Name, Curse, Year & Sec : Jessa T. Repoyla BSA 4-B Instructor : Ma.May P.

Opino

Schedule :

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SPECIFIC AGRICULTURAL PESTS IN

SOLANACEOUS CROPS

Introduction

The solanaceous crops are the only important role in terms of consumption of human
because they are the species with different biological cycle duration and adopted to a wide range
of environments. Vegetable and solanaceous family that there are some species grown for
ornamental purposes and also pharmaceutical purpose.

But mostly the major problem of a farmers is the attacking of pest because pest species
can contribute a significant losses and many are vectors of disease. But now we in a modern
technology there are many scientists focus on developing new chemicals and tools to control pest
population with an assurance for plant protection.

Objectives

1.) To minimize pesticide residues on solanaceous crops, making them more compliant
with residue regulations and safer for consumption.

2.) To Promote the presence of beneficial insects

3.) To contributes to food security by helping to maintain consistent crop yields

 Methodology

Result and Discussion

Solanaceous Crops Pest Biological Control

Aphids 1.)green lacewing larvae (Chrysoperia
rufilabris). These larvae are extremely
aggressive and will eat numerous aphids a
Spider day
2.) numerous insects (lacewings and lady
mites beetles) that prey on spider mites.
3.)Use Orius laevigatus predatory bugs
against Thrip adults.
Thrips Provide yellow or blue sticky traps to
Eggplant monitor and catch adult thrips.
(Solanum melongena) 4.)Using trap crops to attract pest insects
Flea away from the cash crop
beetles
Spider mites 1.)numerous insects (lacewings and lady
beetles) that prey on spider mites
2.) green lacewing larvae (Chrysoperia
.Aphids rufilabris). These larvae are extremely
aggressive and will eat numerous aphids a
day
3.)using beneficial insects
Tomato Trichogramma spp. egg parasites, the
fruitworm larval parasite Hyposoter exiguae, and
Tomato
predators such as bigeyed bug and minute
(Solanum lycopersicum) pirate bug that prey on tomato fruit
worrm.
Red spider 4.)Phytoseiulus persimilis predators are
mite best for quickly controlling large Spider
Mite infestations. One Phytoseiulus mite
can consume up to 5 adult Spider Mites
and 20 larvae, or eggs, a day.
 Whitefly 1.)biological control agents for whiteflies
are Encarsia and Eretmocerus parasitoids.
These tiny wasps lay eggs inside or
beneath whitefly nymphs. The wasp
larvae then feed and develop within the
nymph and pupae and emerge as an adult
to kill more whiteflies.
Spider mites
2.) numerous insects (lacewings and lady
Bell pepper beetles) that prey on spider mites
3.) Use Orius laevigatus predatory bugs
(Capsicum annuum) Thrips against Thrip adults.
Provide yellow or blue sticky traps to
monitor and catch adult thrips.
Aphids 4.) green lacewing larvae (Chrysoperia
rufilabris). These larvae are extremely
aggressive and will eat numerous aphids a
day

Potato 1.) Entomopathogenic nematodes seem to

have potential for practical biological
weevil suppression of sweetpotato weevil.
Several strains of Steinernema
carpocapsae (Nematoda:
Steinernematidae) and Heterorhabditis
bacteriophora (Nematoda:
Heterorhabditidae) penetrate the soil and
Potato tubers, killing weevil larvae.
(Solanum tuberosum) 2.) Larvae and pupae, which are in the
Rootworms soil, are preyed upon by ground beetles,
rove beetles, ants, spiders, and centipedes.
Adults may be preyed upon by spiders.
Entomopathogenic (pathogens that kill
insects) fungi, nematodes, and bacteria
exist and may attack rootworms at
various life stages
3.)Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs)
Wireworms have become successful inundative
biological control agents for different
insect. Considering their broad host range
and their cohabitation with wireworms
within the soil, EPNs represent a
significant option for wireworm control.
 We used biological control techniques in agricultural settings to assess how they affected
insect populations and crop yields in our study. The outcomes were as follows: a decrease in
insect population, an increase in crop productivity, and an effect on the environment.
According to our research, biological management is an efficient and sustainable crop
protection strategy that offers a number of benefits, including fewer insect populations, higher
crop yields, and a smaller environmental impact. By incorporating it with modern agriculture,
more ecologically friendly and sustainable farming techniques could be produced..
 References

Zack snipes, Clemson extension 2015 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (I.P.M.) FOR APHID
Shttps://l.facebook.com/l.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fhgic.clemson.edu%2Ffactsheet%2Fintegrate
d-pest-management-i-p-m-for-aphids%2F%3Ffbclid%3DIwAR0PSduRj223n_N2m_tNbg-
lRPLYv18FmJhKvuyffmfVo5oABoC9wyY2BBk&h=AT2e8cpGMGModMXlj-
Njus_B14cSm2Y_fbXupxDlIehe_zF6SVNLmu8coD7y52BmCNlPnuEoICgIP2lDOL8OLyfTIiK
wZavZpqRXKlTxkiiBlhxhh-Zou1NSh8VyTFXqSXqM64T80NBr0hFRXQWS7g

David J. Shetlar 2011, Spider Mites and Their Control, hioline.osu.edu/factsheet/HYG-2012-

11#:~:text=Option%203%3A%20Biological%20Control,Predators,are%20other%20types%20of
%20mites.

ULIAN IVES | 05 DECEMBER, 2022 How To Control Thrips Using Biological Control,
https://www.dragonfli.co.uk/blogs/news/how-to-control-thrips-using-biological-
control#:~:text=The%20first%20and%20simple%20step,of%20adults%20to%20the%20traps

UC IPM 2016, Agriculture: Tomato Pest Management GuidelinesTomato Fruitworm,

https://ipm.ucanr.edu/agriculture/tomato/tomato-fruitworm/#IMPORTANT

JULIAN IVES | 07 NOVEMBER, 2018 How To Control Spider Mites Using Biological Control,
https://www.dragonfli.co.uk/blogs/news/how-to-control-red-spider-
mite#:~:text=Phytoseiulus%20persimilis%20predators%20are%20best,%2C%20or%20eggs%2C
%20a%20day!

STEVEN D. FRANK | AUGUST 2017, Whitefly control with biocontrols,

https://www.greenhousemag.com/article/whitefly-control-with-
biocontrols/#:~:text=The%20most%20common%20biological%20control,inside%20or%20benea
th%20whitefly%20nymphs.

Ramandeep Kaur Sandhi, David Shapiro-Ilan, Michael Ivie, Gadi V P Reddy,2021, Biocontrol of
Wireworms (Coleoptera: Elateridae) Using Entomopathogenic Nematodes: The Impact of
Infected Host Cadaver Application and Soil Characteristics,
https://academic.oup.com/ee/article/50/4/868/6283623
Name, Curse, Year & Sec : Jessa T. Repoyla BSA 4-B Instructor : Ma.May P. Opino

Schedule :

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SPECIFIC AGRICULTURAL PESTS IN CUCURBITS

CROPS

Introduction

Cucurbit crops is a diverse group of plants belonging to gourd family (Cucurbitaceae),

have played a vital role in global agriculture for centuries. From the succulent sweetness of
melon to the crispness of cucumber and vibrant hues of pumpkins and squash, Cucurbit offers a
wide array of flavors, shapes, and colors. These versatile plants, including cucumber are
cultivated in various climate change worldwide making them a staple in numerous cuisines.
Moreover cucurbit play a private role in agriculture because they are not only a source of
nutrition but also serves as ornamental plants and are utilized in traditional medicine.

. Cucurbits are the name given to vegetables that are members of the cucurbitaceae
family. From the time they are sown until they are harvested, these veggies are under attack by
several insect pests. These crops require a lot of labor, capital, and natural resources to grow.
Utilizing sustainable pest management techniques helps protect your investment by preventing
losses. .Farmers suffer significant financial losses as a result of cucurbit insect pest infestations
due to yield reduction, increased production costs, and decreased food quality. It is necessary to
use cultural, mechanical, and biological strategies for effective, affordable, and sustainable pest
management.

Objectives

1.) To minimize pesticide residues on solanaceous crops, making them more compliant
with residue regulations and safer for consumption.

2.) To Promote the presence of beneficial insects

3.) To contributes to food security by helping to maintain consistent crop yield

 Methodology

Result and Discussion

Cucurbits Crops Pests Biological Control

Cucumber
(Cucumis sativus) Aphids Farmscaping involves using insectary plants,
hedgerows, cover crops, and water reservoirs to
attract beneficial organisms like insects, spiders,
amphibians, reptiles, bats, and birds, while
reducing dust encourages parasitism and predation.
cucumber Cucumber beetles are attacked by a variety of
beetles natural enemies, the most important being a
parasitic tachinid fly, Celatoria diabroticae. Natural
enemies are rarely effective enough, however, to
reduce populations below economically damaging
levels.

whiteflies Encarsia and Eretmocerus parasitoids are

commonly used biological control agents for
whiteflies, which lay eggs within or beneath
nymphs, feed and develop within them, and emerge
as adults to kill more.
thrips If thrip adults are present on plants, the predatory
bug; Orius, should be introduced. These predatory
bugs feed on the whole Thrip life cycle
Watermelon Aphid Farmscaping involves using insectary plants,
(Citrullus lanatus) hedgerows, cover crops, and water reservoirs to
attract beneficial organisms like insects, spiders,
amphibians, reptiles, bats, and birds, while
reducing dust encourages parasitism and predation
.
Thrips If thrip adults are present on plants, the predatory
bug; Orius, should be introduced. These predatory
bugs feed on the whole Thrip life cycle

Leafminers Many generalist predators attack leafminer adults

and larvae. Ants, predatory wasps (such as yellow
jackets and paper wasps), and
spiders have been shown to help suppress leafminer
populations
 Nematodes Using polyphenolic extracts, additionally
Chayote microbial control is a safe and an effective
Sechium edule attitude in controlling parasitic nematodes

Pickleworm The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema

carpocapsae has been shown to effectively suppress
pickleworm injury.

Cucumber beetles are attacked by a variety of

cucumber
natural enemies, the most important being a
beetles parasitic tachinid fly, Celatoria diabroticae.

Squash bug eggs, nymphs, and adults are attacked

squash bugs by various generalist predators such as spiders,
carabids, staphilinids, geocorids, and coccinellids,
all of which contribute to lowering population
levels
Squash cucumber Cucumber beetles are attacked by a variety of
Cucurbita Maxima beetles natural enemies, the most important being a
parasitic tachinid fly, Celatoria diabroticae

squash vine most susceptible to natural enemies is the egg

stage, which is attacked by parasitic wasps. Larval
borers and adult ground beetles can attack larvae of
squash vine borer.

pickleworms The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema

carpocapsae has been shown to effectively suppress
pickleworm injury.

Bottle Gourds aphids, Farmscaping involves using insectary plants,

hedgerows, cover crops, and water reservoirs to
attract beneficial organisms like insects, spiders,
amphibians, reptiles, bats, and birds, while
reducing dust encourages parasitism and predation

cucumber Cucumber beetles are attacked by a variety of

beetles natural enemies, the most important being a
parasitic tachinid fly, Celatoria diabroticae

squash bugs two parasitoids of squash bugs. A small parasitoid

wasp (Gryon pennsylvanicum) is the main
parasitoid of the squash bug. It lays its eggs inside
of squash bug eggs, eventually killing the
developing squash bug.

cutworms Cutworms have numerous natural enemies,

including predatory beetles, parasitic wasps, and
parasitic tachinid flies.
 In this study, we used biological control methods in agricultural settings to evaluate how
they impacted insect populations and crop yields. The results were as follows: a decline in insect
populations, a rise in crop yield, and an impact on the environment.
Our research shows that biological management is a cost-effective and environmentally
friendly crop protection method that has a variety of advantages, such as reduced insect
populations, increased crop yields, and less negative environmental impact. Its incorporation into
contemporary agriculture may result in the advancement of more sustainable and
environmentally friendly farming practices.
 References

Ravi Mohan Srivastava and Sneha Joshih, 2020, Integrated Pest Management for Cucurbits in Cucumber,
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/77583

Dr. Mary E. Barbercheck, Penn State University, July 29, 2011, Biology and Management of Aphids in
Organic Cucurbit Production Systems, https://eorganic.org/node/5304

STEVEN D. FRANK ,AUGUST 2017,Whitefly control with biocontrols,

https://www.greenhousemag.com/article/whitefly-control-with-
biocontrols/#:~:text=The%20most%20common%20biological%20control,adult%20to%20kill%2
0more%20whiteflies.

JULIAN IVES 05 DECEMBER, 2022 , How To Control Thrips Using Biological Control,
https://www.dragonfli.co.uk/blogs/news/how-to-control-thrips-using-biological-
control#:~:text=%EF%BB%BFUse%20Orius%20laevigatus%20predatory,are%20low%20numbe
rs%20of%20Thrip.

Diane Alston, Extension Entomologist Ann Mull, Extension Assistant, July 2018, Leafminers of
Vegetable Crops, https://extension.usu.edu/pests/research/leafminers-vegetables

Saudi J Biol Sci. 2022, Biological control: An effective approach against nematodes using black
pepper plants, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9073003/

H. B. Doughty, J. M. Wilson, P. B. Schultz, T. P. Kuhar, January 2016, Squash Bug (Hemiptera:

Coreidae): Biology and Management in Cucurbitaceous
Crops, https://academic.oup.com/jipm/article/7/1/1/2658001

Welty, C. 2009. Squash vine borer. Agriculture and Natural Resources Fact Sheet HYG-2153-09 [Online].
The Ohio State University Extension.

Amanda Skidmore, Melissa Schreiner, and Miranda L. Kersten,2023, Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
for Squash Bug for Home Gardens and Small-scale Growers
https://pubs.nmsu.edu/_h/H183/index.html#:~:text=Biological%20Control&text=There%20are%
20two%20parasitoids%20of,killing%20the%20developing%20squash%20bug.,
Name, Curse, Year & Sec : Jessa T. Repoyla BSA 4-B Instructor : Ma.May P. Opino

Schedule :

BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF SPECIFIC AGRICULTURAL PESTS IN RICE CROPS

Introduction

Rice is a hardy crop that can be raised in a wide range of habitat including flat plains,
flooded field known as paddies, and mountain terraces. It comes in various form including long
grain, meduim grain, and short grain, each with a distinctive flavor and texture.

In many nations, rice cultivation has a rich cultural and historical legacy that has
influenced civilizations, cuisins and rituals. Since the crop needs a lot of water to grow many
civilizations view it was a sign of fertility and abundance. Despite the fact that rice cultivation
methods differ by region, it remains an essential component of the global.

Objectives

. 1.) To minimize pesticide residues on solanaceous crops, making them more compliant
with residue regulations and safer for consumption.

2.) To Promote the presence of beneficial insects

3.) To contributes to food security by helping to maintain consistent crop yield

 Methodology

Result and Discussion

Crops Pest Biological Control

 Parasites provide good control of
Mealy bug the citrophilus, longtailed, and
Comstock mealybugs if they are
not destroyed by insecticide
applications for other pests.
Native predators include lady
beetles, lacewings, and syrphid
Rice flies. An introduced predator of
(Oryza sativa) the citrus mealybug, the
mealybug destroyer,
Cryptolaemus montrouzieri, is a
voracious feeder of the pest in
both the larval and adult stages

Army worm Biological Control Armyworm

larvae are attacked by a parasitic
wasp Hyposoter exiguae.
Parasitized larvae can be
identified by removing the head
and rolling the internal contents
of the worm out and looking for
pale green parasite larva. Several
other parasites also attack
armyworm

Greenhorned Caterpillar Natural biological control agents

often keep the larval population
under control. For example, the
eggs are parasitized by
trichogrammatid wasps. Chalcid
wasp and two species of tachinid
flies parasitize the larvae and a
vespid wasp preys on the larvae

Encourage biological control

Field cricket agents: sphecid wasp, carabid
beetle, nematodes, and fungus;
mole crickets eat each other
when they are together because
of their cannibalistic behavior

Cutworms have numerous

Cut worm natural enemies, including
predatory beetles, parasitic
wasps, and parasitic tachinid
flies. However, natural enemy
numbers are usually not high
enough to control both cutworms
and the other caterpillar pests
 that occur in the crop
simultaneously.

Predatory bugs and spiders will

Green leafhoppers attack leafhoppers. Unnecessary
sprays for leafhoppers will
adversely affect these and other
beneficial insects and may
trigger other pests such as
Heliothis (Helicoverpa).

Encourage biological control

Rice caseworm agents like hydrophilid and
dytiscid water beetles which feed
on larvae and spiders,
dragonflies, and birds which feed
on adults.

Encourage biological control

agents: scelionid wasps, parasitic
Grasshopper (short-horn) an flies, nematodes, and fungal
locust pathogens, birds, frogs, and web-
spinning spiders, and a certain
species of an entomophthoralean
fungus; and platystomatid fly
and mite (eggs of oriental
migratory locust), ants, birds,
bats, field rats, mice, wild pigs,
dogs, millipedes, fish, amphibia,
reptiles, and monkeys.

Stem borer There are a variety of earwings,

dragonflies, and spiders that feed
on larvae and adult stem borers.

. Natural predators, parasitoids, and microbes are used in biological control in rice
farming as a sustainable and eco-friendly pest management strategy. The ecosystem's
equilibrium is preserved, the health of the soil is improved, and resilient
agriculturticides.Reducing the use of chemical pesticides supports soil health, resilient
agriculture, and ecosystem.
 Biological control in rice farming as a sustainable and eco-friendly pest management
strategy. The ecosystem's equilibrium is preserved, the health of the soil is improved, and
resilient agriculturticides.The key to more sustainable and environmentally friendly rice
production is biological control. We can enhance the long-term health of our ecosystems by
using less chemical pesticides, cultivating resilient rice crops, and turning to nature for help. But
for rice farming to succeed in the long run, there needs to be ongoing research, instruction, and
support from the government.

Reference

Article HistoryRevised: May 29, 2020 By: Melissa Petruzzello

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Citrus UC ANR Publication 3441

UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Sugarbeet UC ANR Publication 3469

https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/rice/crop_prot_crop_insectpest%20_cereals_paddy_m6.html#:
~:text=Management%3A,wasp%20preys%20on%20the%20larvae.

Cut worm http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management

https://ausveg.com.au/biosecurity-agrichemical/crop-protection/leafhoppers/

https://agritech.tnau.ac.in/crop_protection/rice/crop_prot_crop_insectpest%20_cereals_paddy_3.html#:~:t
ext=Do%20early%20planting%20and%20follow,birds%20which%20feed%20on%20adults.

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management/insects/item/short-horned-
grasshopper#:~:text=Encourage%20biological%20control%20agents%3A%20scelionid,mice%2
C%20wild%20pigs%2C%20dogs%2C

http://www.ricehub.org/RT/diseases-and-pests/insects-in-rice/stem-
borer/control/#:~:text=Biological%20control,larvae%20and%20adult%20stem%20borers

http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/pest-management/insects/item/root-aphids

https://plantwiseplusknowledgebank.org/doi/10.1079/pwkb.20147801456#:~:text=Natural%20enemies%
20like%20parasitic%20wasps,insecticides%20are%20not%20used%20haphazardly.