The Use of AASHTO LRFD The Use of AASHTO LRFD

Bridge Design Specifications with Bridge Design Specifications with

Culverts Culverts Culverts Culverts
Josh Beakley Josh Beakley
November, 2010 November, 2010
2
LRFD is Required
June 28
th
, 2000 FHWA Memo
AASHTO AASHTO
Design Design
Specifications Specifications Specifications Specifications
AASHTO Standard Specifications AASHTO Standard Specifications
for Highway Bridges
Section 3 Section 3 Loads Loads
Section 6 Section 6 Culverts Culverts Section 6 Section 6 Culverts Culverts
Section 8 Section 8 Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete
S ti 12 S ti 12 S il S il C t d M t l C t d M t l Section 12 Section 12 Soil Soil--Corrugated Metal Corrugated Metal
Structure Interaction Systems Structure Interaction Systems
Section 16 Section 16 Soil Soil- -Reinforced Concrete Reinforced Concrete
Structure Interaction Systems Structure Interaction Systems
Section 17 Section 17 Soil Soil- -Thermoplastic Pipe Thermoplastic Pipe
Interaction Systems Interaction Systems
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design
Specifications
Section 3 Section 3 Loads and Load Factors Loads and Load Factors
Section 4 Section 4 Structural Analysis and Structural Analysis and Section 4 Section 4 Structural Analysis and Structural Analysis and
Evaluation Evaluation
Section 5 Section 5 Concrete Structures Concrete Structures Section 5 Section 5 Concrete Structures Concrete Structures
Section 12 Section 12 Buried Structures and Tunnel Buried Structures and Tunnel
Li Li Liners Liners
Structures Designed Per Section 12
Section 12.7 Section 12.7 - - Metal Pipe, Pipe Arch, and Metal Pipe, Pipe Arch, and
Arch Structures Arch Structures
Section 12.8 Section 12.8 - - Long Long- -Span Structural Plate Span Structural Plate
Structures Structures Structures Structures
Section 12.9 Section 12.9 - - Structural Plate Box Structural Plate Box
Structures Structures Structures Structures
Section 12.12 Section 12.12 Thermoplastic Pipes Thermoplastic Pipes
Section 12.13 Section 12.13 Steel Tunnel Liner Plate Steel Tunnel Liner Plate
Concrete Structures Designed Per Concrete Structures Designed Per
Section 12
Section 12.10 Section 12.10 Reinforced Concrete Pipe Reinforced Concrete Pipe
Section 12.11 Section 12.11 -- Precast Box Culverts, Cast Precast Box Culverts, Cast-- Section 12.11 Section 12.11 Precast Box Culverts, Cast Precast Box Culverts, Cast
in in- -place Box Culverts, Cast place Box Culverts, Cast- -in in- -place Arches place Arches
Section 12 14 Section 12 14 Precast Three Precast Three Sided Sided Section 12.14 Section 12.14 -- Precast Three Precast Three--Sided Sided
Structures Structures
What We Will Discuss
Loads Loads
Load Factors Load Factors Load Factors Load Factors
Load Modifiers Load Modifiers
C it C l l ti C it C l l ti Capacity Calculations Capacity Calculations
Live Load Live Load
Live Load
3.6.1.2 Design Vehicular Live Load 3.6.1.2 Design Vehicular Live Load
3.6.1.2.1 General 3.6.1.2.1 General 3.6.1.2.1 General 3.6.1.2.1 General
Vehicular live loading on the roadways Vehicular live loading on the roadways
of bridges or incidental structures of bridges or incidental structures of bridges or incidental structures, of bridges or incidental structures,
designated HL designated HL- -93, shall consist of a 93, shall consist of a
combination of: combination of: combination of: combination of:
Design truck or design tandem, and Design truck or design tandem, and
Design lane load Design lane load
Live Load Spacing HL-93
4000 lb.
14 f 6 f
12,500 lb. 12,500 lb.
14 ft. 6 ft.
12,500 lb. 12,500 lb.
16000 lb. 16000 lb.
AASHTO AASHTO
(12,00 lb per STD)
HS 20 LOAD ALTERNATE LOAD
Applied Live loads No Lane
Load
3 6 1 3 3 Design Loads for Decks Deck 3 6 1 3 3 Design Loads for Decks Deck 3.6.1.3.3 Design Loads for Decks, Deck 3.6.1.3.3 Design Loads for Decks, Deck
Systems, and the Top Slabs of Box Culverts Systems, and the Top Slabs of Box Culverts
Where the slab spans primarily in the Where the slab spans primarily in the
longitudinal direction: longitudinal direction: longitudinal direction: longitudinal direction:
For top slabs of box culverts of all spans and For top slabs of box culverts of all spans and
for all other cases, including slab for all other cases, including slab- -type type
bridges where the span does not exceed 15 0 bridges where the span does not exceed 15 0 bridges where the span does not exceed 15.0 bridges where the span does not exceed 15.0
ft, only the axle loads of the design truck or ft, only the axle loads of the design truck or
design tandem of Articles 3.6.1.2.2 and design tandem of Articles 3.6.1.2.2 and
3 6 1 2 3 respectively shall be applied 3 6 1 2 3 respectively shall be applied 3.6.1.2.3, respectively, shall be applied. 3.6.1.2.3, respectively, shall be applied.
Applied Live loads No Lane
Load
3 6 1 3 3 D i L d f D k D k 3 6 1 3 3 D i L d f D k D k 3.6.1.3.3 Design Loads for Decks, Deck 3.6.1.3.3 Design Loads for Decks, Deck
Systems, and the Top Slabs of Box Systems, and the Top Slabs of Box
Culverts Culverts Culverts Culverts
Where the slab spans primarily in the Where the slab spans primarily in the
transverse direction, only the axles of transverse direction, only the axles of
the design truck of Article 3.6.1.2.2 or the design truck of Article 3.6.1.2.2 or
design tandem of Article 3.6.1.2.3 design tandem of Article 3.6.1.2.3
shall be applied to the deck slab or the shall be applied to the deck slab or the shall be applied to the deck slab or the shall be applied to the deck slab or the
top of box culverts. top of box culverts.
Lane Load 3.6.1.3
LRFD LRFD 2004 2004 Truck and Lane Load Truck and Lane Load LRFD LRFD 2004 2004 Truck and Lane Load Truck and Lane Load
64 lbs across a 10 ft width 64 lbs across a 10 ft width
DLA not applied DLA not applied DLA not applied DLA not applied
LRFD LRFD 2005 2005 Truck only Truck only
St d d S ifi ti St d d S ifi ti 3 7 1 1 3 7 1 1 Standard Specification Standard Specification 3.7.1.1 3.7.1.1
Either truck or Lane Load Either truck or Lane Load
Truck governs for shorter spans Truck governs for shorter spans
Pipe Culverts
Lane Loads not applied to pipe Lane Loads not applied to pipe
For top slabs of box culverts of all spans and For top slabs of box culverts of all spans and for all for all
other cases, including slab other cases, including slab- -type bridges where the span type bridges where the span
does not exceed 15.0 ft, does not exceed 15.0 ft, only the axle loads of the only the axle loads of the
design truck or design tandem of Articles 3.6.1.2.2 and design truck or design tandem of Articles 3.6.1.2.2 and design truck or design tandem of Articles 3.6.1.2.2 and design truck or design tandem of Articles 3.6.1.2.2 and
3.6.1.2.3, respectively, shall be applied. 3.6.1.2.3, respectively, shall be applied.
History Historyyy
Tire Footprint
LRFD LRFD 3.6.1.2.6 3.6.1.2.6
w = 20 in. w = 20 in. w 20 in. w 20 in.
l = 10 in. l = 10 in.
St d d S ifi ti St d d S ifi ti 6 4 1 6 4 1 Standard Specification Standard Specification 6.4.1 6.4.1
Concentrated Load Concentrated Load
Box Under Shallow Fill Box Under Shallow Fill
Distribution Width
Distribution Width
LRFD (4.6.2.10) LRFD (4.6.2.10)
E = 96 + 1.44S (for axle) E = 96 + 1.44S (for axle) E 96 + 1.44S (for axle) E 96 + 1.44S (for axle)
E in inches and S in feet E in inches and S in feet
St d d (3 24 3 2) St d d (3 24 3 2) Standard (3.24.3.2) Standard (3.24.3.2)
E = 4 + 0.06S (for wheel) E = 4 + 0.06S (for wheel)
E in feet and S in feet E in feet and S in feet
Distribution Steel
Live Load Distribution Parallel to
Box Culvert Span under Shallow
Fill Fill
Live Load Distribution
STD Spread a = a + 1 75*H STD Spread b = b + 1 75*H STD Spread a = a + 1.75*H
LRFD Spread a = a + 1.15*H
STD Spread b = b + 1.75*H
LRFD Spread b = b +1.15*H
Pipe Under Shallow Fill
Live Load Area for Depths 2 ft.
LRFD (3.6.1.2.6) LRFD (3.6.1.2.6)
AA
LL
= (20/12 + 1.15D = (20/12 + 1.15D
EE
)(10/12 + 1.15D )(10/12 + 1.15D
EE
)) AA
LL
(20/12 + 1.15D (20/12 + 1.15D
EE
)(10/12 + 1.15D )(10/12 + 1.15D
EE
))
1.15 above should be replaced with 1.0 1.15 above should be replaced with 1.0
if select granular backfill is not used if select granular backfill is not used if select granular backfill is not used if select granular backfill is not used
Standard (6.4.1) Standard (6.4.1)
AA
LL
= (1.75D = (1.75D
EE
))
22
Live Load Spread
Dynamic Load Allowance
LRFD LRFD Dynamic Load Allowance (3.6.2.2) Dynamic Load Allowance (3.6.2.2)
DLA = 0.33(1.0 DLA = 0.33(1.0 -- 0.125D 0.125D
EE
)) DLA 0.33(1.0 DLA 0.33(1.0 0.125D 0.125D
EE
))
Standard Standard Impact Factor (3.8.2.3) Impact Factor (3.8.2.3)
IM 0 3 IM 0 3 0 0 0 t 1 0 t 1 0 INCL 0 INCL IM = 0.3 IM = 0.3 0 0--0 to 1 0 to 1--0 INCL. 0 INCL.
IM = 0.2 IM = 0.2 1 1--1 to 2 1 to 2--0 INCL. 0 INCL.
IM = 0.1 IM = 0.1 2 2--1 to 2 1 to 2--11 INCL. 11 INCL.
Two Trucks Passing
Live Load Distribution through Live Load Distribution through
Pipe and Soil
Multiple Presence Factor Multiple Presence Factor
Desi gn Code Desi gn Code
Lanes AASHTO AASHTO CHBDC
STD LRFD
1 1. 0 1. 2 1. 0
2 1. 0 1. 0 0. 90
3 0. 90 0. 85 0. 80
4 0 75 0 65 0 70 4 0. 75 0. 65 0. 70
Box Culverts Shallow Fill
Design Using Single Lane
Soil Load
Frictional
Soil
P i
Frictional
Soil
P i
Forces
Prism
Forces
Prism
N t l G d N t l G d Natural Ground Natural Ground
Soil Load
WW
EE
= = FF
ee

ss
BB
cc
HH
Boxes Boxes Section 12.11.2.2.1 Section 12.11.2.2.1
Pipe Pipe Section 12.10.2.1 Section 12.10.2.1
Soil-Structure Interaction Factor Soil Structure Interaction Factor
Boxes
WW
EE
= = FF
ee

ss
BB
cc
HH
FF
ee
= 1 + 0.20(H/ = 1 + 0.20(H/BB
cc
))
ee
((
cc
))
FF
ee
shall not exceed 1.15 for installations shall not exceed 1.15 for installations
with compacted fill along the sides of with compacted fill along the sides of p g p g
the box section, or 1.40 for installations the box section, or 1.40 for installations
with with uncompacted uncompacted fill fill
Soil-Structure Interaction Factor Soil Structure Interaction Factor
Pipe
Standard installations for both Standard installations for both
embankments and trenches shall be embankments and trenches shall be
designed for positive projection, designed for positive projection,
embankment loading conditions where F embankment loading conditions where F
ee
gg
ee
shall be taken as the vertical arching factor, shall be taken as the vertical arching factor,
VAF, specified in Table 12.10.2.1 VAF, specified in Table 12.10.2.1- -3 for 3 for pp
each type of standard installation. each type of standard installation.
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AASHTO LRFD 12 10 2 1 AASHTO LRFD 12.10.2.1
Vertical Pressures and Reactions
Vertical Soil Load
0.8
1.2
1.6
2
VAF
i
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
0
0.4
l
i
Bedding and Fill Heights for Concrete Roadway Pipe
And Box Culverts C. Yoo, F. Parker, and J. Kang,
Auburn University, June 2005
Bottom Reaction to Vertical Bottom Reaction to Vertical
Loads
LRFD (C12.11.2.3)
While typical designs assume a uniform While typical designs assume a uniform
pressure distribution across the bottom slab, pressure distribution across the bottom slab, p , p ,
a refined analysis that considers the actual a refined analysis that considers the actual
soil stiffness under box sections will result soil stiffness under box sections will result
in pressure distributions that reduce bottom in pressure distributions that reduce bottom
slab shear and moment forces (McGrath et slab shear and moment forces (McGrath et ((
al. 2004. al. 2004.
LRFD C12.11.2.3
Such an analysis requires knowledge of in Such an analysis requires knowledge of in- -
situ soil properties to select the appropriate situ soil properties to select the appropriate p p pp p p p pp p
stiffness for the supporting soil. A refined stiffness for the supporting soil. A refined
analysis taking this into account may be analysis taking this into account may be y g y y g y
beneficial when analyzing existing beneficial when analyzing existing
culverts. culverts.
Pipe Pressure Distribution
Lateral Live Load
LRFD (3.11.6.2) LRFD (3.11.6.2)
The horizontal pressure The horizontal pressure AA
hh
in ksf, on a in ksf, on a The horizontal pressure The horizontal pressure AA
ph ph
in ksf, on a in ksf, on a
wall resulting from a point load may be wall resulting from a point load may be
taken as: taken as: taken as: taken as:
P 3ZX
2
R (1 2v)
[ ]
A
ph
=
P
tR
2
3ZX
2
R
3
R (1 - 2v)
R + Z
[ ]
B i Di t ib ti Boussinesq Distribution
Live Load Lateral Uniform Pressure
LRFD LRFD 3.11.6.4 3.11.6.4

pp
= K = K
ss
hh
eq eq pp

ss eq eq
H H << 5 ft 5 ft hh
eq eq
= 4 ft = 4 ft
HH << 10 ft 10 ft hh = 3 ft = 3 ft H H 10 ft 10 ft hh
eq eq
3 ft 3 ft
H H << 20 ft 20 ft hh
eq eq
= 2 ft = 2 ft
Lateral Uniform Live Load
In general, LRFD produces greater live load surcharge
pressures than Standard for depths of fill of 5 ft or less and
less pressure for greater depths In addition live load less pressure for greater depths. In addition, live load
surcharge pressures from AASHTO M 259 and M 273 are
much greater than those from LRFD for depths of fill from
0 1 f d l h LRFD f fill h i h I 0 to 1 ft and less than LRFD for greater fill heights. In
spite of the significant differences in live load surcharge
pressures, their impact on reinforcement areas is relatively p p y
minor
Comparison of AASHTO Standard and LRFD
Code Provisions for Buried Concrete Box
C l t R R d &T M G th STP 1368 Culverts R. Rund & T. McGrath, STP 1368,
2000, Concrete Pipe for the New Millenium
Lateral Earth Pressure
Lateral Earth Load - LRFD
3.11.5.5 3.11.5.5 Equivalent Fluid Method Equivalent Fluid Method
Loose Sand or Gravel = 55 pcf Loose Sand or Gravel = 55 pcf Loose Sand or Gravel 55 pcf Loose Sand or Gravel 55 pcf
Dense Sand or Gravel = 45 pcf Dense Sand or Gravel = 45 pcf
3 11 5 2 3 11 5 2 At R t P At R t P 3.11.5.2 3.11.5.2 At Rest Pressure At Rest Pressure
kk
oo
= 1 = 1- -sin sin||
|| = 30 = 30 , k , k
oo
= 0.5, press = 60 pcf = 0.5, press = 60 pcf
Other Loads
Always Considered Always Considered
Self Weight Self Weight Self Weight Self Weight
Internal Fluid Load Internal Fluid Load
S ti C id d S ti C id d Sometimes Considered Sometimes Considered
Construction Loads Construction Loads
External Hydrostatic Loads External Hydrostatic Loads
Internal Fluid Pressure Internal Fluid Pressure Internal Fluid Pressure Internal Fluid Pressure
Load Factors Load Factors
Load Factors
Load Load Factor
Standard LRFD
Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum
Dead 1.3 0.90 1.25
Water 1.3 1.0 1.0
E h V i l 1 3 0 90 1 30 Earth Vertical 1.3 0.90 1.30
Earth - Horizontal 1.3 0.90* 1.35
Live 1.3 x 1.67 = 2.17 0.0 1.75**
*Per 3.11.7, a 50% reduction in load may be used in lieu of
the minimum load factor the minimum load factor.
**A multiple presence factor is included in the total load.
LRFD Design
Phi Factors
Strength Reduction Factors Strength Reduction Factors
||
ff
= 1.0 = 1.0 ||
ff
1.0 1.0
||
vv
= 0.9 = 0.9
LRFD LRFD 12 5 5 12 5 5 11 LRFD LRFD 12.5.5 12.5.5--11
Standard Standard 16.7.4.6 16.7.4.6
Basis of LRFD Methodology
EE
ii

ii
QQ
ii
<< ||RR
nn

i
= a statistically based load factor
| = a statistically based resistance factor
Q
i
= force effect
R
n
= nominal resistance
n

i
= load modifier relating to ductility,
redundancy, and operational importance y, p p
Load Modifier - Culverts
LRFD 12.5.4 LRFD 12.5.4
Load modifiers shall be applied to Load modifiers shall be applied to Load modifiers shall be applied to Load modifiers shall be applied to
buried structures and tunnel liners as buried structures and tunnel liners as
specified in Article 1.3, except that the specified in Article 1.3, except that the specified in Article 1.3, except that the specified in Article 1.3, except that the
load modifiers for construction loads load modifiers for construction loads
shall be taken as 1.0 shall be taken as 1.0 shall be taken as 1.0 shall be taken as 1.0
Load Modifiers
LRFD C 1.3.2.1 LRFD C 1.3.2.1
Ductility, redundancy, and operational Ductility, redundancy, and operational Ductility, redundancy, and operational Ductility, redundancy, and operational
importance are significant aspects importance are significant aspects
affecting the margin of safety of bridges. affecting the margin of safety of bridges. affecting the margin of safety of bridges. affecting the margin of safety of bridges.
Load Modifiers (LRFD) Load Modifiers (LRFD)
For Culverts
Standard = N/A Standard = N/A
LRFD (1.3.2) LRFD (1.3.2) LRFD (1.3.2) LRFD (1.3.2)
Ductility = Ductility =
DD
= 1.0 = 1.0
R d d R d d 1 05 1 0 1 05 1 0 Redundancy = Redundancy =
RR
= 1.05 or 1.0 = 1.05 or 1.0
Importance = Importance =
II
= 1.0 or 1.05 = 1.0 or 1.05
Load Modifier Culverts
LRFD 1.3.3 LRFD 1.3.3 Ductility Ductility
The structural system of a bridge shall The structural system of a bridge shall The structural system of a bridge shall The structural system of a bridge shall
be proportioned and detailed to ensure the be proportioned and detailed to ensure the
development of significant and visible development of significant and visible development of significant and visible development of significant and visible
inelastic deformations at the strength and inelastic deformations at the strength and
extreme event limit states before failure. extreme event limit states before failure. extreme event limit states before failure. extreme event limit states before failure.
Load Modifier - Culverts
LRFD 12.5.4 LRFD 12.5.4 -- Redundancy Redundancy
For strength limit states, buried For strength limit states, buried For strength limit states, buried For strength limit states, buried
structures shall be considered structures shall be considered
nonredundant nonredundant (1.05) (1.05) under earth fill and under earth fill and nonredundant nonredundant (1.05) (1.05) under earth fill and under earth fill and
redundant redundant (1.0) (1.0) under live load and under live load and
dynamic load allowance. dynamic load allowance. dynamic load allowance. dynamic load allowance.
Load Modifier - Culverts
LRFD 12.5.4 LRFD 12.5.4 -- Importance Importance
Operational importance shall be Operational importance shall be Operational importance shall be Operational importance shall be
determined on the basis of continued determined on the basis of continued
function and/or safety of the roadway. function and/or safety of the roadway. function and/or safety of the roadway. function and/or safety of the roadway.
Design Capacity Design Capacity
Design for:
Flexure Flexure
Steel Reinforcement Steel Reinforcement
Concrete Compression Concrete Compression
Crack Control Crack Control Crack Control Crack Control
Shear Shear
Radial Tension (for pipe only) Radial Tension (for pipe only)
Fatigue (not required for box culverts or Fatigue (not required for box culverts or
pipe per LRFD) pipe per LRFD)
Box Culverts and Pipe
Section 12.10 Section 12.10 Reinforced Concrete Pipe Reinforced Concrete Pipe
Section 12.10.4.2 Section 12.10.4.2 Direct Design Direct Design AA
ss
= ? = ? gg
ss
Section 12.10.4.3 Section 12.10.4.3 Indirect Design Indirect Design Class = ? Class = ?
Section 12 11 Section 12 11 -- Precast Box Culverts Precast Box Culverts Section 12.11 Section 12.11 -- Precast Box Culverts Precast Box Culverts
Flexure
Asi
g |
f
d Nu g g |
f
d
( )
2
Nu 2 |
f
d t
( )
2 Mu

f
=
fy
E ti 12 10 4 2 4 1 F Di t D i f Pi Equation 12.10.4.2.4a-1 For Direct Design of Pipe
Section 5.7.2 Assumptions for Strength and Extreme Event
Limit States takes a broader view of flexural design
Flexure (Minimum Steel) Flexure (Minimum Steel)
LRFD - 12.11.4.3.2: STD - 16.7.4.8
As As
min min
= 0.002 b h = 0.002 b h
b = 12 inch unit width b = 12 inch unit width b 12 inch unit width b 12 inch unit width
h = thickness of member in inches h = thickness of member in inches
LRFD (12 11 4 3 2) LRFD (12 11 4 3 2) LRFD (12.11.4.3.2) LRFD (12.11.4.3.2)
Standard (16.7.4.8) Standard (16.7.4.8)
ACI 318-08 ACI 318 08
Flexure (maximum steel)
Box culvert walls and slabs are designed as Box culvert walls and slabs are designed as
tension controlled members, with a tension controlled members, with a ,,
maximum steel area of 75% of the balanced maximum steel area of 75% of the balanced
condition (steel will always yield before condition (steel will always yield before ( y y ( y y
concrete crushes) concrete crushes)
Compression controlled design is allowed Compression controlled design is allowed Compression controlled design is allowed Compression controlled design is allowed
with other concrete structures as long as a with other concrete structures as long as a
modified phi factor is applied. modified phi factor is applied. modified phi factor is applied. modified phi factor is applied.
Tension Controlled - Ductile
Crack Control (LRFD 5.7.3.4)
s
700
e

| f
2 d
c
s
|
s
f
s

LRFD Concerns itself with steel spacing LRFD Concerns itself with steel spacing
Standard Specification concerns itself with Standard Specification concerns itself with Standard Specification concerns itself with Standard Specification concerns itself with
stress in the steel (maximum of 0.6 fy?) stress in the steel (maximum of 0.6 fy?)
Service Load Stress
M N d
h
| |
f
s
M
s
N
s
d
2

\
|
|
.
+
=
s
A
s
j i d
Equation C12 11 3 1 Equation C12.11.3-1
Factors affecting crack control
Exposure Conditions
SHEAR SHEAR
Shear
LRFD 5.14.5.3: STD 8.16.6.7 LRFD 5.14.5.3: STD 8.16.6.7
Slabs under 2 feet or more of fill
V 0 0676 f'c 4 6
A
s

V
u
d
e

+
|

|
|
b d =
Slabs under 2 feet or more of fill
V
c
0.0676 f c 4.6
b d
e
M
u
+

\
|
.
b d
e
=
Need not be taken less than Need not be taken less than
V
c
0.0948 f'c b d
e
=
Equivalent to | = 3
Shear
LRFD 5 8 3 3 STD 8 16 6 2 1 LRFD 5.8.3.3: STD 8.16.6.2.1
Slabs with less than two feet of cover,
and sidewalls
V 0 0316 | f'c b d =
and sidewalls
V
c
0.0316 | f c b
v
d
v
=
| is based on the dimensions of the element and the strain
in the steel
Shear
LRFD 5 8 3 3 STD 8 16 6 2 1 LRFD 5.8.3.3: STD 8.16.6.2.1
Slabs with less than two feet of cover, and sidewalls
F ti ith ll d th l th 16 i h For sections with an overall depth less than 16 inches,
and no tension, | can be assumed equal to 2
Top Slab
12X12 @20 12X12 @20
Side Wall
12X12 @ 20 @
Distribution Steel
Distribution Steel
In bottom of top slab (LRFD 9.7.3.2) In bottom of top slab (LRFD 9.7.3.2)
Percentage of main positive moment Percentage of main positive moment Percentage of main positive moment Percentage of main positive moment
reinforcement = 100/S reinforcement = 100/S
1/2 1/2
S = span in feet S = span in feet S = span in feet S = span in feet
Need not be more than 50 percent Need not be more than 50 percent
In top of top slab In top of top slab
As As
66
= 0.002 x Ag = 0.002 x Ag
66
gg
CONCRETE PIPE DESIGN CONCRETE PIPE DESIGN
Concrete Pipe Indirect Design 12.10.4.3
D-Load Equation
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E th L d B ddi F t Earth Load Bedding Factor
Extra Safety Factor for Type 1
Installations Installations
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Live Load Bedding Factor
Pipe Indirect Design
D-Load Equation
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Class V Pipe (C76/M 170)
Concrete Pipe
Special Design/Direct Design Special Design/Direct Design
12.10.4.2
Flexure Flexure 12.10.4.2.4.a & b 12.10.4.2.4.a & b
Radial Tension Radial Tension 12.10.4.2.4c 12.10.4.2.4c Radial Tension Radial Tension 12.10.4.2.4c 12.10.4.2.4c
Crack Control Crack Control 12.10.4.2.4d 12.10.4.2.4d
Sh Sh 12 10 4 2 5 12 10 4 2 5 Shear Shear 12.10.4.2.5 12.10.4.2.5
FLEXURE
CRACK CONTROL
RADIAL TENSION
SHEAR
The End
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