- ~~3_ 147 134 120 106
-c_-
92
X 25 324 293 260 226 192 174 155 22 180 160 140 120 109 97 87 75
«
28 290 263 233 203
---
172 156
---
140 26 148 132 116 99 90 81 71 62
32 251 227 202 176 149 135 121 30 123 110 96 82 74 67 60 51
--
f-
w 36
w 218 197 175 153 129 118 105 31 - C -- -- 64 57 49
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~
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1-
91
r 41 129 109 99 88 0 374 331 287 242 219 195 172 148
- f-
e lO 353 312 271 228 206 184 161 139
z 0 569 510 450 389 327 295 264 12 344 304 263 222 200 179 157 135
w
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C
10 550 493 435 376 316 285 254 14 333
294 255 214 193 173 152 131
w 15 527 472 416 359 302 272 243 16 321
283 245 206 186 166 146 126
f-
•
0 20 495 443 390 336 282 254 227 18 307
270 234 196 177 158 138 11 9
•• 25· 453 405 356 307 257 232 207 20 291
256 221 186 166 149 131 11 3
•"z 30 402 359 315 271 226 204 182 22 273
241 208 174 157 140 122 105
>-,
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--- 24 254
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35 341 304 .3~6_ 228 191 172 153 26 234 205 ~~~ 147 132 118 103 88
•X 40 298 266 234 200 167 151 134 27 223 195 168 140 126 11 3 99 85
«
45 263 235 206 177 147 133 118 30
--- ---
200 176 152 127 114 102 89 77
50 233 208 182 156 130 117 104 34 176 154 133 111 100 89 78 67
55 206 184 161 138 115 103 92 38 154 135 116 97 87 78 68 58
56 201 179 157 135 112 100 90 42 136 120 102 85 77 68 60 51
57 196 175 153 131 110 98 87 43 132 116 99 83 74
58 171 149 128
-- -- -- 66 58 50
----
59
192
188
-- - I-
44 128
45 124
11 2 96 80
108
72
- - ------ 64
Loads below horizontal dashed lines are for /Jr greater than 120, and apply only to bracing
and secondary members. For main m embers they must be reduced (A. I. S. C. Spec. Sect .
16 (b»; see Example 2 on page 210.

236
y
DOUBLE-ANGLE
STRUTS I
~I ~ -X
II ALLOWABLE CONCEN TRIC
x
~I~l\"
y •
LOADS IN KIPS
r"1.49 1.51 1.52 1. 5411.55 1.56 1.19 1.2~1.22 1.24 1.25 1.06 1.07 1.07 1.08 1.09
2.31 2.28 2.26 2.23("22 2.21
ryY 1.88 1.861.83 1.1"23
1.8 1.81 1.80 1.79 1.64 1.62 1.61 1.60 1.59
Wt.2 1! 54.4 47.2 40.0 32.428.6 24.6 37.0 31~25.6 22.619.6 16.4 13.2 22.2 19.6 17.0 14.4 11.6
Area 2 l.! 15.96 13.88 11 .72 9.50 8.36 7.2 10.88 9. 7.50 6.6 5.72 4.80 3.88 6.50 5.74 4.96 4.18 3.38
Size 5 X 5 4 X4 3% X 3%
~ ii % J.> ~G
I ~ Fa 110
Thickness Ys % J.> li6 % J{, % J.> li6 % ~ ~
o 271
236 199 161 142 123 o 185 15 12711 2 97 82 66 97 84 71 57
6 253 221 186 151 133 11 5 4 176 150 122108 93 78 63 2 109 96 83 70 57
8 239 209 177 144 127 110 6 166 141 11510:; 88 74 60 4 104 92 79 67 54
10 221 193 164 134 11 8 102 8 151 12 105 93 80 68 55 6 96 85 73 62 50
X, 12 199 175 148 121 107 9310 131 11: 92 8: 71 60 49 8 85 75 65 55 45
X 14 173 153 130 107 95 82 11 120 10 85 75 65 55 45 10 70 62 54 46 38
~
---
15 159 140 120 98 87 7612 108 92 77 6 59 50 41
- -- - --- --
X
•
---
18 132 117
--- ---
99
---
82 72
--63 14 93 - 51 -- --- --
51 43 35
12
14
58 51 45 38 31
49 43 38 32 26
r
21 110 98 84 69 61 53 16 81 5( 44 37 30 16 41 37 32 27 22
f- 24 94 82 71 58 51 45 18 69 59 49 44 38 32 26 17 38 34 30 25 21
~ 25 78 67 55 49 42 19 64 5 46 41 35 30 24 18
- - - 23
19
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o 271 236 199 161 142 123 o 185 157 127 11, 97 82 66 o 110 97 84 71 57
zw 6264 229 193 157 138 119 6 177 15( 122 107 93 78 63 6 104 92 80 67 54
.J
c 8258 224 189 153 135 116 8 171 145 117 103 89 75 61 8 100 88 76 63 51
w 10 250 217 183 148 131 113 10 163 138 112 9, 85 71 58 10 93 82 71 59 48
f-
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0 12241 209 176 142 125 108 12 154 130 105 9, 80 67 54 12 86 75 65 54 44
14 230 199 168 135 119 103 14 143 120 97 8~ 73 61 49 14 77 67 58 48 39
>-,
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---
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161
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104 90 16
95 82 17
130 109
123 103
87
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7€ 66
72 62
55
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16
18
67 58 50 42 34
--45- ---
20 188 60 52 37 30
X
• 22 170 146 122 97 85 73 18 115 96 77 6
-:'-~~-
48 39 120 53 47 40 33 27
23 161 138 116 92 81 69 20 103 - 86 69 61 52 43 35 22 48 42 36 30 24
25 148 128 107 85 75 64 22 94 78 63 55 47 39 32 24 43 37 32 27 21
28 131 114 95 76 66 57 24 85 71 57 5 43 36 29 26 39 34 29 24 19
31 1-1 8 101 85 67 59 51 26 77 65 52 4 39 32 26 27 ...E 32
- - -
34 105 90 75 60 53 45 28 71 59 47 41 35 29 24
37 94 80 67 53 47 ~ 29 67 56 45 39 33 28 ..E.
38 91 78 30 64 54 43 3 32 27
Loads below horizontal dashed lines are for l~ g reater than 120, and apply on ly to bracing
and secondary members. For main members t ey must be red uced CA. I. S . C. Spec . Sect.
16 (b»; see Exam ple 2 on page 210.
AMERICAN INS TITUTE OF STEEL. CONSTRUCTION

237
y
DOUBLE-ANGLE
x9F x I
STRUTS
ir
~I~%" y
LOADS IN KIPS
r" .90 .91 .91 .92 .93 .9 .74 .75 .76 .77 .78 .59 .60 .61 .62 .63
ryy 1.43 1.42 1.41 1.40 1.38 1.38 1.24 1.21 1.20 1.1 9 1.1 8 1.02 1.00 .99 .98 .97
Wt.2l!. 18.8 16.6 14.4 12.2 9.8 7.4 15.4 11 .8 10.0 8.2 6.1 9.4 7.8 6.4 4.9 3.3
Area 2 l!. 5.50 4.86 4.22 3.56 2.882.18 4.50 3.46 2.94 2.38 1.80 2.72 2.30 1.88 1.42 .96
Size 3 X3 2hi x 2hi 2 X2
Thickness Ys ~<r, ~ % hi Y, l{, ~ l{, Y, I ~i6 ~ % Y,
hi '" = = -- - -
93 0 83 72 60 49 37 0 76 59 50 40 31 0 46 39 32 24 16
92 2 81 70 59 48 36 2 74 57 49 39 30 2 44 37 31 23 16
86 4 77 66 56 45 34 3 71 55 47 38 29 3 41 35 29 22 15
82 5 72 63 53 43 33 4 67 52 44 36 27 4 37 32 26 20 14
76 6 68 59 50 41 31 5 62 48 41 33 25 5 32 28 23 18 12
>< ---
X 70 7 63 54 46 38 28 6 56 43 37 30 23 6 27 23 19 15 10
r--
7 23 20 16 13 8.7
~
X
63
55
8
9
56 49 42
49 43 37
34
30
26
23
---
7 48 38 33 26 20
--- --- - ----
8 42 32 28 23 18 8 20 17 14 11 7.5
<
- --
50 10
-45-- -39-- -33-- ---
27 20 9 37 29 25 20 16 9 17 15 12 10 6.5
, 41 12 37 32 27 22 17 10 33 26 22 18 14 10
-
13 11 8.3 5.7
w 14 34 30 26 23 18 14 11 29 23 20 16 12
w
"
- z 15 31
- ~
27 24 21 17 13 12 26 20 18 14 11
13
- - - - 10
"0
f-
0 93 83 72 60 49 37
z 2 93 82 71 60 49 37 0 76 59 50 40 31 0 46 39 32 24 16
w
"0w 4 91 80 69 58 47 36 2 76 58 49 40 30 2 45 39 31 24 16
f- 6 87 76 66 56 45 34 4 73 56 48 39 29 4 43 37 30 23 15
"•0 8 82 72 62 52 42 32 6 69 53 45 36 27 5 42 35 29 22 15
•0 9 78 69 60 50 40 30 7 66 51 43 35 26 6 40 33 27 20 14
>-, •z 10 75 66 57 48 38 29 8 63 48 41 33 25 7 37 31 25 19 13
0
>- 11 71 62 54 45 36 27 9 60 45 39 30 23 8 35 29 23 17 12
•X 12
13
67
62
68 50 42 34 25
54 47 39 31 23
10
11
56
52
42
39
36
33
29
27
22
20
9
10
32 26
28 23
-
21
--
19
-14-- - 10
16
9.3
_.
<
14 57
--- --
50 43 36 28 21
--- 12 47 35 29 24
-18 -- 11
--- - --
26 21 17 13 8.5
15
---
53
--- -- -
46 40 34 27 20 13 43
---
32
---
27 21 16 12 23 19 16 12 7.8
16 50 43 37 32 25 18 14 40 30 25 20 15 13 21 17 14 11 7.1
18 44 38 33 28 22 16 15 37 28 23 18 14 14 20 16 13 9.7 6.5
20 39 34 29 25 19 14 17 32 24 20 16 12 15 18 15 12 8.9 5.9
22 34 30 26 22 17 13 19 28 21 18 14 10 16 16 14 11 8.2 5.4
23 33 28 24 20 16
- 20 26 20 16 - 1- 17 15
- - - -
Loads belo w horizontal dashed lines are for l lr greater th a n 120, and apply only to bracing
a nd second ary members. For main members t hey must be reduced (A. I. S. C. Spec. Sect.
16 (b) ) ; see Exampl e 2 on page 210.
AMERICAN INS TITUTE OF STEE L CONSTRUCTION

238
y
DOUBLE-ANGLE
1
X~-X
T STRUTS
LOADS IN KIPS
-11,-%"
y
'n 2.84 2.86 2.88 2.90 2.91 2.92 2.492.51 2.53 2.54 2.56 2'5~ 2.52 2.53 2.55 2.57 2.59 2.60
'yy 1.55 1.52 1.50 1.47 1.46 1.45 2.522.50 2.48 2.462.44 2.43 1.61 1.58 1.55 1.53 1.51 1.49
V.Jt. 2 I! 81.6 72.2 62.6 52.6 47.6 42.6 88.478.2 67.6 57.046.040. 74.8 66.2 57.4 48.4 39.2 34.4
Area 2 t! 24.00 21.22 18.38 15.46 14.00 12.50 26.00 22.96 19.88 l6.n 13.50 11.86 22.00 19.46 16.88 14.22 11.50 10.12
SUo 9 x 4 8 x 6 8 x 4
Thickness 1 Ys 1i % % Yz
-Fe=; - -
1 Ys %: % Yz <16 11 Ys -% % Yz -~
0 408
~ ===
361 312 263 238
213 0442 390 338 284 230 20211Qf3]4 331
- -- -
287 242 195 172
10 387 342 297 250 227 202 10 413 365 316 266 215 189 10350 310 269 227 184 162
12 378 335 290 244 221 198 12400 354 1
307 258 209 18412339300 261 220 178 157
14 367 325 282 238 215 192 15376 333 289 244 197 173 14327 289 251 212 172 152
16
355314 273 230 208 186 18347 308 268 226 183 1611 6312 276 241 203 165 145
1
18
341 302 262 221 201 179 21 313 278 242 204 166 1461 8296 262 228 193 157 138
1
20
325288 251 211 192 1]2,12' }.?~ 244 214 180 147 129 120277 246 214 182 148 130
.
x 22
307 273
25
278247
237 201 182
216 183 166
16325259 231
14926250 222
-- ---- 202 171
-1..4~-1l~ 1
22257 228
194 164 133117 125223 198
199
174
169
148
138
121
121
X 107
!! f- 28 245219 191 162 147 132 ,2 9224 200 175 147 120 106 126214 190 166 141 115 101
x
< ~ 29 235 209 183 155 141 126b 202 180 157 133 108 95 128200 177 155 131 107 94
"z 32 - - ---- --- 1
214 191 167 141 128 11535181 162 141 119 97 86 30186 165 144 122 100 88
1
I 35 195 174 152 128 117 105 38 164 146 128 108 88 78 32173 154 134 114 93 82
1
~ 38 178 159 138 117 107 961 41~ 132 115 97 79 70 34162 143 125 107 87 77
~
~
41 162 145 126 107 97 87 42 112 94 77 68 36 151 134 117 99 81 72
1
0 44 148 132 115 98 89 90 . 39136 121 106 90 73 65
1
~ 47 135121 106 90 82 73 0442 390 338 284 230 202 421123 109 96 81 67 59
•
o 48 - 1- 103 87 79 71 110413 365 315 265 214 188 431 64 57
~
••
~ 12401 353 305 256 207 181 o 374 331 287 242 195 172
00
z o 408 361 312 263 238 213 15378 333 287 241 194 170 6352 311 269 226 183 160
~
6 383 338
292 245 221 198 18349 307 265 222 178
156 8336 296 256 214
173 152
8 364 320
276 231 209 186'21 316 277 238 199 160
14e 1031 4 276 238 199
160 140
10 338 297
255 213 192 171 24277 243 208 173
>- - -- --- -- - ---
138
121 12288 252 216 181
145 126
>-• 12 308 268
230 191 172 153 25263 230 197
165 132
116 14258 224 191 158
m 14 271 235
201 165 148 131 29227
- - -- -
199 171
142 114
100 15240 208 177
126 109
146
116 101
-- -
X
< 15 251 216
184
-- ---
-
152 137 -121133 197 172 148 123 99 8616 221
- - -- -- - -- - --
192 164 136
109 95
18
--- --
208 180
154 126 114 10137 172 150 129 107 86 75120 177 154 130 108 86 74
21 175151129 106 95
8~rr6
116 96 77 6724 143 123 104 86 68 59
24 148128 109 89 80 136 112
7141 150 131 93 25 135 117 99 81 65
25 1401121 103
- 42145
-
26 128 111
Loads below horizontal dashed lines are for I f r greater than 120, and apply only to bracing
and secondary members. For main membe rs they must be reduced (A. I. S. C. Spec. Sect.
16 ( b ) ); see Example 2 on page 210.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEl... CONSTRUCTION
239
DOUBLE-ANGLE
-,r
y
!
STRUTS
x9~:L%"
F 1
x
y
LOADS IN K I PS
r
r" 1.00 1. 01 11.02 1.04 1.04 1 05 1.76 1.77\1.79 1.80 1.04 1.05 1.07 1.08 1.09
4.66 4.63 4.61 4.58 456 4.55 !r1.74
3.783.76 3.73 3.723.69 3.68 4.10 4.07 4.04 4 .02 4.00 3.99
r" 1
Wt.21!. 81.6 72.~62.6 52.6 476 42.6 .4 78.2 67.6 57.0( 6.0 40.4 4.8 66.2 57.4 48.4 39.2 34.4
Area 2 Ii 24 00 2121838 15.48 1400 1250 26.00 22.96 19.88 16.72 13.50 11 .86 22.00 19.46 1688 14.22 11.50 10.1 2
Sizo 9 x 4 8x6 8 x 4
Ys % % % ~ Ys % % ~ Us % % Y2 Us
~ Ys
Thickness 1 1
o 408 361 ~ 263 238 213 0
1
442
390 338 284 230 202 of3?4 331 287 242 195 172
4 382 338
293 247 224 200 8 403
356 309 260 211 185 4351 311 270 228 184 163
6348 309
268 227 206 18 12 355
314 273 231 187 165 6 322 286 248 211 171 151
X
8300 268
234 199 181 162 16 287
255 223 189 154 136 8281 250 219 186 151 134
X 10 240 216
189 163 148 _1.3~17
j
266 238 208 176 145 128 10 229 205 180 155 127 113
m
X 12200 179 157 135 122 11 1E 250 223 195 165 134 _1~~ 1, 190 170 149 127 104 92
<
14 169 151 132 114 103 93 20226 201 176 149 121 10 14 160 143 125 108 88 79
16 1421..11Z 111 96 87 79124 185 164 144 122 100 88 16 135 121 106 91 75 67
I
- >-
17 103 89 81 7328 151 135 11 8
29 - 128 11 3
100 82
96 78
73117125
69 1 8 -
112 98
I~ 69 62
64 57
""c o 408 361 312263 238 21330 66
~
16 388 343 297250 226 202 I 331 287 242 195 172
z 20 377
>- 24 364
"z 28 348
""0
32 329
333 289
321 278
306 266
290 250
242 219 100 0442
233 211 18812424
222 201 179 16409
210 190 169 20391
390
374
361
345
338 284 230
324 272 220
312 263 212
298 250 202
202 1 361
193 16 351
18E 20337
177 Q4 321
1'" 319 277 233
310 268 226
298 258 217
284 245 206
188
183
175
167
166
161
154
146
">-
36 308 272 234196 177 158124 369 325 280 236 190 166 b8 302 266 230 194 156 137
•
o 40 284 250 216180 163 145 pE 342 301 260 218 175 154 ~2 280 247 213 179 144 126
>-, ~
~ 44 258 227 195 164 147 1 31 ~; 312 274 236 198 159 139 36 256 224 193 162 130 11 4
>- 1
~
~ 45 252 220 190 159 143 _1~? 36 277 243 208 175 140 123'39 236 206 177 148 119 104
X o 46 244 _22~ 185 154 139 1233, 2~~ 235 202 169 135 11 , lIe 228 200 171 143 115 101
<
48234 206 177 148 133 118'4( 246 217 186 156 125 l1C r" 206 181 156 131 105 92
52 216 190 164 137 123 110 44 224 197 169 142 114 100 8 189 166 143 11 9 96 84
66 200 176 152 127 114 101 8204 179 154 129 103 915 173 152 131 109 88 77
60 185 163 140 117 105 94 5, 186 163 140 117 94 8~ 5E 159 140 120 100 81 71
64 172 151 130 109 98 87 56170 149 128 107 86 75 60 146 128 11 0 92 74 65
68 160 14( 121 100 91 81 60155 136 11 7 97 78 68 64 135 118 101 85 68 60
65 57
72 148 130 112 94 84
I~ 61 152 133 114 95 76 ...£. 66 129 11 3 97 81
- -
76 138 121 104 87 78 62 148 130 111 93 67 126 110 95 79
1
63145
1
124
-
77 136 119 68
Loads below horizontal dashed lines are for il r g reater t han 120, and apply onl y to braci ng
and secondary members. For main m embers they must be reduced (A . I. S. C. Spec. Sect.
16 (b) ); see Example 2 on page 210.
AMER I CAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL. CONSTRUCTION
240
X-T-X
y
DOUBLE-ANGLE
lr
I
STRUTS
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRIC -111-%"

y
LOADS IN KIPS
r" 2.20 2.22 2.24 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.21 1.86 1.88 1.90 1.90 1.91 1.92 1.93 1.92 1.94 1.95
ryy1.64 1.62 1.59 1.58 1.57 1.55 1.55 1.71 1.69 1.66 1.66 1.65 1.63 1.62 1.40 1.39 1.38
Wt.2 !.l 60.4 52.4 44.2 40.0 35.8 31.6 27.21 54.4 47.2 40.0 36.2 32.4 28.6 24.6 30.6 23.4 19.6
1
Area 2 l!. 17.72. 15.38 12.98 11.7<1 10.50 9.24 7.96 15.96 13.88 11 .72 10.62 9.50 8.36 7.2 9.00 6.84 5.74
Size 7 X4 6 x 4 6 X 371
T hickness Ys ii % ?i'6 J.1 ){, % Ys ii % % J.1 Uo % J.1 % %"
0 301 262 220 200 178 157 130 271 236 199 180 161 142 123 0 153 116 98
8 285 248 209 189 169 149 128 8 251 218 185 168 150 132 114 8 142 108 91
10 276 240 202 183 164 144 12 10 239 209 177 160 143 126 109 10 136 104 87
12 264 230 194 176 158 139 12( 12 225 196 167 151 135 119 103 12 128 98 82
14 251 219 185 167 150 132 114 14 208 182 155 141 126 111 96 14 119 91 77
16 236 206 174 157 141 125 108 16 189 166 141 128 11 5 102 88 16 109 84 70
162 146 132 11 6100 18 167 147 126 114 103 91 79 18 98 75 63
X,
X
18
20
218
199
191
174 148 134 121 107 92 19
--- -- -
157 138 117 107 96 85 7 19 91 70 59
---
•X 22 177 156 133 120 108 96 83 20
- -~
149 131 112 102 91 81 7( 20 87 66 56
< ~
24 163 143 122 11 0 99 87 76 22 136 11 9 102 93 83 73 64 22 79 61 51
•""
26 151 132 112 102 91 81 70 24 123 108 93 84 76 67 51 24 72 55 47
28 139 122 104 94 84 75 65 26 11 2 99 85 77 69 61 53 26 66 51 42
~
,
~
30 128 112 96 87 78 69 60128 102 90 77 70 63 56 48 28 60 46 39
~
33 114 100 85 77 69 61 53 30 93 82 70 64 58 51 44 30 55 42 36
z 36 76 69 62 55 48 31 89 79 67 61 55 49 42 32 50 39 33
"
.J
c 37
102
-
89
86 73 66 60 53 46· 32
- - - - - 47 41
I-
"
~
~
0 0 301 262 220 200 178 157 13, 0 271 236 199 180 161 142 123 0 153 11 6 98
,•• 6 285 247 207 188 168 148 127 6 258 224 189 171 153 134 11 6 4 148 11 2 94
,•z 8
10
272 235
255 221
197
185
178
167
159
149
140 121
131 11~
8
10
247 214 180 163 146
233 202 170 154 137
128 11 0 6
120 1041 8
141
133
107
100
90
84
>-, 12 235 203 169 153 136 119 102 12 216 187 156 141 126 110 95 10 121 91 76
>- 14 211 181 150 135 120 105 9C 14 197 169 141 127 114 99 85 12 107 80 67
•;( 140 125 111 97 83 174 149 123 110 99
<
15
16
198 169
183 157 129 116 103 89 7
16
17
-- ---- --- ---
161 138 115 104 92
---
86 74 13
80 -6~ 14
99
91
74
68
62
57
19
---
154 132 108 98 87 76 6E 18 152 131 109 98 88 76 6 16 79 60 50
22 131 112 92 83 73 64 5 21 130 112 93 84 74 64 5E 18 70 53 44
25 111 95 78 70 62 54 ~ 24 11 2 96 79 71 64 55 47 20 62 46 38
26 106 91 74 67 59 27 96 82 68 61 54 47 40, 22 54 41 34
27 101 86
- - - 28 91 78 23 51 38 32
Loads below horizo nta l dashed l ines are for ll r greater than 120, and app ly on ly to bracing
and secondary members. For main members they must be redu c ed (A. I. S. C. Spec . Sect.
16 (b» ; see Example 2 o n page 210.
AM ER I CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

241
v DOUBLE-ANGLE
x9~I~%"
F
!
1
I
v
x
STRUTS
ALLOWABL E CONCEN TRIC

-,r
LOADS IN KIPS
r" 1.07 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.1 I 1.12 I .,~! 1. I I 1.12 1. 13 1. 14 1.15 1.16 1.1 7 .97 .99 1.00
r" 3.51 3.49 3.47 3.46 3.45 3.43 3.421 2.97 2.95 2.92 2.91 2.90 2.88 2.87 2.97 2.95 2.94
Wt. 2 l! 60.4 52.4 44.2 40.0 35.8 31.6 27.21 54.4 47.2 40.0 36.2 32.4 28.6 24.6 30.6 23.4 19.6
Area 2 !! 17.72 15.38 12.96 11.74 10.50 9.24 7.,,1 15.96 13.88 11.72 10.62 9.50 B.36 7.22 9.00 '.84 5.74
Size 7 x 4 6 x 4 6 x 3Y2
-
Thickness Ys U % % ~ l{, % Ys U % % ~ l{, % ~ % ~,
- -
0 301 262 220 200 178 157 1351 0
-271 -236 -199 -180 - -
161 142 123
-0 - -
153 I I 6 98
.:l 284 247 208 189 169 149 128 4 257 224 189 171 153 135 117 4 142 108 91
6 262 229 193 175 157 139 120 6 239 208 176 160 143 127 log 6 129 99 83
8 232 204 172 156 140 124 107 8 213 187 158 144 129 114 99 8 I I 0 85 72
X, 10 193 171 146 133 119 106 92 10 181 159 135 123 111 99 86 9
X
11
---
173
--
153 129 I I9 107 94 82 II 162 142 121 II I 101 90 78 10
99 77 65
88 68 57
~
X 12 159 141 120 109 97 86 75 12 148 130 I 11 101 91 81 70 12
---
73 57 48
<
14 135 I I9 101 92 83 74 64 14 126 111 95 86 78 69 61 14 61 47 40
16 I I5 102 87 79 71 63 55 16 108 95 81 74 67 60 52 16 51 40 34
17 106 94 80 73 65 58 51 18 92 81 69 64 58 51 45
f-
- - - -
"""~ -
18 87 74 68 61 54 47 19 59 54 48 42 0 153 116 98
i~
8 148 113 95
I 301
0 262 220 200 178 157 135 0 271 236 199 180 161 142 123 12 143 lOS 91
f-
0 8
295 256 21 5 195 175 154 132 8 263 229 193 175 156 138 119 14 139 106 88
z 249 209 190 170 149 128 12 253 220 185 168 150 132 114 16
12
287 135 103 86
"
oJ
c 16276 239 201 182 163 143 123 15 243 211 178 161 144 126 109 18 130 99 82
"
f- 20 261 226 190 172 154 135 1I 6 18 230 200 168 152 136 119 103 20 125 94 79
"
0 24 243 21 I 177 160 143 126 108 21 216 187 157 142 127 I I I 96 22 119 90 75
,••
28 222 192 161 146 130 114 98 24 199 172 144 130 I I6 102 87 24 112 85 71
>- ,•
>- z 32 198 171 143 129 115 101 87
160 133 120 107 94 80
27
28
179
172
155
149
130
124
117
I I2
104
100
91 78
87 75
26 105 79 66
• 34 185
154 129 I I 6 104 91 78 29 165
- -- 28 97 73 61
X
<
35 178
--
36 173
- ISO 125 1I 3 101 88 76 30 158
143
137
11 9
115
107
104
95
92
83 71
81 69
29
30
93 70 58
- -- - -- - - -
89 67 56
40 156 135 11 3 102 91 80 68 34 140 121 101 91 81 71 61 33 81 61 51
44 141 122 102 92 82 72 62 38 124 107 90 81 72 63 54 36 74 56 47
48 128 I I 0 92 83 74 65 56 42 110 96 80 72 64 56 48 39 68 51 43
52 I 16 100 84 75 67 58 50 46 98 85 71 64 57 50 42 42 62 47 39
56 105 91 76 68 61 53 45 47 95 82 69 62 55 48 41 45 57 43 36
-
57 102 88 74 67 59 52 44 48 93 80 67 60 53 47 48 52 39 33
58 100 86
- - - - - 49 90 78
- - 1- - 49 51 38 32
loads below horiz.ontal das hed li nes are for I fr greater than 120 , and apply only to bracing
and second ary members. For main members they must be red uced (A. I. S. C. Spec. Sect.
16 ( b»; see Examp le 2 on page 210.
r 242
X-T-X
y
DOUBLE-ANGLE
I
lr STRUTS
LOADS IN KIPS
-111-%"
y
r" 1.55 1.56 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.59 1.61 1.61 1.2211.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27
ryy 1.54 1.51 1.49 1.47 1.46 1.45 1.25 1.23 1.22 1.60 1.58 1.57 1.56 1.55 1.54
Wt.2 t! 39.6 33.6 27.2 24.0 20.8 17.4 25.6 19.6 16.4 29.423.8 21.2 18.2 15.4 12.4
Area 2 11 11.62 9.84 8.00 7.06 6.10 5.12 7.50 5.72 4.80 8.607.00 6.18 5.34 4.50 3.62
Size 5x3Y2 5x3 4 X 3).<1
T hickness %: % Y, ~, % ;{, Y, % ;{, % Y, !{, % %; }i
1== -
0 197 167 136 120 104 87 0 128 97 81 0 146 119 105 91 76 61
4 192 163 132 116 101 85 2 127 96 81 2 145 11 8 104 90 76 61
6 185 157 128 11 3 98 82 4 124 95 79 4 140 114 101 87 73 59 ·
8 176 149 122 108 93 78 6 120 92 77 6 132 107 94 82 69 56
10 164 139 114 100 87 73 8 114 87 73 8 120 98 87 76 64 52
12 149 127 104 92 80 67 10 107 81 68 10 106 87 77 67 57 46
X, ,
X
14
15
131 11 2 92
121 104 86
81 71 60
76 66 56
12
14
97
87
75
67
63
56
12
14
- 88
-- - 72 -- - - -
-- 64-
75 62 56
56
48
-
48 _.
-- 39-
41 33
~
~ -- ---
- -- - 95 79 70 61 52 15
X
<
16 113
101 86 71
--- ---
63 55 46 16
- 81
--
75
62
57
52
49
16
18
65 54 48
56 46 41
42 35 29
f- 18
- --- -- 36 31 25
•""
~
20
22
90 76 63
80 68 56
56 49 41
50 44 37
18
20
67
59
51
46
43
39
20
21
49 40 36
-- ---- --
32 27 22
25 20
I 24 72 61 51 45 39 33 22 53 41 35
f- 68 58 48 42 37 31 24 48 37 31
25
0
z 26
-- 55 45 40 35 30 26 43 33 280 146 119 105 91 76 61
""0 2 145 118 104 90 76 61
•"
0
l- 197 167 136 120 104 87 4 142 116 102 88 74 60
4
0 192 162 132 117 101 84 0 128 97 81 6 138 112 99 85 72 58
••
6 185 156 127 112 97 81 2 126 96 81 8 131 108 93 81 68 55
z •"
8 176 148 120 106 91 76 4 122 93 78 10 123 99 87 75 63 51
>-
"
10 163 137 11 1 98 84 70 6 11 5 88 73 12 112 91 80 69 58 46
12 148 124 100 88 75 63 8 106 80 67 14 100 81 71 61 51 41
>- 130 108 87 76 65 54 94 71 59 15
• 14
-
-- - - - - - -
120 99 79 69 60 50
10
12
93 75 66 56 47 37
- -- - -- - - ----
X
<
15
16
- - -- - -
11 2 93 75 66 56 47 14
-- -- -
80 59 49 16
-- 18
- 67 - 50 42
86 69 60 52 44 35
- 77
-- 62 54 47 39 31
18 100 83 66 58 50 41 16 58 43 36 20 69 55 48 41 35 28
20 89 74 59 51 44 37 18 51 38 31 22 62 49 43 37 31 25
22 79 .66 53 45 39 32 20 44 33 27 24 55 44 39 33 28 22
24 71 59 47 40 35 29
-- -- -- 25 52 42 37 31 26 21
25 67 55
-- -- - - - 26 50 40 35 30
- - --
Loads bel ow horizontal dashed lines are for I /r greater than 120, and app ly on ly to bracing
and secondary members. For main m embers they must be reduced (A . I. S. C. Spec. Sect.
16 ( b» ; see Examp le 2 on page 210.
AMERICAN INSTITUl E OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

243
y DOUBLE-ANGLE
x-9]F x
!
~! I..%"
y
STRUTS
ALLO WABLE CONC ENTRIC

-,r
L O ADS IN KIPS
r" .98 .99 1.01 1.01 1.02 1.03 .83 .84 .8~ 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.07
ryy 2.48 2.45 2.43 2.41 2.40 2.39 2.50 2.48 2.47 1.91 1.89 1.89 1.88 1.86 1.85
wt. 2 I!. 39.6 33.6 27.2 24.0 20.8 17.4 25.6 19.6 16.4 29.4 23.8 21.2 18.2 15.4 12.4
Area 211 11.62 9.84 8.00 7.06 6.10 5.1 2 7.50 5.72 4.80 8.60 7.00 6.18 5.34 4.!lD 3.62
Size 5 X 3Yz 5X3 4 X 3y!!
Thickness
0
% %
197 167
J4
136
>{, %
120 104 87 '" 0
J4
128
%
97
%;
81 0
% Y2
146 119
>{,
105
%
9176
%; %
61
2 194 164 134 118 102 86 2 124 95 80 2 144 117 103 8975 61
4 184 156 127 112 97 82 4 115 88 74 4 137 112 99 8572 58
6 167 142 116 103 89 75 6 101 77 65 6 126 103 91 7967 54
X,
8 143 122 101 89 77 65 8 7961 52 8 110 90 80 7059 47
X
9 129 110 92 81 70 59 10
- --
---
6248 41 10 90 74 66 58 49 39
~
X 10
-- --- -
114 97 81 72 63 _5}_ 12 5039 33 12
--- - --
74 61 54
-47
-- --40- -- -
33
<
12 96 81 67 60 52 44 13 45
14 80 68 57 50 44 37 14
-- 35
32
30 14
27 16
63 52
53 44
46
39
40 34
34 29
28
23
16 67 57 48 42 37 31 17 49 40 36 31 27 22
e --- - - - --
I~ "" 17 34 29
"~
0 197 167 136 120 104 87 0 128 97 81 0 146 119 105 91 76 61
"e0 8 189 160 130 115 99 83 8 122 93 78 4 144 117 103 89 75 60
z 10 184 156 127 112 96 81 10 119 91 76 6 140 114 101 87 73 59
""0 12 179 151 122 108 93 78 12 115 88 73 8 136 110 97 84 71 57
"e 14 172 145 117 103 89 75 14 111 85 71 10 130 105 93 80 68 54
••"
0 16 164 138 112 89 85 71 16 106 81 67 12 122 99 88 76 64 51
18 155 130 105 93 80 67 18 100 76 64 14 114 92 81 70 59 47
>- • "z 20 145 121 98 86 74 62 20 94 71 60 16 104 84 74 64 53 43
>-
• "
X
22
23
134
128
112
107
90
86
79 68 57 22
75 65 54 23
87
83
66
63
55
53
18
19
93
87
75 66 57
--- - --
70 62 53
47 38
--44- -35--
<
24 122 101 81 71 61 _~1 _ 24 79 60 50 20
-- -
82 66 59 50 42 33
- - - - --
26 111 93 75 66 57 47 25 75 57 48 21 79 63 56 48 40 32
28 103 87 70 61 53 44 26
---
72 55 46 22 75 61 53 46 38 30
32 90 75 60 53 46 38 28 68 51 43 24 68 55 48 42 35 28
36 78 65 52 46 39 33 32 58 44 37 26 62 50 44 38 31 25
39 70 58 47 41 35 51 38
I~ 36 32 28 57 46 40 35 29 23
40 68 56 45 40 34 40 44 33 28 30 52 42 37 32 26 21
41 66
-- - - - - -- 41 43 32 27 31 50 40 35 30 25
--
Loads be low horizontal dash e d lines are for l /r greater than 120 , and app ly only to bracing
and secondary mem bers. For ma in members they must be reduced (A. I. S . C. Spec. Sect .
16 ( b» ; see Example 2 on page 210.
A MER I CAN I N S TI T U TE OF STEEL CONS T RUCTION

244
y
DOUBLE-ANGLE I
lr STRUTS
LOADS IN KIPS
X~f-X
-ljl-%"
y
r" 1.23 1.25 1.25 1.26 1.27 1. 28 1

1.07 1.08 1.09 1 .10 1.11 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12
ryy 1.36 1.33 1.32 1.31 1.30 1.29 1.38 1.37 1.36 1.35 1.34 1.13 1.12 1.11 1.10 1.09
Wt.2l!. 27.2 22.2 19.6 17.0 14.4 11.6 20.4 18.2 15.8 13.2 10.8 18.8 16.6 14.4 12.2 9.8
Area 2 l!. 7.96 6.50 5.74 4.96 4.18 3.38 6.00 5.30 4.60 3.86 3.12 5.50 4.86 4.22 3.56 2.88
Siza 4x3 372 x 3 37-'2 x 272
Thickness % y, l{fj % ~, Ji Y2 l{, % ~, Ji Y2 l{, % ~6 Ji
- - - -
0 135 110 97 84 71 57 0 102 90 78 66 53 0 93 83 72 61 49
2 134 109 96 83 70 57 2 101 89 77 65 52 2 92 82 71 60 48
4 129 106 94 81 68 55 4 96 85 74 62 50 4 88 78 68 57 46
6 122 100 89 76 65 52 6 89 78 68 58 47 6 82 73 63 53 43
X, 8 112 92 82 70 59 48 8 79 70 61 51 42 8 73 65 56 48 39
99 81 72 63 53 43 10 65 58 51 43 35 10 61
X
~
10
45 37
- -- - -- ---
59 52 46 39 32 11
-54-- 47 40 33
12 82 69 ---
61 53 11 54 ~8 42 36 29
X ------ --- --- -- --- --- --- ---
• 14 70 58 52 45 38 31 12 54 47 42 36 29 12 50 45 39 33 27
16 61 51 45 39 33 27 14 46 41 36 30 25 14 43 38 33 28 23
f-
18 53 44 39 34 29 23 16 39 34 30 26 21 16 36 32 28 24 20
""c 20
-46 38 34
- -
30
-
25 21 17 36 32 28 24 19 17
- 29 26 22 33 30 26 22 18
21 23 19 18 18 18 31 28 24 21 17
~
~
I
f- 0 135 110 97 84 71 57 0 102 90 78 66 53 0 93 83 72 61 49
0
zw 2 134 109 96 84 70 57 2 101 89 78 65 53 2 92 81 71 60 48
J
0 4 . 131 106 93 81 68 55 4 98 86 75 63 51 4 89 78 68 57 46
"
f- 6 125 101 89 77 65 52 6 94 83 72 60 49 6 83 73 63 53 43
0" 8 116 94 82 71 60 48 8 88 77 67 56 45 8 74 65 56 47 38
•• 10 105 85 74 64 54 43 10 80 70 61 51 41 10 63 55 48 40 32
---
>-, "•
z 12 92 74 64 55 46 _3~_ 12 70 61 53 44 36 11 57 50 43 36 29
--52---- --- ---
>-
~
" 13 85 67 59 50 42 33
--- ---
--- --- 13 65 57 49 40 32
--- -- - --- --
12 45 39 33 26
14 78 62 54 47 39 31 14 59 52 45 37 30 14 44 38 33 28 22
X
• 16 68 54 47 41 34 27
18 60 47 41 36 30 24
16 52 45 39 33 26
18 46 40 34 29 23
16
18
38 33 29 24 19
33 28 24 20 16
20 52 42 36 31 26 21 20 40 35 30 25 20
- - - - -
21 49 39 34 29 24 ..22.. 22 36 31 27 23 18
- - - -
22 46 37 32 23 34
- - - -
Loads below horizonta l dashed lines are for l l r greater than 120, and apply only to bracing
and secondary members. For main members they must be reduced (A. I. S. C. Spec. Sect.
16 (b»; see Example 2 on page 210.

245
y DOUBLE-ANGLE
x-9F x
!
-llI~%"
Y
STRUTS
.r
LOADS IN KIPS
'u .85 .86 .87 .88 .89 .9C .88 .89 .90 .90 .91 .70 .71 .72 .73 .74
1.99 1.96 1.95 1.94 1.93 1.92
' yy 1.70 1.68 1.67 1.66 1.6 1.76 1.75 1.74 1.73 1.71
Wt.2~ 27.2 22.2 19.6 17.0 14.4 11.6 20.4 18.2 15.8 13.2 10.8 18.8 16.6 14.4 12.2 9.8
Area 2 I!. 7.96 6.50 5.74 4.96 4.1 8 3.38 6.00 5.30 4.60 3.86 3. 12 5.50 4.86 4.22 3.56 2.88
Size 4x3 3)1 X 3 3Y2 X 272
Thickn ess % y, l{, % % )i Y, ~ % li', )i 72 l{, % li', )i
0 135 110 97 84 71 57 0 102 90 78 66 53 0 93 82 72 60 49
2 132 108 96 83 70 56 2 100 89 77 64 52 2 90 80 69 59 47
4 123 101 89 77 65 53 4 93 83 72 60 49 4 81 72 63 53 43
X, 6 108 88 78 68 58 47 6 83 74 64 54 44 6 65 58 51 44 36
8 86 71 64 56 47 39 8 67 60 53 44 36 7 50 44 38 31
X
~ 9 75 62 56
--- --- ---
49 41 34
--- ---
9 59 52 46 39 32 8
55
---
48
-- ---
43 38
--- ---
33 27
X
< 10 68 56 50
--
44 37 31
--- --- --
10 53 47 42 35 29 10 38 34 30 26 21
12 55 46 41 36 31 25 12 43 39 34 29 23 11 33 30 26 23 19
37 34 30 25 21
- -
14
15
- 45 - - - - 19
14
-36 32 28 24 19
- 26 22 17
12 23 20 17
15
1- ~
~
~
"~ 0 135 110 97 84 71 57 0 102 90 78 66 53 0 93 82 72 60 49

I
4 133 109 96 83 70 56 4 100 88 76 64 52 4 92 81 70 59 48
~ 6 130 106 93 81 55
68 6 97 86 74 62 50 6 89 78 68 58 46
"z
~ 8 126 103 90 78 66 53 8 93 82 71 59 48 8 86 76 66 55 45
"0 10 121 99 87 75 63 51 10 87 77 67 56 45 10 81 71 62 52 42
~
~
12 115 93 82 71 60 48 12 81 72 62 52 42 12 76 67 58 49 39
•0
a
14 107 87 76 66 56 45 14 74 65 56 46 37 14 69 61 53 44 35
>-, a ~
16 99 80 70 61 51 41 16 65 57 49 41 33
--- --- --- -- 16 62 54 47 39 31
>- z00 18 90 72 63 54 46 37 17 60 52 45 38 30
--- 17 58 51 44 37 29
--- --- --- --- ---
~
~ 19 84 68 59 51 43 35 18 57 50 42 35 28 18 54 47 41 34 27
X
< 20
--- --- --- ---
79 64 56 48
--- ---
40 33 20 51 45 39 32 25 20 49 43 37 30 24
22 72 58 51 44 37 30 22 48 40 35 28 23 22 44 39 34 27 22
24 66 53 47 40 34 27 24 42 36 31 25 20 24 40 35 30 25 20
26 61 49 43 37 31 25 26 38 33 28 23 ~ 26 36 32 27 22 18
56 44 39 34 28 23 27 36 31 26 27 34 30 26 21 17
28
30 51 41 36 31 26 21
- - - 28 33 28 24 20
-
32 47 37 33 28 23
- - - -
1..22..
33 45
-
Loads below horizonta l dashed lines are for l / r greater than 120, and apply only to bracing
and secondary members. For main members they must be reduced (A. I. S . C. Spec. Sect.
16 ( b) );see Exa mple20n page 210.

246
DOUBLE-ANGLE y
lr STRUTS
x-lf-x 1
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRIC ~II-%"

y
LOADS IN KIPS
r" .91 .92 .93 .94 .951 .92 .93 .94 .95 .96 .97 .77 .78 .78 .79
ryy 1.181.171.161.141 .13 .94 .93 .92 .90 .89 .88 .96 .95 .94 .92
Wt.2 l! 17.0 15.2 13.2 11.2 9.01 15.4 13.6 11.8 10.0 8.2 6.1 10.6 9.0 7.2 5.5
Area 2 II 5.00 4.42 3.84 3.24 2.62 4.50 4.00 3.46 2.94 2.38 1.80 3.102.622.121.62
1
Size 3x2Yz 3x2 2Yz X 2
I=T:,;h;;;';;k";;";;'=lc",Y,~2 _1iI_6__%_,_ =%~6~lc",li",4~~=I=Y,
,,,J"'= IC,:,V",I6=I=%"'S,= }16 u I ?{6 = % Hs ~i ~{6
o ~ M ~ ~ ~ 0 ~ M ~ W 41 m 0 ~ ~ ~ ~
2 ~ M M M ~ 2 M ~ M W ~ m 2 m ~
35 27
4 m ~ ~ m ~ 3 n ~ 56 48 39 29 3 49 42 34 26
5 74 66 57 49 39 4 71 63 M 46 38 28 4 47 40 32 25
67062544637567 60 52 ~ 36 27 5 ~ 37 30 23
x, 7 6 4 5 7 5 0 4 3 3 5 6 6 3 56 49 42 34 26 6 40 34 27 21
X
8 58 52 45 39 32 7 58 52 45 39 32 24 7 35 30 24 19
00
------------
X 9 51 46 40 34 _~8_ 8 53 47 41 35 29 22 8 30 26 21 16
<
10 46 41 36 31 25 9 46 42 37 32 26 20 9 27 23 19 14
------ -- ---- ---
>- 11 41 37 33 28 23 10 42 38 33 28 23 18 10 24 20 17 12
~ 12 38 34 30 25 20 11 38 34 30 25 21 16 11 21 18 15 11
"z 14 31 28 25 21 17 12 34 31 27 23 19 15 12 ~ 16 13 10 ,
= I 15 28 25 22 19 16 15 26 23 20 18 14 11 13 15 12 9
r 16 13 10
o
z
W o 8575655545 052~3628
.J
C
2 M M M M ~ 0 ~ M ~ W ~ m 2 ~ ~ ~ V
W
>- 4 ~ n ~ ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ M W ~ m 3 m ~ ~ ~
•
~
5 n ro ~ m ~ 3 n ~ ~. w ~ ~ 4 W ~ ~ •
•o 6 ~ ~ ~ W ~ 4 n ~ M % ~ ~ 5 ~ ~ ~ ~
00
z 7 n M ~ ~ E 5 M ~ ~ ~ ~ V 6 ~ ~ m ~
>-, 0 8 ~ m ~ ~
6 M ~ W ~ ~ ~ ~ 7 ~ ~ ~ ~
>- 9 65 57 49 41 33 7 59 52 45 38 30 23 8 38 32 25 19
~
x 10 60 53 45 38 3 1 8 M 47 41 34 27 _22_ 9 _3~ __2.!l __2_2__1.?_
<
11 54 48 41 34 27 9 48 42 36 30 24 18 10 30 25 20 15
----------- ------------
12 49 44 37 31 25 10 43 38 32 27 21 16 11 27 23 18 14
13 46 40 34 29 23 11 39 34 29 24 19 14 12 25 21 16 12
14 42 37 32 26 21 12 36 31 26 22 17 13 13 23 19 15 11
16 36 32 27 23 18 13 32 28 24 20 16 12 14 21 17 14 10
18 31 28 24 19 16 14 3D 25 22 18 14 1-22... 15 19 16 13 9
19 29 26 22 18 15 27 23 20 16 16 17
Loads below hori zonta l dashed lines are for ll r gl'eater than 120, and apply only to bracing
and secondary members. For main members they must be reduced (A. I. S . C. Spec. Sect.
16 (b) ) i see Example 2 on page 210.

247
y DOUBLE-ANGLE
x9)~%"
Fx
!
1
I
y
STRUTS
A L LOWABL E CONCENTR IC
-,r
LOADS IN KIPS
r" .72 .73 .74 .74 .751 .55 .55 .56 .57 .57 .58 .58 .58 .59 .60
ryy 1.50 1.49 1.48 1.46 1.45 1.57 1.56 1.54 1.53 1.52 1.51 1.27 1.26 1.25 1.24
WI. 2 \>.
17.0 15. 213.2 11.2 9.0 15.4 13.6 11.8 10.0 8.2 6.1 10.6 9.0 7.2 5.5
1
Area 2 l!. 5.00 4.42 3.84 3.24 2.62, 4.50 4.00 3.46 2.94 2.38 1.80 3.10 2.62 2.12 1.62
Size 3 X2),<) 3x2 27> X 2
Thickness
0
),<)
85 75
'U6 %
65
i{,
55
U =
45 o
7>
76
", :v, !-f, U %
68 59 50 41 30
1= -0
:v,
53
~16
44
M
36 I~
;{,
2 82 73 63 53 43 2 72 64 56 47 38 29 2 50 42 34 26
3 79 70 61 51 42 3 67 60 52 44 36 27 3 47 40 32 25
X 4 74 66 58 48 39 4 60 53 46 40 32 24 4 42 36 29 23
• 68 61 53 45 36 5 51 46 40 34 28 21 5 37
X
•X
5
6 61 55 48 40 33 6
- - - . -- - - -- - -- --
42 37 32 28 22 17 6 30
--- -2521- - 2016
31
26
< 7 52 47 41 35 29 7 35 31 28 24 19 15 7 26 22 18
---
14
8
-45-----
40
-- -
36
-30-- 25 8 30 27 24 20 17 13 8 22 19 15 12
10 35 32 28 24 19 9 26 23 20 18 14 11 9 19 16 13 10
12 28 25 22 19 15 10
- - -- -- 9
I-
1- ~
~
• 0 85 75 65 55 45 0 76 68 59 50 41 30 0 53 44 36 28
~
2 85 75 65 55 44 2 76 67 58 50 40 30 2 52 44 36 27
"0
I-
4 83 73 63 53 43 4 74 66 57 49 39 30 4 50 43 35 26
z 6 79 70 61 51 41 6 72 63 55 47 38 29 6 48 40 33 25
~
.J
Q 8 75 66 57 48 39 8 68 60 52 44 36 27 7 46 39 31 24
w 53 44 36 10 64 56 49 41 33 25 8
l- 10 69 61 44 37 30 23
0• 11 66 59 51 42 34 11 61 54 47 39 32 24 9 42 35 29 22
•
>- •~ 12 63 56 48 40 32 12 58 51 44 37 30 23 10 39 33 27 20
• • 13 59 52 45 37 30 13 55 48 42 35 28 21 11 36 31 25 19
>- z
•X ~
14 55 48
---
41
-34
-- 27
-- 14 52 45 39 33 26 20 12 33
-- - 28
- -- 22 17
-- -
38 32 25 15 48 42 36 31 24 18 13 30 25 20 15
< 15
16
50
--
47
- 44
41 36 30 24 16
-- --- -- -- - -- - - -
44 39 33 28 23 17
-- 14 28 24 19 14
17 44 39 34 28 22 17 42 37 31 27 21 16 15 26 22 18 13
18 42 37 31 26 21 18 40 35 30 25 20 15 16 25 21 16 13
20 37 32 28 23 19 20 35 31 27 22 18 13 17 23 19 15 12
22 33 29 25 21 17 22 32 28 24 20 16 12 18 21 18 14 11
22 18 24 28 25 21 18 14 11 19 20 17 13 10
24 30
I~ I~
28 25 27 23 20 17 13 ...!..2.. 20 19 16 13
25
-- 26 25 22 21 18 15
- - - 9-
Loads below horizontal dashed lines are for l fr greater tha n 120, and app ly on ly to bracing
and secondary members. Fo r main members they must be reduced (A. I. S. C. Spec. Sect.
16 (b) ) ; see E){ample 2 on page 210.
AMER I CAN I NST I T U TE OF STEEL C O N STRUCT I ON

248
COLUMNS
0 STEEL PIPE
ALLOWABLE CONCENTRIC LOADS IN KIPS
For Dimensions and Designing Properties of Pipe see Page 139.
STANDARD
Nominal Diameter Weight par Foot
Unbrac&d
length 12 10 8 6 5 4 3Yz 3
- -
Feet --
9.11 7.58
49.56 43.77 40.48 34.24 31.20 28.55 24.70 18.97 14.62 10.79 -
- -
-- - - -- -- - - -- - -
-- -- - --
6 246 217 200 169 154 140 121 92 70 50 42 33
8 244 216 199 168 153 138 120 90 68 47 38 30
10 243 214 196 166 151 136 118 86 64 44 35 26
12 240 212 194 164 149 133 115 82 61 40 30 2 1
14 237 210 190 161 147 129 11 2 79 56 34 2 5 18
16 234 207 187 158 144 125 109 74 51 30 22 16
18 231 204 182 154 141 121 105 69 45 26 19 13
20 227 200 178 151 137 115 100 63 41 23 17
22 222 196 172 146 133 109 95 56 37 21 15
EXTRA STRONG
Nominal Diameter- Weight per Foot
Unbraced
l eng,h
Feet
12 10 8 6 5 4 3Yz 3
65.42 54.74 43.39 28.57 20.78 14.98 12.51 10.25
6 325 271 213 139 99 70 58 45
8 323 268 210 135 96 65 53 40
10 320 265 205 131 91 60 47 35
12 317 261 201 125 85 54 40 28
14 313 257 196 119 79 47 34 24
16 309 252 189 112 71 40 30 21
18 304 246 182 103 63 36 26 18
20 299 239 173 94 56 32 23
22 293 232 164 84 51 28
24 286 224 155 77 46 25
DOUBLE E XTRA STRONG

No mi nal Diameter- Weight per Foot
Unbraced
l ength
Feet
8 6 5 4 3>'2 3
72.42 53.16 38.55 27.54 22.85 18.58
6 355 257 183 130 103 80
8 350 249 176 118 93 70
10 343 240 165 108 82 59
12 334 228 154 94 68 48
14 324 213 140 79 58 40
16 312 200 125 70 50 34
18 299 182 109 61 43
20 284 163 98 54 38
22 269 147 88 47
24 250 135 80
26 230 124 72
Loads below heavr line are for secondary members with l lr ratios betwee n 120 and 200.
For main members 0 same length, reduce as shown on Page 210. Properties of steel from
which pipe is mad e are assumed to be those 01 A .S.T.M. A7. If p ipe is made of other steel,
safe loads shou Id be suitably modified.

249
-8---< COLUMN
I J I BASE PLATES
DIMENSIONS FOR
MAXIMUM COLUMN LOADS
0
ALL OWAB LE BENDING STRESS
20000 POUNDS PER SQUARE INCH
Unit Pressure on Support Unit Pressure on Support

Column 600 Pounds per SQ. In. 800 Pounds per SQ. In.
Maxi -
m,m Thickness of Dimen- Th ickness of D imen-
Nominal Weight Dopth Width Column Plate sions Gross Plate sions Gross
P" Load WI. WI.
Sil:8
Foot " "
Column Flange Calc. Fin. Rol'd B C Calc. Fin. Rol'd 8 C
- - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - -- - - -- - - - - - -
'". Lb.
'". '".
Kips
- - - --- - - - - - - - '". -'".- -'". -'". - -
'". '". '". '". -'". - - -'"-. -- Lb. Lb.
14 x 16 '26 18.69 16.695 2113 6.83 7 7M 59 60 7522 6.51 6~ 7 51 52 5259
398 18.31 16.590 1973 6.40 6~ 7 56 5' 6552 5.98 6~ 6;'; 48 52 .59£
370 17.94 16.475 1834 6.25 6% 7 55 56 610S 6.02 6» 6M 48 '8 4243
342 17. 5G 16.365 1696 5.80 6» 6M 52 55 5257 5.43 5j{ 6 44 48 3590
31. 17 . 19 16.235 1556 5.55 5" 6 50 52 4419 5.39 5" 6 44 44 3291
287 16. 81 16.130 1422 5.23 5.l4 5M 48 50 3740 4.83 5)4 5;'; 41 44 2811
26. 16.50 16.025 1308 4.95 5)4 5M 46 48 3440 4.70 '% 5 40 41 2323
2'6 16.25 15.945 1219 4.70 4 ~1 5 44 46 2867 4.56 '% 5 56 40 2153

237 16.12 15.910 1174 4.67
." 5 44 '5 2805 4.25
'"4,. ';'; 37 40 1887
228 16 .00 15.865 11 30 '.54 ." 5 43 44 2680 4.14 4M 36 39 1790
." ,.
219
211
15.87
15.75
15.825
15.800
1084
1046
'.34
'.34 ';(
5
5
41
40
44
44
2555
2493
'.02
4.01 '"•
•
'M
36
38
37
1550
150'
202 15.63 15.750 1001 4.10 .;( 'M 40 .2 2142 3.87
• • 35 35 1428
193 15.50 15.710 '56 4.11

'" 'M 40 40 2040 3.70
• • 33 36 1346
184 15.38 15.660 911 3.82
'"• ';'; 38 40 1938 3.69
• • 32 36 1305
176 15.25 15.640 871 3.95

• 36 41 1673 3.56 3M 3;'; 32 34 1079
167 15.1 2 15.600 827 3.66 4
• 36 39 1591 3.35 3;'; 3;'; 32 33 1047
158 15.00 15.550 783 3.50
• • 36 37 1509 3.19 3;'; 3;'; 31 32 '84
150 14.88 15.515 7.2 3.36
• • 35 36 1428 3.09 3;'; 3;'; 29 32 920
142 14.75 15.500 705 3.28

• • 33 36 1346 3.09 3;'; 3;'; 28 32 888
Plates4 inches thick, or under, may be flattened by pressing. For plates more th an 4 inc hes
th ick, rolled thickness includes a llowance for planing top s u rface. Additional allowance must
be made for fi nish ing bottom surface of base plates to be set on grillages. Structura l drawings
s hou ld show finished thickness. M ill orders should specify rolled thickness.
Above base plate sizes computed by method given on page 129.
250
~B----l
COLUMN
BASE PLATES
0 DIMENSIONS FOR
I I
ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS
I
Unit Pressure on Support Unit Pressure on Support
Column 600 Pounds per Sq. In. 800 Pounds per Sq. In.
Maxi-
mom Thickness of Dimen- Thickness of Dimen-
N ominal Weight Depth Width Column Plate sions Gross Plate sions Gross
Load
Size PO'
Foot "
Column Flange " - - - Calc. Fin. -Rol'd- - B C - - -Calc. Fin. Rol'd B
- -- - - - -
WI.
C
Wt.
- -- - - - -- -- - --
'0. '0. to. '0. '0. Lb. '0. '0. '0. '0. '0.
'0. - '-0. - - '-0. - - Kips
Lb. Lb.
-- -- -- -- - - - - -- -- - -- - --
14 x 14711 136 14.75 14.740 673 3 . 15 3;'; 3;'; 32 35 111 1 2.81 3 3 2. 30 714
127 14.62 14.690 628 3.03 3;'; 3;'; 32 33 1047 2 . 82 3 3 2. 2. 666
119 14 . 50 14.650 589 2.88 3;'; 3;'; 31 32 984 2.61 3 3 27 2. 643
111 14.37 14.620 549 2.89 3 3 28 33 785 2.46 3 3 25 28 595
103 14.25 14.575 509 2 . 59 3 3 28 31 738 2.31 2;'; 2;'; 24 27 459
95 14.12 14.545 470 2.45 3 3 28 28 656 2.12 2;'; 2;'; 24 25 425
87 14. 00 14.500 430 2.19 3 3 26 28 619 1.95 2 2 23 24 313
413 2;'; 2;'; 24 493 2.12 2;'; 2;';

14 x 12 84
78
14.1S
14.06
12.023
12.000 384
2.32
2.15 2;'; 2;'; 24
'"
27 459 1.84 2 2
22
20
24
24
374
272
14 x 10 74 14.19 10.072 361 2.40 2;'; 2;'; 24 25 425 1.88 2 2 19 24 258

68 14.06 10.040 332 2.25 2;'; 2;'; 23 24 391 1.81 2 2 18 24 245
61 13.91 10.000 297 1.93 2 2 21 24 286 1.84 2 2 16 24 218
14 x8 53 '3.94 8.062 254 1. 72 2 2 18 24 245 1.65 2 2 16 20 181

48 13.81 8.031 230 1.63 2 2 16 24 218 1.46 2 2 15 20 170
43 13.68 8 .000 206 1.42 1;'; 1;'; 16 22 150 1.21 2 2 13 20 147
12 x 12 190 14.38 12.670 936 4 . 33 4%, 5 39 40 2210 3.93 4 4 33 36 1346

161 13.88 12.515 794 3.89 4 4 36 37 1509 3.64 4 4 31 32 1124
133 13.38 12.365 655 3 . 32 3;'; 3;'; 32 34 1079 3 . 15 3;'; 3;'; 2B 29 805
120 13.12 12.320 591 3.16 3;'; 3;'; 31 32 984 2.93 3 3 27 28 643
106 12 . 88 12.230 522 2 . 82 3 3 2B 31 738 2.57 3 3 24 27 551
2B 2.44 2;';
99
92
12.75
12 . 62
12.190
12.155
4B7
453
2 . 74
2.59
3
3
3
3 27 '"
2B
690
643 2.45 2;';
2;';
2;';
24
24
26
24
442
408
85 12.50 12.105 418 2.41 3 3 25 2B 595 2.12 2;'; 2;'; 22 24 374
79 12.38 12 . 080 388 2.28 2;'; 2;'; 24 27 459 2.08 2;'; 2;'; 21 24 357
72 12.25 12.040 354 2.14 2;'; 2;'; 24 25 425 1.80 2 2 20 22 249
65 12 . 12 12.000 320 1.88 2 2 22 24 "'9 1.80 2 2 20 20 227
Plates 4 inches thick, or under, may be flattened by p ress ing . For p lates m ore t han 4 inches
thick, rolled thickness includes a llowance for plan in g top surface. Additional allowance m ust
be made fo r finishing bottom surface of base p lates to be set on gril lag es. Str uctura l d rawi ngs
should show finishe d thickness. M i ll orders should specify rolled thickness.
Above base plate sizes computed by method given on page 129 .

251
I<-- B -------> COLUMN
I I
c
I
BASE PLATES
DIMENSIONS FOR
a
ALLOWABLE BENDING ST RESS
Un it Pressure on Support Unit Pressure on Support

Column 600 Pounds per SQ. In. aoo Pounds per Sq. In.
Ma;o;i-
mom Thickne ss of Dimen- Thickness of Oim en-
Nominal Weight Depth Width Column Plate sions Gross sions
pO' of of Load
Plate Gross
Size WL W'.
Foot Column Flange Calc. Fin. Aor'd B C Calc. Fin . Rol'd B C
- - - - -- - -- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - -Lb.-
'". Lb.
'". '".
K ips
- -- - -- - -- - -- - - - - - - I - - '". '". '". '". '". -'"-. -'"-. -'". -'". - -
'". - Lb.- --
12 x 10 58 12.19 10.014 283 1.85 2 2 20 24 272 1. 72 2 2 18 20 204
53 12.06 10 . 000 258 1.88 2 2 18 24 245 1.52 2 2 17 20 193
12 x 8 50 12.19 8.077 240 1.84 2 2 17 24 231 1.48 2 2 15 20 170

45 12 .06 8 .042 216 1. 71 2 2 16 23 209 1.45 1), 1)2 14 20 119
40 11.94 8.000 192 1.44 1)2 1)2 16 20 136 1.28 1)2 1)2 14 18 107
10 x 10 11 2 11.38 10.415 548 3. 15 3)2 3)2 29 32 920 2.95 3 3 25 28 595

100 11.1 2 10.345 490 2.97 3 3 28 29 690 2.70 3 3 24 26 530
89 10.88 10.275 436 2.66 3 3 26 28 619 2.54 3 3 23 24 469
77 10.62 10.195 377 2.40 2)2 2)2 24 26 442 2.39 2)2 2)2 20 24 340
72 10.50 10.170 352 2.50 2)2 2)2 25 24 425 2.08 2)2 2)2 20 22 312
66 10.38 10.117 323 2 .21 2)2 2)2 23 24 391 2.02 2)4 2)2 20 21 297
10.075 2)2 2)4
'"
54
10.25
10.12 10.028
294
264
2.11
1.86 2 2
21
20
24
22
357
249
1.S7
1.77
2
2
2
2
19
17
20
20
215
193
49 10.00 10.000 239 1.79 2 2 20
20 227 1. 63 2 2 16
" 172
10 x 8 45 10.1 2 8.022 217 1.74 2 2 18 20 204 1.66 2 2 16 17 154

39 9 . 94 7 . 990 188 1.57 2 2 16 20 181 1.31 1)2 1)2 14 17 101
33 9 . 75 7 . 964 159 1.43 1)4 1)2 16 17 116 1.14 1)4 1)2 13 16 88
8,8
.67
48
9.00
8.75
8.50
B.287
8.222
8.117
324
280
232
2 . 43
2.32
2.00
2)2
2Y,
2
2ji
2)2
2
23
20
20
24
24
20
391
340
227
2.28
2.00
1.72
2)2
2
2
2)2
2
2
20
18
16
21
20
18
297
204
163
40 8.25 8.077 193 1.83 2 2 16 20 181 1.48 1)2 1)2 15 16 102
35 8.12 8.027 169 1.53 2 2 16 18 163 1.40 1)4 1)2 14 16 95
31 8.00 8.000 14. 1.42 1)2 1)2 16 16 109 1.28 1)4 1)2 14 14 83
a 'x 6M 28 8.06 6.540 132 1. 30 l ji 1)2 14 16 95 1.16 1)2 1)2 12 14 71

24 7.93 6 . 500 113 1.29 1)4 1)4 14 14 83 1.08 1)2 1)2 12 14 71
Plates4 Inches thick, or under, may be flattened by pressing. For plates more than 4 inches
thick, rolled thickness includes allowance for planing top surface. Additional allowance must
be made for finishing bottom surface of base plates to be set on grillages. Structural drawings
should show finished thickness. Mill orders should specify rolled thickness.
Above base plate sizes computed by method given on page 129.
AMERICAN INSTITU TE O F STEEL CONSTRUCTION
252
RIVETS 'Va" HOLE S 1*6"

1-, t "Aft SERIES
mrn. ' + ALLO WABLE LOADS IN KIPS
A
Rivets
Rivets
· c ' ,- Outstanding
" Web" l egs
M aximum Value
·0 Legs
"0
0_
~ . Shear Boaring
No. Shear Section A
" "13
••
. ~
A IO 2'5¥'
'-
oc
~Q
- '~
••
~~
L-
20 180.4 350 t 180.4 36 W (al l wei ghts ) 180.4
o.C"
0_
t=thick·
c:l;
'-N
2 1.:! 4 x atx fa ''''
of web
~ .
- 0
'.
~
o~
-
.
· c
u
~o
c ..
~
'; c A9
EC 18 162.4 315 t 162.4 33 W (all weights) 162.4
.0
.0
~,
ox
"~0_-x
..• •
~.
~,
• c
2 1.!' 4 x 3 t x ta-
......
~o
~
~
..
. 0 N
o·
, ••
8,"
~ ~
0
.
~
~f . ~
~
~
AS 16 144.3 280 t 144.3 30 W <all weights) 144.3
; OIg :l
.... .. (\I E
(,I) 0 0 '"
U.LL. (II0~II-0 21.!' 4 xaj- xfG
.,[J
~1l c: t:
- .... 01'11
ci. .!2 V1GJ
: ::s .!!~
41 ~ .~
~ .... g:l
1tI .=;';: VI 14 126.3 245 t 126.3 27 W 177 to 102 126.3
~f C. .; 94 120.0 j
t~~:;
.... IU O
C: IO C:CL
r::O U a.
o .c: Cia
(.) +'0 01 2 1! 4 x 3txfe
~ ;;.=
.- .s: 0 E
.o m
~ ........ (\I
(1)"~ 24 W 160 to 120 108.2
: ~.E III 11 0 107.1j
!'~"EE 100 98.3j
- 0I8:1l 94 108.2
~ .... u .o
41 0 1\l ..
,s: I: (1)0
12 108.2 210 t 108.2 84 9s. 6j
I- VI 1:11.
c o
76 92.4j
~t
o. 241 120 to 90 108.2
oC 2 12 4 )( 3-},, 1o
79.9 105.0j
tTbc values tabulated fo r tbese connections have been reduced to those permitted by web bearing.
S ee pages 150 a nd 151 fo r wei ghts of Sta nd a rd Con nectio ns a nd m inim um s pa ns to whi c h applicable .
A M ERICAN INSTI T U TE OF S TEEL C ONSTR U CT I O N

253
RIVETS '%"
"A" SERIES
ALLOWABLE LOADS IN KIPS
A
Rivets in
Out- Rivets
standing ;" Maximum Value
Legs Web legs
No. Shear BS3ri ng Shear Section R Seclion R

- - --I
A5 21 W"142 to 96 90.2 20 ! 95 to 75 90.2
175 t 82 87.3 j 65.4 87.5j
10 90.2 t =thick- 90.2 73 79.6j
ness
of web 68 75.3j
62 70.0j
18W"114to 105 72.2 16W"71 68.0j

96 71.7j 64 62.0j
85 72.2 58 57.0 j
77 66.5j 50 53.2 j
70 61.3j 45 48.4 j
A41l:" \ 64
60
55
50
56.4j
58.3j
54.6j
40
36
50.1j 18! 70
43.0 j
41.9 j
72.2
8 72.2 140 t 72.2 54.7 64.4j
16W" 96 72.2 15! 50 72.2
88 70.6 j
78 72.2
42.9 57.4j
A3ru 6 54.1 105 t

14W" 38
54.1 12W" 36
31
27
34
30
32.9j
30.2j
28.41
32.0j
27.8j
25.2j
12! 50
40.8
35
31.8
54.1
48.3 j
44.9 j
36.8j
A2mJ
lOW" 29 36.1 10!(35and25.4) 36.1
25 33.0j 8! 23.0 36.1
4 36.1 HOt 72.2* 21 30.9j 18.4 28.1 j
8W" 20 26.2j
17 23.9j
2L! 6x4x!
7! 20 18.0 5 ! 14.75 18.0

15.3 17.5j 10 13.7j
2 18.0 70 t 36.1 ·
6! 17.25 18.0
12.5 16.1j
*These values are theoretical. The y cannot be a ttained by webs of any of the listed beams.
trhe values labulated for these connections ha ve been reduced to those permitted by web bearing or web
shear, whichever governs.
See pages 150 and 151 for weights of Standard Connections and minimum spans to which applicable.
254
RIVETS %" HOLES 1%(;"
II
"H" & "HH" SERIES
+1rn+
m
+, + ALLOWABLE LOADS 'N KIPS
·. H
;:S:::;:S::: /
Rivets in
Outstanding Legs Rivets in
HH
"" "X
Web Legs Maximum Value
~~ H HH
~~
No. Shear No. Shear Bearin!) Shear Section H HH
~j
- -- - - - - - - - --
, ,
"''''
--
00
l:l:
l:
T') 40 360.8 560 1 288.6 36 W (all weighls)
t- thick-
ness
of web
288.6
·.
$:~
- - - - - - --- - - - -
X"
~~
X"
~~
~j
"', ''',
1.21' 36 324.7 4901 252.6 33 W 240 10 141
130
252.6
249.6 j
""'"
l:l:
·. l:
;:s:::;s:
-- - -- ---
""
~~
""
~~
jj ",!.!!,
32 288.6 4201 216.5 30 W 210 10 116
108
216.5
212.4 j
, ,
"''''
mo>
l:l:
I'
·.
l:
~;s:
-- - - - --
0
" X
~~ 28 252.6 3851 198.4 27Wlnlo114 198.4
" X
~~ 102 182.31
j':J 94 171.4 j
, ,
"''''
~~
l:l:
·.l: - - - - - - - -
.." "
;:S:::~
24 W 160 and 145 180.4
IE
~ 130 178.1 j
""
~~
jj 24 216.5 350 1 180.4

120
110
175.7 j
160.2j
100 146.0 j
~~ 94 162.9j
~~
l:l: 84 147.2 j
l: 76 136.8j
Note for all Connections;
LtJ
' Vhere some of the rivets in outstanding legs frame opposite,
through a plate less than %" thick, reduce above values for
outstanding legs by 1.09 nk, where n- number of rivets framing
opposite and k- nurnber of sixteenths by which t is less than Yz".
Note that value of rivets in web legs may still control. Above
formula for }-S" rivets only_
tThe values tabu1a ted for these connections ha ve been reduced to those permitted by web bearing or web
shea\T~~!~~~~";~ ~<;';V~;~ections have been omitted where shear in rive ts in outstanding legs governs and, there-
fore permit t he same values as "A " Connections l.." lbulated on page 252.
See 'pages 1 50 and 1St for weig h ts of Standard Connections and minimum spans to which ap plicable .
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STE E L CONSTRUCTION
255
HOLES 1* (5" RIVETS 'Va"
II
"H " & "HH"
ALLOWA BLE LOA DS I N KIPS
SERIES
~rn
t it
HH H
Rivets in
Outstanding Legs Rivets in
Web l egs Maximum Value
H HH
I] 12'2
H 5 · 2 ~ 6 x 4xh
N,.
-
Shear N,. Shear Bearing
- - - - --- - --
10 90.2
Shear
20 180.4 280 t 144.3

Section
21 V'F 142 and 125

11 2
96
82
H
90.2
---
HH
144.3
143.9t
144.3
135.3t
t= thick- 73 90.2 125.6 t
H H 6· 21! 6 x B )t~ ness
;j; of web 68 90.2 11 81 t
N 62 90.2 109.2 t
•
~
•
~ - - - -- --
,;
0 18 V'F 114 142.9t
E0
105
96 72.2
131 .9t
12O.9 t
u.
~
85 72.2 125.3t
c 77 72.2 11 2.1 t
•
!l0 70 72.2 102.5t
64 72.2 93.6t
D
z 60 72.2 98.7t
•• 55 72.2 91 .9t
•
.."
~
0
~ 8 72.2 16 144.3 280 t 144.3 16 V'F 96
50 72.2 83.8t
11 3.5t
n
0 i
H 4- 2 l! G }O; 4 x 88 72.2 105.9 t
~
0 t:lH4-2 l! 6 x6xt 78 72.2 112.2 t
71 72.2 102.1 t
E 64 72.2 92.1 t
~ 58 72.2 83.9t
•
E 50 72.2 80.3t
~
•• 45
40
72.2 72.5t
63.9t 63.9t
~ 36 61.6t 61.6t
u.
- -- - --- --- - --
IDJ
14 V'F 38 54.1 57.5 t
34 52.21 52.2t
30 48.6t 48.6t
6 54.1 12 108.2 210 t 108.2*
12V'F 36 48.5 t
H 3 · 21.!! 6x 4 xt 31 41.6t
HH 3 - 2 1.!! 6 x6x-t 27 37.3t
I
"H " and" HH " Connections are not treated as standard by all fabricators. When
so treated, the web rivets must be retained in number and position as shown in these
sketches. Those fa bricators who treat any connection heavier than the" A " Series as
special, detail both field and shop rivets according to the general principles given on
page 260. Whereas some fabricators fabricate" A" Connections by Symbol without
detail drawings, "H", "HH ", and special connections must always be detailed for all
fabricators.
*This value is theoretical . I t cannot be attained by the webs of any of the lis ted beams.
tThe values tabulated for these connections ha ve been reduced to those permitted by web bearing or web
shear. whichever ~vem s.
Values for" ., Connections have been omitted where shear in rivets in outstanding legs governs and. t here-
fore, permit the same values as "A" Connections tabulated on page 253.
See pages 150 a nd 151 for we ig h ts of Stand ard Connecti o n s a nd mi n i mu m span s to wh ic h a ppl icab le.
AMERI CAN IN S TITU T E OF STEEL C O N S TR UCT I O N
256
RIVETS %" HOLES 1716"
~rn
t it
"8" SERIES
,.
eo
Rive ts
'"
Outstanding
Rivets
'" Maxi mum Value
.'"
o~
Legs We b Legs
. N,.
~N
Shear Bearing Shear Section R
~~
·0 B 10 2'6f'
;
• Ill
-.••••
~N
.~ '- -
20 132.5 300 t
t =-thick-
ness
132.5 36 \IF (al l weights) 132.5
o~ of web
•a" 2C4 x at"ro
..
00
._ 0
"
,.
_0
.,L
00
~o
00
~"
." r
0- B 9
';': 18 119_3 270 t 119.3 33 \IF (all weights) 11 9.3
E'
••
~~o
~::s::
:;;:
o. 21! 4 xa x t ts
~;1ii
.ON
~gg
..1::;;1'11
:g~~
2~oQ)
;'$~a
•
e B
1
jt" 16 106.0 240 t 106.0 30 \IF (all weights) 106.0
:;; ~.~ ~ -
'C .. U.!!
I: 01.:: ;:I
g:; c.!: 21! 4x3~1'>fo

.u.i\i~
l:!,;~'C
~!l~1:
'[J
-; I'll gJl'II
':'5Q)!1
• ,tl..l: 0
UI'II+'z
· ~o B 14 92.8 210 t 92.8 27 \IF (all weights) 92.8
I'll C .. ~
...-1;11'"
g f.!: ~
'.jJ~~~
o o.
~ ·=8&. 21! 4xat;o; fs
C°l'lle.
o; .. Q
,m
~~lW
';:;~E
~;~~
:
m:luE
.. 0'" 24 \IF 160 to 84 79.5
: ~";I'II B 12 79.5 180 t 79.5 76 79.2j
.. . _!II
",+' U.Q
.. 0 .....
.s:. c c. o 24 I (all weights) 79.5
I- .. "'u.
.
00
oa
:;; ';;;
o•
2~ 4.xstxn
~
tTht' values tabulated {Of" these connections have been reduct:d to those permitted by web bearing.
See pages 152 and 153 for weights of Standard Connect ions and minimum spans to which applicable.
AM ER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

256
RIVETS %/1 HOLES 1*6"
"8" SERIES
rnrn
t it ALLOWABLE LOADS IN KIPS
B
Rivets
,L
~o
'0
Outstanding
Rivets
'0
Web Legs
M axi mum Value
L"; Legs
o~
~N
No. Shear Bearing Shear Soction R
~~
00 B 10 2'5¥' - -
~.
.
ro
.~
~N
-•• 20 132.5 300 t 132.5 36 'IF (al l weights) 132.5
LO '- - t _ thick·
o. ness
o~
•a,; 21! 4xstxio
of web
00
._ 0
g
Et
,. 0 0
~o
_0
~
0_"
.'"."E'
B 9
18 11 9_3 270 t 119.3 33 'IF (all weights) 119.3
"L
~.o
~~
.. .
..u =•
o oN
~:::I1D
2l! 4x3!x~
LO.
0 00
;;~ ~
... <IIt: N
2~
•
Qg
.. III AI
e8 1 16 106.0 240 t 106.0 30 'IF (all weights) 106.0
;'$~
g~
L. 1"11
~~'g~
t: 01._ :::I
a.
a. •
c.f
Lf"
~-o
U . ~u.
2l!4 xa:i- x tc
' "T;l
Ulwl: 11.\"c
IE]
...: ..... "'10
,~~:
• ,c..t: 0
IU nI+'Z
B 14 92.8 210 t 92.8 27 'IF (all weights)
:e~~~ 92.8
00)_ DIn
g ~.= or
.. ~"E:~
~Pg:3
~8g~
0;;..,0
2L!4xat x i'ii
" 00
00 0
.~~t·E
If]
~~~:!
w .. c ....
: +' Q ..,
CD~()E 24 'IF 160 to 84 79.5
: ~iii '" B 12 79.5 180 t 79.5 76 79.21
::+,'u.8
~g~o 24 I (all weights) 79.5
I/I" ~
I- 00
-~ .~
~. 2L! 4.x 3txn
u·
.~
t Th(' values tabulated for these conn~tions have been reduced to those permitted by web bearing.
See pages 152 and 153 for weights of Standard Connectio ns and minimum spans to which a pplicable.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF" STEEL CONSTRUCTI ON

258
RI V ETS JA/I HOLES I j{6"
II
"K" & "KK" SERIES
+
+:
mrn
, 1. +
K KK
·.
~;s!
XX
)
Rivets in
Outstanding Legs
K KK
Rivets in
q~
XX N,. Shear N,. Shear Bear ing Shear Section K KK

<o~
- - - - -- - - - - - -
':J~
~~
--:.:
00
:.::.: T\ 40 265.1 480 t 218.1 36 IfF (all weights)

t = thick-
ness
of we b
---
212.1
- --
·.
~;:s!
XX
q<o
xx
<0 <0
':sj 21 36 238.6 420 t 185.6 33 IfF (all weights) 185.6

, ,
NN
mm
:.::.:
:.:
I'
·.
~~
XX
- -
q<o
XX
<0<0 ",\,-" 32 212.1 360 t 159.0 30 IfF (all weights) 159.0
':J':J
, ,
NN
"''''
:.::.:
·. :.:
r c - - -- - --
~;:s!
I]
XX
q~
XX
~~ 28 185.6 330 t 145.8 27 IfF (all weights) 145.8
':J:'
, ,
NN
~~
:.::.:
·.
i$!~
XX
:.: --- - c - --- - --
fm
q~
XX
~~ 12 79.5 24 159.0 300 t 132.5 24 IfF 160 to 84 132.0 j
jj 76 79.5 132.0 j
, ,
NN
~~
:.:":.:
... Note for all Connections :
Where some of the rivets in outstanding legs frame opposite,
through a plate less t han !16" thick, reduce above values for
outstanding legs by 0.94 nk, where n = number of rivets framing
opposite and k =number of sixteenths by which t is less than u6" ,
Note that value of rivets in web legs may still control. Above
'== formula for ~l/ rivets only.
tThe values tabulated for these connections have been reduced to those permitted by web bearing.
Values for " K" Connections have been omitted where shear in rivets in outstanding legs governs and, there-
fore, pennit the same val ues as "B" Connections tabulated on page 256.
See pages 1 52 and 153 for weights of Sta nda rd Connections and minimu m spa ns to which applicable.
259
HOLES 1}{6" RIVETS %"
1m
"K" & "KK" SERIES
mrn
KK K
Rivets in
Outsta nding Legs Rivets in
K KK
iii
IlJ 12'2
K 5-2Ls 6x4x~1.G
KK 5-2Ls 6x6xYi'
N" Shear
10 66.3
N" Shear
.""" 1
20 132.5 2401 106.0
t=thick·
ness
of web
Sh,,,
Section
21 W 1421073
68
62
K
106,0
KK
---
66.3 103.2 t
66.3 96.01
N
•m --- - - -- ---
•
~
18 W 1141077 106.0
~
, 70 53.0 102.51
~ 64 53.0 93.61
...
0 60 53.0 98.71
n
55 53.0 91.91
"•c 50 53.0 83.81
•0
~
8 53.0 16 106.0 2401 106.0 16W 96 106.0
z 88 105.91
•• 78 106.0
•
,; 71 102.1 I
'. 64 92.1 I
~
K 4-ZLs 6x4x%
0
~
KK 4-Z L s 6x6x% 58 53.0 83.91
~
0
50 53.0 80.31
m 45 53.0 72.5t
c 40 53.0 63.9j
E 36 53.0 61.6j
,g
•E
•• - -- - -- - - - --
· .
~
14W 38 39.8 56.3j

...
0
34 39.8 51.7j
30 39.8 48.6 j
ID1
K 3-2Ls 6x4x~
KK 3-2Ls 6x6x%
6 39.8 12 79.5 180 t 79.5'"
12 W 36
31
27
39.8 48.5 t
39.8 41.6j
37.4 j 37.4t
"K" and "KK" Connections are not treated as standard by all fabricators. When
so treated, the web rivets must be retained in number and position as shown in these
sketches. Those fabricators who treat any connection heavier than the "K" Series as
special, detail both field and shop rivets according to the general principles given on
page 261. Whereas some fabricators fabricate "B" Connections by Sympol without
detail drawings, "K", "KK", and special connections must always be detailed for all
fabricators.
*This value is theoretical. It cannot be attained by the webs of any of the listed beams.
tThe values tabulated for these connC(':tions have been reduced to those permitted by web bearing or web
shear, whiche ver ~ovems .
Values for" .. Connections have been omitted where shear in rivets in outstanding legs governs and. there~
fore, pennit the same values as "B" Connections tabulated on page 257.
See pages 152 a nd 153 for weights of Standard Connections and minimum spans to which applicable.
260
RIVETS HOLES
'!/a" I~"
SPEC I AL BEAM CONNECTIONS
Examples below illustrat e methods of design i ng co n -
nections for beams with reactions too large to be
carr ied by Standa rd Connections.
Single shear in outstanding leg. _____________ .... _____ . ................................. 9.02 Kips
Value of Enclosed bearing on web._________ ----------.- ..... 35.0t Kips
One Rivet Maximum (double shear) ..._____.._____ .... ____.. __ ............ ._... ------_ ......... . 18.04 Kips
Minimum web thickness" t" t o develop dou ble shea r.. __ ... 0 515 Inch.
M inimum web thickness" t" to develop single shear.. .. ___ ._.O.322 inch.
When web "t" is less than .515 11 it may occur that the standard" A"
Connection provides sufficient shear capacity in outstanding legs, but
Th in Webs
insufficient web bearing capacity. For all such cases a standard "H"
OJnnection has been tabulated.
Y'lhen, as by reason of short span or heavy loading the shear exceeds

the shear capacity of a standard "A" OJnnection, three courses are
available:
1. If the web rivets of a standard "A" or "H " OJnnection are
adequate for web bearing, use I" rivets in its outstanding legs,
thus increasing its shear capacity by 30% .
2. Use a standard" HH" OJnnection as tabulated.
3. Detail both legs, using rivet values at top of this page.
Heavy
Shears 24 W 130 t= .565"
~IDj
Shear : 140.0 Kips
.c
!SI ~ 140.0
~~ HI" o. S. Legs 9.02 = 15.6 rivets
-m
~. '-'
N
.., A.lwa 5 Sr" 140.0
Web Legs - 0- = 7.8 rivets
18. 4
In all cases regard must be had to the note near t he foot of page 254.
Always 2t; [2¥

ra". IB 'I. 15" 14/1. 12" 10"-S" 1". a"-s!/"
' '11
:
I
[ ~
r---<i~
~
i--t1
, ,
-
@J ID
2 .7
1.5
-E1
o.s
A/....ays 2.f' f2¥' 4 .2

Coe!fJclents .
One-sided
Connections
Avoid, where practicable, and do not use for beams over 18". For
capacity. multiply least value of one rivet by coefficient shown. For gages
other than those shown, the coefficients will vary and must be computed
by the general formula for Case II, page 266. Eccentricity should be
provided for in the outstanding leg only. unless shop riveted leg of angle
exceeds 6" for %11 rivets or smaller, or 7" for I" rivets or larger, when
eccentricity should be provided for in both legs.
All the above connect ions are special and must be detailed.
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL. CONSTRUCTION

261
HOLES RIVETS
l%i" ~"
SPECIAL BEAM CONNECTIONS
Examples below illustrate methods of designing con-
nections for beams with reactions too large to be
carried by Standard Connections.
Single shear in outstanding leg.__ .______________ .____.... __.. ___ .......__ ..... ______ .. _ 6.63 Kips
Value of Enclosed bearing on web....._...__ __ ._............. _____ ... __ ................ _____ ... 30.0t Kips
One Rivet Maximum (double shear}.__ ....._........ __ ...._____ ..__ ............... __ ....... ___.... 13.25 Kips
Minimum web thickness .. t" to develop double shear .... ___.0.442 inch.
Minimum web thickness "t" to develop single shcar.......... O.276 inch.
When web" t " . is less than .442" it may occur that the standard" B"
Thin Webs
Connection provides sufficient shear capacity in outstanding legs. but
insufficient web bearing capacity. For all such cases a standard uK"
Connection has been tabulated.
When, as by reason of short span or heavy loading. the shear exceeds

the shear capacity of a standard "B" Connection, three courses are
available:
1. If the web rivets of a standard .. B " or .. K" Connection are
adequate for web bearing, use Ys" rivetS' in its outstanding legs,
thus increasing its shear capacity by 36%.
2. Use a standard " KK" Connection as tabulated.
Heavy
3. Detail both legs, using rivet values at top of this page.
Shears 21 W 112 t = .527"
Shear: 105.0 Kips
O. S. Legs ~o~~o ~ 15.8 rivets
105.0
Web Legs - 3 2 ~ 7.9 rivets
1 . 5
In all cases regard must be had to the note near the foot of page 258.
0.5
1.5
2.1 Coefficients
One-sided
Connections
Avoid. where practicable, and do not use for beams over 18", For
capacity, multiply least value of one rivet by coefficient shown. For gages
other than those shown. the coefficients will vary and must be computed
by the general fonnula for Case II , page 266. Eccentricity should be
provided for in the outstanding leg only, unless shop riveted leg of angle
exceeds 6" for Ys" rivets or smaller, or 7" for I" rivets or larger, when
eccentricity should be provided for in both legs.
All the above connections are special and must be detailed.

262
STIFFENED -BEAM SEATS

f
~ A"ngle 4 "x 3 "a a
x ' In all o a a . - -
~ 04
I "'-
%~q~
0
F;Hod S@O"o~ ,,-t:~I:

-~ @
o 0 J~
M.
lo.,
a'l 0
~'Fl ll er I~ "8 Fl ll er---'
Stiffener Angles Capacity of Weight of

Single No. of Ri vet Group Connection
Rivet Shear Ri vets Size of Bearing in Kips Lb.
Diam- 0", in One Seat Angle Size Val ue of Gage
eter Rivet Row Outstanding Leg T wo Angles of Two 0", Two 0",
Lisled First in Kips Angle Stiff. Stiff. Stiff. Stiff.
r---- 3 6 X %4 X 372 X 3 X §.is 51 1~
- - -
40
- - - - -- - --
28
4 6 X 4x % 3}'2 X 3 X H6 51 l >i 53 35
4 6 x4 X % 3}1 X 4 X h'6 51 2Yz 38 42
%," 6.63 5 6 X 4x % 3% X 3 X '!{6 71 l>i 66 48
5 6 X4 X % 3.% X 4 X H6 51 2% 51 50
6 6 X 4 X % 3% X 3 x)1 81 l>i 80 40 59 36
6 6 X 4 X % 372 X 4 X ?i6 71 2.4 65 66
7 6 X 4 X % 3)1 X 4 xYz 81 2)1 79 39 80 47
- - - - -- - - - - -- - - - - --
3 6 X4 X % 3)1 X 3 x% 61 1%; 54 33
4 6 X 4x % 3)1 X 3 X Us 71 l>i 72 36 44 30
4 6 x4x % 3}-2 X 4 X §{6 51 2Yz 50 46
Ys" 9.02 5 6x 4 X % 331 X 3 xYz 81 1% 90 45 56 36
5 6 X4 X% 3)1 x4 X ?i6 71 2Yz 69 62
6 6 X 6 X % 5 X 371 X Us 106 1% 108 54 72 45
6 6 X 6x % 4 x4 xYz 95 2)1 88 44 81 51
7 6 X 6x % 5 X 3% X Yz 122 1% 126 63 88 53
--- - - - - -- --- - - - - - -
3 6 x4 X % 3~~ X 3% X '!{s 71 2 71 39
3 6 X 4 X % 3% X 4 x% 61 2Yz 44 42
1" 11.78 4 6 X 4x % 3Yz X 3Yz X Yz 81 2 94 47 52 35
4 6 X 4x % 3% X 4 X ?{s 71 2Yz 67 56
5 6 X 6 X% 5 X 3% X Yz 122 2 118 59 71 46
5 6 X 6x % 4 x4 xYz 95 2Yz 91 45 75 49
6 6 X 6 X % 5 x5 xYz 122 2Yz 115 58 97 61
Effective length of stiffener bearing is assu med 'n inch less than length of outstanding leg.
Capacit ies based on rivets are for single shear, and shou Id be investigated for bearing when
~i:::s 1~nc~~~~n:hin material or when seats on opposite sides of a carrying member have
Torsion on rivet groups is figured in accordance with the procedure outlined on Page 264
under Stiffened Beam Seats. Angles shown in contact in sketch above may be separated in
order that gage in angle may coincide w ith standard gage in column.
For capacities under 35 kips unstiffened seat angles should be used. (See Page 263.)
Weight of connection includes top and seat angles, fillers, stiffeners, and shop rivets shown
in sketch, computed by A. I. S . C. Code of Standard Practice. Top and seat angles are estimated
7'n" long where stiffe ner gage is 1~", and 9'n" lon 9 where it is 21h". Fillers under double
stiffeners are estimated same width as length of top and seat angles; under single stiffeners,
same width as stiffeners.

263
BEAM SEATS WITHOUT STIFFENERS

jJ ~ ~~-;
Outstanding Leg of Angle 4"
Length - 6" Length _ 8"
Thickness
'f Thickn ess of Seat Angle Thickness of Seat Angle
Beam Web
%" %" %" %" %" 1" %" %" %" %" Va" 1"
---- - - --------- - --
,.
% 6
8
9
11
11
14
14
17
16
20 23
7
9
10
12
13
16
15
19
16
22 23
% 10 15 18 21 25 28 11 16 20 24 27 31
% 11 17 22 26 30 34 12 19 24 28 32 35
116 12 18 25 30 34 35 13 21 27 32 35
Y, 12 20 28 34 35 14 22 31 35
% 14 21 30 35 15 24 34 35
Above values are to be used only when beam has a top angle or side lug.
For values over 35 kips stiffened beam seats should be used. (See page 262.)
Above table is based on effective bearing beginning 72/f from back cf seat angle.
Values for seat angles of lengths other than 6" or 8" may be interpolated from the
above table.
The following method of design, using a maximum bending stress of 24,000 pounds
per square inch, is recommended. (The 24,000 pound unit stress is used, as the seat
angle being fastened to the beam is restrained, and the true moment is somewhat less
than for a simple cantilever.)
R = Reaction of beam, in kips.
t = Thickness of seat angle, in inches.
I = Length of seat angle. (Max. effective length = 9")
a = Distance from back of seat angle to beam, in inches.
k = Distance from bottom of beam to top of fillet, in inches.
b
b = Effective length of bearing = ~tl
I
- k = 2: - k,
tl
a- b
, t. r but not less than Y2 (0-0).
where fl = allowable stress at toe of fillet, A.I.S.C.
, • I Specification, Sec. 26(h) = 24 kips p. s. i.; and
T' t l = thickness of beam web, in inches.
-Point of b 3
crikal e ~ - +a-t--
t-
- moment
10-1-
2
M~Re~ --
24 It'
6
8
- I-j"
24 It' 4 It'
R~--~ -
6e e
AMERICAN INSTI rUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

264
ECCENTRIC BEAM CONNECTIONS
STIFFENED BEAM SEATS. See page 262 for table of Stiffened Beam Seats.
(a) Stiffeners up to 5" Outstanding Leg. Torsion should be figured on rivet
groups for gages 23;2" and over (Case I , page 266).
olr
Double angles as well as single angles should be
figured for torsion because outstanding legs are
not riveted and, hence, the two angles act inde-
pendently. Eccentricity on outstanding legs may
be neglected.
(b) Stiffeners over 5" Outstanding Legs and Gages under 27':!".
Eccentricity should be figured on outstanding leg and the use of method of
design shown for Fig. 3, page 265, is recommended. Assume lever arm as
M (outstanding leg minus 31"). See page 267 for required thickness of
stiffeners.
(c) Stiffeners over S" Outstanding Legs and Gages 231" and Over.
Rivet the outstanding legs together and compute as for (b).
BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTION. To avoid moment in the column full eccen-

tricity in the rivets connecting plate to beam should
rh'~==j
:'ir
be figured. Lever arm I should be used . A coeffi-
~~
cient for this rivet group, for ordinary cases, can be
!I: found in the tables on page 266, and for other cases
~1iJ'fF=d may be calculated from the formulas given there.
Field rivets connecting plate to column should be
-L
, used (least number) if beam can be erected and if
there are no interfering details in the web of the
column. The plate should figure for a moment with lever arm ll. See page 268
for table of Net Section Moduli of Plates.
SYMMETRICAL BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS. A Single plate across

the column may be used. If the reactions of the
rIr-
., two beams are equal there is no eccentricity to
, , figure on either beams or columns. The case of live
, load on one beam only must, however, be considered.
Where for this or other reason the beam reactions
t.
~, are unequal , figure the rivets in the column for the
sum of the reactions and the difference of the
moments, taken to the center of the connection.
See page 266. Plate should figure for greater moment with lever arm ll. See page
268 for table of Net Section Moduli of Plates.
ZEE CONNECTIONS. In general avoid the use of zee connections. Eccentricity in

I rivets connecting connection angle to the beam
4
should be figured, using the lever arm I. Eccen-
- . .- tricity in rivets connecting connection angle to
I. column. with a lever arm of 11, should be figured.
1, 'I The thickness of the angle should be ample to
t-4 resist the bending moment. See page 267.
Eccentricity in rivets connecting the two connection angles should be figured if
the lever arm 12 is 2%/1 or more. The least number of field rivets should be used.

265
RIVET GROUPS UNDER ECCENTRIC

APPLICATION OF LOAD
'11
When a group of rivets carries an eccentric load , as in Fig. I, the several rivets in
such a group are not equally stressed. Each carries an equal share (r = P / 20) of the
[[
vertical load P; and each carries in addition a
force R due to moment, which is proportional to
its distance a from the centcr of the rivet group
and acts at right angles to the line connecting the
) ~J'i rivet in question to the center of the group. The
~o1, L WJ p total stress on the rivet is the resultant of the two
I ~ '~I components defined above; it is great~st for the
~-r >i _n~no.ofr.ivetsln rivet which is on the side toward the load. and
f+---O--l any o .. e vertical row farthest from the center of the group.
Let 31, a2, etc. , be the distances of respective
FIG. 1 rivets from ccnter of group.
Let x =the Wlknown force due to moment on an imaginary rivet at unit distance
from center of group.
Then, on any rivet at distance a, the force=ax, and its moment=a 2x.
Adding (al )2x + (a2)2x + ... etc., and equating to the moment Pl, solve for x.
Then R (Fig. 1) =maximum ax, and S is found from R and r as shown in Fig. 1.
The group must be such in number and arrangement of rivets that S, the greatest
stress on any rivet, does not exceed the value allowed by the Specification.
For any rivet group and any given lever arm of applied load a coefficient C may be
found, such that C times the allowable 5~
value f)f one rivet equals the total load 1' -15" i-" RIvets
P permissible on the connection. I: I' P_26 kips, 1_15U, 0 - 6f'
Thus P ~ CXS. T
the ~~w~i~i\7et~ai~:
C
S~~~~i~~c~i-
. d d
;:
I:
V : II
I
~r~:5~bl:~~.3
Itn_6, c_ :!.O
ria~~t ;~~ci~~~t be ~m~~~~ for ~hich ~: I S - 9.02 k ips by Spllclflcatlon
the coefficient is of that magnitude or Hf
I 9.02 x 2.3 "" 20.7 kIP S- InsuffiCIent
greater. ~ 9.02)( 3.0 _ 27J klps-Sufflc l e nt
General expressions for the co- sru
efficient C are very complex, and for all FIG. 2
except simple, symmetrical cases the joint must be detailed by a cut-and-try process
based on the foregoing principles and without deriving of coefficients. For the simplest
cases occurring repeatedly in practice, the coefficients C are given in the Tables on page
266; in connection with Fig. 2 is given an example of the use thereof.
In the case of eccentric brackets of the type shown in Fig. 3, in which the moment
produces tension on the rivets, there is no exact knowledge as to the location of the
neutral axis; it probably lies somewhere below the center line of the connection. Nor
is there exact knowledge of the permissible combination of tension with vertical shear on
the uppermost rivets. A safe and accepted method of design for brackets of the type
' ~
p shown is to consider the rivets to be under an eccentric
loading similar to that exemplified in Table I, page 266.
r-
I
-1----. The coefficient C for such cases will be twice the values
tabulated in Table I to conform with the two vertical
o/ rows of rivets; the resultant stress on one extreme rivet

not to exceed the A. I. S. C. Specification allowance of
i:;~:;::per square inch.
P = 22 kips I = 12" %;/1 rivets, 3" pitch.
Allowable stress on one rivet = 15.0 X .4418 =
L 6.63 kips. (A. L S. C . Spec. Sect. 12 (b).)
P 22
FIG. 3 C ~ 2 X S ~ 2 X 6.63 ~ L66
From Table I for 1 = 12" six rivets are required in each of two vertical rows.
The thickness of the bracket connection angles should be ample to resist the bending
moment. See page-267.
AMER I CAN I NST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

266
RIVET GROUPS UNDER ECCENTRIC

APPLICATION OF LOAD
Nomenclature: n _ total number of rivets in anyone vertica l row.
p _ permissible load, acting with lever arm l.
S = permissib le load on one rivet by Specificatio n.
C "" coefficient as tabulated below. p
p - eX Si or, knowing P, required m in imum C <= S
-
Case I
~
-
2-
1" 2" 3" 6" 9" 12'1 15/1 24" 18" 21/1
1.7 12 .89 -:49 --:33 .25 ~ ---:17 --:14 ---:12
r-Il 3
4
2.7
3.7
2.1
3.1
1.7
2.6
.95
1.5
.65
1.1
.49
.82
.40
.66
.33
.55
.28
.47
.25
.41
II . .-+ b p
5
6
7
8
4.7
5.8
6.8
7.8
4.2
5.2
6.3
7.3
3.5
4.6
5.6
6.7
2.2
3.0
3.9
4.8
1.6
2.2
2.8
3.6
1.2
1.7
2.2
2.8
.98
1.4
1.8
2.3
.82
1.1
1.5
1.9
.71
.99
1.3
1.7
.62
.87
1.2
1.5
It --'-
9
10
11
12
8.8
9.8
10.9
11.9
8.4
9.4
10.4
11.5
7.7
8.8
9.8
10.9
5.8
6.8
7.8
8.8
4.4
5.2
6.1
7.0
3.5
4.2
4.9
5.7
2.8
3.4
4.1
4.8
2.4
2.9
3.5
4.1
2.1
2.5
3.0
3.5
1.8
2.2
2.7
3.1
n
I n Table, b _ 3" I n general, C _ ~
I ( n +61l)b r + 1
I 1" ~ 3" 6" 9" 12/1 15" 18" 21" 24"

5}i 9~ 5~ 9}i fs};'9;i 5~ 9~
Case II ~ 5};'9;i 5};'9;i 5~ 9}i 5}i 9~ 5.J.S 9.J.S 5.J,<l 9}i
2 3.1 3.4 2.5 2.9 2.1 2.5 1.4 1 1.1 1.4 0.' 1. 0.7 1. 0.6 0.9 0.5 0.8 0.5 0.7
~Il
'r
3 4.9 5.1 4.1 4.4 3.4 3.9 2.3 2.9 1.7 2.2 1.4 1.8 1.1 1.6 1.0 1.4 0.9 1.2 0.8 1.1
+\+-;- 4
5
6.' 7. 5.8 6.1
••• 8.9 7.7 7.9
5.0 5.4 3.4 3.1 2.0 2.6 1.7
6.7 7.0 4.6 5.2 3.5 4.1 2.' 3.3 2.3
2. 1.4 1.9 1.2 1. 1.1 1.5
2.8 1.9 2.4 1.7 2.1 1.5 1.9
1'rt-t
-<1>-
.
-i- . b
p
6
7
•
10.9 10.8 9.6 9.7
15.0 14.813.7
8.5 8.76.0 6.5 4.5 5.1 3.6 4.2 3.0
12.9 12.81'.7 11.6110.4 10.6 7.5 8.0 5.8 6.3 4.6 5. 3.'
13.~12.4 12.4 9.2 9.6 7.1 7.6 5.7 6. 4.8
3.6
4.4
5.3
2.6 3.1 2.2 2. 2.0
3.3 3.8 2.8 3.3 2.5
4.1 4.6 3.5 4.0 3.1
2.4
3.0
3.6
i-t--'-- 9 17.0 16.9 15.8 15.614.5 14.4 11.0 11. 8.6 9.0 6.9 7.4 5.'
19.1 1 8.9~.9 17. 16.6 16.4 1~2.8 13. 10.1 10.5 '.2
6.3 4.9 5.4 4 .3 4.8 3.8 4.3
1~::
10 6.9 7.4 5.9 6.4 5.2 5.6 4.6 5.0
2 1.2 '20.91 .0 19. 18.7 18.4 4.8 14.81 1.8 12.1 9.7 6.1 6. 5.4
~O~ 11 '.1 ~.§ 7.0 7.4 5.'
12 23.2 23.0j2'2.1 21.8 '20.8 '20.5 '6.8 '6.71'3.
1 1
' 5 13.7 11.2 11.4 9.4 9.88.1
•• 7.1 7. 6.3 6.7
In Table, b - 3"
and 0 = 5?i"or9?i" I n general, C -
,
II I (n
oz + "h ( n2
1) b
1) b Z
n
r
+ 0 2 + Ih I 10
(n" 1) b2 +'h]'
Case III
+~11
Case III, not tabu lated.
'--t-~p
1-'
In general, C _
~I I (n 1) b
0 2 + ?i (n 2 1)b2
]'
+
n
I 10
02 +:I;.'(n 2 1) b 2 H]'
• 0 D '
'P: 0 2
Case IV
I 1" 2" 3" 6" 9" 12" 15/1 18" 21" I 24"
~
~ 1-" I~ ~
9)i 11» 11» 9» 11» 9)i 11» 9» 11» 9» 11» 9» 11» 9» 11» 9» 11 »
-
~~~~
2 6.2 6.4 5.0 5.3 4.2 4.5 2.' 3.1 2.1
2.4 1.7 1.9 1.4 1.5 1.2 1.4 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1
3 9.6 9.8 8.0 8.2 5.7 7.1 4.6 5.0 3.5
3.' 2.' 3.1 2.3 2.6 2.0 2.2 1.8 2. 1.6 1.'
4 13.3 13.4 11.2 11.5 9.7 10.0 6.7 7.1 5.1
5.4 4.1 4.4 3.4 3. 2.9 3.
2.6 2.' 2.3 2.5
++--U 5
6
17.2 17. 14.8 15. 12.9 13.1 9.1 9.4
21.2
6.9
7.3
18.6,15.4 16.5 1.7 12.1 9.0 9.4
5.6 5.9 4.7 5. 4.0
7.3 7.6 6.1 6.4 5.2
21.1~::.5 2'2.5'20. 1 '20.1 14.7 14.9 I 1.3 11.7 9.2 9.5 7.7 '.0 6.6
4.
5.5
3.8 3.1 3.4
3.'
4.6
4.9 4.1 4.3
"I'
p 7 25.2 25.1 6.96.1 5.1 5.4
5.'
8 29.3 26.4~3.9 18. 13.9 14.2 11.3 11.6 9.5 9.' '.2 '.5 7.2
7.5 6.4 6.6
~
29;5
33.4 33.330.6 27.821 .2 21.316.7 16.9 13.7 13.9 11.5 11.8 9.9
30~9 31.8 4.8 1~.! '.7 9.0 7.7 8.0
9
37.6 3 7.~34.B 34.632.0
24'~lr7
~D-<>l 10 19.9 16.2 16.4 13.7 13.9 11.8 12.1 10.4 10.6 9.2 9.5
11 41.7 41. 39.0 38. 5.2 35.9 '28.5 28.52'2.9 23.0 18.9 19 .1 16.0 16.2 13.9 14.1 12.2 12.4 10.9 11.1
In Table, b _ 3" 12 45.8 45.6r 3 .2 42.8 .3 40.032.4 32.226.3 26.3 21.8 2 1.9 18.5 lB.7 16.0 16.3 14.1 14.4 12.6 12.8
d ' - 2?i" d ' ... 3"
d - 4*" d _ 5~ " n
d' - 2?i" d ' - 3"
o _ 91f.1;" 0 - 11!h"
In general, C .,
"
II I (n 1) b
dZ + 02 + % ( n Z l ) b2
]' I+
10
d Z+O Z +% (n2 1)b2 +1,4r
267
ANGLE AND STRUCTURAL TEE CONNECTION S

F O R HANGERS AND BRACKETS
ALL O WABLE LOADS IN KIPS PER INCH ON TWO A N G L ES

OR ST RUCTURAL TEE
:~
~5f~ '117-
!
Hangers
! I
Brackets
Mm Thickness of Angle or Flange of Tee, "t", Inches

"0"
'0. % }{, !{, Yz - -}{, % l~ % l;U ~ IH6 1 1l{o 1Yz 1;{s 174
- - - - -- - - -- -- - - -- - - - - - - -- - - - - -- --
Yz 2.60 3.56 5.12 6.68 8.40 10.44 12.58 15.00 17.56 20.40 23.40 26.60 30.20 33.60 37.60 41.60
% 1.74 2.50 3.42 4.44 5.60 6.96 8.38 9.96 11.70 13.60 15.60 17.78 20.20 22.40 25.00 27.60
1 1.30 1.88 2.56 3.33 4.20 5.20 6.30 7.50 8.80 10.20 11.70 13.33 15.10 16.80 18.80 20.80
1Ji 1.04 1.50 2.06 2.67 3.36 4.16 5.04 6.00 7.04 8.16 9.36 10.67 12.00 13.46 15.00 16.60
172 .88 1.26 1.70 2.22 2.80 3.48 4.20 5.00 5.86 6.80 7.80 8.88 10.00 11.20 12.50 13.80
1% .74 1.08 1.46 1.90 2.40 2.98 3.60 4 .28 5.04 5.84 6.68 7.62 8.60 9.64 10.70 11.90
2 .66 .94 1.28 1.66 2.10 2.60 3.16 3.74 4.40 5.10 5.86 6.68 7 .52 8.40 9.36 10.38
2Ji .58 .84 1.14 1.48 1.88 2.32 2.80 3.33 3.92 4.54 5.20 5.92 6.70 7.46 8.36 9.22
27'2 .52 .76 1.02 1.33 1.68 2.08 2.52 3.00 3.52 4.08 4.68 5.33 6.04 6.72 7.50 8.30
2% .48 .68 .94 1.22 1.54 1.90 2.30 2.72 3.20 3.72 4.26 4.86 5.48 6 .1 2 6.80 7.54
3 .44 .62 .86 1.12 1.40 1.74 2.10 2.50 2.94 3.40 3.92 4.44 5.02 5.60 6.26 6.92
3Ji .40 .58 .78 1.02 1.30 1.60 1.94 2.30 2.72 3.14 3.60 4.10 4.62 5.16 5.76 6.38
For single unrestrained angles use one-quarter or the loads tabulated above.
The following method of design using a maximum bending stress of 20 000 p.s.i., is
recommended. Angles and structural tees are considered restrained in cases shown
above or in similar cases. Point of critical moment is assumed at tangent of fillet of
outstanding leg of angle or tee.
P e 20 t' P ~ 80 t' ~ 13.33 t'
M~ - X - ~ -
226 6e e
where P = Allowable load on two angles or structural tee in kips per linear inch.
e = Distance from tangent of fillet of angle or tee to center of rivet, in inches.
(e/ 2 is the lever arm used to determine moment because angles and tees
are considered restrained.)
t = Thickness of angle or flange of tee, in inches.
For brackets as shown above and in Fig. 3, page 265, and for beam seat stiffener
angles page 262, divide the tension in the two top rivets by the rivet pitch to obtain
the load per linear inch of two angles.

268
NET SECTION MODULI OF PLATES
%" I I
~
191i1
I~ II I Sectio n Moduli taken
Diameter of holes assumed t ¢ al ong this lin e
J-i" larger than nominal I Rivets spaced
diameter of rivet 3" vertically
No, of Depth ~IJ RIVETS %" RIVETS 1" RIVETS

Rivets of 1- - - - - - ----+----- - - - - - - 1 · - - - - - - - - - -
in Plate
One in T hickness of Plate, In. Thickness of Plate, In. Thickness of Plate, In.
Vertical lnch-I--,---,---.,-. , -+- - ,---,--,..-,---I----,--,--,---,---
Line as
U % Yz % % % Y2 % % Ys Yz % % Ys 1
------------ - - 1-- - - - - - - - - - --1- -
2 6 1.2 1.8 2.3 2.9 3.5 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.4 4.0 2.2 2.7 3.2 3.8 4.3
3 9 2.5 3.8 5.0 6.3 7.5 3.6 4.8 5.9 7.1 B.3 4.5 5.6 6.8 7.9 9.0
4 12 4.4 6.3 8.7 11 13 6.2 8.2 10 12 14 7.8 9.7 12 14 16
5 15 6.8 10 14 17 20 10 13 16 19 22 12 15 18 21 24
6 18 9.6 15 19 24 29 14 18 23 27 32 17 21 26 30 34
7 21 13 20 26 33 39 19 25 31 37 43 23 29 35 41 47
8 24 17 26 34 43 51 24 32 40 48 56 30 38 45 53 61
9 27 22 32 43 54 65 31 41 51 61 71 38 48 57 67 77
10 30 27 40 53 67 80 38 50 63 75 88 47 59 71 83 94
12 36 38 58 77 96 115 54 72 90 108 126 68 85 102 119 136
14 42 52 78 104 130 157 74 98 123 147 172 92 115 138 161 184
16 48 68 102 136 170 204 96 128 160 192 224 120 150 180 211 241
18 54 86 129 172 215 259 122 162 203 243 284 152 190 228 266 304
20 60 106 160 213 256 319 150 200 250 300 350 188 235 282 329 376
22 66 129 193 257 322 386 182 242 303 363 424 227 284 341 398 454
24 72 153 230 306 383 459 216 288 360 432 504 270 338 406 473 541
26 78 180 270 359 449 539 254 338 423 507 592 317 397 476 555 634
28 84 208 313 41 7 521 625 294 392 490 588 686 368 460 552 644 736
30 90 240 359 478 598 718 338 450 563 675 788 422 528 633 739 845
32 96 272 408 544 680 816 384 512 640 768 896 480 600 721 841 961
34 102 308 461 614 768 922 434 578 723 867 1012 542 678 813 949 1085
36 108 344 517 689 861 1033 486 648 810 972 11 34 608 760 912 1064 1216
Interpola te for intermed iate thickne<-..ses of plates.
AM ER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CON STR U C TI O N

269
PINS
AREAS AND WEIGHTS

VALUES IN SHEAR, BEARING AND BENDING
Bear ing Resisting

Weight per Foot Shear on Steer Moment
Diameter Area Section
of of M odulus Si ngle Double 1 Inch Thick
Pin Section Rough S 15,000 15,000 32,000 30,000
Turned Finished Pounds Pounds POunds Pounds
per Sq. tn. per Sq. tn. per Sq. In. per Sq. In.
". In.2 Lb. Lb. In.l K ips K ips Kips Kip Inches
1 ,79 ...__... - .. _--- 2.67 .10 11.8 23.6 32 3.0

1)i 1.23 ... _.... _.. _-_ .. 4.17 .19 18,4 36.8 40 5.7
1~ 1.77 ---_........ _--_ .. 6.01 .33 26.5 53,0 48 9.9
1 ji 2,41 ----_._----_._ .. 8.18 .53 36.1 72.2 56 15.9
2 3.14 .................. 10.68 .79 47.1 94.3 64 23.7
2)i 3.98 ........ _----_ .... 13.52 1.1 2 59.6 119.3 72 33.6
2~ 4.91 ---_.._------_ .... 16.69 1.53 73.6 147,3 80 45,9
2ji 5.94 ---_.._--------_ .. 20.20 2.04 89.1 178.2 88 61.2
3 7.07 .. __.._----------- 24.03 2.65 106.0 212.1 96 79.5
3)i 8.30 ......_----_ .. _--- 28.21 3.37 124.4 248.9 104 101.1
3~ 9.62 ........... __ ._--- 32.71 4.21 144,3 288.6 ...112 126.3
3~ 11.05 ~. - .. -.--.-- ... 37.55 5.18 165.7 331.4 120 155.4
4 12.57 ..... _.......... 42.73 6.28 188.5 377.0 128 188.4
4)i 14.19 ..... -............ 48.23 7.54 212.8 425.6 136 226.2
4~ 15.90 .............._... 54.07 8.95 238.6 477.1 144 268.5
4~ 17.72 ........ __.... _-_. 60,25 10.52 265.8 531.6 152 315.6
5 19.64 .............._--- 66.76 12.27 294,5 589.1 160 368.1
5)i 21.65 ....... _---------- 73.60 14.21 324,7 649.4 168 426.3
5~ 23.76 ------------------ 80.78 16.33 356.4 712.7 176 489.9
5%, 25.97 ------------------ 88.29 18.66 389.5 779.0 184 559.8
6 28.27 100.2 96.13 21.21 424.1 848.2 192 636.3
6)i 30.68 108,5 104.3 23.97 460.2 920.4 200 719.1
6~ 33.18 117,2 112.8 26.96 497.7 995.5 208 808.8
6 ji 35.79 126.2 121.7 30.19 536.8 1074 216 905.7
7 38.49 135.6 130.9 33,68 577.3 1155 224 1010
7)i 41.28 145.2 140.4 37.41 619.2 1239 232 1122
714 44.18 155.3 150.2 41.42 662.7 1325 240 1243
7~ 47.17 165.6 160.4 45.70 707.6 1415 248 1371
8 50.27 176.3 170.9 50.27 754.0 1508 256 1508
8)i 53.46 187.3 181.8 55.1 3 801.8 1604 264 1654
8~ 56,75 198.7 192.9 60.29 851.2 1702 272 1809
8 ji 60,13 210,3 204.5 65.79 902.0 1804 280 1973
9 63,62 222,4 216.3 71.57 954.3 1909 288 2147
9)i 67,20 234.7 228.5 77.70 1008 2016 296 2331
9~ 70.88 247.4 241.0 84.18 1063 2127 304 2525
9% 74,66 260.4 253.9 91.00 1120 2240 312 2730
10 78.54 273.8 267,0 98.18 1178 2356 320 2945
•
Pins up to 6 inch d iameter are usuall y purchased as cold- ro ll ed shafting and require no
fini s h_ Large pins are forgings , purchased rough-turned leaving Yt6" finish a ll over_
270
POWER DRIVEN RIVETS

(SHO P AND FIELD)
AND
TURNED BOLTS IN REAMED HOLES
Shear ...... .......15,000 Ibs. per square inch
Bea ring : S. S . .... __ ... __ .32,000
D. S.. ... ____ ..40,000
Rivet Oia. J1 % % % 1% 1%
Area .1963 .3068 .4418 .6013 .7854 .9940 1.2272
S ingle Shear 2.95 4.60 6.63 9.02 11.78 14.91 18.41
Double Shear 5.89 9.20 13.25 18.04 23.56 29.82 36.82
Thickness Bearing Boaring Bearing Bearin g Bearing Bearing Bearing
of
Plate 32.0 40.0 32.0 40.0 32.0 40.0 32.0 40.0 32.0 40.0 32.0 40.0 32.0 40.0
1- -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - - -- - ---
.125 % 2.00 2.50 2.50 3.12 3.00 3.75
.140 2.24 2.80 2.80 3.50 3.36 4.20 3.92 4.90

.160 2.56 3.20 3.20 4.00 3.84 4.80 4.48 5.60
.180 2.88 3.60 3.60 4.50 4.32 5.40 5.04 6.30
.1875 !i6 3.00 3.75 3.75 4.69 4.50 5.62 5.25 6.56
.200 . 4.00 4.00 5.00 4.80 6.00 5.60 7.00 6.40 8.00
.220 .. 4.40 4.40 5.50 5.28 6.60 6.16 7.70 7.04 8.80
.240 4.80 4.80 6.00 5.76 7.20 6.72 8.40 7.68 9.60
.250 % 5.00 ---_ ... 6.25 6.00 7.50 7.00 8.75 8.00 10.0
.260 5.20 ....'--- 6.50 6.24 7.80 7.28 9.10 8.32 10.4 9.36 11.7
.280 5.60 ----'" 7.00 6.72 8.40 7.84 9.80 8.96 11.2 10.1 12.6
.300 _.... _-- 6.00 ... __ ... 7.50 .------ 9.00 8.40 10.5 9.60 12.0 10.8 13:5
.3125 !i6 .. -.---- ... .. __. .......... 7.81 9.38 8.75 10.9 10.0 12.5 11 .3 14.1
.320 -_ ... _-- ----_._- ....... -- 8.00 9.60 8.96 11.2 10.2 12.8 11.5 14.4 12.8 16.0
.340 -_ ... _- - --_ .... _. ....__.-. 8.50 ---_.__. 10.2 .- ... --- 11.910.9 13.6 12.2 15.3 13.6 17.0
.360 ._-_. __ . ..... _... ....... -- 9.00 ------ _. 10.8 . .. _---- 12.6
11.5 14.4 13.0 16.2 14.4 18.0
.375 % ... _-- •....__ . ...._-_. 9.38 ---_.__ . 11.3 ..-.---- 13.1 12.0 15.0 13.5 16.9 15.0 18.8
.380 .----_. ... _--- -------- ....---- ..... 11.4 -------- 13.3
--, ...___---. 15.213.7 17.1 15.2 19.0
.400 -------. ..... _-- ---.---- ..... __ . . .... _. 12.0 ..... __ . 14.0 ..... 16.0 14.4 18.0 16.0 20.0
.420 _-_. ..... __ . ..... __ . .... _.12.6
..... __ . ... ..... __ . 14.7 _--. .. . 16.8 15.1 18.9 16.8 21.0
.4375 !i6 __ _-_ . .....__ . ..... __ . .... .... 13.1
..... . ... ....... _. 15.3 _-_. .. . 17.5 . .. ---. 19.7 17.5 21.9
.440 .....__. ..... __ ........•......... ............................. 15.4 ..... _. . 17.6 ... _ •. 19.8 17.6 22.0
.460 . . .................. 16.1 ._.18.4 ........ 20.7 18.4 23.0
.480 .....•........•... 16.8 .19.2 .....••. 21 .6 24.0
.500 J1 ....._ .......... .............. .. . .....•........•... 17.5 ....... 20.0 ......... 22.5 .......... 25.0
.520 ...........•••....•........ __ ......................... 18.2 .......... 20.8 .....••. 23.4 26.0

.540 ....... . .....•........•......._. ........................ .....•• .... ..... 21 .6 .....••. 24.3 27.0
.560 ............................... .............................• . ......... 22.4 ... __ .. 25.2 28.0
.5625 j{, ............ __ ............. _. ......._. ..... _......._.......• _. ........ 22.5 ... ___ . 25.3 28.1
.580 ..... __ . ... ___.......... ...•__. .. .................. _. ... _._. 23.2 ... ___. 26.1 29.0
.600 ... __......_................. _. ..... _... ............................ ...... _. 24.0 .....• _. 27.0 30.0
.620 ..... __ . .... __ ...... _....... _. ........ .......... ......... ........ . .. _. .....• _. 27.9 31.0
.625 % .__ . ...... _...... __ ....... _. ..... _... .....__...... __ . .... .....__ . .....__. 28.1 31.3
.6875 1!1'6 ... . ... ...•.... _.. _. .. ............ __ ........•.......... .............. __ ......_•. 30.9 34.4
-.750 - % .~~~:.~~ ...~... ..... _1 ................. -......- . . .- -- .....-.....--. .. --.. 37.5

UNFINISHED BOLTS
ALLOWABLE LOADS I N KIPS

Shear. __ ........... ___ .......... .10,000 Ibs. per square inch
Bearing: S. 5 .... .___ ....... 20,000 " " "
D. 5. _____ .....•... 25,000 " .. "
(See A. LS.C. Specification Section 22(8) for conditional increase of ~
80lt Dia. 72 % % Ys 1 lYs 1).;(

Area .1963 .3068 .4418 .6013 .7854 .9940 1.2272
Single Shear 1.96 3.07 4.42 6.01 7.85 9.94 12.27
Double Shear 3.93 6.14 8.84 12.03 15.71 19.88 24.54
Thickness Bearing Bearing Bearing Bearing Bearing Bearing Bearing
of
__P_'''_'__ 1-=2O"."0, _2_5._0 _2_0._0 _2_5._0 _2_0 '_0 _25_._0 _20_._0 _2_5._0 _20_ ._0 _25_.0__
20_._0 _2_5._0 _20_.0
_ _25_._0
.125 Ys 1.25 1.56 1.56 1.95 1.88 2.35

.140 1.40 1.75 1.75 2.19 2.10 2.63 2.45 3.06
.160 1.60 2.00 2.00 2.50 2.40 3.00 2.80 3.50
.180 1.80 2.25 2.25 2.81 2.70 3.38 3.15 3.94
.1875 li", 1.88 2.38 2.34 2.93 2.81 3.52 3.28 4.10
.200 2.00 2.50 2.50 3.13 3.00 3.75 3.50 4.38 4.00 5.00
.220 -_ ... _-- 2.75 2.75 3.44 3.30 4.13 3.85 4.81 4.40 5.50
.240 -_ ... _-- 3.00 3.00 3.75 3.60 4.50 4.20 5.25 4.80 6.00
.250 ).;( .... _--- 3.13 3.13 3.91 3.75 4.69 4.38 5.47 5.00 6.25
.260 ---_...... 3.25 --------- 4.06 3.90 4.88 4.55 5.69 5.20 6.50 5.85 7.31
.280 -----_... - 3.50 --._--_.- 4.38 4.20 5.25 4.90 6.13 5.60 7.00 6.30 7.88
.300 ... _--_.- 3.75 . --.---" 4.69 4.50 5.63 5.25 6.56 6.00 7.50 6.75 8.44
.3125 %", ..... _... 3.91 .------- 4.88 -_ ... _-- 5.86 5.47 6.84 6.25 7.81 7.03 8.79
.320 _._._--- 4.00 -----_... - 5.00 ---.---- 6.00 5.60 7.00 6.40 8.00 7.20 9.00 8.00 10.0
.340 --------- .... _--_. -----_.._- 5.31 6.38 5.95 7.44 6.80 8.50 7.65 9.56 8.~( 10.6
.360 -------- .. -.--_.. -----_... - 5.63 --- ._- -- 6.75 7.88 7.20 9.00 8.10 10.1 9.00 11.3
.375 VB -------- ... _-- ---_._---- 5.86 .. .. -- 7.03 .--._---
" 8.20 7.50 9.38 8.44 10.6 9.38 11.7
.380 . --.--._- ------- . .......---- 5.94
_-- 6.25
._------ 7.13 8.31 7.60 9.50 8.55 10.7 9.50 11.9
.400 ----... -- --_ .. _-- ._------ 7.50 . .. 8.75 8.00 10.0 9.00 11.3 10.0 12.5
.420 ...... _._- _._._-_. ---_._---- 7.88 9.19 -.. - 10.5
..... 9.45 11.8 10.5 13.1
.4375 l{, .... _-.-- .... ---- ... ---- ......--.. .. . _----- 8.20 9.57 .... 10.9 9.84 12.3 10.9 13.7
.440 .. __ ...... __ . .... __ ...... __ ....___ . 8.25 9.63 ... ___ . 11.0 9.90 12.4 11.0 13.8
.460 ..._........ __ .. ... __...... __ ....__ . 8.63 ..... __ . 10.1 ..... __ . 11.5 ....... _.12.9 11.5 14.4
.480 ............ _....... __ . 9.00 ..... __ . 10.5 ......... 12.0 ......._. 13.5 12.0 15.0
•500 .... .......... ...... __ ...... _.. ..... _... 10.9 .......... 12.5 .......... 14.1 12.5 . 15.6
.520 .....__ . ..... _....... _........ _.... _... __ ...... __ ...... __ . 11 .4 ..... __ . 13.0 ... __ . 14.6 16.3
.540 ..._. __ ...... _....... __ ........ _.....___...... __...... __. 11 .8 ..... _... 13.5 ..... _... 15.2 16.9
.560 ..._. __........ _ ..... __ ...... __ . ._..__...... _........ _... 12.3 ......... 14.0 ......... 15.7 ......._. 17.5
.5625 ~ ..... __ ...... _........ __ ...... _....... __...... __ ...... _... ..... _... .... ... 14.1 ....... 15.8 .......... 17.6
.580 ..... __ ........ _...... __ ...... __...... __ .... __ ....... __ ...... __ ...... __. 14.5 ..... ___ 16.3 ..... _... 18.1
.600 ... ___ ...... __ . ..... __. .....__ ..... __ .....___ . ...__ ...... __ ...... ___ 15.0 ..... _.._16.9 18.8
.620 ... ___ ...... __ ... ___ ...____... _.. __ ...... __ ..... __.... ___ .... . ___ 15.5 ..... _... 17.4 ..... __ . 19.4
.625 ..... _.........._ ... __........ __. _.... __ ...... __..... __ ...... __...... __ . 15.6 .... 17.6 ..... __. 19.5
.5875 'J.{, ... ___...... _........ _.......... _...... __ ........ _.. .. __ . ....... _...... ___ 17.2 .......... 19.3 ..... ___ 21 .5
.750 ..-___ ...... __ .... ___ . ... ___ ...... __ .._...__.. ... __.._____ ...... ___ .. ____ .... ____ 21.1 .....___ 23.4
.8125 ,~ -....-_ ...... __ ..... __ ...... __. --. ___. ..... __..... ___..... __ ........ __ ..... __...... __ ..... __. ..... __ . 25.4

272

273
PART IV
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
AND CODES
Specification for the Design, Fabrication, and Erection of

Structural Steel for Buildings; as revised June 1949.
(For brevity this document is referred to in the Man-
ual as the A.I.S.C. Specification.)
Code of Standard Practice; as revised April 26, 1956.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF BOLT, NUT AND RIVET

MANUFACTURERS
Tentative Specifications for Cold Riveted Construction;

September, 1942.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING MATERIALS
Specifications for Steel for Bridges and Buildings.

A.S.T.M. Designation A7-46.
Specifications for Structural Rivet Steel.
A.S.T.M. Designation A141-39.
AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY
Application of and Extracts from Code for Arc and Gas

Welding in Building Construction.
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and other Structures;

as sponsored by the National Bureau of Standards
and adopted by American Standards Association,
A58.1- 1945.

a4
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT/ON

275
,
SPECIFICATION FOR THE

DESIGN, FABRICATION AND ERECTION
OF STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BUILDINGS
( RIVETED, SOLTED AND ARC-WELDED CONSTRUCTION)
REVISED JUNE, 1949
CONTENTS
PREFACE
SPECIFICATION
ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS- SECTION 1-8
TECHNICAL PROVISIONS
PART I. MATERIAL- SECTION 9
PART II. LOADS AND STRESSES- SECTIONS 10-14
PART III. UNIT STRESSES- S ECTION 15
PART IV. DESIGN- SECTIONS 16-32
PART V. FABRICATION-SECTIONS 33-34
AM E RICAN INS TITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

276
, \
PREFACE
A specification of this type requires for completeness certain general clauses

which frequently are provided in the applicable Building Code or General Specification.
When so provided, the clauses in such Code or Specification shall of course govern.
In the absence of such, the following clauses shall be read into. and shall form a part
of, the Specification:
SCOPE.
As used throughout this Specification, the term "structural steel '. refers ex-
clusively to those items enumerated in Section 2 of the "Code of Standard Practice
for Steel Buildings and Bridges" of the American Institute of Steel Construction. and
nothing herein contained shall be interpreted as a recommended practice for steel
joists, members formed of flat rolled sheet or strip. light-gage steel construction. sky-
lights, marquises (except structural frame), fire escapes, or other items not specifically
enumerated in that Code.
CODE.
In the execution of contracts entered into under this Specification, the" Code of
Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges" of the American Institute of
Steel Construction shall apply unless otherwise specified or required.

277
SPECIFICATION FOR THE

DESIGN, FABRICATION AND ERECTION
OF STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR BUILDINGS
(RIVETED, BOLTED AND ARC-WELDED CONSTRUCTION)
This Specification defines the practice adopted by the American Institute of Steel
Construction in the design, fabrication, and erection of structural steel for Buildings.
ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS
SECTION 1. TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION.

Three basic types of design and design assumption are pennissible, under the
respective conditions stated hereinafter, and each will govern in a specific manner the
sizes of members and the types and strength of their connections.
Type 1, commonly designated as "rigid-frame" (continuous. restrained frame).
assumes that the end connections of all members in the frame have sufficient rigidity
to hold virtually unchanged the original angles between !uch members and the mem-
bers to which they connect.
Type 2. commonly designated as "conventional" or "simple" framing (unre-
strained, free-ended). assumes that the ends of beams and girders are connected for
shear only. and are free to rotate under load.
Type 3, commonly designated as "semi-rigid framing" (partially restrained),
assumes that the connections of beams and girders possess a dependable and known
moment capacity intermediate in degree between the complete rigidity of Type 1
and the complete flexibility of Type 2.
All connections shall be consistent in their design with the assumptions as to
type of construction, as called for on the design drawings.
Type 1 construction is unconditionally pennitted under this Specification. It is
a necessary condition of this type that the calculated stresses and resulting strains in
all members and their connections occur within the elastic range, and that the stresses
do not exceed. those allowed in Section 15 of this Specification.
Type 2 construction is pemtiUed under this Specification, subject to the stipu-
lations of the following paragraph wherever applicable. Beam-to-oolumn connections
with seats for the reactions and with top clip angles for lateral support only, are classed
under Type 2.
In tier buildings, designed in general as Type 2 construction, in that the beam-
to-colwnn connections other than wind connections are flexible, the distributIOn of

278
A. I. S. C. SPEC( FICATION
the wind moments, as between the several joints of the frame, may be made by a
recognized empirical method provided that either :
1. The wind connections, designed to resist the assumed wind moments, are
adequate to resist the moments induced by the gravity loading and the wind
loading, at the increased unit stresses permitted therefor, or,
2. The wind connections. if welded and if designed to resist the asswned wind
moments. are so designed that larger moments. induced by the gravity
loading under the actual condition of restraint, will be relieved by deformation
of the connection material without over-stress in the welds.
Type 3 (semi-rigid) construction will be permitted only upon evidence that the
connections to be used are capable of resisting definite moments without overstress of
the welds. * The proportioning of main members joined by such connections shall be
predicated upon no greater degree of end restraint than the minimum known to be
effective by the respective connections. *
Types 2 and 3 construction may necessitate some non-elastic but self-limiting
defonnation of a structural steel part, but under forces which do not overstress the
rivets, bolts or welds.
SECTION 2. DEFINITIONS AND NOMENCLATURE, WELDED CONSTRUCTION

All tenns herein relating to welds, welding and gas cutting shall be construed in
accordance with the standard "Definitions of Welding Terms and Master Chart of
Welding Processes" of the American Welding Society, as amended to date.
SECTION 3. PLANS AND DRAWINGS. STRESS SHEETS.

(a ) Plans.
The plans (design drawings) shall show a complete design with sizes, sections,
and the relative locations of the various members. Floor levels, column centers, and
offsets shall be dimensioned. Plans shall be drawn to a scale large enough to convey
the infonnation adequately.
Plans shall indicate the type or types of construction (as defined in Section 1)
to be employed; and shall be supplemented by such data as to the assumed loads, and
the shears, moments and axial forces to be resisted by all members and their con-
nections, as may be required for the proper preparation of the shop drawings.
(b ) Shop Drawings.
Shop drawings, giving complete infonnation necessary for the fabrication of the
component parts of the structur.e, including the location, type. size and extent of all
welds. shall be prepared in advance of the actual fabrication. They shall clearly dis-
tinguish between shop and field rivets, bolts and welds.
Shop drawings shall be made in confonnity with the best modern practice and
with due regard to speed and economy in fabrication and erection.
*The American Institute of Steel Construction expects to publish designs of beam-to-

column connections with a statement of the experimentally detennined bending resistance
thereof.

279
(c) Notations fOT Welding,

Note shall be made on the plans and on the shop drawings of those joints or
groups of joints in which it is especially important that the welding sequence and
technique of welding be carefully controlled to minimize locked-up stresses and
distortion.
Weld lengths called for on the plans and on the shop drawings shall be the net
effective lengths.
(d) Symbols for Welding.
Welding symbols used on plans and shop drawings shall preferably be the American
Welding Society symoo!s; other adequate welding symbols may be used, provided a
complete explanation thereof is shown on the plans or drawings.
SECTION 4. LOADS AND FORCES.

(a) Dead Load.
The dead load to be assumed in design shall consist of the weight of the steelwork
and all material fastened thereto or supported thereby,
( b) Live Load.
The live load, and snow load if any, shall be that stipulated by the Code under
which the structure is being designed or that required by the conditions involved.
In general, the live loads should not be less than those recommended in the "American
Standard Building Requirements for Minimum Design Loads in Buildings and Other
Structures, ASS.l ",latest edition.
(e) W;nd .
Proper provision shall be made for stresses caused by wind both during erection
and after completion of the building. The wind pressure is dependent upon the con-
ditions of exposure and geographicaiiocation of the structure. The allowable stresses
specified in Paragraphs (d) and (e) of Section 15, are based upon the steel frame being
designed to carry a wind pressure of not less than twenty (20) pounds per square foot
·on the vertical projection of the finished structure.
(d) Other Forces.
Structures in localities subject to earthquakes, hurricanes, and other extraordinary
conditions shall be designed with due regard for such conditions.
SECTION 5. WELDING.
(a) Welding.
Welds shall be made only by operators who have been previously Qualified by
tests, as prescribed in the "Standard Qualification Procedure" of the American
Welding Society, to perform the type of work required, except that this provision
need not apply to tack welds not later incorporated into finished welds carrying cal-
culated stress.
(b) Rivets and Bolts in Combination with Weld8.
In new work, rivets or bolts in combination with welds shall not be considered
as sharing the stress, and welds shall be provided to carry the entire stress for which
the connection is designed.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL.. CONSTRUCTION

280
In making welded alterations to structures, existing rivets may be utilized for

carrying stresses resulting from existing dead loads, and the. welding need be adequate
only to carryall additional stress.
SECTION 6. TURNED BOLTS.

Turned oolts in close fitting holes as specified in Section 33(e). may be used in
shop or field work where it is impracticable to drive satisfactory rivets. The finished
shank shall be long enough to provide full bearing. and washers shall be used under
the nuts to give full grip when the nuts are turned tight.
The term "turned bolts", as used in this Specification, embraces all bolts regard-
less of the manufacturing process, which have a tolerance on the nominal diameter
of 0 over, .006/1 under, and which have "regular semi-finished" heads conforming to
"American Standard BIB.2-1941" of the American Institute of Bolt, Nut and
Rivet Manufacturers.
SECTION 7. ERECTION.
(a) Bracing.
The frame of steel skeleton buildings shall be carried up true and plumb, and
temporary bracing shall be introduced wherever necessary to take care of all loads to
which the structure may be subjected, including equipment, and the operation of
same. Such bracing shall be left in place as long as may be required for safety.
(b) Adequacy of Temporary Connections.
As erection progresses, the work shall be securely bolted up, or welded, to take
care of all dead load, wind and erection stresses.
(c) Erection Stresses.
Wherever piles of material, erection equipment or other loads are carried during
erection, proper provision shall be made to take care of stresses resulting from the same.
(d) Alignment.
No riveting or welding shall be done until as much of the structure as will be
stiffened thereby has been properly aligned.
(e) F ield Connections.
All field connections may be made with unfinished bolts, except as follows:
Rivets or welds shall be used for the following connections; except that turned
bolts may be used in lieu of rivets .as specified in Section 6:
Column splices in all tier structures 200 feet or more in height.
Column splices in tier structures 100 to 200 feet in height, if the least horizontal
dimension is less than 40 percent of the height.
Column splices in tier structures less than 100 feet in height, if the least horizontal
dimension is less than 25 percent of the height.
Connections of all beams and girders to columns and of any other lx!ams and
girders on which the bracing of columns is dependent, in structures over 125 feet in
height.
Roof-truss splices and connections of trusses to columns, column splices, oolumn
bracing, knee braces and crane supports, in all structures carrying cranes of over
5-ton capacity.

281
Connections for supports of running machinery, or of other live loads which

produce impact or reversal.
Any other connections stipulated on the design plans.
For the purpose of this Section, the height of a tier structure shall be taken as the
vertical distance from the curb level to the highest point of the roof beams, in the
case of flat roofs. or to the mean height of the gable, in the case of roofs having a rise
of more than 2-2/ 3 in 12. Where the curb level has not been established, or where
the structure does not adjoin a street, the mean level of the adjoining land shall be
used instead of curb level. Penthouses may be excluded in computing the height of
structure.
(f) Field Riveting.
Rivets driven in the field shall be heated and driven with the same care as those
driven in the shop.
(g) Field Welding.
All field assembly and welding shall be executed in accordance with the require~
ments for shop fabrication, excepting such as manifestly apply to shop conditions only.
Any shop paint on surfaces adjacent to joints to be field welded shall be thor~
oughly removed to expose clean steel for a distance of at least 2 inches on either side
of the joint.
(h) Field Painting.
All field rivets, field bolts and field welds, also all serious abrasions to the shop
coat, shall be spot painted with the material used for the shop coat, or an equivalent,
and all mud and other firmly attached and objectionable foreign materials shall be
removed, before general field painting.
Responsibility for this touch ~up and cleaning. as well as for general painting,
shall be allocated in accordance with accepted local practices and this allocation shall
be set forth explicitly in the contract.
SECTION 8. INSPECTION.
(a) General.
Material and workmanShip at all times shall be subject to the inspection of ex-
perienced engineers representing the purchaser.
(b ) Cooperation.
All inspection as far as IX>ssible shall be made at the place of manufacture, and
the Contractor or Manufacturer shall cooperate with the Inspector permitting access
for inspection to all places where work is being done.
(c) Rejections.
Material or workmanship not conforming to the provisions of this Specification
may be rejected at any time defects are found during the progress of the work.
(d) Inspection of Welding.
The inspection of welding shall be performed in accordance with the provisions
of Section 5 of the "Code for Arc and Gas Welding in Building Construction" of the
American Welding Society, as amended to date.
AMERICAN IN ST ITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

282
A. I. S. C. SPECIF I CATION
TECHNICAL PROVISIONS
PART I. MATERIAL
SECTION 9. MATERIAL.
(a) Structural Steel.
Structural steel shall conform to the "Standard Specifications for Structural
Steel for Bridges and Buildings, Serial Designation A 7" of the American Society for
Testing Materials, as amended to date.
(b) Rivet Steel.
Rivet steel shall conform to the" Standard Specifications for Structural Rivet
Steel, Serial Designation A141", of the American Society for Testing Materials. as
amended to date.
(e) Other Metals.
Cast steel. cast iron and other metals shall conform to the applicable Specifications
of the American Society for Testing Materials, as amended to date. Cast Steel for
welding shall be of a grade designated as weldable in said Specifications.
Cd ) Stock Material.
Stock material shall be of a Quality equal to that called for by Paragraph (a).
Mill test reports shall constitute sufficient record as to the material taken from stock.
Unidentified stock material, if free from surface imperfections, may be used fo r
short sections of minor importance, or for small unimportant details, where the precise
physical properties of the material would not affect the strength of the structure.
(e) Filler Metal.
Arc-Welding electrodes shall conform to the requirements of the "Specifications
for Iron and Steel Arc-Welding Electrodes" of the American Welding Society, latest
edition. Electrodes shall be of Classification Numbers E6010. E6011. E6012. E6013.
E6020 or E6030 and shall be suitable for the positions and other conditions of in-
tended use.
With each container of electrodes the manufacturer shall furnish instructions
giving recommended voltage and amperage (and polarity if direct current) for all
uses and welding positions for which the electrode is suitable.
PART II. LOADS AND STRESSES
SECTION 10. LOADS AND FORCES.
(a) Steel structures shall be designed to sustain the following loads and forces:
1. Dead Load.
2. Live Load.
3. Impact.
4. Wind and other Lateral and Longitudinal Forces.
5. Erection Loads.
6. Other Forces.

283
A . I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
(b) Dead Load, Live Load and Other Forces.

The dead load, live load, snow load if any, wind force and any other forces due to
extraordinary conditions, to be assumed in design, shall be as specified in Section 4,
unless otherwise specified in the applicable Building Code or General Specification.
(c) Impact.
For structures carrying live loads which induce impact or vibration, the assumed
live load shall be increased sufficiently to provide for same.
If not otherwise specified, the increase shall be:
For supports of elevators ................. . ........................ . 100 percent
For traveling crane support girders and their connections......... _ 25
For supports of light machinery, shaft or motor driven, not
less than....__.___...... __.. _. ___ ._._ ... ___ ............ ___ ..._..........__ 20
For supports of reciprocating machinery or power driven units,
not less tharL_._._._ .. _. ___ ... _... _. ____ ..................._....... . 50
For threaded hanger rods supporting floors and balconies __ 33)1, ..
(d) Crane Runway Horizontal Forces.

The lateral force on crane runways to provide for the effect of moving crane trol-
leys shall, if not othenvise specified, be 20 percent of the sum of the weights of the
lifted load and of the crane trolley (but exclusive of other parts of the crane), applied
at the top of rail one·half on each side of runway; and shall be considered as acting in
either direction nonnal to the runway rail.
The longitudinal force shall, if not otherwise specified, be taken as 10 percent of
the maximum wheel loads of the crane applied at the top of rail.
SECTION 11. MEMBERS SUBJECT TO REVERSAL OF STRESS.
(a) Section of Member.

The sectional area of the portion between connections, of members subject to
reversal of stress, need not be increased by reason of the reversal, but shall be sufficient
in area and disposition to provide for the maximum compression, and the maximum
tension, separately.
(b) Reinforcement at Connections.

The sectional area of members subject to loads (other than wind loads) producing
alternating tensile and compressive stresses shall be augmented, at the approach to a
connection, by riveting or welding on additional material, so that the augmented
section shall comply with the following rule:
To the net total compressive stress, and to the net total tensile stress, add arith-
metically 50 percent of the smaller of these two; and proportion the connected material,
and the connecting rivets, bolts, pins or welds, for each of the two increaseci stresses
thus separately obtained at the unit stresses prescribed in Section 15 (a).
If the reversal may be expected to occur over 100,000 times in the life of the
building, the unit stresses in the connected material and in the connecting rivets,
bolts, pins or welds shall not exceed 75 perc..ent of those specified in Section 15 (a).
Sharp notches, copes and other sudden changes of cross section shall be particularly
avoided in and adjacent to such connections.

284
SECTION 12. COMBINED STRESSES.

<a) Axial and Bending.
Members subject to both axial and bending stresses shall be so proportioned that
the quantity
fa
Fa + Fbfb hll notex c e e
sa d·· h·h
UDIty. m W le
Fa axial unit stress that would be permitted by this Specification if axial

stress only existed.
Fb bending unit stress that would be permitted by this Specification if bending
stress only existed.
fa axial unit stress (actual) = axial stress divided by area of member.
fb bending unit stress (actual) = bending moment divided by section modulus
of member.
(b) Shear with Tension or Compression.
Rivets. bolts and welds subject to shearing and externally applied tensile or com-
pressive forces shall be SO proportioned that the combined unit stress will not exceed
the unit stress allowed for shear in Section 15 (a).
SECTION 13. COMPOSITE BEAMS.

<a) Definition.
The term .. composite beam to shall apply to any rolled or fabricated steel floor
beam entirely encased in a poured concrete haunch at least four inches wider, at its
narrowest point than the flange of the beam. supporting a concrete slab on each side
without openings adjacent to the beam; provided that the top of the beam is at least
172 inches below the top of the slab and at least 2 inches above the bottom of the
slab; provided that a good grade of stone or gravel concrete, with Portland cement. is
used; and provided that the concrete haunch has adequate mesh. or other reinforcing
steel, throughout its whole depth and across its soffit.
(b) Design Assumptions.
Composite beams may be figured on the assumption that:
1. The steel beam carries unassisted all dead loads prior to the hardening
of the concrete. with due regard for any temporary support provided, and
2. The steel and concrete carry by joint action all loads, dead and live.
applied after the hardening of the roncrete.
(c) Unit Stresses.
The total tensile unit stress in the extreme fibre of the steel beam thus romputed
shall not exceed 20.000 pounds per square inch. (Section 15 (a) ).
The maximum stresses in the roncrete, and the ratio of Young's moduli, for steel
and concrete, shall be as prescribed by the specifications governing the design of rein-
forced concrete for the structure.
(d) End Shear.
The web and the end connections of the steel beam shall be designed to carry the
total dead and live load, except as this may be reduced by the provision of other
proper support.
AMERICAN I N5TITUTE OF STEEL. CONSTRUCTION

285
SECTION 14. EFFECTIVE SPAN LENGTH.
(a ) Simple Spans.
Beams, girders and trusses shall ordinarily be designed on the basis of simple
spans whose effective length is equal to the distance between centers of gravity of the
members to which they deliver their end reactions.
(b) End Restraint.

When designed on the assumption of end restraint full or partial, due to OOD-
tinuous, semi-continuous or cantilever action, the beams, girders and trusses, as well
as the sections of the members to which they connect, shall be designed to carry the
shears and moments so introduced, as well as all other forces, without exceeding at
any point the unit stresses prescribed in Section 15 (a); except that some non-e1astic
but self-limiting deformation of a part of the connection may be permitted when this
is essential to the avoidance of overstressing of a weld.
PART III. UNIT STRESSES
SECTION 15. ALLOWABLE UNIT STRESSES.
Except as provided in this Section under " Bending", under "Wind Only" and
under "Wind and Other Forces" and as provided in Section 1, final paragraph, all
parts of the structure shall be so proportioned that the unit stress in pounds per square
inch shall not exceed the following values:
(a) Structural Steel, Rivets, Bolts and Weld Metal.

(1) TENSION.
Structural Steel, net section ......................................_............. . 20.000
Butt welds, section through throat......................................_.. . 20,000
Rivets, on area based on nominal diameter............................ 20,000
Bolts and other threaded parts, on nominal area at root of
threa'!........................................................................................ 20.000
(2) COMPRESSION.
Columns, gross section
For axially loaded columns with values of ll r not
greater than 120.................................................. 17.000-0.485 I'
For axially loaded colwnns (bracing and other r'
secondary members) with values of ll r greater
than 120........ ............................................................. . 18.000
(for main members. see Section 16 (b) ).
I + 18.000 r'
in which I is the unbraced length of the column, and r is the corres·
ponding radius of gyration of the section, both in inches.
Plate Girder Stiffeners, gross sectiOIl. ....___ .. _.......................... 20,000
Webs of Rolled Sections at toe of fillet
(Crippling, see Section 26 (h) )....................... .................... 24.000
Butt Welds-Section through throat (crushing).................... 20.000

286
(3) BENDING.
Tension on extreme fibers of rolled sections, plate girders,
and built-up members.
(See Section 26 (a) ) ..... _.................................................. 20,000
Compression on extreme fibers of rolled sections plate
girders. and built-up members.
With ~t not in excess of 600......... ....................................... 20,000
12,000,000
With ~ in excess of 600, .-----.-----------.... --------..-- .... ---.---.
bt ld
bt
in which I is the unsupported length and d the depth, of the
member; b is the width, and t the thickness, of its compression
flange; all in inches; except that 1 shall be taken as twice the
length of the compression flange of a cantilever beam not fully
stayed at its outer end against translation or rotation.
Stress on extreme fibers of pins _____ ... ........_____________ ............. __ 30,0Cl0
Fiber stresses in butt welds, due to bending, shall not
exceed the values prescribed for tension and compression,
respectively.
Fully continuous beams and girders may be proportioned for
negative moments which are maximum at interior points of
support, at a unit bending stress 20 percent higher than above
stated; provided that the section modulus used over supports
shall not be less than that required for the maximum positive
moments in the same beam or girder. and provided that the com-
pression flange shall be regarded as unsupported from the support
to the point of contraflexure.
For columns proportioned for combined axial and bending stresses.
the maximum unit bending stress Fb. Sect. 12 (a) may be taken
at 24,0Cl0 pounds per square inch, when this stress is induced by
the gravity loading of fully or partially restrained beams framing
into the columns.
(4) SHEARING.
Rivets...._.. ................................................................................... 15.000
Pins, and turned bolts in reamed or drilled holes.................. 15,000
Unfinished bolts.......................... .............................................. 10,000
Webs of beams and plate girders, gross section. ...._.. _........... 13.000
Weld Metal
on section through throat of fillet weld, or on faying
surface area of plug or slot weld. .... __ .. __ ......................... 13,600
on section through throat of butt weld ..._.......... __ ......... _____ . 13,000
(Stress in a fillet weld shall be considered as shear on the
throat, for any direction of applied stress. N either plug
nor slot welds shall be assigned any values in resistance
to stresses other than shear.)
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL COHSTRUCTION

287
Double Single
(5) BEARING. Shear Shear
Rivets....... ...................................................... 40,000 32,000
Turned bolts in reamed or drilled holes................ 40,000 32,000
Unfinished bolts........................................................ 25,000 20,000
Pins.............. _... .......................................................... 32,000
Contact Area
Milled Stiffeners and Other Milled Surfaces.... 30,000
Fitted Stiffeners................... ............................. .. 27,000
Expansion rollers and rockers
(pounds per linear inch) ....._ 600d
in which d is diameter of roller
or rocker in inches.
(b) Cast Steel.
Compression and Bearing, same as for Structural Steel.
Other Unit Stresses. 75 percent of those for Structural Steel.
(c) Masonry Bearing.
Granite............... . BOO
Sandstone and Limestone............................................... . 400
Portland Cement Concrete. unless othenvise specified 600
Hard Brick in Cement Mortar....... _ .............................. 250
(d) Wind Only.
Members subject only to stresses produced by wind forces may be proJXlrtioned
for unit stresses 33-1/ 3 percent greater than those specified for dead and live load
stresses. A corresponding increase may be applied to the allowable unit stresses in
their connecting rivets, bolts or welds.
(e) Wind and Other Forces.

Members subject to stresses produced by a combination of wind and other loads
may be proJXlrtioned for unit stresses 33-1/ 3 percent greater than those specified for
dead and live load stresses. provided the section thus required is not less than that
required for the combination of dead load, live load, and impact (if any). A corres-
ponding increase may be applied to the allowable unit stresses in their connecting
rivets, bolts or welds. "
(f) Effective Areas of Weld Metal.

The effective area of butt and fillet welds shall be considered as the effective
length of weld times the effective throat thickness.
The effective shearing area of plug and slot welds shall be considered as the
.nominal cross-sectional area of the hole or slot, in the plane of the fayin g surface.
The effective area of fillet welds in holes and slots shall,be computed as above
specified for fillet welds, using for the effective length, the len~ of center line of the
weld through the center oC the plane through the throat. However, in the case of over-
lapping fillets, the effective area shall not exceed the nominal cross-sectional area of
the hole or slot, in the plane of the faying surface.
The effective length of a fillet weld shall be the overall length of Cull-size fillet,
including returns.
The effective length of a butt weld shall be the width of the part joined, when
ends of the weld are made as specified in Section 33 (m), final paragraph. A transverse

288
skewed butt weld shall not be assumed in computations to be longer than the width
of the joint or piece perpendicular to the direction of stress.
The effective throat thickness of a fillet weld shall be the shortest distance from
the root to the face of the diagrammatic weld. (The effective throat thickness of an
equal leg 45° fillet weld is 0.707 times the nominal size of the weld.)
The effective throat thickness of a complete-penetration butt weld (i. e., a butt
weld conf9rming to the requirements of Section 33 (m), 2nd paragraph) shall be the
thickness of the thinner part joined.
The effective throat thickness of an incomplete-penetration butt weld (i. e., a
butt weld not conforming to the requirements of Section 33 (m). 2nd paragraph, but
conforming to same Section 3rd paragraph) shall , for design purposes. be considered
as 75 percent of the thickness of the thinner part jOined.
PART IV. DESIGN

SECTION 16. SLE;NDERNESS RATIO.
(a) The ratio of unbraced length to least radius of gyration ir for compression
members and for tension members other than rods shall not exceed:
For main compression members ...... ~..... .......... ... ............ ..... ...... ... ................ 120
For bracing and other secondary members in compression........................ 200
For main tension members.......................................... ................................... 240
For bracing and other secondary members in tension ................................ 300
(b) The slenderness of a main compression member may exceed 120, but not
200, provided that it is not ordinarily subject to shock or vibratory loads and provided
that its unit stress under full design loading shall not exceed the following fraction
of that stipulated under Section 15 (a)(2) for ,i ts actual ratio l/r:
I
1.6- 200 r
SECTION 17. DEPTH RATIO.

(a) Simple Spans.
The depth of beams and girders in floors shall if practicable be not less than 1/ 24
of the span, and where subject to shocks or vibrations not less than 1/ 20. If members
of less depth are used, the unit stress in bending shall be decreased in the same ratio
as the depth is decreased from that above recommended.
The depth of roof purlins shall if practicable be not less than 1/ 24 of the span,
and in no case less than 1/30 of the span, except in the case of corrugated sheeting roofs,
with a slope not less than 4% in 12.
Beams and girders supporting plastered ceilings shall if practicable be so pro-
portioned that the maximum live load deflection will not exceed 1/360 of the span.
(b) Restraitted and Continuous Spans.
Minimum depth-ratios for restrained and continuous spans shall if practicable
be such that the deflections at critical points will be not greater than those of simple
spans of the minimum depth-ratio recommended under Paragraph (a).
(c) Secondary Tension Members.
The horizontal projection of the length of bracing and secondary members in
tension, other than rods, shall if practicable not exceed 90 times the depth.

289
A. I. S. C, 5 PEe I Fie A T ION
SECTION 18. MINIMUM THICKNESS OF MATERIAL.'

(a) General.
The minimum thicknesses required for protection against crippling, buckling, and
shear are prescribed in Paragraphs (b) and (e) of this section and in Paragraph (b) of
Section 26, respectively. Those stipulations assume that the material is straight and
true as erected, within the limits prescribed in Section 33 (q), and is not reduced by
corrosion.
No further stipulations as to minimum thickness shall apply to steelwork exposed
to conditions no more seriously corroding than an indoor atmosphere controlled for
human comfort, subject always to the requirements of Section 34 (a).
The following stipulations ( 1) and (2) as to minimum thickness shall apply to
exterior steelwork enclosed in a non-impervious envelope or exposed to frequent rain
or snow, and to interior steelwork subject to atmospheric exposure more corrosive
than that mentioned in the preceding paragraph:
(1) Columns, studs, lintels, girders and beams; exterior trusses.
exterior bracing members; one-fourth inch minimwn.
(2) Purlins, girts, trusses and bracing members sheltered from direct
exposure to rain and snow; three-sixteenths inch minimum.
The controlling thickness of rolled shapes, for the purposes of stipulations (1) and
(2); shall be taken as the mean thickness of their flanges, regardless of web thickness.
Steelwork exposed to industrial fumes or vapor shall be given special protection
as required in the judgment of the Engineer.
(b) Projecting Ele ments Under Compression.
Projecting elements of members subjected to axial compression or compression
due to bending shall have ratios of width to thickness not greater than the following:
Single angle struts; 12.
Double-angle struts; angles or plates projecting from girders, columns or
other compression members; compression flanges of beams; stiffeners on
plate girders; flanges or stems of tees; 16.
The width of plates shall be taken from the free edge to the first row of rivets or
welds; the width of legs of angles, channels and zees, and of the stems of tees, shall be
taken as the fuJi nominal dimension; the width of flanges of beams and tees shall be
taken as one-half the full nominal width. The thickness of a sloping flange shall be
measured halfway between a free edge and the corresponding face of the web.
When a projecting element exceeds the width-to-thickness ratio prescribed in
the preceding paragraph, but would conform to same and would satisfy the stress
requirements with a portion of its width considered as removed, the member will
be considered acceptable without the actual removal of the excess width.
(c) Compression Members.
In compression members the unsupported width of web, cover or diaphragm
plates between the nearest lines of rivets or welds, or between the roots of the flanges
in case of rolled sections, shall not exceed 40 times the thickness.
When the unsupported width exceeds this limit, but a portion of its width no
greater than 40 times the thickness would satisfy the stress requirements, the member
will be considered acceptable.
The unsupported width of cover plates perforated with a succession of access
holes, only the least net width across holes being assumed available to resist com-
pression, may exceed 40, but shall not exceed 50, times the thickness.
-Revised June 23, 1949

290
A. I. S. C . SPECIFICATION
SECTION 19. GROSS AND NET SECTIONS.
(a) Definitions.
The gross section of a member at any point shall be determined by summing: the
products of the thickness and the gross width of each element as measured normal to
the axis of the member. The net section shall be determined by substituting for the
gross width the net width computed in accordance with paragraphs (e) to (g) of this
Section.
(b) Application.
Unless otherwise specified, tension members shall be designed on the basis of
net section. Columns shall be designed on the basis of gross section. Beams and
girders shall be designed in accordance with Section 26 (a).
In determining the net section across plug or slot welds the weld metal shall not
be consielered as adding to the net area.
(0) Net Width.

In the case of a chain of holes extending across a part in any diagonal or zigzag
line, the net width of the part shall be obtained by deducting from the gross width
the sum of the diameters of all the holes in the chain, and adding, for each gage space
in the chain, the quantity
s'
- where
4.
s = longitudinal spacing (pitch) in inches of any two successive holes.
g = transverse spacing (gage) in inches of the same two holes.
The critical net section of the part is obtained from that chain which gives the
least net width.
(d) Angle•.
For angles, the gross width shall be the sum of the widths of the legs less the
thickness. The gage for holes in opposite legs shall be the sum of the gages from
back of anile less the thickness.
(e) Splice Members.

For splice members, the thickness considered shall be only that part of the thick-
ness of the member which has been developed by rivets or welds beyond the section
considered.
(f) Size of Holes.

In computing net area the diameter of a rivet hole shall be taken as VB inch greater
than the nominal diameter of the rivet.
(g) Pin Holes.

In pin connected tension members, other than forged eyebars, the net section
across the r>in hole. transverse to the axis of the member, shall be nDt less than 135
percent, and the net secti0n beyond the pin hole. parallel with the axis of the member.
not less than 90 percent. of the net section of the body of the member.
In all pin-connected riveted members the net width across the pin hole, transverse
to the axis of the member. shall not exceed 8 times the thickness of the member at the
pin. unless lateral buckling is prevented.

291
SECTION 20. EXPANSION.

(a) Transverse Expansion.
No provision for transverse expansion in structures need be made in wall bearing
spans of 50 feet and under. Wall bearing spans of over 50 feet and up to and including
100 feet shall slide on smooth surfaces at one end. Wall bearing spans of over 100
feet shall have expansion rollers or rockers at one end. Expansion ends shall be
secured against lateral movement; fixed ends against movement in any direction.
(b) Longitudinal Expansion.
Provision shall be made for longitudinal expansion of the structure. AU expansion
provisions shall be figured for 100 degrees F. variation in temperature and for a coeffi-
cient of expansion of 0.0000065 per degree per unit of length. Expansion joints in
buildings having masonry wall enclosures shall be so spaced as to inhibit visible
cracking of the walls.
SECTION 21. CONNECTIONS.

(a) Minimum Connections.
Connections carrying calculated stresses, except for lacing, sag bars, and girts,
shall be designed for not less than 10,000 pounds, if welded; or if riveted or bolted,
shall have no fewer than two rivets or two bolts.
(b) Eccentric Connections.
Members meeting at a point shall have their gravity axes meet at a point if prac-
ticable; if not, provision shall be made for bending stresses due to the eccentricity.
(c) Placement of Rivets and Welds.
The rivets or welds at the ends of any member transmitting stresses into that
member should preferably have their centers of gravity on the gravity axis of the
member; otherwise, provision shall be made for the effect of the resulting eccentricity.
Pins may be so placed as to cOWlteract the effect of bendini" due to dead load.
(d) Unrestrained Members.
Except as otherwise indicated by the designer, all connections of beams, girders
or trusses shall be designed as flexible, and may ordinarily be proportioned for the
reaction shears only. If, however, the eccentricity of the connection is excessive,
provision shall be made for the resulting moment.
Flexible beam connections shall pennit the ends of the beam to rotate sufficiently
to accommodate its deflection by providing for a horizontal displacement of the top
flange as determined as follows:
e = .OO7d if the beam is designed for full uniform load and for live load
deftection not exceeding 1/ 36Oth of the span (see Section 17 (aJ J;
fL if the beam is designed for full uniform load producing the
or e 3,625,000 unit stress f at mid span;
where e = the horizontal displacement between the top and bottom of the beam at
its end, in inches.
f = the flexural Wlit stress in the beam at mid span; p.s.i.
d = the depth of the beam, in inches.
L = the span of the beam, in feet.

292
A. I . S. C. SPECIFICATION
(e) Restrained Members.

When beams, girders or trusses are subject both to reaction shear and end moment,
due to full or partial end restraint, or to continuous or cantilever construction, their
connections shall conform to the requirements of Section 12 (b) .
(E) Hllers.
In riveted construction, when rivets carrying computed stress pass through
fillers, the fillers shall be extended beyond the connected member and the extension
secured by enough rivets to distribute the total stress in the member uniformly over
the oombined sections of the member and filler.
Fillers under the stiffeners on riveted plate girders, at end bearings or at points
of concentrated loads, shall be secured by sufficient rivets to prevent excessive bending
and bearing stresses.
In welded construction, when a filler is used between two parts connected in shear,
there shall be sufficient welding to transfer the shearing stress from one part to the
filler and from the filler to the other part. Fillers of less than %' inch thickness shall
not be used to transfer stress, but shall be trimmed flush with the welded edges of the
stress-carrying element and the sizes of the welds along the edges shall be increased
over the required sizes by an amount equal to the thickness of the filler.
(g) Connections of Tension and Compression Members in Trusses.

The connections at ends of tension or compression members in trusses shall either
develop the ful l effective strength of the material. or they shall develop the strength
required by the total stresses; but in no case shall such strength developed be less
than 50 percent of the effective strength of the material connected.
(h) Milled Joints in COinpression Members.

Where compression members are in full-milled bearing on base plates. and where
full-milled tier-building columns are spliced. there shall be sufficient rivets. bolts or
welds to hold all parts securely in place.
Where other compression members are spliced by full-milled bearing. the splice
material and its riveting or welding shall be 'arranged to hold all parts in line and
shall be proportioned for 50 percent of the computed stress.
All the foregoing joints shall be proportioned to resist any tension that would be
developed by specified wind forces acting in conjunction with 75 percent of the cal-
culated dead load stress and no live load. if this condition will produce more tension
than with full dead load and live load applied.
(i) Com.binations of Welds.

If two or more of the general types of weld (butt. fillet, plug, slot) are combined
in a single joint. the effective capacity of each shall be separately computed with
reference to the axis of the group, in order to detennine the allowable capacity of the
combination.
SECTION 22. RIVETS AND BOLTS.

(a) Diameter.
In proportioning and spacing rivets, the nominal diameter of the undriven rivet
shall be used.

293
(b) Effective Bearing Area.

The effective bearing area of pins, bolts, and rivets shall be the diameter multiplied
by the length in bearing; except that for countersunk rivets half the depth of the
countersink shall be deducted.
(e) Double and Single Shear Bear ing.
Only that portion of a rivet or bolt shall be considered in double shear bearing,
which lies between two portions which share the reaction therefrom. The remainder
of the rivet or bolt shall be considered in single shear bearing.
(d) Long Grips.

Rivets which carry calculated stress, and the grip of which exceeds five diameters,
shall have their number increased 1 percent for each additional ~6 inch in the rivet
grip. Special care shall be used in heating and driving such rivets.
(e) Unfinished Bolts.

If unfinished bolts are provided with washers under nuts, and have unthreaded
shanks extending completely through the joined parts, the shearing and bearing
values elsewhere prescribed for unfinished bolts may be increased one-eighth.
SECTION 23. SPACING OF RIVETS.
(a) Minimutn Pitch.

The minimum distance between centers of rivet holes shall preferably be not less
than three times the diameter of the rivet.
(b) Maximum Pitch in Compression Members.

The maximum pitch in the line of stress of compression members composed of
plates and shapes shall not exceed 16 times the thickness of the thinnest outside plate
or shape, nor 20 times the thickness of the thinnest enclosed plate or shape, with a
maximum of 12 inches.
At righ t angles to the direction of stress, the distance between lines of rivets shall
not exceed 32 times the thickness of the thinnest pIate where there is more than one
ply. For angles in built-up sections with two gage lines, with rivets staggered, the
maximum pitch in the line of stress in each gage line shall not exceed 24 times the
thickness of the thinnest plate with a maximum of 18 inches.
(c) End Pitch in Compression Members.

Th~ pitch of rivets at the ends of built compression members shall not exceed
four diameters of the rivets for a length equal to 17'2 times the maximum width of
the member.
(d) Two-Angle Members.
In tension members composed of two angles, a pitch of 3' 6" will be allowed, and
in compression members, 2' a", but the ratio ll r for each angle between rivets shall be
not more than }i of that for the whole member.
(e) Minimum Edge Distance.

The minimum distance from the center of any punched rivet hole to any 'edge
shall be that given in Table I.
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONS T RUCTI ON

294
TABLE I
Minimum Edge Distance (Inches) for Punched Holes

Rivet Diameter,
Inches
In Sheared Edge In Rolled Edge of In ~~~t~fe of
Plates Shapes
I hi %''''
IV. I Ys.
IU . IV. I •
IV. IX" l ~·
I%: IYz I .%;-
2 I%" IYz'
2U 2 I %;'"
"'May be decreased ~ inch when holes are nea r end of beam.
(f) Minimum Edge Distance in Line of Stress.

The distance from the center of any rivet under computed stress, and that end
or other boundary of the connected member toward which the pressure of the rivet is
directed. shall be not less than the shearing area of the rivet shank (single or double
shear respectively) divided by the plate thickness.
This end distance may however be decreased in such proportion as the stress per
rivet is less than that permitted under Section 15 (a); and the requirement may be
disregarded in case the rivet in question is one of three or more in a line parallel to
the direction of stress.
(g) Maximum. Edge Distance.

The maximum distance from the center of any rivet to the near edge shall be 12
times the thickness of the plate, but shall not exceed 6 inches.
SECTION 24. WELDS.
(a) Types of Welds_

Butt, fillet, plug or slot welds, or a combination of these types, may be used in
making joints and joining comJX)nent parts.
(b) Qualification of Weld Details.

The details of all joints (including for butt welds the groove form, root face, root
spacing, etc. etc.) to be employed under this specification without qualification shall
comply with all of the requirements for joints which are accepted without qualification
test under the "Code for Arc and Gas 'Velding in Building Construction" of the
American Welding Society. No joint form not included in the foregoing shall be
employed until it shall have been qualified to the satisfaction of the Engineer in accord-
ance with the "Standard Qualification Procedure" of the American Welding Society.
(c) Minim.urn. Size of Fillet Welds.

The relation between weld size and the maximum thickness of material on which
various sizes of fillet welds may be used shall, where practicable, conform to the fol-
lowing table:

295
A. I. S. C. S PEe I Fie A T I O N
Maximum Thickness
Size or Fillet of Part
Inches In_
~
%:
1%
2
6
Over 6
(d) Maximum Effective Size of Fillet Welda.

The maximum size of a fillet weld that may be assumed in the design of a con-
nection shall be such that the stresses in the adjacent base material do not exceed
the values allowed in Section 15 (a),
The maximum size fillet weld applied to a nominally square edge of plate or
shape shall be -h inch less than the nominal thickness of the edge, and the size of
fillet weld used along the toe of an angle or the rounded edge of a flange shall not exceed
three· fourths the nominal thickness of the angle leg or three-fourths the nominal edge
thickness of the flange; except that when required by the design conditions and specially
designated on the drawings, fillet welds equal in size to the edge of a plate or rolled
section may be used, provided that the weld is built out in such a manner as to insure
full throat thickness, full fusion area, and no injury to the base metal that will reduce
its thickness adjacent to the weld.
(e) Length of Fillet Welds.

The minimum effective length of a strength finet weld shall be not less than four
times the nominal size, or else the size of the weld shall be considered not to exceed
one-fourth of its effective length.
The effective length of any segment of intermittent fillet welding shall be not
less than four times the weld size with a minimum of 17'2 inches.
If longitudinal fillet welds are used alone in end connections, the length of each
fillet weld shall be not less than the perpendicular distance between them.
(f ) End Returns of Fillet Welds.

Side or end fillet welds terminating at ends or sides, respectively, of parts or
members shall, wherever practicable, be returned continuously around the comers for
a distance not less than twice the nominal size of the weld. This provision shall apply
to side and top fillet welds connecting brackets beam seats and similar connections.
at the tension side of such connections, on the plane about which bending moments
are computed. End returns shall be indicated on the design and detail drawings.
(g) Plug and Slot Welds .

Plug or slot welds, or fillet welds in holes or slots, may be used in plates not more
than one inch thick, where subjected principally to shearing stresses or where needed
to prevent buckling of lapped parts.
The diameter of the holes for plug welds and the width of slot welds shall be not
less than the thickness of the part containing the hole or slot, plus % inch rounded
to the next greater odd sixteenth. The diameter of plug welds and the width of slot
welds shall not be greater than 3 times the thickness of the weld metal.
The maximum length of slot welds shall not exceed 10 times the thickness of the
part containing the slot.
AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL CON STRUCTION

296
A. I . S. C. SPECIFICATION
SECTION 25. SPACING OF WELDS.
(a) Longitudinal Fillet Welds.

The transverse spacing of longitudinal fillet welds used in end connections shall
not exceed 8 inches, unless the design otherwise prevents excessive transverse bending
in the connection.
(b) Intermittent FiHet Welds.

Intermittent fillet welds may be used to transfer calculated stress across a joint
or faying surfaces when the strength required is less than that developed by a con-
tinuous fillet weld of the smallest practical size. The clear spacing in the direction of
stress, between the effective lengths of such segments a t the edges of plates and at
the unsupported edges of rolled shapes carrying calculated stress, shall not exceed
the following number times the thickness of the thinner part joined: for compression,
16; for tension, 24; and shall in no case be more than 12 inches. The effective length
of longitudinal fillet welds at the ends of built-up members shall be not less than the
width of the component part joined.
(c) Lap Joints.

The minimum width of laps. on lap joints, shall be five times the thickness of the
thinner part joined and not less than 1 inch. Lap joints joining plates or bars subjected
to axial stress shall be fillet welded along the edge of both lapped parts except where
deflection of the lapped parts is sufficiently restrained to prevent opening of the joint
under maximum loading.
(d) Slot Welds.

The clear distance from the edge of a slot to the adjacent edge of the slotted part,
and the clear distance between adjacent slots. measured in a direction perpendicular
to that of the main stress, shall be not less than five times the thickness of the slotted
part nor less than twice the width of the slot.
(e) Stitch Welds.

If two or more plates or rolled shapes are used to build up a member. sufficient
stitch welding (of the fillet, plug or slot type) to make the parts act in unision shall be
provided as follows, except where transfer of calculated stress between the parts
joined requires closer spacing.
1. For plates, t he longitudinal clear spacing between stitch welds shall not
exceed the provisions of paragraph (b) of this section and the transverse
spacing shall not exceed 32 times the thickness of the thinner plate
joined.
2. For members composed of two or more rolled shapes, in contact one
with another, the longitudinal spacing of stitch welds shall not exceed
24 inches or the limits prescribed in (3).
3. For members composed of rolled shapes, separated one from the other
by a gusset plate, the component parts shall be stitched together at
intervals such that the critical ratio l/r, for each component, between
stitching, shall not exceed three-fourths the critical ratio for the whole
member.

297
SECTION 26. PLATE GIRDERS AND ROLLED BEAMS.
(a) Proportioning.
Riveted and welded plate girders, cover-plated beams, and rolled beams shall in
general be proportioned by the moment of inertia of the gross section. No deduction
shall be made for standard shop or field rivet holes in either flange; except that in
special cases where the reduction of the area of either flange by such rivet holes, cal-
culated in accordance with the provisions of Section 19, exceeds 15 percent of the gross
flange area, the excess shall be deducted. If such members contain other holes, as
for bolts, pins, countersunk rivets. or plug or slot welds, the full deduction for such
holes shall be made. The deductions thus applicable to either flange shall be made
also for the opposite flange if the corresponding holes are there present.
(b) Web.
Plate girder webs shall have a thickness of not less than 1/ 170 of the unsupported
distance between flanges.
(c) Flange•.
The thickness of outstanding parts of flanges shall conform to the requirements
of Section 18 (b).
Each flange of welded plate girders should in general consist of a single plate
rather than two or more plates superimposed. The single plate may comprise a series
of shorter plates. laid end to end and butt welded at their junctions.
Unstiffened cover plates on riveted girders shall not extend more than 16 times
the thickness of the thinnest outside plate beyond the outer row of rivets connecting
them to the angles. The total cross-sectional area of cover plates of riveted girders
shall not exceed 70 percent of the total flange area.
If the girder is subjected to substantial fluctuations in loading. stiffeners. lateral
plates or other appurtenant material shall not be welded to the tension flange, except
at points where the maximum flange stress is less than half the allowable.
(d) Flange Development.

Rivets and welds connecting flange to web, or cover plates to flange, shall be
proportioned to resist the maximum horizontal shear at the plane in question, resulting
from the bending forces on the girder. Additionally. rivets and welds connecting
flange to web shall be proportioned to transmit any loads applied directly to the
flange.
(e) Stiffener•.
Bearing stiffeners shall be placed in pairs on the webs of plate girders at unframed
ends and at points of concentrated loads. Such stiffeners shall have a close bearing
against the loaded flanges. and shall extend as closely as possible to the edge of the
flange plates or flange angles. They shall be designed as columns subject to the provi~
sions of Section 15 (a) ; asswning the column section to comprise the pair of stiffeners
and a centrally located strip of the web equal to not more than 25 times its thickness
at interior stiffeners or a strip equal to not more than 12 times its thickness when the
stiffeners are located at the end of the web. The column length shall be taken as not
less than % of the length of the stiffeners in computing the ratio ll r. Only that portion
of the stiffener outside of the angle fillet or the flange-to~web welds shall be considered
effective in bearing. Angle bearing stiffeners shall not be crimped.

298
If ~ is equal to or greater than 70, intermediate stiffeners shall be required at

t
all JX)ints where v exceeds 64,000.000. in which
(hit)'
h = the clear depth between flanges, in inches.
t = the thickness of the web. in inches.
v = the greatest unit shear in the panel. in pounds per squ~e inch, under any
condition of complete or partial loading.
The clear distan ce between intermediate stiffeners, when stiffeners are required
by the foregoing, shall not exceed 84 inches or that given by the formula
11.000 t
where
Vv
d = the clear distance between stiffeners, in inches.
Intermediate stiffeners may be applied in pairs. one on each side of the web, or
if preferred may alternate on opposite side of the web.
Intermediate angle stiffeners may be crimped over the flange angles. Inter-
mediate stiffeners employed to stay the web plate against buckling, and not for the
transfer of concentrated loads from flange to web, shall be of a section not less than
that required by the formula
Is = 0.00000016 H4, in which
H = total depth of web.
Is = moment of inertia of the stiffeners or stiffener (figured with a common
axis at the centerline of web for stiffeners in pairs and with the axis
at the interface between stiffener and web for single stiffeners) .
Rivets connecting stiffeners to the girder web shall be spaced not over 8 times
their diameter, or more closely if so required in order to transmit the stress due to
concentrated loads. If intermittent fillet welds are used, their spacing shall conform
to the provisions of Section 25 (b).
(f) Splices.
Web splices in plate girders and in beams shall be proportioned to transmit the
full shearing and bending stresses in the web at the point of splice. Web splices in
welded girders shall preferably be complete penetration butt welds.
H the flanges are spliced, the splices shall either develop the full effective strength
of the material or they shall develop the strength required by the total stresses, but
in no case shall the strength developed be less than 50 percent of the effective strength
of the material spliced, nor shall butt-welded joints be only partially welded.
(g) Horizontal Forces.

The flanges of plate girders supporting cranes or other moving loads shall be
proportioned to resist the horizontal forces produced by such loads. (See Section
10 (d) ).
(h) Web Crippling of Beams.

Rolled beams shall be so proportioned that the compressive stress at the web toe
of the fillets, resulting from concentrated loads not supported by bearing stiffeners.

299
A . I. S. C . 5 PEe I Fie A T TON
shall not exceed the value of 24,000 pounds per SQuare inch allowed in Section 15 (a).
The governing formulas shall be
R
For interior loads -=-'''---=cc- = not over 24,000
t(N + 2k)
R
For end-reactions -:-=0-';--;-;- = not over 24,000
t (N + k)
where
R = concentrated interior load or end reaction, in pounds.
t = thickness of web, in inches.
N = length of bearing, in inches.
k = distance from outer face of flange to web toe of fillet, in inches.
SECTION 27. SEPARATORS.
(a) Separators.
Where two or more rolled beams or channels are used to form a girder, they shall
be connected together at intervals of not more than 5 feet. Through-bolts and separ-
ators may be used provided that in beams having a depth of 12 inches or more, no
fewer than 2 bolts shall be used with each separator. When concentrated loads are
carried from one beam to the other, or distributed between the beams, diaphragms
shall be used, designed with sufficient stiffness to distribute the load. Where beams
are exposed, they shall be sealed against corrosion of interior surfaces, or spaced suffi-
ciently far apart to permit cleaning and painting.
SECTION 28. TIE PLATES.
(a) Compression Members.

The open sides of compression members built up from plates or shapes shall be
provided with lacing having tie plates at each end, and at intennediate points if the
lacing is interrupted. Tie plates shall be as near the ends as practicable. In main
members carrying calculated stress the end tie plates shall have a length of not less
than the distance between the lines of rivets or welds connecting them to the segments
of the member, and intermediate ones of not less than one-half of this distance. The
thickness of tie plates shall be not less than one-fiftieth of the distance between the
lines of rivets or welds connecting them to the segments of the members. In riveted.
construction, the rivet pitch in tie plates shall be not more than six diameters and the
tie plates shall be connected to each segment by at least three rivets. In welded con-
struction, the welding on each line connecting a tie plate shall aggregate not less than
one-third the length of the plate.
(b) Tension Members.

Tie plates shall be used to secure the parts of tension members built up from
plates or shapes. They shall have a length not less than two-thirds of the length
specified for tie plates in compression members. Otherwise they shall conform to the
requirements of Section 28 (a).

300
A. I. S. C. 5 PEe I FIe A T ION
SECTION 29. LACING.

(a) Spacing.
Lacing bars (which term comprehends for the purposes of this Section flat bars,
angles, channels or other shapes employed as lacing) of compression members shall be
50 spaced that the ratio ll r of the flange included between their oormections shall be not
over % of the critical ratio for the member as a whole.
(b) Proportioning.
Lacing bars shall be proportioned to resist a shearing stress normal to the axis
of the member equal to two percent of the total compressive stress in the member.
Lacing bars shall preferably be arranged in single system, for which the ratio l iT
shall not exceed 140. For double lacing this ratio shall not exceed 200. Double lacing
bars shall be joined at their intersections.
In determining the section required for lacing bars, the compression formula shall
be used, I being taken as the unsupported length of the lacing bar between rivets or
welds connecting it to the segments, for single lacing, and 70 percent of that distance
for double lacing.
(c) Inclination.
The inclination of lacing bars to the axis of the member shall preferably be not
less than 60 degrees for single lacing and 45 degrees for double lacing. When the
distance between the lines of rivets or welds in the flanges is more than 15 inches, the
lacing shall preferably be double or be made of angles.
(d) Perforated Cover Plates.
The function of tie plates and lacing may be assumed to be performed by the ma-
terial in continuous cover plates perforated with a succession of access holes, the net
width of which plates across holes is assumed available to resist axial stress, provided
that: the ratio of length (in direction of stress) to width of hole shall not exceed 2; the
clear distance between holes in the direction of stress shall be not less than the trans-
verse distance between nearest lines of connecting rivets or welds; and the periphery
of the holes at all points shall have a minimum radius of 1 Y2 inches.
SECTION 30. CAMBER.

(a) Shown on Plans.
Cambering. if any, of trusses. beams or girders shall be called for on the design
plans.
(b) Trusses and Girders.
Trusses of 80 feet or greater span should generally be cambered for approximately
the dead load deflection. Crane girders of 75 feet or greater span should generally be
cambered for approximately the dead and half live load deflection.
(c) Beams.
Specified camber for rolled beams over l5 inches in depth, shall be only that
offered as cold camBering at the mill.
Cd) Camber for Oth~r Trades.
If camber is required in order to bring a loaded member into proper relation with
the work of other trades, as for the attachment of runs of sash. the requirements shall
be set forth on the plans and on the detail drawings.

301
A. J. S. C. SPECIFICATION
(e) Erection.
Required camber of trusses shall be shown on the erection diagram. If camber
involves the erection of any member under a straining force, this shall be noted on the
erection diagram.
SECTION 31. COLUMN BASES.

<aJ Loads.
Proper provision shall be made to transfer the column loads. and moments if any,
to the footings and foundations.
(b) Alignment.
Column bases shall be set level and to correct elevation with full bearing on the
masonry.
(e) Finishing.
Column bases shall be finished to accord with the following requirements:
1. Rolled steel bearing plates, 2 inches or less in thickness, may be used without
planing, provided a satisfactory contact bearing is obtained; rolled steel
bearing plates, over 2 inches but not over 4 inches in thickness, may be
straightened by pressing; or, if presses are not available, by planing on all
bearing surfaces. to obtain a satisfactory contact bearing; rolled steel bearing
plates. over 4 inches in thickness. shall be planed on all bearing surfaces (except
as noted under 3).
2. Colwnn bases other than rolled steel bearing plates shall be planed on all
bearing surfaces (except as noted under 3).
3. The bottom surfaces of bearing plates and column bases which rest on masonry
foundations and are grouted to insure full bearing contact need not be planed.
SECTION 32. ANCHOR BOLTS.

Anchor Bolts.
Anchor bolts shall be designed to provide resistance to all conditions of tension
and shear at the bases of columns, including the net tensile components of any bending
moments which may result from fixation or partial fixation of columns.
PART V. FABRICATION
SECTION 33. WORKMANSHIP.

(a) General.
AU workmanship shall be equal to the best practice in modem structural shops.
(b) Straightening.
All material shall be clean and straight. If straightening or flattening is neces-
sary. it shall be done by a process and in a manner that will not injure the material.
Sharp kinks or bends shall be cause for rejection.
AMERICAN INST I TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

302
(c) Gas Cutting.

The use of a cutting torch is permissible if the metal being cut is not carrying
substantial stress during the operation. Gas-cut edges which will be subjected to
substantial tensile stress shall be cut by a mechanically-guided torch. or if hand cut
shall be carefully examined and any nicks removed. The radii of re-entrant gas-cut
fillets shall be as large as practicable, but never less than 1 inch. Edges and grooves
may be prepared for welding by gas cutting, as defined in Section 33 (h).
(d) Planing of Edges.

Planing or finishing of sheared edges of plates or shapes, or of edges gas-cut with
a mechanically guided torch, will not be required unless specifically called for on the
drawings, or included in a stipulated edge preparation for welding.
( e) Riveted Construction-Holes.
Holes for rivets or unfinished bolts shall be ~ inch larger than the nominal di-
ameter of the rivet or bolt. If the thickness of the material is not greater than the
nominal diameter of the rivet or bolt plus Ys inch, the holes may be punched. If the
thickness 9t"the material is greater than the nominal diameter of the rivet or bolt plus
Ys inch, the holes shall be either drilled from the solid, or sub-punched and reamed.
The die for all sub-punched holes, and the drill for all sub-drilled holes, shall be at least
~ inch smaller than the nominal diameter of the rivet or bolt.
Drifting to enlarge unfair holes shall not be permitted. Holes that must be en-
larged to admit the -';vets shall be reamed_ Poor matching of holes shall be cause for
rejection.
Holes for turned bolts shall be drilled or reamed truly cylindrical and not more
than 1/ 50 inch larger than the external diameter of the bolt. Drilling or reaming for
turned bolts shall be done after the parts to be connected are assembled; except that
if such drilling or reaming after assembly is impracticable, it may be done through
steel templets with hardened bushings.
(f) Riveted Construction-Assembling.

All parts of riveted members shall be well pinned or bolted and rigidly held to-
gether while riveting. Drifting done during assembling shall not distort the metal
or enlarge the holes.
(g) Riveting.
Rivets shall be driven by power riveters, of either compression or manually-
operated .type, employing pneumatic, hydraulic or electric power. After driving
they shall be tight and their heads shall be in full contact with the surface.
Rivets shall ordinarily be hot-driven, in which case their finished heads shall be
of approximately hemispherical shape and shall be of uniform size throughout the
work for the same size rivet, full, neatly finished and concentric with the holes. Hot-
driven rivets shall be heated uniformly to a temperature not exceeding 19500 F; they
shall not be driven after their temperature has fallen below 10000 F.
Rivets may be driven cold if approved measures are taken to prevent distortion
of the riveted material. The requirements for hot-driven rivets shall apply except
as modified in the "Tentative Specifications for Cold-Driven Rivets" of the American
Institute of Bolt, Nut and Rivet Manufacturers.
(h) Welded Construction- Preparation of Material.

Surfaces to be welded sha:ll be free from loose scale, slag, rust, grease, paint and
any other foreign material, except that mill scale which withstands vigorous wire

303
A . I. S. C. SPECIFICATION
brushing. may remain. A light film of linseed oil may be disregarded. Joint surfaces
shall be free from cfins and tears. Preparation of edges by gas cutting shall. wherever
practicable, 'be done with a mechanically guided torch.
(k) Welded Construction-A.sembling.
Parts to be fillet welded shall be brought in as close contact as practicable and

in no event shall be separated more than :U6 in ch. If the separation is !16 inch or
greater, the size of the fillet welds shall be increased by the amount of the separation.
The separation between faying surfaces of lap joints shall not exceed !16 inch. The
fit of joints at contact surfaces which are not completely sealed by welds, shall be close
enough to exclude water after painting.
Abutting parts to be butt welded shall be carefully aligned. Misalignments
greater than Ys inch shall be corrected and, in making the correction, the parts shall
not be drawn into a sharper slope than two degrees ('Us inch in 12 inches).
The work shall be positioned for flat welding whenever practicable.
In assembling and joining parts of a structure or of built-up members, the pro-
cedure and sequence of welding shall be such as will avoid needless distortion and
minimize shrinkage stresses. Where it is impossible to avoid high residual stresses
in the closing welds of a rigid assembly, such closing welds shall be made in compression
elements.
In the fabrication of cover-plated beams and built-up members, all shop splices
in each component part shall be made before such component part is welded to other
parts of the member.
(I) Welded Construction- Temperatures.
No welding shall be done when the temperature of the base metal is lower than
0° F. At temperatures between 32° F. and 0° F., the surface of all areas within three
inches of the point where a weld is to be started, shall be heated to a temperature at
least warm to the hand before welding is started.
When welds are being made in parts thicker than l Y2 inches, the temperature of
the base material adjacent to the welding shall be at least 70° F.
(m) Welding.
The technique of welding employed, the appearance and quality of welds made,
and the methods used in correcting defective work shall conform to the "Code for
Arc and Gas Welding in Building Construction" of the American Welding Society,
Section 4- Workmanship.
All complete-penetration butt welds, except when produced with the aid of
backing material or welded in the flat position from both sides in square-edge material
not more than % inch thick with root opening not less than one-half the thickness of
the thinner part joined, shall have the root of the initial layer gouged or chipped out
on the back side before welding is started from that side, and shall be so welded as to
secure sound metal and complete fusion throughout the entire intended cross section.
Butt welds made with the use of a backing of the same material as the base metal
shall have the weld metal thoroughly fused with the backing material. Backing
strips may be removed by means of gas cutting, after welding is completed, provided
no injury is done to the base and weld metal and the weld surface is left flush or slightly
convex, with full throat thickness.

304
A. I. S. C. S PEe I Fie A T ION
Incomplete-penetration butt welds shall be made with as nearly complete pene-

tration and internal soundness as the formation of the joint and the method of welding
will pennit. (See Section 15 (Q, final paragraph).
To insure soundness, the ends of butt welds that carry stresses approaching the
maximum allowable working stress shall be extended past the edges of the parts
joined, by means of short extension bars providing a similar joint preparation and
having a width not less than the thickness of the thicker part joined. Where the
metal is not more than ~ inch in thickness, the extension bars may be omitted if the
ends of the butt weld are chipped or cut down to solid metal and side welds are applied
to fill out the ends to the same reinforcement as the faces of the weld. If extension
bars are removed upon completion of the weld, the ends of the weld shall be left smooth
and flush with the edges of the abutting parts.
(n) Welded Con8truction~Peening.
Where required, multiple·layer welds may be peened with light blows from a
power hammer, using an elongated round-nose tool. Peening shall be done after the
weld has cooled to a temperature warm to the hand. Care shall be exercised to prevent
scaling, flaking or cold working of weld and base metal from over-peening.
(0) Finishing.
Compression joints depending upon contact bearing shall have the bearing
surfaces machined to a common plane after the members are completed.
(p ) Lacing Bars.
The ends of lacing bars shall be neat and free from burrs.
(q) Tolerances.
Finished members shall be true to line and free from twists, bends and open joints.
Compression members may have a lateral variation not greater than 1/1000 of
the axial1ength between points which are to be laterally supported.
A variation of ~ 6 inch is pennissible in the overal11ength of members with both
ends milled.
Members without milled ends which are to be framed to other steel parts of the
structure may have a variation from the detailed length not greater than !16 inch for
members 30 feet or less in length. and not greater than Ys inch for members over 30
feet in length.
(r ) Castings.
Steel castings shall be annealed.
SECTION 34. SHOP PAINTING.
(a) Shop Coat.

After inspection and approval and before leaving the shop, all steel work shall be
thoroughly cleaned, by effective means, of all loose mill scale, rust, spatter, slag or
flux deposit, oil, dirt and other foreign matter. Except where encased in concrete,
AIVIERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEE L CONSTRUCTI ON

305
and excepting edges and surface areas adjacent to edges, to be field welded, all steel
work shall be given one coat of approved metal protection, applied thoroughly and
evenly and well worked into the joints and other open spaces. All paint shall be
applied to dry surfaces.
(b) Inaccessible Parts.

Parts inaccessible after assembly shall be given two coats of shop paint, preferably
of different colors.
( c) Contact Surfaces .
Contact surfaces shall be cleaned, by effective means, before assembly, but not
painted.
(d) Finished Surfaces.

Machine-finished surfaces shall be protected against corrosion by a suitable
coating.
(e) Surfaces to be Field Welded.

Surfaces which are to be welded after erection shall where practicable not receive
a shop coat of paint. If painted, such paint shall be removed before field welding, for
a distance of at least 2 inches on either side of the joint.
SECTION 35. ADMINISTRATIVE PROVISIONS.

All of the Administrative Provisions contained in this Specification, preceding
the Technical Provisions, are to be complied with under any contract invoking the
Technical Provisions, unless and except as otherwise provided in the applicable Building
Code or General Specifications.

306
FOREWORD
The Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges was
completely revised on June 26, 1952 by the American Institute of Steel
Construction, Inc.
On April 26, 1956, certain minor revisions in Section 2 and Section 6
were adopted. These revisions are included in the present printing of the
Code.
..:!\MERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

307
CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICE

FOR · STEEL BU I LDI NGS
AND BRIDGES
ADOPTED 1924
REVISED APRIL 26, 1956
Since steel was first used for structural purposes, and concurrently with the develop-
ment of the structural steel industry. fabricators. erectors. owners, architects, engineers and
contractors have developed certain practices relating to the design, fabrication and erection
of structural steel which have become standard. While these standards are generally
known. it is the purpose of the American Institute of Steel Construction in publishing these
standards to make them available for ready reference by all those concerned with the use
of structural steel in construction.
The standards herein described have been compiled as the result of studies made by
engineers and other members of the staff of the American Institute of Steel Construction
and are set forth in reasonable detail in the following resume.
SECTION 1. GENERAL.
(a) Standard Specification ••
In the absence of other instructions. the provisions of the following standard
specifications, as revised to date, govern the design. fabrication and erection of struc-
tural steel:
For buildings and similar structures:
Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural
Steel for Buildings of the American Institute of Steel Construction;
For bridges:
Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges of American Association of
State Highway Officials;
Specifications for Steel Railway Bridges of American Railway Engi-
neering Association;
Specifications for Welded Highway and Railway Bridges of American
Welding Society.
(b) Plan. and Specification. for Biddinll_
In order to insure adequate and complete bids, plans and specifications accom-
panying the invitation to bid show:
(1) A complete design indicating the character of the work to be performed
and giving sizes. sections and the relative location of various members. floor
levels, column centers and offsets, with sufficient dimensions to convey ade-
quately the quantity and nature of the required structural steel, and
(2) Wind bracing and other special details, in sufficient detail regarding
rivets. welds and construction so that they may be readily understood and
supplied.

,
30B
A. I. S. C. CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICE
Plans are made to a scale not less than % inch to the foot and the more complex
information is furnished to adequate scale.
When the owner· provides the design, plans and specifications the fabricator and
erector are not responsible for the suitability, adequacy or legality of the design; nor
is the fabricator responsible for the practicability or safety of erection if the structure
is erected by others. If the owner desires the fabricator or erector to prepare the
design, plans and specifications or to assume any responsibility for the suitability,
adequacy or legality of the design, he clearly states his requirements either in the
invitation to bid or on such plans and specifications which accompany it.
(c) Patented Devices.
Fabricators assume that all necessary patent rights have been obtained and that
they (the fabricators) will be fully protected in the use of patented designs, devices or
parts shown on the plans which the owner supplies.
SECTION 2. DEFINITION OF STRUCTURAL STEEL.

The term "structural steel" comprehends only the following categories of parts:
Anchors for structural steel;
Bases of steel or iron;
Beams, purlins, girts;
Bearing plates for structural steel;
Bearing shoes for bridges;
Bracing;
Brackets;
Bridge pins;
Bridge railings of steel;
Columns of steel, iron, or pipe, or cement fined pipe;
Counterweight boxes for bridges;
Crane rails and stops;
Door frames constituting part of the steel framing;
Expansion joints connected to the steel frame;
Floor plates (checkered or smooth) connected to the steel frame;
Girders of steel;
Grillage beams and girders of steel;
Hangers of structural steel, if attached to the structural steel framing and
shown on the framing plans;
Lintels shown on the framing plans or otherwise enumerated or scheduled;
Marquees (structural steel frame only);
Monorail beams of standard structural shapes;
Separators, angles, tees, clips and other detail fittings essential to the struc-
tural steel frame; ,
Suspended ceiling supports of structural shapes 3 inches or greater in depth;
Shop rivets, permanent shop bolts, bolts required to assemble parts for ship-
ment and shop welds;
Struts;
Tie, hanger and sag rods forming part of the structural steel frame; and
Trusses.
-This term is used to designate not only the owner of the proposed structure, but also
the architect. engineer. general contractor. public authority, or other designated repre-
sentatives of the owner.

309
A . I. S, C. CODE OF S T ANDARD PRACTICE
Field Connection Material.

When the fabricator erects the structural steel, the fabricator supplies all ma-
terials required for temporary and for permanent connection of the component parts
of the structural steel.
When the erection of the structural steel is performed by someone other than
the fabricator, the fabricator furnishes:
1. Rivets of suitable size and in sufficient quantity for all field connections
of steel to steel which are designated as riveted field connections, plus
10 per cent thereof to cover waste;
2. Common bolts of suitable size and in sufficient quantity for all field con-
nections of steel to steel which are specified to be permanently bolted,
plus 5% thereof to cover waste. Turned bolts, high-strength bolts, other
special types of bolts, and washers, are furnished (allowing 2% to cover
waste) only when specified in the invitation to bid.
Unless specified in the invitation to bid or the specifications which accom-
pany it, welding electrodes, shims, thin bearing plates used in lieu of shims to pro-
vide an exact level grade ready to receive steel columns or girders with bases fabricated
as an i1ttegral part of the member, fitting-up bolts and drift pins required for field
connections are not furnished by the fabricator, when the erection is performed by
others. *
The term .. structural steel" does not include steel, iron or other items which are
required for the assembly or erection of materials supplied by trades other than
structural steel fabricators or erectors, even though such materials are shown on the
plans as fastened to the structural steel.
SECTION 3. CALCULATION OF WEIGHTS.

If bids are requested or submitted at a price per pound of fabricated structural
steel delivered or erected, rather than on a lump sum job basis, the actual weighing
of materials is often impracticable and inaccurate. It is desirable to calculate such
weights according to the fonnula commonly used by fabricators, erectors and owners.
While this formula does not produce actual weights, it is customarily used by fabri-
cators and erectors in bidding on a price per pound basis because it obviates the
necessity of meticulous and involved calculations or additional shop work that entail
substantial expense. Fabricators and erectors use this formula to calculate weights
of fabricated structural steel for all purposes, unless the invitation to bid or the owner's
plans or specifications require the use of scale weights or some other method of cal-
culation.
The standard formula or method of calculating weights of fabricated structural
steel is as follows :
(a) The weight of steel is assumed to be 0.2833 of a pound per cubic inch
and the weight of cast iron is assumed to be 0.2604 of a pound per cubic inch.
(b) Weights of shapes, plates, bars, castings, rivets, bolts and weld metal
are calculated on the basis of detailed shop drawings and shop bills of material
showing actual dimensions of materials used as follows:
1. Weight is calculated on the basis of rectangular dimensions for all
plates and ordered overall lengths for all structural shapes from which the
required material is cut, without deductions for copes, clips, sheared edges,
---
• This paragraph revised Apri126, 1956
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEE L C ON STRUCTION
310
punchings, borings. milling or planing. When parts can be economically

cut in multiples from material of larger dimension, the weight is calculated
on the basis of the dimensions of the material from which the parts are cut.
2. To the nominal theoretical weight of all universal Plill and sheared
plates and slabs there is added one-half the allowance for variation or over·
weight in accordance with the applicable table in the A.S.T.M. specifications.
3. To the nominal theoretical weight of checkered plates there is added
the allowance for overweight in accordance with the published weights of
the manufacturer of such plates.
4. The calculated weights of castings are determined from the detail
drawings of the pieces. An allowance for standard fillets for such pieces and
an average over·run of 10% are added.
(c) The weight of shop rivets is calculated according to the following table:
Diameter of Calculated Weight
Rivet per 100 Rivets
Y2inch 20 pounds
% .. 30 ..
%: .. 50
Ys .. 100
1 150
14 .. 250
I.%: .. 325
The weights of field rivets, shop and field bolts, nuts and washers, are taken
at their actual weights.
(d) The following percentages of the calculated weight of material so pro·
tected are added for painting or galvanizing:
For each shop coat of paint y, of 1%
For each coat of oil ~ofl%
For galvanizing by hot dipping 34%
(e) The weight of shop welds and of field welds in work erected by the
. fabricator, is calculated on the basis of the gross weight of electrode required to
lay the weld as follows:
1. For standard equal-leg fillet welds:
Specified Weld Gross Weight of Electrode
Size (Pounds per Foot of Weld.)
(Inches) Continuous Intermittent··
4 .08 .09
~ .15 .17
)4 .25 .28
!i6 .36 .40
Y, .50 .55
Y, .83 .91
% 1.25 1.40
U 1.75 1.95
Ys 2.35 2.60
1 3.00 3.30
·Net length as called for on the drawings, exclusive of starting and stopping ends.
··Weld "length less than 32 times the specified size.

311
2. For unequal-leg fillet welds, the weight in the above table corres-
ponding to the small leg is multiplied by the ratio of the longer leg to the
smaller leg.
3. For all groove welds, the weight of electrode is calculated by adding
100% to the weight based upon the net theoretical weld cross section and
length. The net theoretical volume of a square groove weld with zero root
opening is calculated as if ~" open.
SECTION 4. DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS.

(a) To enable the fabricator and efector to proceed properly and expeditiously
with the work, the owner furnishes as soon as possible a survey of the building site or
the lot lines and a set of complete drawings consistent with the original bidding plans
and specifications. These show:
1. The design of the bridge or of the structural steel framework and defin-
itely locate all openings. levels, etc.; also,
2. All materials to be furnished by the fabricator and give such information
as may be necessary for the preparation and completion of shop drawings by the
fabricator.
(b) In case of discrepancies between drawings and specifications for buildings.
the specifications govern. In the case of discrepancies between drawings and speci-
fications for bridges, the drawings govern. In case of discrepancies between scale
,dimensions on the drawings and figures written on them, the figures govern.
(c) When shop drawings are made by the fabricator, prints thereof are submitted
to the owner for his examination and approval. In order for the fabricator to com-
mence shop work, the owner must return one set of prints to the fabricator (customarily
within five days) with a notation of the owner's outright approval or approval subject
to corrections as noted. It is usual practice for the fabricator to make the corrections
and to furnish one set of corrected prints to the owner.
(d) While shop drawings prepared by the fabricator and approved by the owner
are deemed to represent the correct interpretation of the work to be done, the fab-
ricator is not relieved of responsibility for accuracy of detailed dimensions shown
thereon.
(e) When the shop drawings are furnished by the owner, he must deliver them to
the fabricator in time to permit the fabrication to proceed. in an orderly manner in
accordance with the prescribed time schedule. The owner prepares these shop
drawings, insofar as practicable in accordance with the shop and drafting room stand-
ards of the fabricator.
The owner is responsible for the completeness and accuracy of shop drawings so
furnished.
SECTION S. STOCK MATERIALS.

(a) Many fabricators maintain stocks of steel products for use in their fabri-
cating operations. Such materials as are taken from stock by the fabricator for use
for structural purposes must be of a quality at least equal to that required by the
specifications of the American Society for Testing Materials applicable to the classi-

312
fications covering the intended use. Mill test reports are accepted in the trade as
sufficient record of the quality of materials carried in stock by the fabricator.
The fabricator checks and retains the mill test reports covering the materials he
purchases for stock, but, because it is obviously impracticable to do so, he does not
maintain records such as would identify individual pieces of stock material against
individual mill test reports. Such records are not required if the fabricator purchases
for stock under established specifications as to grade and quality and the purchases
can be checked against mill test reports.
(b) It is common practice for the fabricator to use steel materials from his stock
in his fabricating operations whenever he desires to do so, instead of ordering items
from the mill for the specific use. Stock materials purchased under no particular
specifications or under specifications less rigid than those mentioned above, or stock
materials which have not been subject to mill or other recognized test reports, are
not used without the express approval of the owner and then only under rigid in-
s~ction, except that such material may be used for small unimportant details where
the quality of the material could not affect the strength of the structure.
SECTION 6. INSPECTION AND DELIVERY.

(a) Test of M a terials.
Mill test reports are furnished by the fabricator upon request of the owner,
provided such request is incorporated in the invitation to bid or otherwise made in
writing prior to the time the fabricator places his mill orders with the mill so that he
can, in tutn, request them of the mill. If other tests are desired, the owner so specifies
in the invitation to bid. The fabricator customarily makes no tests of steel materials
and the owner must rely on such additional tests of quality as he orders the fabricator
to have made. If tests of materials by others than the mills are desired the owner
should arrange for such tests tlrrough the fabricator.
(b) Inspection.
If the owner wishes an inspection of the steel by someone other than the fabri-
cator's own inspectors, he reserves the right to do so in his invitation to bid or the
accompany:ing specifications. Arrangements may be made with the fabricator for
inspection of materials at the fabricating shop by the owner's inspectors.
(c) Shop Painting.

Prior to painting, the fabricator cleans the steel of rust, loose mill scale, dirt and
other foreign material by means of wire brushing. Unless specified, the fabricator does
not sandblast, flame clean, or pickle the material prior to painting.
The shop coat of paint is a priming coat intended to protect the steel for a
temporary period of weathering only. Fabricators do not assume responsibility
for the deterioration that may result from extended exposure to the elements. *
(d) Delivery of Materials.
The fabricator will deliver the fabricated structural steel to the job site in such
sequence as will permit the most efficient and economical performance of his own
work. If the owner wishes to prescribe or control the sequence of delivery of ma-
terials, he reserves such right in his invitation to bid or the specifications which ac-
company it.
* This paragraph revised April 26, 1956
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STe:EL CONSTRUCTION
313
A. T. S. C. CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICE
The quantities of material shown by the shipping statement are customarily ac~
cepted by the owner, fabricator and erector as correct. Accordingly, if any shortage
is claimed, the owner should immediately notify the carrier and the fabricator in order
that the claim may be investigated.
(e) Marking and Shipping of Materials.
Erection marks are painted on the structural steel members. Weights are marked
on members weighing more than ten tons.
Rivets and bolts are commonly shipped in separate containers according to length
and diameter and loose nuts and washers are shipped in separate containers according
to sizes. Pins and other small parts, and packages of rivets, bolts, nuts and washers
are usually shipped in boxes, crates, kegs or barrels. A list and description of the
material will usually appear on the outside of each closed container.
Long girders are so loaded and marked that they may be delivered at the site in
position for handling without turning. Instructions for such delivery should be given
to the receiving carrier.
Anchor bolts, washers, and other anchorage or grillage materials to be built into
the masonry should be shipped so that they will be on hand when needed. To make
this possible. the owner should give the fabricator sufficient time to fabricate and
ship such materials before they are needed.
SECTION 7. ERECTION.
(a) Method of Erection.
If the owner wishes to control the method and sequence of erection, he so specifies
in the invitation to bid or the specifications that accompany it. Otherwise the erector
will proceed according to the most efficient and economical method available to him
consistent with the plans and specifications and such information as may be furnished
to him prior to the execution of the contract.
(b) Foundations, Piers and Abutments.

The invitation to bid, or the specifications which accompany it. shOHld specify
the time when all foundations, piers and abutments will be ready, free from obstruction.
and accessible to the erector. Unless the owner specifies to the contrary in inviting
bids, the fabricator and erector will bid on a basis of being able to start erection at a
designated time without interference or delay caused by the owner or by other con-
tractors. The accurate location, strength and suitability of all foundations, piers and
abutments is the sole responsibility of the owner.
(c) Building Lines and Bench Marks.

The owner must accurately locate building lines and bench marks at the site of
the structure and furnish the fabricator a plan containing a11 such information.
(d) Al1chor Bolts.

All anchor or foundation bolts. and other connections between the structural
steel and the work of other trades are located and set by the owner. In order to avoid
unnecessary expense, the owner must assume responsibility for the accurate and com-
plete performance of such work in time so as not to delay or interfere with the erection
of the structural steel.

314
(0) Steel and Cast Iron Bases and Bearing Plates.

All steel grillage. rolled steel bearing plates, cast iron or steel bases which are
too heavy to be set without a derrick or crane are set and wedged or shimmed by the
steel erector, to grade or level lines which are determined and fixed by the owner,
who in turn grouts all such parts in piace. All other loose bearing plates are set to
grade and are grouted. by the owner. Before grouting, the owner checks the grades
and levels of the parts to be grouted, and is responsible for the accuracy of the same.
For steel columns or girders with bases fabricated as an integral part of the member,
the foundation is finished to exact grade, level and ready to receive the steel work.
(f) Loo8e Lintel••

Unless otherwise specified in the invitation to bid or the specifications which
accompany it. the owner sets, without assistance from the erector of the structural
steel, such loose lintels, shelf angles, and other pieces not attached to the structural
steel as are required by the plans for spanning over openings in the masonry. which
can be placed only as the masonry progresses.
(g) Workin~ Space.

The owner affords the erector convenient and sufficient space at the site for his
derricks, cranes, and other necessary equipment. When the structure does not occupy
the full available site, the owner provides sufficient storage space to enable the erector
to operate at maximum practicable speed.
(h) PlumMn& Up.

In the erecting of structural steel for structures other than bridges. the individual
pieces are plumbed and leveled by the erector, and are considered plumb or level if
the error does not exceed. 1 to 500, except that, in the case of exterior columns and
columns adjacent to elevator shafts in multiple-story buildings, they are considered
plumb if the error does not exceed 1 to 1000.
The owner, by whatever agencies he may elect, immediately upon completion
by the erector, determines whether the work is plumb, level and properly guyed, and
whether all lintels attached without provision for adjustment are in their proper
location. In the event the owner finds otherwise, he immediately notifies the erector
of any matters requiring correction. The responsibility of the erector in this con-
nection ceases when he shall have once located, plumbe<t leveled, guyed and braced
the structural steel to the satisfaction of the owner.
The temporary guys, braces and falsework or cribbing remain the property of the
erector and he will remove them immediately upon completion of his work unless
other arrangements are made. The owner removes, and returns to the erector in good
condition, any guys and braces temporarily left in place under such an arrangement.
(i) Correction of Errors when Material is not Erected by the Fabricator.

Corrections of minor misfits and a reasonable amount of cutting and reaming are
considered a part of erection. Any error in shop work which prevents the proper
assembling and fitting of parts by the moderate use of drift pins, or a moderate amount
of reaming, chipping or cutting, should be immediately reported to the fabricator,
so that he may either correct the error or approve the method of correction that is
to be used.

315
A. I. 5, C. CODE OF STANDARD PRACTICE
0) Field Assemblin!,.
The size of assembled pieces of structural steel may be limited by the permissible
weight and clearance dimensions of transportation. Unless otherwise directed by the
owner, the fabricator will provide for such field connections as will, in his opinion,
require the least amount of field work.
(k) Cutting, Drilling and Patching.

The fabricator or erector does not cut. drill or patch the work of others or his
own work to accommodate other trades. If the owner desires that cutting, drilling,
or patching of the structural steel be performed by the fabricator or erector for the
accommodation of other trades he so specifies at the time the invitation to bid is issued.
(I) Temporary Floors for Building••

It is customary for the owner to provide planking and to cover such floors as may
be required by municipal or state laws. excepting the floor upon which the erecting
derricks are located: the steel erector will cover this floor for his working purposes,
moving his planking as the work progresses. If other arrangements are desired, the
owner's invitation to bid and specifications should so specify.
(m) Field Painting.

The erector does not paint field bolt head, and nuts, field rivet heads, field welds,
or touch up abrasions in the shop coat, or perform any other field painting unless
specified in the owner's specifications accompanying the invitation to bid.
(n) Final Cleaning Up.

Upon completion of erection and before final acceptance, the erector removes all
falsework. rubbish and temporary buildings furnished by him.

316
NOTES
PAGES 317 TO 320 VOIDED

321
[ NOTES
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CON STRUCTION

322
NOTES

323
NOTES
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEl... CONSTRUCTION

324
COLD RIVETED CONSTRUCTION
INTRODUCTION
Cold-driven structural rivets of Y2-inch size and larger, have been used in many
types of structures, both in this country and in Canada. Large, high-strength, alloy-
steel rivets have been successfully driven cold in certain types of armament subjected
to severe ballistic shock. The principal advantages expected, by its proponents, to be
gained by cold driving are the superior filling of rivet holes. the increased rivet stiffness
due to the cold working of the rivet metal, and the economies resulting from the elimi-
nation of heating.
There being no general specifications available to guide and protect the users, the
American Institute of Steel Construction in 1940, at the request of the American InstL
tute of Bolt. Nut and Rivet Manufacturers, appointed a special subcommittee of its
Committee on Technical Research to investigate the use of cold-driven rivets and pre-
pare a specification covering their use.
The followin g specifications were accordingly developed, were adopted by the

American Institute of Bolt, Nut and Rivet Manufacturers, and were offered to the
fabricating industry in tentative Conn for a period of trial. Criticisms, and suggestions
for improvement. are invited.

325
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF BOLT, NUT AND RIVET MANUFACTURERS
TENTATIVE SPECIFICATIONS
FOR
COLD RIVETED CONSTRUCTION

(RIVETS V. INCH DIAMETER AND LARGER)
SEPTEMBER, 1942
1. GENERAL
Cold riveted construction shall conform to the present specifications for riveted
work and to the following requirements.
2. RIVETS
(a) Grade.
Rivets shall be of the same grade as used for hot riveting, such as ASTM A141
or A3!, except that hot made rivets shall not be quenched, and cold made rivets shall
be annealed.
(b) Heads.
Button, hi gh~button, or any other American Standard type of manufactured head
may be used. If approved by the customer, flat heads may be used having a diameter
1% times and a minimum height of head % times the nominal diameter of the rivet.
(e) Points.
Rivet points shall be free from shearing cracks, and shall be reasonably square to
prevent bending of the rivet shank during driving.
3. FABRICATION
(a) Driven Head.
The driven heads of rivets shall be flat head or a modified cone, or other types
within the range of cold riveting as agreed upon between the user and the supplier.
The diameter of the flat head shall be approximately 131; times and the minimum
height of head U .times the nominal diameter of the rivet; the modified cone head shall
conform to the following:
(b) Riveting Pressure.

The pressure shall be properly controlled and sufficient to form the specified head,
but not of an amount that will warp or buckle the work.
(c) Driving Die.
The die for driving the heads shall not restrict the free transverse flow of metal at
the edge of the head.
(d) Hole•.
Diameter of hole shall be larger than nominal diameter of rivet by not more than:
~" for %" to %" diameter, inclusive; !{s" above %".

326
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR STEEL FOR

BRIDGES AND BUILDINGS
A. S. T. M. DESIGNATION: A 7~46
These specifications are in effect a revision and consolidation of, and replace the former
Standard Specifications for Steel (or Bridges (A 7 - 36) and for Steel for Buildings
(A 9 - 36). These latter s~ifications were O'figinally adopted in 1901 and continued as
standard with various revisions until their combination with Specifications A 7 in 1939.
Scope.
1. These specifications cover carbon-steel shapes, p'lates and bars of structural qual-
ity for use In the construction of bridges and buIldings and for general structural
purposes.
Castings, Rivet Steel, Forgings, Sheet, Strip.
2. For use with steel purchased under these specifications, the following standards
or the American Society for Testing Materials shall apply:
(a) Steel Castings.
The Tentative Specifications for Mild to Medium Strength Carbon-Steel Castings
for General Application (A.S.T.M. Designation: A 27) shall govern the purchase of
steel castings for bridges and buildings. Unless otherwise specified, grade B-1 castings,
fully annealed, with a minimum yield point of 33,000 psi., shall be used
( b) Structural Rivet Steel.
Unless otherwise specified, the Standard Specifications for Structural Rivet Steel
(A. S. T. M. Designation: A 141) shall govern the purchase of rivets.
(c) Forgings.
The Standard Specifications for Carbon-Steel Forgings for General Industrial Use
(A. S. T. M. Designation: A 235), and for Alloy-Steel Forgings for General Industrial
Use (A. S. T. M. Designation: A 237) may also be used for forgings.
(d) Sheet and Strip.
Hot rolled sheets and strip specified to this specification shall be furnished unless
otherwise specified, to Grade C, minimum tensile strength 55,000 psi., of the Tentative
Specifications for Light Gage Structural Quality Flat Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel
(A. S. T. M. Designation: A 245).
Structural Bolts.
3. Unless otherwise specified, bolts to be employed in permanent connections between
parts fabricated of steel purchased under these specifications shall be subject to the
requirements of Section 9 (a) for minimum tensile strength (to be taken on the area
at root of thread) and to the requirements of Section 10 for cold bend (to be taken on
the unthreaded portion of the bolt), and shall be exempt from further requirements.
A. I. S. I. STANDARD CLASSIFICATION BY SIZE OF FLAT-ROLLED

CARBON STEEL
Thicknesses, Inch
Widths, Inches 0.2500 0.2499 0.2030 0.1874 0.0567 0.0343 0.0254 0.0141
00'
thickor
to
0.:?O31
to
0.1875
to
0.0568
to
0.0344
to
0.0255
to
0.0142
00'
thinner
- - - - -- - - - - - - - - -
To 37'2" incl •. _...___..__.... Bar Bar Strip Strip Strip Strip Sheet Sheet
Over 3~ to 6 inel. Bar Bar Strip Strip Strip Sheet Sheet Sheet
Strip I Strip
" 6 to 12 "
" 12 to 32 "
" 32 to 48 "
Plate
Plate
Plate
Sheet
Sheet
I I
Sheet
She.t
Strip
Sheet
Sheet
Sheet
Sheet
Sheet
Sheet
Sheet
Sheet
Sheet
Sheet
Sheet
I
Sheet
Blk. Plate
Sheet
" 48._ ..... __...__ ....._... Plate I Plate I Plate Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet
I --
327
A. S. T. M. STEEL FOR BRIDGES AND BUILDINGS
Rolled Base Plates.

4. Rolled base plates over 2 in. in thickness for bearing purposes shall be open-hearth
or electric-furnace steel containing 0.20 to 0.35 per cent carbon. The chemical com-
position shall also confonn to the requirements specified in Section 6. A sufficient
discard shall be made from each ingot to secure sound plates. Physical tests shall not
be required for this material.
Process.
5. (a) The steel, except as may be specified in Paragraph (b), shall be made by
either or both of the following processes: open-hearth or electric-furnace.
(b) Steel for plates and shapes ~ in. and under in thickness, and bars (other
than those for rivets) ~6 in. and under in thickness or diameter, intended for , use in
buildings and other structures subject to static loads only, may be made by the acid-
bessemer process, unless otherwise specified.
Chemical Composition.
6. The steel shall conform to the followin g requirements as to chemical composition:
Phosphorus, max., per cent:
Open-hearth or electric-furnace:
Acid............................................................................................ 0 .06
Basic. .................................................... _................................... 0.04
Acid-bessemer. ....__ .................................. _................................. .. 0.10
Sulfur, max., per cent (open-hearth or electric-furnace)............ 0.05
Copper, when copper steel is specified, min ., per cent.___......... 0.20
Ladle Analysis.
7. (a) An analysis of each melt of open-hearth or electric-furnace steel shall be
made to determine the percentages of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur;
also copper when copper steel is specified.
(b) A carbon determination, and a copper detennination when copper steel is
specified, shall be made of each melt of bessemer steel, and determinations for man-
ganese, phosphorus, and sulfur representing the average of the melts applied for each
8-hr. period.
(c) ' The analyses prescribed in Paragraphs (a) and (b) shall be made by the
manufacturer from test ingots taken during the pouring of the melts. The chemical
composition thus detennined shall be reported to the purchaser or his representative,
and the percentages of phosphorus and sulfur, also copper when copper steel is specified,
shall conform to the requirements specified in Section 6.
Check Ana1ysis.
8. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from finished material representing
each melt. The phosphorus and sulfur content thus determined shall not exceed that
specified in Section 6 by more than 25 per cent.
Tensile Properties.
9. (a) The material. except as specified in Sections 3 and 4 and Paragraph (b) of
this section, shall confOlID to the following requirements as to tensile properties:
Plates. Shapes.
and Bars
~rcl~l~~~.n~~.,p~~i:~~~.~~~.~~~~:~:~:~~:~:::::::::::::::
60 000 to 72 000
0.5 tens. str.
but in no case less than..... __ .................... . 33000
Elongation in 8 in., min., per cenL ............ 1500 000.
Tens. str.
Elongation in 2 in., min., per cenL............ 22
a See Paragral'Jhs (d) and (e).

328
A. S. T . M. STEEL FOR BRIDGES AND BUILDINGS
(b) Plates ~ in. in thickness, shapes less than 1 sq. in. in cross-section, and bars,
other than fiats, less than % in. in thickness or diameter need not be subjected to
tension tests.
(e) The yield point shall he determined by the drop of the beam or halt in the
gage of the testing machine.
(d) For material over %' in. in thickness or diameter, a deduction from the per-
centage of elongation in 8 in. specified in Paragraph (a) of 0.25 per cent shall be made
for each increase of ~ in. of the specified thickness or diameter above 34 in. to a
minimum of 18 per cent for plates. shapes, and bars.
(e) For material under %; in. in thickness or diameter, a deduction from the
percentage of elongation in 8 in. specified in Paragraph (a) of 2.00 per cent shall be
made for each decrease of ~ in. of the specified thickness or diameter below %; in.
ii'----,Para:lle, Sec£lon no.t less fhan 9"--->-I-i rAbOOc3l

o o o o o
i'-----,s"±O.O 1 "" - - -->1

Gage Len gth fo r MeO'5urlna
Eloogatlon after Frac:tu <e
tp"Tblakness df Plate.
FIG. I.-Standard B-in. Gage Length Test Specimen.
Bending Properties.
10. The hend test specimen shall stand heing bent cold through 180 deg. without
cracking on the outside of the bent portion to an inside diameter which shall have the
following relation to the thickness of the specimen:
Ratio of Bend Diameter to

Thickness of Material Thickness of Specimen
Plates, Shapes and Bars
%' in. and undeL ____...........___ .__.... __ ....................... __ .. ___ ~

Over %" to 1 in., incl. _.................... ___..___________ .... 1
Over 1 to H1 in .• incL .... ____ .... ____ . .......__ ....... 172
Over I~ to 2 in., incL. ........ ...... ......................_...... 2~
Over 2 in .....____ ............._...._._... _.... __ ..........._............. 3
Test S pecimens.
11. (a) Test specimens shall be prepared for testing from the material in its rolled
or forged condition, except as specified in Paragraph (b),
(b) Test specimens for annealed material shall be prepared from the material as
annealed for use or from a short length of a full section from the same melt similarly
treated.

329
(c) Test specimens shall be taken longitudinally and, except as specified in

Paragraphs (e), (f), and (g), shall be the full thickness or section of material as rolled.
(d) Test specimens for plates. shapes, and flats may be machined to the fonn
and dimensions shown in Fig. 1, or with both edges parallel.
than '~
Qadlus not less 1<----2.!!'
fS Parallel S:ctlon
Note:-The gage length,
paralle l section, and fillets
I
shall be as s hown , but the
..,.,*,6.0 I" _I ends may be of any shape to
fit the holders of the testing
machine in such a way that
the load shall be axial.
FIG. 2.- Standard 2-in. Gage Length Tension Test Specimen.
(e) Tension test specimens for material over 172 in. in thickness or diameter,
except pins and rollers, may be macllined to a thickness or diameter of at least %: in.
for a length of at least 9 in .• or they may conform to the dimensions shown in Fig. 2.
(f) Bend test specimens for material over 1% in. in thickness or diameter, except
pins and rollers, may be machined to a thickness or diameter of at least %. in. or to
1 by 7'2 in. in section.
(g) Tension test specimens for pins and rollers shall conform to the dimensions
shown in Fig. 2, and bend test specimens shall be 1 by 7'2 in. in section.
(h) Test specimens for pins and rollers shall be taken so that the axis is 1 in. from
the surface.
(i) The sides of the bend test specimens may have the corners roWlded to a
radius not over !16 in.
Num.ber of Tests.
12. (a) Two tension and two bend tests shall be made from each melt, unless the
finished material from a melt is less than 30 tons when one tension test and one bend
test will be sufficient. If, however, material from one melt differs % in. or more in
thickness, one tension test and one bend test shan be made from both the thickest and
the thinnest material rolled regardless of the weight represented.
(b) If any test specimen shows defective machining or develops flaws, it may be
discarded and another specimen substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test specimen is less than that
specified in Section 9 and any part of the fracture is more than %' in. from the center
of the gage length of a 2-in. specimen or is outside the middle third of the gage length
of an 8-in. specimen, as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before
testing, a retest shall be allowed.

r 330
TABLE I. PERMISSIBLE OVERWEIGHTS OF PLATES

ORDERED TO THICKNESS.
Permissible Excess in Average Weight of Lots f or Widths Give n, in Inches,

Expressed in Pe rcentage of Nominal Weights
Inches Over 6010 72 to 8410 96 to 108 to 120 to 132 to 144 to 168
48 and 48 to 60, 72, 84, 96, lOB, 120, 132. 144, 168, ,nd
under exe/. exel. e:w:;cl. exel. o)(cl. axel. ellle!. exel. o)(cl. over
-- - - - -- - - - - --- --- --- - - - - - - - - -
~ to !i, excL __ -..---- 8 9 10 12 14 16 18
~ to ~6, " ._. 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 16 19
~6 to %, " ._. 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 14 17 18
%to U6. " . ... 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 12 15 16 18
U6 to y" " .... 4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 13 14 16
Y, to %, " ---- 4 4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 14
.% to %". " ._. 4 4 4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 10 12
~ to 1, " .-. 3.5 4 4 4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9 11
1 to 2, incL.__ 3.5 3.5 4 4 4 4.5 5 6 7 8 9
NOTE. Permissible variations in weight for individua l plates shaU be one and one-third times the amounts
prescribed in this table.
Perm.issibIe Variations in Weight and Thickness.

13. (a) One cubic inch of rolled steel is assumed to we igh 0.2833 lb. The cross~
sectional area or weight of each structural~size shape shall not vary more than 2.5 per
cent from the theoretical or specified amounts. The thickness or weights of rectangular
sheared mill plates and of universal mill plates shall confonn to the requirements of
Paragraphs (b), (c), (d), or (e).
(b) Plates, when Ordered to Thicknes8.- No plate shall vary more than
0.01 in. under the thickness specified.
( c) The overweight of each loti of plates in each shipment shall not exceed the
amounts prescribed in Table I.
TABLE II. PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS OF PLATES

OR DERED TO WEIGHT.
Permissible Variations i n Ave r age Weight of Lo ts for W idths Gi ve n, in Inc h es,

Expressed in Percentage of rdered Weights (Weight per Square Foot)
Over 6010 72 to 84 to 96 to 108 to 120 to 132 to 144 to
~ecified 48 or 48 to 60, 72. 84, 96, lOB, 120, 132, 144, 168, 168 or
oight, under exel. axel. axel. exel. axel. exel. excr. excl. excl. over
• •- - • • - • • . - • - • . • . • - • - - • - •- . - •
lb. per SQ. ft . - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ---
>
n
c ~
n
c >
n
c >
n
c ~
n
c >
n
c >
n
c > l? ~ n
c >
n
c ~ n
c
0 :> 0 :> 0 :> 0 :> 0 :> 0 :> 0 :> 0 :> 0 :> 0 :> 0 :>
- - - - - - - - - - f-
7.65 to 10, excl. 4.5 3 5 3 5.5 3 6 3
10 to 12.5,
12.5to 15,
excl.
excl.
4
4
3
3
4.5
4
3
3
5 3
4.' 3
•••
••••
3
3
6 3
5.5 3
6.5
5.5
3
3
7
6
3
3
8
7.5
3
3
9
8
3
3
.... ....
........ _.
.- ....
..-
15 to 17.5,
17.5 to 20,
excl.
axcl.
3.'
3.'
3
2.5
3.5
3.'
3
2.'
• 3
3.5 3 4
3
3
• 3
'.5 3
5
4.5
3
3
'.5 3
• 3
6
5.5
3
3
7
6
3
3
9
8
3 1.
3 9
1
3
20 to 25,
25 to 30,
excl.
e:x:cl.
3.'
3
2.5 3.5
2.' 3.5
2.5
2.'
3.' 3
3.' 2.'
3.' 3
3.' 3
4 3
3.' 3
• 3
3.' 2.5
•••
•
3
3
•
•••
3
3
5.'
5
3
3
7 3
6.5 3
8
7
3
3
30 to 40,
•• to 81.6,
8:x:cl.
incl.
3
2.5
2 3
2 3
2
2
3
3
2
2
3
3 2
2 3.' 2
3.5 2
3.' 2
3,'1 2
3.5 2.5
3 2.5
• 3
3.5 3
4.5
•
3
3
6 3
5.5 3
6.5
6
3
3
NOTE.-Pennissible variations in weight for individual plates shall be one and one-third times t he amounts
.prescribed in this table.
IThe tenn "lot" as applied to Table I means all the plates of each group width and group thickness; as
applied to Table II. it means a ll the plates of e&;h group width and group weight.

331
A. s. T. M. STEEL FOR BRIDGES AND BUIL D INGS
(d) Plates, when Ordered to Weight per Square Foot.- The weight of each
loti of plates in each shipment shall not vary from the weight ordered more than the
amounts prescribed in Table II.
(e) Plates over 2 in. in Thickness.- Each plate over 2 in. in thickness shall
confonn to the permissible variations over ordered thickness prescribed in Table III.
TABLE I" . PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS OVER OR D ERED THICKNESS

OF PLATES OVER 2 'N . 'N THICKNESS.
Variations over Specified Thickness for Width s Given

Inches 35 to 60, 60 to 84, 84 to 120, 120 to 132,
Under 35 e xel. exel. exel. exel. 132 and over
excl..____ .....
Over 2 to 3,
.. ~ ~
''""
jj2
3 to 4, ---_ .. _--
'"
%i jj2 ~ ~
%i
%i
4 to
6 to
8 to
6,
8,
10,
...
.
..------.
._ - -_.-
------ - "
jj2
'"
~
~
'lOt
%i
jj2
li',
%i
jj2
li6
jj2
'lOt ''
10 to 12, ._---- li6 '%i '%4
12 to 15, incl.._ ..__..... If. ;.:
Finish.
14. (a) The material shall be free from injurious defects and shall have a workman-
like finish.
(b) Surface imperfections that do not affect the full utility of the pieces shall
not be considered as injurious defects in structural shapes % in. or more in thickness.
Such pieces may be processed by the following methods in order to give them a work-
manlike finish:
(1) When the surface imperfections are less than !{6 in. in depth, they may be
removed by grinding.
(2) When the surface imperfections are !16 in. or more in depth, the pieces may
be subjected to chipping and welding under limiting conditions as follows:
The cross-sectional area of any piece shall not be reduced more than 1.5 per cent
at any point, nor shall the total area of the chipped surface of any piece exceed 2 per
cent of the total surface area of that piece.
After any imperfection has been completely removed, the maximum depth of
depression shall not exceed the following:
Thickness of Depth of Dc-
Material, in. pressIOn, max., in .
% Upto y,.....-. . -..................................... ................................... li6
Up to 1...................... ~ ...........~ ........................................ -...........
Y, ~
1 up to IU....... _........................................................................... li',
1)4 up to 2;.:. ...._.....................~~~ ........ ~ . - ...... ._-_ ....... -- ........... .......... ;.:
2)4 up to 3Y,~ .......~ __ ............................................................. ~~........ %
An experienced mill inspector shall inspect the work after the chipping operation
to see that the defects have been completely removed and that the limitations specified
above have not been exceeded. The inspector representing the purchaser shall be

332
A. S . T. M. STEEL FOR BRIDGES AND BUILDINGS
given full opportunity to make this same inspection. All welding shall be done by
qualified welders using suitable coated welding rods. The welds shall be sound; the
weld metal being thoroughly fused on all surfaces and edges without undercutting or
overlap. Weld metal shall project at least!1s in . above the rolled surface after welding,
and the projecting metal shall be removed by grinding or by chipping and grinding to
make it flush with the rolled surface and produce a workmanlike finish.
Marking.
15. The name or brand of the manufacturer and the melt number shall be legibly
stamped or rolled on all finished material, except that lattice bars and other small
sections shall, when loaded for shipment, be properly separated and marked for identi·
fication. The identification marks shall be legibly stamped on the end of each pin
and roller. The melt number shall be legibly marked, by stamping if practicable, on
each test specimen.
Inspection .
16. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free entry. at all times while
work on the contract of the purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manu-
fact~rer's works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered. The manu-
fact!p"er shall afford the inspector, without charge, all reasonable facilities to satisfy
him that the material is being furnished in accordance with these specifications. All
tests (except check analysis) and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture
prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so conducted as not to
interfere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
Rejection.
17. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on tests made in accordance
with Section 8 shall be reported to the manufacturer within five working days from
the receipt of samples by the purchaser.
(b) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to its acceptance at the
manufacturer's works will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing.
18. Samples tested in accordance with Section 8 that represent rejected material
shall be preserved for two weeks from the date of the test report. In case of dissatis-
faction with the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing
within that time.

333
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR

STRUCTURAL RIVET STEEL
A . S. T. M. DESIGNATION : A 141-39
Scope.
1. These specifications cover soft carbon steel for rivets for structural purposes.
Process.
2. The steel shall be made by either or both of the following processes: open-hearth
or electric-furnace.
Chemical Composition.
3. The steel shall conform to the followin g requirements as to chemical comrx>Sition:
Phosphorus. max., per cent 1 Aci~ .. ________ ._ .. _....... _... _.__ .. _ 0.06
BaSlC. ___ •__________ •____ .... ___ ... 0.04
Sulfur. max., per cen'l ______ .___ .....__ ..................................... _____ 0.05
Copper, when copper steel is specified, min., per cenL.... 0.20
Ladle Analysis.
4. An analysis of each melt of steel shall be made by the manufacturer to detennine
the percentages of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, and sulfur; also copper when
copper steel is specified. This analysis shall be made from a test ingot taken during
the pouring of the melt. The chemical composition thus determined shall be reported
to the purchaser or his representative, and the percentages of phosphorus and sulfur.
and copper when copper steel is specified. shall conform to the requirements specified
in Section 3.
Check Analysis.
5. An analysis may be made by the purchaser from finished material representing
each melt. The phosphorus and sulfur content thus determined shall not exceed that
specified in Section 3 by more than 25 per cent.
Tensile Properties.
6. (a) The material shall conform to the following requirements as to tensile
properties :
Tensile strength, psL... 52 000 to 62 000
Yield point, min., psL ............. 0.5 tens. str.
but in no case less than.. __ 28000
E longation in 8 in., min., per cenL ................................................ . I 500 000
Tens. str.
(b) The yield point shall be detennined by the drop of the beam or halt in the
gage of the testing machine.

334
A. S. T. M. RIVET S T EE L
Bending Properties.
7. The bend test specimen shall stand being bent cold through 180 deg. flat On itself
without cracking on the outside of the bent portion.
Test Specimens.
8. (a) Test specimens shall be of the full diameter of the bars as rolled.
(b) Tension and bend test specimens for rivet bars which have been cold-drawn
shall be nonnalized before testing.
Number of Tests.
9. (a) One tension test and one bend test shall be made from each melt; except
that if bars from one melt differ % in. or more in diameter. one tension and one bend
test shall be made from both the greatest and least diameters rolled.
(b) If any test specimen develops flaws, it may be discarded and another speci-
men substituted.
(c) If the percentage of elongation of any tension test specimen is less than
that specified in Section 6 (a) and any part of the fracture is outside the middle third
of the gage length. as indicated by scribe scratches marked on the specimen before
testing. a retest shall be allowed.
Perm issible Variations in Diameter.

10. The diameter of rivet bars shall not vary from the size specified by more than
the amounts prescribed in Table 1.
TABLE I.- PERMISSIBLE VARIATIONS IN THE SIZE OF HOT-
R OLLED ROUNDS AND SQUARES.
Variations from Out-of-

Size. in. Round
Specified Size. in. 0'
~uare.
Ovcr Under n.
h and under.......__ ............. 0.005 0.005 0.008

Over ft to -h. incl ...._.... 0.006 0.006 0.009
Over .". to %, incL ...... 0.007 0.007 0.010
Over %to Ys. incl ......... 0.008 0.008 0.012

Over :Va to 1, incl ......... 0.009 0.009 0.013
Over 1 to lY" incl ......... 0.010 0.010 0.015
Over 1% to Hi. incl ......... 0.011 0.011 0.016

Over Hi to 1%. incL ....... 0.012 0.012 0.018
Over 1% to 1~, incL. ....... 0.014 0.014 0.021
Over 172 to 2, incl ... ...... l,;4 l,;4 0.023

NOTE.-Qut-of-round is the d ifference between the maximum and
minimum diameters of the bar. measured at the same cross-section.
Out-of-square is the difference in the two dimensions at the same cross-
section of a squarc bar.
Finish.
11. The bars shall be free from injurious d~fects and shall have a workmanlike finish.
AMER I CAN INST I TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTI ON

335
A. S. T. M. RIVET STEEL
Marking.
12. Rivet bars shall. when loaded for shipment, be properly separated and marked
with the name or brand of the manufacturer and the melt number for identification.
The melt number shall be legibly marked on each test specimen.
Inspection.
13. The inspector representing the purchaser shall have free entry, at all times while
work on the contract of the purchaser is being performed, to all parts of the manu-
facturer's works which concern the manufacture of the material ordered. The manu-
facturer shall afford the inspector, without charge, all reasonable facilities to satisfy
him that the material is being furnished in accordance with these specifications. All
tests (except check analysis) and inspection shall be made at the place of manufacture
prior to shipment, unless otherwise specified, and shall be so conducted as not to inter-
fere unnecessarily with the operation of the works.
Rejection.
14. (a) Unless otherwise specified, any rejection based on tests made in accordance
with Section 5 shall be reported to the manufacturer within five working days from the
receipt of samples by the purchaser.
(b) Material which shows injurious defects subsequent to its acceptance at the
manufacturer's works will be rejected, and the manufacturer shall be notified.
Rehearing.
15. Samples tested in accordance with Section 5 that represent rejected material
shall be preserved for two weeks from the date of the test report. In case of dissatis-
faction with the results of the tests, the manufacturer may make claim for a rehearing
within that time.

336
A. I. S. C.
RECOMMENDED FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES,
MINIMUM REQUIREMENTS,
AND
TENTATIVE STANDARD
WELDED CONNECTIONS
FOR BUILDINGS
The use of the arc welding process plays an increasing part in the fabrication of
structural steel buildings:
(a) as an aid to shop assembling processes ("tack welding"),
(b) as the final method of joining parts for transfer of stresses, in shop or
field ("strength·welding ").
The art of designing and detailing for the safe and economical employment of
strength-welding is a relatively new and changing one; the economy of a welded struc-
ture as compared with a riveted or riveted-and-bolted one, is as yet a subject not for
general statements but for estimate of the individual case.
In 1938 the Board of Directors of the American Institute of Steel Construction
apJX)inted a committee to fonnulate a statement of fundamental principles, minimum
requirements. and recommendations for standard welded connections for tier buildings.
After careful study this committee concluded that the subject was not sufficiently
.' 'stabilized· to justify issuing complete standard details; but it evolved certain tentative
minimum requirements and recommended tentative typical details which are shown on
the three pages which follow.
The recommendations of this committee are largely reflected, together with those
of the American Welding Society's Committee on Building Codes, in the several portions
of the A.I.S.C. Specification (pp. 275 to 305) which apply to welded design and con·
struction. It is therein prescribed that heavily coated electrodes, only, may be used.
It is understood that all of the requirements of that specification are to be followed in
the calculating, the detailing and the execution of welded structures,
The general question of rigidity or flexibility of connections is of primary im-
portance in welded design, and is to be determined by the designer and not by the
detailer. The designer should determine whether the connections are to be rigid or
flexible and indicate this on the design drawings, preferably by sketches. Except as
otherwise indicated by the designer. beam-to-column connections are to be designed as
flexible; the beam connections recommended on page 338 are of a flexible type which
will pennit the beams to rotate sufficiently to accommodate their deflections under
load.
The typical details which follow are presented as a general guide to designers. It
is hoped that a more expanded treatment, including sizes and capacities. can be presented
at an early date.

337
WELDED TIER BUILDINGS
RECOMMENDED TENTATIVE STANDARD DETAILS
rEJIE1
ror filling-In 8e4rns
BEAM WHO,D - HOl!S IN

wher~ Fie\d ~i"'9 is permItted
GI~DE~ FOR F I LlINc;'l~ !tfAMS

Ereefim
80th
BEAM CONTINOOUS Ovt2 GIRD,~
TYPICAL BEAM DETAILS

338
Prerembl.)' shipped loo~£
~ frcehon &Its
Column flanges t. K
stiffuec:t where re't."';"'~
UNSTIFfEHED SHT STIFFtNH SEAT
SIMPLE BEAM TO COLUMN CONNECTIONS
2-PLATE OR TEE BRACKETS CARRYING ECCENTRIC LOADS
•
339
n
v
,@( .,
USE WllOEO TO COLUMN
liff~--·
AT ~HOP SASE PLATES SHIPPED SEPARATE
TYPICAL DETAILS OF COLUMN BASES- TIER BLDGS.
-V~~~
-; )
6 =
1
~
'It' Filld,
~l Noll'" u>o.
i~11
r
JUTETIU u
To provide e.rect1on c:learllnce SfCTION &.e,
for btoms, t.his connu:~iDn is
COLUMNS OF SAME DEPTH OKLY on~ uv~n:cd ( A""lt ~ lol<,1a"
shart, PlQIie c)" "fPU shaft).
PREFtRRtD SPUCE (NO HOLES 11/ MAIN MATERIAL)
TYPICAL DETAILS OF COLUMN SPLICES- TIER BLDGS.
,. ;Plotu
~
TYPIC.o.L DETAILS OF CRANE COLUMN BASES
to.
~ !!_ E'1
Jr." v!J
vfD I "i:: --b1
.. ,
SlotL.d
WD
pj.~...--'
ears
'<:
--I- ...
"- ~ r-... -V
~ S~CTloN 0·0
TYPICAL DETAILS OF CRANE COLUMN SPLICES
AMER I CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL.. CONSTRUCTION

340
WELDED JOINTS
~ Tmjn.
MOX.T = fG"
OPEN SQUARE - BUTT JOINT'
WEI..DE D BDTH SIDES
"T-unlimi+ed T-unl imited

," ,"
!z tOa
," 1 "
irz tos
"t0'6,"
~z. ," . 0 "tOg-,"
Lower ed¥ for fit, mm.
horizontril position.
SINGI..E-Y BUTT JOINT SINGLE BEVEL BUTT JOINT
WELDED BOTH SIDES WELDED BOTH SIDES
T-unlimi+ed T- un limited
Lower" edge for i" min.

horizontal position.
SINGLE-V BUTT JOINT. W ELDED SINGLE BEVEL BUTT JOINT, WELDEO
ONE SIDE ON BACKING STRUCTURE ONE SIDE ON flACKING STRUCTURE
T-un-limited T-unlim ited "~i n.

.'" ," tOe,"
ft
o"to ~ T
I·
," . ft
to '!", " ," . sz.to e
J" ,"
e mln . e m /n .
DOUBLE-Y eUTT JOINT DOUBLE BEVEL BU·T T JOINT
45'!jn horizontal position position

Min. 2.5'!.in other
{ positions
,n ,_ ," I·
~ to ii 32 ta a
" to~
iG 3·
T-unlimited
SINGLE-J BUTT JOINT
WELDED BOTH SIDES
The above joints are accepted without qua lification under the A. W. S . Code and under A. I.
S. C, Specification Sect. 24 (b ).
341
WELDED JOINTS
{
45°. In horizontal posif-ior.'l 45~ in horiz.ontol position
Min. 2.0°· in other
{ positions I" ,- Min. 20"- i.n .oth_es.- r I~ 1-
~2. toe pos,hons~~ ~to6
I t .oft
~~~tOIG 1
'" 2"1
· . -'1i\' g..If'= =! ~'to~
1 *min
I~ .
4' min.
-+-o·to-.'·
ntoe
I" I"
T / ").\
T-unlimif-ed ~to{
T-unlimi+ed ..... .t.-o·toi"
SINGLE"U BUTT JOINT
W~LDED BOTH SIDES DOUBLE-U BUTT JOINT
Root need not be chipped

CZ,2
.1"
to ls b~f~~welding second
SIde.J ............
•
~to~
n
S'rJ I- t
I ------~(
.J-dto £
T {
•. 1.
onto~-r-
f
~S2to8
r" I"
EffecHve Throo'" Th!,ckness "~T

Max T=~ Effecti ve Throat Thickn =SS-!T
Max.T-:k"
SQUARE-BUTT JOINT
WELDED ONE SIDE. SQUAR.E-BUTT JOINT
WELDED BOTH SIDES
T -unT imi+ed
\p)
1!-.!Tmin. I T I
Effective ThroatThickness -!T n ~o·to~·
'I
--W-?;.mln.
MGlX.T-i"
OPEN SQUARE" BUTT JOINT
Effective Throat Thic.kness • iT
WELDED ONE SIDE SINGLE-V BUTT JOINT
WELDED ONE SIDE
T-unlimit-ed
f f ~oT~
L1 ) ) ) Lc ' \o c'
Max.EffeC+ive Fill et "T-k."
fo('(.~:2.·min.O
~oY'lzonto1 POSItion
o",!,ered e
32.
8
~Of.rOlied
EffecHve ThrooI-Thickness::!T T, section
SINGLE BEVEL BUTT JOINT "-
W~LDED ONE SIDE
Mox. Effe ctive Fillet"! T
c:ffl 5T, !~:n. ~

n o t less than I"
S -as r equi red
~.707T
Max. Effect ive Fillet,. T

DOUBLE FILLET WELDED
LAP JOINT EDGE FILLET WELDS
SEE A. I. S. C. SPEC. SECT. 25 (c) SEE A. I. S. C. SPEC . SECT 24 ( d)
The above joints are accepted without qualificati o n under the A. W. S . Code and under A. I.
S. C . Specification Sect. 24 (b) .
342
AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY
WELDING SYMBOLS
ARC AND GAS WELDING SYMBOLS

TYPE. OF WE.LD
FIELD WELD
-
BEAD FILLET
GR.OOVE PL.UG WELD ALL FLUSH
SQUARE V BE.VE.L U J ,"SLOT AROUNI
~ II V V V lJ \7
LOCATION OF WELDS
• 0 -
AR.R.OW (OR. NEAR.) OTHER. (OR. FAR.) BOTH SIDES
SIDE. OF JOINT SIDE OF JOINT OF JOINT
SEE FIELD ~NCLUDED ANGLE, \'ZE. WELD ALL
~REME"'T\ AROUN~
3 ~Oo 51Z;3 ~~
\;:S~ 'i;~L< ~ 4
1 ENGTH~
>'i~ 2-5",
~ OFFS~~
8
~'~E-':;'LUSH _ £SIZE (. tR.OOT lS£E

SIZE OPE.NING NOTES STAGGER-EO
PITCH OF
INCRE.MENTS
1. THE SIDE OF' THE JOINT TO WHICH THE ARROW POINTS IS THE
ARROW (OR NEAR) SIDE AND THE OPPOSITE SIDE OF THE JOINT
IS THE OTHER (OR FAR) SIDE.
2. ARROW SIDE AND OTHER SIDE WEL.DS ARE SAME SIZE UNL.ESS
, OTHERWISE SHOWN.
SYMBOLS APPLY BETWEEN ABRUPT CHANGES IN DIRECTION OF
.JOINT OR AS DIMENSIONED . (EXCEPT WHERE ALL AROUND
SYMBOL IS USED).
• ALL. WELDS ARE CONTINUOUS AND OF USER ' S STANDARD PRO·

PORTIONS , UNLESS OTHERWISE SHOWN
5 TAIL OF ARROW USED FOR SPECIFICATION REFERENCE (TAIL
MAY BE OMITTED WHEN REFERENCE NOT USED.)
E . G. "C. A . "-AUTOMATIC SHIELDED CARBON ARC
·'5. A."-AUTOMATIC SUBMERGED ARC
6 IN .JOINTS IN WHICH ONE MEMBER ONL.Y IS TO BE GROOVED.
ARROW POINTS TO THAT MEMBER
7 DIMENSIONS OF WELD SIZE5. INCREMENT L.ENGTHS. AND SPAC·
INGS. IN INCHES.
LEGEND FOR USE ON DRAWINGS SPECIFYING

FUSION WELDING
The above symbols were developed by American Welding Society for incor-
poration on drawings specifying arc or gas welding. For more detailed instruction in
the use of these symbols refer to .. Welding Symbols and Instructions for Their Use ",
published by American Welding Society.
These symbols do not explicitly provide for the case that frequently occurs in
structural work, where duplicate material (such as stiffeners) occurs on the far side of
a web or gusset plate. The fabricating industry has adopted this convention; that
when the billing of the detail material discloses the identity of far side with near side,
the welding shown for the near side shall also be duplicated on the far side.

343
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
MINIMUM DESIGN LOADS

IN BUILDINGS AND OTHER STRUCTURES
FROM AMERICAN STANDARD BUILDING CODE REQUIREMENTS AS8.1-1945
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS. S PONSOR.
UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED FLOOR LOADS

The live loads assumed for purposes of design shall be the greatest loads that
probably will be produ('''ed by the intended occupancies or uses, provided that the live
loads to be considered as uniformly distributed shall be not less than the values given
in the following table.
Live load Live load
Occupancy or Use Lb. per Occupancy or Use Lb. per
SQ. Ft. SQ.Ft.
Apartment houses: Hotels:
Private apartments. ... ___________ ... 40 Guest rooms......... --_ ................ 40
Public stairways.._________ ... _______.. 100 Corridors serving public rooms 100
Assembly halls: Public fOOffiS.. _...__ .. __ .._--_.......... 100
Fixed seats....... ___ ..................... 60
Movable seats..... __ ....... ......... 100 Loft bujldings .... _....... ................. 125
Corridors. upper floors _... __ ..... 100 Manufacturin g, light . ... _............. 125
Corridors:
First ftoor ..... _...._............. . 100 Office buildings :
Other floors, same as occu- Offices..... _.... _... ...... .................. 80
pancy served except as Lobbies... ......... .... _._ ............ . ... 100
indicated Schools:
Courtrooms.... -- .............. --............ 80 Classrooms............................ 40
Dance halls........_........ _... _- .......... 100 COrridors.. .......____..........._........... 100
Dining rooms. public..... _............. 100
Stores......................................... 125
Dwellings ...._. ._--- ............ . -.. _-_ .. ...... 40
Hospitals and asylums: Theatres:
Operating rooms..... _ ... ........... 60 Aisles. corridors. and lobbies.. 100
Private rooms..... _.... _................ 40 Orchestra floor .. ....................... 60
Wards.......................................... 40 Balconies..............................._._ .. 60
Public space._ .. ......._._ ... _._ ........ - 80 Stage floor ..... _... ...._-_ ............. - 150
PROVISION FOR PARTITIONS

In office buildings or other buildings where partitions might be subject to erection
or rearrangement. provision for partition weight shall be made. whether or not par-
titions are shovm on the plans. unless the specified live load exceeds 80 pounds per
square foot.
CONCENTRATED LOADS
In the design of floors, consideration shall be given to the effects of known or
probable concentrations of load to which they may be subjected. Floors shall be
designed to carry the specified distributed loads, or the following minimum concen-
trations, whichever may produce the greater stresses. The indicated concentrations
shall be assumed to occupy areas 2% feet square and to be so placed as to produce
maximum stresses in the affected members.
Floor Space Load
Office floors, including corridors.... ............... 2,000 lb .

Garages.......... __ . .............................__ ................ Maximum wheel load
Trucking space within building...................... Maximum wheel load
344
PARTIAL LOADING
When the construction is such that the structural elements thereof act together
in the nature of an elastic frame due to their continuity and the rigidity of the con-
nections, and the live load exceeds 150 pounds per square foot or twice the dead load,
the effect of partial live load such as will produce maximum stress in any member
shall be provided for in the design.
IMPACT LOADS
The live loads tabulated aoove may be assumed to include a sufficient allowance
to cover the effects of ordinary impact. For special occupancies and loads involving
unusual impacts, such as those resulting from moving machinery, elevators, craneways,
vehicles, etc., provision shall be made by a suitable increase in the assumed live load.
REDUCTION OF LIVE LOAD
(a) No reduction shaH be applied to the roof live load.
(b) For live loads of 100 pounds or less per square foot, the design live load on
any member supporting 150 square feet or more may be reduced at the rate of 0.08
percent per square foot of area supported by the member, except that no reduction
shall be made for areas to be occupied as places of public assembly. The reduction
shall exceed neither R as determined by the following formula, nor 60 percent:
D+L
R - 100 X 4.33L
in which R = reduction in percent
D = dead load per square foot of area supported by the
member
L = design live load per square foot of area supported by
the member
For live loads exceeding 100 JX)unds per square foot, no reduction shall be made,
except that the design live loads on columns may be reduced 20 percent.
ROOF LOADS (INCLUDING SNOW LOADS)
(a) Ordinary roofs, either flat or pitched, shall be designed for a load of not less
than 20 pounds per square foot of horizontal projection in addition to the dead load,
and in addition to either the wind Of the earthquake load, whichever produces the
greater stresses.
(NOTE: The figure of 20 pounds per square foot is a minimum snow load and
should be increased in many localities. A U. S. Weather Bureau map in the Appendix
to A58.1- 1945 indicates roughly that such an increase is in order north of the 40th
parallel of latitude; attainin~ 40 JX>unds per square foot at the northeastern and north
central boundaries of the Uruted States and in parts of Washington, Oregon and Idaho.)
(b) Roofs to be used for promenades shall be designed for a minimum load of 60
pounds per square foot in additlon to the dead load. Roofs to be used for other special
purposes shall be designed for appropriate loads as directed or approved by the building
official.
OTHER LIVE LOADS
I
(a) Stair treads shall be designed to support a uniformly distributed load of 100
lxmncts per square foot, or concentrated loads of 300 pounds spaced 3 feet center to
center, each occupying an area 1 foot wide by the depth of the tread, whichever will
produce the greater stresses.
(b) Sidewalks shall be designed to support either a uniformly distributed load of
250 JX)unds per square foot, or a concentrated load of 8,000 pounds on an area 2Y2 feet
square placed in any position, whichever will produce the greater stresses.
(c) Driveways shall be designed to support a uniformly distributed load of 100
pounds per square foot for vehicles weighing Jess than 3 tons with load, 150 pounds
per square foot for vehicles weighing 3 to 10 tons with load, 200 pounds per square foot
for vehicles weighing over 10 tons with load, or a concentrated load equal to the maxi-
mum expected wheel load on an area 2% feet square placed in any position, whichever
will produce the greater stresses.
(d) Accessible ceilings, scuttles, and ribs of skylights shall be designed to support
a concentrated load of 200 pounds occupying an area 2% feet square and so placed as
to produce maximum stresses in the affected members.
(e) Stairway and balcony railings, both exterior and interior, shall be designed.
to resist a horizontal thrust of 50 pounds per linear foot applied at the top of the railing.
AMER I CAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT I ON

345
PART V
MISCELLANEOUS DATA AND

MATHEMATICAL TABLES
STRENGTH OF VARIOUS MATERIALS
EFFECT OF HEAT ON STRUCTURAL STEE L
COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION
WEIGHTS AND SPECIFIC GRAVITIES
WEIGHTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS
RECOMMENDED LIVE LOADS FOR WAREHOUSES
PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC SECTIONS
BEAM DIAGRAMS AND FORMULAS
INFLUENCE CONSTANTS FOR CONTINUOUS BEAMS
CAMBER
NATURAL TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
FUNCTIONS OF NUMBERS
WIRE AND SHEET METAL GAGES
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES
ENGINEERING CONVERSION FACTORS
DECIMALS OF FOOT AND INCH

346
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS
METALS AND ALLOYS
Stress in Kips per Square Inch
M odulus of Elon-
ElastiCity gation
Material . Tension Elastic Co~~~e8- Bending Shearing Pounds PO'
Ultimate limit Ultimate Ultimate Ultimate per Sq. In. cent
- - - - - -- - - - - - - - - --
Aluminum, Alloy 2014 _____ .__ ... . 62-70 42-60 38-42 10,600,000 120-13
.. .. 6061 __ .. _______.. . 35-41 21-40 24-30 10,000,000 t22-12
Brass, 50% Zn ............._..__ .__.. ___ _ 31 17.9 117 33.5 ......... _ .... .................... 5.0
H cast, common __ ...__ ........... 18-24 6 30 20 36 9,000,000
.. wire, hard ........._____ . __..... _. 80
.. II annealed. __ .._._....... 50 16 ... ___ ............____ ........ ___... 14,000,000
Bronze, aluminum 5 to 7 :Y2%.___ 75 40 120
.. Tobin, cast }38% Zn 66
.. .. rolled 1 %% Sn 80 40 ... ____ ..... ... _____........ ___ ..... 14,500,000
.. c."
It %% Pb 100
Coppa r , plates, rods, bolts______ 32-35 10 32
Iron, cast, gray............. ___ ........... 18-24 2!>-33
.. malleable ...... __ ..........
If 27-35 15-20 46 30 40
.. wrought, shapes .. _______....... 48 26 Ten sile Tensile % Tens. 28,000,000
Steel, pl ates for cold pressing __ 48-58 7'2 T ens. Tensil e Tensile % Tens. 29,000,000
" 50-65 7'2 Tens.
cars_ ___ __________________________ _____ Tensile Tensile %' Tens_ 29,000,000
" locos., stat. boilers ________ _ 55-65 % Tens_ Ten sile Tensil e % Tens. 29,000,000
<I bridges and bldgs., shi ps 60-72 33 Tensile Tensile %' Ten s. 29,000,000
l< structural silicon______________ 80-95 45 Tens il e Tensile % Tens_ 29,000,000
" struc. nickel (3.25% Ni) 85-1 00 50 Te nsile Tensile %' Tens_ 29,000,000
45- 55 % T ens_
Steel, rivet, boil er_______ ______________ Ten sile Tensile % Tens. 29,000,000
<I (fbr.,bl dg.,loco_, cars 52-62 28 Ten sile Tensile %' Tens_ 29,000,000
(f II ships________________________
55-65 30 Ten sil e Tensile % Tens. 29,000,000
" "high-tensile__ _________ 70-85 38 Tensil e Tensile % Tens_ 29,000,000
Steel, cast, sofL________________ ________ _
60 27 Tensil e Tensile %' Tens_ 29,000,000 j24
" medium ___ ________ _.. ____ _70 31.5 Ten sil e Tensi le % T ens_ 29,000,000 j20
" hard ____ .____________________ _
80 36 Tensile Tensile %' T ens. 29,000,000 j17
Steel wire, unann ealed ______.... ____ 120 60
" " ann ealed_____ ___________ _ 80 40 • 8" gage length
" bridge cable __ __ _____ _. 215 t 2" gage length
95
BUILDING MATERIALS
Average Ulti mate Stress Safe W orking Stress Modulus of
Pounds per Square Inch Pounds per Square Inch ElastiCity
Material
Pounds
Co~g~es- Tension Bending Co~g~es- Bearing Shearing per Sq_ln.
I-;-:----;:------I --==~
Masonry, granite _____ ...___________ _______________ ___ -._____
-- __ _- -- -
_____________ - 420- - - 600- - -
" limestone, bluestone _________ ______. ________ _______ _•.. __ 350 500
•• sandstone... ___ .. _____ ... ..... ____. __ ...... _.....______________ .. _ 280 400
" rubble ____..... __ ____ _______ __ ._ .. ___________ ._______ ._ . ___ .__ ...... _ 140 250
<I brick, common ____ _.... 10000 200 600
Ropes, cast steel hoisting __. _______ ..___ ____ _ 80000
•• standing, derrick _________ ____ ________ _ 70000
II manila ...__.. _........ _.__ . ____ ._ ...... _______. __ . 8000
Stone, bluestone. __.._________________ ._ 12000 1200 2500 1200 1200 200 7,000,000
II granite, gneiss. ____________ .. 12000 1200 1600 1200 1200 200 7,000,000
" limestone, m arble__ ._... .. 8000 800 1500 800 800 150 7,000,000
I. sandstone _____________ ._________ 5000 150 1200 500 500 150 3,000,000
" slato....._... _.. _...... _________ _... 10000 3000 5000 1000 1000 175 14,000,000
347
EFFECT OF HEAT
ON STRUCTURAL STEEL
The Institute has published in previous editions of the Manual, an .. A.I.S.C.

Specification for Fireproofing Structural Steel for Buildings". Since the method of
fire testing recommended in that Specification is now incorporated in Specification
A.S.T.M. C-19-46. under the heading "Alternative Tests for Steel Columns", this
Manual no longer contains the full text of the A.I.S.C. Specification.
Certain pertinent data, substantially as it has hitherto appeared in the Speci-

fication, is given below. This data refers only to ordinary structural carbon steel, such
as A.S.T.M.-A-7 (Page 326).
The occasion for fireproofing structural steel is to insulate it against a rise of tem-
perature that would seriously impair its ability to sustain the loads at the unit stresses
used in the design.
The strength of structural steel at approximately 550° F. is about 25 percent

greater than its strength at normal temperature, and at 8000 F. its strength is approxi-
mately the same as at normal temperature. Steel buildings whose condition of exterior
exposure and whose contents under fi re hazards will not produce a temperature greater
than 8()QD F. in the steel, may therefore be considered fire-resistive without the provision
of insulating protection for the steel.
At a temperature of 10000 F. the ultimate compression strength of structural steel

may be (depending upon the proportions of the member) lowered almost to the maximum
permissible working stress specified by A.I.S.C. for columns. Therefore, where a fire
exposure of severity and duration sufficient to raise the temperature to this figure be-
comes a possibility by reason of the presence of the necessary combustibles. the steel
members upon which the stability of the structure depends, should be insulated by ma-
terials and constructions capable of holding the temperature of the steel to not more
than 1000° F. for the probable duration of the exposure.
The average coefficient of expansion for structural steel between the temperatures
of 200° F. and 11000 F. is given by the formula
c ~ .0000061 + .0000000022 t
in which C is the coefficient of expansion for each degree Fahrenheit, and t is the tem-
perature in degrees Fahrenheit. From 11000 F. to 1400° F. there is a slight variation
in the coefficient, and below 2000 F. the variation is less than that at the higher tem-
peratures.
The modulus of elasticity of steel decreases as the temperature increases. The

modulus for temperatures between 200° F. and 1300° F. is given approximately by the
formula
E ~ 32,400,000 - 17,000 t
in which E is the initial modulus of elasticity in pounds per square inch and t is the
temperature in degrees Fahr. Between room temperature and 2~ F. there is a smaller
variation in E.

348
EXPANSION OF BODIES BY HEAT

The coefficient of linear expansion (E) is the change in length. per unit of length,
for a change of one degree of temperature. The coefficient of surface expansion is
approximately two times the linear coefficient, and the coefficient of volume expansion,
for solids, is approximately three times the linear coefficient .
A bar, free to move, will increase in length with an increase in temperature and will
decrease in length with a decrease in temperature. The change in length will be ,"tl,
where E is the coefficient of linear expansion, t the change in temperature. and I the
length. If the ends of a bar are fixed, a cbange in temperature (t) will cause a change
in the unit stress of EEt, and in the total stress of AEEt. where A is the cross sectional
area of the bar and E the modulus of elasticity.
The following table gives the coefficient of linear expansion for 100°, or 100 times
the value indicated above. .
Example: A piece of medium steel is exactly 40 feet long at 6(Y F. Find the
length at 90" F . assuming the ends free to move .
Change of length ,tl
.00067 X 30 X 40
100 - .00804 foot.
~ ~
The length at 90' F. is 40.00804 feet.

Example: A piece of medium steel is exactly 40 feet long and the ends are fixed.
If the temperature increases 30° F., what is the resulting change in the unit stress?
29,000,000 X .00067 X 30
Change in unit stress =EEt = 5830 Ibs. per sq. in.
100
COEFFICIENTS OF EXPANSION FOR 100 DEGREES~100E
Unflar Expansion Linear Expansion

Materials Materials
Genti- Fahren- Centi- Fahren-
grade heit grade hoit
- - - ---
METALS AND ALLOYS S T ONE AND MASONRY
Al uminum, wrought.................... •00231 .00128 Ashlar masonry. ____ .. _.. _... _...... .00063 .00035
Brass................ _..................... _. ...... .00188 .00104 Brick mason ry._ .. __ ....... _..... __ ..... .00061 .00034
Bronze ....... ___ .............. _ ........... .00181 .00101
Copper. _ __ .. __._... _...... _ ..... _._..... .00168 .00093 Cement, portland ............. _._ ...... .00126 .00070
I ron, cast, gray. _ _ .............. _ .. _ .00106 .00059 Concrete ___ ... _............. _ ....... _.
Iron, wroughL...._........ ___ ....... _. .00120 .00067 .00099 .00055
Iron, wire..... _ ........ _................ _. .00124 .00069 Gran ite.............................. __ .... _..... .000"" .00044
Lead ... _.......... __ . __ ........................ _ ..... .002E6 .00159 Li mestone..... _. _.. _._. ........................ .00076 .00042
Magnesium, various a lloys ..... _... . 0029 .0016
Nickel ..... _.. ___ . __ ......... _................... .00126 . 00070 _-
Marble ....... _............ ........•.•••... .... - .00081 .00045
Steel, cast. ____ ................................
Steel, hard ..... _. __ ..... __ ...............
.00110
.00132
.00061
.00073 _ _
Plaster... __ .. _......... .... .......... ...... .00166 .00092
Steel, medium.____ ..... __ .... ___ . .001 20 •00067 Rubble mason ry___ .. ___ ...... _ .. ___ .00063 .00035
Stee l, soft.... __ .......................... __ . .00110 .00061 Sandstone..... _____ -........... .....----- .00097 .00054
Steel, stainless. 18-8.... _............ _... .00178 .00099
Zinc, rolled ... _____ .............. ......... .00311 . 00173 51ate..... __ ......... _......... ...................... .000B<l .00044
TIMBER TIMBER
:;;~·;;i.=:=}.,allel to fibe< :;:~·p·i.~~~::}pe<pend;eUI., to

.00037 .00021 .0058 .0032
.00064 .00036 .0048 .0027
.00049 .00027
~r:e~:.~:::::
Oak.......... .0054 .0030
Pine. __ ..... .00054 .00030 fiber .0034 .0019
EXPANSION OF WATER
MAXIMUM DENSITY -= 1
~
~
G" Volume Co Volume Volume Co Volume Co Volume
Volume
0 1 .000126 10 1 .000257 1 .004234 50 1.011877 70 1 .022384 90 1 .035829
4 1.000000 20 1 .001732 40 1 .007627 60 1.016954 80 1 .029003 100 1.043116

349
Weight Specific Weight Specific

Substance Lb. per Gravity Substance Lb. por Gravity
Cu. Ft. Cu. Ft.
METALS, ALLOYS, ORES TIMBER, U. S. SEASONED

Aluminum, cast, Moisture Content by
hammered. _____ .. 165 2.55-2.75 Weight:
Brass, cast, rolled._ 534 8.4-8.7 Seasoned timber 15 to 20%
Bronze, 7.9 to 14% Sn._ ......... 509 7.4-8.9 Green timber up to 50%
Bronze, alurninurn. __ _...... _... 481 7.7 Ash, white, red ... 40 0.62-0.65
Copper, cast, rolled .. 556 8.8-9.0 Cedar, white, red ...... 22 0.32-0.38
Copper ore, pyrites. __ ....... 262 4.1-4.3 Chestnut._............ 41 0.66
Gold, cast, hammered .......... 1205 19.25-19.3 Cypress....... .... _________ ._.... 30 0.48
I ron, cast, pi9· ........ _............... 4 50 7.2 Fir, Douglas spruce .. _ 32 0.51
Iron, wrought._ .. _... _............... 485 7.6-7.9 Fir, easter n. ___ . __ ....... . 25 •. 40
I ron, spiege l-eisen._... _ .......... 468 7.5 E lm, white......... _..... 45 0.72
I ron, ferro-silicon .___ ._... _..... 437 6.7-7.3 He m lock... _______ .. ____ _ 29 0.42-0.52
Iron ore, hematite._........ _... _ 325 5.2 H ie kor), ........ _______ ... ____ .. 49 0.74-0.84
Iron ore, hematite in bank.. 160-180 Locust. _____ ... ______ ....... 46 0.73
I ron ore, hematite loose. ___ . 130-160 Maple, hard ..... __ . __ ... 43 0.68
Iron ore, limonite.___ ._ .... 237 3.6-4.0 Maple, white........ 33 0.53
I ron ore, magnetite............... 315 4.9-5.2 Oak, chestnut... . 54 0.86
I ron s lag ......................... _........ 172 2. 5-3.0 Oak, li vc. _________ .. _........... 59 0.95
Lead ........... _.. 710 11.37 Oak, red, black.. __ ....... 41 0.65
Lead ore, galena ...................... 465 7.3-7.6 Oak, white .............. 46 0.74
Magnesium, alloys._ ............... 112 1.74-1.83 Pine, Oregon ........ . 32 0.51
Manganese.... 475 7.2-8.0 Pine, red ...... 3. 0.48
Manganese ore, pyrolusite .. 259 3.7-4.6 Pine, white __ 26 0.41
Mercury._... ...... _.......... . 849 13.6 Pine, yellow, long-Ieaf... ___ . 44 0.70
Monel MetaL __ ......... _.......... . 568 8.8-9.0 Pine, yellow, short-leaf..... . 38 0.61
NickeL .... 565 8.9-9.2 Poplar._.. _... 3. 0.48
Platinum, cast, hammered 1330 21.1 - 21.5 Redwood, California.... 26 0.42
Silver, cast, hammered. ____ . 668 10.4-10.6 Spruce, white, black. 27 0.40-0.46
Steel, rolled ..... _.. _..... 490 7.85 Walnut, black...... _.... 38 0.61
Tin, cast, hammered 459 7.2-7.5
Tin ore, cassiterite._ .. 418 6.4-7.0
Zinc, cast, rolled. __ ... 440 6.9-7.2
Zinc ore, blende..................... . 253 3.9-4.2 VARIOUS LIQUIDS
Alcohol, 100% ...... . 49 0.79
Acids, muriatic 40%._.. _... 75 1.20
VARIOUS SOLIDS Acids, nitric 91 %_....... 94 1.50
Acids, su lphuric 87%._....... 112 LBO
Cereals, oats. __ .. _.. _ ._ .. bulk 32 Lye, soda 66% .•.. _... 100 1.70
Cereals, barley._............. bulk 39 Oils, vegetab le.. ___ ._............ 58 0.91-0.94
Cereals, corn, rye ..... _... bulk
Cereals, w heat. ............... butk
Hay and Straw_ .. __ ....... bales
"2.4. Oils , mineral, lubricants....
Water, 4°C. max. density... .
Water, l00 c C .......... _
57
62.428
59.830
0.90-0.93
1.0
0.9584
Cotton, Flax, Hemp.___ . 93 1.47-1 .50 Water, ice......... 56 0.88-0.92
Fats............. 58 0.90-0.97 Water, snow, fresh fallen .... 8 .125
Flour,1005e... __ .. ................. . 28 0.40-0.50 Water, sea water... _ 64 1.02-1.03
Flour, pressed 47 0.70-0.80
Glass, common.... 156 2.40-2.60
Glass, plate or crown ........... . 161 2.45-2.72 GASES
Glass, crystaL._....................... 184 2.90-3.00
Leather. ____ ._.. __ .... _ .............. 59 0.86-1 .02 Air, OOC. 760 mm .. _ .. _ ....... .08071 , .0
Paper. ___ •.. _.. ___ .. _.. 58 0.70·1.15 Ammonia.. .0478 0.5920
Potatoes, piled. __ ... _.............. 42 Carbon dioxide ...... _.. .1234 1.5291
Rubber, caoutchouc.............. 59 0.92-0.96 Carbon monoxide._ .0781 0.9673
Rubber goods. __ ....................... 94 1 .0-2.0 Gas, illuminating.__ ... .028-.036 0.35-0.45
Salt, granulated, piled .......... 48 Gas, naturaL_ .038-.039 0.47-0.48
Saltpeter_... 67 Hydrogen.__ _ .00559 · 0.0693
Starch. ____ . 96 1.53 Nitrogen. ____ ... .0784 0.9714
Sulphur..... . 125 1.93-2.07 Oxygen ................ .0892 1.1056
Wool. 82 1. 32
The specific gravities of solids !l nd liquids r~fer to water .at 4°C., those of gases to air at
acC. and 760 mm. pressure. The. weIghts per cubIC foot al·e derived from average specific gravi-
ties, except where st ated that weIghts are for bulk, heaped or loose material, etc.
350
Weight Specific Weight Specific

Substance Lb. pef Gravity Substance Lb. per Gravity
Cu. Ft. Cu. Ft.
ASHLAR MASONRY MINERALS

Granite, syenite, gneiss 165 2.3·3.0 Asbestos.. .. _.. 153 2.1-2.8
Limestone, marb lc ___ _ .. 160 2.3-2.8 Barytes._ ...... 2Bl 4.50
Sandstone, bluestone 140 2.1*2.4 Basalt.. .. lB4 2.7-3.2
Bauxite ___ _.. 159 2.55
MORTAR RUBBLE Bor ax ... ___ .. 109 1.7-1.8
MASONRY Cha lk....... ... _.____________ _..... _....... 137 1.8-2.6
Granite, syenite, gneiss.. 155 2.2-2.8 Clay, marl ................... 137 1 .8-2.6
Limestone, marble._ .. ___ _ 150 2.2·2.6 Dolomite.. lBl 2.9
Sandstone, b luestone ..... . 130 2.0-2.2 Feldspar,orthoclase_. __ 159 2.5-2.6
Gneiss, serpentine ..... 159 2.4-2.7
DRY RUBBLE MASONRY Gran ite, syenite........ 175 2.5·3.1
Granite, syenite, gneiss. ____ _ 130 1.9·2.3 Greensto n e, trap ... lB7 2.8-3.2
Limestone, marble ____ _....... 125 1.9·2.1 Gypsu m, alabaster. 159 2.3-2.8
Sandstone, bluestone ... 110 1.8-1.9 Hornblende. __ 187 3.0
Limestone, marble __ 165 2.5-2.8
BRICK MASONRY Magnesite ...... 187 3.0
Pressed brick ..• 140 2.2-2.3 Phosphate rock, apatite.
1.8-2.0 200 3.2
Common brick.. " . 120 Porphyry _____. ____ ___ ____ _____ ......... . 172
1.5-1.7 2.6-2.9
Soft brick............. _ 100 Pumice, naturaL ..... 40 0.37·0.90
Quartz, flint.. ..... 165 2.5-2.8
CONCRETE MASONRY Sandstone, bluestone..
144 2 . 2 ~2.4
147 2.2-2.5
Cement, stone, sand __ Shale, slate _._._. ___ ._.. _... _...........
130 1.9-2.3 175 2.7 -2.9
Cement, s lag, etc .......... Soapstone, talc ___ _._............... 169
Cement, cinder, etc •... _ 100 1.5-1.7 2.6-2.8
VARIOUS BUILDING
M ATERIALS STONE, QUARRIED, PI L ED
Ashes, ci n ders. __ 40·45 Basalt, granite, gneiss __ 96
Cement, portland , loose ___ 90 Limestone, marble, quartz 95
Cement, portland, set._.. __ _ lB3 Sandstone... 82
Lime, gypsum, loose __ 53-64 Shale 92
Mortar, set_ 103 Greenstone, hornblend e ... 107
Slags, ban k slag .. 67-72
Slags, bank screenings.. 98-117
Slags, machine s la9_ .. 96
Slags, slag sand._. 49-55 BITUMINOUS SUBSTANC ES
Asphal t um ..... . 81 1.1-1.5
EARTH , ETC., EXCAVATED Coa.l, anthraci t e _..... 97 1.4-1.7
Clay, dry .. 63 Coal, b ituminous .......... . 84 1.2-1.5
Clay, damp, plastic.... 110 Co al, tfgnite __ ______ . _.... ........ . 78 1.1 -1 .4
C lay and gravel, dry_. __ 100 Coal, peat, turf, dry 47 0.65-0.85
Earth, dry, loose... 76 Coal, charcoal, pine __ _ 23 0.28-0.44
Earth, dry, packed._. 95 Coal, charcoal, oak __ 33 0 .47-0.57
Earth, moist, loose.___ ..... 7B Coal. coke __ . _________ .. _.......... . 75 1.0-1.4
Earth, moist, packed __ . 96 Graphite_.... . 131 1.9-2.3
Earth, mud, flowing ... _ lOB Paraffine ...... 56 0.87-0.91
Earth, mud , packed 115 Petroleu m __.... _ . 54 0.87
Riprap, limestone ___ . 80·85 Petroleum , refined 50 0 .79-0 .82
Riprap, sandstone .. 90 Petroleum, benzine .... 46 0.73-0.75
Riprap, shale __ 105 Petroleum, gasoline.. 42 0.66-0.69
Sand , gravel, dry, loose_ .. 90-105 Pitch 69 1.07-1.15
Sand, gravel, dry, packed._. 100-120 Tar, bituminous __... 75 1.20
Sand, gravel, dry, wet. __ ... 118· 120
EXCAVATIONS IN WATER
Sand or gravel.. 60 COAL AND COKE, PI LED
Sand or gravel and clay...... 65 Coal, anthracite _.. 47-58
Clay.. __ BO Coal, bituminous, lignite .. 40-54
River mud ___ .. 90 Coal, peat, turf.. 20-26
SoiL....... 70 Coal, charcoal 10·14
Stone riprap.__ 65 Coal, coke_. _.. 23-32
The specific gravities of solids and liquids refer to water at 4°C., those of gases to air at
OCC. and 760 m m. pressure. The welghts per cubic foot are derived from average specific gravi-
ties, except w here stated that weights are for bulk, hea ped or loose material, etc .
351
WEIGHTS OF BUILDING MATERIALS
Weight Weight
M aterials Lb. per Malerials l b. per
Sq. Ft. SQ. Ft.
CEILINGS PARTITIONS
Gypsum cei lin g block, 2" thick , u n · Channel stu ds, metal lath , cement
plastered ................. ...... ____ ... _____ ... ___ ..... 10 plaster, so lid, 2" th ick.......... _.. _._. __ . __ 20
3 Studs, 2 " x 4", wood or metal lath,
Plaster bOilrd, unplastered ................. __ .. ~" plaster both sides __ _........................ . 18
Plaster, %", and wood lath ................... 8 Studs, 2" x 4" plaster boa rd, ¥.t"
plaster both sides_ ... _....... _.. _.................... . 18
Plaster, ~I$". a nd metal lath. __ ................ . 8
Plaster, Y.!", on gypsum block or clay
Plaster, on tile or concrete ..................... ___ 5 tile (one s ide)._....... _. ___ . ____ ._.......................... 4
Suspended, metal lath and plaster........ 10 Ho l low c la y tile, 2" ....... ____ .......... _............... 13
Hollow c lay tile, 3"_. ______ .......... ______ . 16
Hollow clay tHe , 4"....... ________ ._._. ____ . 18
Hollow clay tile, 5".. ______ .... _................ __. 20
FLOORS Hollow clay tile, 6"..... __ ___ .. __ ................. 25
Ho ll ow c lay tile, 8"..... _.. ___ ................. . 30
Hardwood flooring, '%" thick _ 4 Hollow clay ti le, 10"..... __ ___ _ 35
Hollow gypsum block, 3" .... ___ ... _.......... _.. 10
Sheathing, white. red and Oreg o n pine,
Hollow gypsum block, 4"._.. ___ ... _ .... _...... 13
spru ce or hemlock, %" thick.__ . ___ ... 21io Hollow gypsum block, 5"..... ___ ... _..... _... _.. 151io
Sheathing, yellow pine, 1" thick. __ _ 4 Hollow gypsum block, 6".... ___ ... _ ............. 16Y.z:
Wood block, creosoted, 3" thick ..... 15 Solid gypsum block, 2" ...... ____ ._ ...... _ ....... 91io
Cement finish, per inch thick............... . 12 Solid gypsum block, 3" ...._.. ___.. _............. . 13
Stee l partiti ons.......................... _................. . 4
Cin der concrete, per inch th ick.......... 9
Cinder concre te fill, per inch thi e IL..... 5
Terrazzo, Til e, Mastic, Linoleu m, per
inch thick, including bas8..........___ ..... _ 12 WALLS
Gypsum s lab , per i nch th ick ...... _.. _._ ..... . 5 Brick, 9" thick. .. __ ....... _. ___._.. _____ ... . 84
Brick, 13" t hick... _... 1 21
Brick, 18" thick... _ 168
Brick, 22" thick ..... _ 205
Brick, 26" thick. .. ___ . 243
ROOFS
Wall tile, 6" thick.....___ . __ ... _. ..... _........... _.. 30
Wall tile, 8" thick ... _._. __ .............. __ 33
Corrugated metaL_. __ Page 143
Wall tHe, 10" thick .... ____ ...... _... _..... _........ . 40
Roofing felt, 3 ply and gravel 51io Wa ll tile, 12" thick. 45
Roofing felt , 5 ply a nd g ra vel. 61io Brick 4", til e backing 4" _.. ___ ................... _ 60
Roofing f elt, 3 ply and slag . ................... . 41io Brick 4", tile backing 8" ............ _............... _ 75
Brick 9", tile backing 4" .... _____ ................ . 100
Roofing felt, 5 p ly and slag._ ................. 51io Brick 9", tite backing 8" _..... ____ ... _.. _. ___ . 115
3-ply ready roofi n g ... _..... _........................... . 1 Limesto n e 4", brick 9" ...... _... _... ___ ..... _. 140
Shingles, wood.____ .... _. ... __... _................ _. . 2 Limestone 4" , brick 13" ........ _. __ ..... _..... __ . 175
Tile or slate.. __ .•.•. __________ . ___ ...... 5- 20 Limest:)ne 4", ti le 8"....... ___ .... _................. 90
Limestone 4", tile 12"..... _................ _.. _...... 100
Corrugated metal siding................... _....... . Page 143
W in dows, glass, frame and sa8h. ___ ... 8
For weights of other materials used in bui lding co nstruction, see p<lQes 349 and 350.

352
RECOMMENDED LIVE LOADS

FOR
STORAGE WAREHOUSES
Weight Weight Recom-
Height
M aterial '"
Cubic Foot
of Space
of
Pile '"
Square Foot
mended
Live load
Feet
of Floor lb. par
Lb. Lb. Sq. Foot
BUILDING MATERIALS
Asbestos _______ ._.......___ .... ______ ..•. ___.•.____ ... 50 6 300
Bricks, Building ....• __ . ___ .. _____ ...... 45 6 270
Bricks, Fire Clay........................... . 75 6 450
Cement, Natural ......... __ ...... 59 6 364 300
Cement, Portland ..... 72 to 105 6 432 to 630 to
Gypsum ... __ .................. . 50 6 300 400
Lime and Plaster.. ___ .......___ ....___ ....___ ... ___ ......•.... 53 5 265
Ti les. ______ .. _... __ .. _____ ... _____ .. ___ ..... ___ ... 50 6 300
Woods, bulk_..• __ ... __ ...••....•••.• 45 6 270
DRUGS, PAINTS, OIL, ETC.

Alum, Pearl, in barrels.......•........ ___ . ______ .. _____ ... ___ . 33 6 198
Bleaching Powder, in hogsheads_.. _._.... _____________ 31 3\4 102
Blue Vitriol, in barrels........... ... __ .______... __ 45 5 226
Glycerine, in cases............ __ . 52 6 312
Linseed Oil, in barrels 36 6 216
Linseed Oil, in iron drums. 45 4 180
Logwood Extract, in boxes.. __...____ ._._......... _ 70 5 350
Rosin, in barrels ....... _..... _.............. 48 6 288
Shel lac, Gurn .. __ ._ .. ____ .. ___ ...... _... . 38 6 228 200
Soaps_................. _ ...... __ .. _._ .... _....... _ 50 6 300 to
Soda Ash, in hogsheads ..... ___ . 62 2l1< 167 300
Soda, Caustic, in iron drums ......... _... __ ... _.... _... _._._. 88 3% 294
Soda. Silicate, in barrels._... _._ 53 6 318
Su I phuric Acid ..... __ ._ .. ___ ... ______ .___ _ 60 1% 100
Toilet Articles ___ ................... _....... 35 6 210
Varnishes. 55 6 330
White Lead Paste, in cans........... 174 3\4 610
White Lead, dry ...................... . 86 4l1< 408
Red Lead and Litharge, dry.____ ._ 132 3l1< 495
DRY GOODS, COTTON, WOO L, ETC.

Bu rlap, in bales_.. ___ ... ___ . ______ .. _____ .___ . __ .. ____ .............. . 43 6 258
Carpets and RuQs ... _.... _______............. 30 6 180
Coir Yarn , in bales .... . 33 8 264
Cotton, in bales, American ...... __ .... ____ .... 30 8 240
Cotton, in bales, Foreign. __ ._.. _.. __ ...... _. 40 8 320
Cotton Bleached Good s, in cases. 28 8 224
Cotton Flannel, in cases ........ _____ .....__ 12 8 96
Cotton Sheeting, in cases ..... _.. 23 8 184
Cotton Yarn, in cases ......... _........ __ .. _.................... . 25 8 200
Excelsior, compressed .......... 19 8 152 200
Hemp, Italian, compressed 22 8 176 to
Hemp, Manila, compressed .~ ....... _._ . _______ ._._.. __ ...... . 30 8 240 250
J ute, com pressed ... ____ .. _......~ ........ . 41 8 328
Linen Damask, in cases............... 50 5 250
Linen Goods, in cases................. _... 30 8 240
Linen Towels, in cases.... ____ ..... __ ._ 40 6 240
Silk and Silk Goods.............. ..... _............... 45 8 360
Sisal, compressed ... __ ...................... _.___ .......... _.... 21 8 168
Tow, compressed_............................... _._............. ...... 29 8 232
Woo,, in bales, compressed....... 48
Wool, in bales, not compressed .. ________ .. _... _. 13 8 104
Wool, Worsteds, in cases..... ~ ___ ............ 27 8 216

353
RECOMMENDED LIVE LOADS

FOR
STORAGE WAREHOUSES
Weight Weight Recom·
po. Height po. mended
Material Cubic Foot of Square Foot Live Load
of Sgace Pile of Floor Lb. per
L. Feet Lb. Sq.Ft.
GROCERIES, WINES, LIQUORS, ETC.

Beans, in bags....__ 40 8 320
Beverages... __ .___ ..... 40 8 320
Canned Goods, in cases.__ ..... . 58 6 348
Cereals .... __ ......••..... 45 8 360
Cocoa___ .......... _._.......... . 35 8 280
Coffee, Roasted, in bags. 33 8 264
Coffee, Green, in bags................ 30 8 3'2
Dates, incases..................... 55 6 330
Figs, in cases..... __ ................. 74 5 370
Flour, in barrels.... 40 5 200 250
Fruits, Fresh ........ ___ . ____ ............... . 35 8 280 to
Meat and Meat Prod ucts...... __ _ 45 6 270 300
Milk, Condensed ........•• __ •.......•.. 50 6 300
Molasses, in barrels_.......... . 48 5 240
Rice, in bags.. _______ ............. _. 58 5 348
Sal Soda, in barrels ..... _..... 46 5 230
Salt, in bags.......... .................... . 70 5 350
Soap Powd e r, in cases ... _... .... ........... . 38 8 304
Starch, in barrels...... _. 25 6 '50
Sugar, in barrels........ 43 5 215
Sugar, in cases..................... 51 6 306
T ea, in chests... _. .._ .............. 25 8 200
Wines and Liquors, in barrels_ 38 6 228
HARDWARE, ETC.
Automobile Parts. ____.................. 4<J 8 320
Chain _____ ............. _.... _...... _ .................. _..................... '00 6 600
Cut Ie ry ................... _.......... _ ...................... __ 4' 8 360
Door Checks.......... _.................. ___ _.............. 4' 6 270
Electrical Goods and Machinery.... . 40 8 320
Hi nges __ .......... ... __ ._ .......... . 64 6 384
Locks, in cases, packed._... _............ __ ..... . 3' 6 '86
Machinery, Li ght. ._..••....... _... _..... _ ........._.. _ 20 8 160
Plu mbing, Fl lttures... ___ .. _... _...... 30 8 240 300
Plumbing, Supplies................ 55 6 330 to
Sash Fasteners.. __ ..................... 48 6 288 400
Screws ............. _. __ '0' 6 606
Shafti ng SteeL ___ .... _ ............ ____ ............................. _.. '25
Sheet Tin, in boltes .. ___ ._ .................. 278 2 556
Tools, Small, MetaL ............ .................. _. 75 6 450
Wire Cables, on reels................... ___.......... ....... . 425
Wire, Insulated Copper, in coils......... _ 63 5 315
Wire, Galvanized Iron, in coils....... _._ ........... 74 4;> 333
Wire, Magnet, on spools. 75 6 450
MISCELLANEOUS
Au to m ob i1e T i res. ____ ..... _. ........ _ .... _... 30 6 ,ao
Automobiles, uncrated. __ .................. 8 64
Books (solidly packed )... _. 65 6 39{)
Furniture .... _.. _ ........ _... __ 20
Glass and Chinaware, in crates __ ._ .. 40 8 320
Hides and Lea ther, in ba les..... ____ ...... _. ____ ._........... 20 8 ' 60
Hid es, Buffa lo, in bundles._........ _......... 37 8 206
Leather and Leather Goods _... _.............. 40 8 320
Paper, Newspaper, and Strawboard s...... _ 35 6 2'0
Pape r, Writing and Calendared ... _..... .................... 60 6 360
Rope, in col 18.. __ ...... _._ .. __ ..... _... __ . __ ._.. . 32 6 '92
Ru bber, Cru d e.. _______ ._.......... _....... _..___ ... __. 50 8 400
T obacco, bales... __ .... _.•.. _._ ....... _._............. __ 3' 8 280
..
354
TIMBER
AMERICAN STANDARD SIZES
NATIONAL LUMBER MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
American Area Weight Moment Section American Area Weight Moment Section
Nominal
Size
Standard
Dressed
Size
of
Section ~"
001
of
Inertia ,,,
Modu- Nominal
Size
Standard
Dressed
Size
of
Section f,"
001
of
Inertia ,,,
Modu-
-Lb.- -- -- - Lb.- -In.4- - In.3-

'n. 'n. In .'
------
In.4 In.! 'n. 'n. In.2
---- --
2x4 1%x3% 5.69 1.64 6.45 3.56 10xl0 9%x9% 90.3 25.0 679 143
6 5% 9.14 2.54 24.1 8.57 12 11 Yz 109 30.3 1204 209
8 7% 12.2 3.39 57.1 15.3 14 13% 128 35.6 1948 289
10 9Yz 15.4 4.29 116 24.4 16 15% 147 40.9 2948 380
12 11% 18.7 5.19 206 35.8 18 17% 166 46.1 4243 485
14 13% 21.9 6.09 333 49.4 20 19% 185 51.4 5870 602
16 15% 25.2 6.99 504 65.1 22 21 % 204 56.7 7868 732
18 17% 28.4 7.90 726 82.9 24 23Y, 223 62.0 10274 874
3x4 2%x3% 9.52 2.64 10.4 5.75 12x12 l1Yzxl1Yz 132 36.7 1458 253
6 5% 14.8 4.10 38.9 13.8 14 13Y, 155 43.1 2358 349
8 7% 19.7 5.47 92.3 24.6 16 15Y, 178 49.5 3569 460
10 9Y, 24.9 6.93 188 39.5 18 17Yz 201 55.9 5136 587
12 11 Y, 30.2 8.39 333 57.9 20 19% 224 62.3 7106 729
14 13% 35.4 9.84 538 79.7 I 22 21 71 247 68.7 9524 886
16 15Y, 40.7 11.3 815 105 24 23% 270 75.0 12437 1058
18 17% 45.9 12.8 1172 134
14x14 13%x13Y, 182 50.6 2768 410
4x4 13.1 3.65 14.4 7.94 16 15% 209 58.1 4189 541
3%x3%
18 17% 236 65.6 6029 689
6 5% 20.4 5.66 53.8 19.1
27.2 7.55 127 34.0 20 19% 263 73.1 8342 856
8 7%
10 34.4 9.57 259 54.5 22 21Y, 290 80.6 11181 1040
9%
24 23% 317 88.1 14600 1243
12 11 Yz 41.7 11 .6 459 79.9
14 13Y, 48.9 13.6 743 110 16x16 15 Yzx 15Y2 240 66.7 4810 621
16 15 71 56.2 15.6 1125 145 18 17% 271 75.3 6923 791
18 17% 63.4 17.6 1619 185 20 19% 302 83.9 9578 982
22 21 % 333 92.5 12837 1194
6x6 5%x5% 30.3 8.40 76.3 27.7 24 23% 364 101 16763 1427
8 7% 41.3 11.4 193 51.6
10 9% 52.3 14.5 393 82.7 18x18 17Y,x1 7% 306 85.0 7816 893
12 11 Y, 63.3 17.5 697 121 20 19% 341 94.8 10813 1109
14 13% 74.3 20.6 1128 167 22 21 Y, 376 105 14493 1348
16 15Yz 85.3 23.6 1707 220 24 23% 411 114 18926 1611
18 17% 96.3 26.7 2456 281 26 25 Yz 446 124 24181 1897
20 19% 107.3 29.8 3398 349 2Ox2O 19Y2x 19Yz 380 106 12049 1236
22 21 % 419 116 16150 1502
8x8 7%x7Y, 56.3 15.6 264 70.3 24 458
23% 127 21089 1795
10 9% 71.3 19.8 536 11 3
26 25Yz 497 138 26945 2113
12 11 % 86.3 23.9 951 165
28 27% 536 149 33795 2458
14 13% 101.3 28.0 1538 228
16 15% 116.3 32.0 2327 300 24x24 23Yzx23Yz 552 153 25415 2163
18 17% 131.3 36.4 3350 383 26 25Y, 599 166 32472 2547
20 19% 146.3 40.6 4634 475 28 27Y, 646 180 40727 2962
22 21% 161 .3 44.8 6211 578 30 29Y, 693 193 50275 3408
All properties and weights given are for dressed size only.
The weights given above are based on assumed ave rage weight of 40 pounds per cubic foot.
355
PROPERTIES OF THE CIRCLE
Circu mference = 6.28318 r = 3.14159 d

Diameter = 0.31831 circumference
x
Area = 3.14159 r:l
rr A"
a - 1800 = 0.017453 r A"
Angle AD = 1800 a _ 57.29578.!

r, ,
4b 2 +C 2
Radius r
8b
Chord c _ 2 V2 br b2,., 2 r sin ~
_, - -- - A c
Rise b - r - lh"',/4r2-cZ - T tanT
- 2r sin2 4A = r + y -..;- --
r2 - X2
Y - b - r +..J~
x _ V rZ (r +y b)2
Diameter of circle of equa ! periphery as square - 1.27324 s ide of square
Side of square of eq u a l periphery as c ircle ... 0.78 540 d iameter of circle
Diameter of circle eireLi mscribed about square - 1 .41421 s ide of sq uare
Side of square inscribed in circle .. 0.70711 diameter of circle
CIRCULAR S ECTOR
r = radius of circ le y "" angle ncp in degrees
Area of Sector n cpo = ih (length of arc nop X r)
= Area of Circle X 3~O
= 0.0087266 X ..2 X Y
CIRCULAR SEGMENT
r _ radius of circle x = chord b - rise
Area of Segment nop - Area of Sector ncpo - Area of triangle n c p
(Length of arc nop X r) - x (r - b)
- 2
Area of Segment n sp - Area of Circle - Area of Segment nop
VALUES FOR FUNCTIONS OF '1J"

11" _ 3.14159265359, log e 0.4971499
'11'"* _ 9.8696044, log _ 0.9942997 ! - 0.3183099, log - 1 .5028501 #. 0.5641896, log = 1.7514251
1 -
11"3 = 31.0062767,log _ 1.4914496 11" 2 - 0 .1013212, log ... 1.0057003 ,;, .. 0.0174533, log = 2.2418774
..j-;r _ 1.7724539, log "'" 0.2485749 1 - 180 _ 57.2957795, log = 1 .7581226

'11"3 ... 0.0322515, log .. 2.5085500
r

356
LENGTH OF CIRCULAR ARCS FOR UNIT RADIUS

By the u se of this table, the length of any a rc may be found if the length of the radius and
the angle of the seg m ent are known .
Exa mple: -Required the lengt h of arc of seg m e nt 32" 15' 27" with radiu s of 24 feet 3 inches.
From table : Length o f arc ( R adi us 1) fo r 32" = .5585054
1 5' - .0043633
27" ". .0001309
.5629996
. 5629996 X 24.25 (lengt h of radius) - 13.65 feet
DEGREES MINUTES SECONDS
1 .0174533 61 1.064 6508 121 2.11 1 8484 1 .000 2909 1 .000 0048
2 .0349066 62 1.0821041 122 2.129 3017 2 .000 5818 2 .000 0097
3 .0523599 63 1.0995574 123 2. 1467550 3 ,000 8727 3 .000 0145
4 .0698132 64 1.1t70107 124 2.1642083 4 .001 1636 4 .00001 94
5 .0872665 65 1.1 34 4640 125 2.181 6616 5 .001 4544 5 .000 0242
6 .104 7198 66 1.1 519173 126 2.19911 49 6 .001 7453 6 .0000291
7 ,1221730 67 1.1693706 127 2.2165682 7 .002 0352 7 .000 0339
8 .1396263 68 1 .1868239 128 2.2340214 8 .002 3271 8 .000 0388
9 .1570796 69 1.204 2172 129 2.251 4747 9 .002 6180 9 .000 0436
10 .1745329 70 1 221 7305 130 2.268 9280 10 .0029089 10 .000 0485
11 .1919862 71 1.239 1638 131 2.2863813 11 .0031998 11 .000 0533
12 .209 4395 72 1.256 6371 132 2.3038346 12 .003 4907 12 .0000582
13 .226 8928 73 1.2740904 133 2.321 2879 13 .0037815 13 .000 0630
14 .244 3461 74 1.291 5436 134 2.338 7412 14 .004 0724 14 .000 0679
15 .261 7994 75 1.308 9969 135 2.356 1945 15 .004 3633 15 .000 0727
16 .2792527 76 1.3264502 136 2.3736478 16 .004 6542 16 .0000n6
17 .2967060 77 1.3439035 137 2.391 1011 17 .0049451 17 .000 0824
18 .314 1593 78 1.36 1 3568 138 2.408 5544 18 .0052360 18 .000 0873
19 .3316126 79 1.3788101 139 2.426 0077 19 .0055269 19 .0000921
20 .3490659 80 1.3962634 140 2.4434610 20 .0058 178 20 .000 0970
21 .3665191 81 1.41 3 71 67 141 2,4609142 21 .006 1087 21 .000 1018
22 .383 9724 62 1.4311700 142 2.4783675 22 .006 3995 22 .000 1067
23 .401 4257 83 1.4486233 143 2.4958208 23 .006 6904 23 .000 1115
24 ,4188790 84 1,466 0766 144 2.5132741 24 .006 9813 24 .0001164
25 .436 3323 85 1,4835299 145 2.530 7274 25 .007 2722 25 .000 1212
26 .453 7856 86 1.500 9832 146 2.548 1807 26 .0075631 26 .000 1261
27 .471 2389 87 1.5184364 147 2.5656340 27 .0078540 27 .000 1309
28 ,4886922 88 1.5358897 148 2.5830873 28 .0081449 28 .000 1357
29 .5061 455 89 1.553 3430 149 2.600 5406 29 .0084358 29 .000 1406
2.6179939 .0087266
'"
31
32
.5235988
'541 0521
.558 5054
90
91
92
1.5707963
1.588 2496
1.6057029
150
151
1 52
2.6354472
2.652 9005
'"
31
32
.009 0175
.009 3084
'"
31
32
.000 1454
.000 1503
.000 1551
33 .5759587 93 1.623 1562 153 2.6703538 33 .009 5993 33 .000 1600
34 .5934119 94 1.6406095 154 2.6878070 34 .009 8902 34 .000 1648
35 .6108652 95 1.658 0628 155 2.7052603 35 .010 1811 35 .000 1697
35 .6283185 96 1.5755161 156 2.722 7136 36 .01 04720 36 .000 1745
37 .6451718 97 1.6929694 157 2.7401669 37 .0107629 37 .000 1794
38 .6632251 98 1.7104227 158 2.7576202 38 .011 0538 38 .000 1842
39 .6806784 99 1.7278760 159 2.1750735 39 .01 1 3446 39 .000 1891
40 .698 1317 100 1.7453293 160 2.7925268 40 .0116355 40 .000 1939
41 .7155850 10 1 1.7627825 161 2.809 9801 41 .011 9264 41 .000 1988
42 .7330383 102 1.780 23!:8 162 2.8274334 42 .0122173 42 .0002036
43 .750 4916 103 1.7976891 163 2.8448867 43 .0125082 43 .000 2085
44 .7679449 104 1.815 1424 164 2.8623400 44 .0127991 44 .000 2133
45 .7853982 105 1.8325957 165 2.879 7933 45 .0130900 45 .000 2182
46 .8028515 106 1.850 0490 166 2.8972466 46 .0133609 46 .000 2230
47 .8203047 107 1.8675023 167 2.9146999 47 .0136717 47 .0002279
48
4'
.8377580
.8552113 I 103
109
1.8849556
1.902 4089
168
16'
2.9321531
2.9496064
48
4'
.0139626
.0142535
48
4'
.000 2327
.000 2376
50 .872 6646 110 1.91 98622 170 2.9670597 50 .0145444 50 .000 2424
51 .8901179 111 1.9373155 171 2.9845130 51 .0148353 51 .000 2473
52 .9075712 112 1.954 7688 172 3.001 9663 52 .0151 252 52 .000 2521
53 .9250245 113 1.9722221 173 3.0194196 53 .0154171 53 .000 2570
..
54 .9424178 114 1.989 6753 174 3.0368729 54 .0157080 54 .000 2618
.
55 .959931 1 11 5 2.0071286 175 3.054 3262 55 .015 9989 55 .0002666
56 .917 3344 116 2.0245819 176 3.071 7795 56 .0162897 .000 2715
57 .9948377 117 2.0420352 m 3.0892328 57 .016 5806 57 .000 2763
1.0t22910 118 2.059 4885 178 3.106 6861 58 .0168715 .0002812
59 1.029 7443 119 2.0769418 179 3.124 1394 59 .0171 624 5' .000 2860
60 1.0471 976 120 2.0943951 180 3.1415927 60 .017 4533 60 .0002909

357
TRIGONOMETRIC FORMULAS
~,
Radius AF
TRIGONOMETRIC = sin2 A + cos 2 A = sin A cosec A
FUNCTIONS = cos A sec A = tan A cot A
H Q
Sine A = cosA = _ _,_ _ = cosAtanA=..J1 cos 2 A BC
~/(
cot A cosec A
Cosine A =510 A _ _,_ "" sin A cot A =..J1-si n 2A AC

tan A sec A
'V\ Tangent A
Cotangent A
Secant A
Cosecant A
= sin A = _ ,_
=
cos A
cos A
cot A
1
= sin A sec A
sin A = tan A = cos A cosec A
tan A
= sin A = cos A'
cot A
,
,
~FD
= HG
~AD
~ AG
= cos A = sin A
RIGHT ANGLED
TRIANGLES
a2 = CZ _ b2
~
b:t = c2 - a2
o ,
c2 = a2 + b2
Abe
Requ ired
Known
A B , b 0 Area
a, b tan A = b
a tan B =.!?.
a
V c2 _
...; a2 + b2 .-
ab
a,o sin A=~ cos B = ~ a2 a..J~

0 c
2
9oo-A a alt cot A
A,a a cot A -- 2-
sin A
90o _ A
b b 2 tan A
A, b b tan A --
2-
cos A
goo c 2 sin2A
A,o A c sin A c cos A
4
OB L IQUE ANGLED
TRIANGLES s~
a+b+c a2 = b2 +c 2 - 2 be cos A
2.
~
b2 = a2 + c2 - 2 ac cos B
o •
K~ ~(S a ) (s b ) (s 0) c2 = a2 + b2 - 2 ab cos C
;, Abe ,
i Required
Known
A B C b .. :
~
I Area
, ,
0
1
a, b, C tan"2 A = tan "2 B = tan "2 C= , ..J s (s a) (5 b) (s--c)
- - K K K ,
,-a , - b s=c
a sin B a sin C
a, A, B 18O"-(A+B) i
s in A sin A
sinB =b sinA bsin C
a , b, A sin B
a
a sin C ab sin C
a, b, C tanA
b acosC
..J a 2 +b 2 2abcosC -- 2-
J
AMERICAN I NSTITUTI , OF STEEU I€ONSTRUCTfON
358
SQUARE
Axis of moments through center A - d'
i e - -. d
I - - - -- t -....l. I
- 12 d'
I 5
- --.-
d'
i<-- d - - - l , - - " I.
d
.288675 d
SQUARE
--
Axis of moments on base A d'
e d
I I I
- "3 d'
J _1 5 - "3 d'
I'--d-
, - .f3 - d
.577350 d
SQUARE
Axis of moments on diagonal
I
__________,1
A
1
-
-
-
..
d'
d'
12
d
- .707107 d
/' 5
- d'
6--./2
~
.117851 d'
- -
~
, d
.288675 d
..f12
RECTANGLE
Axis of moments through center

A
- bd
e
- -.d
T !
r- 1-----
I<--b-
f--L I
,
-
-
bd'
'"""i2
- -.-
bd'
d
..f12
~
.288675 d

359
RECTANGLE
Axis of moments on base A bd

e d
bd'
- 3-
d 0
J
bd'
J b
S - 3-
d
V3
.577350 d
RECTANGLE
A bd
Axis of moments on diagonal
bd
e
~
b1d ll
""6('ba + dll}
bl!d 2
S
6V b l +dZ
, ..J 6 ( bl
bd
+ d Z)
RECTANGLE
Axis of moments any line A bd
through center of gravity
bsina+dcosa
e 2
bd (bl sln2a + d 2 cO$la)
12
S
bd ( b l sinla +
d2 c091a)
6 ( bsin a +d cas a)
, ~ b 2 sinla
12
+ dl costa
HOLLOW RECTANGLE
A
Axis of moments tl1rough center
e
bd l - bld1 3
d 12
bd 1 -bld l S
s 6d
r
b

360
EQUAL RECTANGLES
Axis of moments through b Cd-d,)
center of gravity
d
r I I t
c - "2
lfe·-<
f C
I ~
b Cd' - dl a )
12
b (d:t - d1 3)
6d
. 1 d'
, 12(d
UNEQUAL RECTANGLES
Axis of moments through
center of gravity
c 'Ii bt Z + bltl
A
Cd - * tl )
s s. _
TRIANGLE
-.
bd
Axis of moment!!; through A = ""2
center of gravity
2d
c
bd'
= 36
s bd'
= 24
, , =
d
"V'1'8 ... .235702 d
TRIANGLE
Axis of moments on base A - --.-

bd
! /\ I
JI .1 s
= .408248 d
AMERICAN INSTtTUTE OF , STEEL CONSTRUCTION

361
TR APEZOID
center of gravity
A -
d eb + bt )
2
d (2 b+ bll
+ bl )
I
c - 3( b
t----- I d' ( bl + 4 bb l + biZ)
1 I - 36 (b + bt)
J -
d 2 (b! + 4 bbl + biZ)
12 (2b + bt)
d
~_ _ b---> , 6 (b + b l ) .J 2 (b Z + 4 bbl + biZ)
CIRCLE
~d'
Axis of moments A - - 4- - 1I"RZ "" .785398 d Z - 3.141593 RZ
through center
d
c - R
'/rd" 'JI'" R4
= ~ = - 4- - .049087 d 4 - .785398 R4
1I"d3 'lrR'
s ... ----s2 - - 4 - - .0981 75 d 3 - .785398 RS
d R
- 4 -2
HOLLOW CIRCLE
Axis of moments
through center
d
c
2
r(d " - d14)
64 - .049087 (d" - dt 4 )
1r(d - 4
d1 4 ) _ .098175 d 4 - dt 4
s 32d cl
-.Jd Z +d1 2
4
HALF CIRCLE
TR'
A - -2- = 1.570796 RZ
center of gravity
c = R (1 - 3~) = .575587 R
- R·(f-9~)= .109757R4
_ R3 (911"2 - 64)
,
s 24 (31r 4) , = .190687R3 , 1
.J 91'1'"2 64-
i
R 6T = .254336 R -

362
PROPERTIES OF GEOMETRIC SECTIONS P
PARABOLA • HALF E1.:.1. .",

4·
A "3- b
2
2
m
-T ' . " ~ 16
TIS a
'L
-'----i----t--.l.
m
I,
- 15 4
abJ
k-,
• .. · 32
""10"5 a
lb
2
HALF PARABOLA A
· 3"a b
rn 4
•
m
· 2
"
~b
n
• * QUARTER "'-~..,._
a
' -~I
I,
.- · 1"75
• a 'b
8 l --t------r----ll--
2
j :8
.. ·
,9
""4"80 a
16
""i"05 a
Ib
b
'
,
4 I,
- 2
15 abl
COMPLEMENT OF HALF
PARABOLA 1
A aab
2
I<---n
7
m 1O£.
n ~b
4
,., ELLIPTIC
I,
· 37
2100 a
Ib
2
I,
- 1
SOab' n~
PARABOLIC FILLET IN t
RIGHT ANGLE a
· 2"_
,_ r-m 2
b ,,_
t
l n
A ..!.. t Z
•
m n - ~t
5
.. I, 11 t4
2100 • To obtain properties of
-----
363
• HALF ELL I PSE
f A
- "21
ra b
- '"
.1J~\I
4.
m
.. - " b CT- 9~)

.. - 1
811'"ab 3
~b---J
2 I, - 1- 1I'a'b
• QUARTER ELLIPSE A
- 1
T'II"ab
I<-n ..
2
,
4
'
m - '"4.
- 4b
I
.t ,--4-
n
3T
-----;J;"""I
.. - ,'b (1~ - 9~)
m
--"-. I, - .b' (,~ - 9~)
" - ,.
2
_b--e ....!...- 'lta3 b
4
I, - *1I'"ab S
• ELLIPTIC COMPLEMENT
A
- ab (l -f)
2
r- n ~ m
- • ( 1-i)
•
I
I
1--
i--r-rI
2
n - • ( 1-i)
.. - ,'b C
b
"3-16-
T 36 ( ,'_i »)
I'-- b---.
I, - ab C 3
T
3-16- 36 (11
- f)
J)
• To obtain properties of half circle, quarter circle and circular complement substitute a = b"" R.

(
364

AND STRUCTURAL SHAPES
n Number of s id es
REGULAR POLYGON
1800
A xis of mom ents
through cente r • n
a
2 t3" tP
A , "
"4"a 2 cot <t> = "2nR2sm2<1> = nR12 tan ¢
A (6RZ _ aZ )
24
ANGLE 2K
tan 20
Iy - IX
A x is of moments t h rough
cente r of gravity b 2 +ct d 2 +at
' , - -b
A t (b +c) x - 2(b +c) y = 2(b +c)
K Produ ct of Inerti a about X-X &. V-V

abcdt ~
+ 4 (b + c)
rx +( t ed - y ) l + by3 - a (y - t)3 )
+( t (b -+ dx 3 - cc):: - t)3 )
x)S
I x sin 2 0 + Iy cos 2 (l + K sin28
Ix co s 2 0 + Iv sinza - K sin28
K is negative w hen hee l of angle, with respect

to c. g., is in 1st or 3 rd quadrant, positive
when in 2nd or 4th q uadrant.
z-z is axi s of minimum I
BEAMS AND CHANNELS

Trans verse force oblique
through cente r of gravi t y
M ( ': sin<l> +
where M is bending moment due to force F.
* cos</> )

365
MECHANICS OF MATERIALS
FREQUENTLY USED FORMULAS
The formulas given below are frequently required in structural designing. They
are included herein for the convenience of those engineers who have infrequent use for
such formulas and hence may find reference necessary. Variation from the standard
nomenclature on page 6 is noted.
BEAMS
Flexural stress at extretne fiber:
I ~ Me/I ~ M/S
Flexural stress at any fiber:
f = My;! y = distance from neutral axis to fiber.
Average vertical shear (for maximwn see below):
v ~ V / A ~ V /dt (lor beams and girders)
Horizontal shearing stress at any section A-A:
V = VQ/I b statical moment aoout the neutral axis of the entire
Q =
section of that portion of the cross-section lying out-
side of section A-A,
b = width at section A-A
(lntensity of vertical shear is equal to that of horizontal shear acting normal to it
at the same point and both are usually a maximum at mid-height of beam.)
Slope and deflection at any point:
EI ~~ = M
x and yare abscissa and ordinate respectively of a point
on the neutral axis. referred to axes of rectangular co-
ordinates through a selected point of support.
(First integration gives slopes; second integration gives deflections. Constants
of integration must be determined.)
CONTINUOUS BEAMS (THE THEOREM OF THREE MOMENTS~
Uniform load: Ma~+2Mb(~+~)+Me~=_~(Wllt3 + W 2h12 3 )

II II h h 4 It
Considering any two consecutive spans in any continuous structure:

Ma. Mb. Me moments at left, center, and right supports respectively, of any
pair of adjacent spans.
II and 12 length of left and right spans respectively, of the pair.
II and h moment of inertia of left and right spans respectively.
WI and W2 load per unit of length on left and right spans respectively.
PI and P2 concentrated loads on left and right spans respectively. .
3t and a2 distance of concentrated loads from left support in left and right
spans respectively.
distance of concentrated loads from right support in left and right
spans respectively.
The above equations are for beams with moment of inertia constant in each span
but differing in different spans, continuous over three or more supports. By writing
such an equation for each successive pair of spans and introducing the known values
(usually zero) of end moments, all other moments can be found. -
COLUMNS
Concentrically loaded:
I ~ PIA
Eccentrically loaded:
I ~ PIA+ Me/I. Bending in plane of principal axis. Deflection not
P considered.
~ A (1 + ee/r') e = eccentricity of load.
366

FOR VARIOUS STATIC LOADING CONDITIONS
Equivalent Tabular Load is the uniformly distributed load given in the beam t ables, pages 175 to 201.
For meaning of symbols, see page 6.
1. SIMPLE BEAM - UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD

_ wI
Equivalent Tabular Load
wI wI
~ .
Vx
I
"2
1.
2
M max. ( at center)
Mx
--.-
"" T
wi'
wx
(I-x)
5 wi"
Ll. max. (at center) -= 384 EI
Ox - 2;~1 (f3-2Ix::t+x 3)
2. SIMPLE BEAM- LOAD INCREASING UNIFORMLY TO ONE END
Equiva lent Tabular Load
R1 = V1
Rz = V:. max.
• .
-.2W
- -3-
-",
"" 16W ,.,. 1 0264W
W
.
Wx'l
Vx - 3 - 1"2
M max . (at x ...
Mx • • •
..J~ .,. .57741)
• • • •.
,",
_ 2Wl _ .1283 WI
Wx
-"'3{"i" (lJ;-x 2 )
Ll. max. (atx - I ~1 - '\)/"S _.5193/) _ .01304 ~~3

.o.x • • •
3. SIMPLE BEAM-LOAD INCREASING UNIFORMLY TO CErlTER
-.
4W
Equivalent Tabular Load - -3-
R~V
W
R R
I
"2
I
"2
Vx (When x < -4-) W
- "'2Ti" (1 2 -4x 2 )
Y
M max. (
Mx (When x
at center )
<i)
--.- WI
"" wx(}-~;:)
lI.max. ( at center )
WI'
- GOEI
Ox •
Wx (SI2-4x2)2
480 EI 12

367

4. SIMPLE BEAM - UNIFORM LOAD PARTIALLY DISTRIBUTED

R1 = v, (max. when a < c) =2T(2c+b)
wb
wb
R2 "" Va (max. when a > c) =21(2a+ b )
R2 Vx ( when x >a and < (3 + b») "" Rl -IO (x-a)
M max.(atx = a + :1) Rl (a + ~)
'I-'...u...u+-"VzMx (When x < a)
w
Mx (When x > a and < (3 + b» Rl)( - 2 (x_a)2
Mx (Whenx >(a+b» ••• - R2 (I-x)
5. SIMPLE BEAM- UNIFORM LOAD PARTIALLY DISTRIBUTED

AT ONE END
wa
Rl ... V, max. = 2T (21-a)
a
Rz - VZ
R, V (when x< a) - Rt -wX
M max. (at x = ~1) R,'

=~
Mx (When x< a) Rl)( - -

2-
wx'
T V'
Mx (When x> a) Rz (1- x)
Ox (When x< a) • z: 2:;ltC a 2 (21-a)2- 2aX Z(21-a)+IX')
Ox (When x> a) wall(l-x)

- ~~ (4x/-2x2- a 2)
6. SIMPLE BEAM - UNIFORM LOAD PARTIALLY DISTRIBUTED

AT EACH END
wla (21- a) + w zcz
- 2/
w,2c(2l- c) + w taZ
2/
(When x< a) "" R I - WtX
(when x > aand < (a+ b»)

Vx (Whenx >(a + b») . . .
i:.t'{,:""rf:"",""'~:rlT V M max.(at x = Rl when Rl

10 1
< Wl a ) . ... ~l:t
10 1
..
,M max. ( at x - R. when
1- W 2 Rz < wzc) =
R,'
2102
Mx ()
<
when x a .... = RIX - -2- ~-
w,a
Mx ( when x > a and < (a + b) ) RIX- - -2 (2x-a)
Moment
Mx (When x > (a + b» • Rz (1- x) W2 (12- X)I

368

Equivalent Tabular Load is the uniformly distributed load given in the beam tables, pages 175 to 20t.
For meaning of symbo ls, see page 6.
7. SIMPLE BEAM - CONCENTRATED LOAD AT CENTER
-.
Equiva lent Tabular Load ~ 2P
!'-x1 P
P
R R R- V
I-t~ f-~ -> M max.( at point of [Oad) cT

PI
L 11 11II I ) Px
Shear
1111111 1 Mx ( when x <{ CT
P I'
A m ax. (at point of load)
+- A11f ~
= 48EI
I Px
Moment ' x ( w hen x < "2 ) ... 48EI (31 2 _4x J)
8. SIMPLE BEAM - CONCENTRATED LOAD AT ANY POINT
8 Pa b
I Equ i valent Ta b ular Load - - 1-' -
I<-x
1P Rl - Vl( max. w hen a < b) - -1-
Pb
R, R, Pa
I:h . - Vil( max. when a > b) - -1-
----O~
r'~ c __ Pab
,." max.( at point of load)
l
V, IIII V,
Mx ( when x < a ) ~ -I-
Pbx
Shear
Amax . (at x = ~ a (a j 2b) when a > b) _ Pab (a + 2 b) ..J 3a (a + 2b)
27 EI I
A llInr:
Pa 2 b 2
.a ( at point of load) =3EiT
Mr
Pbx
M oment ' x ( w hen x < a ) - 6EI I ( lil_bZ_xl)
9. SIMPLE BEAM - TWO EQUAL CONCENTRATED LOADS

SYMMETRICALLY PLACED
C _ • Pa_
I Equiva lent Tabular Load
I
f<-x, P P
R _ V ~
P
R R
r'IIIII~
_ a- M max. ( between loads) c Pa
t 111 1 Mx (W
hen x< a) c Px
Shea r
y b m ax. (at center)
Pa
"" 24 EI (3l 2 -4a 2 )
Px
A ~
'x (When x < a) = SIT (3la-3a 2 _ x 2 )
Mr"
I < (1- ~) )
Pa
Moment ·X (When x >a and .., SIT (31x - 3x z _ a 2 )
AM ER ICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

369

Equivalent Tabular Load is the uniformly distributed load given in the beClm tables, pages 175 to 201.
For meaning of s ymbols, see pa ge 6.
10. SIMPLE BEAM - TWO EQUAL CONCENTRATED LOADS

UNSYMMETRICALLY PLACED
VIC max. when a < b) P
Fff n
Rt - - T ( l - a + b)
P
R,
Ra " V:z ( max. when a > b) - T (l - b + a)
R,
p
<-H i<---b~ V, (When x > a and < (I -b») - f eb- a)
~ nl Shear m i l l lv,
M, ( max. when a > b) .. Ria
M, ( max. when a < b)

I '" Rzb
T' ~ Iii~ M o m ent

t, M,
M,
(Whenx< a)
(When x > a and < (1 - b) )
-
"" R1X -
Rll(
P (x - a)
11. SIMPLE BEAM - TWO UNEQUAL CONCENTRATED LOADS

UNSYMMETRICALLY PLACED
e-, ~ In Rt "" VI - P1 (1 - a)
I
+ P2b
R, R, R2 " V2
- Pta + P:z ( / -
I
b)
1-. - ~ b~ V, ( w hen x > a a nd < (I- b») - R1 - PI
~, rm M, (max. when Rt < PI)

mn
"" Rla
She a r
~, , M, ( max. when Ra < Pa) .. R:zb
~ lI '
M, (When x< a)
't, [1f I [I
1" .,. RlX
Mo m ent M, (Whenx > aand « I-b») - R1X - Pl (x - a)
12. BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, SUPPORTED AT OTHER-

UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
R,
wi
nT ll l l l l l l
I
%
IIlR2
R t - VI
Rz - VZ max.
--.-
-
~ -.-
wi
3w l
' wi
II
i<---,J
v,r In-,. ,
V,
M max.
'"
--.-
- Rl -WX
w i'
"l:llJJI u: Catx -i ') 9

Sh e ar
Ml = ""128 w i!
~ ~l -; w,'
M, = R 1 x- - -
2
M, IAI 1111'J* l!. max . (atx "' 1~ (1 + -V33) =.42151) "" l8SEI
wi'
M om ent
"'l LJ....
M1..... l!.x. - 4~~ 1 (13 - 3 1x2 + 2x3 )
AMERIC A N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION
370

Equivalent Tabular Load is the uniformly distributed load given in the beam tables, pages 175 to 201.

CONCENTRATED LOAD AT CENTER
3P
Equivalent Tabular Load -T
Rl "" VI 'P
="16
I 11P
Rz = V2 max. .,. '""16
P
~x1
R, IR, M mall:.(atfixedend)
3PI
"" ---;-s
~-}~ <----,l;~ i!i@ M, (at point of load) • =32"
'PI
2
5P,
V'I 1111111 M, (When x <-}) = '"16
Shear
IIIIII IV, M, e when x >~) ~ p(.!.-~)
2 16
(at x= zW "" .44721) a
.,.,
PtJ PI
M, ..-r11T If> ~max. = 48E1..JS=·OO9317""E!
Moment
"lJ, 1-":" (at point of load)

7Pl3
= 76SEI
h~" p,
(When x <-}) - 96EI (3[2 - 5X2)
.' (Whenx>-}) .- =
P
96EI (x-I)! (11x-20

CONCENTRATED LOAD AT ANY POINT
I
pO'
Rt = VI = 2/ 3 (a+21)
Pa
Rz = Vz = 2f3 (3/ 2 - 3 2)
I
M, (at point of load) = Ria
P
~x1
R, IR, M, eat fi xed end)
P.O
"" 2"f2(a+l)
~a- ~b~ 1ifk M, (When x< a)

V,I
~
R"
III M, (Whenx>a) ~
R1X-P (x-a)
Shear
1111 1111 V,
ll.ma,.;. ( when a < .4141 at x - I 3/z-az
12+a2) = Pa (12 - a 2 )3
3EI (3/ z aZ)Z
~1 A1 lilh (whena>.4141at x=1 v;&;) PaO' v;J;
..., 2f-F3 = ~
Amax. 21+a
Mom""' !"l..l.~M' Pa Zb 3
___ fa~ (at point of load) .. 12EIl3 (31+a)
R,
.,
Pbzx
(when x < a) = 12E1l 3 (3a/ z -21xZ_axZ)
(when x > a) = 12~~13 (l-x)Z{SlZx-a Zx-2a zl)

371

Equivalent T ab ular Load is the uniformly dist ributed toad given in the beam tables, pages 175 to 201.
For meaning of sy mbols, see page 6.
15. BEAM FIXED AT BOTH ENDS- UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED

LOADS
2wl
~ -3-
wI
=2
Vx - wG-x)
w I'
M max. ( at ends ) = ~
w I'
Ml (at center) - 24
- 1~ (61x_1Z _ 6xZ )
~max . (at center) -

wI'
384EI
wx'
- 24EI (/ - x)!
16. BEAM FIXED AT BOTH ENDS- CONCENTRATED LOAD AT

CENTER
R- V
M max. (at center and ends)
Mx (Whenx < ~)
-.
-
-,
P
P
PI
P
=8(4,; - 1)
PIX
Arnax. (at center) = 192EI
Px'
'x -= 48EI (31 - 4x)
17. BEAM FIXED AT BOTH ENDS- CONCENTRATED LOAD AT

ANY POINT
Pb'
Rl = Vl( max. when a < b) '" ...,..,- (3a + b)
Rz - VzC max. whe n a > b) Pa'
"" ~(a +3b)
M, e max. whe n a < b) --,,-

Pab z
M, e max. when a > b) -- ,-, -

Pa 2 b
2Pa Z bZ
Ma ( at point of load) ~--'X-
V'~~LLLLLLLL~~~--r
Shear Mx (When x< a) - R1 X - -
Pabz
, ,-
.. ( when a > b at x - 3a2al 2Pa s b z

Amax. +b ) . 3EI (3a +b) Z
M.
Pasb a
M, ( at point of load)
- 3EI13
Pbltx lt
'x (When x < a) -= 6Elt3 (3al - 3ax-bx)

r 372

Equ [valent Tabular Load is the uniformly distributed load given in the beam tables, pages 175 to 201 .
18. CANTILEVER BEAM-LOAD INCREASING UNIFORMLY

TO FIXED END
R-V
Vx
x'
=W""[2
WI
M max. (at fixed end) -3-
Mx
Wx'
=312
WI'
6max. (at free end) = 15EI
W
6x := 60EI12 (x S - 51"x+4I S )
19. CANTILEVER BEAM-UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
Equivalent Tabular Load = 4wl

1 -1-
1 '--'
R=V = wl
Vx = wx
x
wi'
M max. (at fixed end) ~-2-
wx'
Mx ~-2-
wi'
t..max. ( at free end)
SET
.. 2:EI (x 4 - 41:Jx+31 4 )
20. BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, FREE BUT GUIDED AT

OTHER-UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
The deflection at the guided end is assumed to be in a vertical plane.
S
Equivalent Tabular Load = T wI
wI
Vx wx
wi'
M max, ( at fixed end) ~-3-
wi'
Ml (at guided end) ~ -6-
Mx = i (l2-3x 2)
wi'
. 6max. (at guided end) = 24E1
w (12_X2)2
24EI

373

Equi vale nt T ab ular Load is the uniformly d istri b u ted load given in the bea m t ab les, pages 175 to 201.
For meaning of symbo ls, see page 6.
21. CANTILEVER BEAM - CONCENTRATED LOAD AT ANY POINT
Equiva le nt T ab ular Load --,-BPb
x
P
~
R =V (When x< a) - P
R M max. ( at fixed end) ~ Pb
~
• b
M, (When x> a) P (x- a)
Pb '
A m ax. ( at free end) =- 6EI (3l-bJ
Pb'
~a (at point of load) ., 3Ei"'
~, (When x< a) P b'
-= 6EI (31 - 3x-b)
~, (When x> a) P (~~X) 2 (3 b_l + X)
22. CANTILEVER BEAM - CONCENTRATED LOAD AT FREE END
Equi va lent T ab ular Load - BP

P
R- V .... - p
M max. (at fixed end) • • • • • -= PI
P I'
lI.max. (at free end ) - 3Ef
P
Ax . • • • • . • • • . • - SET (21~ - 31 2 )( + )(3)
23. BEAM FIXED AT ONE END, FREE BUT GUIDED AT OTHER-

CONCENTRATED LOAD AT GU I DED END
The deflection at the guided end is assumed t o be in a vertical p lane.

P
Equivalent Tabular Load 4P
~ ~
I R R=V - P
PI
M max. ( at both endS) ~2
M, - pCf-')
Amax. ( at guided e nd) P I'
"'" 12EI
P(l-x)Z
ax 12E I (l + 2x)
AMERICAN INS TITU TE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

374

24. BEAM OVERHANGING ONE SUPPORT- UNIFORMLY

DISTRIBUTED LOAD
Rt ... V, . . :r (l2 - al )
~I a~
Rz - Va + V3 = :r (I + a) 1
V, = wa
~x1 ",0+3.) ts1
R,
WillJ
R,
Va = :r (lz+a::t)
V, (betwee n s upports) ... Rl -WX

4(t-~)
V" (for oVe rha ng) = w (a - xl)
V;r ITht, l.It:!:. .lV,
M, (a" ~i [l- ;: ]) w
= 1i"f2 (l + a)2(/_ a)2
~ 'f'
M. (at R.) wa'
~ -2-
M, w,
M,l k1Tll .LLl.[l> (betwee n supports) =21(l z - a z -xl)
MOmO";j'~ M,
M" (for oVerhang) -T (a- x l )2
[<-1('- i;)
0, (between s upports) - 2~~IP4-2IzxZ+lx3_2azlZ+2aZx.t)
0" (for oVerhang) = 2~~1 (4aZI-13 +6aaXl--4axlZ+x13)
25. BEAM OVERHANGING ONE SUPPORT-UNIFORMLY

DISTRIBUTED LOAD ON OVERHANG
Rt .. V,
=21
wa'
Rz .,. V, + v,. wa
= 21 (21+a)
a -)
V, = wa
! , - - -I l'!
~'l ~ V" (for oVerhang) =w(a- x l)

wa
R, R, Mmax.(at RZ) wa'

= -2
M, e between supports)
""'21
wa 2 x
v,
lIfu, l' ~
, Shear
I M" (for oVerhang) = (a - x l)2
&ma x. ( betwee n supports atx= ';"3

1) = 18.."j3EI
wall' wa zp:
- .03208--, -
E
~ lJY M
J". .o.max. (for overhang at Xl = a) wa'
- 24EI (41 + 3a)
wazx
0, (between s uppc.rts) "" 12EIl (12. _ x2)
0" (for oVe rha ng) ... ~~I (4a21+6a2xl-4axI2 +xI3)
AMERI CA N INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

375

Equivalent Tabular Load is the uniformly distributed load given in the beam tables, pages 175 to 201.
For meaning of symbols , see page 6.
26. BEAM OVERHANGING ONE SUPPORT- CONCENTRATED

LOAD AT END OF OVERHANG
Pa
- - 1-.
P
RZ=Vl+VZ - { ( /+a)
v" . . . . P
M max.CatRz) :. Pa "
Pax
Mx ( between supports ) "" - 1-
MXl (for oVerhang) .. = P (a - xl)

I) PaJZ Pal"
a rnax. ( betweensu pp ortsatx -.y 3 "" 9v3 EI - .06415~
l!.max. (for overhang at Xl - a) _ ;~; (I + a)
l!.x (between supports) =- :Ea,~ (lz - XI)
l!.X1 (for oVerhang) .• - =~~ (2al ,.., 3axl - xI2)
27. BEAM OVERHANGING ONE SUPPORT- UNIFORMLY

DISTRIBUTED LOAD BETWEEN SUPPORTS
_ wi
Equivalent T abu lar Load
l ---Jc.- a
wi
wI
"1 R- V
v, .
- 2
- w(f-x)
R
I
"2
"
I
R
M max. (at center)
--.- wi'
w'
- T ( l - x)
v
.,
llo max. ( at center)
-
5wl"
w,
384EI
- 24EI ( /3 _ 2Ix 2 +x')
w / 3 x,
.
"" 24EI
28. BEAM OVERHANGING ONE SUPPORT- CONCENTRATED

LOAD AT ANY POINT BETWEEN SUPPORTS
8Pab
Equival ent Tabular Load .. -1-' -
Rl=Vt( max. when a < b). - P1b
R2 = vz(max.Whena > b). - Pt

Pab
M max. ( at point of load.
) -= - 1-
b
Mx (When x < a) _ P~x
llomax . t _ ~a (a+2 b) h > b) - Pab (a + 2b) ..J3a (a + 2b)
( a x 3 w en a 27EIl
V,
Shea.r .a ( at point of load) . ... ~a:lbl~
.,.x (Whenx < a)
>a
when x)
(
-= ::I~' ( 12 _ b~_X2)
-
Po ( I - ,)
~aE~~l
6E II (2rx - x2 - a~)
Moment
.', • . . • ... (I + a)
376

Equivalent Tabular Load is the uniforml y distributed load given in the beam t a bles, pages 175 to 201.
For meaning of s ymbols , see page 6.
29. CONTINUOUS BEAM~TWO EQUAL SPANS ~ UNIFORM LOAD

ON ONE SPAN
- x->j wI
Equivale nt Tabular Load
- ~ wl
64
7
11 1111 11 1 II I Rl = Vl = 16 wi
R, R, R, 5
RZ=VZ + V3 = a wl
I I
1
~, ~ ... - 16 w l
R3=VS
J,
. r v,
I<- ~
16
~ "-<tlJ.lU ~~
Sh ear V, - 9
16 wi
7
I) 49
5i2 w
12
I~ M!....
M M3x'(at x = 16 =
IA1TI 1
M, (at support RZ) - 1
"'16
w 12
~, II~t M, (When x < I) = ~: e7f - Bx)
30. CONTINUOUS BEAM~TWO EQUAL SPANS--CONCENTRATED

LOAD AT CENTER OF ONE SPAN
I<--!c~
2 ~~~
2
Equivale nt Tabular Load
- ...!.!p
8
R,
, R,
I~
R, Rl=Vl
- ~p
32
V, 1111 11111 ,
RZ=VZ + V3
- ~p
16
3
V, R3=V3 - -T2 P
.\y, Shear
I
11111111 y,
- ..!!. p
32
Mm
I
t' C1ill ~ M Max . (at point of load) . - ...!..!
64
PI
M,l '\I 11 11 , M, ( a t s uppo rt R2 ) =

3
32 PI
Moment
31. CONTINUOUS BEAM ~TWO EQUAL SPANS ~ CONCENTRATED

LOAD AT ANY POINT
P
k--- . ~ I<-b ~ Rt - V!
- :l~ (4/1- a (l + a »
R, .
<---,
R,
, R,
Rz=Vz+ Va
- ~~ (21 2 + bCl+a»
V, .. J
. T V'
R3 = V3 . Pab
- - 47i"" (l + a)
V, 111111 Sh e ar
y,
- Pa (
4li'""" 4f , +b (l+ a ) )
'A1ffIfI ~ +.
M, ~ II II~"t
M max. ( a t point of load) .
M, (at support. RZ)

-
-
Pab ( 41 2 - a(l + a) )
"'"'4'Ti"""
Pab
4'fi'""" ( I + a )
AMERICA N IN S'"('ITUTE OF STEE L CON S TRUCTI O N

•
377

FOR VARIOUS CONCENTRATED MOVING LOADS
Th e valu es given in these for mulas do not include i mpact which varies according to the requirements
of each c ase.
For meaning of sy mbols, see page 6.
32. SIMPLE BEAM - ONE CONCENTRATED MOVING LOAD
-
RE~1 r-
0)
-.
Ri m ax . = Vi max. (at x.,. P
M ma x. (at point of load, whe n x - f) PI
33. SIMPLE BEAM - TWO EQUAL CONCENTRATED MOVING

LOADS
R1 m ax. = Vl m ax. (at x "" 0) - P (2 - f )
~ l~"'" 0<0-,", - . "t)J :;

P P
~(l -
~ (1 _ }) 2
'I~R' under load 1 at x -
-.
R, M max .
whe n a > (2 - v2) I ., .5861 PI
ffi ;t h one lo.d at ce n t e, of 'P.j
(case 32)
34. SIMPLE BEAM- TWO UNEQUAL CONCENTRATED MOVING

LOADS
R1
~
Pi
PI > Pz
I
PI
R2 M max.
I
Ri max. = Vi ma x. (at x = 0)
['''''''''''-i(' - ,:;.. )[ - (., "y;
M max. may occur with larger
ffiad at centee ohpa n and
l oad off span (case 32)
oth~j
"" Pl + P2 -
- ~ 4
I-a
-
1
GENERAL RULES FOR SIMPLE BEAM S CARRYING MOVING

CONCENTRATED LOADS
The maximum shear due to mo vi ng con cent rated loads

I OC~UI"Sa t o n e s upport w h en o n e of t!'le loads is at that s upport.
p,( ~~~ p,
With several moving load s, the loca tIon that will produce maxi -
mu m shear must be determined by trial.
R, R, Th e maximum bendin g mom ent produced by m ovi ng con-
~x~
.
i ~ bI f-> centrated loads occurs un der one of the loads when t ha t load
is as far from one support as the center of gravity of a ll t he
moving loads on t he beam is fr om the other support.
10--0- I~
,:;
Afff11 limn ~
In the accompanying diagram, the maximum bending
:r moment occu~s und e~ !oad Pi w h en x -= b. It sho uld a lso be
n oted. tha.t t h IS condLtlon occurs when th e ce nter line of the
. Moment spa n IS midway betwee n the center of gravity of loads a nd the
n earest co ncentrated load.
AMERICAN INST ITUTE OF STEEL. CONSTR UCTION

378
CONTINUOUS SPAN COEFFICIENTS
Continuous spans are frequently used to reduce the maximum moments, in both
bridge and building construction; for beams and girders framing to columns in tier
buildings they are seldom economical, despite the saving in main material, on account
of the added cost of necessary details at the supports.
The methods of calculation of shears and moments in continuous beams proceed
from the fundamental "Theorem of Three Moments" stated in convenient form on
page 365.
The design of continuous spans can be safely entrusted only to designers with an
adequate grasp of the underlying theory and of the behavior of such structures; to these,
however, it is an advantage to have available such shorl cuts as may lighten the tedious
arithmetical work.
To this end there are here presented four tables of coefficients, two for two-span
and two for three-span continuous beams. In the former, the shorter span bears a
variety of ratios to the total length. In the latter, the two end spans are equal, and
again the length of each bears a variety of ratios to the total length.
'. The following general considerations apply to the use of all these tables:
(1) The span-ratios chosen are intended to embrace those that frequently occur
in practice. T he intervals between span-ratios tabulated are close enough
so that straight-line interpolation for other ratios ("vertical interpolation ")
will not introduce too great errors.
(2) Theoretically, the tabulated coefficients for a particular function under in-
vestigation are to be used as ordinates to a series of points, through which
the .. influence line" for the function is to be drawn in as a smooth curve.
The number of such ordinates provided, enables such a curve to be faired in
with sufficient accuracy for most purposes.
(3) The actual drawing of influence lines can in many cases be avoided by a
reasoned use of the tabulated information. For instance : for many short
spans the maximum negative and maximum positive moment, directly ob-
tainable from coefficients in the tables, will suffice to determine the size of
the requir<:d beam.
(4) Both spans in two-span beams, and both end spans of three-span beams,
are divided into fifths because the maximum positive moments from single
loads occur very close to the two-fifths points from the end supports. The
central span of three-span beams is divided into fourths because this maxi-
mum occurs at mid-span.
(5) The spacing of a specified group of concentrated loads is apt to be such that
with one load placed at one of the fifth or quarter points tabulated, other
loads fall between such ·points. Exact coefficients for such loads do not
result from straight-line interpolation ("horiwntal interpolation") between
the tabulated coefficients to right and to left, because the influence line
between those points is a curve. Only in regions of sharp curvature, however,
is the error important; and a mental correction to the straight-line inter-
polation, taking into account the direction of curvature of the influence line,
is feasible.
(6) All shear and moment coefficients have been expressed in terms of "L ", the
total length of the two (or three) spans. This is done in order that if, as is
frequently the case, the total length is fixed and the intennediate span lengths
are subject to the designer's discretion, comparison of the various functions
for various layouts may be made on a common and constant basis.

379
CONTINUOUS SPAN COEFFICIENTS
TWO - SPAN TABL ES
The first of the two-span tables gives the three reactions due to a unit load placed
successively at each of eleven points (the three support points plus the fifth pomts in
each span) . From these reactions, all shears and moments due to a single load in any
one of the eleven positions can be quickly calculated.
For moving groups of two or more loads it will usually be desirable to plot the
influence lines for aU the shears and moments required in the design. The influence
line ordinates for the maximum negative moment are tabulated (M5). Maximum posi-
tive moment will occur at an undetermined point, but this point will lie not far from the
point where a single load produces maximum moment; the position of this point is
tabulated (see + M (max.». Influence lines may be drawn, from the reaction tables.
for this point and for other points close by, and these will envelop the influence line for
absolute maximum positive moment in the span.
For longer spans, where changes of section will need to be made. the influence
ordinates for moment (and sometimes for shear) may be calculated (from the reaction
tables) at each of the fifth points. From these the maximum moment at each fifth
point may be found and plotted to scale, and a moment curve faired through the eleven
points thus established. This will provide the information for a detailed design for
bending stress.
The second of the two-span tables simplifies the calculation of shears and moments
in the case of uniform load per lineal foot. Coefficients for shears at each of the three
support points are tabulated. If any further shears are required they can best be ob-
tained from shear influence lines.
For uniform loading. the maximum moment of each sign, at any point, occurs with
one span completely loaded and the other span empty; except at and close to the interior
support. where all loads on either span cause negative moment. Moment coefficients
are accordingly given for each separate span loaded (M! and M2) and from these the
maximum moments of each sign (Max. M and Rev. M) are directly set down.
T HREE-SPAN TABLES
The first of the three-span tables gives the four reactions due to a ~nit load plaeed
successively at each of fifteen points. Since the end spans are equal, two of these
reactions are in reverse to the other two. The remaining notes. above, on 't he first
of the two-span tables. apply to this table as well.
The second of the three-span tables simplifies the calculation of the shears and
moments usually required in the case of uniform load per lineal foot.
Load covering one end span (M I ) produces positive moment throughout that span
(except quite close to the intermediate supJX>rt) and in the other end span to and in-
cluding its intermediate support; and produces negative moment throughout the center
span (except quite close to the far intermediate support). Load covering the center
span (M2) produces positive moment throughout that span (except quite close to the
intermediate supports) and produces negative moment throughout both end spans to
and including the intermediate supports.
Therefore load covering all three spans (M3) does not' produce the maximum
moment at any point, but the coefficients as tabulated will often be required for the
case of dead load. . ,
For uniform live loading. the numerically greatest moment will occur at some
points with one span. at some with two adjacent spans, and at some with two end spans,
loaded. The coefficients for these moments are tabulated as Max. M. Inspection will
show what combinations of Mlo M2 and Ml reversed, produce them. The same is true
of Rev. M, the greatest moment of opposite sign to Max. M.
AMERICAN INST I TUTE OF STEEL CON STRUCT I ON

380
TWO-SPAN CONTINUOUS BEAMS

CONSTANT MOMENT CONCENTRATED LOAD
OF INERTIA UNITY
L
~I
"'
0 ! f 3 1- 6 7 8 ~ 10
I In
m
I Ro I I I I RS I I I I R 10
.30 .70 1.0 .771 .550 .342 .157 0 - .235 -.314 - .274 -.157 0
•
0 Ro
.35
.40
.65
.60
1.0
1.0
.766
.762
.541
.533
.333
.323
.150
.142
0
0
-.174
-.130
-.232
-.173
-.203 -.116
-.151 -.086
0
0
< .45 .55
0 1.0 .757 .524 .314 .135 0 -.097 -.129 -.113 - .065 0
~
.50 .50 1.0 .752 .516 .304 .128 0 -.072 - .096 - .084 -.048 0
~
Z .30 .70 0 .241 .472 .682 .862 1.0 1.136 1.048 .792 .425 0
0 .35 .65 0 .252 .491 .703 .878 1.0 1.067 .957 .712 .378 0
X
00
R5 .40 .60 0 .264 .512 .728 .896 1.0 1.016 .888 .652 .344 0
~ .45 .55 0 .279 .538 .757 .918 1.0 .976 .835 .605 .317 0
z
W .50 .50 0 .296 .568 .792 .944 1.0 .944 .792 .568 .296 0
'.
U
;;: .30 .70 0 -.012 -.022 -.025 -.019 0 .099 .266 .482 .733 1.0
'w .35 .65 0 -. 018 - .032 -.036 -.027 0 .106 .275 .491 .738 1.0
-0
u R,o .40 .60 0 -.025 -.045 -.051 -.038 0 .114 .285 .499 .742 1.0
.45 .55 0 -.035 -.062 -.071 -.053 0 :121 .294 .508 .747 1.0
.50 .50 0 -.048 -.084 -.096 -.072 0 .128 .304 .516 .752 1.0
.30 .70 0 -.009 -.015 -.017 -.013 0 -.071 -.094 -.082 -.047 0
.35 .65 0 -.012 -.021 -.024 -.018 0 - .061 -.081 - .071 -.041 0
M5 .40 .60 0 -.015 -.027 -.031 -.023 0 - .052 -.069 - .061 -.035 0
~ .45 .55 0 -.019 -.034 - .039 - .029 0 -.044 -.058 - .051 -.029 0
•
X
.50 .50 0 -.024 -.042 -.048 -.036 0 .036 .048 -.042 -.024 0
00
~
z
X 1
1.0 1.0! •
W
u
;;:
•
W
0
.30 .70
t .067
+ M(max,
at x - .460 (.30) L
f .135
+ M(max,
at x - .405 (.70) L
t
u +M .35 .65 .077 at x - .454 (.35) L .128 at x - .412 (.65) L
(max.) .40 .60 .086 at x - .446 (.40) L .120 at x - .419 (.60) L
.45 .55 .095 at x - .439 (.45) L .112 at x - .426 (.55) L
.50 .50 .104 at x - .432 (.50) L .104 at x - .432 (.50) L
ROt Rs and Rlo are the reactions, at supports 0,5, 10 res~ectivell' for a concentrated load
of unity applied at the point indicated at the head of each co urnn 0 coefficients.
From these reactions it is possible to construct the influence lines for maximum shear or
maximum moment at any sectron.
Mil' is the moment (always negative) at the intermediate support 5, due to unit load placed
at the point indicated. These moments constitute the ordinates to the influence line for
moment at 5. The total negative moment due to two or more concentrated loads is the sum
of the negative moments due to each.
+M (max.) defines the load pOSition for maximum positive moment, and gives the moment
coefficient in each span respectively. This information accurately locates the peak of the
influence Il ne for maximum positive moment due to a single load.
Coefficients for span ratios m, n, not given, may be approximated by direct interpolation
between the two nearest values tabulated.

381
TWO-SPAN CONTINUOUS BEAMS

CONSTANT MOM ENT UNIFORM LOAD w PER UNIT OF LENGTH,
OF INERTIA COMPLETELY COVER ING ONE OR BOTH SPANS.
L
ml -'lL
0 I 2 3 4 6
? 8 9 10
I m I n I RO I I I I ,
Rs I I I 1 R,O
w .30 .70 .139 - .304 .416 (.720 ~ Max . R5) - .289
~
z .35 .65 .160 - .288 .386 (.674 - .272
~" Max.
~. .40 .60 .1 80 - .288 .358 (.646 - .255
Shear
~x .45 .55 .200 - .296 .334 (.630 -.237
w
0 .50 .219 - .3125 .3125 - .219
u .50 (.625
.30
.35
.70
.65
I 0
0
.007
.009
.010
.013
.009
.012
.005
.006
- .003
-.005
- .003
-.004
- .002
-.003
-.001
-.002
-.001
- .001
0
0
M, .40 .60 0 .011 .016 .014 .006 - .008 - .006 - .005 - .003 - .002 0
.45 .55 0 .014 .020 .018 .007 - .011 - .009 - .007 - .005 -.002 0
.50 .50 0 .017 .024 .021 .008 - .016 - .013 - .009 - .006 -.003 0
.30 .70 0 - .009 - .017 -.026 - .034 - .043 .005 .033 .042 .031 0
.35 .65 0 - .007 - .014 -.021 - .028 - .034 .006 .030 .037 .027 0
:. M2 .40 .60 0 - .005 - .011 -.016 - .022 - .027 .007 .027 .032 .023 0
•
x
.45 .55 0 - .004 - .008 - .013 -.017 - .021 .008 .024 .028 .020 0
.50 .50 0 -.003 - .006 - .009 - .013 - .016 .008 .021 .024 .017 0
.30 .70 0 - .009 - .017 -.026 - .034 -. 046 .005 .033 .042 .031 0
.35 .65 0 .009 -.014 - .021 - .028 -.040 .006 .030 .037 .027 0
Max.
.40 .60 0 .011 .01 6 -. 016 -.022 - .035 .007 .027 .032 .023 0
M
.45 .55 0 .014 .020 .018 -.017 -. 032 - .009 .024 .028 .020 0
.50 .50 0 .017 .024 .021 -.013 - .031 - .013 .021 .024 .017 0
.30 .70 0 .007 .010 .009 .005 - .003 - .002 - .001 -.001 0
.35 .65 0 - .007 .013 .012 .006 - .004 - .003 - .002 -.001 0
Rev.
.40 .60 0 - .005 - .011 .014 .006 -.006 - .005 -.003 - .002 0
M
.45 .55 0 - .004 - .008 - .013 .007 .008 - .007 -.005 - .002 0
.50 .50 0 -.003 - .006 - .009 .008 .008 - .009 -.006 -.003 0
Max. Shear (X w L) is the maximum shear on the indicated s ide of th e s upport, due to
uniform load of w per lin. ft. in the most effective position for shear.
Ml and M:z ( X w L2) are the mome nts at the indicated points due to uniform load w
covering, respectively. the left and the right span.
Max. M = maximum possib le moment of either sig n atthe indicated point dueto uniform
load, and resu lts from covering one complete span j except at and near the cente rsupport, where
it resu lts from covering both spans. The maximum fossible pos itive moment occurs c lose to,
and is negligibly greater tha n, that shown at Points and 8.
Rev. M = maximum moment of reverse s ign to Max. M.

382
THREE-SPAN SYMMETRICAL CONTINU OUS BEAMS

CONSTANT
MOMENT L
OF INERTIA
ml nl ml
CONCENTRATE D
LOAD UNITY , , , , , ,
P I 4 0'
,
Imfnl R10 I I R5 Rs Rd
r r
.25 .50 1.0 .764 .146 0 -.188 -.188 -.0940 .018 .012 0
'
~ .30 .40 1.0 .755 .5 .310
.133 0 -.1081-.111 -.0580 .019 .026.m .013 0
0 Ro %% 1.0 .749 .51 .298
.123 0 -.072-.075 -.041 0 .019 .02 .022 .013 0
<
0
.J
% }i 1.0 .740 .49 .280
.110 0 -.039 -.042 -.0230 .018 .024 .021 .012 0
.40 .20 1.0 .734 · .101
.268 0 -.025,-.027
1 -.0150 .017 .022 .019 .011 0
t
r ]·~~1
z .25 .50 0 .260 .890 1.0 0 -.054 -.Q7~-.06l036 0
~
.30 .40 0 .288 · .776 .932 1.0 .896 .611 .271 0 -.084 -.11 -.098 .056 0
X
R, .315 .830 .973 1.0 .853 .575 .259 0 -.115 -.154 -.134 -.077
~
>-
z
%
"
% }i 0
0
.40 .20 0
.368
.419
·
.694 .936 1.052
.7841.039 1.129
1.0
1.0
.81 .542 .250 0 -. 180 -.2401-.210-.1 20
.7 .527 .2471 0 -. 247 -.329,-.288,-.165
1
0
0
0
"
U
;;:
""0
R, '
II I Reverse the tabulated coefficients for Rs. from left to right.
u
Ro'
I I I Reverse the tabulated coefficients for Ro, from left to right.
r
.25 .50 0 -.009 -.01 f.018 -.014 0 -. 0471-.047 -.024 0 .005 .006 0
.30 .40 0 -.013 -.02 .027 -.020 0 -.032 -.033 -.017 0 .006 .008 .007.004 0
M, -.017 -.030~ . 034 -.026
.J
""
% }i 0
0
.40 .20 0
-.023 -.039 .045 -.034
-.026 -.046-.053 -.040
0
0
0
-.0241-.025 -.014 0
-.0151-.016 -.009 0
1
-.010-.011 -.006 0
.006
.007
.007
.009
.009
.009
.008 .004 0
.00 .005 0
. .004 0
~
X
~
>-z
M,'
II I Reverse the tabulated coefficients for Ms, f rom left to right.
~
u
x
1 I
<t 1 x
;;:
""0
u .25 .50
f .054
.083
at
at
x
x
. · M(rnax)
~
~
.449
.437
(.25) L
(.30) L
f
1
+ jM. (lTlax~
.078
f + Mlrnax)
.054 at x ~ .449 (.25) L
1
.30 .40 .067 .083 at x - .437 (.30) L
+M
.068 at x ~ .428 (%) L .068atx ~ .428( ,, )
""
(max.) .058 L
%}i .074 at x ~ .415 (%) L .047 .074 at x ~ .415 (%) L
.40 .20 .078 at x ~ .407 (.40) L .039 .078 at x ~ .407 (.40) L
ROt Rs, Rs' and Ro' are the reactions, at su pports 0, 5, 5', and 0' res~ective~. for a con-
centrated load of unity applied at the point indicated at th e h e ad of each c o umn 0 coefficients •
. From these reactions it is p os sible to construct the i nflu e nce lines for maximum shear or
maxImum moment at any sectIon.
Ms is the moment at the inte rmediate support Rs, due to un it load placed at the po int
indicated . It is negative except when the load is placed on t he farther end span. Thetabu lated
moment coefficients constitute ordinates to the influ e n ce line for moment at 5. For Ms'
they are reversed f rom left to right. Maximum moment at either inte rior suppo rt will occu r
w ith the fart h er e nd span un load ed. The tota l momen t at 5 o r 5' , due to two or more con~
centrated loads, is the a lgebraic sum of th e coe fficien ts tab ulated above for the points at w h ich
the several loads are placed. Usually it is greatest whe n they are placed in the longe r of the
t wo spans adjacent to the support.
+ M (max.) defines t h e load position for maximum posit ive moment, and gives the moment
coefficient, in each span respectively. This information a ccurately locates the peak of the
i nfluence line f o r maximum positive moment due to a singl e load.
Coefficients for span-ratios m, n, not given, may be approximated by d irect i n terpolation
between the two nearest values tab ul ated.

383
THREE-SPAN SYMMETRICAL CONTINUOUS BEAMS

CONSTANT
MOMENT
OF INERTIA
L
UNIFORM LOAD mL nL mL
w
PER UNIT OF
, , , ,
LENGTH
P 2 4 4' 2' 0'
H n Rio t l Ris Rs l Ro
,"
X
.25 .50
.30 .40
.1172
.1375
-.1992
- .1971
.2578
.2169
(.4570 Max.R5
(.4140
Max.
..: Shear h y, .1500 -.2056 .1944 (.4000
% ~ .1641 - .2237
"u0 .40 .20 .1714 - .2379
.1777
.1 800
(.4014
(.4179
-
NOTEI Prefix .0 to all tabulated Moments; thus, 044 signifies .0044
~
.25 .50 0 044 063 057 027 -Q29 -020 -Ql0 0 010 OOS 006 004 002 0
.30 .40 0 062 087 077 030 -Q53 -Q36 -Q19 -Q02 015 012 009 006 003 0
M, Y, Y, 0 074 104 089 030 -Q74 - 051 -Q28 -Q05 019 015 011 007 004 0
% ~ 0 091 125 103 025 - 110 -Q77 -Q44 -Qll 022 018 013 009 004 0
.40 .20 0 101 137 110 018 - 137 -Q97 -Q57 -Q17 023 018 014 009 005 0
'i
.25 .50 0 -Q31 -Q63 -Q94 078 156 078 - 156 - 1251-Q94 -Q63 -Q31 0
~ .30 .40 0 - 018 -Q36 -Q53 -Q71 -089 061 111 061 -089 -Q71 -Q53 -036 - 018 0
M, 7~ Y, 0 -Q11 -Q22 -Q33 -Q44 -Q56 049 083 049 -Q56 -Q22 - 011 0
"
0
6 % ~
.40 .20
0 -Q05 -Ql0 -Q16
-Q03 -Q06 -Q09
-Q21
-Q11
-Q44 1-Q33
6 033 052 033 -Q26 -Q21 -Q16
14 023 036 023 -Q14 -Qll - 009
-Ql0 - 005 0
X
0 -Q06 - 003 0
•z
fo
.25• .50
.30 .40
0
0
015
047
005 - 030
057 032
-Q91 - 176
-Q29 -126
059 137
024 074
059 -176 -Q91 -Q30
024 - 126 - 029 032
005
057
015
047
0
0
"ij M3 ~i Y, 0 067 089 067 000 - 111 -Q07 028 -Q07 -111 000 067 089 067 0
.~ ~
~ 0 090 123 100 021 -114 -Q55 -Q36 -Q55 - 114 021 100 123 090 0
•0 .20 0 102 141 115 025 - 129 -Q91 -Q79 -Q91 - 129 025 115 141 102 0
"u
T
.25 .50 0 046 067 -Q94 078 156 078 -186 - 125 -Q94 067 046 0
.30 .40 0 065 093 086 - 071 - 141 061 111 061 -141 - 071 086 093 065 0
Max . y, y, 0 078 111 100 044 -130 -Q56 083 -Q56 - 130 044 100 111 078 0
M
% ~ 0 095 134 116 042 136 -Q88 -Q88 -Q88 -136 042 116 134 095 0
.40 .20 0 105 146 123 037 - 151 - 114 -114 - 114 -151 037 123 146 105 0
.25 .50 0 -Q31 -083 063 034 010 -Q20 -Q20 -020 010 034 063 -Q63 -Q31 0
.30 .40 0 -Q18 -Q36 - 053 042 015 -Q38 -088 -088 015 042 - 053 -Q36 -Q18 0
Rev. y, y, 0 -Qll -Q22 -033 -Q44 019 049 -Q56 049 019 -Q44 -Q33 -Q22 - 011 0
M % ~ 0 -Q05 -Ql0 - 016 -021 022 033 052 033 022 -021 -Q16 -Ql0 - 005 0
.40 .20 0 -Q03 -Q06 - 009 -Qll 023 023 036 023 023 -Qll - 009 - 006 - 003 0
Max. shear (x w L) is the maximum shear on the indicated side of the support, dueto uni-
form load of tv per lin. ft. in the most effective position for shear.
Ml and M:t (x W L2) are the moments at the indicated pointsdue to unifo rm load w covering,
respectively, the left and the center span. (Mome nts from load covering the right hand span
are the reverse fr om left to right, of Ml and are not tabulated.)
M3 - moment at the indicated point due to load covering all spans; which is not a con-
dition for maximum.
Max. M - maximum possible moment of either sign at the indicated point, and is due to
uniform load covering one complete span or two complete spa ns. In the end ' pans the
maximum possible positive moment occurs close 1.0, and is negligibly greater than, that shown
at Po ints 2 a nd 2'.
Rev. M ... maximum moment of reverse s ign t~ Max. M.

384
CAMBER
Given the length and depth of beam, girder or truss, and the design unit stress:
then the correspond.ipg factor from the table below, multiplied by the length in feet,
will give the center deflection in inches.
For unit stress values not tabulated, mUltiply the factor for 10 000 p. s. i. by the
ratio of the design unit stress to 10 DOD.
This Table assumes uniformly distributed loading. For a single load at center
multiply these factors by 0.8; for two equal loads at the third points, by 1.02.
Maximum Fibre Stress in Lbs.psr Sq. In.

Ratio of ~ePth
P'"
10 000 12 000 14 000 16 000 18000 20000
Yo .0034 .0041 .0048 .0054 .0061 .0068
)i .0043 .0051 .0060 .0068 .0077 .0085
Yo .0051 .0061 .0072 .0082 .0092 .0102
h .0060 .0072 .0084 .0096 .0107 .0119
Yo .0068 .0082 .0095 .0109 .0123 .0136
Y, .0077 .0092 .0107 .0123 .0138 .0153

}lp .0085 .0102 .0119 .0136 .0153 .0170
}l . .0094 .0112 .0131 .0150 .0169 .0187
}l, .0102 .0122 .0143 .0164 .0184 .0204
Factors are strictly correct for beams of constant section; close for cover-plated
beams and girders, and reasonably approximate for trusses. Simple spans are con-
templated herein.

385

386
NATURAL SINES
Anglo 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 50'

- -
o· 0.00000 0.00291 0.00582 0 .00873 0.01164 0.01454 0.01745 89'
1 0.01745 0.02036 0.02327 0.02618 0 .02908 0 .03199 0 .03490 88
2 0.03490 0.03781 0.04071 0.04362 0 .04653 0.04943 0.05234 87
3 0.05234 0.05524 0.05814 0.06105 0.06395 0.06685 0.06976 86
4 0.06976 0.07266 0.07556 0.07846 0.08136 0.08426 0.08716 85
-- --
5 0 .08716 0.09005 0 .09295 0.09585 0.09874 0.10164 0.10453 84
6 0 . 10453 0. 10742 0.11031 0.11320 0.11609 0.11898 0.12187 83
7 0.12187 0.12476 0.12764 0 . 13053 0.13341 0.13629 0.13917 82
8 0 .1 3917 0.14205 0.14493 0. 14781 0.15069 0.15356 0. 15643 81
9 0 .1 5643 0.15931 0.16218 0.16505 0.16792 0.17078 0.17365 80
--
10 0.17365 0.17651 0.17937 0. 18224 0.18509 0.18795 0. 19081 79
11 0 . 19081 0.19366 0.19652 0.19937 0.20222 0.20507 0.20791 78
12 0 .20791 0.21076 0.21360 0 .21644 0.21928 0.22212 0.22495 77
13 0.22495 0 .22778 0.23062 0.23345 0.23627 0.23910 0.24192 76
14 0.24192 0.24474 0.24756 0.25038 0.25320 0 .25601 0.25882 75
--
15 0.25882 0.26163 0 .26443 0.26724 0.27004 0.27284 0.27564 74
16 0.27564 0.27843 0.28123 0 .28402 0.28880 0.28959 0.29237 73
17 0.29237 0.29515 0.29793 0.30071 0.30348 0 .30625 0.30902 72
18 0 .30902 0.31178 0.31454 0 .31730 0 .32006 0 .32282 0 .32557 71
19 0.32557 0.32832 0.33106 0.33381 0 .33655 0 .33929 0 .34202 70
--
20 0.34202 0.34475 0 .34748 0.35021 0 .35293 0.35565 0.35837 69
21 0.35837 0.36108 0.36379 0.36650 0.36921 0.37191 0.37461 88
22 0.37461 0.37730 0.37999 0.38268 0.38537 0.38805 0.39073 67
23 0.39073 0.39341 0.39608 0.39875 0.40141 0.40408 0.40674 66
24 0.40674 0.40939 0.41204 0.41469 0.41734 0.41998 0.42262 65
-- - -'
25 0.42262 0.42525 0.42788 0.43051 0.43313 0.43575 0.43837 64
26 0.43837 0.44098 0.44359 0.44620 0.44880 0.45140 0.45399 63
27 0.45399 0.45658 0.45917 0.46175 0.46433 0.46690 0.46947 62
28 0.46947 0.47204 0.47460 0.47716 0.47971 0.48226 0.48481 61
29 0.48481 0 .48735 0.48989 0.49242 0.49495 0 .49748 0.50000 60
-- --
30 0.50000 0.50252 0.50503 0.50754 0.51004 0.51254 0.51504 59
31 0.51504 0.51753 0.52002 0 .52250 0.52498 0.52745 0.52992 58
32 0.52992 0.53238 0.53484 0.53730 0.53975 0 .54220 0.54464 57
33 0.54464 0.54708 0.54951 0.55194 0 .56436 0 .55678 0.55919 56
34 0.55919 0.56160 0.56401 0.56641 0 .56880 0 .57119 0.57358 55
35 0.57358 0.57596 0.57833 0.58070 0 .58307 0.58543 0.58779 54

36 0.58779 0.59014 0.59248 0.59482 0.59716 0.59949 0.60182 53
37 0.60182 0.60414 0.60645 0.60876 0 .61107 0.61337 0.61566 52
38 0.61566 0.61795 0.62024 0.62251 0.62479 0 .62706 0.62932 51
39 0.62932 0 .63158 0.63383 0.63608 0.63832 0.64056 0.64279 50
--
40 0.64279 0.64501 0.64723 0.64945 0.65166 0.65386 0.65606 49
41 0 .65606 0.65825 0.66044 0.66262 0.66480 0 .66697 0.66913 48
42 0.66913 0.67129 0.67344 0.67559 0 .67773 0 .67987 0 .68200 47
43 0.68200 0.68412 0.68624 0.68835 0.69046 0.69256 0.69466 46
44· 0.69466 0.69675 0.69883 0.70091 0.70298 0.70505 0.70711 45·
--
50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0' Angle
I 50'
NATURAL COSINES
387
NATURAL SINES
Angle 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60'

--
45' 0.70711 0.70916 0.71121 0.71325 0.71529 0.71732 0.71934 44'
46 0.71934 0.72136 0.72337 0.72537 0.72737 0.72937 0.73135 43
47 0.73135 0.73333 0.73531 0.73728 0.73924 0.74120 0.74314 42
48 0.74314 0.74509 0 .74703 0.74896 0.75088 0.75280 0 .75471 41
49 0.75471 0.75661 0.75851 0.76041 0.76229 0.76417 0 .76604 40
50 0.76604 0.76791 0 .76977 0.77162 0.77347 0.77531 · 0.77715 39

51 0.77715 0.77897 0.78079 0.78261 0.78442 0.78622 0.78801 38
52 0.78801 0.78980 0.79158 0.79335 0.79512 0.79688 0.79864 37
53 0.79864 0.80038 0.80212 0 .80386 0.80558 0.80730 0.80902 36
54 0.80902 0.81072 0 .81242 0 .81412 0.81580 0.81748 0.81915 35
--
55 0.81915 0.82082 0.82248 0 .82413 0.82577 0.82741 0.82904 34
56 0.82904 0.83066 0.83228 0.83389 0.83549 0.83708 0.83867 33
57 0.83867 0. 84025 0 .84182 0.84339 0.84495 0 .84650 0.84805 32
58 0.84805 0 .84959 0.85112 0.85264 0.85416 0. 85567 0 .85717 31
59 0.85717 0 .85866 0 .86015 0.86163 0.86310 0 .86457 0.86603 30
60 0 .86603 0.86748 0.86892 0. 87036 0.87178 0.87321 0.87462 29

61 0.87462 0.87603 0.87743 0.87882 0.88020 0.88158 0.88295 28
62 0.88295 0 .88431 0 .88566 0. 88701 0.88835 0.88968 0 .89101 27
63 0 .89101 0.89232 0 .89363 0.89493 0.89623 0 .89752 0 .89879 26
64 0 .89879 0.90007 0.90133 0.90259 0.90383 0.90507 0.90631 25
65 0.90631 0.90753 0 .90875 0.90996 0.9111 6 0.91236 0.91355 24

66 0.91355 0.91472 0.91590 0.91706 0 .91822 0.91936 0.92050 23
67 0.92050 0.92164 0.92276 0.92388 0.92499 0. 92609 0.92718 22
68 0.92718 0.92827 0.92935 0.93042 0.93148 0.93253 0.93358 21
69 0.93358 0.93462 0.93565 0.93667 0.93769 0.93869 0.93969 20
70 0.93969 0.94068 0.94167 0 .94264 0.94361 0.94457 0.94552 19

71 0.94552 0.94646 0.94740 0.94832 0 .94924 0.9501 5 0.95106 18
72 0.95106 0.95195 0.95284 0.95372 0.95459 0.95545 0.95630 17
73 0.95630 0.95715 0.95799 0.95882 0 .95964 0.96046 0.96126 16
74 0.96126 0.96206 0.96285 0.96363 0.96440 0.96517 0.96593 15
--
75 0.96593 0.96667 0.96742 0.96815 0.96887 0.96959 0.97030 14
76 0 .97030 0.97100 0.97169 0.9"7237 0.97304 0.97371 0.97437 13
77 0. 97437 0.97502 0.97566 0.97830 0.97692 0.97754 0 .97815 12
78 0.97815 0.97875 0.97934 0.97992 0.98050 0.98107 0 .98163 11
79 0.98163 0.98218 0.98272 0.98325 0.98378 0.98430 0.98481 10
80 0.98481 0.98531 0 .98580 0.98629 0.98676 0 .98723 0.98769 9

81 0.98769 0.98814 0.98858 0.98902 0.98944 0.98986 0.99027 8
82 0.99027 0.99067 0.99106 0.99144 0.99182 0.99219 0.99255 7
83 0.99255 0.99290 0.99324 0.99357 0 .99390 0.99421 0.99452 6
84 0.99452 0.99482 0 .9951 1 0.99540 0 .99567 0.99594 0.99619 5
85 0.99619 0.99644 0.99668 0.99692 0.99714 0. 99736 0.99756 4

86 0.99756 0 .99776 0.99795 0. 99813 0.99831 0 .99847 0.99863 3
87 0.99863 0 .99878 0.99892 0.99905 0.99917 0.99929 0 .99939 2
88 0.99939 0.99949 0.99958 0.99966 0 .99973 0.99979 0.99985 1
89' 0.99985 0.99989 0.99993 0.99996 0.99998 1.00000 1.00000 0'
60' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0' Angle
NATURAL COSINES
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL. C ONSTRUCTI ON
388
NATURAL TANGENTS
Anole 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60'
0' 0 .00000
I 0.00291 0.00582 0 .00873 0 . 01164 0.01455 0.01746 89'
1 0.01746 0.02036 0 .02328 0 .02619 0.02910 0.03201 0.03492 88
2 0.03492 0.03783 0.04075 0 .04366 0.04658 0.04949 0.05241 87
3 0 .05241 0.05533 0.05824 0.06116 0.06408 0.06700 0.06993 86
4 0.06993 0.07285 0.07578 0.07870 0.08163 0.08456 0.08749 85
5 0 .08749 0.09042 0.09335 0.09629 0.09923 0.10216 0.10510 84

6 0.10510 0.10805 0.11099 0.11394 0.11688 0.11983 0.12278 83
7 0 . 12278 0.12574 0.12869 0.13155 0.1 3461 0.13758 0.14054 82
8 0 .14054 0.14351 0.14648 0.14945 0.15243 0.15540 0.15838 81
9 0.15838 0.16137 0 . 16435 0.16734 0.17033 0.17333 0.17633 80
10 0.17633 0.17933 0.1 8233 0.18534 0.18835 0.19136 0.19438 79
11 0.19438 0.19740 0.20042 0.20345 0 .20648 0.20952 0.21256 78
12 0.21256 0.21560 0 .21 864 0.22169 0 .22475 0.22781 0.23087 77
13 0.23087 0.23393 0.23700 0.24008 0. 24316 0.24624 0 .24933 76
14 0.24933 0.25242 0.25552 0.25862 0.26172 0.26483 0. 26795 75
15 0.26795 0.27107 0.27419 0.27732 0.28046 0.28360 0.28675 74
16 0.28675 0.28990 0.29305 0.29621 0.29938 0 .30255 0.30573 73
17 0.30573 0. 30891 0.31210 0.31530 0. 31850 0.32171 0.32492 72
18 0.32492 0.32814 0.331 36 0 .33460 0.33783 0.34108 0.34433 71
19 0.34433 0.34758 0.35085 0.35412 0.35740 0 .36068 0.36397 70
20 0.36397 0.36727 0.37057 0.37388 0. 37720 0.38053 0.36386 69

21 0.38386 0.38721 0.39055 0 .39391 0.39727 0.40065 0 .40403 68
22 0.40403 0.40741 0.41081 0.41421 0.41763 0.42105 0.42447 67
23 0.42447 0.42791 0.43136 0.43481 0.43828 0.44175 0 .44523 66
24 0.44523 0.44872 0.45222 0.45573 0 .45924 0.46277 0.46631 65
25 0.46631 0.46985 0.47341 0.47698 0.48055 0.48414 0.48773 64

26 0.48773 0.49134 0.49495 0.49858 0.50222 0.50587 0.50953 63
27 0.50953 0.51320 0.51688 0.52057 0.52427 0.52798 0.53171 62
28 0.53171 0.53545 0.53920 0.54296 0.54673 0.55051 0.55431 61
29 0.55431 0.55812 0.56194 0 .56577 0 .56962 0.57348 0.57735 60
30 0.57735 0 .58124 0.58513 0.58905 0.59297 0.59691 0.60086 59

31 0.60086 0.60483 0.60881 0.61280 0.61 681 0.62083 0.62487 58
32 0.62487 0 .62692 0 .63299 0.63707 0.64117 0.64528 0.64941 57
33 0 .64941 0 .65355 0.65771 0.66189 0.66608 0.67028 0.67451 56
34 0.67451 0.67875 0.68301 0.68728 0.69157 0.69588 0.70021 55
35 0.70021 0 .70455 0.70891 0.71329 0.71769 0.72211 0 .72654 54

36 0.72654 0.73100 0.73547 0.73996 0 .74447 0.74900 0 .75355 53
37 0.75355 0 .75812 0.76272 0.76733 0 .77196 0.77661 0 .78129 52
38 0.78129 0.78598 0.79070 0.79544 0.80020 0.80498 0 .80978 51
39 0 .80978 0.81461 0.81946 0.82434 0.82923 0.83415 0.83910 50
40 ,
0.83910 0 .84407 0.84906 0.85408 0 . 85912 0.86419 0.86929 49
41 0.86929 0.87441 0.87955 0.88473 0. 88992 0 .89515 0.90040 48
42 0.90040 0.90569 0.91099 0.91633 0.92170 0.92709 0.93252 47
43 0.93252 0.93797 0.94345 0.94896 0.95451 0.96008 0.96569 46
44' 0.96569 0.97133 0 .97700 0 .98270 o 98843 0.99420 1.00000 45'
60' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0' Angle
NATURAL COTANGENTS
AMERICAN IN$TITUTE OF STEEL. CONSTRUCTION
389
NATURAL TANGENTS
Angle 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60'
45° 1.00000 1.00583 1.01170 1.01761 1.02355 1.02952 1.03553 44°

46 1 .03553 1.04158 1.04766 1.05378 1.05994 1.06613 1.07237 43
47 1.07237 1.07864 1.08496 1.09131 1.09770 1.10414 1.11061 42
48 1.11061 1.11713 1.12369 1.13029 1.13694 1.14363 1.15037 41
49 1.15037 1.15715 1.16398 1.17085 1.17777 1.18474 1.19175 40
I"-
50 1.19175 1.19882 1.20593 1.21310 1.22031 1.22758 1.23490 39
51 1.23490 1.24227 1.24969 1.25717 1.26471 1.27230 1.27994 38
52 1 .27994 1.28764 1.29541 1.30323 1.31110 1.31904 1.32704 37
53 1.32704 1.33511 1.34323 1. 35142 1.35968 1.36800 1 .37638 36
54 1.37638 1.38484 1. 39336 1.40195 1.41061 1.41934 1.42815 35
55 1.42815 1.43703 1.44598 1.45501 1.46411 1.47330 1 .48256 34

56 1.48256 1.49190 1.50133 1.51084 1 . 52043 1.53010 1.53987 33
57 1.53987 1.54972 1.55966 1.56969 1.57981 1.59002 1.60033 32
58 1 . 60033 1.61074 1. 62125 1.63185 1.64256 1.65337 1.66428 31
59 1.66428 1.67530 1.68643 1.69766 1.70901 1.72047 1.73205 30
60 1.73205 1.74375 1.75556 1.76749 1.77955 1.79174 1.80405 29

61 1.80405 1.81649 1.82906 1.84177 1.85462 1.86760 1.88073 28
62 1.88073 1.89400 1.90741 1.92098 1.93470 1.94858 1.96261 27
63 1.96261 1.97681 1.99116 2.00569 2.02039 2.03526 2.05030 26
64 2.05030 2.06553 2.08094 2.09654 2.11233 2.12832 2.14451 25
65 2.14451 2.16090 2.17749 2.19430 2.211 32 2.22857 2.24604 24

66 2.24604 2.26374 2. 28167 2.29984 2.31826 2.33693 2.35585 23
67 2.35585 2.37504 2.39449 2.41421 2.43422 2.45451 2.47509 22
68 2 .47509 2.49597 2.51715 2.53865 2.56046 2.58261 2.60509 21
69 2 .60509 2.62791 2.65109 2.67462 2.69853 2.72281 2.74748 20
70 2.74748 2.77254 2.79802 2.82391 2.85023 2.87700 2.90421 19

71 2 .90421 2.93189 2.96004 2.98869 3.01783 3.04749 3.07768 18
72 3. 07768 3 .10842 3 .13972 3 . 17159 3.20406 3.23714 3.27085 17
73 3 .27085 3 .30521 3.34023 3.37594 3.41236 3.44951 3.48741 16
74 3 .48741 3.52609 3.56557 3.60588 3.64705 3.68909 3.73205 15
75 3.73205 3.77595 3.82083 3.86671 3.91364 3.96165 4.01078 14

76 4.01078 4.06107 4.11256 4.16530 4.21933 4.27471 4. 33148 13
77 4.33148 4.38969 4.44942 4.51071 4.57363 4.63825 4.70463 12
78 4.70463 4.77286 4.84300 4.91516 4.98940 5.06584 5.14455 11
79 5.14455 5.22566 5.30928 5.39552 5.48451 5.57638 5.67128 10
80 5 . 67128 5.76937 5.87080 5.97576 6.08444 6.19703 6.31375 9

81 6.31375 6.43484 6.56055 6.69116 6.82694 6.96823 7.11637 8
82 7.11537 7.26873 7.42871 7.59575 7.77035 7.95302 8.14435 7
83 8.14435 8.34496 8.55555 8.77689 9.00983 9.25630 9.51436 6
84 9.51436 9.78817 10.07803 10.38540 10.71191 11.05943 11.43005 5
85 11.43005 11.82617 12.25051 12.70621 13.19688 13.72674 14.30067 4

86 14 . 30067 14 .92442 15.60478 16.34986 17.16934 18.07498 19.08114 3
87 19 .08114 20 . 20555 21.47040 22.90377 24.54176 26.43160 28.63625 2
88 28.63625 31.24158 34. 36777 38.18846 42.96408 49.10388 57.28996 1
89° 57.28996 68.75009 85.93979 114.58865 171.88540 343.77371 Infinite. 0°
60' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0' Angle
NATURAL COTANGENTS
390
NATURAL SECANTS
Angle 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 50'
0° 1.00000 1.00001 1.00002 1.00004 1.00007 1.00011 1.00015 89°

1 1.00015 1.00021 1.00027 1.00034 1.00042 1.00051 1.00061 88
2 1.00061 1 .00072 1.00083 1.00095 1.00108 1.00122 1.00137 87
3 1.001 37 1 .00153 1.00169 1.00187 1.00205 1.00224 1.00244 86
4 1.00244 1.00265 1 . 00287 1.00309 1.00333 1.00357 1.00382 85
5 1.00382 1 .00408 1.00435 1.00463 1 . 00491 1.00521 1.00551 84

6 1.00551 1.00582 1.00614 1.00647 1.00681 1.00715 1.00751 83
7 1.00751 1.00787 1.00825 1.00863 1 .00902 1.00942 1.00983 82
8 1.00983 1.01024 1.01067 1.01111 1.01155 1.01200 1.01247 81
9 1.01247 1.01294 1.01342 1.01391 1.01440 1.01491 1.01543 80
10 1.01543 1.01595 1.01649 1.01703 1.01758 1 . 01815 1.01872 79

11 1.01 872 1.01930 1.01989 1.02049 1.02110 1.02171 1 .02234 78
12 1. 02234 1.02298 1.02362 1.02428 1.02494 1.02562 1 .02630 77
13 1. 02630 1.02700 1.02770 1.02842 1.02914 1 .02987 1.03061 76
14 1.03061 1.03137 1.0321 3 1.03290 1.03368 1.03447 1.03528 75
--
15 1 .03528 1.03609 1 .03691 1.03774 1.03858 1.03944 1 .04030 74
16 1.04030 1.04117 1.04206 1.04295 1.04385 1.04477 1.04569 73
17 1.04569 1.04663 1.04757 1 .04853 1.04950 1.05047 1.05146 72
I 18 1 .05146 1 .05246 1.05347 1.05449 1.05552 1.05657 1.05762 71

19 1.05762 1.05869 1 .05976 1.06085 1.06195 1.06306 1.06418 70
20 1 .06418 1.06531 1.06645 1.06761 1.06878 1.06995 1.07115 69

21 1 .07115 1.07235 1.07356 1.07479 1.07602 1 . 07727 1.07853 68
22 1.07853 1.07981 1.08109 1.08239 1.08370 1.08503 1.08636 67
23 1.08636 1.08771 1.08907 1.09044 1.091 83 1 . 09323 1 . 09464 66
24 1.09464 1.09606 1.09750 1.09895 1.10041 1.101 89 1.10338 65
--
25 1 .1 0338 1.10488 1.10640 1.10793 1.10947 1.11103 1.11260 64
26 1. 11260 1.11419 1.11579 1.11740 1.11 903 1.12067 1.12233 63
27 1. 12233 1.12400 1.12568 1.12738 1.12910 1.13083 1.13257 62
28 1.13257 1.13433 1.13610 1.13789 1.1 3970 1.14152 1.14335 61
29 1 . 14335 1.14521 1 .14707 1.14896 1.15085 1.15277 1.15470 60
30 1 .15470 1. 15665 1.15861 1.16059 1.16259 1 .16460 1.16663 59

31 1.1 6663 1.16868 1.17075 1.1 7283 1.17493 1.17704 1.17918 58
32 1.17918 1.181 33 1.18350 1.1 8569 1.18790 1.1901 2 1.19236 57
33 1.19236 1.19463 1.19691 1.19920 1.20152 1.20386 1.20622 56
34 1.20622 1 .20859 1.21099 1.21341 1.21584 1.21830 1.22077 55
35 1.22077 1. 22327 1.22579 1.22833 1.23089 1.23347 1.23607 54

36 1.23607 1. 23869 1.24134 1.24400 1.24669 1.24940 1.25214 53
37 1.25214 1. 25489 1. 25767 1.26047 1 .26330 1.26615 1.26902 52
38 1. 26902 1.27191 1 .27483 1. 27778 1.28075 1.28374 1.28676 51
39 1.28676 1.28980 1 .29287 1.29597 1.29909 1 .30223 1 .30541 50
40 1. 30541 1.30861 1.31183 1.31509 1.31837 1 . 32168 1.32501 49

41 1.32501 1. 32838 1 .331 77 1.33519 1 .33864 1.34212 1. 34563 48
42 1 .34563 1. 34917 1. 35274 1 .35634 1 .35997 1.36363 1. 36733 47
43 1 .36733 1. 37105 1. 37481 1 .37860 1. 38242 1.38628 1. 39016 46
44° 1.39016 1 .39409 1. 39804 1.40203 1.40606 1.41012 1.41421 45°
- Angle
60' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0'
I
NATURAL COSECANTS
391
NATURAL SECANTS
Angle 0' 10' 20' 30' 40' 50' 60'

--
45' 1.41421 1.41835 1".42251 1.42672 1.43096 1.43524 1.43956 44'
46 1.43956 1 .44391 1.44831 1.45274 1.45721 1.46173 1.46628 43
47 1.46628 1.47087 1.47551 1 .48019 1.48491 1.48967 1.49448 42
48 1.49448 1.49933 1.50422 1.50916 1.51415 1.51918 1.52425 41
49 1.52425 1 .52938 1.53455 1.53977 1.54504 1.55036 1.55572 40
- -
50 1.55572 1.56114 1.56661 1.57213 1.57771 1.58333 1.58902 39
51 1.58902 1.59475 1.60054 1.60639 1.61229 1.61825 1.62427 38
52 1.62427 1 .63035 1.63648 1.64268 1 ·64894 1.65526 1.66164 37
53 1.66164 1.66809 1.67460 1.68117 1 .68782 1.69452 1.70130 36
54 1.70130 1.70815 1.71506 1.72205 1.72911 1.73624 1.74345 35
--
55 1.74345 1.75073 1.75808 1.76552 1.77303 1.78062 1.78829 34
56 1 .78829 1.79604 1.80388 1. 81180 1.81981 1 .82790 1.83608 33
57 1.83608 1.84435 1 .85271 1.86116 1.86970 1.87834 1.88708 32
58 1.88708 1.89591 1.90485 1.91388 1.92302 1.93226 1.94160 31
59 1.94160 1 .95106 1.96062 1.97029 1.98008 1.98998 2.00000 30
- -
60 2.00000 2 .01014 2.02039 2.03077 2.04128 2 .05191 2.06267 29
61 2 .06267 2 .07356 2.08458 2.09574 2.10704 2.11847 2.13005 28
62 2.13005 2.14178 2. 15366 2. 16568 2. 17786 2.19019 2.20269 27
63 2.20269 2.21535 2.22817 2.24116 2.25432 2 .26766 2.28117 26
64 2.28117 2.29487 2.30875 2.32282 2.33708 2.35154 2 .36620 25
- - --
65 2.36620 2 .38107 2.39614 2.41142 2.42692 2.44264 2.45859 24
66 2.45859 2.47477 2.4911 9 2.50784 2 .52474 2 .54190 2.55930 23
67 2 .55930 2.57698 2.59491 2.61313 2 .63162 2.65040 2.66947 22
68 2.66947 2 .68884 2.70851 2.72850 2.74881 2.76945 2.79043 21
69 2. 79043 2.81175 2.83342 2.85545 2.87785 2.90063 2.92380 20
70 2 .92380 2.94737 2.97135 2.99574 3.02057 3.04584 3 .07155 19

71 3.07155 3.09774 3.12440 3.15155 3 . 17920 3 .20737 3.23607 18
72 3 .23607 3 .26531 3.29512 3.32551 3.35649 3 .38808 3.42030 17
73 3.42030 3.45317 3.48671 3.52094 3 .55587 3.59154 3.62796 16
74 3.62796 3.66515 3.70315 3.74198 3.78166 3 .82223 3 .86370 15
--
75 3.86370 3.90613 3 .94952 3 .99393 4 .03938 4.08591 4.13357 14
76 4 . 13357 4.18238 4.23239 4.28366 4 .33622 4.39012 4.44541 13
77 4 .44541 4.50216 4.56041 4.62023 4.68167 4.74482 4.80973 12
78 4 .80973 4.87649 4.94517 5.01585 5.08863 5 . 16359 5. 24084 11
79 5.24084 5.32049 5.40263 5.48740 5.57493 5 .66533 5 .75877 10
-- --
80 5.75877 5.85539 5.95536 6.05886 6.16607 6.27719 6 .39245 9
81 6.39245 6 .51208 6.63633 6.76547 6. 89979 7. 03962 7.18530 8
82 7.18530 7.33719 7.49571 7 .66130 7.83443 8 .01565 8 .20551 7
83 8.20551 8.40466 8.61379 8.83367 9 .06515 9 .30917 9 .56677 6
84 9.56677 9.83912 10.12752 10.43343 10.75849 11.10455 11 .47371 5
- - --
85 11. 47371 11.86837 12.29125 12 .74550 13 .23472 13.76312 14.33559 4

86 14.33559 14 .95788 15.63679 16.38041 17 .1 9843 18 .10262 19 . 10732 3
87 19.10732 20.23028 21.49368 22.92559 24.56212 26.45051 28.65371 2
88 28.65371 31.25758 34 .38232 38.20155 42.97571 49 . 11406 57 .29869 1
89' 57.29869 68 .75736 85.94561 114.59301 171.88831 343.77516 Infinite. 0'
- - --
60' 50' 40' 30' 20' 10' 0' Ang lo
NATURAL COSECANTS
392
.01
.49
No... Diameter
Square Cube 1000
No. Square C,be Root Root l ogarithm X
Reciprocal Circum. Aroa
.01 .0001 .000001 0.1000 0.2154 2.00000 100000.000 .03142 .000079

.02 .0004 .000008 0.1414 0.2714 2 .30103 50000 .000 .06283 .000314
.03 .0009 .000027 0.1732 0.3107 2.47712 33333 .333 .09425 .000707
.04 .0016 .000064 0.2000 0 .3420 2.60206 25000 .000 .12566 .001257
.05 .0025 .000125 0.2236 0.3684 2.69897 20000 .000 .15708 .001964
.06 .0036 .000216 0.2449 0.3915 2.77815 16666.667 .16850 .002827
.07 .0049 .000343 0.2646 0.4121 2 .84510 14285.714 .21991 .003849
.08 .0064 .000512 0.2828 0.4309 2 .90309 12500.000 .25133 .005027
.09 .0081 .000729 0.3000 0.4481 2 .95424 11111.111 .28274 .006362
.10 .0100 .001000 0.3162 0.4642 1.00000 10000.000 .31416 .007854
.11 .0121 .001 331 0.3317 0.4791 1.04139 9090.909 .34558 .009503
.12 .0144 .001728 0.3464 0.4932 1.07918 8333.333 .37699 .011310
.13 .0169 .002197 0.3606 0.5066 1.11394 7692.308 .40841 .013273
.14 .01 96 .002744 0.3742 0 .5192 1.14613 7142.857 .43982 .015394
.15 .0225 .003375 0.3873 0.5313 1.17609 6666.667 .47124 .017672
.16 .0256 .004096 0.4000 0.5429 1.20412 6250.000 .50265 .020106
.17 .0289 .004913 0 .41 23 0.5540 1.23045 5882.353 .53407 .022698
.18 .0324 .005832 0 .4243 0.5646 1.25527 5555.556 .56549 .025447
.1 9 .0361 .006859 0.4359 0.5749 1.27875 5263.158 .59690 .028353
.20 .0400 .008000 0.4472 0.5848 1.30103 5000.000 .62832 .031416
.21 .0441 .009261 0.4583 0.5944 1 .32222 4761.905 .65973 .034636
.22 .0484 .010648 0 .4690 0.6037 1 .34242 4545.455 .69115 .038013
.23 .0529 .0121'67 0.4796 0.6127 1.36173 4347.826 .72257 .041548
.24 .0576 .013824 0.4899 0.6214 1.38021 4166.667 .75398 .045239
.25 .0625 .015625 0.5000 0.6300 1.39794 4000.000 .78540 .049087
.26 .0676 .017576 0.5099 0.6383 1.41497 3846. 154 .81681 .053093
.27 .0729 .019683 0.5196 0.6463 1 .43136 3703.704 .84823 .057256
.28 .0784 .021952 0.5292 0.6542 1.44716 3571.429 .87965 .061575
.29 .0841 .024389 0 .5385 0.6619 1.46240 3448.276 .91106 .066052
.30 .0900 .027000 0.5477 0.6694 1.47712 3333.333 .94248 .070686
.31 .0961 .029791 0.5568 0.6768 1.49136 3225.807 .97389 .075477
.32 .1024 .032768 0.5657 0.6840 1.50515 3125.000 1. 00531 .080425
.33 .1089 .035937 0.5745 0.6910 1.51851 3030.303 1.03673 .085530
.34 .1156 .039304 0.5831 0.6980 1.53148 2941.177 1.06814 .090792
.35 .1225 .042875 0.5916 0.7047 1 .54407 2857 . 143 1.09956 .096211
.36 .1296 .046666 0.6000 0.7114 , 1.55630 2m . 778 1.13097 . 101788
.37 .1 369 .050653 0.6083 0.7179 1 .56820 2702.703 1.16239 .107521
.38 .1444 .054872 0.6164 0.7243 1.57978 2631.579 1.19381 .11 3411
.39 .1521 .059319 0.6245 0.7306 1.59106 2564.103 1.22522 .1 19459
.40 .1600 .064000 0.6325 0.7368 1.60206 2500.000 1.2566 .125664
.41 .1681 .068921 0.6403 0.7429 1.61278 2439.024 1.2881 .132025
.42 .1 764 .074088 0.6481 0.7489 1.62325 2380.952 1.3195 . 138544
.43 . 1849 .079507 0.6557 0.7548 1.63347 2325.581 1.3509 . 145220
.44 .1936 .085184 0.6633 0.7606 1.64345 2272.727 1.3823 .152053
.45 .2025 .091125 0.6708 0.7883 1.88321 2222.222 1.41 37 .159043
.46 .2116 .097336 0.6782 0.7719 j .66276 2173.913 1.4451 .166190
.47 .2209 .103823 0.6856 0.m5 1.67210 2127.660 1.4765 .173494
.48 .2304 .110592 0.6928 0.7830 1.68124 2083.333 1.5080 .180956
.49 .2401 .117649 0 .7000 0 .7884 1.69020 2040.816 1.5394 .168574

393
.50
.99
No. "'" Diameter

1000
No. Square Cube SA~~~e Cube
Root Logarithm X
Reciprocal Circum. Area
.50 .2500 . 125000 0.7071 0.7937 1.69897 2000.000 1.5708 .1 9635

.51 .2601 .132651 0.7141 0 .7990 1.70757 1960.784 1. 6022 .20428
.52 .2704 .140608 0.7211 0.8041 1.71600 1923.077 1 .6336 .21237
.53 .2809 . 148877 0.7280 0.8093 1.72428 1886.793 1.6650 .22062
.54 .2916 .157464 0 .7348 0.8143 1.73239 1851.852 1.6965 .22902
.55 .3025 .166375 0.7416 0.8193 1.74036 1818.182 1 .7279 .23758
.56 .3136 .175616 0 .7483 0.8243 1.74819 1785.714 1. 7593 .24830
.57 .3249 .1 85193 0 .7550 0.8291 1.75587 1754 .386 1. 7907 .25518
.58 .3364 .1 95112 0.7616 0.8340 1.76343 1724.138 1.8221 .26421
.59 .3481 .205379 0.7681 0.8387 1.77085 1694.915 1.8535 .27340
.60 .3600 .216000 0.7746 0.8434 1.77815 1666 .667 1.8850 .28274
.61 .3721 .226981 0.7810 0.8481 1.78533 1639 .344 1.9164 .29225
.62 .3844 .238328 0.7874 0.8527 1.79239 1612.903 1.9478 .30191
.63 .3969 .250047 0.7937 0.8573 1.79934 1587.302 1.9792 .311 73
.64 .4096 .262144 0.8000 0.8618 1.80618 1562 .500 2.0106 .32170
.65 .4225 .274625 0 .8062 0.8662 1.81291 1538.462 2.0420 .33183
.66 .4356 .287496 0.8124 0.8707 1. 81954 1515.152 2.0735 .34212
.67 .4489 .300763 0.8185 0.8750 1.82607 1492.537 2.1049 .35257
.68 .4624 .314432 0.8246 0.8794 1. 83251 1470.588 2. 1363 .36317
.69 .4761 .328509 0.8307 0.8837 1 .83885 1449.275 2. 1677 .37393
.70 .4900 .343000 0.8367 0.8879 1.84510 1428.571 2.1991 .38485
.71 .5041 .357911 0.8426 0 .8921 1.85126 1408 .451 2 .2305 .39592
.72 .5184 .373248 0.8485 0 .8963 1.85733 1388.889 2 .2620 .40715
.73 .5329 .389017 0.8544 0.9004 1.86332 1369 .863 2.2934 .41854
.74 .5476 .405224 0.8602 0.9045 1.86923 1351.351 2.3248 .43008
.75 .5625 .421875 0.8660 0.9086 1 .87506 1333.333 2.3562 .44179
.76 .5776 .438976 0.8718 0.9126 1 .88081 1315 .790 2.3876 .45365
.77 .5929 .456533 0.8775 0.9166 1.88649 1298 .701 2.4190 .46566
.78 .6084 .474552 0 .8832 0.9205 1.89209 1282 .051 2.4504 .47784
.79 .6241 .493039 0.8888 0.9244 1 .89763 1265.823 2.4819 .49017
.80 .6400 .512000 0.8944 0 .9283 1. 90309 1250.000 2.5133 .50266
.81 .6561 .531441 0.9000 0.9322 1. 90849 1234.568 2.5447 .51 530
.. 82 .6724 .551368 0.9055 0 .9360 1. 91381 1219.512 2.5761 .52810
.83 .6889 .571787 0.91 10 0.9398 1.91908 1204.819 2.6075 .54106
.84 .7056 .592704 0.9165 0.9435 1.92428 1190.476 2.6389 .55418
.85 .7225 .614125 0.9220 0.9473 1.92942 1176.471 2.6704 .56745
.86 .7396 .636056 0.9274 0.9510 1.93450 1162 .791 2.7018 .58088
.87 .7569 .658503 0 .9327 0.9546 1.93952 1149.425 2.7332 .59447
.88 .7744 .681472 0 .9381 0.9583 1.94448 1136.364 2.7546 .60821
.89 .7921 .704969 0 .9434 0.9619 1.94939 1123.596 2.7960 .62211
.90 .8100 .729000 0.9487 0.9655 1 .95424 1111.111 2 .8274 .63617
.91 .8281 .753571 0.9539 0.9691 1.95904 1098.901 2 .8589 .65039
.92 .8464 .778688 0.9592 0.9726 1.96379 1086.957 2 .8903 .66476
.93 .8649 .804357 0.9644 0.9761 1.96848 1075.269 2 .9217 .67929
.94 .8836 .830584 0.9695 0.9796 1.9731 3 1063.830 2.9531 .69398
.95 .9025 .857375 0.9747 0.9830 1.97772 1052 .632 2.9845 .70882
.96 .9216 .884736 0.9798 0.9865 1.98227 1041.667 3 .01 59 .72382
.97 .9409 .912673 0.9849 0.9899 1.98677 1030 .928 3.0473 .73898
.98 .9604 .941192 0 .9899 0.9933 1.99123 1020 .408 3 .0788 .75430
.99 .9801 .970299 0.9950 0.9967 1.99564 1010.101 3. 1102 .76977

394
1
49
No. - Diameter
1000
N,. Square Cube SA~~~8 Cube
Root Logarithm X
,
1 1 1 1.0000 1.0000 0.00000 1000.000 3 .142 0.7854
2 4 8 1.4142 1.2599 0.30103 500.000 6.283 3.1416
3 9 27 1 .7321 1 .4422 0.47712 333.333 9.425 7 .0686
4 16 64 2 . 0000 1. 5874 0.60206 250.000 12.566 12.5664
5 25 125 2.2361 1.71 00 0.69897 200 .000 15.708 19.6350
6 36 216 2.4495 1.8171 0.77815 166.667 18.850 28.2743
7 49 343 2 . 6458 1.9129 0.84510 142.857 21 .991 38.4845
8 64 512 2 . 8284 2.0000 0.90309 125.000 25.133 50.2655
9 81 729 3.0000 2.0801 0.95424 111.111 28.274 63.6173
10 100 1000 3 .1 623 2. 1544 1.00000 100.000 31.416 78.5398
11 121 1331 3 . 3166 2.2240 1.04139 90.9091 34.558 95.0332
12 144 1728 3 .4641 2 .2894 1.07918 83.3333 37 .699 11 3 .097
13 169 2197 3 . 6056 2.3513 1.11 394 76 .9231 40 .841 132.732
14 196 2744 3 .7417 2.4101 1.14613 71.4286 43.982 153.938
15 225 3375 3.8730 2.4662 1. 17609 66 .6667 47 .124 176.715
16 256 4096 4.0000 2 .5198 1 .20412 62.5000 50.265 201 .062
17 289 4913 4.1231 2.5713 1 .23045 58 .8235 53.407 226 .980
18 324 5832 4.2426 2.6207 1.25527 55 .5556 56.549 254 .469
19 361 6859 4.3589 2 .6684 1.27875 52 .6316 59.690 283 .529
20 400 8000 4.4721 2.7144 1.30103 50.0000 62 .832 314 .1 59
21 441 9261 4.5826 2 .7589 1 .3 = 47.6190 65.973 346.361
22 484 10648 4.6904 2.8020 1.34242 45.4545 69.115 380 .1 33
23 529 12167 4.7958 2.8439 1 .36173 43.4783 72.257 415.476
24 576 13824 4 .8990 2.8845 1.38021 41 .6667 75.398 452.389
25 625 15625 5.0000 2 .9240 1.39794 40.0000 78.540 490 .874
26 676 17576 5.0990 2 .9625 1.41 497 38.4615 81.681 530 .929
27 729 19683 5. 1962 3.0000 1.43136 37.0370 84.823 572.555
28 784 21952 5.2915 3.0366 1.44716 35.7143 87.965 615 .752
29 841 24389 5.3852 3.0723 1.46240 34.4828 91.106 660.520
30 900 27000 5.4772 3. 1072 1.47712 33. 3333 94.248 706 .858
31 961 29791 5 .5678 3. 1414 1.49136 32.2581 97.389 754.768
32 1024 32768 5.6569 3.1748 1.50515 31.2500 100. 531 804.248
33 1089 35937 5.7446 3.2075 1.51851 30.3030 103.673 855.299
34 1156 39304 5 .8310 3.2396 1.53148 29.4118 106.814 907.920
35 1225 42875 5 .9161 3.2711 1.54407 28.5714 109.956 962.113
36 1296 46656 6.0000 3.3019 1.55630 27.7778 11 3.097 1017 .88
37 1369 50653 6.0828 3.3322 1.56820 27 .0270 116 .239 1075 .21
38 1444 54872 6. 1644 3.3620 1.57978 26 .3158 11 9 .381 1134.11
39 1521 59319 6.2450 3 .3912 1.59106 25 .6410 122.522 11 94.59
40 1600 64000 6. 3246 3.4200 1 .60206 25 .0000 125.66 1256.64
41 1681 68921 6.4031 3.4482 1.61 278 24.3902 128.81 1320.25
42 1764 74088 6.4807 3.4760 1.62325 23.8095 131.95 1385.44
43 1849 79507 6.5574 3.5034 1.63347 23.2558 135.09 1452.20
44 1936 85184 6 .6332 3.5303 1. 64345 22.7273 138.23 1520.53
45 2025 91125 6.7082 3.5569 1.65321 22 .= 141.37 1590.43
46 2116 97336 6.7823 3.5830 1.66276 21.7391 144 .51 1661. 90
47 2209 103823 6.8557 3.6088 1.67210 21 .2766 147.65 1734 .94
48 2304 110592 6.9282 3.6342 1.681 24 20.8333 150 .80 1809.56
49 2401 117649 7.0000 3.6593 1. 69020 20.4082 153.94 1885 . 74

395
50
99
No. "" Diameter
SQuare Cube 1000
N,. Square Cube Root Root Logarithm X
50 2500 125000 7.0711 3.6840 1.69897 20.0000 157.08 1963.50

51 2601 132651 7.1414 3.7084 1.70757 19.6078 160. 22 2042.82
52 2704 140608 7.2111 3.7325 1.71600 19.2308 163 .36 2123.72
53 2809 148877 7.2801 3.7563 1.72428 18.8679 166.50 2206.18
54 2916 157464 7.3485 3.7798 1.73239 18.5185 169. 65 2290.22
55 3025 166375 7.4162 3.8030 1.74036 18 . 1818 172 .79 2375.83
56 3136 175616 7.4833 3.8259 1.74819 17.8571 175.93 2463.01
57 3249 185193 7.5498 3.8485 1.75587 17 .5439 179.07 2551.76
58 3364 195112 7.6158 3.8709 1.76343 17.2414 182. 21 2642.08
59 3481 205379 7.6811 3.8930 1.77085 16.9492 185.35 2733.97
60 3600 216000 7.7460 3.9149 1.77815 16.6667 188.50 2827.43
61 3721 226981 7.8102 3.9365 1.78533 16.3934 191.64 2922 .47
62 3844 238328 7.8740 3.9579 1.79239 16.1290 194.78 3019 .07
63 3969 250047 7.9373 3.9791 1.79934 15.8730 197.92 3117 .25
64 4096 262144 8.0000 4.0000 1.80618 15.6250 201.06 3216.99
65 4225 274625 8.0623 4.0207 1.81291 15.3846 204.20 3318.31
66 4356 287496 8.1240 4.0412 1.81954 15.1515 207.35 3421.19
67 4489 300763 8.1854 4.0615 1.82607 14 .9254 210.49 3525.65
68 4624 314432 8.2462 4.0817 1.83251 14.7059 213.63 3631.68
69 4761 328509 8.3066 4.1016 1.83885 14.4928 216.77 3739.28
70 4900 343000 8.3666 4.1213 1.84510 14.2857 219.91 3848.45
71 5041 357911 8.4261 4 . 1408 1. 85126 14.0845 223.05 3959. 19
72 5184 373248 8.4853 4.1602 1. 85733 13.8889 226.19 4071.50
73 5329 389017 8.5440 4.1793 1. 86332 13.6986 229 .34 41 85.39
74 5476 405224 8.6023 4.1983 1. 86923 13.5135 232 .48 4300.84
75 ·5625 421875 8.6603 4.2172 1.87506 13.3333 235 .62 4417 .86
76 5776 438976 8.7178 4.2358 1.88081 13.1579 238 .76 4536.46
77 5929 456533 8.7750 4.2543 1.88649 12.9870 241. 90 4656.63
78 6084 474552 8.8318 4.2727 1. 89209 12.8205 245.04 4778.36
79 6241 493039 8 .8882 4.2908 1.89763 12.6582 248.19 4901.67
80 6400 512000 8 .9443 4.3089 1.90309 12.5000 251 .33 5026.55
81 6561 531441 9 .0000 4.3267 1.90849 12.3457 254.47 5153.00
82 6724 551368 9 .0554 4.3445 1.91381 12. 1951 257.61 5281 .02
83 6889 571787 9.1104 4.3621 1.91908 12.0482 260.75 5410.61
84 7056 592704 9.1652 4.3795 1.92428 11.9048 263.89 5541. 77
85 7225 614125 9.2195 4.3968 1.92942 11.7647 267.04 5674.50
86 7396 636056 9.2736 4.4140 1.93450 11.6279 270.18 5808.80
87 7569 658503 9.3274 4.4310 1.93952 11.4943 273. 32 5944.68
88 7744 681472 9.3808 4.4480 1.94448 11.3636 276.46 6082.12
89 7921 704969 9.4340 4.4647 1.94939 11.2360 279.60 6221.14
90 8100 729000 9.4868 4.4814 1.95424 11.1111 282 .74 6361.73
91 8281 753571 9 .5394 4.4979 1.95904 10. 9890 285.88 6503.88
92 8464 778688 9.5917 4.5144 1.96379 10.8696 289.03 6647 .61
93 8649 804357 9.8437 4.5307 1.96846 10.7527 292.17 6792.91
94 8836 830584 9.6954 4.5468 1.97313 10.6383 295 .31 6939.78
95 9025 ~ 857375 9.7468 4.5629 1.97772 10.5263 298.45 7088.22
96 9216 884736 9.7980 4.5789 1.98227 10.4167 301.59 7238.23
97 9409 912673 9.8489 4.5947 1.98677 10.3093 304. 73 7389.81
98 9604 941192 9.8995 4.6104 1.991 23 10.2041 307 .88 7542.96
99 9801 970299 9.9499 4.6261 1.99564 10.1010 31 1.02 7697.69

/
396
100
149
No. "" Diameter

1000
No. Square Cube S~~'::te Cube
Root Logarithm X
100 10000 1000000 10.0000 4.6416 2.00000 10.0000 314.16 7853.98

101 10201 1030301 10.0499 4.6570 2.00432 9.90099 317.30 8011.85
102 10404 1061208 10.0995 4.6723 2.00860 9.80392 320.44 8171.28
103 10609 1092727 10.1489 4.6875 2.01284 9.70874 323.58 8332.29
104 10816 1124864 10.1980 4.7027 2 . 01703 9.61538 326.73 8494.87
105 11025 1157625 10 . 2470 4.7177 2 . 02119 9.52381 329.87 8659.01

106 11236 1191016 10.2956 4.7326 2.02531 9.43396 333.01 8824.73
107 11449 1225043 10 . 3441 4.7475 2.02938 9.34579 336 . 15 8992.02
108 11664 1259712 10.3923 4.7622 2.03342 9.25926 339.29 9160.88
109 11881 1295029 10.4403 4.7769 2.03743 9.17431 342.43 9331 .32
110 12100 1331000 10.4881 4.7914 2.04139 9.09091 345.58 9503.32

111 12321 1367631 10.5357 4 . 8059 2.04532 9.00901 348.72 9676.89
112 12544 1404928 10.5830 4 . 8203 2.04922 8.92857 351.86 9852.03
113 12769 1442897 10.6301 4 .8346 2.05308 8 . 84956 355.00 10028.7
114 12996 1481544 10.6771 4 . 8488 2.05690 8.77193 358.14 10207.0
115 13225 1520875 10.7238 4.8629 2.06070 8.69565 361.28 10386.9

116 13456 1560896 10.7703 4.8770 2.06446 8.62069 364.42 10568.3
117 13689 1601613 10.8167 4.8910 2.06819 8 . 54701 367.57 10751.3
118 13924 1643032 10.8628 4.9049 2.07188 8.47458 370.71 10935.9
119 14161 1685159 10.9087 4.9187 2.07555 8.40336 373.85 11122.0
120 14400 1728000 10.9545 4.9324 2.07918 8.33333 376.99 11309.7

121 14641 1771561 11.0000 4.9461 2.08279 8.26446 380.13 11499 . 0
122 14884 1815848 11.0454 4.9597 2.08636 8.19672 383.27 11689 :9
123 15129 1860867 11.0905 4 .9732 2.08991 8.13008 386.42 11882.3
124 15376 1906624 11.1355 4 .9866 2.09342 8.06452 389.56 12076 . 3
125 15625 1953125 11.1803 5.0000 2.09691 8.00000 392.70 12271.8

126 15876 2000376 11.2250 5.0133 2.10037 7.93651 395.84 12469.0
127 16129 2048383 11 . 2694 5 . 0265 2.10380 7.87402 398.98 12667.7
128 16384 2097152 11.3137 5.0397 2.10721 7.81250 402.12 12868.0
129 16641 2146689 11 . 3578 5 . 0528 2.11059 7.75194 405.27 13069.8
130 16900 2197000 11.4018 5.0658 2 . 11394 7.69231 408 .41 13273.2
131 17161 2248091 11.4455 5.0788 2.11727 7 .63359 411 . 55 13478.2
132 17424 2299968 11.4891 5.0916 2.12057 7.57576 414.69 13684.8
133 17689 2352637 11.5326 5.1045 2.12385 7.51880 417.83 13892.9
134 17956 2406104 11.5758 5.1172 2.12710 7.46269 420.97 14102.6
135 18225 2460375 11.6190 5.1299 2.13033 7.40741 424.12 14313.9

136 18496 I 2515456 11.6619 5.1426 2.13354 7.35294 427.26 14526.7
137 18769 I 2571353
2628072
11.7047
11.7473
5.1551
5 .1676
2.13672
2.13988
7 . 29927
7 . 24638
430.40
433 . 54
14741.1
14957.1
138 19044
139 19321 2685619 11.7898 5.1801 2.14301 7.19424 436.68 15174.7
140 19600 2744000 11.8322 5.1925 2.14613 7.14286 439.82 15393.8

141 19881 2803221 11.8743 5.2048 2.14922 7.09220 442.96 15614.5
142 20164 2863288 11.9164 5.2171 2.15229 7.04225 446.11 15836.8
143 20449 2924207 11.9583 5.2293 2.15534 6.99301 449.25 16060.6
144 20736 2985984 12.0000 5.2415 2.15836 6.94444 452.39 16286.0
145 21025 3048625 12.0416 5.2536 2.16137 6.89655 455.53 16513.0

146 21316 3112136 12.0830 5.2656 2.16435 6.84932 458.67 16741.5
147 21609 3176523 12.1244 5.2776 2.16732 6.80272 461.81 16971.7
148 21904 3241792 12.1655 5.2896 2.17026 6.75676 464.96 17203.4
149 22201 3307949 12.2066 5.3015 2.17319 6.71141 468.10 17436.6
I

397
150
199
No . ... Diameter
1000
No. Square Cube s~~~~e Cube
Ro ot Logarithm X
150 22500 3375000 12.2474 5.3133 2.17609 6.66667 471 .24 17671.5
151 22801 3442951 12.2882 5.3251 2.17898 6.62252 474.38 17907.9
152 23104 3511808 12.3288 5.3368 2.18184 6.57895 477 .52 18145.8
153 23409 3581577 12.3693 5.3485 2.18469 6.53595 480.66 18385.4
154 23716 3652264 12.4097 5.3601 2.18752 6.49351 483.81 18626.5
155 24025 3723875 12.4499 5.3717 2.19033 6.45161 486.95 18869.2
156 24336 3796416 12.4900 5.3832 2.19312 6.41026 490 .09 19113.4
157 24649 3869893 12.5300 5.3947 2.19590 6.36943 493.23 19359.3
158 24964 3944312 12.5698 5.4061 2.19866 6.32911 496.37 19606.7
159 25281 4019879 12.6095 5.4175 2.20140 6.28931 499.51 19855 .7
160 25600 4096000 12.6491 5.4288 2.20412 6.25000 502.65 20106.2
161 25921 4173261 12 .6886 5.4401 2.20683 6.21118 505.80 20358.3
162 26244 4251528 12.7279 5.4514 2.20952 6.17284 508.94 20612.0
163 26569 4330747 12.7671 5.4626 2.21219 6.13497 512.08 20867.2
164 26896 4410944 12.8062 5.4737 2.21484 6.09756 515.22 21124.1
165 27225 4492125 12.8452 5.4848 2.21748 6.06061 518.36 21382.5
166 27556 4574296 12 .8841 5.4959 2.22011 6.02410 521 .50 21642.4
167 27889 4657463 12.9228 5.5069 2.22272 5.98802 524.65 21904.0 0
168 28224 4741632 12.9615 5.5178 2.22531 5.95238 527.79 22167.1

169 .28561 4826809 13.0000 5.5288 2.22789 5.91716 530.93 22431 . 8
170 28900 4913000 13.0384 5.5397 2.23045 5.88235 534.07 22698.0
171 29241 5000211 13.0767 5.5505 2.23300 5.84795 537.21 22965 .8
172 29584 5088448 13.1149 5.5613 2.23553 5.81395 540.35 23235.2
173 29929 5177717 13.1529 5.5721 2 .23805 5.78035 543.50 23506.2
174 30276 5268024 13.1909 5.5828 2.24055 5.74713 546.64 23778.7
175 30625 5359375 13.2288 5.5934 2.24304 5.71429 549.78 24052.8
176 30976 5451776 13.2665 5.6041 2.24551 5.68182 552.92 24328.5
177 31329 5545233 13.3041 5.6147 2.24797 5.64972 556.06 24605.7
178 31684 5639752 13.3417 5.6252 2.25042 5.61798 559.20 24884.6
179 32041 5735339 13.3791 5.6357 2.25285 5.58659 562.35 25164.9
180 32400 5832000 13.4164 5.6462 2.25527 5.55556 565.49 25446.9
181 32761 5929741 13.4536 5 .6567 2.25768 5.52486 568.63 25730.4
182 33124 6028568 13.4907 5.6671 2.26007 5.49451 571.77 26015.5
183 33489 6128487 13.5277 5.6774 2.26245 5.46448 574.91 26302.2
184 33856 6229504 13.5647 5.6877 2.26482 5.43478 578.05 26590.4
185 34225 6331625 13.6015 5 .6980 2.26717 5.40541 581.19 26880.3
186 34596 6434856 13.6382 5.7083 2.26951 5.37634 584.34 27171 .6
187 34969 6539203 13.6748 5.7185 2.27184 5.34759 587.48 27464.6
188 35344 6644672 13.7113 5.7287 2.27416 5.31915 590.62 27759.1
189 35721 6751269 13.7477 5 .7388 2.27646 5.29101 593.76 28055.2
190 36100 6859000 13.7840 5.7489 2.27875 5.26316 596.90 28352.9
191 36481 6967871 13.8203 5.7590 2.28103 5.23560 600.04 28652.1
192 36864 7077888 13.8564 5.7690 2.28330 5.20833 603.19 28952.9
193 37249 7189057 13.8924 5.7790 2.28556 5.18135 606.33 29255.3
194 37636 7301384 13.9284 5.7890 2.28780 5 . 15464 609.47 29559.2
195 38025 7414875 13.9642 5 .7989 2.29003 5.12821 612.61 29864.8
196 38416 7529536 14.0000 5.8088 2.29226 5.10204 615.75 30171.9
197 38809 7645373 14.0357 5.8186 2.29447 5.07614 618.89 30480.5
198 39204 7762392 14.0712 5.8285 2.29667 5 .05051 622.04 30790.7
199 39601 7880599 14.1067 5.8383 2.29885 5.02513 625.18 31102.6
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF 5 rEEL CONSTRUCTION

398
200
249
No. = Diameter
C,be 1000
No. Square Cube ~6 Roo. logar ithm X
Reci~rocal Circum. Area
200 40000 8000000 14.1421 5.8480 2.30103 5.00000 628.32 31415.9

201 40401 8120601 14.1774 5.8578 2.30320 4.97512 631.46 31730.9
202 40804 8242408 14.2127 5.8675 2.30535 4.95050 634.60 32047.4
203 41209 8365427 14.2478 5.8771 2.30750 4.92611 637.74 32365.5
204 41616 8489664 14.2829 5.8868 2.30963 4 .90196 640.88 32685.1
205 42025 8615125 14.3178 5.8964 2.31 175 4.87805 644.03 33006.4
206 42436 8741816 14.3527 5.9059 2.31387 4.85437 647.17 33329 .2
207 42849 8869743 14.3875 5.9155 2.31597 4.83092 650.31 33653.5
208 43264 8998912 14.4222 5.9250 2.31806 4.80769 653.45 33979.5
209 43681 9129329 14.4568 5.9345 2 .32015 4.78469 656.59 34307 .0
210 44100 9261000 14.4914 5.9439 2.32222 4.76190 659.73 34636 .1

21 1 44521 9393931 14.5258 5 .9533 2 .32428 4.73934 662.88 34966.7
212 44944 9528128 14.5602 5 .9627 2.32634 4.71698 666 .02 35298 .9
213 45369 9663597 14.5945 5.9721 2 .32838 4.69484 669 .16 35632 .7
214 45796 9800344 14.6287 5.9814 2.33041 4.67290 672 .30 35968.1
215 46225 9938375 14.6629 5.9907 2 .33244 4.65116 675.44 36305.0

216 46656 10077696 14.6969 6.0000 2.33445 4.62963 678 .58 36643.5
217 47089 1021831 3 14.7309 6.0092 2 .33646 4 .60829 681 .73 36983.6
218 47524 10360232 14.7648 6.0185 2 .33846 4 .58716 684.87 37325.3
219 47961 10503459 14.7986 6.0277 2.34044 4.56621 688.01 37668.5
220 48400 10648000 14.8324 6.0368 2 .34242 4.54545 691 .15 38013.3
221 48841 10793861 14 .8661 6.0459 2.34439 4 .52489 694 .29 38359.6
222 49284 10941048 14.8997 6.0550 2.34635 4.50450 697 .43 38707.6
223 49729 11089567 14.9332 6.0641 2 .34830 4.48430 700.58 39057.1
224 50176 11239424 14.9666 6.0732 2.35025 4.46429 703.72 39408.1
225 50625 11390625 15.0000 6.0822 2.35218 4.44444 706.86 39760 .8

226 ' 51076 11543176 15.0333 6 .0912 2.35411 4.42478 710.00 40115.0
227 51529 11697083 15.0665 6.1002 2.35603 4.40529 713.14 40470.8
228 51984 11852352 15.0997 6. 1091 2.35793 4.38596 716 .28 40828.1
229 52441 12008989 15.1327 6. 11 80 2.35984 4.36681 719.42 41187.1
230 52900 12167000 15.1658 6. 1269 2 .36173 4.34783 722 .57 41547.6
231 53361 12326391 15. 1987 6.1358 2.36361 4 .32900 725.71 41909.6
232 53824 12487168 15 .2315 6.1446 2.36549 4.31034 728.85 42273 .3
233 54289 12649337 15.2643 6.1534 2.36736 4.29185 731 .99 42638.5
234 54756 12812904 15.2971 6.1622 2.36922 4.27350 735.13 43005.3
I 738.27 43373.6
235 5522p 12977875 15.3297 6.1710 2.37107 4.25532
236 55696 13144256 15.3623 6.1797 2.37291 4 .23729 741 .42 43743.5
237 56169 13312053 15.3948 6.1885 2.37475 4.21941 744.56 44115.0
238 56644 13481272 15.4272 6.1972 2.37658 4.20168 747.70 44488.1
239 5712 13651919 15.4596 6.2058 2.37840 4.18410 750.84 44862.7
1
240 57600 13824000 15.4919 6.2145 2 .38021 4.16667 753.98 45238.9
241 58081 13997521 15.5242 6.2231 2 .38202 4.14938 757.12 45616.7
242 58564 14172488 15.5563 6 .2317 2.38382 4.13223 760.27 45996.1
243 59049 14348907 15.5885 6.2403 2.38561 . 4.11523 763.41 46377.0
244 59536 14526784 15.6205 6 .2488 2.38739 4 .09836 766.55 46759.5
245 60025 14706125 15.6525 6.2573 2.38917 4.08163 769.69 47143.5

246 60516 14886936 15 .6844 6.2658 2.39094 4.06504 772.83 47529.2
247 61009 15069223 15.7162 6.2743 2.39270 4.04858 775. 97 47916.4
248 61504 15252992 15 .7480 6.2828 2.39445 4.03226 779.12 48305 .1
249 62001 15438249 15. 7797 6.2912 2.39620 4.01606 782.26 48695.5
AM ERIC AN INSTITUTE OF STEEL. CONSTRUCTION

..
399
250
299
No. = Diameter
Square Cube 1000
N,. Square Cube Root Root logarithm X
R eciprocal Circum. Area
250 62500 15625000 15.8114 6.2996 2.39794 4.00000 785.40 49087.4

251 63001 15813251 15.8430 6.3080 2.39967 3.98406 788 .54 49480.9
252 63504 16003008 15.8745 6.3164 2 .40140 3 .96825 791.68 49875.9
253 64009 16194277 15.9060 6.3247 2.40312 3.95257 794 .82 50272.6
254 64516 16387064 15.9374 6 .3330 2.40483 3.93701 797.96 50670.7
255 65025 16581375 15.9687 6.3413 2.40654 3 .92157 801.1 1· 51070.5
256 65536 16777216 16.0000 6.3496 2.40824 3.90625 804.25 51471.9
257 66049 16974593 16.0312 6.3579 2.40993 3.89105 807.39 51874.8
258 66564 17173512 16.0624 6.3661 2.41 162 3.87597 810.53 52279.2
259 67081 17373979 16.0935 6 .3743 2.41330 3 .86100 813.67 52685.3
260 67600 17576000 16.1245 6. 3825 2.41497 3.84615 816 .81 53092.9
261 68121 17779581 16.1555 6.3907 2.41664 3.83142 819 .96 53502.1
262 68644 17984728 16 . 1864 6.3988 2.41830 3.81679 823.10 53912.9
263 69169 18191447 16 .2173 6.4070 2 .41996 3.80228 826 .24 54325.2
264 69696 18399744 16 .2481 6.4151 2.42160 3.78788 829.38 54739 . 1
265 70225 18609625 16 .2788 6.4232 2.42325 3.77358 832.52 55154.6
266 70756 18821096 16.3095 6.4312 2.42488 3.75940 835.66 55571.6
267 71289 19034163 16.3401 6.4393 2.42651 3.74532 838.81 55990.2
268 71824 19248832 16 .3707 6.4473 2.42813 3.73134 841.95 56410.4
269 72361 19465109 16.4012 6.4553 2.42975 3.71747 845.09 56832.2
270 72900 19683000 16.4317 6.4633 2.43136 3.70370 848.23 57255.5
271 73441 19902511 16.4621 6.4713 2.43297 3.69004 851.37 57680.4
272 73984 20123648 16.4924 6.4792 2.43457 3.67647 854.51 58106 .9
273 74529 20346417 16.5227 6.4872 2.43616 3 .66300 857.65 58534.9
274 75076 20570824 16.5529 6.4951 2.43775 3 .64964 860.80 58964.6
275 75625 20796875 16.5831 6.5030 2.43933 3 .63636 863.94 59395. 7
276 76176 21024576 16.6132 6.5108 2.44091 3.62319 867.08 59828:5
277 76729 21253933 16.6433 6.5187 2.44248 3.61011 870.22 60262.8
278 77284 21484952 16.6733 6.5265 2.44404 3.59712 873.36 60698. 7
279 77841 21717639 16.7033 6.5343 2.44560 3.58423 876.50 61 136.2
280 78400 21952000 16.7332 6.5421 2.44716 3 . 57143 879.65 61575.2
281 78961 22188041 16.7631 6.5499 2.44871 3.55872 882.79 620,1 5.8
282 79524 22425768 16.7929 6.5577 2.45025 3.54610 885.93 62458.0
283 80089 22665187 16 .8226 6.5654 2.45179 3 .53357 889.07 62901.8
284 80656 22906304 16 .8523 6.5731 2.45332 3 .52113 892.21 63347. 1
285 81225 23149125 16 .8819 6.5808 2.45484 3 .50877 895.35 63794.0
286 81796 23393656 16.9115 6.5885 2.45637 3.49650 898.50 64242.4
287 82369 23639903 16.9411 6.5962 2.45788 3.48432 901.64 64692 .5
288 82944 23887872 16 .9706 6.6039 2.45939 3.47222 904.78 65144.1
289 83521 24137569 17.0000 6.6115 2.46090 3.46021 907.92 65597 .2
29Q 84100 24389000 17.0294 6.6191 2.46240 3.44828 911.06 66052.0
291 84681 24642171 17.0587 6.6267 2.46389 3.43643 914.20 66508.3
292 85264 24897088 17 .0880 6.6343 2.46538 3.42466 917 .35 66966 .2
293 85849 25153757 17. 1172 6.6419 2.46687 3.41297 920.49 67425.6
294 86436 25412184 17.1464 6.6494 2.46835 3.40136 923.63 67886.7
295 87025 25672375 17. 1756 6.6569 2.46982 3.38983 926.77 68349.3
296 87616 25934336 17 .2047 6.6644 2.47129 3.37838 929.91 68813 .4
297 88209 26198073 17.2337 6 .6719 2.47276 3.36700 933.05 69279 .2
298 88804 26463692 17.2627 6.6794 2.47422 3.35570 936. 19 69746.5
299 89401 26730899 17.2916 6.6869 2.47567 3.34448 939 .34 70215.4

'/
400
300
349
No. = Diameter
Square Cube 1000
N,. Square Cube Root Root Logarithm X
300 90000 27000000 17.3205 6.6943 2.47712 3.33333 942.48 70685.8

301 90601 27270901 17.3494 6 .7018 2.47857 3.32226 945.62 71157.9
302 91204 27543608 17.3781 6.7092 2.48001 3. 31126 948.76 71631.5
303 91809 27818127 17.4069 6.7166 2.48144 3.30033 951.90 72106.6
3Q4 92416 28094464 17.4356 6.7240 2.48287 3.28947 955.04 72583 .4
305 93025 28372625 17.4642 6.7313 2.48430 3.27869 958 .19 73061.7
306 93636 28652616 17.4929 6.7387 2.48572 3.26797 961.33 73541.5
307 94249 28934443 17.5214 6.7460 2.48714 3.25733 964.47 74023.0
308 94864 29218112 17.5499 6.7533 2.48855 3.24675 967.61 74506.0
309 95481 29503629 17.5784 6.7606 2.48996 3.23625 970.75 74990.6
310 96100 29791000 17.6068 6.7679 2.49136 3.22581 973.89 75476.8
311 96721 30080231 17.6352 6.7752 2.49276 3.21543 977.04 75964.5
312 97344 30371328 17.6635 6 .7824 2.49415 3.20513 980.18 76453 .8
313 97969 30664297 17.6918 6.7897 2.49554 3.19489 983.32 76944.7
314 98596 30959144 17.7200 6.7969 2.49693 3.18471 986.46 77437.1
315 99225 31255875 17.7482 6.8041 2.49831 3.17460 989.60 77931.1
316 99856 31554496 17.7764 6.8113 2.49969 3.16456 992.74 78426.7
317 100489 31855013 17.8045 6.8185 2 .50106 3.15457 995.88 78923.9
318 101124 32157432 17.8326 6.8256 2.50243 3.14465 999.03 79422.6
319 101761 32461759 17.8606 6.8328 2.50379 3.13480 1002.2 79922.9
320 102400 32768000 17.8885 6 .8399 2.50515 3.12500 1005.3 80424.8
321 103041 33076161 17.9165 6.8470 2.50651 3.11526 1008.5 80928.2
322 103684 33386248 17.9444 6 .8541 2.50786 3 . 10559 1011.6 81433 .2
323 104329 33698267 17.9722 6.8612 2.50920 3.09598 1014.7 81939.8
324 104976 34012224 18.0000 6.8683 2.51055 3.08642 1017.9 82448.0
325 105625 34328125 18.0278 6.8753 2.51188 3.07692 1021.0 82957.7
326 106276 34645976 18.0555 6.8824 2.51322 3.06749 1024.2 83469 .0
327 106929 34965783 18.0831 6.8894 2.51455 3.05810 1027.3 83981 .8
328 107584 35287552 18.1108 6.8964 2.51587 3.04878 1030.4 84496.3
329 108241 35611289 18.1384 6 .9034 2.51720 3.03951 1033.6 85012.3
330 108900 35937000 18.1659 6 .9104 2.51851 3.03030 1036.7 85529.9
331 109561 36264691 18.1934 6.9174 2 .51983 3.02115 1039.9 86049.0
332 110224 36594368 18.2209 6.9244 2 .52114 3.01205 1043.0 86569.7
333 110889 36926037 18.2483 6.9313 2.52244 3.00300 1046.2 87092.0
334 111556 37259704 18.2757 6.9382 2.52375 2.99401 1049.3 87615.9
335 112225 37595375 18.3030 6.9451 2.52504 2 .98507 1052.4 88141.3
336 112896 37933056 18.3303 6.9521 2.52634 2. 97619 1055.6 88668.3
337 113569 38272753 18.3576 6.9589 2.52763 2. 96736 1058.7 89196.9
338 114244 38614472 18.3848 6.9658 2.52892 2.95858 1061.9 89727.0
339 114921 38958219 18.4120 6.9727 2.53020 2.94985 1065 .0 90258.7
340 115600 39304000 18 .4391 6.9795 2.53148 2.94118 1068 .1 90792.0
341 116281 39651821 18.4662 6.9864 2.53275 2 .93255 1071.3 91326.9
342 116964 40001688 18.4932 6.9932 2.53403 2.92398 1074.4 91863.3
343 117649 40353607 18.5203 7.0000 2.53529 2.91545 1077.6 92401 .3
344 118336 40707584 18.5472 7.0068 2.53656 2.90698 1080.7 92940.9
345 119025 41063625 18.5742 7.0136 2.53782 2.89855 1083.8 93482 . 0
346 119716 41421736 18.6011 7.0203 2.53908 2.89017 1087.0 94024.7
347 120409 41781923 18.6279 7.0271 2.54033 2.88184 1090.1 94569.0
348 121104 42144192 18.6548 7 .0338 2.54158 2.87356 1093.3 95114.9
349 121801 42508549 18.6815 7 .0406 2.54283 2.86533 1096 .4 95662.3

401
350
F UNCT I ONS OF NUMBERS
399
No. - Diameter
1000
N,. Square Cube Sa~~~e Cube
Root Logarithm X
Reciprocal Circum . Area
350 122500 42875000 18.7083 7.0473 2 .54407 2.85714 1099 .6 96211 .3

351 123201 43243551 18.7350 7.0540 2 .54531 2 .84900 11 02 .7 96761 .8
352 123904 4361 4208 18.7617 7 .0607 2 .54654 2 .84091 1105 .8 97314 .0
353 124609 43986977 18.7883 7.0674 2.54777 2. 83286 1109 .0 97867. 7
354 125316 44361864 18 .8149 7.0740 2.54900 2 .82486 11 12. 1 98423.0
355 126025 44738875 18 .8414 7.0807 2.55023 2 .81690 111 5.3 98979. 8
356 126736 45118016 18 .8680 7 .0873 2 .55145 2 .80899 11 18.4 99538.2
357 127449 45499293 18 .8944 7 .0940 2 .55267 2.8011 2 11 21. 5 100098
358 128164 45882712 18.9209 7. 1006 2 .55388 2.79330 11 24. 7 100660
359 128881 46268279 18.9473 7. 1072 2.55509 2. 78552 1127.8 101223
360 129600 46656000 18.9737 7 . 11 38 2 .55630 2 .77778 11 31 .0 101788
361 130321 47045881 19 .0000 7 . 1204 2 .55751 2 .77008 11 34 .1 102354
362 131 044 47437928 19 .0263 7 .1 269 2. 55871 2 .76243 11 37 .3 102922
363 131769 47832147 19 .0526 7.1335 2 .55991 2 .75482 1140 .4 103491
364 132496 48228544 19.0788 7.1 400 2 .56110 2 .74725 1143. 5 104062
365 133225 48627125 19. 1050 7.1466 2.56229 2.73973 1146. 7 104635
366 133956 49027896 19.1311 7.1531 2 .56348 2.73224 1149 .8 105209
367 134689 49430863 19.1572 7 . 1596 2 .56467 2.72480 11 53 .0 105785
368 135424 49836032 19 .1833 7. 1661 2.56585 2 .71739 11 56. 1 106362
369 136161 50243409 19. 2094 7. 1726 2.56703 2 .71003 11 59.2 106941
370 136900 50653000 19 .2354 7. 1791 2.56820 2 .70270 11 62.4 107521
371 137641 51064811 19.261 4 7. 1855 2.56937 2. 69542 11 65 .5 108103
372 138384 51478848 19.2873 7 . 1920 2.57054 2 .68817 11 68. 7 108687
373 139129 5189511 7 19.3132 7 . 1984 2.57171 2 .68097 11 71.8 109272
374 139876 52313624 19.3391 7.2048 2.57287 2.67380 1175.0 109858
375 140625 52734375 19.3649 7. 2112 2 .57403 2.66676 1178.1 110447
376 141376 53157376 19.3907 7 .2177 2 .57519 2 .65957 11 81. 2 111 036
377 142129 53582633 19.41 65 7 .2240 2 .57634 2. 65252 11 84 .4 111 628
378 142884 54010152 19.4422 7 .2304 2.57749 2.64550 1187.5 11 2221
379 143641 54439939 19 .4679 7 .2368 2 .57864 2.63852 1190 .7 11 2815
380 144400 54872000 19 .4936 7. 2432 2.57978 2 .63158 11 93 .8 11 3411
381 145161 55306341 19 .5192 7 .2495 2.58093 2. 62467 11 96.9 114009
382 145924 55742968 19 .5448 7. 2558 2 .58206 2.61780 1200.1 114608
383 146689 56181887 19.5704 7 .2622 2.58320 2.61097 1203.2 11 5209
384 147456 566231 04 19.5959 7.2685 2.58433 2.60417 1206.4 11 581 2
385 148225 57066625 19 .6214 7. 2748 2 .58546 2.59740 1209.5 116416
386 148996 57512456 19 .6469 7 .2811 2 .58659 2.59067 1212. 7 117021
387 149769 57960603 19 .6723 7 .2874 2 .58771 2.58398 1215.8 11 7628
388 150544 5841 1072 19 .6977 7 .2936 2.58883 2 .57732 1218.9 11 8237
389 151321 58863869 19.7231 7.2999 2.58995 2.57069 1222.1 118847
390 152100 59319000 19 .7484 7. 3061 2.59106 2. 5641 0 1225.2 119459
391 152881 59776471 19 .7737 7. 3124 2 .59218 2. 55754 1228 .4 120072
392 153664 60236288 19 .7990 7. 3186 2.59329 2 .55102 1231. 5 120687
393 154449 60698457 19 .8242 7 .3248 2.59439 2.54453 1234 .6 121304
394 155236 611 62984 19.8494 7 .3310 2.59550 2.53807 1237.8 121922
395 156025 61629875 19.8746 7. 3372 2 .59660 2. 53165 1240. 9 122542
396 156816 62099136 19 .8997 7 .3434 2. 59770 2. 52525 1244 . 1 1231 63
397 157609 62570773 19 .9249 7 .3496 2 .59879 2 .51889 1247.2 123786
398 158404 63044792 19.9499 7. 3558 2 .59988 2.51256 1250 .4 124410
399 159201 635211 99 19.9750 7 .3619 2 .60097 2.50627 1253 .5 125036
A MERICA N IN S TITUTE O F STEEL CON STR U CTI O N

402
400
449
No. _ Diamoter
1000
No. Square Cube Sa:~e Cube
Root Logarith m X
Reciprocal Circ um. Area
400 160000 64000000 20 .0000 7.3681 2.60206 2.50000 1256. 6 125664

401 160801 64481201 20 .0250 7.3742 2.60314 2.49377 1259.8 126293
402 161604 64964808 20 .0499 7.3803 2.60423 2.48756 1262.9 126923
403 162409 65450827 20 .0749 7.3864 2.60531 2.48139 1266.1 127556
404 163216 65939264 20 .0998 7.3925 2.60638 2.47525 1269.2 128190
405 164025 66430125 20. 1246 7.3986 2 .60746 2. 46914 1272.3 128825
406 164836 66923416 20 . 1494 7.4047 2.60853 2.46305 1275.5 129462
407 165649 67419143 20 . 1742 7.4108 2.60959 2.45700 1278.6 130100
408 166464 67917312 20.1990 7.4169 2 .61066 2.45098 1281 .8 130741
409 167281 68417929 20.2237 7.4229 2.61172 2.44499 1284 .9 131382
410 168100 68921000 20 .2485 7.4290 2.61278 2 .43902 1288.1 132025
411 168921 69426531 20 .2731 7.4350 2 .61384 2.43309 1291.2 132670
412 169744 69934528 20 .2978 7 .4410 2 .61490 2 .42718 1294 .3 133317
413 170569 70444997 20 .3224 7.4470 2.61595 2.42131 1297.5 133965
414 171396 70957944 20 .3470 7.4530 2 .61700 2 .41546 1300. 6 134614
415 172225 71473375 20.3715 7.4590 2.61805 2.40964 1303.8 135265
416 173056 71991296 20.3961 7.4650 2.61909 2.40385 1306 .9 135918
417 173889 7251 1713 20.4206 7.4710 2.6201 4 2.39808 1310 .0 136572
418 174724 73034632 20.4450 7.4770 2.62118 2.39234 1313 .2 137228
419 175561 73560059 20.4695 7.4829 2.62221 2.38663 1316.3 137885
420 176400 74088000 20.4939 7.4889 2.62325 2. 38095 1319 .5 138544
421 177241 74618461 20.5183 7.4948 2.62428 2.37530 1322.6 139205
422 178084 75151448 20 .5426 7.5007 2.62531 2.36967 1325.8 139867
423 178929 75686967 20.5670 7.5067 2.62634 2.36407 1328.9 140531
424 179776 76225024 20.5913 7.5126 2.62737 2.35849 1332.0 141196
425 180625 76765625 20.6155 7.5185 2.62839 2.35294 1335 .2 141863
426 181476 77308776 20.6398 7.5244 2 .62941 2.34742 1338 .3 142531
427 182329 77854483 20.6640 7.5302 2 .63043 2.34192 1341 .5 143201
428 183184 78402752 20.6882 7.5361 2 .63144 2.33645 1344.6 143872
429 184041 78953589 20.7123 7.5420 2 .63246 2.33100 1347.7 144545
430 184900 79507000 20.7364 7.5478 2.63347 2.32558 1350.9 145220
431 185761 80062991 20.7605 7.5537 2.63448 2.32019 1354.0 145896
432 186624 80621568 20.7846 7.5595 2 .63548 2.31481 1357.2 146574
433 187489 81182737 20.8087 7.5654 2 .63649 2.30947 1360.3 147254
434 188356 81 746504 20.8327 7.5712 2 .63749 2.30415 1363.5 147934
435 189225 82312875 20 .8567 7.5770 2. 63849 2.29885 1366.6 148617
436 190096 82881856 20.8806 7.5828 2. 63949 2.29358 1369.7 149301
437 190969 83453453 20.9045 7.5886 2 .64048 2.28833 1372.9 149987
438 191844 84027672 20.9284 7.5944 2 .64147 2.28311 1376 .0 150674
439 192721 84604519 20.9523 7.6001 2.64246 2.27790 1379.2 151363
440 193600 85184000 20 .9762 7.6059 2 .64345 2 .27273 1382 .3 152053
441 194481 85766121 21. 0000 7 .61 17 2.84444 2 .26757 1385.4 152745
442 195364 86350888 21 .0238 7 .6174 2.64542 2 .26244 1388.6 153439
443 196249 86938307 21 .0476 7.6232 2.64640 2 .25734 1391. 7 1541 34
444 1971 36 87528384 21.0713 7.6289 2.64738 2.25225 1394.9 154830
445·. 198025 88121125 21.0950 7.6346 2.64836 2.2471 9 1398.0 155528.
446 19891 6 88716536 21.1187 7.6403 2.64933 2 .24215 1401.2 156228
447 199809 89314623 21.1424 7.6460 2.65031 2 .23714 1404 .3 156930
448 200704 89915392 21.1660 7.6517 2.65128 2 .23214 1407 .4 157633
449 201601 90518849 21.1896 7.6574 2.65225 2.22717 1410 .6 158337

403
450
499
No. _ Diameter
Square Cube 1000
No. Square Cube Root Root Logarithm X
Reci procal Circum. Area
450 202500 91125000 21.2132 7.6631 2.65321 2.22222 1413.7 159043

451 203401 91733851 21 .2368 7.6688 2.65418 2.21729 1416.9 159751
452 204304 92345408 21 .2603 7.6744 2.65514 2.21239 1420.0 160460
453 205209 92959677 21 .2838 7.6801 2.65610 2.20751 1423.1 161171 .
454 206116 93576664 21 .3073 7.6857 2.65706 2.20264 1426.3 161883
455 207025 94196375 21 .3307 7.6914 2.65801 2.19780 1429.4 162597
456 207936 94818816 21 .3542 7.6970 2.65896 2.19298 1432.6 163313
457 I 208849 95443993 21 .3776 7.7026 2.65992 2.18818 1435.7 164030
458 209764 96071912 21.4009 7 .7082 2.66087 2.18341 1438.8 164748
459 210681 96702579 21.4243 7.7138 2.66181 2.17865 1442.0 165468
460 211600 97336000 21 .4476 7.7194 2.66276 2.17391 1445.1 166190
461 212521 97972181 21 .4709 7.7250 2.66370 2.16920 1448.3 166914
462 213444 98611128 21 .4942 7.7306 2.66464 2.16450 1451.4 '167639
463 214369 99252847 21.5174 7.7362 2.66558 2.15983 1454.6 168365',
464 215296 99897344 21 .5407 7.7418 2 .66652 2.15517 1457.7 '.169093'
465 216225 100544625 21 .5639 7.7473 2.66745 2.15054 1460.8 169823

466 217156 101194696 21.5870 7.7529 2 .66839 2.14592 1464.0 170554-
467 218089 101847563 21.6102 7.7584 2.66932 2.14133 1467.1 171287
46~ 219024 102503232 21 .6333 7.7639 2.67025 2.13675 1470 .3 172021
469 219961 103161709 21.6564 7.7695 2.67117 2.13220 1473.4 172757
470 220900 103823000 21 .6795 7.7750 2.67210 2.12766 1476.5 173494
471 221841 104487111 21.7025 7.7805 2 .67302 2.12314 1479.7 174234
472 222784 105154048 21.7256 7.7860 2.67394 2.11864 1482.8 174974
473 223729 105823817 21.7486 7.7915 2.67486 2.11416 1486.0 175716
474 224676 106496424 21 .7715 7.7970 2.67578 2.10970 1489.1 176460
475 225625 107171875 21.7945 7.8025 2.67669 2.10526 1492.3 177205
476 226576 107850176 21 .8174 7.8079 2.67761 2.10084 1495.4 177952
477 227529 108531333 21 .8403 7.8134 2.67852 2.09644 1498.5 178701
478 228484 109215352 21.8632 7.8188 2.67943 2.09205 1501. 7 179451
479 229441 109902239 21 .8861 7.8243 2.68034 2.08768 1504.8 180203
480 230400 110592000 21.9089 7.8297 2.68124 2.08333 1508.0 180956
481 231361 111284641 21.9317 7.8352 2.68215 2.07900 1511.1 181711
482 232324 111980168 21.9545 7.8406 2.68305 2.07469 1514.2 182467
483 233289 112678587 21.9773 7.8460 2 .68395 2.07039 1517.4 183225
484 234256 113379904 22.0000 7.8514 2.68485 2.06612 1520.5 183984
485 235225 114084125 22.0227 7.8568 2 .68574 2.06186 1523.7 184745
486 236196 114791256 22.0454 7.8622 2.68664 2.05761 1526.8 185508
487 237169 115501303 22.0681 7.8676 2.68753 2.05339 1530.0 186272
488 238144 116214272 22 .0907 7.8730 2.68842 2.04918 1533.1 187038
489 239121 116930169 22.1133 7.8784 2.68931 2.04499 1536.2 187805
490 240100 117649000 22.1359 7.8837 2.69020 2.04082 1539.4 188574
491 241081 118370771 22.1585 7.8891 2.69108 2.03666 1542.5 189345
492 242064 119095488 22.1811 7.8944 2.69197 2 .03252 1545.7 190117
493 243049 119823157 22.2036 7.8998 2.69285 2.02840 1548.8 190890
494 244036 120553784 22.2261 7.9051 2.69373 2.02429 1551 .9 191665
495 245025 121287375 22.2486 7 .9105 2.69461 2.02020 1555 . 1 192442
496 246016 122023936 22.2711 7.9158 2.69548 2.01613 1558 .2 193221
497 247009 122763473 22.2935 7.9211 2.69636 2 .01207 1561.4 194000
498 248004 123505992 22.3159 7.9264 2.69723 2.00803 1564.5 194782
499 249001 124251499 22.3383 7.9317 2.69810 2.00401 1567 .7 195565
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRU CT I ON

404
500
549
No. - Diameter
1000
No. Square Cube SA~~te Cube
Root logarithm X
500 250000 125000000 22.3607 7.9370 2.69897 2.00000 1570.8 196350

501 251001 125751501 22.3830 7.9423 2.69984 1.99601 1573 .9 1971 36
502 252004 126506008 22.4054 7.9476 2 .70070 1.99203 1577 .1 197923
503 253009 127263527 22.4277 7.9528 2 .70157 1.98807 1580 .2 198713
504 254016 128024064 22.4499 7.9581 2 .70243 1.98413 1583.4 199504
505 255025 128787625 22.4722 7.9634 2.70329 1.98020 1586.5 200296
506 256036 129554216 22.4944 7.9686 2 .70415 1.97628 1589 .6 201090
507 257049 130323843 22.5167 7.9739 2. 70501 1.97239 1592.8 201886
508 258064 131096512 22.5389 7.9791 2.70586 1.96850 1595.9 202683
509 259081 131872229 22.5610 7 .9843 2 .70672 1.96464 1599. 1 203482
510 260100 132651000 22.5832 7.9896 2.70757 1.96078 1602.2 204282
511 261121 133432831 22.6053 7.9948 2 .70842 1.95695 1605.4 205084
512 262144 134217728 22 .6274 8 .0000 2 .70927 1.95312 1608.5 205887
513 263169 135005697 22 .6495 8 .0052 2 .71012 1.94932 1611.6 206692
514 264196 135796744 22.6716 8.0104 2 .71096 1.94553 1614. 8 207499
515 265225 136590875 22.6936 8.0156 2 .71181 1.94175 1617.9 208307
516 266256 137388096 22.7156 8.0208 2 .71 265 1.93798 1621. 1 209117
517 267289 138188413 22.7376 8.0260 2 .71 349 1.93424 1624.2 209928
518 268324 138991832 22.7596 8.0311 2 .71433 1.93050 1627 .3 210741
519 269361 139798359 22.7816 8.0363 2 .71517 1.92678 1630.5 211556
520 270400 140608000 22.8035 8.0415 2 .71600 1 .92308 1633.6 212372
521 271441 141420761 22.8254 8.0466 2 .71684 1.91939 1636.8 213189
522 272484 142236648 22.8473 8 .0517 2 .71767 1.91571 1639.9 214008
523 273529 143055667 22.8692 8.0569 2.71850 1.91205 1643.1 214829
524 274576 143877824 22.8910 8.0620 2.71933 1.90840 1646 .2 215651
525 275625 144703125 22.9129 8.0671 2.72016 1.90476 1649 .3 216475
526 276676 145531576 22.9347 8.0723 2.72099 1 .90114 1652 .5 217301
527 277729 146363183 22 .9565 8.0774 2.72181 1 .89753 1655 .6 218128
528 278784 147197952 22.9783 8.0825 2.72263 1.89394 1658.8 218956
529 279841 148035889 23.0000 8.0876 2.72346 1.89036 1661.9 219787
530 .280900 148877000 23.0217 8.0927 2.72428 1.88679 1665.0 220618
531 281961 149721 291 23.0434 8.0978 2. 72509 1. 88324 1668.2 221452
532 283024 150568768 23 .0651 8.1028 2.72591 1.87970 1671.3 222287
533 284089 151419437 23.0868 8.1079 2.72673 1.87617 1674.5 223123
534 285156 152273304 23 .1084 8 .1130 2 .72754 1.87266 1677.6 223961
535 286225 153130375 23.1301 8 .1180 2.72835 1.86916 1680.8 224801
536 287296 153990656 23 .1517 8.1231 2.72916 1.86567 1683.9 225642
537 288369 154854153 23.1733 8.1281 2.72997 1.86220 1687.0 226484
538 289444 155720872 23.1948 8.1332 2.73078 1.85874 1690.2 227329
539 290521 156590819 23.2164 8.1382 2. 73159 1.85529 1693.3 228175
540 291600 157464000 23.2379 8.1433 2.73239 1 .85185 1696 .5 229022
541 292681 158340421 23.2594 8.1483 2.73320 1. 84843 1699 .6 229871
542 293764 159220088 23.2809 8.1533 2.73400 1.84502 1702 .7 230722
543 294849 160103007 23.3024 8.1583 2.73480 1.84162 1705.9 231574
544 295936 160989184 23.3238 8.1633 2.73560 1.83824 1709.0 232428
545 297025 161878625 23.3452 8.1683 2 .73640 1.83486 1712 .2 233283
546 298116 162771336 23.3666 8.1733 2.73719 1.83150 1715.3 234140
547 299209 163667323 23.3880 8.1783 2.73799 1.82815 1718.5 234998
548 300304 164566592 23.4094 8.1833 2.73878 1.82482 1721.6 235858
549 301401 165469149 23.4307 8.1882 2.73957 1.82149 1724.7 236720

405
550
599
~o"· 1 Cobe No. - Diamete r

1000
No. Square Cubo Root Root Logarithm X
550 302500 156375000 23 .4521 8.1932 2. 74036 1 .81818 1727.9 237583

551 303601 167284151 23 .4734 8 .1 982 2 .741 15 1.81488 1731.0 238448
552 3()47()4 156196608 23.4947 8.2031 2.74194 1.81159 1734.2 239314
553 305809 169112377 23.5160 8.2081 2.74273 1.80832 1737 .3 240182
554 306916 170031464 23 .5372 8.2130 2 .74351 1.80505 1740.4 241051
555 308025 170953875 23 .5584 8.2180 2.74429 1. 80180 1743 .6 241922
556 309136 171879616 23.5797 8.2229 2.74507 1.79856 1746.7 242795
557 310249 172808693 23.6008 8.2278 2 .74586 1.79533 1749 .9 243669
558 311 364 173741112 23.6220 8.2327 2.74663 1.79211 1753.0 244545
559 312481 174675679 23.6432 8.2377 2. 74741 1 .78891 1756 .2 245422
560 313600 175616000 23.6643 8.2426 2 .74819 1.78571 1759.3 246301
561 314721 176558481 23.6854 8 .2475 2 .74896 1.78253 1762 .4 247181
562 315844 1775()4328 23.7065 8.2524 2 .74974 1.77936 1765.6 248063
563 316969 178453547 23.7276 8.2573 2 .75051 1.77620 1768.7 248947
564 318096 179406144 23.7487 8.2621 2 .75128 1.77305 1771 .9 249832
565 319225 180362125 23.7697 8 .2670 2 .75205 1.76991 1775. 0 250719
566 320356 181321496 23 .7908 8 .2719 2.75282 1.76678 1778. 1 251607
567 321489 182284263 23.81 18 8 .2768 2.75358 1.76367 1781. 3 252497
568 322624 18325()432 23 .8328 8.2816 2.75435 1.76056 1784 .4 253388
569 323761 184220009 23.8537 8 .2865 2.7551 1 1.75747 1787.6 254281
570 324900 185193000 23.8747 8.2913 2. 75587 1.75439 1790.7 255176
571 326041 186169411 23.8956 8.2962 2. 75664 1.75131 1793.8 256072
572 327184 187149248 23.9165 8.3010 2. 75740 1.74825 1797.0 256970
573 328329 188132517 23 .9374 8.3059 2.75815 1.74520 1800.1 257869
574 329476 18911 9224 23.9583 8.3107 2.75891 1. 74216 1803 .3 258770
575 330625 190109375 23.9792 8. 3155 2.75967 1. 73913 1806.4 259672
576 331776 191102976 24.0000 8 .3203 2.76042 1.7361 1 1809. 6 260576
577 332929 192100033 24. 0208 8.3251 2.761 18 1.7331 0 1812. 7 261482
578 334084 193100552 24 .041 6 8.3300 2.76193 1.73010 1815.8 262389
579 335241 194104539 24.0624 8.3348 2.76268 1.72712 1819. 0 263298
580 336400 195112000 24 .0832 8.3396 2. 76343 1.72414 1822 .1 264208
581 337561 196122941 24 .1039 9.3443 2.76418 1.72117 1825 .3 265120
582 338724 197137368 24 .1 247 8.3491 2.76492 1.71821 1828.4 266033
583 339889 198155287 24. 1454 8.3539 2.76567 1.71527 1831. 6 266948
584 341056 199176704 24. 1661 8.3587 2.76641 1.71233 1834 .7 267865
585 342225 200201625 24. 1868 8.3634 2.76716 1.70940 1837 .8 268783
586 343396 201230056 24.2074 8.3682 2.76790 1.70648 1841.0 269703
587 344569 202262003 24.2281 8.3730 2.76864 1.70358 1844 .1 270624
588 345744 203297472 24 .2487 8.3777 2.76938 1.70068 1847. 3 271547
589 346921 204336469 24 . 2693 8.3825 2.77012 1.69779 1850.4 272471
590 348100 205379000 24 .2899 8.3872 2. 77085 1.69492 1853.5 273397
591 349281 206425071 24.3105 8.3919 2.77159 1.69205 1856. 7 274325
592 350464 207474688 24.3311 8 .3967 2.77232 1.68919, 1859 .8 275254
593 351649 208527857 24.3516 8.4014 2.77305 1. 68634 1863 .0 276184
594 352836 209584584 24.3721 8.4061 2.77379 1. 68350 1866.1 277117
595 354025 210644875 24. 3926 8.4108 2.77452 1. 68067 1869.2 278051
596 355216 211708736 24.4131 8.4155 2 .77525 1. 67785 1872 .4 278986
597 356409 212776173 24.4336 8.4202 2 .77597 1. 67504 1875.5 279923
598 357604 213847192 24 .4540 8.4249 2 .77670 1. 67224 1878 .7 280862
599 358801 214921799 24.4745 8.4296 2.77743 1 .66945 1881.8 281802

406
600
649
No... Diameter
1000
No. Square Cube S~~~e Cube
Root Logarithm X
600 360000 216000000 24 .4949 8.4343 2 .77815 1 .66667 1885.0 282743

601 361201 217081801 24.5153 8.4390 2.77887 1 .66389 1888 . 1 283687
602 362404 218167208 24 .5357 8.4437 2.77960 1.66113 1891.2 284631
603 363609 219256227 24 .5561 8.4484 2.78032 1 .65837 1894.4 285578
604 364816 220348864 24 .5764 8.4530 2 .78104 1.65563 1897.5 286526
605 366025 221445125 24.5967 8 .4577 2.78176 1.65289 1900.7 287475
606 367236 222545016 24.6171 8 .4623 2.78247 1.65017 1903.8 288426
607 368449 223648543 24 .6374 8.4670 2.78319 1 .64745 1906.9 289379
608 369664 224755712 24.6577 8 .4716 2 .78390 1.64474 1910.1 290333
609 370881 225866529 24 .6779 8 .4763 2.78462 1.64204 1913 .2 291289
610 372100 226981000 24 .6982 8 .4809 2.78533 1.63934 1916.4 292247
611 373321 228099131 24 .7184 8.4856 2 .78604 1 .63666 1919.5 293206
612 374544 229220928 24 .7386 8 .4902 2.78675 1.63399 1922.7 294166
613 375769 230346397 24 .7588 8.4948 2.78746 1.63132 1925.8 295128
614 376996 231475544 24.7790 8.4994 2.78817 1.62866 1928.9 296092
615 378225 232608375 24.7992 8.5040 2 .78888 1.62602 1932.1 297057
616 379456 233744896 24.8193 8.5086 2 .78958 1.62338 1935 .2 298024
617 380689 234885113 24.8395 8.5132 2.79029 1.62075 1938.4 298992
618 381924 236029032 24.8596 8.5178 2.79099 1.61812 1941.5 299962
619 383161 237176659 24.8797 8.5224 2 .79169 1 .61551 1944 .6 300934
620 384400 238328000 24.8998 8.5270 2.79239 1.61290 1947.8 301907
621 385641 239483061 24.9199 8.5316 2.79309 1.61031 1950.9 302882
622 386884 240641848 24.9399 8.5362 2 .79379 1 .60772 1954.1 303858
623 388129 241804367 24.9600 8.5408 2 .79449 1 .60514 1957 .2 304836
624 389376 242970624 24.9800 8.5453 2.79518 1. 60256 1960.4 305815
625 390625 244140625 25.0000 8.5499 2.79588 1.60000 1963 .5 306796
626 391876 245314376 25.0200 8.5544 2.79657 1 .59744 1966 .6 307779
627 393129 246491883 25.0400 8.5590 2.79727 1.59490 1969 .8 308763
628 394384 247673152 25. 0599 8.5635 2 .79796 1.59236 1972.9 309748
629 395641 248858189 25. 0799 8.5681 2.79865 1 .58983 1976.1 310736
630 396900 250047000 25.0998 8.5726 2.79934 1. 58730 1979.2 311725
631 398161 251239591 25.1197 8.5772 2.80003 1. 58479 1982.3 312715
632 399424 252435968 25. 1396 8 .5817 2.80072 1.58228 1985.5 313707
633 400689 253636137 25.1595 8.5862 2 .80140 1 .57978 1988 .6 314700
634 401956 254840104 25.1794 8.5907 2.80209 1.57729 1991. 8 315696
635 403225 256047875 25. 1992 8.5952 2.80277 1.57480 1994.9 316692
636 404496 257259456 25.2190 8.5997 2.80346 1.57233 1998.1 317690
637 405769 258474853 25.2389 8.6043 2.80414 1.56986 2001.2 318690
638 407044 259694072 25 .2587 8.6088 2.80482 1.56740 2004. 3 319692
639 408321 2609171 19 25.2784 8.6132 2.80550 1.56495 2007.5 320695
640 409600 262144000 25.2982 8.6177 2.80618 1.56250 2010 .6 321699
641 410881 263374721 25 .3180 8.6222 2 .80686 1.56006 2013 .8 322705
642 412164 264609288 25.3377 8.6267 2.80754 1.55763 2016.9 323713
643 41'3449 265847707 25.3574 8.6312 2.80821 1.55521 2020.0 324722
644 414736 267089984 25 .3772 8.6357 2.80889 1.55280 2023.2 325733
645 416025 268336125 25.3969 8.6401 2.80956 1. 55039 2026 .3 . 326745

646 417316 269586136 25.4165 8.6446 2.81023 1.54799 2029.5 327759
647 418609 270840023 25.4362 8.6490 2.81090 1.54560 2032 .6 328775
648 419904 272097792 25.4558 8.6535 2. 81158 1.54321 2035.8 329792
649 421201 273359449 25.4755 8.6579 2 .81224 1.54083 2038.9 330810
AMERICAN INSTITUTE O F STEEL CON STRUCTION

407
650
FUNCT I ONS OF NUMBERS
699
No. = Diameter
Square Cube 1000
No. Square Cube Root Root Logarithm X
650 422500 274625000 25.4951 8.6624 2.81291 1.53846 2042.0 331831

651 423801 275894451 25.5147 8.6668 2.81358 1.53610 2045.2 332853
652 425104 277167808 25.5343 8.6713 2.81425 1.53374 2048.3 333876
653 426409 278445077 25.5539 8.6757 2 .81491 1.53139 2051.5 334901
654 427716 279726254 25.5734 8.6801 2.81558 1.52905 2054 .6 335927
655 429025 281011375 25.5930 8.6845 2.81624 1.52672 2057.7 336955
656 430336 282300416 25.6125 8.6890 2.81690 1.52439 2060.9 337985
657 431649 283593393 25.6320 8.6934 2.81757 1.52207 2064.0 339016
658 432964 284890312 25.6515 8.6978 2.81823 1.51976 2067.2 340049
659 434281 286191179 25.6710 8.7022 2.81889 1.51745 2070.3 341084
660 435600 287496000 25.6905 8.7066 2.81954 1.51515 2073.5 342119
661 436921 288804781 25.7099 8.7110 2.82020 1.51286 2076.6 343157
662 438244 290117528 25.7294 8.7154 2.82086 1.51057 2079.7 344196
663 439569 291434247 25.7488 8.7198 2.82151 1.50830 2082.9 345237
664 440896 292754944 25.7682 8.7241 2.82217 1.50602 2086.0 346279
665 442225 294079625 25.7876 8.7285 2.82282 1.50376 2089.2 347323
666 443556 295408296 25.8070 8.7329 2.82347 1.50150 2092.3 348368
667 444889 296740963 25.8263 8.7373 2.82413 1.49925 2095.4 349415
668 446224 298077632 25 .8457 8.7416 2.82478 1.49701 2098.6 350464
669 447561 299418309 25.8650 8.7460 2.82543 1.49477 2101.7 351514
670 448900 300763000 25.8844 8.7503 2.82607 1.49254 2104.9 352565
671 450241 302111711 25.9037 8.7547 2.82672 1.49031 2108.0 353618
672 451584 303464448 25.9230 8.7590 2.82737 1.48810 2111.2 354673
673 452929 304821217 25.9422 8.7634 2.82802 1.48588 2114.3 355730
674 454276 306182024 25.9615 8.7677 2.82866 1.48368 2117.4 356788
675 455625 307546875 25.9808 8.7721 2.82930 1.48148 2120.6 357847
676 456976 308915776 26.0000 8.7764 2.82995 1.47929 2123.7 358908
677 458329 310288733 26 .0192 8.7807 2.83059 1.47710 2126.9 359971
678 459684 311665752 26 .0384 8.7850 2.83123 1.47493 2130.0 361035
679 461041 313046839 26.0576 8.7893 2.83187 1.47275 2133 .1 362101
680 462400 314432000 25.0768 8.7937 2.83251 1.47059 21 36.3 363168
681 463761 315321241 26.0960 8.7980 2.83315 1.46843 2139.4 364237
682 465124 317214568 26.1151 8.8023 2.83378 1.46628 2142.6 365308
683 466489 318611987 26.1343 8.8066 2.83442 1.46413 2145.7 366380
684 467856 320013504 26 . 1534 8.8109 2.83506 1 .46199 2148 .8 367453
685 469225 321419125 26 . 1725 8.8152 2.83569 1.45985 2152.0 368528
686 470596 322828856 26 . 1916 8.8194 2.83632 1.45773 2155.1 369605
687 471 969 324242703 26.2107 8.8237 2.83696 1.45560 2158.3 370684
688 473344 325660672 26.2298 8.8280 2 .83759 1.45349 2161.4 371764
689 474721 327082769 26.2488 8.8323 2.83822 1.45138 2164.6 372845
690 476100 328509000 26.2679 8.8366 2.83885 1.44928 2167.7 373928
691 477481 329939371 26.2869 8 .8408 2.83948 1.44718 2170.8 375013
692 478864 331373888 26.3059 8.8451 2.84011 1.44509 2174 .0 376099
693 480249 332812557 26.3249 8.8493 2.84073 1.44300 2177.1 377187
694 481636 334255384 26.3439 8.8536 2 .84136 1.44092 2180.3 378276
695 483025 335702375 26.3629 8.8578 2.84198 1.43885 2183.4 379367
696 484416 337153536 26.3818 8.8621 2.84261 1.43678 2186.5 380459
697 485809 338608873 26 .4008 8.8663 2.84323 1.43472 2189.7 381553
698 487204 340068392 26.4197 8.8706 2.84386 1.43266 2192.8 382649
699 488601 341532099 26.4386 8.8748 2.84448 1.43062 2196.0 383746

408
700
749
No. - Diameter
Square Co"" 1000
No. Square Cube Root Root l ogarithm X
700 490000 343000000 26.4575 8.8790 2.84510 1.42857 2199.1 384845

701 491401 344472101 26.4764 8 .8833 2.84572 1.42653 2202 .3 385945
702 492804 345948408 26.4953 8.8875 2.84634 1.42450 2205.4 387047
703 494209 347428927 26.5141 8.8917 2.84696 1.42248 2208.5 388151
704 495616 348913664 26.5330 8.8959 2.84757 1.42045 2211 .7 389256
705 497025 350402625 26.5518 8.9001 2.84819 1.41844 2214.8 390363
706 498436 351895816 26.5707 8.9043 2.84880 1.41 643 2218.0 391471
707 499849 353393243 26.5895 8.9085 2.84942 1.41443 2221.1 392580
708 501264 354894912 26.6083 8.9127 2.85003 1.41243 2224.2 393692
709 502681 356400829 26.6271 8.9169 2.85065 1.41044 2227.4 394805
710 504100 357911000 26.6458 8.9211 2.85126 1.40845 2230.5 395919
711 505521 359425431 26 .6646 8.9253 2.85187 1.40647 2233.7 397035
712 506944 360944128 26.6833 8.9295 2.85248 1.40449 2236 .8 398153
713 508369 362467097 26.7021 8.9337 2.85309 1.40252 2240.0 399272
714 509796 353994344 26.7208 8.9378 2.85370 1.40056 2243.1 400393
715 51 1225 365525875 26 .7395 8.9420 2.85431 1 .39860 2246.2 401515
716 512656 367061696 26 .7582 8.9462 2.85491 1. 39665 2249.4 402639
717 514089 356601813 26.7769 8.9503 2.85552 1.39470 2252 .5 403765
718 515524 370146232 26 .7955 8.9545 2.85512 1.39276 2255 .7 404892
719 516961 371694959 26.8142 8.9587 2.85673 1 .39082 2258 .8 406020
720 518400 373248000 26.8328 8.9628 2.85733 1.38889 2261 .9 407150
721 519841 374805361 26 .8514 8.9670 2.85794 1.38696 2265.1 408282
722 521284 378367048 26.8701 8.9711 2.85854 1 .38504 2268 .2 409415
723 522729 377933067 26.8887 8.9752 2.85914 1.38313 2271 .4 410550
724 524176 379503424 26.9072 8.9794 2.85974 1.38122 2274 .5 411687
725 525625 381078125 26.9258 8.9835 2.86034 1.37931 2277.7 412825
726 527076 382657176 26.9444 8.9876 2.86094 1.37741 2280.8 413965
727 528529 384240583 26.9629 8.9918 2.86153 1.37552 2283.9 415106
728 529984 385828352 26.9815 8.9959 2.86213 1 .37363 2287. 1 416248
729 531441 387420489 27 .0000 9.0000 2.86273 1 .37174 2290.2 417393
730 532900 389017000 27.0185 9.0041 2.86332 1. 36986 2293.4 418539
731 534361 390617891 27.0370 9.0062 2.88392 1.36799 2296.5 419686
732 535824 392223168 27 .0555 9.0123 2.86451 1.36612 2299.6 420835
733 537289 393832837 27.0740 9.0164 2.86510 1. 36426 2302.8 421986
734 538756 395446904 27 .0924 9.0205 2.86570 1. 36240 2305.9 423138
735 540225 397088375 27.1109 9.0246 2.86629 1.36054 2309.1 424293
736 541696 398688256 27.1293 9 .0287 2.86688 1.35870 2312.2 425447
737 543169 400315553 27.1477 9.0328 2.86747 1. 35685 2315.4 426604
738 544644 401947272 27.1662 9.0369 2.86806 1.35501 2318.5 427762
739 546121 403583419 27.1846 9.0410 2.86864 1.35318 2321.6 428922
740 547600 405224000 27.2029 9 .0450 2.86923 1 .35135 2324 .8 430084
741 549081 406869021 27.2213 9.0491 2.86982 1 .34953 2327.9 431247
742 550564 408518488 27.2397 9 .0532 2.87040 1.34771 2331.1 432412
743 552049 410172407 27.2580 9.0572 2 .87099 1 .34590 2334.2 433578
744 553536 41 1830784 27.2764 9.0613 2 .87157 1.34409 2337 .3 434746
745 555025 41 3493625 27.2947 9.0654 2.87216 1.34228 2340.5 435916
746 556516 41 5160936 27 .3130 9.0694 2.87274 1 .34048 2343.6 437087
747 558009 416832723 27.3313 9.0735 2.87332 1 .33869 2346.8 438259
748 559504 418508992 27.3496 9.0775 2.87390 1.33690 2349.9 439433
749 561001 420189749 27.3679 9 .0816 2.87448 1.33511 2353 .1 440609
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTI O N

409
750
799
No. = Diameter
1000
No. Square Cuba S~~~te Cube
Root Logarith m X
750 562500 421875000 27.3861 9.0856 2.87506 1.33333 2356.2 441786

751 564001 423564751 27.4044 9.0896 2 .87564 1.33156 2359.3 442965
752 565504 425259008 27.4226 9 .0937 2.87622 1.32979 2362.5 444146
753 567009 426957777 27.4408 9.0977 2.87680 1.32802 2365.6 445328
754 568516 428661064 27.4591 9.1017 2.87737 1.32626 2368.8 446511
755 570025 430368875 27.4773 9.1057 2.87795 1.32450 2371 .9 447697
756 571536 432081216 27.4955 9.1098 2.87852 1.32275 2375.0 448883
757 573049 433798093 27.5136 9.1138 2.87910 1.32100 2378.2 450072
758 574564 435519512 27.5318 9.1178 2.87967 1.31926 2381 .3 451262
759 576081 437245479 27.5500 9.1218 2.88024 1.31752 2384.5 452453
760 577600 438976000 27.5681 9.1258 2.88081 1.31579 2387.6 453646
761 579121 440711081 27.5862 9.1298 2.88138 1.31406 2390.8 454841
762 580644 442450728 27.6043 9.1338 2.88196 1.31234 2393.9 456037
763 582169 444194947 27.6225 9.1378 2.88252 1.31062 2397.0 457234
764 583696 445943744 27.6405 9.1418 2.88309 1.30890 2400.2 458434
765 585225 447697125 27.6586 9.1458 2.88366 1.30719 2403.3 459635
766 586756 449455096 27.6767 9.1498 2.88423 1.30548 2406.5 460837
767 588289 451217663 27.6948 9.1637 2.88480 1.30378 2409.6 462041
768 589824 452984832 27.7128 9.1577 2.88536 1.30208 2412.7 463247
769 591361 454756609 27.7308 9 .1 617 2.88593 1.30039 2415.9 464454
770 592900 456533000 27.7489 9.1657 2.88649 1.29870 2419.0 465663
771 594441 458314011 27.7669 9.1696 2.88705 1.29702 2422.2 466873
772 595984 460099648 27.7849 9.1736 2.88762 1.29534 2425.3 468085
773 597529 461889917 27.8029 9.1775 2.88818 1.29366 2428.5 469298
774 599076 463684824 27.8209 9.1815 2.88874 1.29199 2431.6 470513
775 600625 465484375 27.8388 9.1855 2.88930 1.29032 2434.7 471730
776 602176 467288576 27.8568 9.1894 2.88986 1.28866 2437.9 472948
777 603729 469097433 27.8747 9.1933 2.89042 1.28700 2441.0 474168
778 605284 470910952 27.8927 9.1973 2.89098 1.28535 2444 .2 475389
779 606841 472729139 27.9106 9.2012 2.89154 1.28370 2447.3 476612
780 608400 474552000 27.9285 9.2052 2 .89209 1.28205 2450.4 477836
781 609961 476379541 27.9464 9.2091 2.89265 1.28041 2453.6 479062
782 611524 478211768 27.9643 9.2130 2.89321 1.27877 2456.7 480290
783 613089 480048687 27.9821 9.2170 2.89376 1.27714 2459.9 481519
784 614656 481890304 28.0000 9.2209 2 .89432 1.27551 2463.0 482750
785 616225 483736625 28 .0179 9.2248 2.89487 1.27389 2466.2 483982
786 617796 485587656 28.0357 9.2287 2.89547 1.27226 2469.3 465216
787 619369 487443403 28.0535 9.2326 2.89597 1. 27065 2472.4 486451
788 620944 489303872 28.0713 9.2365 2.89653 1.26904 2475.6 487688
789 622521 491169069 28.0891 9.2404 2.89708 1.26743 2478.7 488927
790 624100 493039000 28.1069 9.2443 2.89763 1.26582 2481.9 490167
791 625681 494913671 28.1247 9.2482 2.89818 1.26422 2485.0 491409
792 627264 496793088 28.1425 9.2521 2.89873 1.26263 2488.1 492652
793 628849 498677257 28 .1 603 9.2560 2.89927 1.26103 2491.3 493897
794 630436 500566184 28 .1780 9.2599 2.89982 1.25945 2494.4 495143
795 632025 502459875 28. 1957 9.2638 2.90037 1.25786 2497.6 496391
796 633616 504358336 28.2135 9.2677 2.90091 1.25628 2500.7 497641
797 635209 506261573 28 .2312 9.2716 2 .90146 1.25471 2503.8 498892
798 636804 508169592 28.2489 9.2754 2.90200 1.25313 2507.0 500145
799 638401 510082399 28.2666 9.2793 2.90255 1.25156 2510.1 501399

410
800
849
No. - Diameter
1000
No. Square Cube Sa~~~e Co""
Root l ogarithm X
800 640000 512000000 28 .2843 9.2832 2.90309 1.25000 2513.3 502655

801 641601 513922401 28 .3019 9.2870 2 .90363 1.24844 2516.4 503912
802 643204 515849608 28 .3196 9.2909 2.90417 1.24688 2519.6 505171
803 644809 517781627 28 .3373 9.2948 2.90472 1.24533 2522.7 506432
804 646416 519718464 28 .3549 9 .2986 2.90526 1.24378 2525.8 507694
805 648025 521660125 28 .3725 9.3025 2.90580 1.24224 2529.0 508958
806 649636 523606616 28.3901 9.3063 2 .90634 1.24069 2532.1 510223
807 651249 525557943 28.4077 9 .3102 2.90687 1.23916 2535.3 51 1490
808 652864 527514112 28.4253 9.3140 2.90741 1.23762 2538.4 512758
809 654481 529475129 28 .4429 9.3179 2.90795 1.23609 2541 .5 514028
810 656100 531441000 28 .4605 9.3217 2.90849 1 .23457 2544.7 515300
811 657721 533411731 28.4781 9.3255 2.90902 1.23305 2547.8 516573
812 659344 535387328 28 .4956 9.3294 2.90956 1 .23153 2551.0 517848
813 660969 537367797 28 .5132 9.3332 2.91009 1 .23001 2554.1 519124
814 662596 539353144 28.5307 9.3370 2.91062 1.22850 2557.3 520402
815 664225 541343375 28 .5482 9 .3408 2.91116 1.22699 2560.4 521681
816 665856 543338496 28 .5657 9.3447 2 .91169 1.22549 2563.5 522962
817 667489 545338513 28 .5832 9 .3485 2 .91222 1.22399 2566.7 524245
818 669124 547343432 28 .6007 9.3523 2.91275 1.22249 2569.8 525529
819 670761 549353259 28.6182 9.3561 2.91328 1.22100 2573.0 526814
820 672400 551368000 28.6356 9.3599 2.91381 1.21951 2576.1 528102
821 674041 553387661 28 .6531 9.3637 2.91434 1.21 803 2579.2 529391
822 675684 555412248 28 .6705 9.3675 2.91487 1.21 655 2582.4 530681
823 677329 557441767 28.6880 9.3713 2 .91540 1.21507 2585.5 531973
824 678976 559476224 28.7054 9.3751 2 .91593 1.21359 2588.7 533267
825 680625 561515625 28 .7228 9.3789 2.91645 1.21 212 2591 .8 534562
826 682276 563559976 28.7402 9 .3827 2.91698 1.21065 2595.0 535858
827 683929 565609283 28.7576 9 .3865 2.91751 1.20919 2598.1 537157
828 685584 567663552 28.7750 9.3902 2.91803 1. 20773 2601.2 538456
829 687241 569722789 28.7924 9.3940 2.91855 1. 20627 2604.4 539758
830 688900 571787000 28.8097 9.3978 2.91-908 1.20482 2607.5 541061
831 690561 573856191 28.8271 9.4016 2.91960 1.20337 2610.7 542365
832 692224 575930368 28.8444 9.4053 2.92012 1.201 92 2613.8 543671
833 693889 578009537 28 .8617 9.4091 2.92065 1.20048 2616.9 544979
834 695556 580093704 28.8791 9.4129 2.92117 1.19904 2620.1 546288
835 697225 582182875 28.8964 9.4166 2.92169 1.19760 2623.2 547599
836 698896 584277056 28.9137 9.4204 2.92221 1.1 9617 2626.4 548912
837 700569 586376253 28.9310 9.4241 2.92273 1.19474 2629.5 550226
838 702244 588480472 28.9482 9.4279 2.92324 1.19332 2632.7 551541
839 703921 590589719 28.9655 9.4316 2.92376 1.1 9190 2635.8 552858
840 705600 592704000 28.9828 9.4354 2.92428 1.19048 2638.9 554177
841 707281 594823321 29.0000 9.4391 2.92480 1.18906 2642.1 555497
842 708964 596947688 29 .0172 9.4429 2.92531 1.1 8765 2645.2 556819
843 710649 599077107 29 .0345 9.4466 2.92583 1.1 8624 2648.4 558142
844 712336 601211584 29 .0517 9.4503 2.92634 1.18483 2651.5 559467
845 714025 603351125 29.0689 9.4541 2.92686 1.18343 2654.6 560794
846 715716 605495736 29.0861 9.4578 2.92737 1.18203 2657.8 562122
847 717409 607645423 29.1033 9.4615 2.92788 1.18064 2660.9 563452
848 719104 609800192 29.1204 9.4652 2.92840 1.17925 2664.1 564783
849 720801 611960049 29.1376 9.4690 2.92891 1.17786 2667.2 566116

411
850
FUNCTION S OF NUMBERS
899
No . ... Diameter
1000
No. SQuare Cube SA~~~e Cube
Root Logarithm X
Area Reciprocal Circum. Area
2513.3 502655 850 722500 614125000 29 .1 548 9. 4727 2.92942 1.1 7647 2670.4 567450
2516 .4 503912 851 724201 616295051 29. 1719 9 .4764 2.92993 1.1 7509 2673.5 568786
2519 .6 505171 852 725904 618470208 29 .1890 9 .4801 2 .93044 1.1 7371 2676 .6 570124
2522.7 506432 853 727609 620650477 29.2062 9 .4838 2.93095 1 .1 7233 2679.8 571463
2525.8 507694 854 729316 622835864 29 .2233 9.4675 2 .93146 1. 17096 2682 .9 572803
2529 .0 508958 855 731025 625026375 29.2404 9 .4912 2.93197 1.1 6959 2686 .1 574146
2532 .1 510223 856 732736 627222016 29 .2575 9 .4949 2.93247 1.1 6822 2689 .2 575490
2535.3 51 1490 857 734449 629422793 29.2746 9 .4986 2 .93298 1.1 6686 2692.3 576835
2538 .4 512758 858 736164 631628712 29 .2916 9 .5023 2 .93349 1.1 6550 2695 .5 578182
2541 .5 514028 859 737881 633839779 29 .3087 9. 5060 2.93399 1.1 6414 2698 .6 579530
2544. 7 51 5300 860 739600 636056000 29. 3258 9.5097 2 .93450 1. 16279 2701 .8 580880
2547.8 516573 861 741321 638277381 29 .3428 9 .5134 2 .93500 1. 16144 2704 .9 582232
2551 .0 517848 862 743044 640503928 29 .3598 9 .5171 2 .93551 1. 16009 2708 .1 583585
2554 .1 51 9124 863 744769 642735647 29 .3769 9 .5207 2 .93601 1. 15875 2711.2 584940
2557.3 520402 864 746496 644972544 29 .3939 9. 5244 2.93651 1. 15741 2714.3 586297
2560.4 521681 865 748225 647214625 29 .41 09 9 .5281 2.93702 1.15607 2717.5 587655
2563.5 522962 866 749956 649461896 29. 4279 9.5317 2.93752 1.1 5473 2720.6 589014
2566 .7 524245 867 751689 651 71 4363 29 .4449 9 .5354 2 .93802 1. 15340 2723.8 590375
2569 .8 525529 868 753424 653972032 29 .4618 9 .5391 2.93852 1.15207 2726.9 591738
2573.0 52681 4 869 755161 656234909 29 .4788 9 .5427 2.93902 1. 15075 2730 .0 5831 02
2576 . 1 528102 870 756900 658503000 29. 4958 9 .5464 2 .93952 1.1 4943 2733.2 594468
2579 .2 529391 871 758641 660776311 29 .51 27 9 .5501 2 .94002 1. 14811 2736.3 595835
2582.4 530681 872 760384 663054846 29. 5296 9.5537 2.94052 1. 14679 2739 .5 597204
2585 .5 531973 873 762129 665338617 29.5466 9.5574 2.94101 1.14548 2742 .6 598575
2588 .7 533267 874 763876 667627624 29 .5635 9. 5610 2.94151 1 .14416 2745 .8 599947
2591 .8 534562 875 765625 669921875 29 .5804 9. 5647 2 .94201 1.14286 2748.9 601 320
2595 .0 535858 876 767376 672221376 29 .5973 9.5683 2. 94250 1. 14155 2752 .0 602696
2598 . 1 537157 877 769129 674526133 29 .6142 9.5719 2.94300 1.1 4025 2755.2 604073
2601 .2 538456 878 770884 676836152 29 .6311 9 .5756 2 .94349 1.1 3895 2758.3 605451
2604 .4 539758 879 772641 679151439 29 .6479 9 .5792 2 .94399 1.1 3766 2761. 5 606831
2607 .5 541 061 880 774400 681472000 29.6648 9 .5828 2 .94448 1.1 3636 2764.6 608212
2610.7 542365 881 776161 683797841 29 .6816 9 .5865 2 .94498 1.13507 2767.7 609595
2613 .8 543671 882 777924 686128968 29. 6985 9.5901 2 .94547 1. 13379 2770.9 610980
2616 .9 544979 883 779689 688465387 29. 71 53 9. 5937 2 .94596 1.1 3250 2774.0 612366
2620. 1 546288 884 781456 690807104 29. 7321 9.5973 2.94645 1.1 3122 2777.2 61 3754
2623 .2 547599 885 783225 693154125 29. 7489 9.601 0 2. 94694 1. 12994 2780.3 6151 43
2626 .4 548912 886 784996 695506456 29. 7658 9.6046 2 .94743 1. 12867 2783.5 616534
2629 .5 550226 887 786769 6978641 03 29. 7825 9.6082 2 .94792 1. 12740 2786.6 617927
2632 .7 551541 888 788544 700227072 29. 7993 9.611 8 2.94841 1. 12613 2789 .7 619321
2635.8 552858 889 790321 702595369 29 .8161 9 .6154 2.94890 1.12486 2792 .9 620717
2638.9 554177 890 792100 704969000 29 .8329 9 .6190 2 .94939 1.1 2360 2796.0 622114
2642. 1 555497 891 793881 707347971 29 .8496 9 .6226 2.94988 1.1 2233 2799 .2 623513
. 2645.2 556819 892 795664 709732288 29 .8664 9 .6262 2.95036 1. 12108 2802.3 624913
2648 .4 558142 893 797449 712121957 29 .8831 9.6298 2 .95085 1.11982 2805 .4 626315
2651 .5 559467 894 799236 714516984 29 .8998 9.6334 2 .95134 1.11 857 2808.6 627718
2654. 6 560794 895 801025 716917375 29 .9166 9 .6370 2 .95182 1.11 732 281 1 .7 629124
2657.8 562122 896 802816 719323136 29 .9333 9 .6406 2.95231 1.11 607 2814.9 630530
2660.9 5634~2 897 804609 721734273 29 .9500 9 .6442 2 .95279 1. 11483 2818 .0 631938
2664.1 564783 898 806404 724150792 29.9666 9 .6477 2. 95328 1.1 1359 2821. 2 633348
2657. 2 56611 6 899 808201 726572699 29 .9833 9 .651 3 2 . 95376 1.1 1235 2824 .3 634760
A MER I CAN IN S TITUTE OF STEEL CON S TRUCT I O N

412
900
949
No. = Diameter
Square Cube 1000
N,. Square Cube Root Root Logari thm X
900 810000 729000000 30.0000 9 . 6549 2.95424 1.11111 2827 .4 636173

901 811801 731432701 30.0167 9.6585 2.95472 1.10988 2830.6 637587
902 813604 733870808 30.0333 9 .6620 2 .95521 1.10865 2833.7 639003
903 815409 736314327 30 .0500 9.6656 2 .95569 1.10742 2836 .9 640421
904 817216 738763264 30.0666 9.6692 2.95617 1.10619 2840.0 641840
905 819025 741217625 30 .0832 9.6727 2.95665 1.10497 2843.1 643261
906 820836 743677416 30.0998 9.6763 2.95713 1 . 10375 2846.3 644683
907 822649 746142643 30. 1164 9.6799 2.95761 1.10254 2849 .4 646107
908 824464 74861331 2 30. 1330 9 .6834 2.95809 1.10132 2852.6 647533
909 826281 751089429 30 .1 496 9.6870 2.95856 1.10011 2855 .7 648960
910 828100 753571000 30. 1662 9.6905 2.95904 1.09890 2858.8 650388
911 829921 756058031 30. 1828 9.6941 2.95952 1 .09769 2862.0 651818
912 831744 758550528 30. 1993 9 .6976 2.95999 1.09649 2865.1 653250
913 833569 761048497 30.2159 9.7012 2.96047 1 .09529 2868.3 654684
914 835396 763551944 30.2324 9.7047 2.96095 1.09409 2871 .4 656118
915 837225 766060875 30.2490 9.7082 2.96142 1.09290 2874.6 657555
916 839056 768575296 30 .2655 9.7118 2.96190 1.09170 2877.7 658993
917 840889 771095213 30.2820 9.7153 2.96237 1.09051 2880.8 660433
918 842724 773620632 30 .2985 9.7188 2.96284 1.08932 2884.0 661874
919 844561 776151559 30.3150 9.7224 2 .96332 1.08814 2887 .1 663317
920 846400 778688000 30.3315 9.7259 2.96379 1.08696 2890.3 664761
921 848241 781229961 30.3480 9.7294 2.96426 1.08578 2893.4 666207
922 850084 783777448 30.3645 9.7329 2.96473 1.08460 2896 .5 667654
923 851929 786330467 30.3809 9.7364 2.96520 1.08342 2899 .7 669103
924 853776 788889024 30 .3974 9.7400 2.96567 1.08225 2902.8 670554
925 855625 7914531 25 30.4138 9 .7435 2.96614 1.08108 2906.0 672008
926 857476 794022776 30.4302 9.7470 2.96661 1.07991 2909.1 673460
927 859329 796597983 30.4467 9 .7505 2.96708 1.07875 2912.3 674915
928 861184 799178752 30.4631 9.7540 2.96755 1.07759 2915.4 676372
929 863041 801765089 30.4795 9 .7575 2.96802 1.07643 2918.5 677831
930 864900 804357000 30.4959 9.7610 2.96848 1.07527 2921.7 679291
931 866761 806954491 30.5123 9.7645 2.96895 1.07411 2924.8 680752
932 868624 809557568 30.5287 9.7680 2.96942 1.07296 2928.0 682216
933 870489 812166237 30.5450 9.7715 2.96988 1.071 81 2931.1 683680
934 872356 814780504 30.5614 9.7750 2.97035 1 .07066 2934.2 685147
935 874225 817400375 30.5778 9.7785 2 .97081 1.06952 2937.4 686615
936 876096 820025856 30.5941 9.7819 2.97128 1.06838 2940.5 688084
937 877969 822656953 30.6105 9.7854 2.97174 1 .06724 2943.7 689555
938 879844 825293672 30.6268 9.7889 2 .97220 1.06610 2946 .8 691028
939 881721 827936019 30. 6431 9 .7924 2.97267 1.06496 2950.0 692502
940 883600 830584000 30.6594 9.7959 2.97313 1 .06383 2953.1 693978
941 885481 833237621 30.6757 9.7993 2 .97359 1.06270 2956.2 695455
942 887364 835896888 30.6920 9.8028 2 .97405 1.06157 2959.4 696934
943 889249 838561807 30.7083 9 .8063 2.97451 1. 06045 2962.5 698415
944 891136 841232384 30.7246 9.8097 2.97497 1.05932 2965.7 699897
945 893025 843908625 30.7409 9.8132 2 .97543 1.05820 2968.8 701380
946 894916 846590536 30.7571 9.8167 2.97589 1.05708 2971.9 702865
947 896809 849278123 30.7734 9.8201 2. 97635 1.05597 2975 . 1 704352
948 898704 851971392 30.7896 9 .8236 2. 97681 1.05485 2978.2 705840
949 900601 854670349 30.8058 9 .8270 2.97727 1 .05374 2981 .4 707330

413
950
FUNCTIONS.. OF NUMBERS
999
No. - Diameter
1000
No. Square Cuba ~uare Cube
Logarithm X
00' Root
Reciprocal Circum . Area
.
950 902500 857375000 30.8221 9.8305 2.97772 1.05263 2984.5 708822
951 904401 860085351 30.8383 9.8339 2.97818 1.05152 2987.7 710315
952 906304 862801408 30.8545 9.8374 2.97864 1.05042 2990.8 711809
953 908209 865523177 30.8707 9.8408 2.97909 1.04932 2993.9 713306
954 910116 868250664 30.8869 9.8443 2.97955 1.04822 2997 .1 714803
955 912025 870983875 30.9031 9.8477 2.98000 1.04712 3000.2 716303
956 913936 873722816 30.9192 9 . 8511 2.98046 1.04603 3003.4 717804
957 915849 876467493 30.9354 9.8546 2.98091 1.04493 3006.5 719306
958 917764 879217912 30.9516 9.8580 2.98137 1.04384 3009.6 720810
959 919681 881974079 30.9677 9.8614 2.98182 1.04275 3012.8 722316
960 921600 884736000 30.9839 9.8648 2.98227 1.04167 3015.9 723823
961 923521 887503681 31.0000 9.8683 2.98272 1.04058 3019.1 725332
962 925444 890277128 31.0161 9.8717 2.98318 1.03950 3022.2 726842
963 927369 893056347 31.0322 9.8751 2.98363 1.03842 3025.4 728354
964 929296 895841344 31.0483 9.8785 2.98408 1.03734 3028.5 729867
965 931225 898632125 31.0644 9.8819 2.98453 1.03627 3031.6 731382
966 933156 901428696 31.0805 9.8854 2.98498 1.03520 3034.8 732899
967 935089 904231063 31.0966 9.8888 2.98543 1.03413 3037.9 734417
968 937024 907039232 31.1127 9.8922 2.98588 1.03306 3041.1 735937
969 938961 909853209 31.1288 9.8956 2.98632 1.03199 3044.2 737458
970 940900 912673000 31.1448 9.8990 2.98677 1.03093 3047.3 738981
971 942841 915498611 31.1609 9.9024 2.98722 1.02987 3050.5 740506
972 944784 918330048 31.1769 9.9058 2.98767 1.02881 3053.6 742032
973 946729 921167317 31.1929 9.9092 2.98811 1.02775 3056.8 743559
974 948676 924010424 31.2090 9.9126 2.98856 1.02669 3059.9 745088
975 950625 926859375 31 .2250 9.9160 2.98900 1.02564 3063.1 746619
976 952576 929714176 31.2410 9.9194 2.98945 1.02459 3066.2 748151
977 954529 932574833 31.2570 9.9227 2.98989 1.02354 3069.3 749685
978 956484 935441352 31.2730 9.9261 2.99034 1.02249 3072.5 751221
979 958441 938313739 31 .2890 9.9295 2.99078 1.02145 3075.6 752758
I
980 960400 941192000 31 .3050 9.9329 2.99123 1.02041 3078.8 754296
981 962361 944076141 31 .3209 9.9363 2.99167 1.01937 3081.9 755837
982 964324 946966168 31 .3369 9.9396 2.99211 1.01833 3085.0 757378
983 966289 949862087 31 .3528 9.9430 2.99255 1.01729 3088.2 758922
984 968256 952763904 31.3688 9.9464 2.99300 1.01626 3091.3 760466
985 970225 955671625 31 .3847 9.9497 2.99344 1.01523 3094.5 762013
986 972196 958585256 31.4006 9.9531 2.99388 1.01420 3097.6 763561
987 974169 961504803 31.4166 9.9565 2.99432 1.01317 3100.8 765111
988 976144 964430272 31.4325 9.9598 2.99476 1.01215 3103.9 766662
989 978121 967361669 31.4484 9.9632 2.99520 1.01112 3107.0 768214
990 980100 970299000 31.4643 9.9666 2.99564 1.01010 3110.2 769769
991 982081 973242271 31.4802 9.9699 2.99607 1.00908 3113.3 771325
992 984064 976191488 31.4960 9.9733 2.99651 1.00806 3116.5 772882
993 986049 979146657 31.5119 9.9766 2.99695 1.00705 3119.6 774441
994 988036 982107784 31.5278 9.9800 2.99739 1.00604 3122.7 776002
995 990025 985074875 31.5436 9.9833 2.99782 1.00503 3125.9 777564
996 992016 988047936 31.5595 9.9866 2.99826 1 .00402 3129.0 779128
997 994009 991026973 31.5753 9.9900 2.99870 1.00301 3132.2 780693
998 996004 994011992 31.5911 9.9933 2.99913 1.00200 3135.3 782260
999 998001 997002999 31 .6070 9.9967 2.99957 1 .00100 3138.5 783828

414
WIRE AND SHEET METAL GAGES

I N DEC IMALS OF AN INCH
British
T ho American or Now Imtrerial Bi rming ham
Name United States United States Brown &. Birmingham or nalish or Stubs Name ·
of
Gage
Standard Gage>!' Steel
Wire Gage
ShaCfB
Wire age
Standard
Sheet &.
l egal Stand·
srd Wife
Iron W ire
Gage Gage
of -
Hoop Gage Gage
- --
Steel Wire Non.Ferrou$ Iron and Strips, Bands,
Principal Uncoated Steel Sheets except Sheeta and Steel Sheets Wire Hoops and Pr incipal
U.. and Light Plates Music W ire Wire and Hoops Wire U"
Approx.
Gage Wei~t T hickness Thickness, Inches Gage
No. Oz. per . Ft . I nches No.
--- - --
7/0's .4900 .6666 .500 7/0's
SfO' s .4615 .5800 .625 .464 6/0's
S/O's .4305 .5165 .5883 .432 .500 5/D's
4/0'& .3938 .4600 .5416 0400 .454 4/0'8
3/0's .3625 .4096 .500 .372 .425 3/0's
2/0'8 .3310 .3648 .4452 .348 .380 2/0'8
0 .3065 .3249 .3964 .324 .340 0
1 .2830 .2893 .3532 .300 .300 1
2 .2625 .2576 .3147 .276 .284 2
3 160 .2391 .2437 .229' .2804 .252 .259 3
4 150 .2242 .2253 .2043 .250 .232 .238 4
•
6
140
130
.2092
.\943
.1793
.2070
.1920
.1770
.1819
.1620
.1443
.222'
.1981
.1764
.212
.192
.176
.220
.203
.180
•
6
7 120 7
8 11 0 .1644 .1620 .1285 .1570 .160 .165 8
10• 100
.0
.1495
.1345
.1483
.1 350
.1 205
.1144
.1 019
.0007
.1398
.1250
.111 3
.144
.128
.148
.134 •
10
11 80 .1 196 .116 .120 11
12 70 .1046 .1055 .0808 .0991 .104 .109 12
13 60 .0897 .0915 .0720 .0882 .092 .09' 13
14 50 0747 .0800 .064 1 .0785 .080 .083 14
15 45 .0673 .0720 .0571 .0699 .072 .072 15
16 ,.
40 .0598 .0625
.0540
.0508
.0453
.0625
.0556
.064
.056
.06'
.058
16
,.
.0538 17
,.
17
18 32 .0478 .0475 .0403 .0495 .048 .04' 18
28 .0418 .0410 .0359 .0440 .040 .042
20 24 .0359 .0348 .0320 .0392 .036 .035 20
21 22 .0329 .0318 .Q285 .0349 .032 .032 21
22 20 .0299 .0286 .0253 .0313 .028 .028 22
23 18 .0269 .0258 .0226 .0278 .024 .025 23
24 16 .0239 .0230 .0201 .0248 .022 .022 24
2. 14 .0209 .0204 .0179 .0220 .020 .020 25
26 12 .0179 .018 1 .0159 .0196 .018 .018 26
27 11 .0164 .0173 .0142 .0175 .0164 .016 27
28 10 .0149 .0162 .0126 .0156 .0148 .014 28
29
30
•
8
.0135
.0120
.0150
.0140
.0113
.0100
.0139
.0123
.0136
.0124
.013
.012
29
30
31 7 .Q105 .0132 .008' .0110 .0116 .010 31
32 6 .5 .0097 .0128 .0080 .0098 .0108 .009 32
33 6 .0090 .Oi 18 .0071 .0087 .0100 .008 33
34 5.' .0082 .0104 .0063 .0077 .0092 .007 34
35 5 .0075 .0095 .0056 .006' .0084 .00' 35
36 4.5 .0067 .0090 .0050 .0061 .0076 .004 36
37 4.25 .0064 .0085 .0045 .0054 .0068 37
38
3'
• .0060 .0080
.0075
.0070
.0040
.0035
.0031
.0048
.0043
.0039
.0060
.0052
.0048
38
3.
40
40
.. U. S . Standard Ga"e is officially a weight gage. in oz. per sq. ft. as tabulated. The Approx. Thickness
shown is the "Manufacturers' Standard " of the American I ron a nd Steel I nstitute, based on s teel as weighing
S01.8 1 lbs. per cu. ft. (489.6 true weight plus 2.5 percent .for ave rage over-run in area and thickness). T he
A.I.S.I. standa rd nomenda ture for flat rolled carbon steel IS as follows :
Thicknesses, Inch
Widths, Inches 0.2500
and
0.2499
to
I 0.2030
to
0.1874
to 0.0567
to 1 C.0343
to I
0.0254
10
0.0141
and
T o 3lj1 incl... _.... ____________

Over 3lh to 6 incL ___ .. __
thicker
B.,
B.,
0.2031
Bar -
Bar
i 0.1875
Strip
Strip
0.0568
Strip
Strip
0.0344
Strip
Strip
0.0255 _ , 0.0142
Strip
Sheel
Sheet
S heet
thinner
Sheet
Sheet
.. 6 to 12 "
,.
.---..... P late Strip I Strip Strip tihee t Sheet Sheet Sheet
P late Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Black Plate
---
" 12 to 32
32 to 48
,." 48 __ ._ _ _ _ •__
" ----- Plate Sheet I Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet Sheet
--
Plate
I
Plate
I Plate Sheet
I Sheet Sheet Sheet
I
AME R I C A N IN S T ITUTE OF S TEEL C O N S TRU C TI O N
415
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES

UNITED STATES SYSTEM
LINEAR MEASURE
r nches Feet Yards Rods Furlongs Miles
1.0 ~ .08333~ .02778~ .0050505~ .00012626~ .00001578
12.0 ~ 1.0 .33333~ .0606061 ~ .00151515~ .00018939
36 . 0~ 3 .0 1.0 .1818182~ .00454545~ .00056818
198 . 0~ 16 .5 5.5 1.0 .025 .003125
7920.0~ 660.0 220 .0 40.0 ~ 1.0 .125
63360 . 0 ~ 5280.0 ~1760 .0 ~320.0 ~8.0 ~1.0
SQUARE AND LAND MEASURE

Sq.lnc;hes Square Feet Square Yards Sq. Rods Acres Sq. Miles
1.0~ . 006944~ .000772
144.0~ 1 .0 .111111
1296.0~ 9.0 1.0 .03306~ .000207
39204.0~ 272.25 30.25 1.0 .00625 .0000098
43560.0 4840.0 160.0 1.0 .0015625
3097600.0 ~1024oo.0 ~640.0 ~1.0
AVOIRDUPOIS WEIGHTS
Grains Drams Ounces Pounds Tons
1.0 .03657~ .002286~ .000143 ~ .0000000714
27 .34375~ 1.0 .0625 .003906~ .00000195
437.5 16.0 1.0 .0625 .00003125
7000.0 256.0 16.0 1.0 .0005
14000000.0 ~512000.0 ~32oo0.0 ~2ooo.0 ~1.0
DRY MEASURE
Pints Quarts Pecks Cubic Feet Bushels
1.0 .5 .0625 .01945 .01563
2.0 1.0 . 125 .03891 .03125
16.0 8.0 1.0 .31112 .25
51 .42627 25.71314 3.21414 1.0 .80354
64.0 32.0 4.0 1.2445 1.0
LIQUID MEASURE
Gills Pints Quarts U. S. Gallons Cubic Feet
1.0 .25 .125 .03125 .00418
4.0 1.0 .5 .125 .01671
8.0 2.0 1.0 .250 .03342
32.0 8.0 4.0 1.0 .1337
7.48052 1.0
METRIC SYSTEM
UNITS
Length-Meter Mass- Gram Capacity- Liter
for pure water at 4°C. (39.2°F.)
1 cubic decimeter or 1 liter 1 kilogram
meters (mm)} lmeters (em)} lmeters (dm)} lmeter
1000 Milli grams (mg) = 100 Centi grams (cg) = 10 Deci grams (dg) = 1 gram
l liters (ml) liters (el) liters (dl) liter
meters} Imeters (dkm)} Imelers (hm)}
1000 grams ~ 100 Deka grams (dkg) ~ 10 Heeto grams (hg) ~ 1 Kilo gram (kg)
Imeter (km)
l liters liters (dkl) liters (hi) liter (kl)
1 Metric Ton 1000 Kilograms
100 Square Meters 1 Are
100 Ares 1 Hectare
100 Hectares 1 Square Kilometer

r---
416
Multiply by to obtain
acres.... __ ....___. ___....... ___ .. __...__ ......___ ._________ _ ,404687 hectares

4,04687 X 10-' square kilometers
ares _____ ... ____...... ___..__ ........ __ . ___ ...........__ .. 1076,39 SQuare feet
bo~rd f~~L .. _____ .... _...... _______ ............... __ 144 sq. in. X 1 in. cubic inches
,0833 cubic feet
centimeters ......__............ ____....................... . 3.28083 X 1()-' feet
,3937 inches
cubic centimeters.. __ ...... __ .... ______ ......__ ......__ 3,53145 X 10-' cubic feet
" " 6,102 X 10-' cubic inches
cubic feet.__.. __..._...... __ .. __ .______ ...... ________ ..__ .. 2 ,8317 X 10' cubic centimeters
2,8317 X I()-' cubic meters
6,22905 gallons, British Imperial
28,3170 liters
2,38095 X 10-' tons, British Shipping
--------............... __ ............. __...._--- ,025 tons, U. S. Shipping
cubic inches. _____ ......... _. ______........_____ ..___ ... 16,38716 cubic centimeters
cubic meters. __ ........... _.. _____ ....... ___ .... ____ ... 35,3145 cubic feet
---_ .................... __ ...... _-_ ..... _--_ .. 1.30794 cubic yards
cubic yards ___ ................. __ .... __ .... ___ .......... ,764559 cubic meters
degrees, angular.......... ................. . ,0174533 radians
degrees. Fahrenheit (less 32 F.) ....._ ,5556 degrees, Centigrade
.. Centigrade.......... ..................... _ 1.8 degrees, Fahrenheit (less 32 F.)
foot pounds........ _................................... . ,13826 kilogram meters
feeL .......... . 30.4801 centimeters
" ,304801 meters
304,801 millimeters
1.64468 X I(}-' miles, nautical
gall~ns, Briysh Imp,crial ,160538 cubic feet
1.20091 gallons, U. S.
4,54596 liters
gal1~ns, U"S" """""""" " ,,"",,"'"'''''',,''''' .832702 gallons, British Imperial
.13368 cubic feet
231. cubic inches
3.78543 liters
grams, metric........................................ _. 2,20462 X I(}-' pounds, avoirdupois
hectares ........................... ...................... . 2.47104 acres
1.076387 X 10' square feet
3.86101 X I(}-' square miles
horse-power, metric......... .... _.................. . .98632 horse-power, U. S.
horse-power, U. S ....... . 1.01387 horse-power, metric
incJ;es..................................................... 2,54001 centimeters
2,54001 X I(}-' meters
25,4001 millimeters
ki1o~;ams................................................. . 2,20462 pounds
9,84206 X I(}-' long tons
1.10231 X I(}-' short tons
kilogram meters.................................... . 7,233 foot pounds
kilograms per meter..... _......................... _. ,671972 pounds per foot
kilograms per SQuare centimeter .... " ..... . 14.2234 pounds per square inch
kilog.r;ams ~ squ,~re m~~er..... --............ . .204817 pounds per square foot
9.14362 X 10-' long tons per square foot
kilog;t;ams ~r squHre milliTeier.~::~:::::::· 1422.34 pounds per square inch
,634973 long tons per ~uare inch
kilograms per cubic meter........ _......... . 6,24283 X 10-' pounds per CUbIC foot
..
kilometers.. . .............._........................ .82137
.53959
miles, statute
miles, nautical

417
Multiply by to obtain
liters.___.._____ .__ ........ ____ .............................. _ .219975 gallons, British Imperial

" .26417 gallons, U. S.
3.53145 X 10-' cubic feet
meters. ___________.__.. _____ ... ________ ................ __.__ _ 3.28083 reet
" 39.37 inches
1.09361 yards
mi}~, staf.ute.___... ___... ___._____................. ___ .. 1.60935 kilometers
.8664 miles, nautical
mi}~. nauycaL ...__ _______ .__ ......___________ ....... 6080.204 feet
1.85325 kilometers
1.1516 miles, statute
millimeters.... ___................. __ .........____________.. 3.28083 X 10-' feet
" 3.937 X 10-' inches
pou~ds , avoir~,upo is ____.. _____________ .... _. ____ .... 453.592 grams. metric
.453592 kilograms
4.464 X 10-' tons, long
4.53592 X 10-' tons, metric
pounds per fooL._. __ ....._____ .__________ ........... . 1.48816 kilograms per meter
pounds per SQuare fooL._ ...... ___.... _._._ ... __ _ 4.88241 kilograms per square meter
poll!J-ds IXf,r SQ!-!are in.~h_ ..__ ..______ .. _. ______ .. __ 7.031 X 10-' kilograms per square centimeter
7.031 X 10-' kilograms per square millimeter
pounds per cubic fooL ..__._____ ............ ___.. 16.0164 kilograms per cubic meter
radians.... _........... __ .... _______ .__..._.......... __ ...... . 57.29578 degrees, angular
square centimeters................................... . .1550 square inches
sq~~re f~~t.. ..... _.................. _..................... 9.29034 X 10-' ares
9.29034 X 10-' hectares
.0929034 square meters
sq~~e inc!?es............... - ...... - .................... . 6.45163 square centimeters
645.163 square millimeters
sq~~re kilo~eters............--._.................... . 247.104 acres
.3861 square miles
sq~~re me.~ers........ .....- ........................... . 10.7639 square feet
1.19599 square yards
squ.~e mHes..... __ ................ _..................... 259.0 hectares
2.590 square kilometers
square millimeters..............._.................. . 1.550 X 10-' square inches
SQuare yards........................._.................. . .83613 square meters
to~s, l<??g..... _......................_..................... 1016.05 kilograms
2240. pounds
1.01605 tons. metric
1.120 tons. short
tons. long, per square fooL ...__ .... _........ _ 1.09366 X 10-' kilograms per square meter
tons, long, per square inch. .................... . 1.57494 kilograms per square millimeter
to~s, meYic. .............................................. . 2204.62 pounds
.96421 tons, long
1.10231 tons, short
to!!-s, sh~rt ................................................. . 907.185 kilograms
.892857 tons, long
.907185 tons, metric
to~s. Bri~~sh·"Silipp.ing_·.·~~~~~~:::~:::::::~:::::::::: 42.00 cubic feet
.952381 tons, U. S. Shipping
ton~, U. ~. Ship.I?ing..... __ ........................ . 40.00 cubic feet
1.050 tons, British Shipping
yards... _.... _...... _.. _...... _.. _......_................ . .914402 meters
AMERICAN INSTI TUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

~~--------------------------
418
DECIMALS OF A FOOT
FOR EACH 32ND OF AN INCH
Inch 0" 1" 2" 3" 4" 5"
I 0 0 .0833 .1667 .2500 .3333 .4167

I{, .0026 .0859 .1693 .2526 .3359 .4193
l{, .0052 .0885 .1719 .2552 .3385 .4219
J{, .0078 .0911 .1745 .2578 .3411 .4245
~ .0104 .0938 .1771 .2604 .3438 .4271

J{, .0130 .0964 .1797 .2630 .3464 .4297
!{o .0156 .0990 .1823 .2656 .3490 .4323
l{, .0182 .1016 .1849 .2682 .3516 .4349
~ .0208 .1042 .1875 .2708 .3542 .4375

J{, .0234 .1068 .1901 .2734 .3568 .4401
!{o .0260 .1094 .1927 .2760 .3594 .4427
II{, .0286 .1120 .1953 .2786 .3620 .4453
% .031 3 .1146 .1979 .2812 .3646 .4479

IJ{, .0339 .1172 .2005 .2839 .3672 .4505
l{, .0365 .1198 .2031 .2865 .3698 .4531
IJ{, .0391 .1224 2057 .2891 .3724 .4557
~ .0417 .1 250 .2083 .2917 .3750 .4583

Il{, .0443 .1276 .2109 .2943 .3776 .4609
%; .0469 .1302 .21 35 .2969 .3802 .4635
I%; .0495 .1328 .21 61 .2995 .3828 .4661
% .0521 .1354 .2188 .3021 .3854 .4688

% .0547 .1380 .2214 .3047 .3880 .4714 .
Il{, .0573 .1406 .2240 .3073 .3906 .4740
' J{, .0599 .1432 .2266 .3099 .3932 .4766
ji .0625 .1458 .2292 .3125 .3958 .4792

"43 .0651 .1484 .2318 .3151 .3984 .4818
I%; .0677 .1510 .2344 .3177 .4010 .4844
% .0703 .1536 .2370 .3203 .4036 .4870
% .0729 .1563 .2396 .3229 .4063 .4896

'J{, .0755 .1589 .2422 .3255 .4089 .4922
l!{o .0781 .1615 .2448 .3281 .4115 .4948
'1{, .0807 .1641 .2474 .3307 .4141 .4974

419
DECIMALS OF A FOOT
FOR EACH 32ND OF AN INCH
Inch 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11 "
0 .5000 .5833 .6667 .7500 .8333 .9167

l{, .5026 .5859 .6693 .7526 .8359 .9193
}16 .5052 .5885 .6719 .7552 .8385 .9219
~ .5078 .5911 .6745 .7578 .8411 .9245
l1l .5104 .5938 .6771 .7604 .8438 .9271

ji2 .5130 .5964 .6797 .7630 .8464 .9297
!!6 .5156 .5990 .6823 .7656 .8490 .9323
l!2 .5182 .6016 .6849 .7682 .8516 .9349
M .5208 .6042 .6875 .nos .8542 .9375

j{, .5234 .6068 .6901 .7734 .8568 .9401
!!6 .5260 .6094 .6927 .7760 .8594 .9427
ll{, .5286 .6120 .6953 .7786 .8620 .9453
% . .5313 .6146 .6979 .7813 .8646 .9479

Ij{, .5339 .6172 .7005 .7839 .8672 .9505
%; .5365 .6198 .7031 .7865 .8698 .9531
Ij{, .5391 .6224 .7057 .7891 .8724 .9557
l1l .541 7 .6250 .7083 .7917 .8750 .9583

Il{, .5443 .6276 .7109 .7943 .8776 .9609
!!6 .5469 .6302 .71 35 .7969 .8802 .9635
% .5495 .6328 .7161 .7995 .8828 .9661
% .5521 .6354 .7188 .8021 .8854 .9688

'l{, .5547 .6380 .7214 .8047 .8880 .9714
1!(6 .5573 .6406 .7240 .8073 .8906 .9740
,~ .5599 .6432 .7266 .8099 .8932 .9766
% .5625 .6458 .7292 .8125 .8958 .9792

'j{, .5651 .6484 7318 .8151 .8984 .9818
l~ .5677 .6510 .7344 .8177 .9010 .9844
'l!2 .5703 .6536 .7370 .8203 .9036 .9870
Ys .5729 .6563 .7396 .8229 .9063 .9896

'u.
1;(5
.5755
.5781
.6589
.6615
.7422
.7448
.8255
.8281
.9089
.9115
.9922
.9948
'l{, .5807 .6641 .7474 .8307 .9141 .9974

420
DECIMALS OF AN INCH
FOR EACH 64TH OF AN INCH
WITH MILLIMETER EQUIVALENTS
Millime!ers Millimeters
Fract ion ~4ths Decimal (appr ox.) Fraction ~4th8 Decimal ( appro)(.)
__ 0 .
1 .015625 0.397 .... 33 .515625 13.097
lj2 2 .03125 0.794 Ilj2 34 .53125 13.494
••0 . 3 .046875 1.191 ---- 35 .546875 13.891
li", 4 .0625 1.588 ~ (6 36 .5625 14.288
' - 0- 5 .0781 25 1.984 37 .578125 14.684

~ 6 .09375 2.381 l~ 38 .59375 15.081
---- 7 .109375 2.778 .'-. 39 .609375 15.478
Yo 8 .125 3.175 % 40 .625 15.875
.... 9 .140625 3.572 .._- 41 .640625 16.272

jf 10 .15625 3.969 'lj2 42 .65625 16.669
••0 . 11 .171875 4.366 · .-- . 43 .671875 17.066
~ 12 .1875 4.763 1 ~6 44 .6875 17.463
---- 13 .203125 5.159 .... 45 .703125 17.859

lj2 14 .21875 5.556 ,~ 46 .71875 18.256
--_. 15 .234375 5.953 ---- 47 .734375 18.653
~ 16 .250 6.350 ~ 48 .750 19.050
---- 17 .265625 6.747 .... 49 .765625 19.447

~ 18 .28125 7.144 ' jf 50 .78125 19.844
. _-- 19 .296875 7.541 .--. 51 .796875 20.241
;{o 20 .3125 7.938 1;(6 52 .8125 20.638
---- 21. .328125 8.334 ---- 53 .828125 21.034

Ilj2 22 .34375 8.731 'lj2 54 .84375 21.431
.... 23 .359375 9.128 ---- 55 .859375 21.828
% 24 .375 9.525 Ys 56 .875 22.225
---- 25 .390625 9.922 .... 57 .890625 22.622

Ilj2 26 .40625 10.319 ,~ 58 .90625 23.019
---- 27 .421875 10.716 ---- 59 .921875 23.416
>!6 28 .4375 11.113 1 ~6 60 .9375 23.81 3
---- 29 .453125 11.509 ---- 61 .953125 24.209

Ijf 30 .46875 11.906 ' lj2 62 .96875 24.606
._. 31 .484375 12.303 ---- 63 .984375 25.003
Yo 32 .500 12.700 1 64 1.000 25.400
A M ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

421
IN DE X

422
INDEX
NOTE: The A. 1. S. C. Specification and A. I. S. C. Code are herein indexed as to

general Section headings. Further details of Specification and Code are not indexed.
Page
A.I.S.C. Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural
Steel for Buildings._________..... __ ......... __ ........ _..... _____.. _,..__ .._..................... ___ .... . 275
Administrative Provisions ~
Section 1. Types of COnstruction. ___... _____________________________ .... ___ ..___ ...._. __ 277
" 2. Definitions and Nomenclature, " 'elded Construction.___ 278
3. Plans and Drawings. Stress Sheets ____ ...___ .__ ....... _........... . 278
4. Loads and Forces .. ____....____ ............ _,..................................... 279
5. Welding................................................................................. 279
6. Turned Bolts.....•................................................................. 280
7. Erection. ................_...... _.................................................._._. 280
8. Inspection........................... _................................................. 281
Technical Provisions;
Section 9. MateriaL ..._.. _.......__ ......................................................... _.. _. 282
•• 10. Loads and Forces__ .. _........................................................_._. 282
.. 11. Members Subject to Reversal of Stress.......................... .. 283
12. Combined Stresses............................................................... . 284
13. Composite Beams_ ... ____ ................................................ _...... .. 284
14. Effective Span Length..... ____............................................_. 285
" 15. Allowable Unit Stresses....... _.....................................____..... _ 285
Tension....................................... _................__ ..__. 285
COmpression........................................... _.......... . 285
Bending..... _...... _..................................._._. 286
Shearing....................................._.............._....__.. 286
Bearing..................................................... ......... 287
Cast Steel ..........................._.. _.._.................._... 287
M asonry......................... _......................_.__......_.. 287
Wind Only ......................................................... . 287
Wind and Other Forces_.. _........ _._____ .__ ._.......... .. 287
Effective Areas of Weld MetaL_ ......... __....... . 287
u 16. Slenderness Ratio __ ._.__.__.. _... _.. _.._.....__ __ ..._........................_. 288
17. Depth Ratio .......... _____________________________ ._ _____ ._...... __ ........ 288
18. Minimum Thickness of MateriaL __.. ___ .________....___......._... 289
19. Gross and Net Sections ____.__ ._ ... ____________ . ______ .._.. _..__........ 290
20. E xpansion............................_.. _......_..._ .__.____ .____ ...._._... . 291
21. COnnections..... ___.. _......._.._..._.___._._.____ .._ ______._........... . 291
22. Rivets and Bolts..... __ .. _.... ___........_......... __..__ .._._.____............ 292
23. Spacing of Rivets.............._..._..................._.........._....._.... _... 293
24. Welds....................................... ............................................ 294
25. Spacing of Welds .............................................................. . 296
26. Plate Girders and Rolled Beams..................._............_..... _. 297
27. Separators__._.. __ ____ ._._........_.................................................... 299
28. Tie Plates............ _.... _._._......__........ _...................................... 299
29. Lacing................__ ._. __...._....._.....___.... _............._..................... 300
30. Camber................. _________...._._........_. __......__..._.... _....... _......_. 300
31. Column Bases..........__ ___ ...__ .......____....... _...._...___......_........... . 301
32. Anchor Bolts....._.... __ .._. __... ___...... _._............... _.......__........... . 301
33. Workmanship..__ ....... _.. _.... __.........__....__ ._........_.............. _.. _. 301
~~: i~~~!~i;e··PfOVi-sions~~~~~:~.~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=::=:
304
305
A.I.S.C. Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges......... ___.... . 306
Section 1. General ...__.____......._.._..___________ ..................._........................ . 307
.. 2. Definition of Structural SteeL ___ ......................... _............. . 308
3. Calculation of Weights_. __ ..._.._.......... _. __.... _.. __....... _......_..._._. 309
4. Drawings and Specifications..... __ ............._.. ___.................. . 311
5. Stock Materials _____ ............ ___........._........ _........_....... _......._..... 311
6. Inspection and Delivery._.......... _........ _...... __......._...... _....._. 312
7. Erection.____..........____.....__.... _. __ .........._........... ___................ . 313

423
Page
A.I.S.C. Recommended Fundamental Principles, Minimum Requirements
and Tentative Standard Welded Connections for Buildings ..... _.... ___ 336-339
A.S.T .M . (American Society for Testing Materials):
Specifications for Steel for Bridges and Buildings, A7.........___________ _ 326-332
.. .. Structural Rivet Steel, AI4l................................... . 333·335
Permissible variations, structural shapes and plates____..._......_.._...... . 68·69
A.W .s. }~~1~s~e:~ng ~~t~ :........... ..................... .......................... . 340·341

Symbols for welded construction... ___ ._____.__ ...._.............................. _________ 342
Allowable loads. angle and tee connections for hangers and brackets.......... _____ _ 267
" " angles, used as beams____.___________________.___ ....___ .... ____ ................_____ 200-20l
base plates. ___ ......______ ..______ .___________________.____._____ ._........ _.......______ 249-251
beam connections ____ _______________________ ..________________________________._______ 252-261
beams, explanation of tables ___________________________________________... ______ _ 172-174
•• American Standard___________.________ ..____________._.__._______.________ _ 189-192
miscellaneous ___________ .___ ._____ .___________________ .______________________._ 193-195
Wide Flange_________._.___... _.... __ . __._________ ._____.. ______________________.. 175-188
laterally unsupported, charts____.__________.______________________
"., bol ts, unfinisheci 202-206
___ ._ ....._______.____.__ .____.. ___._____________.__________________.__ _ 271
" turned _____.____.... __________.. ____... _____.__________.______.. __________________.__ _ 270
channels used as beams_____ ._._. __._______.. __________________________________ ... __ 196-199
columns. explanation of tables._. _____ .. _____________ .__.______________________ _ 207-210
" American Standard beams used as_______..._________________ _ 222
~i~~tl~:~s~~.~~_~~~_~_~~~~==~~~~=~~=~~=~:::=:~=:::::::==:
211-213
223
pipe.................................................................................. 248
plate and angle _____________________________________________ ._.____ _ 224-233
Wide Flange.................................................................. 214-221
double-angle struts concentrically loaded ____________________._______ _ 234-247
pins _____________________________._______________________________ .._........... _. ____.. 269
rivets..... _.........__... ____... ___... _...____ .. __._ .. _.._..._....._............__ .____.. 270
Allowable unit stresses, building materials. _____ .._.. _.._..... ___....... _....... __._... _______._ 346
If " columns. table ot..._................. _....... _.. _..._.. _..._.. __ .____....
I, 209
American Societ y for Testing Materials- see A.S.T.M. above.
American Standard beams, allowable loads_.__ .. _. __....... _......... ____....._....... __.___... ____.. 189-192
., " " beam connections. ___...... _. __..... __.. _..... _.. _...... ___... _' __"'_'_ 151-153
dimensions, weights and properties.............___ ..____.. 28-29
method of increasing area and weight_._._. ______ ......__ 62
rolling and cutting tolerances... _.......... __ ._ .....__ ._..... . 65
used as columns, allowable loads......._.. _.._..._. __... _.. 222
Ame;!can Stan?ard cha~ ~els, allowable loac!s_ ............ _.._._.....___ .._. ___ .____ ._.. __ ...... _" 196-199
beam connections_.. _. __ ..__ ... __ ._. ____ ..____ ......_.___ ._.._.. 151-153
dimensions, weights and properties. .... __ .._. __....__ 30·31
method of increasing area and weight.. _..___ ...____ _ 62
rolling and cutting tolerances..... ___ ......_.._..._. __. 66
American Welding Society-see A.W.S. above.
Anchor bolts..... _.... _................_ ~... ~_ ..~~....................................................................... 155
Anchors, wall and governmenL.__.________.__......__._.._.___ .. _.... ____.________.___.________.. 155
~¥I e connecti9ns fOF hangers and brackets_ .......... __ ... _.... __.____ ._ .._... ______ ._. ______.. . 267
struts. dIscussIon.___ .__ .___..._..__.. _..... _...... __.... _. _____......_......_._..._._.. __. ________.. _ 234
Angles and channels, properties of combined sections.. _...__.._.___...____ ._.._______ .. _.. 120-122
Angles. bulb, dimensions, weights and properties._._..__.. _. ___.. _____..________ ..________ ... 54-55
., effective net are3. ____________ .___._. ___... _... _...... _.._. ___ ._________..__.___ .. _______ .. _.. 97-99
gages in __ .____..__ .. ____....... _. ____________._ .._.. _..__ .. _.._____ .__.___.._...___..__ ..______._..... . 160
in combined sections. see Combined sections
method of increasing area and weight __ ._.__ .___ .... ________ ._._______._. _______....._._ 62
natural functions of, see Functions
pro~rties a~.d wei~.hts-of-doubie~~~~:::~:::::~:~:::=::::::::==::::::=::=::::===::~~:=:~ 123-127
32-37
properties of four. for girder design..... ___ .... ____.... _.._____ ... ____.........___...."._._ 96-98
properties referred to axis of moments through center of gravity ....... . 364
~~~~n~sab!~s:t~fo~~bl:l~ds_~~~~- ~ ==~:~:::~~~::~:~::::::::=::::::::::::::::::=:~~:::::~:::~
67
2()()·201
Arcs of circles, length oL._............... _.__ ....___..._.._. ___ .. ____..._... ____... _. _____.... ____....__ _ 356

424
Page
Area and weight of structural sections. method of increasing.___ ..______________._._ .... 62
" of bars, round and SQuare __ .___ ...___............................... ___...____ . __... _.............._. __ 72-73
.. circles........ __ .... ______......... _______..... __ ...... __ ..__.______________________________________ .______. ____ ._ 392-413
.. one cover plate, gross and neL __ _....___ .... ____________ .__.____ ._______________________ .__ . __. 95
.. rectangular sections ........_____ ...........___ ..... _____________ .. _______________________.______...... . 78-81
rivet holes, chart for reduction due to....._________ .... _____________________ .___ .....__ .... 101
" .. table" .. .. ........ _______.._____._______.__.__.. _................ . 100
~eas:'~;~e~g~fin~~i~i~e~~r.~_~_-_-_-_-_-.·.~~:::::::::::::::::::=::::::::::::::=::=::::::::::::::::::::
96-99
92-94
Arrangement of contents, explanation oL...... _.. _....... ____... ____...__............._... ___.... . 7
~;s, squ,~e a~d ro~d, ;:;~~~ibr~ ~~tio~s:::::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 72-73

334
•• definition......._.........___ ... _...... _........ _..................._..._. __.._._. __._____....__ ...__.____ ..__.... _ 58,326
upset square_... _.. _____ .. __________________ ..........._....__.__ .___ .__...__________ ._._._..._____________ ...... 136
.. round....... _............. ___ .___ ._______ ..___ ._.. ____ .-.-----.------.----.-------.-----------------.--....-- 137
Base plates, allowable loads .... ____ ___ ._______ ._.___ ... _._._ ..._. ________ ._______ ..______ .__________ ._ ...... ____. 249-251
., ,. ~~~n;ie-~ari·a"tions·hi-i·t;ickness::::::::--·- ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 129
69
rolling mill practice __________ _____ .__ .......___... __ .__..._____________.._...._....... _________ . 60
li:~~f~~sr~~~.~~~.-: -:_~=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::=::::::
60
Base' price, ... 58
Battledeck Floor, typical designs for highway bridges. _________._.______ .__.. _.._. _____... 144
Beam anchors.._. _..... _. ___ ........___....______.__________________ ..________________________________..... __.. ____ . 155
" bearing plates, see Bearing plates.
connections, see Connections.
flexure diagrams and formulas; reactions, shears. moments, deflections 366-377
seats_ ...__._____.___.______ ._.__ ._...._._.____________ ..__________________________ .______________.__ ..... _.. __ .___ ._ .. 262-263
•, separators. ___.__ .__...._..........._...__ ._____ .___ .. _____________________________ .___________ .___........... ___ ._. 155
Beams, allowable loads, explanation of tables.__._____ .___________________________........ __ .. ____ .. 172-174
., •• " American Standard ... _.. ____ . __. ____________________ ._._......... __ .__ .... _ 189-192
miscellaneous. ___ ... _. ______ ..____________.______________ ._ ......... ____ .__ ._ 193-195
Wide F lange __ ._.... _____.________________________________ ........_. _____ ._. 175-188
charts for laterally unsupported. ___________ ._.._.. _._____.._..... 202-206
~b:ri~dof~~~moli~~i~t~~~~~:::==:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
200-201
63
continuous, coefficients for calculating__________ .. _..._____.. _. __._..... _. ______ ..... _. __ 378-383
detailing practice..... ___..... ___________.___ ....... _. ___ ... _..... . _. ___._._.__..._____ ._.._........ __ . 148-149
.. ~erican Standard; dime!?sions, wei~.hts a~d pro~rties....-------........ -----
mIscellaneous _____._.. _......... ____ _
28-29
24-27
'Vide F lange .. ..".. ____..... _........ _____ . 12-23
Junior .." " " _____._ .._......... _____ 26-27
economy of sections used as (section modulus table) __ ._.____ ._ ..___..........._. 83-85
in flexure under transverse for ce oblique through center of gravity...___ 364
in combined sections, see Combined Sections.
web crippling in, explanation oL ... _..._......... __.___ ..____.._. ______________.... _.._ 172
~ing ~~~s:-definitiorL:::~.~=:::::::::::::::::::::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
46
58
., •• desi&!1.. :.. _____ ... _: ___ :____.___; ___.___;__________ .___ ------------------ .._..__ ......... __.__ 128
permissible vanatlons m thickness____..________________ .______......... ____ .____ . 69
~~~~~ ~~d~ii~~~~~
.. . _-_-_-. . . =::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
.' standard rolled sizes _____._. ______.. _____ .__ . __________ ._____________ .___ ............ _. ___ _
60
60
60
Bending factors. explanation oL __ ._ ...._____ .___._. _______._________________ .____________ ..._......... _. ___ _ 207
:l~~fu~\~h~i~fio~a~~ads::::~~=::::=:::::::::::::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
149
271
•• ancboe ________:__.........._______.__.___. _______..___________ ..___ .... ______________________ ..._............____ _ 155
dimensions of threads, heads, nuts.. _._. _____... _______________________ ._ ..............___ _ 164-165
swedge.____.. ____ .........___________ ._____________________.. ______.____________________________ .............____. 155
turned. allowable loads._______________.___ ._._.. _............. __... _.._______..._.. _.____._.. _. 270
weight of. ___ ......___ ._..........____. ___________________ ._.. _.............. _...__... ______. _________________..... 166-167
Brackets, angle and structural tee connections [or........... _.._... _. __ ._. __ .______________._... 267
•• design ______ .. .._............. __... _____________ . ___.__ ... _................._.. _._._. __ .____________ .____ ...... 265-266
Building materials, coefficients of expansion._________ .__ .__ ...__.__ ._..... _.. ____. _____.._. ___ .___. 348
,. ~~f:~ttshan(rsjjecific-gravities::~:::::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: 349-351
,. 346
Bulb Angles, dimensions, weights and properties... ___...... __.... ____ ...____.__._____.. __ ... 54-55

425
Page
Bureau of Standards, Minimum Design Loads.... __ .____ ... _____ ......... ____ ......... _____........ 343-344
.... .. Recommended Live Loads for Storage Warehouses __ ...._ 352-353
Camber of beams, mill limitations; maximum for given length ______ .. ______._ ...... __ _ 63
" ,factors for determining_________ .___________________________________________________________________ _ 384
of plates, pennissible....______________.. ____________________________ ._____________ .________.___ _ 70
•• structural shapes_________________ ... ________ ....... __ ...___ ... _______......_..___ ......____ .. _... 63-67
Carbuilding channels; dimensions, weignts and properties........ ___......... ____ ._ ....... 48·51
" .. method of increasing area and weight............................. . 62
rolling and cutting tolerances..... ...................._.. _.._._ .. . 66
special shapes for sills and posts................... __................................. . 50-51
Castings, specifications for .... _....... _____ ........ _____....... ____ ........ ______ .........__ ...................... 326
Center sill section, half, for cars; dimensions, weights and properties. __........... 50-51
Channels, allowable loads as beams_ ...... _.. ___ ......... _............ ____ ........ ____ ........... 195-199
" American Standard; dimensions, weights and properties..... __. 30·31
Car and Shipbuilding," ...." ....... ___.. _... 48-51
Junior, ..... ___ ........ . 26-27
in combined sections. see Combined sections
in flexure under transverse force oblique through center of gravity 364
method of increasing area and weighL ..__........................................ _... 62
rolling and cutting tolerances.... __ .......... _.......... ..................................... 66
prop;.rties 0:1
com~!ned w},th an~les.. __ ............. _......................... _....... 120-122
WIde Flange beams......................_..... 11&-117
.. two combined........ _............................. _... 118-119
Chords, truss, plate-and-angle ....... ___ ....... ._ .......... _...... _.. _........... 114-115
Circles. circumference of. ............................. __.......... _._ .........._................................ 392-413
" length of circular arcs. ......._._ ........................ _.........._.........._............. _..... 356
properties of. .... _............................................................................................. 355
Clamps, crane raiL.__................................................................................ _............. 131
Clearance. field erection and rivet............................_.........................._.. _............... 156-157
" for driving rivets...................... _....................................... 157, 160-161
Clevises; dimensions and weights.. __ ..._..... _._._ ......... ......... _._...................... 132
Code for Arc and Gas Welding, A.W.S .• references to... __ ............. 336. 34Q-342
Code of Standard Practice, A.I.S.C. (see page 422)........ ........................ 307
Coefficients of expansion for structural steel ....... ____ .......... _._.................................. 347·348
Coefficients for designing eccentric connections....___ ..........................._. .............. 266
.. .. " continuous spans............ .......... _.................._............... 378-383
of expansion for various substances ........................ _.. _...... 348
Cold Flanging. see Flanging.
Cold Riveting __ ..........................._..............................................................._.......... . 324·325
Column anchors................................ __............................................................ _......... 155
., base plates. allowable loads_ ......................................._.........._................. 249·251
.. .e desi~.. :bj" ........: ... :.....-.-.-.......;----.......... -...•.........._.._............ . 129
permlssl e vanatlons In thickness..................................... . 69
rolling mill practice.___ ......... _ ............................. _............... 60
section moduli of................_.............................. _.. _._......... 60
standard rolled sizes ____ .......... _........ __ .__ ............................... . 60
" web connection, clearances and flange cuts fOL_ .................................... . 156
Columns. allowable loads. explanation of tables..__ ............................................... . 207-208
.. ee ee American Standard beams used as........................... . 222
cover plated on 14" Wide Flange core......... . 211-213
miscellaneous....._.. _...... _.................................... 223
pipe..... ___.................... .............................. 248
plate and angle ___ ........ ___ ............ _.................... . 224-233
Wide Flange shapes. _........... _................................. . 214-221
allowable unit stresses for steeL .... __ . .................................... . 209
dimensions, weights and properties, cover plated on 14" Wide
Flange core............................ 112-113
miscellaneous...... _........._......... 24-27
pipe............................................ 139
plate and angle............_............. 10!).111
Wide Flange shapes..... __ ......... 1&-25
eccentrically loaded. design.....__ . ........................................... 207·208, 365
Combined sections ; properties. weights and dimensions, as follows:
.. " .. two angles and one stem plate....__.... _......... _... 114-115
one beam and one channeL .... _......................_.. . 11&-117
two channels...................._................................... . 11&-119

426
Page
Combined sections; properties, one channel and one angle (linteIs) ... ______ ......... 120-121
" " " o n e channel and two angles (eave struts) ..... __ _ 122
Compression, allowable unit stresses, table oC._.... ____ .. __ .................. _______ .. ___ .......... 209
Compression members with l/ r over 120. __ ........... __________............... _.. ______........ _.. . 210
Connections, beam. standard; designs, weights, minimum span8. .... _____....__....... . 150-153
.. " . " ; a llowable loads... _____ .. __________________________________ .... . 252-259
.. ; special, as follows:
eccentric, method of design and tables.... ______________ .. ___ .___... __ 264-266
thin \vebs.___________ ............ ____ ... ____ ... ___............... __ .______... __ .......... . 260-261
heavy shears._____..__ ................................................................. -. 260-261
one sided..... _................ _.........._..................._............___ .____....... . 260-261
I. ,seated, generaL .._........................................._._......................... . 149
.. maximum reactions and minimum spans... _. __...... . 154
method of design and tables .. _.............._._........ _.... . 262-264
wind bracing..... __ ................................. __ .._....____... _. __ ...... _.... . 149
for hangers and brackets (angle and tee) ... _........... _...................... . 267
, welded, beams to beams and girders __ ... _.........................__......_._ ..... 337
•• beams to columns ..... _.......... _. ____._. __ .......................__.. __.. _.. . 338
column splices, column bases_... __ ...................._...._. __.. __._._ .. 339
. ' see also.Riyet groups.
Contmuous spans, prmclples..... __ ._____ ._.. __ ...............__. ....__ ........... __...... _._. __... _____.... 365,378
.. .. design coefficients (ordinates to influence lines)._ .. ______ .__._. __ 379-383
Conversion factors, weights and measures____ ._ ...______. ___ ...... _............... __ .__........_..... _. 416-417
Copes for beams __ .. __ ... _._. __............____...____ ... _____ .. ____________ .__ ....... _._ .. _.. __ .... _........ ___.. __ ._ 149
Corrugated sheet metal construction__ .........._. __ ._. _____ ... _...._____ ... ____ .__ ............_......... . 142-143
Cotter pins, dimensions and weights___ ......................._.................. __................. _..... . 134
~yer p1a~,ed Wi.1e Fl3f.ge col~s, ~lowa1?le loads; ................ _............: ..... __..... . 211-213
dunensIOns, weIghts and propertIes._....... . 112-113
plates, design of girder with..... _....... _............____...__..._.._......__ ...... ____ ...____ .. . 88-89
Crane rails and fastenings; dimensions, weights and properties._._..__ .. ___.......... . 130-131
Crippling of beam webs..... _.. _..._......__.....__ ................ _. __ .... ____..... __........... __... _.......... . 172
Cuts, beam flange, for column web connections......... __.__.....___............... _.. _......... . 156
" detailing practice...... ..... _......... _.................____....... _................._......... _._._......... . 149
Cutting tolerances, plates................... _.......... __...._._.....__._..._... _....................____......... . 58,70
.. "structural shapes............... ____ .. __ .__ ._.. _........... _... _. _____....... _. 64-67
Dead load, weights of building materials........ __ .._......._..... __ .._.. __..__... ____... __ ....... . 349-351
Decimals of a foot for each !-fI of an inch..... __ ...____.......................... _........._.......... . 418-419
.. .. an inch for each !i4 of an inch , with millimeter equivalents ......... . 420
Deflection camber, factors for determining...................................... .............. . 384
I. formu1as ..... ___ ..................................................._...................... _................ 365-375
of beams under maximum uniform load, American Standard ......... . 189-192
of beams" .. . . . . , Am. Std. channels ........... . 196-199
of beams .. ,Wide Flange..... __.____ ........ . 175-188
Detailing practice..._. __ .__.... ____.. _. ____... __ ._ .............. ____...._........__ .........____.. ___......... . 148-168
Diaphragrns....................... ___ ........ _._._...._.._...................__._._.................._._......._.......... 165
Dimensions, see specific item.
Double-angle struts, allowable loads on concentrically loaded.......... _................ . 234-247
Drill gages, detailing practice....._...._._...................... _. ______ ................_.. _..........__...... . 148
Eave Struts, channel and angle.............................. ___ .. _................. _. ___ ._._............ _ 122
Eccentric connections, beam, see Connections.
II loading. design of columns..__. ___ ............. ................ ___.._......... . 207-208
Economr of shapes used as bearns..... __................ _.. .................. .. _. ___............ . 83-85
Effect 0 heat on steeL........................................... ................. __... _............. _.. 347
Elasticity, modulus of, various materials............ ................... .................. . 346
II " variation in structural steel. ........................ _................. .
.. 347
Erection clearances.. _.. _.................... _....... ___ .......................................... ___................. . 156-157
EXIX¥,lsion, coe~~ents ?,L ... __ ;-...;......; ..----...............-....-..... -................ ___ .... _. __...._._. 348
, vanatIOn 10 structural steeL .._................____...._. __ ._._. 347
Eyebars...... __ .. __ ...___ ..._......._. __........____... __................. _. ____......_............. _..____ .. ____....... _. 135
Fast~ings (?,r corrugat.ed st~eL .... :.""-................; ....--...... --................... _... ___._........... . 143
crane ralls; dimenSIOns and welghts......... __ ................................... 131
Flame cut plates, tolerances...... _._. ____.........................___............... _.......____ ...____....... . 70
Flange angles, girder.....____ ........._.____ ._ .......... _. __.....___....... _...... _.........._... ____ .. _.. _. 96-99
Flange slope, rolled steel sections... _.. __ ..._. __.__ .. _...... __._ .. ____ .. ____ ..... __...._____.... . 9-10

427
Page
Flanging, cold, minimum radiL ________________________ ......____... __._______________ .. __... _.. ______ _ 168
Flexure diagrams and formulas. __________________________.. ___.... _____________________..__ ._____ ....__ _ 366-377
Floor, battledeck.. ... __ ............................ _.._...................... _......_.. _........................... 144
Floor plates, raised pattern. .. ____.___........ ___ .. ______________... __.__.__.. _______ ..__.___ .__ ._____ .... _______ 59
~~~~Fas f~fi~~~~O~j f:ams_~~~~~-.·.-~~~~~~~~::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
326
366-377
" continuous beams.... _. _______ .___ .........___..__....... __ .____ ... ___._ ...........___ ._. 365
•• Mechanics of Materials.... _______ .............. __ ......... __._______._................. _.. . 365
,. properties of various geometrical sections ...._______.__... ____________________ _ 358-364
:: slope an? deflection, beam ~ _. ______ .________________ .___._ ..___.... ______ .._.___ ...... . 365
stresses m columns._______.__. _........... __ .._____.__....... _. __....... __.................... 207-208
, Trigonometric....... ____.. _________ .._. __ ...___..______ .____________.__. __.._.. _................... 357
Functions of angles, natural :
sines, cosines....... _......__ .._... _____________________ ._________________________...... _............. 366-387
tangents, cotangents_.___________ ....__...___ .__..___ .__________ .______._.___.. _.... _........ _. ___.. 388-389
secants, cosecants......__.. _...____ ........ _... __ .___ .__ ..______ ._.__. ___ ...._... _____ ... _____ .___ ._ 390-391
of numbers; square, cube, square root, cube root, log, reciprocal,
circumference, area_....... _.. _........... _.____ .__ ._________________ ........ . 392-413
Gages and clearances for structural rivets_____ .................. _. __ .___________________............ 160-161
•. for angles ____ ...... ________________ ...._.. _____...._____.....................__._._____.. _____________... _...... . 160
, standard drill and punch_. __ .. ____.. _. __... _..................... ___ ._________________............. 148
, wire and sheet metaL ______________.__ ..___ .__....................... _.____________________._ ........ . 414
g~~~~~~ti~~~~~~~rtles-of~3rious~~~~:~~:::::~::::::::::::~~~::~:~~:::==:::::~===:::::::::::
70
358-364
Girders, allowable unit stresses for unstiffened webs oL_._. __.________________........... 102
.. , design of laterally unsu pported ____... __ ....____ ....... _____________________ ............... 202-206
, plate, design methods_.__. ___ .... ___.____________________________________ ....__.. _._.__.. _.. ___ .__ _ 86-89
" •• t ables for design.._. ________________________ ._____________________ . _____.. _._____ ... __._____ _ 90-99
tables of dimensions, weights and properties._.. _________ ...._. ___ .____ 102-108
Government anchors _________ .._. ___._____________________________________________________________ ....__ ......... ___ . 155
H Piles ; dimensions, weights and properties....._____ ....... __._ ..____ .__________ ............. . 46
Half center sill sect ion for cars.. _.. ___._ ..._... _...........................__._____.____________ .__ ._..... 50-51
He;:ds, bolt ; dim~nsi0I'l:s and weights__________ ... _.... _.._._.........____ .__....________________ .__.. 165-167
eyebar ; dimenSlOns. ___ .... _... _.____.._._____ .........................._...____ ._______________ ._.... . 135
Heat, effect of on steeL __._____ ...._. __ ..__ .....___....___ ... __....... _..__... _.. _________ .._______ .... _....... 347
Inch, decimal and millimeter eq uivalents for fractions of an .. __....__________._ ...... . 420
Inertia, see Moment of inertia .
Joints, welded, a cceptable under A_W.S. COde.__ ..... _. __... _... ______ . __________.................. 340-341
Kip, definition oC .. _......... __ _ 6

Length. of circular arcs ___ . ___________ .. __ ._. __ .___.. ______________ ..________________________ ...__.___...... _____ _ 356
Lintels. channel and angle. properties... ____.. ______________________ ._______________.. __ .. __ .. __.________ . 120-121
" , diaphragms and separators fOL _____.______ ._______ .________.______._.._____ ._____________.___ . 155
Live load, see Loads.
Loads. allowable, see specific item under Allowable Loads.
Loads, dead.......................................... . ......................................... ........................... 279
" • definit ion of live and dead ____.___________________________ ... _________________ ._+_.. ___ ____ •_____ __ ._. 279
, floor ... ___.. _............................................................................... ....................... 343-344
• impact._ . __________________________ __________ . ___________________ .__________________________.___... __________ .___ . 283
, live..... _.................................. _. ................................................................ 279, 343-344
• live, for storage warehouses.___..... _____ .... ________ ....____ ._.___ .__________. .........___________ . 352-353
, minimum for design of buildings. A58.1-1945.. ______________ ____.. _....______ .______ 343-344
• moving, beam diagrams and fonnulas.... ___________.____ ... _._. __ ._____. ___ .____... __..... 377
• partial live....__ .. _..... __......__.. .......___.......... _... _........ __._______.. __________ ............. 344
, partition, allowance for movable. ... ____... ______ ........___.._._......__________ ............. 343
• reduction of live...._.......... __ .. . .. __._. __________ .... ______ ._._.___.__.... __ ... ____________ ............. 344
, roof.._____..... _.. __ .__ ........ _....._. __ ..... _.. _.._____ ._____ .___ ._______________ .__ .... _____________.___......... 344
, snow.... .......................... ............................................... ...................... 279, 283, 344
, wind. .. . .................... ............................................. ............................... 279
Logarithms of numbers .. _._.... .___._.____ ..___________________ .________________._.. _.. _.________.__ .__ .... 392-413
Loop rods, dimensions__ .... __ . ....... ______.. ___________________________ .____. ... ___.. __________ ._........ 138
AME R I CAN I N S T I T U TE OF STE EL. CONSTRUCTI O N

428
Page
Maso~y. pro~rti~, weights and spec~fic gravities.. :.....__ ._____ ...............____.. 346, 348, 350
Material, SpecIfication for Steel for Bndges and BuIldIngs, A.S.T.M. A7........ 326-332
.. .. .. Structural Rivet Steel, A.S.T.M. AI4L................. 333-335
Materials, coefficients of expansioIL .... _________ ........____ ..................................... __ ......... 348
.. Mechanics of. frequently used formulas ...... __ .. __ __ .__ ............................. 365
strength 01...... ...................................................... ................................. 346
weights and s~cific gravities..........__ ... __ ............ ___ ................................ 349-350
.. of buIlding............................................... . ............... ................. 351
Maximum camber for given length............ __ .... ____ .............. _______ ............. 63
Measures and weights.. ____ .... ____ ... __ ............ ___ .... ___ .......... __ .......................... __.. ___ .__ ._ 415
Mechanics of Materials ____ .. _........_.. .. .. _...................................... ____ ._........ 365
Mill practice ..................................__ ._. ........................................................ 61-70
Milled ends of Wide F lange column sections, allowances for .................. 64
Millimeter equivalents for fractions of an inch _..................... _.......... 420
Minimum camber likely t o remain permanent_ .................................. ................. 63
.. lengths for given cambers................ __ __ ................................. 63
live loads recommended by Bureau of Standards....... _.............. _ 343-344
.. . spans for beams with standard connection........... _..................____ 150-154
M iscellaneous beams and columns; dimensions, weights and properties._ 24-27
.. beams, allowable loads........... _............................................. 193·195
columns, allowable loads....... _.... __ ...._________________ ._._______.____ ._ ............._ 223
Modulus of elasticity of steel, effect of temperature on. ___ ..____ .____ .. _____ ....____ ._........ 347
., .. " ., various materials_......__...._. __ ....____ ._._______ ._ .. ______ .. _____ .. _.... .. 346
Moment diagrams, beams._. _____......................._......... _._.....______..__......._____ .____________..... 366-377
" formulas, moving loads_.... ___ ... _.... ___ ...____....... _.._..... __ .........._... ___________ ._. 377
Moment of inertia, design of plate girders......... ___ .........._.. __...._.........________________ ... 86-89
.. .. .. of four angles_ ..... _____ ............ _.............................________________ ..... 96, 98
.. two cover plates..... __.___ ._.................. _..._.. _...____ .___________ ...... 92-95
•• unit areas __ ._ ... _.......... ....... __ .......... __ ..........._. __ .____________ ... 92-94
.. web plates ...... _........ .................. .. .................... _......... 90-91
.. shapes with respect to oblique axes ____ ......... ______________ ..... 364
Moving loads, formulas and diagrams.... _._. ________.................................__.__________.... 377
Natural fun ctions, see Functions.
Net section of riveted tension members-Chart......_. __________ ...._. _______ .______________...... 101
Nomenclature, standard .._.. __ .... ____....... _..... _....._........... _.. _._ ....... _._ ...._.. _._. _____ ..___._.... . 6
Numbers, functions of. ___ ...._____..... __........... _...... __...... _.. __ ...._. ___ ......_..._.. _____...._...__ ... . 392·413
Nuts, and bolt heads..............._.._.. _.................._.......... _...... _.._ ............................ 165-167
•• ,pin..........________._.... _........_...____ ....____ ......._____ ......._.. _______._._._.____...___. _______.____.... 134
•• sleeve ____ ... __ ..._........ _......__________ ._. ____ ........................ ______________ ..________ .____.____ .___ ..... . 133
Permissible tolerances, rolling and cutting... ___ ... ____ .......... _........... __ .........___ .__ .... __ .__. 64-70
.. variations in camber of beams.... _. __ .___ .___ ........._... _..___ ...... _............. _._ .. 63
" in rolled plates and structural shapes.. _. ______ ._ ..... _.._...__ .. 68-70
•• bars, round and square __.. ____ ......... ___ .__ .__ ..________ ............. . 334
Partition loads, allowance for movable._ ...____ ._..________ ............ ____ .___....____.___.......... __ _ 343
Piles, steel H , dimensions and properties ... _...... ____ ._ ............... _______ ....___ .._____... _....... _ 46
P in caps_ ....__ .............. ___ ...______ .._. __ ...._.. _........... _..._____ .__ ...................____ ..___ ._...___ ._ ......... __ 134
•• nuts, recessed; dimensions and weights_. __.______ ... _..... ................ _................... __ 134
Pins, allowable loads.. __ ....... _____..... _..................____...._............ _._...................... _......_. 269
•. ,cotter, dimensions and weights.. _. ____ .... _._.... _.............. .................._..__...... _._. 134
.. with integral heads.__ ....___ ...................... _.. ___ ...._.... _......... _.... _.... _....... __ ...._..... ___ . 134
Pi~ ~~:~~!~~Ti~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~: ~ .~ : ::.: : :~:: : .:.: .

P~.te a~d an¥,le col,-!~ns, al1owa~le loadds.....;-.h..----....-------.-------.------..----.----__ ._ ...... _
. : .':' .:' : : :' :.: :
propertIes an welg ts ____ .... ____________ .__ .________ .. ______.___..... .
248
139
14().141
158-159
224-233
IW-UI
" " .. girders, see Girders.
Plate girders, see Girders.
Plates, area of rectangular, table....___ ._.__...______.._. _____._.____.__ .____.__ .....__ ... _..........__ ... . 78-81
Of available sizes. ___... _..........._.... ____ .__ ._.. ___...._________...___ ....... _....... _............... _._ .... . 59
base and bearing, design_._ .. _...... __....____ ....... __ .__ .... __ .____ .... _....____ .... _. _____.. __ .___ ._. 128-129
".. " , rolling mill practice, section modulus table, standard
rolled sizes_....._. _______ ..._.. _______..____._ ......_. _______ ._.____ ... _.. _____ _ 60
definition ____._.__ ................ ___ ......... ___ ... _____ .......__ .._._.____ ..........__...... ______ .._.... ____ _ 58, 326
floor, raised pattem.. _. __ ......................_......_.__ ......._. __._.__ ._ ................_......___ _ 59
moment of inertia of web. _____...... _.. __ ._._...._._ ....._.. _......._. __..... _._ ....__ ._..... __ 90-91

429
Page
Plates, net section moduli of.. .. _________________________ .._._.._______________........____________ _ 268
•• permissible variations in weight and thickness ________._ .......... _ 68·70
rolling and cutting tolerances ____ .___ .... ____ .. __.__ ..____ .___ ._._ ......... _.__ 68-70
sheared, table of available sizes _____ .... ____ ...__________________............__ _ 59
universal mill, table of available sizes____ ..... _____________ ._..____.. _ 59
weight of rectangular, table_____ ________________________________________ ..__ .. _..__ ._._... _....... _
74-77
Pro~rties ?f ~~~~~~l:~~~~_~ ~~~~~_~~_~~~: _ _ -:_ -_: : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : :: : : : : : : : : :
347
35!>-356
•• various geometric sections.... __.......... ________ ._ .. _........ __________________________ _ 358·364
Punch gages, detailing practice.. ___________ _____________ .__________________________ .. __ 148
Radii of IP'ration, tabulated as "properties" of various shapes and com-

bmations.
.. , minima for cold flanging __ .. ___ .. _. ___ .. _.........._______ ____._._.._. ____________________________ .. 168
158-159
Ra~~ing ~~~nilgSs:.dimensions--an~f-weights::~~::.::::::::::::::-:::::::::::::::::::::=:::::::--:::::::::::: 140-141
Rails, splices and fastenin gs; dimensions, weights and properties ___ . __.. ______ .. _.. _.. 130· 131
Ratios of radii of gyration of strong to weak axis, explanation of use in tables 208
Reaction formulas, moving load!t. ____ ...... _...._________________________________ .____________________ .____ . 377
~~=~~ ~~ir;;n~:~~~i-
~-~:-~~~-:~.~~~~.~:::::::=::=::::::::::::::=::=:::::::----:::=::::::=:::
134
78-81
.• " . \veight. ....___________ .________ ._________________________________ ..__ ._________ ... _. 74-77
Reduction of area for rivet holes, table oL ____ ._________________________ .___.__.___ .. ________ ..... . 100
" of live load related to area covered_. ___________________ ...... __.._... ___ ._.________ .... _ 344
Regular Series of rolled structural shapes____ ._ ....__ ._ .. ______________ ._ .... _. ____._.... __ ..___ .__ ..... . 11-46
Rivet groups under eccentric application of load _________._. _________ .....____..__.___ .__ ._____.__ 265
., holes, reduction of area for ____________________________ .__________________________._______________...__ . 100
Steel, Specification for, A.5.T.M. Spec. AI4L ....•....................... 333·335
Riveting, cokL _.... _..................... .........................................................._......._.......... 324-325
Rivets, allowable loads _______ .__ ...____ ______________ .__ ._________ .__________ ...____ ... ______ ._. __ ...... __ 270
" clearances, dimensions, gages, symbols, spacing _____________._. ___ _ 160-161
erection clearances..... _. _____ .___ ____________________.. ______ ..__ .___ ............. _. 156-157
length for given grip __ .. _____________________________ .. _____ ._______ ..__ ....._.. _.... ________ .___ ........ 162
163
Ro;;ed s~~~~~u~aX-sl1a.-pes:··generaL:::::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::_::::::::::::::::::::::: 9·10
Rolling mill practice_______ ..... _. ________________________________ .. ______ .____________________ ._____ ._______ .______ 61·70
•• tolerances, plates.._.___ .. __________________. __________ ._____________________________________________ _ 68-70
•• structural shapes_____________________.___________________ .___ .______________________ _ 64·67
Roof loads, recommended ......___________________ ...____ .___________________________ ._________________ .__.__ _ 344
Roofing, corrugated sheets used as ________ .. _.._____________________________.____ ._________________ .. __ _ 142-143
Round bars; areas and weights __________.________.__________ ._______________________ ._._______________.. __ .. 72·73
.. .. upset screw ends fOf.. __ .__________ ._. _________________________._______ .___.. ______________ _ 137
Screw ends, upset bars. ___ ._..__ ._... ~. ________.__ ._.._. _____________.......... _____ .____ .___ ............. ______ 137
.. threads. dimensions......__._. __..._____ .__ .____________________ ..____....... __ ............. _____ ......... 164
Seated connections, allowable loads.___ .....__ .. ___ .. ______ .. ___________ ... ____ ..............__ .... 154. 262-263
.f •• design of stiffened __...... ________________ .... ______... _____................ ________ .. 264
.f ., unstiffened.........._____ ...____........____ .. ______ ........____ ....____ .. 263
maximum reactions and minimum spans____......._________._____ .. 154
Section moduli of plates, table of neL __ .. __ .... ____________.. ____________________________________________ 268
.. modulus table for shapes used as beams____________________ ....________ ....____..._._.. 83-85
Separators......... __ ............................................ _.. _................................................ 155
Shapes, general discussiofi._._._........_. __..... _..._.._...____ .. _. __ .. _..____......__ .._............_._..... 9-10
Shear diagrams, beams...... ...........................•....................................................... 366·377
Shear, table of allowable web..._. __....... _..... ____ ........ _._. ___...._. ___ ._... _.._.. _............ _____ ... 102
Sheared plates, available sizes.... ________ ._._..... _...___........................... ____...... __....___ ....... 59
,. .. ~;:\~gie·~~iai·io~s.·.·.-.~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::==::=::::::::: 68-~
Shearing stresses in beams.._.. ____ ............... _. ____ ..___ ..__ ._____ .__._._____._ ....._.._... ___ ._ .. _. ___.. 172
Sh~et me~l and wire ~ages ....------... - ................ ---.----.------.-.............. _____________________ . 414
construction, corrugated___ . __________ .. __________ _____ .... __ ....___________________.... 142-143
Sheets, definition ___ .________ .......... __________________ .......... ____________________ ._. ___ .._.________________________ 326
Shipbuilding channels; dimensions, weights and properties__________ .______________________ 48-51
.. .. methods of increasing area and weighL __.___________________ 62
.. .. rolling and cutting tolerances ________ .________________________________ 66
§~~~~a:;~;a~~~e ihe~~ ~~du~~~~~=~:=::==::::::==::::=::==::=::::===::::::::==::::::::::: 14~~~

~~--
430
Page
Sill sections _____.............. ____ ..__ .. ___........... _..__ .--......... -----...----.. --------..--.-.--.....--.. -. 50-51
~~!~~~1~~ d:~s~~!~nd~~~iS~=~_~~:~~=::::::::=::::::::::::==::::::=::::::::::=::::::=:::::
234
133
~=~C ~~iti~~1~1 :;ri~~~r:~;~~~s:::=:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
47-55
349·350
Specification for the Design, Fabrication and Erection of Structural Steel for
Buildings (see page 422) ........................................................ . 275· 305
" " Structural SteeL______ ____ ......__..........__ ...._.___ .._. ___.__....... ___ ... ____ _ 326·332
•• Rivet Steel. ___.____........ ______ .__ ............... ___ ....... __ ._.. ___ ........... __ .__._______ . 333-335
Splice bars for crane rails, dimensions and weights.....____ ____ ._____________________________ . 131
Sq~e bats; areas and weights .. _ ....____ _............................ ____________________________________ _ 72-73
upset screw ends for ____ .. ___._ ........____ .............. _. ________________________ .________ _ 136
Stair railing detaiL ____.... __ ._. _____. __________. _______ ._... ____ ._ .... _..._........______________ _______________ .. ___ _ 158-159
Steel for Bridges and Buildings, Specifications for, A.S.T.M. A7_ ._ .. ____________ .__ 32&-332
.. •• Rivets, Specifications for Structural, A.S.T.M. A14L _.. ____________________ _ 333-335
.. ,properties of at various temperatures... _... _..____________ .... ____.... _. _______ . _________ ._._ ... 347
Stiffened beam seats.... _. __ .._____ ._..___________ .____ .. ______ .____ ... _. __ ....___ ._.___ ...____.... ____ ................ 262
•• ,.. .. , design ot._..__________________ ....___..............._._._._. __ ... _................_... 264
Strength of materials .............._______._______ .____.. _____ ._____ ............. __ ...____............._ ........ __... 346
.. " steel at various temperatures. __ .. ______ ............. ____________________ . __.. _.._. ____ . 347
Strip, definitioll. ________ .. _.................. _.. _. ________ ...... _.._............... ___._____ ____ ._. __...._.. _____ ._ 326
Stresses, allowable unit, for building materials.. ______ ....... _._____ .______. ____ ._.. _... __ . ___ . __ _ 346
" ., .. for columns, table ot. .............. _.. __________________ .___ .___________ _ 209
Structural shapes, general discussion_ ..________________ ............... _.... _____ . __...._..........._._._. 9-10
:: :: roll~ ~ and. cuttip.g toleranc~.- ............ -----.------..-- ..- .. - ......... -- 64-67
vanatlOns m weIght and thIckness oL __ ._________ . __ .._... _......... __ _ 68
tees, see Tees.
Struts, double-angle, properties ____ .. ____ ___ ............. __ .... ____. __________________________ .______ .. _.. 123·127
" " allowable loads. .. _. ____ ._ ............ _..... ________________________________________ _ 235-247
single-angle, design method_. ___... _____ ............... _.. ______________________________.. ________._ 234
Stub ends, threaded, dimensions ______ .. _,__.... _........... __ . ____ . __________________________________ ..... 138
Swedge bolts.........................................: ....... _..- .............. _...... _.. _...... _.......... _........ . 155
Symbols, list of standard ..... __.... _............ _...._.. _...... _...._...___________. __. ____. __ ._______ .. ___. 6
II rivet._.._.._.......... _................. _.........____..... _.... _....... ___...._________. ____ .__._____.._. __ 160
structural shapes, for drawings._ ...............__ .. _.... _......____...._... _.... _.._. __ .... . 10
welding. A. W .5 •............................................................................. _..._._. 342
Tee connections for hangers and brackets ....................... ___........_____ ...____............... 267
Tees, rolled; dimensions, weights and properties..... _.. _..... __ ._. ___________ .......... _._ .... _. 52
•• ,structural (split-beam); dimensions, weights and properties_ .. _... _._.....__.. .. 33·45
.. ,rolling and cutting tolerances____. __ ....... _.................. ___ .. __ ... ________ .... ___.... .. 64-65
Tempc;:ature effect ~n the properties of steeL .. __ ......... ____ .. _______ . __... _...... __.... .. 347
expansion coefficlents...... _._._.........................____ ... _................. . 348
T ension members, effective net area of riveted.................___ .... __......................... 101
Thickness of plates, tables of available_ ... ____ ..................... ___________ . __... _........... _... _ 59.60
Threads. bolt. length oL .. _.............. _............................................._....................... 164
•• , screw; diameter and area.......... __ ...................... ____________ .. _._......... _........... _ 164
Threaded bars. stub ends..............._..... ............................................... _.......... _.... . 133
Tie rods...... ____ ......____... _................__._.. _____ . ____ ...... _. __ ........................__ ..... ____.. _.. _..... .. 155
Timber, standard sizes ; weights and bending properties.... __ ........_. __..._... _. __........ 354
Tolerances, for plates..... _.... __..... ____.... _... _........ __ ........ _............_..... __ ................._........ _. 68-70
" " structural shapes.... _....___ .............. _................._.._................. _......... .. 64-67
Trigonometric fonnulas ................. _.......... ___ .............____ ....__ ......__ .._......... _................._. 357
Trusses, factors for approximating camber ___; ..........._..........................._....__.......... .. 384
Trusses, plate-and-angle chords for , properbes....................._.........._.....___ ..._._.... . 114-115
Turnbuckles, dimensions and weights _________...._. ___ ....._... _..._ ......... _..... ____ ...__._... . 133
Turned bolts, allowable loads __ ... ____...._____ ...... _... __ ........ _. __.. _......_...__._....__ ...__.... . 270
Unit areas, moment of inertia of pairs oL ... _...............__ .. __________ ... __.................... . 92-94
Unit stresses, allowable for building materials...___ .__ ..... _____....________... _................ . 346
.. " . . . . colUIllIls, table ot. ___ .____.._..... _. __ ........ _. ___....__ .._._ ... _.._. 209
Universal mill plates, available sizes.. ___... ________... _... _.... __......... ____ ....... __....__ .. __ ._....... . 59
II •• definition.... ______......... ___.... _.........._....... _.. __.... _____ .. _.___.._.......... .
.' 58
permissible variations ____ ................. _. __........ ___ ......... _......... .. 68·70
Upset screw ends...... _.... _.................. _____.. __.. ____......._.... _.......____ ..._._...... _.. ____.. __..... _... _ 136·137
Variation, tables of permissible in shapes and nlates.. _.......... _........................... .. 64·70
.. ".. .. .. bars, round and SQuare_ ..................._.. _........ .. 334

431
Page
Wall anchors.. __________________________________________________________________________ .__________ ._."____... _________ _ 155
Warehouse live loads..__ ..........__.......... __... ________ .. ______ .. __________________________ ... ____... __________ _ 352-353
Water, coefficients of expansion .. __ ..______ ..._. _______ ... __________________ .__________....______.. __.._____ _ 348
Web crippling. explanation oC__............. ______.____._______.......____ ... _________ .. __.... ______________ _ 172
Weight tolerances, corrugated sheets.....__.__.__.__ .... __ .___.. _______.__ .____.____... _.. ______ ... __. 143
•• •• plates......____...... __ ... ___......__.__ ... ___ .........____.______...___._____________________ _ 68-69
structural shapes__________________________________________________________________ .__ 68
We~~hts a~d mea~ures-- - ---;-;-- - ..------.. -- _ _____.. _______________________________________________________. 415
specIfic graVIties of vanous substances. _______ ____________.____ .._______________ _ 349-350
of building materials_ ______________________ .______________ .. ____ _ 351
" connections, standard_. ____ ._... ___ ________________________________._______________ _ 150-153
" " stiffened beam seaL_.________ ._._. ___________________________________.. ___ _ 262
" rectangular sections_. ______________ ..___... _.....____ .______________________________ .____.______ 74-77
" round and square bars ____________ ._. ____ .___...._____________________________ ...___ ..____.____ 72-73
" shapes, method of increasing_..__________._____________________________...._... ________ 62
Welded connections, see Connections.
" joints, acceptable forms, A.W.S. ____ ________________ .___________..__.___ .. __.._. ______________ _ 340-341
Welding: A.I.S.C. Recommended Fundamental Principles, Minimum
Requirements and Tentative Standard Welded Con-
nections for Buildings.... _____...__ .__._ .....__ ..... _. ____________________ ._ 336-339
Welding symboIL~~~~_ ~ ~ ~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~. ~~................... . 342
Wide Flange beams and standard channels ; properties of combined sections._ 116-117
,. "shapes; dimensions, weights and properties ______ __ __ .___________ .._________._. 12-25
" method of increasing area and weighL __________ .__________________ 62
rolling and cutting tolerances __.___ ._________.___________________ .________. 64
structural tees cut from ____ .... ___________..________________ ._______ .______.__ 38-43
uS;;d ~,s ~~s, a11owa~le loads_.________________________________ .... ___ _ 175-188
camberrng_____ .. _____________________________... _. ___ .____ _ 63, 384
connections______ .______________________ .___.____ .... ______ _ ISO, 152
us,t;d ~,s coIUJ!.ms, allowable loads ___; __ ;____ .______ ..____ .._. _______ ._._ 211-221
allowances for mlllmg ____________ .___.. ________ _ 64
rivet clearances.___...._____.__ .__ .___________.. ______ _ 156-157
variations in dimensions and properties._ ._.__._____ ..____________ _ 9
with cover plates, used as columns, allowable loads_ ....__ _ 211-213
" " " ; dimensions, weights and properties.. _. 112-113
Wind bracing connections_.. ______ .____________________________________________ ._____ .. ____ .___.______.. __________ _ 149
Wire and sheet metal gages _______ . ____________________________________________________.___________________ _ 414
Yield point, see Strength of materials.
Zees; dimensions, weights and properties____ .___ ... __ .______ .. ____ ..___... _______ .__... _.___________ 53
.. method of increasing area and weight... ___ .______________._____________.____ ._______ .____._____ 62
rolling and cutting tolerances.___________________________________________________________....... _..__ 67

432
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL C O NSTRUCTION

ADDENDUM
Since the Fifth Edition of the Manual was set in type. the Kaiser Steel
Corporation has commenced the production of certain wide-flange shapes at
its Fontana, California. plant. These shapes have the same nominal sizes as
similar shapes listed in the Manual. Their actual dimensions and design
properties, as shown in this leaflet, are somewhat different.
Also shown in this leaflet are the design properties and dimensions of
certain light columns produced by the Kaiser Steel Corporation. It will be
noted that some of these shapes are identical in dimension with the light
columns tabulated on pages 26 and 27 of the Manual.
It is anticipated that the shapes covered in this addendum will be in-
serted in their proper location or otherwise covered by footnotes in the next
edition of the Manual.

ROLLED STEEL SHAPES
KAISER STEEL CORPORATION

'IF SHAPES

x-·
y
·-x
Flange AXIS X - X AXIS Y-V
.
Weight W.b
Nominal hoa Depth Thick-
Size root Width Thick-
"' J S r J S r
- In.'- - -'0. - -'0- - 0'"
- -- - -- - - - - - - - - - -
- - - -- - - - '0-. -'0-
. . - In.4
-- - - -'0-
. - In.4- -In.'- - '0-.
Inch68 Lb. In.'
10 X 5~ 29.1 8.55 9.875 5.935 .389 .425 131.5 26.6 3.92 11.2 3.7 1.14
22.9 6.73 9.875 5.750 .389 .240 116.6 23.6 4.16 9.9 3.5 1.22
8 x 5U 22.5 6.61 8.000 5.395 .352 .375 68.3 17.1 3.23 7.5 2.8 1.08
18.5 5.44 8.000 5.250 .352 .230 62.1 15.5 3.38 6.9 2.6 1.1 3
I
All flanges have 6" taper and Range thickness is an average thickness.

LIGHT COLUMNS

x- ·- ·-x
,
Y
AXIS X -X A X IS Y-V
Weight h •• Depth Width W.b
Nominal of of of Thick-
Size ro!t Soot. Soct. 0'"
FlangeJ S r J S r
- - - - -- - - - - -- - -- - -- - - - - -- - - --
''''''" Lb. In.'
- - - ---
'0. - ---
'0. - - '0. - In.4 In.' '0. In.4 In.'
- - --- - - - - -- - - -'0-
.
·8 X 8 34.3 10.09 8.OD 8.000 .375 115.5 28.9 3.40 35.1 8.8 1.87
8x8 32.6 9.59 8.OD 7.938 .313 112.8 28.2 3.45 34.2 8.6 1.90
6x6 22.5 6.62 6.OD 6.063 .375 41.0 13.7 2.49 12.2 4.0 1.36
·6 X 6 20.0 5.88 6.OD 5.938 .250 38.8 12.9 2.57 11.4 3.8 1.39
§5 X 5 18.9 5.56 5.OD 5.000 .313 23.8 9.5 2.08 7.8 3.1 1.20
4x4 13.0 3.82 4.OD 3.940 .253 9.9 5.0 1.64 3.3 1.7 .95
• Also rolled by United States Steel Corp. and Inland Steel Co.
§ Also rolled by U nited States Steel Corp. and Bethlehem Steel Co.·M.
R E 'G U LA R SE R I ES
-.J~c .. twetl+*"
I".
~
'IF SHAPES
T
~-'l . DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING I

1i:k/ Flanpe W.b OJ,lance
Nominal
Weight
G.,.
Usual
Size
""
Foo'
D",lh
Width
. .
Thick-
T Thick-
k m g,
Half
Thick_
c 9
- - - - -"" - -" - -"""- - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
•
Inches Lb.
". ". ".
---- - - ---- ---- - - ---- ---- ". ". ". ". ". ". ". ". ".
10 X 5~ 29.1 9}i 51~1S % }{o Us 2~ 8U I~ 11 )1 2U ~ 2~
22.9 9:% 5~ % U 711 2~ 8U 1;U 11 % . 2 Us 2~
8x5U 22.5 8 5% % % ~ 2)1 6)1 ~ 9% 2U ~ 2~

18.5 8 5U % U 711 2)1 6)1 ~ 9% 2U Us 2~
t ...!f<-c-4 w... +-;1;· KAISER STEEL CORPORATION

-I --- -.
,
~ =J!. LIGHT COLUMNS
T,
,,
-t- r- !<n
I I
I
I
I
DIMENSIONS FOR DETAILING I
1<-......
Flange W.b Distance
Nominal
Weight
po. Depth Half
M".
Fl ange
Usual
Gage
Size Foo'
- - - - -
Width Thick-
T Thick-
k g.
ne88 C
..... •
Thick_
''''- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
9 Rivet
Inches Lb.
". ".
- - - - - - - - - - -".- -'n-
". . -'n-
. -'n-". . -'n- ".
. -'n-
. -- ".
*8 X8 34.3 8 8 }{o % ~ 3}i 6U }i 2)1 U }i 5)1
8 x8 32.6 8 8 }{o Us ~ 3}i 6U }i 2)1 U }i 5)1
6X6 22.5 6 6711 % % ~ 2}i 4% 'Us 2U U }i 3)1
*6 x 6 20.0 6 6 % U 711 2}i 4% 1~ 2U !-Ii }i 3)1
§5 X 5 18.9 5 5 }{o !-Ii !-Ii 2% 3% l;U 2U U ~ 2~
4X4 13.0 4 31~ % U 711 l}i 2)1 ~ 2 !-Ii % 2U

* Also rolled by United States Steel Corp. and Inland Steel Co,
, Also rolled by United States Steel Corp , and Bethlehem Steel Co.~M,
AMERICAN IN STITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Fifth Edition

ECCENTRIC LOADS ON WELD GROUPS
AND
WELDED BEAM CONNECTIONS
fMANUAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION SUPPLEMENT)

101 PARK AVENUE
NEW YORK 17, N. Y.
FOREWORD
The material given herein is substantially in agreement with

similar information which has been available for a number of
years, although the manner of its presentation is Quite different.
Tables of coefficients for computing the safe load on ec-

centrically loaded weld groups can be made to cover satisfactorily
a wider range of the variables involved than wou1d be the case
if the relationship between these variables were shown graphically.
Curves drawn to a scale that would permit reading coefficient
values. with the degree of accuracy possible by interpolation in
the tables. would be far too large for inclusion in the Manual.
The use of tables of allowable loads for beam web connec-

tions, and for unstiffened and stiffened beam seats, in lieu of
charts, follows the pattern long established in the Manual for
riveted fabrication. It is believed that the ccxlification of fitting
material and required welds into a relatively few combinations
will afford a greater overall economy than would be the case if
each connection were individually "designed" for the particular
conditions of its intended use.
These tables first appeared in the Appendix of the A. !.S.C.
Structural Shop Drafting Textbook, Volume 2. Pending the
publication of a new Edition of the A.I.S.C. Manual this means
is being taken to place them in the hands of all users of the
Fifth Edition.
z
COEFFICIENTS
ntP
P
I
D =
C
=
=
=
~
Permissible eccentric load in Kips.
Length of each weld in inches.
Number of sixteenths of an inch in
fillet weld size.
Coefficients tabulated below. ~
p ~ CD!
1¥t1/ ~ t>_i ~~~
SPECIAL CASE
Required Minimum C = ~l
", .. D ~Cf
p (Load not in plane of weld group.)
Use C-values given in
. . I
p column headed k ~ O.
"" CD
k
a
- - - -
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0 .•
-- - - -- - - - - -- -- -- -- -- - - - - -- -- - -
0.7 0.8 0.' 1.0 1.2 1.4 I.. 1.8 2.0
0.2 .768 .744 .741 .753 .773 .796 .819 .842 .862 ,882 ,899 .930 .955 .976 ,994 1.01
0.3 .582 .570 .577 .597 .625 .655 .686 .716 .742 .768 ,790 .830 .863 .890 ,914 .934
0.4 .462 .455 .466 .489 .519 .552 .586 .618 .648 .677 .702 .747 .785 .817 .845 .869
0.5 .380 .377 .389 .412 .441 .475 .509 .642 ,573 .603 .830 .678 ,719 ,754 .785 ,811
0.6 .322 .320 .332 .355 .383 .415 .449 .481 .513 ,543 ,571 .620 .663 .700 .732 ,760
0.7 .278 .278 .290 .311 ,338 .369 .401 ,433 .464 .493 .521
.571 ,615 .653 .686 ,716
0.8 .244 .246 .257 .276 .302 .331 ,362 ,392 .423 .452 .479
.529 ,572 ,61 1 .645 .675
0.9 .218 .220 .230 .249 ,273 ,300 ,329 ,359 .388 .416 .443
.492 .536 .574 .608 .639
1.0 .198 ,199 .. 209 ,226 .249 .274 ,302 ,330 .358 ,386 ,412
.460 .503 .541 .576 .607
1.2 .166 .167 ,176 ,191 .211 .234 ..259 .285 .311 .336 .360 .406 .448 .486 .520 .551
1.4 .142 .144 .152 .165 .183 .204 .227 ,250 .274 .298 .320 .364 ,404 .440 .473 .504
1.6 .124 .126 .133 .146 .162 .181 .201 .223 .245 .266 .288 .329 .367 .402 .435 .464
1.8 .110 .112 .119 .130 .145 .162 .181 .201 .221 .242 .262 .301 .337 .375 ,402 .430
2.0 .100 ,101 .107 .118 .131 .147 .165 .183 .202 .221 .240 .277 .311 .343 .374 .401
2.2 .090 .092 .098 .107 .120 .134 .151 .166 .186 .204 .221 ,256 .289 .320 .348 .375
2.4 .084 .085 .090 .099 .110 .124 .139 .155 .172 .189 .205 .238 ,269 .299 ,327 ,353
2.6 .076 .078 .083 .091 .102 .115 .129 .144 .160 .176 .192 .223 .253 .284 .308 .333
2.8 .072 .073 .077 .085 .095 .107 .120 .135 .149 .164 .180 .209 .238 .265 .291 .315
3.0 .066 .066 .072 .079 .089 .100 1.113 .126 .140 ,155 .169 .197 .224 .251 ,275 ,300
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE OF STEEL. CoNSTRUCTION

3

COEFFICIENTS
P = Permissible eccentric load in Kips.

I = Length of each weld in inches.
D = Number of sixteent hs of an inch in
fillet weld size.
I' ., '1 C = Coefficients tabulated below.
§[_.:t.- p
P - CDt
Required Minim~m C "'" Dl
P
I, 1 , I .. D P
, - Ct
i.. p
I - CD
k
a
o 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2. I 1:4 1.6 1-.8. 2.0
- - - -- - - -- - - - -- 1- ---
0.2 .545 .553 .576 .611 .552 .698 .743 .787 .827 .866 .899 .956 n.oo 1.04 1.06 1.08
0.3 .429 .436 .457 .489 .529 .573 .620 .666 .710 .752 .790 .858 .913 ' .958 :9951.02
0.4 .353 .359 .378 .407 .444 .486 .530 .575 .619 .662 .702 .775 .836 .888 :931 .968
0.5 .300 .306 .323 .349 .383 .422 .463 .506 .548 .590 .630 .704 .771 : .825 · .872
,. .913
0.6 .261 ' .266 .281 .306 .336 .372 .411 .451 .491 .532 .571 .644 ' .710 , .766 , :818 .873
0.7 .231 .236 .250 .272 .300 .333 .369 .407 .445 .483 .521 .593 .658 .717 .769 .815
0.8 .207 .211 .224 .244 .270 .301 .335 .373 .406 .443 ..479 .548 .61.3 .672 .724 .771
0.9 .187 .189 .203 .222 .246 .275 .306 .339 .374 ' .408 .443 .510 .5,73 ~631 .663 .731
I
1.0 .171 .175 .186 . ~ .226 .253 .282 .314 .346 .379 .412 .476 .537 :5Q4 ,646 .694
1.2 .146 .150 .159 .174 .194 .218 .244 .272 .301 .331 .360 .420 .477 .531 .582 .629
1.4 .128 .131 .139 .153 .170 .191 .215 .240 .266 .293 .320 .375 .428 .479 .528 .573
1.6 .1 13 .1 16 .123 .136 .151 .170 .192 .215 .239 .263 .288 .339 .388 .436 .482 ~5:i6
1.8 .102 .104 .111 .122 .136 .154 .1 73 .194 .216 .239 .262 .309 .355 .405 .444 .485
2.0 .092 .094 .101 .111 .124 .140 .158 .1 77 .197 .219 .240 .283 .327 .369 .410 :400
2.2 .084 .086 .092 .102 .114 .129 .145 .163 .182 .201 .221 .262 .303 .343 .382 .419
,
2.4 .078 .080 .085 .094 .105 .119 .134 .151 .168 .1 87 .205 .243 .282 .319 .356 .392
2.6 .072 .074 .079 .087 .098 .110 .125 :.140 .157 .174 .1 92 .227 .263 .299 .3l4 .369
2.8 .01i7 .069 .074 .081 .091 .103 .117 .131 .1 47 .163 .180 .213 .247 .281 .315 , .347
3.0 .063 .065 .069 .076 .086 .097 .109 .1 23 .138 .153 .169 .201 .233 .265 ' .297 , .328

4
COEFFICIENTS

I ~
Length 01 weld parallel to load "P"
in inches.
~
p-Pt D = Number of sixteenths of an inch in
C
xl
=
=
fillet weld size.
Coefficients tabulated below.
Distance from vertical weld to center
of gravity of weld group.
P
Required Minimum C
~ CDI
= ~l
1tJkl
..
..
.
.
D~C/
P
P
I ~ CD
k
• 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.2 1.. 1.6
0.' 8.' 1.8 2.0
-- - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --
0.2 .384 .516 .575 .654 .731 .810 .889 .969 1.05 1.14 1.22 1.40 1.58 1.78 1.97 2.17
0.3 .291 .422 ..472 .543 .612 .680 .749 .820 .893 .966 1.04 1.20 1.37 1.54 1.72 1.91
0.4 .231 .351 .395 .460 .522 .583 .644 .708 .772 .839 .908 1.05 1.20 1.36 1 .52 1.69
0.5 .190 .298 .338 .397 .453 .508 .564 .621 .680 .740 .802 .932 1.07 1.21 1.36 1.52
0.6 .161 .258 .294 .348 .399 .450 .500 .552 .605 .661 .718 .836 .963 1.09 1.24 1.38
0.7 .139 .227 . .260 .310 .357 .403 .449 .497 .546 .596 .649 .759 .875 .998 1.13 1.27
0.8 .122 .202 .233 .278 .322 .364 .407 .451 .497 .543 .592 .694 .802 .917 1.04 1.17
0.9 .109 .182 .211 .253 .293 .333 .372 .414 .455 .499 .544 .639 .741 .849 .963 1.09
1.0 .099 .166 .192 .231 .269 .306 .343 .381 .420 .461 .503 .592 .687 .788 .897 1.01
1.2 .083 .140 .163 .198 .231 .263 .296 .330 .364 .400 .437 .516 .601 .691 .788 .892
1.4 .071 .121 .142 .172 .202 .231 .260 .290 .321 .353 .387 .457 .533 .615 .703 .796
1.6 .062 .107 .1 25 .153 .179 .205 .232 .259 .287 .316 .346 .410 .480 .554 .634 .719
1.a .055 .096 .112 .137 .161 .185 .209 .234 .259 .285 .314 .372 .436 .504 .578 .656
2.0 .050 .0&6 .102 .124 .146 .168 .190 .213 .237 .261 .287 .341 .399 .462 .631 .603
2.2 .045 .0.79 .093 .114 .134 .154 .175 .196 .218 .240 .264 .314 .368 .427 .490 .568
2.4 .042 .072 .085 .105 .124 .142 .1 62 .181 .201 .221 .244 .291 .342 .39, .456 .519
2.6 .038 .067 .079 .097 .115 .132 .150 .168 .187 .207 .228 .271 .319 .370 .426 .465
2.8 .036 '.062 .074 .091 .107 .124 .140 .157 .175 .194 .213 .254 .299 .347 .399 .45{
3.0 .033 .058 .069 .085 .100 .116 .132 .148 .164 .182 .200 .239 .281 .327 .376 .429
x 0 .008 .029 .056 .089 .125 .164 .204 .245 .289 .333 .424 .516 .601 .704 .800

5

COEFFICIENTS
P = Pennissible eccentric load in Kips.

I - Length of weld parallel to load "P"
al in inches.
D = Number of sixteenths of an inch in
1~
fillet weld size.
C = Coefficients tabulated below.
xl = Distance from vertical weld to center
P =CDI
-~
Required Minimum C = :;1
.. .. D =
P
cr
kl
. . I
P
- CD
k
,
-
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.' 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.' 1.0 1.2
~I·~ 1.8 2.0
0.2 .384 .522 .655 .765 .866 .965 1.06 1.15 1.25 1.34 1.43 1.61 1.80 1.99 2.19 2.38
0.3 .291 .428 .544 .650 .748 .842 .930 1.02 1.10 1.19 1.27 1.44 1.61 1.79 1.97 2.15
0.4 .231 .357 .455 .554 .647 .735 .820 .902 .982 1.06 1.14 1.30 1.46 1.62 1.79 1.96
0.5 .190 .303 .387 .478 .564 .647 .727 .804 .881 .955 1.03 1.18 1.33 1.48 1.64 1.80
0.6 .161 .263 .335 .418 .498 .575 .650 .724 .795 .866 .936 1.08 1.22 1.36 1.51 1.66
0.7 .1 39 .231 .294 .369 .443 .516 .587 .655 .723 .790 .856 .988 1.12 1.26 1.40 1.54
0.8 .1 22 .206 .262 .331 .399 .467 .533 .598 .662 .726 .787 .913 1.04 1.17 1.30 1.44
0.9 .1 09 .186 .236 .299 .362 .425 .487 .549 .610 .670 .729 .847 .966 1.09 1.22 1.35
1.0 .099 .169 .214 .272 .331 .390 .449 .507 .564 .622 .678 .791 .905 1.02 1.14 1.26
1.2 .083 .143 .181 .231 .283 .335 .387 .439 .491 .542 .594 .697 .801 .906 1.02 1.13
1.4 .071 .124 .156 .200 .246 .293 .340 .387 .434 .481 .528 .622 .717 .815 .915 1.02
1.6 .062 .109 .137 .1n .217 .257 .300 .345 .388 .432 .474 .561 .649 .739 .832 .926
1.8 .055 .097 .122 .156 .191 .227 .263 .302 .344 .387 .431 .51 1 .593 .676 .762 .850
2.0 .050 .088 .111 .140 .171 .202 .235 .269 .305 .343 .380 .469 .545 .623 .703 .785
2.2 .045 .080 .100 .127 .154 .182 .211 .242 .274 .308 .344 .423 .505 .578 .653 .730
2.4 .042 .074 .091 .116 .141 .166 .192 .220 .249 .276 .312 .382 .462 .539 .609 .662
2.6 .038 .066 .084 .107 .1 29 .1 52 .176 .201 .228 .255 .285 .349 .421 .501 .571 .640
2.8 .036 .083 .on .099 .120 .141 .163 .1 86 .210 .235 .262 .321 .382 .460 .537 .602
3.0 .033 .059 .073 .092 .113 .131 .151 .173 .195 .218 .243 .297 .358 .425 .500 .569
x 0 .008 .029 .056 .089 .125 .164 .204 .246 .289 .333 .424 .516 .601 .704 .800

6
I ECCENTRIC
, LOADS ON WELD GROUPS
COEFFICIENTS

I = Length o f longer welds in inches.
81 '
D = N umber of sixteenths of an inch in
fillet weld size.
C
11kJ
= Coefficients tabulated below.
p N ote: When load "P " is perbt:ndicular to

0 longer side "'" use ta Ie on facing
page.
P - CDI
P
Required Minimum C ~
ill
.. .. D - TI
P
.. .. I
- CD
P
k
a
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.' 0.' 1.0
- - - - - - -- - - - - -- - -- - - - - - - - - - - --- - -
0.2' ,.
.768 .892 1.01 1.11 1.21 1.31 1.41 1.50 1.60 1.70 1.80
0.3 .582 .703 .814 .920 1.02 1.12 1.21 1.30 1.40 1.49 1.58
0.4 .462 .570 .675 .775 .871 .963 1.05 1.14 1.23 1.32 1.41
0.5 .380 .475 .571 .665 .756 .844 .929 1.01 1.10 1.18 1.26
0.6 .322 .407 .494 .580 .665 .747 .828 .908 .985 1.06 1.14
0.7, .278 .355 .434 .514 .592 .670 .745 .821 .894 .968 1.04
OJ! .244 .314 .386 .460 .533 .606 .677 .748 .819 .888 .958
0.9 .218 .281 .348 .416 .485 .553 .620 .687 .754 .820 .885
1.0 .198 .255 .316 .3&0 .444 .508 .571 .635 .698 .760 .823
1.2 .166 .214 .267 .323 .380 .437 .493 .550 .607 .664 .721
:'1.4 .142 .185 .231 .281 .331 .382 .434 .485 .537 .589 .641
.124 .162 .204 .248 .294 .340 .387
, 1.6
1.8 .110 .1 45 .182 .222 .264 .306 .348
.434
.392
.481
.436
.529
.479
.577
.523
2.0 .100 .131· .1 65 .201 .239 .278 .318 .358 .398 .439 .480
2.2 .090 .119 .150 .184 .219 .255 .292 .329 .367 .4D4 .443
.
2.4 .084 .109 .138 .169 .202 .235 .269 .304 .339 .375 .411
2.6 .076 .101 .128 .156 .187 .218 .250 .283 .316 .349 .383
2.8 .072 .094 .11 9 .1 46 ' .174 .204 .234 .264 .296 .327 .359
3.0 .066 .088 .111 .136 .1 63 .1 91 .21 9 .248 .278 .308 .338
AMERICAN I NSTITUTE O F STEEL CONSTRUCTION

7

COEFFICIENTS

1 = Length of longer welds in inches.
fillet weld size.
rffi1
C - Coefficients tabulated below.
.'. p
Note: When load "P" is parallel to longer
side "l" use table on facing page.
P - CDl
61
I I I Required Minimum C
.. ..
=
P
D - cr
. .. P
1 -- CD
k
a
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.' 0.' 0 .• 0.7 0.8 0.' 1.0
- -- - -- ---- - - --- - - - - --- - -
0.2 .545 .662 .782 .905 1.03 1.16 1.28 1.41 1.54 1.67 1.80
0.3 .429 .530 .636 .746 .860 .976 1.10 1.22 1.34 1.46 1.58
0.4 .353 .442 .536 .635 .738 .844 .952 1.06 1.17 1.29 1.41
0 .5 .300 .379 .463 .552 .645 .742 .842 .943 1.05 1.15 1.26
0.6 .261 .331 .407 .488 .573 .662 .753 .846 .943 1.04 1.14
0.7 .231 .294 .364 .438 .516 .597 .681 .768 .857 .948 1.04
0.8 .207 .265 .328 .397 .469 .544 .622 .703 .785 .871 .958
0.9 .187 .241 .299 .363 .429 .499 .574 .647 .725 .804 .885
1.0 .171 .221 .275 .334 .396 .462 .529 .599 .672 .746 .823
1.2 .146 .189 .237 .288 .343 .402 .460 .523 .587 .653 .721
1.4 .128 .166 .208 .253 .302 .354 .407 .463 .521 .580 .641
1.6 .113 .147 .185 .226 .270 .317 .365 .416 .468 .521 .577
1.8 .102 .132 .167 .204 .244 .287 .330 .377 .425 .474 .523
2.0 .092 .120 .152 .186 .223 .262 .303 .345 .389 .434 .480
2.2 .084 .110 .139 .171 .205 .241 .279 .318 .358 .400 .443
2.4 .078 .102 .129 .158 .190 .223 .258 .295 .332 .371 .411
2.6 .072 .095 .120 .147 .177 .208 .240 .275 .310 .346 .383
2.8 .067 .088 .112 .138 .165 .195 .227 .257 .290 .324 .359
3.0 .063 .083 .105 .129 .155 .183 .212 .242 .273 .305 .338

8

COEFFICIENTS

I ~ Length of weld parallel to load "P"
_Xr1 D
C
=
in inches.
Number of sixteenths of an inch in
fillet weld size.
= Coefficients tabulated below.
if) , xl = Distance from vertical weld to center

P
Required Minimum C
~ CDl
= ~l
LJ ..
.
..
. I
P
D ~ CT
P
~ CD
k
a
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 D.' 0.5 D." 0.7 0.8 D.' 1.0 1.2 1.' 1.. 1.8 2.0
-- - - - - - - -- - - -- - - -- -- - - -- -- - -
0.2 .384 .434 .462 .484 .505 .527 .552 .582 .615 .651 .691 .778 .875 .977 1.09 1.20
0.3 .291 .337 .375 .394 .412 .431 .451 .476 .503 .534 .569 .645 .731 .823 .920 1.02
0.4 .231 .268 .301 .331 .347 .363 .381 .402 .426 .453 .483 .550 .627 .71 1 .800 .894
0.5 .1 90 .221 .248 .276 .299 .313 .329 .347 .368 .392 .419 .480 .549 .625 .707 .794
0.6 .161 .188 .211 .234 .263 .275 .290 .306 .325 .346 .370 .425 .469 .558 .634 .713
0.7 .139 .162 .182 .203 .225 .246 .258 .273 .290 .310 .332 .382 .440 .504 .574 .648
0.8 .122 .1 43 .161 .178 .198 .221 .233 .247 .262 .280 .300 .346 .400 .459 .525 .593
0.9 .109 .128 .143 .1 59 .176 .1 97 .212 .225 .239 .256 .274 .317 .367 .422 .483 .548
1.0 .099 .115 .129 .144 .159 .178 .195 .207 .220 .235 .252 .292 .338 .390 .447 .508
1.2 .083 .097 .1 08 .120 .133 .148 .167 .178 .189 .203 .218 .253 .293 .340 .390 .444
1.4 .071 .083 .093 .103 .114 .127 .143 .156 .166 .178 .191 .224 .259 .300 .346 .395
1.6 .062 .073 .081 .090 .100 .11 1 .125 .139 .148 .159 .171 .199 .232 .269 .310 .355
1.8 .055 .065 .073 .080 .089 .099 .111 .1 25 .134 .143 .1 54 .180 .210 .244 .282 .323
2.0 .050 .058 .065 .072 .080 .089 .100 .11 2 .1 22 .130 .140 .164 .1 91 .223 .258 .296
2.2 .045 .053 .059 .066 .073 .081 .091 .102 .112 .120 .129 .151 .176 .205 .238 .273
2.4 .042 .049 .055 .060 .066 .074 .083 .093 .103 .111 .11 9 .139 .163 .190 .220 .253
2.6 .038 .044 .050 .056 .062 .068 .077 .086 .096 .103 .111 .130 .152 .177 .205 .236
2.8 .036 .041 .047 .052 .057 .063 .071 .080 .090 .096 .105 .121 .142 .166 .192 .222
3.0 .033 .038 .044 .050 .054 .060 .066 .075 .084 .090 .097 .1 14 .133 .156 .1 81 .209
X 0 .005 .017 .035 .057 .083 .113 .144 .178 .213 .250 .327 .408 .492 .579 .667
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CoNSTRUCTION

9

COEFFICIENTS
P Permissible eccentric load in Kips.

=
I - Length of weld parallel to load "P"
n
in inches.
xl fillet weld size.
C - Coefficients tabulated below.
xl = Distance from vertical weld to center
tRLJ
,
.
P - CDl
Required Minimum C
.. ..
..
D -
I
=
- P
- CD
61
P
cr
k
• 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.' 0.' 0." 0.7 0.8 0.' 1.0 1.2 1.. 1.6 1.8 2.0
-- - - - - -- - - - - -- - - -- -- - - -- - - - -
0.2 .384 .436 .478 .516 .554 .595 .638 .684 .733 .784 .945 1.06 1.17 1.28 1.39
.837
0.3 .291 .335 .369 .400 .432 .467 .505 .547 .593 .541 .691
.796 .904 1.01 1.12 1.24
0.4 .231 .267 .295 .321 .348 .379 .412 .450 .490 .534 .581
.680 .783 .889 .996 1.10
0.5 .190 .220 .244 .266 .290 .316 .346 .379 .415 .456 .498
.590 .688 .788 .890 .993
0.6 .161 .187 .207 .227 .247 .270 .296 .326 .359 .395 .435 .520 .611 .706 .803 .902
0.7 .139 .162 .178 .197 .215 .236 .259 .286 .316 .349 .385 .463 .543 .638 .730 .824
0.8 .122 .143 .159 .174 .190 .209 .230 .254 .281 .312 .344 .417 .497 .581 .6li9 .75l
0.9 .109 .127 .142 .156 .170 .187 .207 .229 .253 .281 .312 .379 .454 .533 .616 .702
1.0 .099 .115 .128 .141 .154 .170 .187 .208 .231 .256 .284 .347 .417 .493 .571 .652
1.2 .083 .096 .107 .118 .129 .143 .158 .175 .195 .217 .242 .297 .359 .427 .498 .572
1.4 .071 .083 .092 .102 .112 .123 .136 .151 .169 .189 .210 .259 .315 .376 .440 .500
1.6 .062 .073 .081 .089 .098 .108 .120 .133 .149 .171 .186 .233 .280 .336 .395 .457
1.8 .055 .065 .072 .079 .087 .096 .107 .119 .133 .149 .166 .207 .253 .303 .358 .421
2.0 .050 .058 .065 .072 .079 .087 .096 .108 .120 .135 .151 .187 .230 .276 .327 .380
2.2 .045 .053 .059 .065 .072 .079 .088 .098 .110 .123 .138 .171 .210 .254 .301 .351
2.4 .042 .049 .054 .060 .066 .073 .081 .090 .100 .113 .127 .158 .194 .235 .279 .325
2.6 .038 .045 .050 .055 .061 .067 .075 .0.83 .093 .105 .117 .147 .180 .218 .259 .303
2.8 .036 .042 .047 .051 .056 .062 .069 .on .087 .097 .109 .137 .168 .204 .243 .284
3.0 .033 .039 .043 .048 .053 .058 .065 .072 .081 .092 .102 .128 .158 .191 .228 .267
x 0 .005 .017 .035 .057 .083 .113 .144 .178 .213 .250 .327 .408 .492 .579 .667

10
-WELDED BEAM WEB CONNECTIONS

ALLOWABLE LOADS- KIPS
'-'>"- ,....
wdcI-
twla:
n r iT
if ' ![l~'.
::
:' :,
.JL
•
j
!
t-
l-
,. I
/
Wold Size R· Value M in. Weld Size R-Value Min.
I Size of beam I Size of beam
". anglos
Shop Field Shop
wel ds
Field
welds
w ob
thick-
in. angles
Shop Field Shop
welds
Field
welds
web
thick-
ness
-- -- - - '''' -- --- - - -
\\::g 14 3x3x'Us ~, % 76 80 .47
'"M."~ 14 3 x3 X % % ~, 76 66 .41
"C > 13 3x 3x%; % % 69 72 .47
32 4 x3x}16 ~, 192 210 c ' 3x3 X % 60 .40
% ",0: 13 % ;{, 69
31 4 x3xUs ;{, % 186 202 ~] 12 3x3 x}{6 % % 64 64 .47
30 4x3x}{s % 180 195 . -:; 3x 3 x % .40
% 0_
M ~
12 % % 64 54
29 4x3x}{6 % % 173 187 • .0 11 3x 3x!{6 % % 57 57 .47
28
27
4 x3x'!i'6
4 x3x%;
%
%
%
%
167
160
179
172
-""'~'"
~
-0
11
10
3 x3
3x3 x}16
X % J4 ;{, 46
% % 51
47
49
.38
.45
26 4x3x?{s % % 154 164 -""'o -ii; 10 3 x3x % J4 % 41 41 .38
25 4x3x'YtG % % 147 156 ~ "C 9 3x3x'!{s ~, % 45 41 .43
24 4x3x%; % % 141 148 "c~
0 9 3 x3 X % J4 ;{, 36 35 .38
23 4x3x?16 % % 139 140 -"'''
.~ ~ 8 3x3x}{6 % % 39 34 .41
~ ~
22 4x3x?{s % % 128 133 ~cr 8 3 x3 X % J4 ~, 31 29 .35
.0"
21 4 x3xW6 % % 121 125 7 3x3x}{6 % % 33 27 .38
"'"'"
20
19
4x3x'!1l;% % 115
108
117
109
-~.47- 7
6
3%3x Ys J4 % 27 23 .32
4x3x'!i6 % % 3x3x'!{6 J4 % 22 21 .35
18 4 x 3 x-'!{s
% % 102 101 .47 6 3 x3 X % J4 % 22 17.5 .29
IS 3 %3 x % % % 102 93 .43 5 3x 3x%; J4 % 18 15 .31
17 3x 3 x % % % 95 86 .42 5 3 X 3 x % l{, % 13.5 12.5 .26
16 3 x 3x % % % 89 80 .42 4 3 X3 x '!1'6 l{, % 10.5 10 .27
15 3 X3x % % % 82 73 .42 4 3%3 X % % ;{, 10.5 S.5 .23
When the connection is both shop and field welded use lesser of the two given
R-values.
When connection is shop welded and beam web thickness is less than figure shown
in column headed "Min. beam web thick." multiply R-value of shop weld by given
web thickness and divide by tabulated minimum thickness. Make same adjustment
for field weld if its R-value is less than that of shop weld. For best economy in such
cases use connections shown in italics.
Example:
Required to frame a 14W'30 beam having a reaction of 20 kips and web thickness
of .27 in.
Try 2 l.! 3 x 3 x %x 0'-8, having R-Value ot 29 kips when web thickness is .35 in.
For given beam allowable R ~ 29 x :~; ~ 22.3 kips. Connection is adequate.

11
UNSTIFFENED WELDED SEAT ANGLES

..... ":, ~
J.4xh}(
t1<1111i11d
r- -t Stamftb ~
T._
........ N~'r ,=-odo'"::
11111 1'Ibla l
_ Forwtid cl ..
.... Table ll
I-'-'"
"" ~
TABLE I Seat Angle Length and Thickness
Outstanding Leg of Angle 3Y2" or 4"
Length _ 6" length "" 8"
Thick-
ness of Tlilickness of Seat Angle Thickness of Seat Angle
Beam
~~ I ~;
Wob W W' W ~" '}i" 1" ~" W %" l'
--
!iO 6 9 11 14 16 16 7 10 13 16
8 11 17 23 9 12 16 19 23
U
~
14 22
10 15 18 21 25 11 16 24
~
!iO 20 27 a1
% 11 17 22 26 30 34 12 19 24 28 32 36
l<o 12 18 25 30 34 39 13 21 27 32 37 42
Y.! 12 20 28 34 39 44 14 22 31 37 42 47
!iO 14 21 30 39 44 50 15 24 34 42 48 I 50
Values above the zig-zag line apply only for 4" outstanding legs.
Table I same as for riveted seats; See Manual page 263.
Nominal beam setback % in.; allowable loads based on assumption tnat
beam length may under-run. making this figure %' io.
Table II Weld Length and Size

Weld load on Seat and Size of Seat Angle
Size
Required
4 ~3~15X3~1~1~ 1~1~
~ I 11
~
U 14 18 23 27
9 13
!iO 17 23 28 34
11 16
% 21 27 34 41
U. 13 19 24 32 40 48
~ 14 22 28 36 46 50
% .--. ...- 35 46 50 I
'Unless controlled by A.I.S.C. Spec. Sect. 24(c).
Entries above zig-zag line are usually least costly.
Aliowable loads on welds computed as
1.2lD
where
R=
,
~l+ c·rr
= length of vertical welds in inches
D = number of sixteenths of an inch in weld size
e = % in. plus one-half of remaining width of outstanding leg
No reduction ot the tabulated loads required when unstiffened seats are lined up on
opposite sides of supporting web.
AMERICAN INSTITUTr:. OF- STEEL. CONSTRUCTION

~ --
12
STIFFENED WELDED BEAM SEATS

,.. Z
--
~ ..hh'"
NOTE A
- --
lK--
If seat and stiffener are separate
c== T plates, fit stiffener to bear against seat.
I,L~ ljj .ll
Connecting welds should have strength
equivalent to horizontal welds on col-
,;>~..... _ -:«Ydd
wnn under seat plate.
T ....
!.id'1lI
Minimum plate thickness T, at least 1.5 times required weld size, but not less than
beam web thickness.
For stiffened seats in line on opposite sides of column web, use weld size no greater
than %column web thickness.
/
WIDTH OF SEAT
I 4 in. 5 in. 6 in.

inches Size of Welds Size of Wslds Size of welds
'14 in. ~ in. *' -
---
0/.
In. in.
- -- - - - - - -
%; in. 0/. in. %; in. % in. ~
-
in. *' --
0/. in.
-- - in. ¥.! in.
-
6 15 18 22 26 15 18 21 24 ---- .... .... 21
7 19 24 29 34 21 25 29 33 ._-- 21 25 28
8 24 31 37 43 26 31 36 41 22 27 31 35
9 30 37 45 52 32 38 44 51 28 33 39 44
10 35 44 53 62 38 46 53 61 33 40 47 53
11 41 51 62 72 45 54 63 72 39 47 55 63
12 47 59 71 83 52 62 73 83 46 55 64 73
13 ---- 67 80 93 59 71 83 94 52 63 73 84
14 ... 74 89 104 66 80 93 106 59 71 83 95
15 .... 82 99 115 74 89 103 118 66 80 93 106
16 .. -. 90 108 126 81 98 114 130 74 89 103 118

17 ... 98 117 137 89 107 125 143 81 97 114 130
18 ---- 106 127 148 97 119 138 158 89 106 124 142
19 .... 113 136 ---- 105 126 146 167 96 115 135 154
20 .._- 121 145 .... 112 135 157 ---- 104 125 145 166
21 .. _- 128 .... .- .. 120 144 168 ---- 112 134 156 178
22 .... 137 -... ---. 128 154 .. -. .... 119 143 167 191
23 ---- 145 .-. .... 136 163 ---- ..- 127 153 178 --..
24 .... .... ._. --- . 144 173 .... .... 135 162 189 ....
25 .._. .... ._. .... 152 -_.- ---- ---. 143 171 .... -...
26 ._-- .... _. - 159 .... - ._.. 151 181 .-.. ....

27 .... .... _.. -- 161 _..- ---- ---. 158 190 .... ---.

13
STIFFENED WELDED BEAM SEATS

1£'
-rv -.J.4 .)(:
NOTE A
- --
If seat and stiffener are separate
.~
plates, fit stiffener to bear against seat.
I / ~ 'T' i'
Connecting welds should have strength
equivalent to horizontal welds on col-
--.
:21
umn under seat plate.
~ >= ~ wId
..... T "'"
Minimum plate thickness T . at least 1.5 times required weld size, but not less than
beam web thickness.
For stiffened seats in line on opposite sides of column web, use weld size no greater
than %column web thickness.
WIDTH OF SEAT
I 7in. e in. 9 in.

inches Size of Weld s Size of Welds Size of Weld s
*' in. % in. *' in. 1h in.

- - - in.
--- *' % in. 'n in. o/a In. M6 in. % in. % in. %: in.
11 35 42 49 56 ---- _... .... 63 .... ---- _.-- '.' .

12 41 49 57 65 .... .... 59 73 ---. .... _._. ---
13 47 56 66 75 ---- .... 68 84 ---- -- .. ,.-- 77
14 53 64 75 85 .... 58 77 97 ...- ---- ---- 88
15 60 72 84 96 55 65 87 109 .. _- ---. 80 100
16 67 80 94 107 61 73 98 122 '.'. ---- 90 112

17 74 89 104 118 68 81 108 135 ---- 75 100 124
18 81 97 114 130 75 89 119 149 ---. 82 110 137
19 88 108 124 142 82 98 130 163 75 90 121 151
20 96 115 134 153 89 106 142 177 82 99 131 164
21 103 124 145 165 96 115 153 192 89 107 143 178
22 111 133 155 178 103 124 165 206 96 115 154 192
23 119 142 166 190 111 133 177 221 103 124 165 207
24 126 152 177 202 118 142 189 236 111 133 177 221
25 134 161 188 214 126 151 201 .- .. 118 142 189 236
26 142 170 199 .... 133 160 213 .... 125 151 201 251
27 150 180 209 .... 141 169 226 .... 133 160 212 266
28 157 189 220 .... 149 179 238 .... 141 169 225 ...•
29 165 198 .... .... 157 188 .... .... 148 178 237 ....
30 173 208 .... .... 164 197 .... .... 156 187 249 ....
31 181 217 .... .... 172 207 ... . ...• 164 196 262 ....
32 189 .... --- .... 180 216 .... .... 171 206 .... ....
AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONS T RUCTION

STEEL JOIST INSTITUTE
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS
AND
LOADING TABLE
OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS

LONGSPAN SERIES
( MANUAL STEEL CONSTRUCTION SUPPLEMENT)

101 PARK AVENUE
NEW YORK 17. N. V.

Pending the publication of a new edition of the AISC
Manual, this means is being taken to place in the hands
of all users of the Fifth Edition, the Steel Joist Institute 's
recently adopted Standard Specifications and loading
Table for Open Web Steel Joists, lONGSPAN SERIES.
2
Standard Specifications
FOR OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS - LONGSPAN SERIES
Ado pted by the Steel Jo isl Institute, April 28 , 1953 . Effective Apri l 28, 1953.
Adopted by the American Institute of Slee l Construction, Inc. Ju ne 10 , 1954.
Section 1. Scope Web members sholl consist of ongles, bars, or

other shapes.
[01 Th ese speCifications cover the design and use
of "longspan" Ser ies Open Web Joists in any
structllre to be erected under the provisions of these Se ction 4 . Conn e ctions
specifications.
101 All jOints of "longspon" Stee l Joists shall
[bJ "longspon Steel Joist construction" as gov- be made by welding, bolting, riveting or other ap-
erned by these speCifications sholl be Ihot type of proved methods. Connections at ends of members
construction where decks ond top slobs are sup· sholl be proportioned to develop Ihe adual design
ported directly by separate steel members herein stress but not less thon 50% of the allowable de-
referred 10 as "Longspon" Steel Joists. The spon sign strength of Ihe members.
and spacing of "longspan" Steel Joists sho ll be as
defined in Section 6 of these specifications.
Se ction 5. DeS ign and Stresses
(0) Except as otherwise specified herein, "long-

Section 2. De f initi on of " Long spo n" Steel J oists
spon" Steel Joists shall be designed as structural
(0) The term "longspan" Steel Joist as used Irusses in accordance with the American Institute of
herein refers to relatively lightweight steel trusses Steel C onstruct ion "Specification for Design, Fab-
having substantially parallel chords and designed rication and Erection of Structural Steel for
for the direct support of floors, roof slobs and Bui ldings".
decks, between walls, beams and main structural
Ibl The top chords shall be designed as con-
trusses at spans and spacings specified in Section 6.
tinuous members subject to direct ond bending
IbJ This specification sholl not be construed to stresses. The allowable bending stress ot mid_
cover steel joists or steel joist construction as de- panels and at ponel points sholl be 20,000 PSI and
fined by the Standard Specifications for "Shorlspon" 24,000 PSI respectively .
Open Web Steel Joist Construction 0/ tne Steel
leI The unsupported length of top chord fo r the
Joist Institute.
purpose of computing the permissible axial com-
pressive stress at mid-panel and at ponel point
Sectio n 3. Materials sholl be considered equal to the panel length and
half the ponel length respectively.
10) The steel used sholl conform to the American
Society for Testing Moteriols Standard Specifi- [dJ The method of ottoc~ment of floors or roof
cations for Steel for Bridges ond Buildings, Desig- ded:s ond slobs sholl be adequate to support the
nation A7 of lotest adoption. top chords lotero Ily.
{b) All "longspan" Steel Joists sholl receive one

coot of rust· inhibitive point before leaving the Sedion 6. Span and Spacing
monu/odurer's shop.
[oj The clear span of "Longspon" Steel Joists
[cJ Top and boltom chords 01 "longspon" Steel sholl not exceed twenty-four times the depth for
Joists shall be composed of ang les or other shapes. roofs or twenty times the depth for fl oors.
AMER I CA N INS T ITU TE OF S TEEL CO N STR U C TI ON

3
Standard Specifications (Continued)
FOR OPEN WEB STEEL JOISTS - LONGSPAN SERIES
fhl Where "longspan" Steel Joists rest on ma- Se ction 9. Bridging

sonry wo lis, il is recommended thai the dear span
Br idging shall consist of a cross.bracing wilh 1/r
be limited to 80'.0" and thot the mason ry walls be
ratio of not more than 200 where "I" is the distance
adequate ly designed wilh respect to height, thick.-
in inches between connections and "r" is the least
ness and spacing of p ilasters.
radi us o f gyration of the b racing member. Where
lei The spacing of the "longspon " Steel Joists cross-bracing members are connected at their point
sholl not exceed th e safe span of the fl oor slob or of intersect ion, the "I" distance sholl be token as
roof ded. the distance in inches between connections at the
point of intersect ion of the bracing members and the
connection to the chord of Ih e "longspan" Jo ist.
Section 7, App roximate Cambe r
The maximum spacing of lines of bridging for
101 All "longspon" Steel Joists sheill hove ap- the different joist types sholl not exceed the values
proximate combers in accordance wilh the fol- ,obulated below:
lowing:
Max imum Spacing of
Joist Typ e lines of Bridg ing
Ta p Chord length Cam ber
No. 2 to No. B incl . 10'.0"
30'-0" %"
No. 9 to No. 16 inc I. 12'.0"
40'.0 '1 %"
50'.0" lYs" No. 17 to No. 19 incl. 16' . 0"
60'-0" 1}-2"
70'.0" 2Ys" Seelion 10. Inspection
80'.0" 2%" (oj All " longspon" Joists sholl be thoroughly
90'. 0" 3}'2" inspected before shipment to make ceria in that
96'.0" materials and workmanship conform to the requi re-
4"
ments of these speci fi cations.
Se ction 8. Belulng and Anchorage

Se elion 11. Ereelion
(0) Where "Longspon" Stee l Joists are sup-
lot "longspa n" Steel Joisls shall be unloaded
ported by masonry or concrete walls, the ioists shall
from shipping facilities. erected and hoisted into
be a ncho red by a ~" round bar anchor not less
place by hooking to the top cho rd of joists at ap·
than 12" lang or other equivalent method . Where
proximately the third points . Ho ist ing facilities
"longspan" Steel Joists rest on steel beams or
sholl not be released duri ng er6ction procedUre
steel tr usses they sholl be connected wi th not less
until the line of bridging nearest mid-spon is in-
than two~" bolts o r welds of equal strength.
stalled, and in the ccse of bollom chord bearing
[bl The ends of "longspon" Joists shaH bear "longspan" Joists, th e ends of the top chords sholl
not less thon 6" on masonry or concrete and not be restrained la tera lly. Core sholl be exercised
less thon 4" on sleel The bearing areas shall be 01 all times to ovoid damage through careless
such Ihat the overage bearing pressure does not handling. As soon as " l ongspan" Jo ists are erected
exceed 250 pounds per square inch on brick. or they sholl be permonently fastened in p lace and all
stone mason ry and 600 pounds per square inch on bridging completely installed before the application
poured concrele. of loads.
AM ER I CA N IN S TI T UTE OF S TEEL CO N STR U C TIO N

4
Standard Loading Table

FOR LONGSPAN STEEL JOISTS
Adopted by the Steel Joist Institute, April 28, 1953. Effective April 28, 1953.
Adopted by the American Institute of Steel ConslructiO:l, Inc. June 10, 1954.
Th e follow ing table gives th e TOTAL sofe uni formly distr ibu ted load-carrying copacities of "longspon" Joists
in pounds per linear foot of span.
This lood table applies to "longspon" Joists with either paro llel chords or standard pitched top chords.
The carrying capacities of " l ongspons" with lop chords pitched is determined by Ihe nominol depth of Ihe
"Longspon" Joists at Ihe center o f Ihe span .
Standard pilch is Y." pet foot. If p itch exceeds this standard, the load table does not app ly.
Figures printed to the righl of the heavy vertical lines to be used for roof constru ction only.
l oads below heavy broken horizontal lines are governed by maximum end reaction.
Jol5t
Des ig.
AP:/,
per
,,,. , ~!{~
in lbs .
I
Maximum
Eo'
Clear Opening or Net Span in Feel
1---.----,---.---.---.----.---.---.----,---.---.--- 1
nation Linear t Reaction
25 26 2' 28 29 33 36
" ,
13 l IB
JO
" 34
"
I 15 194 1S5 17'
l IB I I
I I I 2<2
1--"- "'-I I I
I I I 386 313
081 I I I I
I I 4" 44 I 383 I
J8iTO I I
I I 753 '" 656 633 11 " 553 " I '" 445
I I I
I 2526 l v l ~~JO" I ~ I 33I34 I · I 36·~~ I ~
I~I
I I I I I
20 I --.:T85 1404 381 T60 I 340 I 320 304 288' 27' I 259 I '" I I 194 I
I I I I I i2s91 I
2Ol0' 19' 120 6.7631l27)4'6"671 441 I 41395 37413551337 I 320,*C3'I1
I I I I I I I
,aT08 23 20 I 7.8J: f6iO rw I I 528 I 447 I 425 I 403 I
I I I I I I I
20 I f.56B IT68Ii43 i6i9 1598 1578 1559 I 1509 ~ I
I I I i540' LE! I I
-26 I 1.605 l748l72Ol694 16701,4 1'2' 1'0' 1588 1571 15541 I 1510 14861 46' I
I I II I I
i i 33 I 34" I 36 I . ~ , ~ I .~ , a ~I M i u i %~lu
" I 5.W [30412' V9 "8 1257 if.j')237 ' 228 12191 I '#, I I
I I II I I I 1215 207 I 200
--.:s.a
" " I
I
[408 ' " 3l ! 357
III I
I
II
I
II
I I
1 1 "2252
" I I I 14 I~
"' I I I I I
I I I I I I I 13 14 30
24[1 " I --.;666 I Jill II I 460 r441
I" I I
I I I II I II
" ID79 f682l6i2l6« I 626 I I II I I I
I I I I I I
I 41 I a I 43 ~
44 I U
I % I " I .. I 49 I ,. I " " I 53 I 54 I 55 "
I I I '" 1220 I I 205 1991 19 I 1S6 ISO 175 1 170
I I I I I I
I I 1323 I "0 1280 270 261 ! 25212' I 229 12212
128 I I I I I I I -,
I I I I I I I 327 1 3161 I ,761 '" 259
I" I, I I I I I I
28iI3 I "
I
28iI3 I "
I I.
ri
i 501

I I
: ~M ~i i
13281318
II
5
Standard Loading Table (Continued)
Appro •.
Clear Opening or Net Spon in Feet
Jo;,'
Des ig. In1;'5. D7!lr
! MO~~~!lm 1--,-,---,--,-,-- ,-,----,-'1-,---,---,-,---,---,---1
notion
liF~.cr i In~he~ l1eocl,O'I 49 50 51 .52 53 54 55 56 S1 58 59 60 61 ! 62 63 64
1
1 I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 1
32"
I I I" '~08I~'''~I~
197~19~'~18'1
32l I
I
:: ~:, I~: i ~: :'38 '31 '25
I I Ill ' 1293 285 '"
I 469~
I 4851:m "' 1440 I 4271 I I I
I I 1. ~31 041 1382" 360
I 'I I
32'16 5,7: I I I 155~'54' 52. 5191 SlO I'" I 487 '"
1 57 1 58 59 '0 51
1-=36l0.,-+.1-~23-!1~,,~f--c",,",,,.oc-!=
240+=,,"'lfo. L22' ' '''
" " I ..
"0 I '05 19'
OS
194
..
'89
67
I 185 180
.. I .. I 10 71 "
I I I I I 'I ,
27 8, 295 1 27' I 257, I '''I '31 225 ,191 I
"110
"
, I I ' I
!SO '"
I I i2232iB
36l"
I
31
I
"10,
, ,
3" I
I I
I ,
I
29 I '" I 284 ,7: 270 I '" I '57
I I I
244 rm
1-~36L144=~38:t36~~I3~,t!I~tl 138 1414 39 38: 137: 362 353 3441336
1- I I I I I 1"'1
36L1' 48 36 16,4" I I I" 543 I 52', I SI 0 t 46' 14531
I I , , I I I I I I
"'4olii9111! OS I .. I 67 1 .. I 69 I 70 I 71, " I," 74 I 75 I 76 I 77 I 78 I 7' ,"
4OlIO 27 I 40 ,'0' 250 1244 :rw,:'" I I 2: 21: ' " I ,07 '0' "8 '91 I I ,
I I I I I I ' I I ,
.0Ll: I 31 I 40 10,13 3081 'I I I "255124'1243 238 I
I I' I I I I
4OLl4 I 38 I 40 ' 396 1408 I 378 136 I 34 3351 3271 320 31: I
I I ,'I I I I I I I I
I I 40 ",187 5" I~~~ I I 450 440 14301420 I'" I
I I 'I , I I 142
1 40 19,'" 1,0' I' '6'1 I I I
"1" 1 75 1 ,, 77 7' 79 1 " 1 " , , 83 84 1 " ,86,, 1 88
I '" '" I 2" I 20' '03 ,.. '.51 '91 1S7 183 '" I , I
441 I I I I I ' ISOI ,7:
I 44 '35 '" I '" 25' 250 245 I 240 I 235 230 225 '" I '" I
I , I I I I 1232
44 ',039 35' 134'1 338 331 324 3"1310 304 297 29' I '" I I I
I I I I I , 305 1 293
I 44 ',054 I 463 145' I '" 14341424 4151407 39' I I I
441 I ' I I I I I ' 3 9 7 1 369 382
144120,7431563 I I I I I I I
I I I I I 1498
48111
I i,3JO ~ .;, I 83 I 84 85 ," I " I 88 I " ," I 91 ! ;;, I 93 ,':, ;:.! ,':,
I '::SE: m 230 '" I '" '" '" 20' I I , I ' I I
48LI3 I -'3st I I I I -i,; I '"
'" I '"
48L15 I
I I
I
"y.o --"'~'-'~
3051~
I
29'1 294 28':m: 2771C¥, I
I I
'''¥, 2I I
'" I
I
!SO 27.
I
270 I '"
I 138437; I 1' 1 I
48L" I I I 'I I 1'1 I I 1359 35'1346
I I I' I I I I ,
48l" I I I I I 'I I. 49~1 I 471 46: I 454
The weignt of deed loods, including the weig ht of "lon,:;spons", must in all COS6S b<!: deducted 10 determin e the Jive lood .
carrying copocities w~lch mUSI be reduced for COllcentrated loods . Approxima te weights per linear 1001 of "longspClM" Include
accesmries.
When ~o:es ore required in lOp or bottom chords t~e above carrying capacities mllsl be reduced in proportion 10 reduction
0/ chord areas.
The lop chords a re cCllsidered as be ing sta yed laterally by flccr slob c r rccl deck.
A M ERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEE L CONSTRUCTION

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:]CJ

A Manual for Architects, Engineers and

American Institute of Steel Construction

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Printed in t he U nited States or America

Inland Steel Company

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

PREFACE TO FIFTH EDITION

The unique position which this Manual holds in engineering

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Deviations from the above symbols are indicated at the places

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Furthermore, in order that the designer may concentrate ad-

PART I contains . the data most frequently referred to by struc-

PART II contains the data most frequently required in making

PART III gives tables of allowable loads for stipulated conditions

PART IV assembles the standard specifications and codes most

PART V contains in tabulated form various data that may be

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

Part I contains the data most frequently referred to by struc-

ROLLED STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF REGULAR

GENERAL INFORMATION ON BARS AND PLATES

ROLLING MILL PRACTICE

PERMISSIBLE TOLERANCES AND VARIATIONS FOR ROLLED

MISCELLANEOUS DATA FOR DESIGNING AND ESTIMATING

WEIGHT AND AREA OF BARS AND PLATES

ECONOMY TABLES FOR SHAPES USED AS BEAMS

TABLES FOR DESIGN OF PLATE GIRDERS

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF PLATE AND

WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF COMPOUND BEAM SECTIONS

NET SECTION OF RIVETED TENSION MEMBERS

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF COMPOUND

WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES OF TWO ANGLES

BEARING PLATE AND BASE PLATE DESIGN

CRANE RAILS AND FASTENINGS

EYE BARS AND STRUCTURAL ACCESSORIES

AMERICAN INSTITUTE O F STEEL CONSTRUCTION

DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS AND PROPERTIES

ROLLED STEEL STRUCTURAL SHAPES

Structural Shapes are presented in Part I in two groupings,

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

All American Standard Beam and Channel Shapes have a slope

Wide Flange Shapes 12-25 24 W' 76

The abbreviations exemplified above are intended only for use

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

REGULAR SERIES SHAPES

The designation "Regular Series" is applied in this Manual

AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF STEEL CONSTRUCT teN

I PROPERTIES FOR DESIGNING

Flange AXIS X-X AXIS V-V

See page 10 for method of designation.

AMERICAN INSTITUTE ,OF STEEL CONSTRUCTION

if·"·)- "'" 10.

DIMENSIONS FOR DETA I LING I

33x l 1 )1 152 33 )1 11 % 1!{s % %; 5 )1 29U l Ys 35 )1 3 % 571

30 X 15 210 30 % 15Ys 1%; I%; % 7 Ys 25U 2U6 34 3 )1 l{, 5)1

A M ER I CA N INSTI T UTE OF S T EEL CON STRUCTI ON

I PROPERTIES FOR DESIGNING

Flange AXIS X-X AXIS V - V