r .

-uu111m ~e't ( 1 J
Inverse circular functions, Principal values of sin - 1 x, cos - l x, tan - l x.
t an - 1 l - 1 _ 1 x+y
x+ an y=tan ----"- , xy<t
1- xy
x+ y ,
= 1t + tan -1 ------'-- xy>t.
1-xy

t.
Evaluate the following :
(al sin [ ~ - sin - l ( - } ) ]
7. (a)' tan[1cos- 1
( ~)]

✓3 )] (b)* tan [ 2 tan -l G)- ~]

(bl sin [ 2
7t
- sm
. -1 (
- 2
8. Prove
) Principal value of sin - l [ sin (27t/3)] is 1t/3. . -1 4 5
. -1 -+sm . -1 - 7t
16-- -
2, (a ) (a) sm -+sm
5 13 65 2
(bJ srn sm -337t
. - 1 ( .
- . -1 3 . -1 8 = cos -1 36
7 (b ) sm - + sm - -
3. (a) cos
- 1 ( cos 77t) 5
-1 33
17 85
6 (c) sm
. -1 123
- = cos -
- + cos
-1

13
cos 47t)
5 65
(b)* cos -1 (
3 9. . -1 12
(a)* sm
-1 4
-+cos · -+tan -=7t
-1 63

3 13 5 16
4. (a) tan -l ( tan :)
1
- 3 + cot -1 , -16 + - cos - = 7t
-1 -1 7
(b) 2 cos
(b)* tan -l (
2
tan ;)
.Jii 63 2 25

10. (a)
ffi
cot -1 9 + cosec -1 - - = -7t
-3J + 7t]
- ✓
(- 4 4
(c) cos cos -1
[ 2 6 (b) tan -l .! + tan-1 _!__=tan -l ~
7 13 9
1
(d) Ifa~tan- ( l-x )sbwhereOSx-51 1 1
(c) tan- 2+tan- 3=31t/4
· l+x
-1 1
11. (a) tan -+tan-=-.
-1 1 7t
then prove that (a,b) = (0, rc/4).
2 3 4 (M.N.R. 1990)
5. (a)* Prove that
(b ) tan -1 -1 + tan -1
-1 + tan -1 -1 = -7t
sin -l sin ( 3;rc) + cos- ( cos
1 4
~1t) 2 5 8 4
8 7t
1 1 1 (c) tan -1 -3 +tan -3 -tan -1 - = -
-1
+tan - (-tan l!rc)+cot- [cot (- l:rc)]= ;1t 4 5 19 4
. -1 4 -1 1 7t
(b) lfasin- 1 x-bcos- 1 x=c,then 12. (a) sm - + 2 tan - = -
5 3 2
. -1
asm x+ b cos -1 x= -1 1
(b ) tan - + 2 tan
-1
-1 = -7t
(a) O (b) re 7 3 4

(c) 7t ab + c (a - b) 1t ab - c (a - b) (c) *Jan - 1 ! + tan - l ! + tan - l ! + tan - l .!. = ~

(d) , 5 7 3 8 4
a+b a+b
1
6 13. (a) tan- _!__+tan- 1 ..!..+tan - 1 (-!)=o
· (a) sin ( cos- 1 ~) 21 13 8
\ 5
(b) tan - l ~ = ! tan - l 12 .
(b) cos (tan - 1 ¾) and cos (tan -l x) 3 ~'. 5
-1 1 -1 2 1 -1 3
1
(c) tan - + tan - = - cos - .
(c) If sin (cot - l (1 + x)) = cos (tan- x) then xis 4 9 2 5
(a) 1/2 (b) 1 14. (a) The value of
1
(c) o (d) -1/2 (Screening 2004) tan [cos- (4/5) +tan- 1 (2/3)]
(d) sin (cot- 1 x) Other form : tan [sin - l (3/5) + cot - l (3/2) I is
(e) sin (2 sin -l O • 8) (a) 6/17 (b) 7/16
 (c) 17/fi (d) none of these
(M.N.R. 1992)

(b} If th e sum of I he acute angles tan · 1 x and

tan
1
.!: is 45 °, th en th e vo l uc of x is I .
2 3

(c) If A =tan - 1 x✓3 andB = tan - 1 ( Zx - A )

2A - x A. ✓3
then show that th e value of A - Bis 30°.
1 1 1
15. * 4tan - ! - tan - _!_+ tan - _!_=~
5 70 99 4 (M.N.R. 1995)

16. Prove that

2 tan - } -1 + sec - 1 -5✓2 + 2 tan - 1 -1 = -1t .
( a
r )

5 7 8 4

(b) * cos-
1 12
+ 2 cos -
1
✓( 64 )
13 65

+ cos
-1 F49)
~~5()) = cos
-1 1
✓ (2)

17. (a) sin (2 tan -l .!.) + cos (tan - l 2 ✓2) = 14

3 15
(b) Prove that

. -1 { . -1
cot ( sm
✓3J +cos m
~lF2-
~) -1
sm 4

+ sec - i ✓2 J} = o
18. Using the principa l values, express the followin g as a
single angle :
3tan-
1
G) +2 tan- Ji) + sin- 6~4.Js-
1 1

(Roorkee 1999)

19. (a) Given O $ x $!then the value of

2

tan [sin- Jz + ✓1;/ }-sin-

1
{
1
+s

(a) -1 (b) 1
(c) _!_ (d) -J3
✓3
. - 1 4 . -1 1
(b) If a = sm - + sm -
5 3
4 -1 1 h
and p =cos - 1 - +cos - , t en
5 3
(a) a < p (b) a = P
(c) a>P (d) Noneof these
1
20. (a)* If cos -1 p + cos -l q + cos - r = 1t, then prove that

p 2 + q 2 + r 2 + 2pqr = 1 (Roorkee 1994)

(b) * If sin - 1 x + sin - 1 y + sin - l z = 1t , then prove that

2 2 2 2 2 Z 2 2 2)
x4 + y 4 + z 4 + 4x y z = 2 (x y +y z +z x
(M.N.R. 1997)
 (c) Iftan -1 x+ tan -1 y+ tan -1 z = 1t or n / 2 sho
that x + v + z = xyz or xy + yz + zx == 1. ~
21. (a)* If sin - 1 -x + sin - 1 y + sin - 1 z = 3n/2, then the
value of
100 100 + 100 9
X +y z - 101 101 101 lS
' X +y +z
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 3
(b) Solve :
. - 1 ax . -1 bx . -1
Sln - + Sln - = Sln X
C C
where o2 + b 2 = c 2 , c :;t 0, (Roorkee 2000)
2
. -1 2p -1 1 - q t -1 2x
22. (a) · Is1n
f ---cos - - = a n
2 2
1+ p 1+q 1 - x2 '
then prove that x = p - q .
1+ pq
(b) Solve for x
. -1 2o . -1
'2h = 2 tan .:. . 1 x
Sln -- + Sln
2 2
1+ o 1 +b
(c) Prove that
2
2o o ]
tan - sin 1 . -1 1
+ - cos -1 1 -
- - = -2a
-. 2
[2 2 2
1+o 2 1+o 1- a
23. * Prove that
-11-x -11-y . -1 y-x
tan - - - tan - - = sin
1+ X 1+ y /1 +
'1
Xz
'
/1 +. y2
24. (a)* tan:- 1 Zmn - - = tan -1 ~
+ t an -1 -2pq 2
N2
m 2 -n 2 2
p -q 2 M -
where M = mp - nq , N =np + mq
2 3 2 3
(b) ~ tan -1 3mn - m + ~ tan -1 3 pq - p
3 n3-3mzn 3 q3-3pzq ·
=tan- 1 ~
Mz - r•
where M = - mp+ nq, N = np + mq and all we
letters are +ive quantities.
2 2
Prove that sin tan - - + cos - 1 1 - X ] .,,,_,, 1,
25. (a) . -1 - X
· [ 1
2
2x l+X
1, (a)
sui[; - sin -
1
l-~)J
== sin ( 1t
3 + sin - l 12 ) = sin ( 1t + 1t ) -- • 7t
Slll - =1
3 6 2
•: sin - l (- x) = - sin - l x .
(bl Just as part (a).
sin (; + ; ) =cos ; =~ .
. -1
2. (a) sm .sm 3
[( . 21t)] = 327t will be wrong as it is

greater than 1t / 2. Hence we say

. -1 ( sm
sm · 21t) = sm. . -1 [ . ( n-
sm 7t )]
3
3
= sin - i (sin 1t) 1t
· 3 3
. -331t = Sln
(b) Slil . ( 41t + -51t) = Sln
. -51t
. 7 7 7
. ( · 21t ) . 21t
= Slil 1t - 7
= Sln 7

. -1 ( . 3 31t)
.•. Slil Slil - = -21t .
7 7
3. (a) cos- 1 cos ( 71t) =~is wrong, as 7rr/6 is greater
· 6 6
than 1t.
Here 71t = zn _ ~ so that ~ lies between Oand 1C
6 6 6

:. cos-1 cosC:)=cos-1 cos(zn-?)

-cos- 1 cos (
-
5
6
7t) ~ ~6 ·
(b) cos - 1 cos 4; =cos - t cos ( 21t ~ ~)
 = cos - 1 cos -27t : : : --
2n
.
3 3
4. 1
(a) Let x = Ian - ton (3; ), so that x must lie
uet ween - .!! and !!. .
2 2
Hence x = tan - t tan ( 1t - ~ )

= tan - 1 tan ( - ~) = - ~.
(b) Ans . - ~ .
3

(C) cos [ cos - l ( - ~) + ~ l

Now cos - 1 (- x) = 1t - cos - l x

= cos 1t - cos -1 ( ✓3) + 7t]

[ 2 6
= cos [ 1t - ~ + ~] = cos 1t = - 1.

Altern ative Since O $ cos - l x $ 1t, we have

1
cos - (- ~) = ~It etc.

-1 1- X -1 -1 7t - 1
(d) E =tan --=t an 1-tan x=-- tan x
l+x 4
-1 7t
Now 0$x$ 1 0 $tan x$-
4
Multiplying by minus sign and reversing the
inequality,
- ~ $ - tan - l x ~ O
4
Add ~ to both sides
4
O ~ ~ - tan - i x ~ ~ or O $ E $ ~
4 4 4
5. (a) Refer § 1 (A, B, C, D) P. 619-6 20.
. - 1 . 27t
sm 51t - -27t) = sin sin -
. -1 . (
T1 = sm = -27t
7 7 7

T2 = cos - 1
cos ( 61t + -47t) = cos
-1
cos -47t = -47t
. 7 7 7

T3 = tan -l {-tan ( 21t -

3n)} = tan - l tan 3n = 31t
3 3 8

T = 1t - cot - (1 :n)= n- cot - Zn + 33n )

4
i l (

= 1t _ 37t = 57t
8 8
= 61t + 7t = 13n
5 = 2n + 4n + 31t + 57t
7 7 8 8 7 7
1 1
(b) Ans. (c). a sin - x- b cos- x =c
Also b ~ s(n - l x + cos - l xJ = b . 1t I 2
. - 1 n b
Adding, (a +b) sm x =2 +c
IIH ~ , . -
I - 1:119 0 11 (✓ri/:•l I :l J5
~in ,V (I : I
t, "'l l> I ,· I .,,
11lr1 0
I
(i/3)
:t . ( 1/ 5)
i!
I ll
,: (hl 2 lllll I ( ~)
11111 l fl11
It sl" ' " • 1f /l r ( 1/ 0)" 12 '
~ (/ ~ /) :! u+ h

l I
I
u 11 d rc./ 4 tall I, w11 hnvn
I ,m ,. tAn(Z tau I (1/GJ - it/41
u ➔ /1 i 1
1
1 1011 [t an (5/ I l) - 10 11 ll
oi-i n ' ~ -. h en~ x .,,. otc. M1 In (c).
(11) :-111 c,,~ 1 t3 , 5) , :-in sin
1
/1 ll / 25 • tnntan 1
_!_E~I
ti . I + (5/ 12) . 1
1
( 4/5) • 4/5.
jHPre we havo ll HOcl
1<i 11 s in
tho furm11ln
= tan tan ·'( - -177) • - -177 .
GOS
, ,S ll -, ~r.:-.;-,
X "' 1- X , 8. (a)
1
To prove si n - ( 4/5) + sin
1
(5/1J)

(h) We hovt.! ton 1

.x • cos
1 1
... (1) = 27t - SHl, - I 16
65 ::: COS
- I (16 )
65 .
✓ (1 + ,c2)
1
Now sin - 1 x ±sin - y
cos (toc '¾ )~cos(co,-' ✓(1+ 9116 i) 1
=sin - I fx✓--1---Y-2 ±rPJ.
= cos ( cos - 1 4) = 4. by (1) L.H.S . = sin _, [ ~ J( 1 - !~~)+ 153 J( 1 - ~: )]
5 5
For the second part , we have
cos tao
- 1
x = cos cos
- I 1
= ---
1
2
= sin -
1
( f ~: t +
3
. ~) = sin -
1
( :: + ~: )
✓ (1 + x ) ✓ (1 + x )
2
63. - t
= SID -
65
(c) Ans . (d).
h - 1 , - 1 1 and R.H.S. = cos - 1 (16/65) = sin - l (63/65).
We L-
r...uow t at cot t = sm ~ ,t = x+1
vl +t2 (b) Do yourself, as in part (a).
- 1 - 1 1 (c) Do yourself, as in part (a).
an d tan p = cos ~ ,p= x . . - 1 12 t - 1 12
vl+p2 9. (a) Smcesm - = an -
13 5
3 we h ave
Hen ce from the given relation we get an d cos - 1 -4 =tan - 1 -,
1 1 54

J1 + (x + 1) J1 + x 2 2 L.H.S. = tan -l 12 + tan -l ~+tan -l 63

5 4 16
2 2
or x + 2x + 2 = x + 1 . 12 3 h
an d smce - x - > 1 , we ave
or 2x = - 1 :. x = - .! ⇒ (d)
5 4
2 -1 12 t . -1 3 t - 1 (12/5) + (3/4)
t an - + an - = 1t + an
(d ) By§ 3, cot
- 1
x = sm
. - 1 1 s 4 1-f12/5).(3/4l
✓ (1 + x
2

. ( - 1 ) 1
)
= 1t + tan - l { - ~!} (§ 5 P. 622)
SID cot X = 2
✓ (1 + X ) =1t - tan - l 63 [·: tan - 1 (- x) = - tan - 1 xi
(e) 2sin - 1 x = sin -
1
zxP. Hence
16

1
sin(2sin - 0 ·8) = 2 · ~J(1-
64
)=0 ·96. L. H . S . _- 1t - tan - 1
-63 + tan -1 -63 = 1t = R. . ·
H s
10 100 16 16
-1
7. (a) If cos- 1 ( ✓5/3) = 9, O <9< rt/2, then (b) As in part (a), we will change each term to tan ·
cos8 = /5/3 2 cos
- 1 3
~ =cos - 1 (2x 2 - 1)
,----
and sin 9 = J1 -cos 2
8= J1 - 5/9 -v13
5 - - 1 1 12
=fi/9 = 2/3 . =cos- = tan -
13 13
tan -1 cos -
[2
1
-✓5 ] = tan - 0 cot - 1 16 = tan - 1 63
3 2 63 16
 -1 cos - I -7= 8, say. C08 28 = .!_ tan - 1 x + tan - 1 y" = tan - 1 x + Y

I
:l 25 25 1 -xy
2
1- t 7
t 2 =g- or 3
t =- - -
3 13. (a) 21 = 1+5.4, 13=1+4.3,
or 1 + t 2 = 25 16 4' 4
- 1/8 =- 2/16 and 16 =1+5 .3.
Since cos 28 = + ive :. O s 28 < 1t - 1 5- 4 - 1 - 1
T1 = tan - - = tan 5 - tan 4
:. O ~ 8 < 1t/ 2 1 +5.4
and hence t = tan 8 = + ive :. tan 8 = 3/4 - 1 - 1
T.2 = tan 4- tan 3
:. L.H.S. = tan - 12 +tan - 1 63 +tan - 1 ~
1

13 16 4. - 1 -2 - 1 - 1
T3 =tan - - =tan 3 - tan 5
Rest as in part (a). 1 + 15
- 1 - 1 f 2
tO- (a)
cosec x = cot vx - 1 Sum =0.
L.H.S. = cot - l 9 +cot - 1 ✓(41/16) -1 Note : You may combine first two terms to get
= cot - l 9 + cot - l (5/ 4) tan -1 (23742) = tan -1 (¾)
= tan - 1 .!. + tan - 1 ~ -1 12 -1 2
9 5 (b) · We have to prove tan - = 2 tan -
5 3
= tan - 1 (1/9) +(4/5) =tan-1 41 2 (2/ 3) = tan - l ( 4/ 3)
1- (1/9). (4/5) Now R.H.S. = tan - t
41 1 - (4/9) (5/9)
1
=tan - l=n/4.
= tan - l (12/5) = L.H.S.
(b) Do yourself .
.HS -1 1 -1 2 -1 1/4+2/9
(C) L. . . =tan - +tan - =tan
(c) tan - t 2 + tan - l 3 = 1t + tan - 1 2 + 3 1
4 9 1 - (1/ 4)(2/9)
1-2.3
= tan - l .! = ! . 2 tan - l !
·: xy=2.3=6>1 2 2 2
=1t+tan- 1 {5/(-5)} =!tan - l 2 (l/ ) = ! tan - l ~ = ! cos - l ~
2 .

= 7t + tan - l (- 1) = 1t - tan - l 1 2 1- (1/4) 2 1 2 5

14. (a) Ans. (c).
= 1t - 1t/4 = 31t/4.
Wehavetan[cos- 1 (4/5)+tan- 1 (2/3))
11. (a) tan -1 1/2 + 1/3
1- 1/2 .1/3 =tan [tan- 1 (3/4) +tan- 1 (2/3)]
-1 5/6 -1 . 1t
=tan -=tan 1=-. =tan tan- 1 [ (3/ 4) + (2/ 3) ]
5/6 4 1 - (3/ 4) . (2/3)
(b) L.H.S. =tan-1 1/2+1/5 +tan-1 .!. = tan tan -1 [17/12]
1 - (1/2) (1/5) 8 1/2
-1 7 -1 1
=tan -+tan - = tan tan -1 ( 17) = 17.
9 8 . 6 16
=tan-1 7/9+1/8 Other forms :
1- (7/9)(1/8)
Also cos - l ( 4/5) = sin - l (3/5)
= tan -l 65 = tan - l 1 = ~.
65 4 and tan - l (2/3) = cot - l (3/2)
(cl Do yourself . (b) Ans. True .
=tan- ~
12 213 1
· (a) Wehave2tan- 1 .!=tan- 1 We have tan - l x + tan - 1 (1/2) = 45°_
3 1- (1/9) 4 - 1 1
tan x = 450 - tan -
(1/2)
1
and sin - l ( 4/5) =tan._ ( 4/3) 1 1
=tan- 1-tan- (1/2)
1
Hence L.H.S. =tan- 1 (4/3) +tan- (3/4).
=tan-1 1- (1/2) -t _ 1 1
- an -
= tan - l ( 4/3) + cot - l ( 4/3) = n/2. 1 + 1. (1/2) 3
(bl Do yourself. Hence x = 1/3.
(c) Write the L.H.S. as x✓3 2x-A.
[tan - 1 (1/3) + tan - 1 (1/5)) + [tan - l (1/7) (c) tan (A-B) = tan A-tan B = 2A. - x A. ✓3
+ tan -l (1/8)) 1 + tan A tan B l + X--./.:S
~3 2 X- "I
11,

2A. -x · Ah
.......__ and then use the formula
 _ 3xA + (2x - A)( x - 2A) Similarlycos- 1 ✓64/65 =tan - 1 (1/8),
- ✓3 [A (2A - x) + x (2x - A)J
= _!__ [ 2x2 - 2M + 2A2
✓3 2x 2 - 2M + 2A2
l = _!__= tan 30 0
✓3
cos- 1 (1/ ✓2) = tan - 1 1=rt/4
Thus we have to prove that
tan - l (5/12) + 2 tan - i (1/8)
- 1
A - 8 = 30° + tan (1/7):::: tan ~1
1
- I 1 -I 2/5 - 1 5 -1 5/12 + 1/7
15. 2 tan - = tan - - - = tan - . or tan
5 1 - (1/2~ 12 1 - (5/12) . (1/7)
11
4 tan - 1
.! = 2 tan - 1 2- = tan - 1 1 - tan - 1 -::--:-...
2 · 1/8
5 12 1 -1/64
1
= tan - 1 2(5/12) =tan - 1 120. or tan- 1 (47/79)=tan- 1 1-tan - (16/63)
1 - (25/144) 119
-1 47 -1 1-(16/63) t -1 47
or tan -=tan - - - - = an -
. . = tan - 1 -120 - ( tan - 1 -1 - tan -1 -1 )
L.HS 79 1 + (16/63) 79°
119 70 99
-1 . -1 2x
= tan - 1 120 -tan -1 1/70 -1/99 17. (a) 2 tan x = sm -- 2
§ 8, P. 622
l+x
119 1 + (1/99)(1/70)
tan -1 y = cos -1 1 § 3 , p• 621
=tan - 1 --tan
120 -1 -29-
✓ (1 + y )
2
119 6931
- 1 120
=tan --tan -
119
-1 1
239
L.H.S.= ~:2 +
1
Jci~ y'J ,x=~,y=2 ✓2
= tan -1 120/119 -1/239
=~+!= 14
1 + (120/119). (1/239) 5 3 15
-1 120 .239 -119
=tan (b) sec- ✓2 =cos- 1 ....!.... = ~ = 45°
1
119.239+120 ✓ 2 4

=tan
-1 119. 239 + (239 - 119)
· cos- 1 ✓12 =cos- 1 ✓3 = ~ = 30°
119 .239 + 120 ' 4 2 6
= tan - l 1 =1t/ 4
writing 120x = (119 + 1) x
• -1
sm Jz-,/3 =sm
--
4
. . -1 J 4 - z,{3
8
16. (a) L.H.S. =sin- 1 ✓3-l=15°
2 ✓2
1) + tan -1 [(5✓272]
2

= 2 ( tan -1 1 + tan -1 -1]

5 8 L.H.S.=sin- 1 [cot(45° +30°+15°)]
= sin - l ( cot 90 ° ) = sin - l O = O
-1 1/5 + 1/8 t -1 1
=2tan - - - - - + an -, L.H.S.=O.
1 - (1/5) . (1/8) 7
1
18. sin- ~=tan- 1 x
·: sec
-1
x = tan
-1
vIx 2 - 1 a ✓ (02 - x2)
-1 13 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1
= 2 tan - + tan - = 2 tan - + tan - T3-ta
- n
-1 -142
39 7 3 7 31
= tan
- 1 2. 1/3
- - + tan
-1 1 t -1 -3 + t an
- = an
. -1 1
- 2 tan - l x = tan - l 2x
1-1/9 7 4 7 2
1- x
= tan - 1 3/ 4 + 1/7 = tan -1 25 T2 =tan -1 -5
1- (3/4). (1/7) 25 12
3
-1 -1 3x- X
= tan - 1 1 = ~ . 3 tan x=tan
4 1-3x2

(b) cos
- 1
x = tan
- 1 .J1 - xz T1 =tan
11
-
-1

X
2
E =tan-1 11 +tan-1 2 +tan-1 142
- 112 - 1 ✓1-144/169 -1 5 2 12 31
cos - = tan ----- tan -
13 · 12/13 12 11+2

cos
- 1 J(49)
50 = tan
-1 .J1- 49/50 _ 1
✓ (49/50) - tan 7 .
-1
=1t+tan-1 2 12 +tan-1 142
1- 55 31
24
 t-lere ab > 1 and hence 1t + tan - l ( ) Hence x+y+z-xyz=O i. e. Nr = O
- 1 142 - 1 142
= TC - tan - + tan - = Jt. i.e. x+ y+z=xyz
31 31
or 1 - xy-yz-zx=O i.e. D r= O
. (a) Ans. (b). Put x = sin 8
19
sin l
- 1 ( 1 · 8 1
✓2 sm + ✓ 2 cos
e) sm. - sm
=
I . (
e + 47t) 21. (a)
i.e. xy + yz + zx = 1
Ans. (a) . We know that Isin - l x I$ n/2
1t Hence from the given relation we observe that
= 8+ -
4 each of sin - l x, sin - 1 y and sin - l z will be 1t/2 so

E = tan [ + } -8 8] = tan ~=1 that x = y = z = sin (1t/2) = 1 3- ~ = 0-

3
th) Ans. (a).

l
1
(b) sin - i[ax J1-b'x' +bx J1-a'x']=sin - x
a = sin - l [~
5
✓1 - !9 + !3 ✓l - 16
25
c c2 c c2

I 2 - a 2x 2 - c 2 ] = 0
/ 2 - b2 x 2 + b vc
x [a vc
= sin - 1 [ 8 ✓2 +]_]=sin- 1 ( 8 ✓2 +J) x = O is one solution which satisfies the given
15 15 15
equation.
. 8✓2 + 3 7t Again aJ~c2 2 +b Jc 2 - a 2x 2 = c 2
___b_2_x_
Smee - -
15 - < 1 :. a<-
2 ... (I)
, -1 1)
· -1 4+ 7t - sm
(Jt - sm Squaring both sides,
A
= 1t - a > 7t by (I)
a 2 (c 2 -b 2x 2 )+b 2 (c -a x )+2ab ✓ ✓ =c
fl = 2 2 2 4
2 5 2 3 2
a<~==> (a) 2
c 2 (a 2 +b 2)-2azb xz +2ab ,,j ,,j =c
4

1
20. (a) cos- 1 p+cos- q+cos- 1 r=1t Put a 2 + bz = cz and cancel c 4 from both sides
⇒ cos- 1 [pq-.J1-p 2 .,J1-q 2 ] abx 2 = .Jez -bz x 2 .Jez - a 2 xz
-1 -1
=1t-cos r=cos (:-r). Square again
pq - ✓~(l___p_2 _)(_1_--q2- ) = - r azbzx4 =c4 -c2 (az +bz)xz +a2bzx4
4
or (pq + r) 2 = (1- p 2 ) (1-q2) or O=c (1-xz) :.x=±1

or p2q2 +rz +2pqr=1-p2 -q2 + p2q2 22. (a) By§ 8 P. 622, the given equation is
2 tan - l p - 2 tan - 1 q = 2 tan - l x
2 2 2
or p + q + r + 2pqr = 1 .
or tan - l p - tan - 1 q = tan - 1 x
1
(b) sin - t x + sin - y = 1t - sin - l z
or tan - l p - q = tan - l x
Take cos of both sides and not sine for easy 1+ pq ,
simplification. x= p-q
cos(sin- 1 t)=cos(cos- Pl= ✓(1-t
1 2
) 1+ pq"
2 a+b
✓1-x 2 .J1- y 2 -xy=- ✓1-z (b) x = - - As in part (a).
1-ab
(1 - xz) (1 - yz) = xz y2 + (1- z2)
- 2xy .J1- z
2 (c) L.H.S. =tanG,ztan-
1
a+f .2.tan - a] 1

1 - x 2 - y 2 = 1 - z 2 - 2xy V1 - z rz- = tan [2 tan - l a]

= tan tan - 1 ~ _ 2a
2
x 2 + y 2 _ z 2 = 2xy .J1 - z . Square again. 1- a 2 - 1- a 2 ·

(c) L.H.S. =tan- 1 (x+ y ) +tan- z

1 23. Put x = tan 8, y = tan q>
1-xy L.H.S. = ( ~ - 8 )- ( ~ - q,) = q, _8
_
1
[(x + y )/(1- xy)] + z
= tan -- tan - 1 y - tan - t x
1 - [(x + y )/(1 - xy)]. z = tan - t -J' -- x
1 + xy
= tan - 1 x + y + z - xyz - TC or TC
1- xy-yz-zx 2 = sin - 1 y - x
{(y - x)2 + (1 + xy}2} 1/ 2
x + Y + z - xyz = tan TC or tan ~
1 -xy- yz - zx 2 =sin - 1 Y - x
✓ {(1 + x ) (1 + y 2 )}
2
or =o or oo
 2 2 2
24. (a) Dividing T1 , T2 and T3 by m , p and M
respectively, 2 tan - t x = tan - t Zx
2
1-X

L.H.S.=2tan-J E.+2tan- 1 q
m p
=2tan -1 - + mq
pn - - =2tan -1 -N = R.H.S.
pm-nq M
3 3
(b) Dividing above and below by n in T1 and q in T2
2
and M in T3 , we get
2 -1 m 2 -1 p -1 N
- . 3 tan - + - . 3 tan - = 2 tan -
3 n 3 q M
L.H.S. = 2 [tan -t (m/n) + (p/q) ] .
1- (m/n) (p/q)

=2tan- 1 np+mq =Ztan- 1 N =R.H.S .

. nq-mp M
. 2 2
. -1 1-x -1 1-x
25. (a) sin tan - - + cos -- = 1
2x 1 + xz
Put x=tan0
L.H.S.
2
2
. t - 1 1 - tan 0 _ 1 1 - tan 9
= sin an - - - + cos
2 tan ~ 1 + tan z 8

=sin [tan - l cot 20 + cos - l cos 20]

= sin [tan - l tan (rc/2 - 20) + 20]
== sin rn/ 2 - 20 + 20] = sin ( 7t/ 2) =1 .