Next Ias Jan 2024

Current Affairs
January 2024
Chief Editor
B. Singh (Ex. IES)
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Compilation of UPSC relevant news articles from 1st Dec. to 31st Dec. 2023
Contents
PLI 2.0 for Steel Sector..................................................................................... 68
Funding Winter.................................................................................................. 69
COP28 Climate Summit......................................................................................6 Tax Devolution to States................................................................................. 70
NCRB Report on Cybercrime.......................................................................... 13 Value Investing................................................................................................... 71
Reform in Criminal Laws, 2023...................................................................... 16 Migration and Development Briefs Report 2023.................................... 71
CEC and EC Act, 2023....................................................................................... 21 IEA’s 'Coal 2023' Report................................................................................... 72
Concerns about Crypto Asset Intermediaries.......................................... 73
2 International Relation
Post Office Bill..................................................................................................... 24
75th Anniversary of UDHR............................................................................... 26
Telecom Bill 2023.............................................................................................. 29 16th Edition of India-Germany Military Cooperation.............................. 74
India-USA Relations.......................................................................................... 31 India-New Zealand Bilateral Trade Meeting............................................. 74
India-Oman Relationship................................................................................ 34 ‘Angola’ Leaves OPEC....................................................................................... 75
India-Italy Relation............................................................................................ 36 India-ASEAN Relations..................................................................................... 75
Tensions in Red Sea.......................................................................................... 38 North Atlantic Treaty Organization............................................................. 76
Global Partnership on AI................................................................................. 41
Food vs Fuel........................................................................................................ 42
Parliament Security Breach............................................................................ 44
Myanmar: top Opium Producer.................................................................... 45 91st Interpol General Assembly..................................................................... 77
Maritime Security.............................................................................................. 47 Defence Indigenisation................................................................................... 77
Ennore Oil Spill................................................................................................... 49 Secure Email Network...................................................................................... 79
Ground Water Resource Assessment Report............................................ 50 Indian Ocean Naval Symposium, 2023....................................................... 79
Paid Menstrual Leave....................................................................................... 51
Status of Child Issues in India........................................................................ 53
1. Child Marriage in India.......................................................................... 53
2. Issue of Child Labour............................................................................. 54 Terms of Reference of 16th Finance Commission..................................... 80
Exit Polls............................................................................................................... 80
Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups......................................................... 81
SC Upholds Repeal of J&K’s Special Status................................................ 82
Special Provisions for States in India........................................................... 83
Good Governance Day.................................................................................... 84
First-Ever Auction for Critical Minerals....................................................... 55
NAMO Drone Didi Scheme............................................................................. 57
ILO Report on Working Environments........................................................ 58
RBI’s Monetary Policy Committee................................................................ 59 Gender-related Killings of Women and Girls............................................ 85
Distress in Textile Industry............................................................................. 60 "Nari Adalat" under Mission Shakti.............................................................. 86
Agriculture and its Impact on Environment............................................. 61 Anarcho-Capitalism.......................................................................................... 87
Off Budget Borrowings.................................................................................... 63 Naya Savera Scheme........................................................................................ 87
Niti Aayog’s Report on Poverty..................................................................... 63 Revising Growth Standards to Measure Malnutrition........................... 87
Central Bank Digital Currency....................................................................... 64
Guidelines against ‘Dark Patterns’................................................................ 65
Remission of Duties and Taxes on Export
6 Environment
Products (RoDTEP) Scheme......................................................................... 66 Hydrogen for Heritage Scheme.................................................................... 89
India Skills Report 2024................................................................................... 67 Jellyfish................................................................................................................. 89
Periodic Labour Force Survey, 2023............................................................ 67 The Global Climate 2011-20: WMO.............................................................. 89
ii
Combating Plastic Pollution.......................................................................... 90 Iceland Volcano Eruption..............................................................................115
Coastal Erosion in India................................................................................... 92 Red Tide..............................................................................................................116
Char Dham Project and Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).... 93 Ionospheric Observations in Antarctica..................................................116
Global Cooling Watch Report 2023............................................................. 94 Guinea.................................................................................................................117
Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2023............... 95 Madagascar.......................................................................................................117
Carbon Capture Sequestration and Storage (CCSS) Technologies.... 96
Green Turtles....................................................................................................... 97
Budgett’s Frog.................................................................................................... 98
9 Culture & History
40 Years since India became Permanent Resident of Antarctica....... 98 Hornbill Festival and Statehood Day of Nagaland...............................118
India’s First-Ever Himalayan Air Safari......................................................... 99 Hauz-i-Shamsi..................................................................................................118
Pesticide Hazard..............................................................................................100 2000-year-old Copper Coins Discovered at Mohenjo Daro...............118
Indian Forest & Wood Certification Scheme (IFWCS)...........................101 Mahaparinirvan Diwas...................................................................................119
Garba Dance of Gujarat makes it to UNESCO List.................................120
7 Science & Technology Santiniketan......................................................................................................120

Hanukkah...........................................................................................................120
XPoSat.................................................................................................................102 Channapatna Toys...........................................................................................121
Discovery of Six New Exoplanets...............................................................103 Yogmaya Temple.............................................................................................121
Biotechnology Research and Innovation Council (BRIC)....................104 Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra, and Kashi Tamil Sangamam....................121
Anthrobots........................................................................................................104 Shree Mandira Parikrama Project...............................................................122
JT-60SA : Largest Nuclear Fusion Reactor................................................104 Kolattam Dance...............................................................................................122

Pandit Motiram Pandit Maniram Sangeet Samaroha..........................123
PACE Mission.....................................................................................................106
Veer Baal Divas.................................................................................................123
Hemophilia........................................................................................................106
Amrit Technology............................................................................................106
Use of mRNA as Medicine.............................................................................107
Ketamine............................................................................................................108
10 Miscellaneous
Indira Gandhi Prize.........................................................................................124
R21/Matrix-M Malaria Vaccine.....................................................................108
UNESCO Asia-Pacific Awards for Cultural Heritage
National Mathematics Day...........................................................................108
Conservation 2023..........................................................................................124
Nematocyst.......................................................................................................109 National Sports Awards 2023......................................................................125
Electronic Soil...................................................................................................109 Namdapha Flying Squirrel............................................................................125
FEAST Software................................................................................................110 Pantoea Tagorei...............................................................................................126
Smart Lander for Investigating Moon (SLIM) Mission.........................110 High Fat Sugar Salt (HFSS) Foods...............................................................126
Covid Strain JN.1 Termed 'Variant of Interest'........................................111
8 Geography 11 Data Recap

..............................................................................................................................127
Warmer Winter in India..................................................................................112
‘Global Drought Snapshot’ by UNCCD......................................................113
India’s First winter Arctic Expedition.........................................................114
Katabatic Winds...............................................................................................115 Mains Questions..............................................................................................128
iii
Current Affairs Feature Articles
Edition: January 2024
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Cover Story Current Affairs
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Current Affairs
COVER STORY Cover Story
COP28 CLIMATE SUMMIT

Recently, the 28th session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) concluded in UAE, bringing together
nations that are signatories to the UNFCCC to collectively tackle the issues arising from the climate crisis.
About Conference of the Parties (COP): Key Outcomes of COP28 (Dubai, 2023):
• It is the supreme decision-making body of the United Nations • Global Stocktake (GST):
Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).  It is considered the central outcome of COP28 – as it
• It is a gathering of representatives from countries that are contains every element that was under negotiation and
Parties to the UNFCCC and meets annually to assess progress can now be used by countries to develop stronger climate
in dealing with climate change, negotiate agreements, and action plans due by 2025.
make decisions on aspects of the global response to climate  The stocktake recognizes the science that indicates global
change. greenhouse gas emissions need to be cut 43% by 2030,
• It was established following the adoption of the UNFCCC in compared to 2019 levels, to limit global warming to 1.5°C.
1992 at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro.  But it notes Parties are off track when it comes to
• Each of the 198 Parties to the UNFCCC is a member of the meeting their Paris Agreement goals.
COP and has equal representation.  It serves as a recurring review mechanism established
• COP is supported by two permanent subsidiary bodies: the under the Paris Agreement in 2015.
Subsidiary Body for Implementation (SBI) and the Subsidiary  It delineates eight strategic steps to ensure that the
Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA). These escalation of global temperatures remains within the
bodies provide technical advice, conduct assessments, and prescribed limit of 1.5 degrees Celsius.
facilitate negotiations on specific issues. 1. Triple the global renewable energy capacity by the
• Meetings of the Conference of the Parties serves two main year 2030, reaching a minimum of 11,000 GW, and
purposes: collectively increase the annual rate of global energy
 To review the implementation of the Convention, the Kyoto efficiency improvements from approximately 2% to over
Protocol and the Paris Agreement, respectively. 4% each year until 2030.
 To adopt decisions to further develop and implement 2. Globally expedite initiatives aimed at achieving net-
these three instruments. zero emissions by 2050.
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Current Affairs Cover Story
3. Accelerate the development and deployment of zero specific amounts, with $250 billion designated for
and low-emission technologies, including but not mitigation, $100 billion for adaptation, and $150 billion for
limited to nuclear power, Carbon Capture, Utilization, addressing loss and damage.
and Storage (CCUS), and hydrogen.  Current Unmet $100 Billion Goal: Presently, the target of
4. Systematically transition away from fossil fuels within $100 billion per year remains unmet, contributing to
energy systems in a just, orderly, and equitable manner, challenges faced by developing countries, particularly in
with the ultimate goal of achieving a net-zero status by terms of potential debt distress.
2050.  Implications for Developing Countries: The shortfall in
5. Implement a phased reduction of unabated coal power. meeting the $100 billion goal has significant implications
6. Substantially decrease non-CO2 emissions, exemplified for developing nations, exacerbating concerns related
by a targeted reduction in global methane emissions by to financial stability and the ability to effectively address
the year 2030. climate change impacts.
7. Implement measures to reduce emissions from road
transport. MARKET BASED MECHANISM UNDER KYOTO PROTOCOL
8. Commence the phased elimination of inefficient fossil
• The Kyoto Protocol introduced three market-based
fuel subsidies, aligning economic incentives with
mechanisms to help Annex I Parties meet their emission
climate-related objectives.
reduction targets more cost-effectively.
• Loss and Damage (L&D) Fund:
• These mechanisms are:
 Initiation of L&D Fund:
 Participating nations at COP28 unanimously agreed to  Emissions Trading: Allows Annex I Parties to buy and sell
launch the Loss and Damage (L&D) fund. emission allowances.
 The fund is intended to be hosted by the World Bank for  Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): Permits
a four-year duration. developed countries to invest in emission reduction
 China and India, citing historical responsibility and projects in developing countries and receive credits for
objecting to the temporary management of the fund by the reductions achieved.
the World Bank, both decline to contribute to the Loss  Joint Implementation (JI): Enables Annex I Parties to
and Damage Fund. invest in emission reduction projects in other Annex I
 Alignment with Global Agreements: The establishment of Parties and receive credits.
the L&D fund is in accordance with the principles outlined
in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate • Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA) framework:
Change (UNFCCC) and the Paris Agreement.  It identifies where the world needs to get to in order to
 Inclusive Eligibility: The fund is designed to be inclusive, be resilient to the impacts of a changing climate and to
allowing the participation of all developing countries. assess countries’ efforts.
 Voluntary Contributions: Contributions to the L&D fund are  The GGA framework reflects a global consensus on
to be made on a voluntary basis. adaptation targets and the need for finance, technology
 Designated Percentage for Vulnerable Nations: A specific and capacity-building support to achieve them.
percentage of the contributions is earmarked explicitly for
 Introduction of Draft Text: A draft text has been
the benefit of Least Developed Countries and Small Island
introduced to bolster climate change adaptation efforts,
Developing States.
encompassing crucial areas such as Climate-Induced
• Climate Finance:
Water Scarcity Reduction, Climate-Resilient Food and
 Estimation by United Nations Conference on Trade and
Agriculture Production, and Strengthening Resilience
Development an intergovernmental organization within the
Against Climate-Related Health Impacts.
United Nations (UNCTAD): It estimates that by the year 2025,
 Focus on Water Scarcity Reduction: It underscores the
developed nations are obligated to provide developing
imperative of Climate-Induced Water Scarcity Reduction,
countries with $500 billion under the New Collective
Quantified Goal (NCQG) for climate finance. emphasizing measures to mitigate the adverse impacts of
 Confirmation in Paris Agreement: The financial commitment climate change on water resources.
aligns with and is confirmed in the Paris Agreement,  Enhancing Agricultural Resilience: An integral component of
emphasizing the global consensus on supporting developing the draft text is the focus on Climate-Resilient Food and
nations in addressing climate-related challenges. Agriculture Production, aiming to enhance the adaptive
 Annual Goal Starting at $100 Billion: The goal, commencing capacity of agricultural systems to climate-induced
at an annual sum of $100 billion, is structured to allocate challenges.
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 Building Resilience in Health Systems: It also addresses collaboration in the development and implementation of
the critical aspect of Strengthening Resilience Against climate strategies.
Climate-Related Health Impacts, recognizing the need  Cooperative Framework: Under the initiative, signatory
to fortify health systems against the health implications countries commit to fostering enhanced cooperation and
arising from climate change. collaboration encompassing aspects, such as planning,
• Global Cooling Pledge: financing, implementation, and monitoring of climate
 National Commitment: A total of 66 nations have formally strategies.
pledged their commitment to a substantial environmental • Buildings Breakthrough Initiative:
goal.  Objective: It aims to establish near-zero emissions and
 Emission Reduction Target: The commitment entails a resilient buildings as the prevailing standard by 2030.
formidable target — a 68% reduction in cooling-related  Leadership and Coordination:
emissions.  Co-led by France and the Kingdom of Morocco,
 Timeline for Achievement: This reduction goal is set to be showcasing their joint commitment to sustainable
achieved by the year 2050, indicating a long-term and building practices.
forward-looking commitment by the participating nations.  Coordination efforts are under the auspices of the
 Collective Signatories: The commitment is a collective United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
effort, with multiple national signatories aligning their  Hosted by Global Alliance for Buildings and
efforts to address the shared challenge of cooling-related Construction (Global ABC)
emissions.  Timeline for Transformation: Set timeline underscores
• Nuclear Energy: urgency, targeting transformative goals by 2030.
 Tripling Capacity by 2050: The specific target outlined in this • Ending use of fossil fuels:
call is to triple the global nuclear energy capacity.  First Official Acknowledgment at COP: This COP marks a
 Long-term Vision: The timeframe for achieving this goal is historic moment as the first to officially recognize that
set for the year 2050, indicating a long-term and ambitious fossil fuels constitute the root cause of climate change.
vision for the expansion of nuclear energy infrastructure  Recent Inclusion in Climate Agreements: Fossil fuels were
worldwide. initially mentioned in an international climate agreement
 Energy Transition Implications: This initiative holds in 2021 during COP26 in Glasgow, emphasizing the
implications for the broader global energy landscape, relatively recent acknowledgment of their impact.
signifying a commitment to utilizing nuclear energy as a  Limited Ambition in COP26: Despite this recognition, COP26
pivotal component in addressing future energy demands lacked the desired ambition according to many nations,
and transitioning towards more sustainable energy with a significant number advocating for a strong stance
sources.
on phasing out or at least reducing fossil fuel usage.
• Powering Past Coal Alliance (PPCA):  Compromise Statement on Fossil Fuels:
 About: It is a coalition comprising governments,  Instead of a robust statement on phasing out, countries
businesses, and organizations, with a core focus on reached an agreement emphasizing the need to
transitioning away from unabated coal power towards "transition away from fossil fuels in energy systems."
cleaner energy alternatives.
 This transition is expected to occur in a just, orderly, and
 Inclusivity and Advocacy: The PPCA coalition, as
equitable manner, accelerating action during this critical
demonstrated at COP28, is open to engagement with new
decade with the ultimate goal of achieving net-zero
national and subnational governments, advocating for the
emissions by 2050 in alignment with scientific findings.
adoption of cleaner energy alternatives.
 Concerns About Ambiguity: The language of "transition
 Status of India: Notably, India is not a participant in the
away" falls short of the more decisive "phase-out" that
PPCA coalition, primarily because it has not committed to
many nations advocated for, leading to concerns about
the phased-out transition from coal.
the statement's strength and effectiveness.
 Advancement of Cleaner Energy Goals: PPCA's activities
underscore its ongoing commitment to advancing the • Call for renewable energy and transitional fuels:
global transition from coal-dependent power systems to  Positive Step:
cleaner and more sustainable energy sources.  The pledge signed by 118 countries, aiming to triple
• Coalition for High Ambition Multilevel Partnership (CHAMP): renewable energy capacity and double the global rate
 About: A total of 71 nation states have entered into formal of energy efficiency by 2030, represents a positive
agreements, signaling their commitment to intensified stride toward sustainable energy practices.
9
 While China and India have signalled support for tripling • Objective:
renewable energy by 2030, neither backed the overall  LeadIT members are dedicated to the idea that energy-
pledge intensive industries can and should adopt low-carbon
 Recognition of Transitional Fuels: The pledge acknowledges pathways, with the goal of achieving net-zero carbon
the role of "transitional fuels" in maintaining energy security emissions.
temporarily.
Focus Areas of LeadIT 2.0:
 Acceptance of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG):
 The acceptance of climate-damaging Liquefied • Inclusive & Just Industry Transition:
Petroleum Gas (LPG) is noted in the pledge,  It will prioritize fostering an inclusive and equitable
recognizing its use as a relatively healthier and transition within the industry, ensuring that the process is
less polluting option for home cooking and heating, fair and accessible to all stakeholders.
especially in developing countries compared to • Co-development & Transfer of Low-carbon Technology:
burning wood or other biomass.  The initiative aims to facilitate collaboration in the co-
 Green Hydrogen Momentum: Industries pledged to scale development and transfer of low-carbon technologies,
up zero-emissions fuel derived from renewables-based promoting the adoption of sustainable practices within the
hydrogen to 11 million tonnes by 2030.
industry.
OIL AND GAS DECARBONIZATION CHARTER • Financial Support to Emerging Economies for Industry
Transition:
• Over 50 national and international oil companies,
 LeadIT 2.0 seeks to provide financial support to emerging
collectively representing approximately 40% of global
economies, aiding them in their transition toward
production, have signed a decarbonisation charter.
sustainable industrial practices.
• Three Main Aim of the Initiative:
• Industry Transition Platform:
 Achieve net-zero emissions in each company’s direct
 In addition to LeadIT, India and Sweden jointly launched
operations by or before 2050. the Industry Transition Platform.
 Achieve near-zero methane leakage from the production  This platform serves as a connecting hub for the
of oil and gas by 2030. governments, industries, technology providers,
 Achieve zero routine flaring (burning excess gas) by researchers, and think tanks of both countries, fostering
2030. collaboration and knowledge exchange in the field of
• Significance of Methane Reduction: industry transition.
 The emphasis on achieving near-zero methane leakage Green Credit Initiative:
and zero routine flaring is crucial, as methane is a potent It has been conceived as a proactive mechanism to incentivize
(though short-lived) greenhouse gas, with a quarter of voluntary actions that contribute to environmental sustainability.
all man-made methane emissions originating from oil
• Voluntary Pro-Planet Actions: At its core, the initiative seeks
and gas production.
to encourage and reward voluntary pro-planet actions,
• Limitations of the Charter: emphasizing the importance of individual and collective
 It is noted that 60% of world oil and gas production is efforts in addressing climate-related issues.
not covered by this charter. • Issuance of Green Credits: It serves as a form of recognition
 Companies outside the charter may continue practices and incentive for activities such as plantation efforts on
such as venting methane and flaring natural gas, waste or degraded lands and restoration initiatives in river
potentially undermining broader emission reduction catchment areas.
efforts. Global River Cities Alliance (GRCA):
• Officially launched during COP 28.
Initiatives by India in COP28:
• About: Led by the National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG),
Phase II of the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT 2.0):
which operates under the Ministry of Jal Shakti, Government
• Establishment: of India.
 It was inaugurated by the governments of Sweden and • GRCA underscores India's commitment to sustainable
India during the UN Climate Action Summit in 2019. development centered around its rivers and highlights its role
 It is endorsed by the World Economic Forum. in fostering climate resilience.
10
• Serves as a platform for knowledge exchange, enabling the  India underscores the need to utilize coal for developmental
sharing of valuable insights and information related to river- requirements and stresses the importance of adhering to
centric development and climate resilience. Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
• River-City Twinning: Facilitates river-city twinning, fostering • No Specified Targets on Tripling of Global Renewable Energy:
collaborative partnerships between cities with a shared focus The global target of tripling is not clarified on an individual
on river conservation and sustainable development. country basis, leaving uncertainty about how this ambitious
goal will be universally ensured.
Areas of Concern:
Concerns related to Global Stocktake • Lack of Clear Mechanisms for Achieving Adaptation Goals:
 There is explicit mention of “phase-down” of coal but not Developing countries express dissatisfaction with the
of oil and gas, providing a loophole for nations to keep adaptation draft, citing a lack of specifics on how objectives
producing natural gas. will be realized and the absence of mechanisms to fund
 Acceptance of transitional fuels aids the shift to cleaner these efforts.
energy.
 This acceptance allows nations, like the US, to continue UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON
producing natural gas, a fossil fuel. CLIMATE CHANGE (UNFCCC)- KEY POINTS
 Lack of details regarding financing the transition away • The United Nations Conference on Environment and
from fossil fuels through different pathways. Development is also known by other names like the Earth
 Although climate finance is mainly the obligation of the Summit, the Rio Summit, or the Rio Conference.
Global North to compensate for their past emissions, the
• Two other outcomes of the Rio Conference were
Global South generally bears the costs of mitigation.
 Convention on Biological Diversity and
Concerns over Loss & Damage Fund
 The United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification.
 Replenishment cycle details for the fund are not provided.
• About UNFCCC:
 The principles of equity and Common But Differentiated
Responsibilities-Respective Capabilities (CBDR-RC) are  It is a multilateral treaty governing actions to combat
not included, considering diverse national circumstances. climate change through adaptation and mitigation
 The main contention was the US proposition to have the efforts directed at control of emission of GreenHouse
LDF hosted as a financial intermediary fund within the Gases (GHGs) that cause global warming.
World Bank, with support from other developed nations.  It is considered the parent treaty of both the Kyoto
 Developing countries expressed reservations about this Protocol (1997) and the Paris Agreement (2015).
arrangement due to the World Bank's historical challenges  UNFCCC entered into force on 1994 and has been
in efficiently disbursing funds to developing nations. ratified by 197 countries.
 Another concern revolved around the hosting fee imposed  India ratified the UNFCCC in 1993.
by the World Bank, which is the fee charged for hosting  Nodal Agency in India: The Ministry of Environment,
the LDF secretariat. This fee can range from 17-24 percent Forests and Climate Change (MoEFCC) acts as the
of the secretariat's costs. nodal agency for UNFCCC in India.
 Several developed nations, including France, suggested
restricting the fund's access to Least Developed Countries Way Forward:
and Small Island Developing States. But ultimately, the
• Strengthening Climate Action Plans (NDCs):
decision was made to make all developing countries
 Urging countries to reassess and fortify their Nationally
eligible to access the fund.
Determined Contributions (NDCs), infusing them with
• Varying Interpretations on Climate Finance: more ambitious and tangible climate action targets.
 Data on climate finance flows are compiled using diverse  Encouraging the expansion of NDCs to comprehensively
methodologies, leading to varying interpretations. cover diverse sectors such as energy, transportation,
 Double counting of climate finance is a concern, where agriculture, and industry.
the same funds are reported by multiple parties, resulting • Pledge to Fulfill Climate Finance Commitments:
in an overestimation of actual financial flows.  Promoting reaffirmation and augmentation of climate
• Resistance over Phase-down of Coal: finance commitments made by bilateral donors.
 Resistance from nations, including India, is impeding  Stressing the increased significance of integrating climate
advancements in reducing methane emissions. India has finance seamlessly into national development plans and
not joined the Global Methane Pledge. policies.
11
• Ensuring Timelines for climate goals:  Emphasis should be placed on the principles of Common But
 Develop detailed roadmaps with specific timelines for Differentiated Responsibilities and Respective Capabilities
achieving crucial milestones and targets. (CBDR–RC) in the battle against climate change.
 Establish interim goals contributing to long-term  Experts recommend reforming the global financial
objectives, instilling a sense of accountability. architecture to address structural issues and support
• Adhering principles of climate justice: sustainable development.
 Developing nations call on wealthy countries to not only
Conclusion:
achieve net zero carbon emissions by 2050 but also strive
• COP28 ended with an agreement that signals the “beginning
for negative carbon emissions.
of the end” of the fossil fuel era by laying the ground for a
 Since developed nations, having consumed over 80% of
swift, just and equitable transition, underpinned by deep
the global carbon budget, should allocate an equitable
emissions cuts and scaled-up finance.
share of future emissions to developing nations.
Initiative Purpose India’s Status

Global Electric Cooking Coalition Promote the transition to electric cooking by
India is a signatory
‘GECCO’ providing action plans and mobilizing finance
UAE Leaders’ Declaration on a Ensure climate finance availability, affordability,

India is a signatory
Global Climate Finance Framework and accessibility to signatory countries
Call on the industry to achieve net zero by or

India’s Oil and Natural Gas
Oil & Gas Decarbonization Charter before 2050, zero out methane emissions, and
Corporation Limited has signed up
eliminate routine flaring by 2030
India is not a signatory. Concerns

Reduce global cooling-related emissions by at
Global Cooling Pledge about potential cost increases in
least 68 percent relative to 2022 levels by 2050
cooling
Triple worldwide installed renewable energy

Global Renewables and Energy
generation capacity and double energy efficiency India is not a signatory
Efficiency Pledge
by 2030
India is not a signatory. The

Declaration to Triple Nuclear Energy Triple nuclear energy capacity globally by 2050 government is increasing nuclear
power capacity threefold by 2031-32
India not a signatory. Concerns could

Declaration on Food and Agriculture Scale up adaptation and resilience activities include revisiting agriculture policies
impacting small and marginal farmers
Coalition for High Ambition Multi- Plan, finance, and monitor climate strategies to
India is not a signatory
level Partnerships for Climate Action enhance NDCs ahead of COP30
Build more climate-resilient health systems, curb India is not a signatory. Likely due
Declaration on Climate and Health emissions in the health sector, and increase to practical challenges in curbing
finance greenhouse gases in the health sector
Sustainably manage 100 percent of national

Joint Declaration on Ocean and
ocean jurisdictions, adopt ocean-based action in India is not a signatory
Climate Action
national climate goals
India is not a signatory. Developing

Decarbonization of industries, access to finance countries still need to industrialize,
Climate Club
for developing countries and decarbonization could increase
costs
12
COVER STORY Feature Articles Current Affairs
NCRB REPORT ON CYBERCRIME

According to the ‘Crime in India’ report released by the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB),
there has been a 24.4 percent increase in Cyber Crime Cases across India.
What is Cybercrime? • Phishing:

• Cybercrime is the use of digital technologies such as  Phishing is a type of social engineering attack designed
computers and the internet to commit criminal activities. to steal user data, including login credentials and credit
These cases are financial fraud (credit card fraud, online card numbers. In a phishing attack, the perpetrator
transaction fraud), crime against women and children about pretends to be a trusted entity, tricking the victim into
sexually explicit material, and deep fake content, etc. opening an email, instant message, or text message.
• According to the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution,  The ultimate goal is to deceive individuals into divulging
cybercrimes are within the purview of State subjects. sensitive information, posing a significant threat to
online security.
FACTS RELATED TO CYBERCRIME
• “Crime rate (per lakh population) under this category has Reasons for the Increase in Cybercrime:
increased from 3.9 in 2021 to 4.8 in 2022. • Rapid Digitalization: With a growing number of individuals and
• During 2022, 64.8 percent of cybercrime cases registered businesses relying on the Internet and digital technologies
were for the motive of fraud. there are more opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit
TYPES OF CYBERCRIMES vulnerabilities.
• Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) Attacks: • Payment Systems Vulnerability: With the rise of digital
payments and online transactions, there is an increased risk
 DDoS attacks are employed to render online services
inaccessible by inundating the targeted site with traffic of financial crimes such as phishing, credit card fraud, and
from various origins. The objective is to overwhelm the online scams.
network infrastructure, disrupting service availability. • Large Internet User Base: India has one of the largest Internet
• Botnets: user bases globally. With a large population using the
 Botnets consist of compromised computers that internet, there are more potential targets for cybercriminals,
are externally controlled by remote hackers. These making it a lucrative market for cyberattacks.
networks of infected machines are manipulated to  759 million are 'active' internet users, accessing the
engage in activities such as sending spam or launching internet at least once a month. By 2025 the number is
attacks on other computers. expected to grow to 900 million ( Report by IAMAI).
 Botnets pose a significant threat to cybersecurity due • Inadequate Cybersecurity Infrastructure: In India the
to their ability to carry out coordinated and large-scale cybersecurity infrastructure is still developing. Many
malicious actions. organizations, especially smaller businesses, may not have
• Identity Theft: robust cybersecurity measures in place, making them easy
 Cybercriminals engage in identity theft when they gain targets for cybercriminals.
unauthorized access to a user's personal or confidential • Low digital literacy: Lower awareness among the general
information. The stolen data may be used to tarnish the public and digital gaps amongst nations create an
victim's reputation or extort a ransom. Identity theft unsustainable environment in the cyber domain.
is a serious cybercrime that can have far-reaching • Lack of Awareness: For instance, many senior citizens aren’t
consequences for individuals and organizations alike. aware of using UPI (features) and they fall prey to online scams.
• Cyberstalking:
 Cyberstalking involves online harassment, where the Implications of Cybercrime:
perpetrator subjects the victim to a barrage of messages Cybercrime can have widespread and significant effects on
and emails. Social media, websites, and search engines individuals, businesses, and society as a whole.
are commonly exploited by cyberstalkers to intimidate • Financial Losses: Cybercrime often leads to substantial
and instill fear in their targets. financial losses for individuals and organizations. This can
 This form of cybercrime can have severe psychological result from theft of funds, fraudulent activities, or the cost of
and emotional impacts on victims. restoring compromised systems.
13
 The report, titled ‘Cost of a Data Breach’, by IBM revealed Steps Taken by Government:
that Indian firms lost a whopping ₹176 million on average • Legal Measures:
in the financial year 2021-22 to data breaches, a 25%  Information Technology Act, 2000: Sections 43, 66, 70, and
increase from ₹140 million in FY20, and up 6.6% from 74 of the IT Act, 2000 deal with hacking and cyber crimes.
₹165 million in FY21.  Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023:
• Data Breaches: The unauthorized access and theft of sensitive  Obligations of data fiduciaries: The entity determining
data can lead to data breaches. This compromises the the purpose and means of processing, (data fiduciary),
confidentiality of personal and financial information, causing must make reasonable efforts to ensure the accuracy
reputational damage and potential legal consequences. and completeness of data, build reasonable security
safeguards to prevent a data breach, inform the Data
SOME FAMOUS INCIDENTS OF Protection Board of India and affected persons in the
CYBERATTACKS IN INDIA event of a breach.
• ATM System Hacked: Around mid-2018, Canara bank ATM • Institutional Measures:
servers were targeted in a cyber attack. Almost 20 lakh  The Indian Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT-In)
rupees were wiped off from various bank accounts. issues alerts and advisories regarding the latest cyber
threats/vulnerabilities and countermeasures to protect
• UIDAI Aadhaar Software Hacked: 2018 started with a
computers and networks regularly.
massive data breach of the personal records of 1.1 Billion
 The National Cyber Coordination Centre (NCCC) has been
Indian Aadhaar cardholders.
set up to generate necessary situational awareness of
• RailYatri data breach: Millions of User Records Compromised: existing and potential cyber security threats and enable
More than 30 million user records associated with the train timely information sharing for proactive, preventive, and
ticketing platform were discovered being sold on the dark protective actions by individual entities.
web.  Cyber Swachhta Kendra (Botnet Cleaning and Malware
• Kudankulam nuclear power plant: The Nuclear Power Analysis Centre) has been launched for the detection of
Corporation of India (NPCIL) acknowledged a malware malicious programs and provides free tools to remove
attack on a computer within the Kudankulam nuclear them same.
power plant in Tamil Nadu.  Bharat National Cyber Security Exercise 2023: Bharat NCX
will help strategic leaders to better understand cyber
• Transnational Nature of Crimes: The majority of cybercrimes threats, assess readiness, and develop skills for cyber
exhibit a transnational character. Gathering evidence from crisis management and cooperation.
foreign jurisdictions is not only challenging but also a time-
consuming process. INTERNATIONAL MEASURES
• Loss of Intellectual Property: Businesses may suffer from the • Budapest Convention: It is the legally binding international
theft of intellectual property, trade secrets, and proprietary treaty to address cybercrime. India is not a signatory to the
information. This can undermine competitiveness and treaty.
innovation, leading to economic repercussions. • Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers
• Loss of Trust in Digital Systems: Cyber attacks contribute (ICANN): It is a US-based not-for-profit organization for
coordinating & maintenance of several databases.
to a loss of trust in digital systems, affecting individuals'
and businesses' willingness to adopt and rely on digital • Internet Governance Forum: It is the United Nations forum for
technologies. This can hinder the growth and innovation of multi-stakeholder policy dialogue on Internet governance
issues.
the digital economy.
• Escalation of Cyber Warfare: In the case of state-sponsored Way Ahead:
attacks, cyber incidents can escalate tensions between • Data localization: Most cyber crimes are transnational with
nations, leading to a new form of conflict known as cyber extra-territorial jurisdiction. Therefore, ‘data localization’ is
warfare. This poses risks of geopolitical instability and conflict required, so that enforcement agencies can get timely access
in the virtual realm. to the data of suspected Indian citizens.
• National Security Concerns: Cyberattacks with a geopolitical • International Cooperation: Ensuring global cooperation is of
motive can pose national security threats. These attacks paramount importance through the exchange of information
may target government agencies, critical infrastructure, or and the enhancement of joint efforts in cybersecurity research
defense systems, compromising a nation's security. and development.
14
Feature Articles Current Affairs
 Given that a significant portion of cyberattacks originate • Crime Against Women: There was a 4% increase in the
from beyond national borders, fostering collaboration on number of cases registered in 2022 as compared to 2021.
an international scale is crucial.  The majority of cases were registered under ‘cruelty
• Upgrade cyber labs: The cyber forensic laboratories of States by husband or his relatives’ (31.4%) followed by
must be upgraded with the advent of new technologies. ‘kidnapping and abduction of women’ (19.2%), ‘assault
• Cyber insurance: Designing cyber insurance policies tailored on women with intent to outrage her modesty’ (18.7%),
to the unique requirements of diverse businesses and and ‘rape’ (7.1%).
industries is essential.
• Crime Against Children: Registration of cases of crimes
• Addressing Security Gaps: Corporations and government
against children showed an increase of 8.7% over 2021.
departments should actively identify vulnerabilities within
• Juveniles in Conflict with Law: A total of 30,555 cases have
their organizations. Taking a proactive approach to address
these gaps is crucial. been registered against Juveniles during 2022, depicting a
 Establishing a layered security system is imperative, decline of 2.0% over 2021. The crime rate depicts a decline
ensuring seamless security threat intelligence sharing from 7.0 in 2021 to 6.9 in 2022.
across different layers of the organization. • Crime Against Senior Citizens: The registered cases showed
• Awareness Generation: Raising awareness about cybersecurity an increase of 9.3% over 2021.
is paramount in the digital age where individuals and • Cyber Crime: During 2022, 64.8% of the cybercrime cases
organizations are increasingly reliant on interconnected registered were with the motive of fraud, followed by extortion
technologies.
at 5.5%, and sexual exploitation at 5.2%.
 An effective awareness campaign plays a pivotal role
 A total of 65,893 cases were registered under cyber
in educating the public about the risks associated with
crimes, showing an increase of 24.4% in registration over
cyber threats and the importance of adopting secure
online practices. 2021.
 Indian Cyber Crime Coordination Centre (I4C) disclosed
that the official G20 website of India faced approximately
1.6 million cyber attacks during the event.
• Decrease in Registration of Crime: The report shows a decline
of 4.5% in the registration of cases over 2021.
 The major decline is seen in the cases registered under
‘disobedience to order duly promulgated by public
servant’ (Section 188 of the IPC) and under ‘other IPC
crimes’.
NATIONAL CRIME RECORDS BUREAU (NCRB)

• NCRB is responsible for collecting and analyzing crime data
as well as maintaining national databases related to crime
and criminals.
• It was established in 1986 based on the recommendations
of the National Police Commission (1977-1981) and the
MHA's Task Force (1985).
Crime in India Report 2023: NCRB • It operates under the Ministry of Home Affairs.
Other Findings of the Report: • Before the establishment of the NCRB, crime data in India
• The National Crime Records Bureau has released the annual was collected and maintained by individual states, leading
edition of Crime in India Report. to variations in reporting formats and standards.
• Increase in Crime: There is an Increase in Crimes against • The NCRB acts as a repository of information on crime
women, Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and criminals so that law enforcement agencies and
children, cyber crimes, and offenses against the state in 2022 policymakers can use this data for better planning and
as compared with 2021. decision-making.
15
Current Affairs
COVER STORY Cover Story
REFORM IN CRIMINAL LAWS, 2023

Recently, the President of India gave her assent to the three new criminal bills,
which were cleared by Parliament in the winter session.
About: • Effectiveness: There was a need to improve investigation,

• The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (BNS), the Bharatiya prosecution, and sentencing to ensure better outcomes and
deter crime.
Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita, 2023 (BNSS), and the Bharatiya
Sakshya Adhiniyam, 2023 (BSA), replace the Indian Penal • Human rights: The new law was needed to incorporate concepts
Code, 1860 (IPC), the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 like restorative justice and witness protection to enhance fairness
(CrPC), and the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 (IEA), respectively. and address concerns about individual rights.
• Changing nature of crime: The nature of crime has evolved
Need for the new Criminal Laws: significantly in recent decades, with new forms of crime like
• Modernization: The existing criminal codes were drafted in cybercrime, financial fraud, and human trafficking on the rise.
the colonial era and were outdated to match the required The existing laws lacked provisions to effectively deal with
updates to reflect changing social realities and legal principles these emerging threats.
across the world. • Technological integration: The introduction of digital evidence
• Inefficiency: The colonial-era framework often hindered and the need for improved forensic investigation techniques
efficient and fair justice due to outdated procedures, complex required revisions to the laws to make them adaptable to the
language, and a lack of focus on victim protection. evolving technological landscape.
 The average pendency for criminal cases is around 4 years, • Gender equality: The existing criminal laws were made during
leading to frustration for victims and hindering justice the 19th century which highlights the patriarchal nature of the
delivery. laws in the form of laws like adultery.
DIFFERENT FORMS OF JUSTICE
Aspect Retributive Justice Reformative Justice Restorative Justice
Punishment for wrongdoing, Rehabilitation and focuses on repairing harm caused by criminal
often in the form of reintegration of the offender behavior rather than simply punishing the
imprisonment or fines. into society. offender.
Primary Goal
The primary goal is to address the needs
of victims, offenders, and the community,
emphasizing reconciliation and rehabilitation
on Past actions and Future behavior and personal Present harm and the needs of victims and the
Focus
offenses. development. community.
Education, counseling, and

Approach Retaliation and Retribution. Dialogue, mediation, and community involvement.
support.
The offender is transformed The victim's needs are addressed, and the
The offender pays for their
Outcome into a law-abiding and community is actively involved in the resolution
crime through punishment.
productive member of society. process.
A person convicted of theft A drug offender undergoes The offender meets with victim to apologize and
Example
serves a prison sentence. rehabilitation programs. discuss restitution.
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COMPARISON OF THE EXISTING LAW AND NEW CRIMINAL LAW
Criteria Old Criminal Law New Criminal Law Impact of the Change
Indian Penal Code(IPC),1860 Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 Modernization: New laws aim to
Indian Evidence Act(IEA), 1872 Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam, address contemporary challenges
Legislation Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPc), 2023 and technological advancements in
1973 Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha the current times.
Sanhita, 2023
Limited coverage of emerging crimes Expanded scope to address Improved coverage: Increased
like cybercrime, organized crime, new forms of crime and protection against contemporary
Scope of human trafficking, and terrorism. evolved definition of terrorism. threats of cybercrime, and terrorism.
Offenses It also addresses mob As per Bar and Bench analysis, 20%
lynching. more offenses have been covered
due to this new law.
Complex and outdated procedures, It has Streamlined procedures, Potential for efficiency: It will help to
paper-based documentation, and emphasis on electronic speed up investigations and trials
lengthy case pendency records, and timeframes for as well as reduce backlogs. As per
completion.BNSS introduces the Ministry of Home Affairs report,
Procedures
e-records and sets timeframes the 2023 average case pendency is
for tasks: 72 hours for initial expected to decrease by 30%.
interrogation, 15 days for
charge sheet.
Limited admissibility of digital Enhanced admissibility of Improved evidence utilization:

evidence, outdated forensic electronic evidence, emphasis More efficient investigations, and
techniques on technological integration. stronger prosecutions. As per a
Bharatiya Sakshya Act study conducted by National Law
Evidence
makes electronic evidence University, a 50% increase in usage
admissible, allows video of digital evidence is expected with
conferencing for witness the passing of these laws.
testimony.
They were broad and criticized for BNSS expands custody limits Focus on effectiveness and oversight:
misuse. to 14 days (from 7 days), Increased powers have been
Police powers
but mandates judicial review balanced by sufficient accountability
every 5 days. measures.
Inconsistent penalties, lack of nuance It has brought substantial Enhanced deterrence and Restorative
for certain crimes. E.g.- The broad changes in the punishment justice: Stricter penalties for specific
definition of rioting in the old law often system. It also focuses on crimes coupled will lead to enhanced
Punishments resulted in harsh punishments for restorative justice. deterrence against crime. With the
individuals caught in large protest introduction of restorative justice, it
movements, even if their role was will provide an opportunity for reform
minimal or non-violent. to criminals.
There were concerns about BNSS includes stricter Balancing interests: New laws aim
infringement due to misuse of police guidelines for arrest and to improve law enforcement while
Civil liberties
powers as they were made under detention, and strengthens protecting individual rights.
Britishers to exploit the Indians. witness protection measures.
17
BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA (BNS) vs IPC
Criteria BNS IPC
Number of sections It has only 358 sections. It emphasis more on explaining the It had 511 sections.
law for better understanding of people
Definition of The BNS defines terrorism as an act that intends to threaten the Definition of terrorism was limited and only
terrorism unity, integrity, security, or economic security of the country, covered acts that intend to threaten the
or strike terror in the people. This definition is broader than the state.
definition of terrorism in the IPC
Punishment for Stricter punishment for terrorism including life imprisonment Punishment was less stringent.
terrorism and death
Decriminalization of The BNS de-criminalizes a number of minor offenses, such as These acts were considered as criminal
minor offenses begging, vagrancy, and petty theft. These offenses will now activities under IPC.
be considered civil offenses, punishable by fines or other non-
custodial penalties
Restorative justice The BNS introduces restorative justice principles into the IPC was based on Retributive justice.
criminal law. The BNS allows for the use of restorative justice Punishment severity matches crime
in certain cases, such as minor offenses and cases involving seriousness, deterring future wrongdoing.
victims who are willing to participate.
Mob Lynching Maximum penalty increased from life imprisonment to death. Maximum penalty was life imprisonment.
Language and BNS simplifies the language and terminology of the IPC. This Language and terminology used in IPC
terminology is intended to make the law more accessible to the public and was more complex.
to reduce confusion.
Murder vs. Culpable The BNS clarifies the distinction between murder and culpable IPC had no distinction for murder and
Homicide homicide, allowing for differentiated sentencing based on culpable homicide.
intent and premeditation.
Defamation The BNS introduces a tiered system for defamation, IPC had no such features.
distinguishing between intentional and unintentional acts and
considering the harm caused, potentially mitigating harsh
punishments for minor slips.
Changes in minimum While some offenses like mob lynching and rash driving face IPC had less harsher punishment for these
sentences harsher minimum sentences. offenses.
Organized crime It has been added as an offense. It includes crimes such as This was lacking in IPC
kidnapping, extortion and cyber-crime committed on behalf
of a crime syndicate. Petty organized crime is also an offense
now.
18
BHARATIYA NAGRIK SURAKSHA SANHITA (BNSS) vs CrPC

Criteria BNSS CrPC
The BNSS streamlines procedures for investigation and Procedure for investigation and trial was too
Procedures for trial, such as by reducing the number of steps required lengthy and complex in CrPC which often led to
investigation and and by providing for electronic filing of documents. This benefit of doubt for many criminals in courts on
trial is intended to make the process more efficient and to the basis of lapses in procedures.
reduce delays.
The BNSS strengthens witness protection by providing CrPc had paid less emphasis on witness
for more comprehensive measures, such as witness protection.
Witness protection
anonymity and relocation. This is intended to protect
witnesses from intimidation and retaliation.
The BNSS implements time-bound deadlines for Lack of time bound deadlines often leads to
prosecutions, such as requiring cases to be filed overcrowding jails.
Deadlines for
within 30 days of arrest. This is intended to reduce the
prosecutions
backlog of cases and to ensure that cases are dealt with
expeditiously.
The BNSS allows for the increased use of technology Low use of technology was seen under this.
in court proceedings, such as by allowing for video
Use of technology
conferencing and electronic evidence. This is intended
to make the process more efficient and accessible.
BHARATIYA SAKSHYA SANHITA (BSS) vs IEA

Criteria BSS IEA
The BSS recognizes electronic records as primary evidence, making It lacked such clauses.
Electronic
emails, server logs, documents on computers, and even messages and
Evidence
voicemails stored on digital devices admissible in court.
It encourages utilizing video conferencing for witness testimony, Witnesses before COVID-19 often had
Technology
particularly in cases involving vulnerable witnesses or those located far to mandatorily appear before courts
Integration
away. This reduces logistical hurdles and protects sensitive individuals. which increases risk to their life.
The BSS introduces stricter penalties for witness intimidation and Less emphasis was given on witness
tampering, providing better protection for individuals who come forward safety which often lead to many
Witness
with crucial information. It mandates witness anonymity in specific cases witnesses turning hostile into courts.
protection
like sexual assault or terrorism, safeguarding vulnerable individuals from
potential repercussions.
The BSS clarifies and expands the definition of secondary evidence, These were often not accepted by
making written admissions and certain electronic records like WhatsApp courts due to lack of clarity on them.
Secondary
messages and call recordings admissible under specific conditions.
evidence
This provides additional avenues for proving facts and strengthening
cases.
It acknowledges the challenges of handling digital evidence and Very less emphasis was given on
encourages training for judges and lawyers on its proper collection, training manpower for evidence
Training analysis, and presentation in court. collection.
The BSS introduces a schedule outlining specific disclosure formats for
electronic records, ensuring their authenticity and integrity.
19
Criticisms of the Laws: Way Forward:

• Reform vs punitive nature of laws: These laws had only moved • Filling up vacant police posts: There is a need to fill the vacancy
the needle a bit towards reformative justice by providing for in police posts across states in a time-bound manner so that
community service as an alternative to incarceration for some these new laws could be effectively implemented.
offenses. However, they largely retain the punitive character • Training of Police personnel and Judges: There is a need to
of the criminal justice system. Compounding and plea train existing manpower as well as judges for the proper
bargaining have not been provided as an active instrument of
implementation of these new laws. The central government
reformative justice in these laws.
along with the help of the Supreme Court, High courts, and
• Public order and trial procedure: BNSS contains functions state governments need to provide mandatory courses to
like trial procedure, maintenance of public order, and impart necessary skill sets for these law-implementing people.
tranquility under different chapters. Since trial procedure and
• Opening up of forensic labs: There is a need to open up more
the maintenance of public order are distinct functions, the
forensic labs and recruit more people in a time-bound and
question is whether they should be included in the same law
fast manner so that law can be implemented effectively.
or if they should be dealt with separately.
• Recommendations of High-level committees: It needs to be
• Codifications of directions of orders of Supreme Court and High
incorporated into these acts via a suitable amendment so that
Court: Courts from time to time have given certain guidelines
these laws can rectify their existing lacunas.
and procedures to be followed in the criminal justice system.
Since there are multiple judgments on the same issue, there • More focus on the reformative justice system: It should be laid
is a need to enact appropriate laws on these judgments. This by trying plea bargaining and compounding more effectively
has been partially done by these three laws. and frequently in these laws.
• Age of criminal responsibility: The minimum age of criminal
responsibility has been set at 7 years as it was under previous COMMITTEES RELATED TO CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM
laws. Age of criminal responsibility refers to the minimum age • Vohra Committee, 1993: Addressing the issue of
at which a child can be prosecuted or tried for an offense. It criminalization in politics, the committee recommended
should have been increased following developed countries' establishing an institution to collect intelligence and take
example(England-10 years, Germany-14 years etc.). action against the nexus between politicians, bureaucrats,
• Limited Plea Bargaining:BNSS has retained the provisions of and criminals.
plea bargaining as provided by CrPc in its 2005 amendment. • Malimath Committee, 2003: The committee proposed
This limits plea bargaining in India. introducing 'social welfare offences' for minor violations,
 Plea bargaining is an agreement between the defense replacing the adversarial system with a 'mixed system,'
and prosecution where the accused pleads guilty for a lowering the standard of proof to 'clear and convincing
lesser offense or a reduced sentence. evidence,' and allowing confessions before senior police
• Recommendations of various high-level committees: Several officers as admissible evidence.
major recommendations of committees like the Malimath • Madhav Menon Committee, 2007: Focused on human rights
committee(e.g. providing compensation to people who are and dignity in criminal justice, the committee advocated for
wrongly accused), Law Commission (e.g. facts discovered restorative justice, emphasizing healing over punishment,
using any threat or violence as a result of information received
and suggested improving coordination among agencies
from the accused in police custody will not be provable) e.t.c
involved in the criminal justice system.
has not been incorporated in these laws.
• Police vacancies and lack of modernization: There are about
Conclusion:
21% of police posts vacant across states. Also, there is a lack
• Introduction of these new criminal laws is one of the first steps
of internet connectivity and availability of proper computers
to implement these new changes in laws. to reform our criminal justice system. In the absence of the
required infrastructure on the ground and adequate training
• Lack of forensic labs: BNSS has made it mandatory for forensic
of police officials, it will take several months for these laws to
experts to visit crime scenes to collect evidence for every
become effective.
offense punishable with at least 7 years of imprisonment.
As of March 2023, there are 32 State Forensic Laboratories, • There is a need to bring changes in existing training
106 Regional Forensic Science Laboratories, and 516 Mobile methodology of police personnel combined with increased
Forensic Science Vehicles with states and UTs. They are not awareness of the changes brought by law so that they can be
sufficient enough. effectively implemented by state governments.
20
COVER STORY Feature Articles Current Affairs
CEC AND EC ACT, 2023

Recently, the Parliament passed the Chief Election Commissioner and other
Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Office and Terms of Office) Bill, 2023.
About: BACKGROUND
• This legislation aims to guide the appointment of the Chief
Article 324 of the Constitution:
Election Commissioner (CEC) and the Election Commissioners
• Article 324 states that the Election Commission will
(EC).
comprise the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and such
• The Act replaces the Election Commission (Conditions of number of Election Commissioners (ECs), as the President
Service and Transaction of Business) Act, 1991, and provides may decide.
for the appointment, salary, and removal of the Chief Election • The Election Commission of India (ECI) is responsible for
Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs). managing the preparation of electoral rolls and conducting
elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of
Need of the Act:
the President and Vice-President.
• Impartiality and Fairness: The Election Commissioner plays a
• The Constitution specifies that the President will appoint
crucial role in overseeing the entire electoral process, from
the CEC and ECs, subject to the provisions of an Act of
conducting elections to managing voter registration. Parliament.
 Maintaining impartiality and independence from political
Election Commissioners and Transaction of Business Act, 1991:
influence is essential to ensure equal opportunities for all
parties and candidates, aligning with the sacred nature of • The Act set the salary of the CEC and ECs at the same level
as a Supreme Court judge.
the right to vote in a democracy.
• It did not provide for their appointment process, which
• Public Confidence in the Institution: Independence in the role of
continued to be decided by the President.
an Election Commissioner is vital for building and preserving
public confidence in the electoral process. Transparency
and fairness contribute to increased public participation and
Important Provisions of the Act:
acceptance of election outcomes. • Appointment of the Commission: The CEC and ECs will be
appointed by the President upon the recommendation of a
• Long-Term Stability: An independent Election Commissioner
Selection Committee.
is crucial for the long-term stability of the electoral process.
 The Selection Committee will consist of the Prime Minister,
 The legacy of T.N. Seshan, Chief Election Commissioner of
a Union Cabinet Minister, and the Leader of Opposition/
India from 1990 to 1996, exemplifies how an independent
leader of the largest opposition party in Lok Sabha.
and fearless approach can usher in reforms and maintain
 Recommendations of the Selection Committee will be
stability by addressing malpractices during elections.
valid even when there is a vacancy in this Committee.
• International Standards: Aligning with global best practices,
• A Search Committee headed by the Minister of Law and Justice
the concept of an independent election commission is
and comprising two other members not below the rank of
widely recognized. Many democratic countries adhere to
Secretary to the Government of India shall prepare a panel of
similar principles, emphasizing the importance of India's
five persons for consideration of the Selection Committee, for
Election Commission in maintaining international standards
appointment as the Chief Election Commissioner and other
in electoral governance.
Election Commissioners.
• Rule of Law: Upholding the rule of law, an independent Election  The search committee will prepare a list of five names, of
Commissioner ensures that electoral procedures adhere to current and former Secretaries to the Government of India,
established laws and regulations rather than succumbing to for the selection committee.
arbitrary decisions or political pressures.  The Selection Committee may consider any person other
• Checks and Balances: In a democratic system, the presence than those suggested by the Search Committee.
of checks and balances is essential. An independent • Eligibility criteria: The CEC and ECs must: (i) be persons
Election Commissioner acts as a check on the executive and of integrity, (ii) have knowledge and experience in the
legislative branches, preventing the manipulation of elections management and conduct of elections, and (iii) be or have
for political gain. been Secretary (or equivalent) to the government.
21
• Term and reappointment: Members of the Election • Section 16 of the Act: Courts cannot hear either Civil or
Commission will hold office for six years, or until they attain Criminal Cases against a current or former CEC or EC for
the age of 65 years, whichever is earlier. acts done or words spoken in the discharge of official duty or
 Members of the Commission cannot be re-appointed. function.
 If the Election Commissioner is appointed as Chief Election • Legal Immunity for CEC and ECs: The Act protects the Chief
Commissioner, his term of office shall not be more than six Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners
years in aggregate as the Election Commissioner and the
(ECs) by exempting them from legal proceedings concerning
Chief Election Commissioner.
actions taken during their tenure.
• Salary and pension: The Chief Election Commissioner and  This safeguard applies as long as such actions were
other Election Commissioners shall be paid a salary that is
carried out in the legitimate discharge of their official
equal to the salary of a Judge of the Supreme Court, Provided
duties.
that the Salary, allowances, and other conditions of service
of the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Benefits of The Act:
Commissioners, holding office immediately before the date • Protection of CEC & EC from Legal Proceedings: The
of commencement of this Act shall not be varied to their
amendment's primary objective is to shield these officials
disadvantage.
from both civil and criminal proceedings that may arise in
• Removal: The Act retains the manner of removal of CEC and connection with their official functions.
ECs as specified in the Constitution.
 This legal immunity is designed to ensure that CEC and
 The CEC may be removed in the same manner and on the
ECs can perform their duties without the constant threat
same grounds as a Supreme Court Judge.
of legal repercussions, fostering independence and
 ECs may be removed only upon the recommendation of
effective execution of their responsibilities.
the CEC.
 For instance, Present CEC faces a criminal case in
 The Chief Election Commissioner or an Election
Telangana, related to the display and removal of election-
Commissioner may, at any time, by writing under his hand
related affidavits.
addressed to the President, resign his office.
 However, the statutory role under Section 33 of the
• Considered Retired from Government Service: Anyone
Representatives of People Act, 1951 lies with the Returning
holding a government position appointed Chief Election
Officer, not the CEC, regarding candidate affidavits.
Commissioner or Election Commissioner is considered
retired from their previous job on the day they begin their • Filling up of legislative vacuum: The legislative vacuum in the
new duties. appointment of CEC and EC has now been filled.
Suggestions made by various Commissions/Courts for the composition of the Selection Committee
Body Members
For CEC: Appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice + Leader of Opposition
of Lok Sabha (or leader of the largest party in Lok Sabha).
Goswami Committee (1990)
For EC: Appointed by the President in consultation with the Chief Justice + Leader of Opposition of
Lok Sabha (or leader of the largest party in Lok Sabha) + CEC.
Chairman of Rajya Sabha + Speaker of Lok Sabha + Leader of the Opposition (or the leader of the
The Constitution (Seventieth
largest party) in Lok Sabha. The CEC was further made a part of the consultative process in the
Amendment) Bill 1990*
appointment of the Election Commissioners.
National Commission to Prime Minister + Leader of the Opposition in Lok Sabha + the Leader of the Opposition in Rajya
Review the Working of the Sabha + the Speaker of Lok Sabha + the Deputy Chairman of Rajya Sabha.
Constitution Report (2002)
Prime Minister + the Leader of Opposition of Lok Sabha (or the leader of the largest opposition
Law Commission (2015)
party in Lok Sabha) + the Chief Justice.
Prime Minister + Leader of Opposition in Lok Sabha (or leader of single largest opposition party in
Supreme Court (2023)
Lok Sabha) + Chief Justice.
22
• CEC on par with SC judges: CEC can only be removed in the to the government. This criterion may exclude qualified
manner that the Supreme Court (SC) judge is removed candidates outside the civil service.
thereby ensuring his independence.  In other countries, Election Commission equivalents
have broader eligibility criteria. For example, in the
Criticism of The Act: United States, appointees must not currently hold federal
• Different Panel than Supreme Court’s suggestion: government positions, while in South Africa, one member
 In Anoop Baranwal Case (2023), leveraging its authority must be a judge, and all members must be citizens without
under Article 142 to ensure complete justice, the high party-political profiles.
Supreme Court established that the appointment of • Issues with Removal Process: Under Article 324 of the
the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and Election Constitution, the CEC can only be removed similarly to a
Commissioners (ECs) should be carried out by a Supreme Court judge, and an EC can be removed upon
committee comprising: the CEC's recommendation. The act retains this distinction,
 Prime Minister, Chief Justice of India, and the Leader of the raising concerns about the removal process needing to be
Opposition or the most substantial opposition party in the uniform for the CEC and ECs.
Lok Sabha.
• Administrative Independence Recommendations: Committees,
 The Supreme Court has noted that such a body should
including the Goswami Committee, proposed an independent
be completely insulated from external pressures from the
secretariat for the ECI, similar to other constitutional bodies.
ruling party, and must not be chosen by the Executive
Even the Supreme Court highlighted the importance of an
exclusively.
independent secretariat for the effective functioning of the
 Members of the Constituent Assembly had also noted
ECI. This remains unaddressed in the act.
that the responsibility of conducting elections should be
entrusted to people who are free from political influences Conclusion:
and local pressures. • The CEC and EC Appointment Act 2023 shows reform in the
 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar had stated that for elections to be free selection process for the ECI, but it also raises concerns
in the real sense of the word, they should be taken out about the potential hijacking of the process of appointment
of the hands of the government of the day. of CEC & EC in the hands of the executive.
• Eligibility Criteria Concerns: • Addressing these concerns and ensuring a truly fair selection
 The proposed act limits eligibility for the Chief Election and appointment system is the need of the hour so that
Commissioner (CEC) and Election Commissioners (ECs) elections are not only held fairly but also perceived to be held
to individuals who have held a rank equivalent to Secretary fairly also.
Selection Process of the Election Commission in certain countries
Country Appointing Authority Selection Committee/Process
President of the Constitutional Court (Chairperson), representative of the Human

South Africa President Rights Court, representative of the Commission on Gender Equality, and the public
prosecutor.
• The Speaker's Committee on the Electoral Commission with MPs as members,

oversees the recruitment of electoral commissioners.
The monarch, upon
• The candidates for these posts are then approved by the House of Commons and
United Kingdom approval by the
appointed by the British monarch.
House.
• The Speaker asks the Leader of the House to table a motion for an address to
appoint the recommended candidates.
United States President The Commission is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate.
Canada – Appointed by a resolution of the House of Commons.
23
Current
PolityAffairs
& Gov. Feature Articles
POST OFFICE BILL

Recently, the Parliament passed the Post Office Bill. The Bill seeks to replace the Indian Post Office Act of 1898.
Need of the Bill: Significance of the Bill:

• The Indian Post Offices Act of 1898, enacted 125 years • Modernizing the Postal Department's Approach: The bill
ago, was originally crafted to regulate the operations of post holds significant importance as it endeavors to modernize
offices within British India. the Postal Department's strategies concerning pricing and
• At its inception, the legislation primarily focused on overseeing service regulation. This adaptation is essential for fostering
routine services associated with the delivery of letters and flexibility and competitiveness in the market.
related functions. However, over more than a century, India • Enhanced Security Measures: The inclusion of advanced
Post has undergone substantial evolution. security measures within the bill is crucial, granting the
• It has transformed from a government department solely government the necessary authority to effectively address
tasked with transporting letters between locations A and B contemporary challenges.
into a comprehensive network that now plays a pivotal role in  This ensures the protection of national security and public
delivering a diverse range of people-centric services. safety, aligning the postal system with the demands of the
 For example, the department also functions as a provider current landscape.
of banking services. There are more than 26 million • Versatile Legal Framework for Security Concerns: The bill
accounts which in total, have more than USD 200 billion in introduces a shift to more generic provisions for intercepting
deposits in post office savings services. items, reflecting a proactive response to evolving threats.
 About 30 million accounts under Sukanya Samriddhi  This alteration establishes a versatile legal framework
Yojana, the small deposit scheme of the Government of capable of addressing a wide spectrum of security
India for the girl child, have billions cumulatively. concerns within the postal domain.
Comparison of the Provisions

Aspect Indian Post Office Act, 1898 The Post Office Bill, 2023
Exclusive The Union government has exclusive
Bill does not provide for such privileges. India Post has the
Privileges of Union privilege in conveying letters by post and
exclusive privilege of issuing postage stamps.
Government related services.
Services Provided Delivery of postal articles, including letters, Services to be prescribed by the Union government. India
by India Post postcards, and parcels, money orders. Post will provide services as per prescriptions.
The Director General may make regulations regarding any
Director General's The Director General has powers over the
activity necessary for postal services, charges, and sale of
Regulations time and manner of delivery.
postage stamps.
Grounds include security of the state, friendly relations, public
Powers to Intercept Grounds for interception include public order, emergency, public safety, or contravention of the Bill or
Postal Articles emergency, public safety, or tranquillity. other laws. Officers empowered by the Union government may
carry out an interception.
The Officer in charge may examine if Powers of examination removed. The central government may
Examination of
suspected of containing prohibited goods empower an officer to deliver the article to customs or other
Postal Articles
or liable for duty. specified authorities.
The Government is exempt from liability
Exemptions from unless undertaken in express terms. Government retains exemptions. The Union government may
Liability Officers are exempt unless they act prescribe liability for services by India Post under the Rules.
fraudulently or wilfully.
Various offenses and penalties specified in
Removal of Offences Bill does not provide for offenses or consequences except for
the Act were removed by the Jan Vishwas
and Penalties recovering unpaid amounts as arrears of land revenue.
(Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023.
24
• Removal of Exclusive Privileges: A notable feature of the Bill is • Define Offenses and Penalties: Collaborate with legal experts,
the removal of a provision from the 1898 Act, which granted privacy advocates, and postal service representatives to
exclusive privileges to the Union government in postal define a clear set of offenses.
services.  Establish proportional penalties to deter misconduct while
 These privileges, including the conveyance of letters safeguarding individuals' right to privacy.
by post and related services, have been eliminated to • Public Awareness and Consultation: Conduct public awareness
promote a more equitable and competitive landscape in campaigns on the implications of the Bill.
the postal sector.
RELEVANT INFORMATION
Issues with the Bill:
• Historical Development: The genesis of this extensive
• Absence of Procedural Safeguards for Interception:
postal network dates back to 1727 when the first post office
 The Bill lacks specific procedural safeguards for the was established in Calcutta (Kolkata). General Post Offices
interception of articles transmitted through India Post.
(GPOs) were subsequently set up in Calcutta in 1774,
 This absence raises concerns about potential violations of
Madras in 1786, and Bombay in 1793.
the freedom of speech and expression, as well as the right
• Legal Framework and Evolution: The Indian Post Office Act
to privacy of individuals.
of 1837 aimed to bring uniformity to postal operations. The
• Grounds for Interception and Constitutional Implications: more comprehensive Indian Post Office Act of 1854 laid
 The grounds for interception, including the term the foundation for the modern postal system in India. The
'emergency,' may be considered beyond reasonable Indian Post Office Act of 1898 further strengthened the
restrictions under the Constitution. country's postal system.
 This raises questions about the constitutional validity of • Innovations and Milestones: In 1854, the first postage stamp
the interception provisions in the Bill. valid nationwide was issued, providing an affordable and
• Exemption of India Post from Liability: uniform rate based on weight.
 The Bill exempts India Post from liability for lapses in  The introduction of the Railway Mail Service and the
postal services. commencement of the Sea Mail Service to Great Britain
 The Union government, which administers India Post, can and China occurred in the same period.
prescribe liability through Rules, potentially leading to a  A significant milestone was marked on February 18,
conflict of interest. 1911, with the world's first airmail flight from Allahabad
• Absence of Offences and Penalties: to Naini, covering a distance of 18 kilometers over the
 The Bill does not specify any offenses and penalties. river Ganges.
 For instance, there are no consequences outlined for the • Constitutional Basis: Article 246(1) of the Constitution of India
unauthorized opening of postal articles by a Postal officer, designates communication as an exclusive Union subject
posing potential adverse implications for consumers' right under List I (Union List) in the Seventh Schedule. Parliament
to privacy. holds exclusive powers to legislate on communication
matters, as outlined in entry number 31 of List I.
Way Forward: • Ministry Affiliation: The Department of Posts operates
• Implement Procedural Safeguards for Interception: Introduce under the Ministry of Communications in India.
clear and comprehensive procedural safeguards for the
UNDERSTANDING THE PIN CODE SYSTEM
interception of articles transmitted through India Post.
 Consult legal experts and stakeholders to develop guidelines Components and Significance: A PIN Code, or Postal Index
that balance security concerns with individual rights. Number, consists of six digits and is utilized by India Post for
 Establish an oversight mechanism to ensure adherence to post office numbering.
these safeguards. • The country is divided into nine PIN regions, with the first
eight representing geographical regions and the digit '9'
• Review Grounds for Interception: Reevaluate the grounds for
reserved for the Army Postal Service.
interception, especially the term 'emergency,' to align with
reasonable restrictions under the Constitution. • The first digit denotes one of the nine regions
• The second digit in the PIN code indicates the subregion.
• Liability Framework for India Post: Establish an independent
• The third digit in the PIN code indicates the sorting district
body or commission to oversee liability matters.
within the region.
 Ensure that liability rules are transparent, fair, and
formulated in consultation with stakeholders to prevent • The last three digits specifically identify the delivery post
office.
conflicts of interest.
25
Current
PolityAffairs
& Gov. Feature Articles
75TH ANNIVERSARY OF UDHR

10 December 2023 marks the 75th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).
About: • Foundation for Subsequent Human Rights Instruments: The

• Meaning of Human Rights: Human rights are rights that UDHR served as the foundation for the development of
are inherent to all human beings, regardless of nationality, numerous international human rights treaties and conventions,
ethnicity, gender, religion, or any other status. including the International Covenant on Civil and Political
 These rights are considered universal, inalienable, and Rights (ICCPR) and the International Covenant on Economic,
indivisible, forming the foundation for human dignity, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR).
equality, and justice.
• Social Justice: It inspired the decolonization movement and
 The UDHR document enshrines the inalienable rights that
the anti-apartheid movement. It also led to the freedom
everyone is entitled to as a human being - regardless of
fighters all around the world to raise their voice against
race, color, religion, sex, language, political or other opinion,
gender issues, LGBTIQ+ issues, and racism.
national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
• Legal Framework for Human Rights Protection: The UDHR
• Human Rights Day: It is the day on which the United Nations
General Assembly adopted the Universal Declaration of Human has been widely cited in the development of national
Rights in 1948. constitutions, laws, and policies, providing a legal framework
• Common standard: UDHR was adopted to establish a for the protection of human rights at the domestic level in
common standard of fundamental human rights that should many countries.
be universally protected and respected. • Establishment of International Human Rights Institutions:
 It was a response to the atrocities and human rights The UDHR contributed to the establishment of international
violations that occurred during World War II, particularly institutions and mechanisms like UNHRC dedicated to the
the Holocaust. promotion and protection of human rights, including the
United Nations Human Rights Council and various treaty
Importance of UDHR:
monitoring bodies.
• International Recognition of Human Rights: The UDHR
played a pivotal role in establishing the concept of universal • Shaping National Policies: Many countries have used the
human rights, emphasizing that these rights are inherent to principles outlined in the UDHR to shape their national
all individuals, regardless of nationality, ethnicity, or other policies, fostering a culture of respect for human rights and
characteristics. social justice.
Difference Between Human Rights, Natural Rights, Legal rights, Constitutional rights, Fundamental Rights
Concept Definition Source Protection Examples
Inherent rights that belong to
International treaties, Right to life, liberty,
Human Rights every individual by virtue of Universal principles
customary law freedom from torture
being human.
Fundamental rights that are
Philosophical theories, Right to property, liberty,
Natural Rights inherent in human nature and Philosophical basis
natural law the pursuit of happiness
preexist government.
Rights recognized and
Judicial and legal Right to a fair trial, contract
Legal Rights enforced by a legal system or Legal systems and laws
remedies enforcement
government.
Constitutional Rights granted and protected Constitutional provisions, Freedom of speech,
National constitutions
Rights by a constitution. judicial review religion, right to privacy
Basic rights are recognized Right to equality,
Fundamental Legal and constitutional Constitutional provisions,
and protected by a country's education, freedom of
Rights frameworks judicial enforcement
legal system. expression
26
• Discrimination and Marginalization:

KAREL VASAK AND
 Gender Inequality: Women often face discrimination in
THREE GENERATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS
various aspects of life, including employment, education,
The three generations of human rights are often referred to as and access to healthcare.
the "Vasak Trilogy" and include:
 Racial and Ethnic Discrimination: Racism and ethnic
First Generation: Civil and Political Rights (Liberty Rights): discrimination persist in many societies, leading to social
• Characteristics: exclusion and inequality.
 Individual-focused rights. • Lack of Access to Education:
 Emphasize the protection of the individual from abuses  Education Disparities: Limited access to quality education,
by the state. especially for marginalized groups and in conflict zones,
 Primarily associated with the liberal tradition. can hinder the realization of the right to education.
• Examples: Right to life, liberty, and security of person. • Refugee Rights:
Freedom of speech, religion, and assembly.Right to a fair  Displaced persons may face violations of their human
trial. rights, including inadequate living conditions, lack of
Second Generation: Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (Equality access to healthcare, and restricted freedom of movement.
Rights): • Technology and Privacy Concerns:
• Characteristics:  Mass Surveillance: Government surveillance programs
 Collective or group-oriented rights. infringing on citizens' privacy rights.
 Focus on socio-economic well-being and equality.  Digital Divide: Unequal access to technology leads to
 Emphasize the state's responsibility to ensure social disparities in online education and information.
and economic justice.
Safeguards to Protect Human Rights:
• Examples: Right to work and just and favorable conditions
• Global Initiatives:
of work, Right to education, Right to an adequate standard
of living, including food, clothing, and housing.
 Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR):
The World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna, Austria
Third Generation: Solidarity Rights (Fraternity Rights): in 1993 led to the Vienna Declaration and Programme of
• Characteristics: Action.
 Emphasize global and intergenerational dimensions.  It called for the establishment of the Office of the High
 Focus on the interconnectedness of human rights Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) and the post
and the collective responsibility of the international of the High Commissioner for Human Rights.
community.  Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions
• Examples: Right to peace, Right to a healthy environment, (GANHRI): It brings together and supports national human
Right to development. rights institutions (NHRIs) to promote and protect human
rights.
Major Concerns Related to Human Rights:  Paris Principles: These principles were adopted at the
• Civil and Political Rights Violations: 1st international workshop on national institutions for the
 Freedom of Expression: Restrictions on freedom of speech, promotion and protection of human rights held in Paris in
press, and assembly can limit individuals' ability to 1991.
express their opinions and participate in civic activities.  It was also endorsed by the General Assembly of the
 Political Repression: Authoritarian regimes may suppress United Nations by its Regulations 48/134 of 1993.
political opposition, restrict political freedoms, and  The Paris Principles provide international benchmarks
engage in arbitrary arrests and detentions. against which NHRIs can be accredited by the GANHRI.
• Social and Economic Injustice: • Indian Initiatives:
 Poverty: Lack of access to basic resources such as food,  Constitutional Safeguards: Fundamental rights like the
clean water, and healthcare can lead to widespread Right to Equality(art. 14-18), Right to Freedom( Art 19-22),
poverty, violating the right to an adequate standard of etc. and Directive Principles of State Policy (Art. 36-51) etc.
living.  Legal Safeguards for Women: Dowry Prohibition Act, the
 Inequality: Discrimination and unequal distribution Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, and
of resources can contribute to social and economic laws addressing sexual offenses like the Criminal Law
disparities. (Amendment) Act, 2013.
27
 Children's Rights & SC Atrocities: The Juvenile Justice (Care • Public Awareness and Education:
and Protection of Children) Act, 2015, and the Protection  Promote Human Rights Education: Integrate human rights
of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012. education into school curricula and conduct public
 National Human Rights Commission (NHRC): It is a statutory awareness campaigns to inform citizens about their rights
public body constituted in 1993 to protect human rights. and responsibilities.
 Media Engagement: Collaborate with media outlets
UN HUMAN RIGHTS COUNCIL to disseminate accurate information on human rights
• Formation: It is an inter-governmental body created by the issues and encourage responsible reporting to avoid
United Nations General Assembly in 2006. sensationalism and misinformation.
• Composition: The UNHRC consists of 47 member states • Government Accountability:

elected by the General Assembly for three-year terms, with  Establish Independent Oversight Bodies: Create
a focus on equitable geographical distribution. independent bodies to monitor and assess government
• Mandate: Its primary mandate is to address human rights adherence to human rights standards.
violations, make recommendations, and contribute to the  Ensure transparency and accountability in the
development and strengthening of international human functioning of these oversight bodies.
rights laws and standards.  Regular Reporting and Review: Mandate periodic human
• Universal Periodic Review (UPR): The UNHRC conducts the rights reporting by government agencies.
UPR, a unique mechanism that reviews the human rights  Allow for international scrutiny through participation in
records of all UN member states. relevant human rights review mechanisms.
• Advisory Role: The UNHRC provides guidance to states • International Cooperation: Strengthen partnerships with
on human rights issues, offers technical assistance, and international organizations focused on human rights and seek
collaborates with other UN entities. technical assistance and share best practices.
• Technology and Human Rights:
Way Forward:  Digital Rights Protection: Develop and implement policies
• Strengthening Legal Frameworks: safeguarding digital rights and privacy and address
 Review and Update Legislation: Regularly assess existing challenges posed by emerging technologies through
laws related to human rights and update them to align with ethical frameworks.
international standards.  Combat Online Disinformation: Implement measures
 Implement and Enforce Laws: Ensure effective to counter online hate speech and disinformation that
implementation of human rights laws through robust undermine human rights and foster digital literacy
enforcement mechanisms and strengthen judicial systems programs to educate the public on responsible online
to expedite human rights cases. behavior.
NHRC and SHRC

Aspect National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) State Human Rights Commissions (SHRC)
Established under the Protection of Human Rights Established under the Protection of Human Rights Act,1993
Establishment
Act, 1993
Jurisdiction Nationwide jurisdiction, covering the entire country Limited to the respective state or union territory
Chairman and members appointed by the Chairman and members appointed by the Governor of the
Composition
President of India state or administrator of the union territory
1. Inquire into complaints of human rights violations
2. Intervene in ongoing cases of human rights violations
Functions
3. Promote human rights awareness and education
of both the
Institutions 4. Recommend measures for effective implementation of human rights
5. Monitor and review human rights-related laws and policies
6. Conduct research and studies on human rights issues
28
Polity & Gov. Feature Articles Current Affairs
TELECOM BILL 2023

The Telecom Bill, 2023, was recently passed by Parliament in the winter session of 2023.
About: done for sectors like metro rails, community radio, defense,
• The bill has replaced the Indian Telegraph Act, of 1885, the railways, and police, among others.
Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933, and the Telegraph Wires
(Unlawful Possession) Act,1950. It also amends the Telecom AUCTION
Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) Act, 1997. Auction is a private or public sale of goods and services where
these goods and services are sold to the highest bidder.
Need for the bill:
Administrative Allocation:
• The existing telecom laws, the Indian Telegraph Act, 1885, • It is a process where resources are allocated to the entities
and the Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act, 1933, were outdated based on some predetermined criteria like fixed price,
and ill-suited for the modern digital landscape. These laws policy goals, etc.
were drafted before the internet even existed, making them • The resources in administrative allocation may be allotted
unable to effectively address current issues like broadband at a fixed price or discounted price depending on the
connectivity, data privacy, and cyber security. policy goals.
• There was a rise in demand for satellite-based internet service • This method of resource allocation is faster than auction
to cater to the remote location. India didn’t have any regulatory but this method is less transparent and gives significant
laws over the satellite-based internet service. India would discretion to administrators.
have lacked in this space if there was no regulation brought.
• Efficient utilization of Spectrum:
Also, it will help to achieve the goal of a digital India for all.
 A voluntary undertaking mechanism to facilitate voluntary
Key provisions of the bill: disclosure of inadvertent lapses and to facilitate
compliance has been introduced.
• Definition: It defines a telecommunication network as a
 The Act has accepted long-standing demand by telecom
system or series of systems of telecommunication equipment
companies to be able to repurpose spectrum bands to
or infrastructure, including terrestrial or satellite networks
more efficient technologies and services.
or submarine networks, or a combination of such networks,
 It has also allowed telecom firms to surrender spectrum
used or intended to be used for providing telecommunication
if they are unutilized. However, the government will not
services.
return the amount already paid by the company.
• Merges and replaces three existing Acts: Indian Telegraph Act
• Dispute resolution: The act has aimed to cut the number of
(1885), Indian Wireless Telegraphy Act (1933), and Telegraph
disputes by creating a tiered structure for settling disputes
Wires (Unlawful Possession) Act (1950).
arising from breaches of terms and conditions. Two new layers
• Provision for public emergency and national security:
— adjudicating officers and a designated committee of appeals —
 It empowers the Centre to take over control and have been added to the dispute process, before parties reach
management of telecommunication services and networks the Telecom Disputes Settlement & Appellate Tribunal (TDSAT).
in the interest of national security, or the event of a war.
• Cutting red tape: The telecom department currently issues
 It seeks to allow the central government to intercept a
over 100 licenses, registrations, and permissions; the act
message between individuals.
has called for a simplified regime where the government
 Press messages, meant for publication in India and of
will provide three sets of authorization for telecom services,
correspondents accredited to state or central governments,
networks, and possession of radio equipment.
have been exempted from interception, although they can
• Know Your Customer (KYC) Norms: Telecom Entities have
be intercepted for national security reasons.
been mandated to carry out biometric authentication of their
• Governance reforms: It allows a senior private sector executive users as a measure to curb fraud. It means that Biometric
to be the chairperson of the Telecom Regulatory Authority of authentication will be mandatory to get new SIM cards.
India (TRAI).
• Digital Bharat Nidhi: The Act has provided for this government
• Allotment of Spectrum: The auctions will continue to be the fund to be used for promoting broadband access and tele-
preferred norm of assigning spectrum to entities, but outside communication services in remote and underserved areas of
of satellite communications, administrative allocation will be India.
29
• Over-The-Top (OTT) Services: It has kept OTT services out of its Shortcomings of the Act:
purview. OTT services will be regulated by MeitY. • Administrative allocation of spectrum for Satellite
Communication (SatCom): The provision of administrative
TDSAT allocation for satellite communication needs to have clear
It's a special tribunal in India dedicated to handling legal guidelines so that there is no question of favoring one party
disputes and appeals arising from the telecommunications over another among the market participants.
sector, including broadcasting and cable services.
• Privacy question: The provision to intercept messages
• Establishment Year: 2000 between individuals raises questions of violation of the
• Jurisdiction: Covers disputes between licensed service fundamental right to privacy.
providers, consumers, and the Telecom Regulatory
• Digital Bharat Nidhi: It has been called as simply renaming
Authority of India (TRAI).
of USOF (Universal Service Obligation Fund). Hence it will
• Structure: Comprises a Chairperson and several Members,
not be enough to fulfill the needs of rural areas and more
all with legal expertise.
budgetary requirements will be needed to bridge the gap in
• Procedure: Follows a quasi-judicial approach, similar to a
communication between rural and urban areas.
court, with hearings, witnesses, and judgments.
• Monopoly in SatCom (Satellite Communication): The act fails
• Appeals: Decisions from TDSAT can be appealed to the
to address the question of possible monopoly or duopoly in
Supreme Court of India.
the SatCom sector. Since there is a limited number of satellites
Benefits of the Act: which can be placed in Low Earth Orbits for providing satellite
• Surrendering of spectrum by Telecoms allowed: It will lead communication hence players who are coming first in this
to better and more efficient utilization of existing unutilized sector will have a potential advantage over the same leading
spectrum by Telecoms. to a monopoly in the sector.
 The Bill also allows the government to take back spectrum • Mandatory Biometric Data: The act requires mandatory
that is unutilized for insufficient reasons and also opens biometric verification for new SIM card issuance, raising
the door for sharing, trading, and leasing of spectrum. concerns about potential misuse of sensitive data and the
Entities will be able to surrender unused spectrum, but lack of clear safeguards against data breaches.
will not receive payment from the government for it.  Recent data breaches like the leak of the Aadhaar data
• Satellite spectrum allowed: The decision to allocate the satellite of 80 crore Indians from the ICMR database have posed
spectrum through a globally harmonized administrative serious questions on this provision.
method will pose a greater good for the nation and will spur • Lack of Public Consultation: The bill was drafted with limited
growth in the nascent space sector. Also, it will lead to faster public consultation, raising concerns about a lack of
allocation of spectrum leading to a boom in this sector. transparency and democratic participation in the process.
• Faster dispute resolution: It has created a tiered structure Also, the bill was not sent to a standing committee for scrutiny
for settling disputes arising from breaches of terms and despite the demand from opposition parties.
conditions. Two new layers — adjudicating officers and a
designated committee of appeals — have been added to the Way Forward:
dispute process, before parties reach the TDSAT. Also, it has • Addressing privacy concerns: There is a need to provide
a provision for online dispute resolution. clarification on privacy issues. The government can provide
• End of license regime: The act has called for a simplified regime some situations as an example to address this concern.
where the government will provide three sets of authorization • Data security safeguard: The government needs to implement
for telecom services, networks, and possession of radio robust data protection regulations with strict encryption
equipment. protocols and anonymization techniques so that biometric
• Provisions to deal with national security: The act has enough details being collected under the act do not get leaked or
provisions to deal with emergency and war-like situations. It will used to harm the interest of consumers.
help India to utilize its telecom sector to its advantage by taking • Emphasize affordability and rural access: The government
control of them during the war-like situations and situations of needs to prioritize measures to ensure affordable telecom
• Digital Bharat Nidhi: This fund will help to cater to the need services for all citizens, particularly in rural and underserved
to promote broadband access and telecommunications areas. Digital Bharat Nidhi will not be enough for the same.
services in remote areas of the country. Hence this fund will More resources will be needed to cater to the needs of rural
act as cross-subsidisation. and underserved areas.
30
Polity & Gov. Feature Articles Current Affairs
INDIA-USA RELATIONS
India and the USA are confronted with a major Diplomatic Storm, as an Indian intelligence
official stands accused of orchestrating a plot to allegedly kill a Khalistan separatist in the USA.
Significance of India-US Relation: • Geopolitical: Regular exchanges at the leadership level and
• GeoStrategic: The partnership has transformed from ‘estranged outcomes emerging from these visits have been instrumental
democracies to Engaged democracies’. in further strengthening the multifaceted ties between the two
countries.
 At present, India and the United States enjoy a
 Established in 2018, the pinnacle of dialogue mechanisms
‘Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership’ covering
is the 2+2 Ministerial Dialogue, where discussions are
almost all areas of human endeavor, driven by shared
jointly led by the Minister of External Affairs and Minister
democratic values, convergence of interests on various
of Defence from India, and the Secretary of State and
issues, and vibrant people-to-people contacts.
Secretary of Defense. This forum offers direction on
 Given its strategic positioning in the Indo-Pacific region,
political, military, and strategic matters.
India emerges as a pivotal partner for the United States in
 Multilateral Cooperation: India and the United States
preserving regional stability and mitigating the influence
closely collaborate in various multilateral forums such as
of China. The increasing military capabilities of India, the United Nations, G-20, Association of Southeast Asian
coupled with its commitment to democratic values and Nations (ASEAN) Regional Forum, International Monetary
common interests, closely align with the strategic goals of Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization.
the United States.  The US is a keen supporter of India’s permanent
 In the era of complex interdependence, both nations are membership in the United Nations Security Council
part of strategic QUADs to fulfill national, regional, and (UNSC) and Nuclear Suppliers Group (NSG).
associated global interests. • Geo-economics: The robust economic interdependence
 The rise of the Middle Kingdom (China) and its between both countries can be seen in terms of bilateral
assertiveness in every nook and corner of the world trade and investment:
specifically in Indo- the Pacific region is a threat to the  In FY23, the bilateral trade between India and the US
USA’s hegemony as a global superpower and India as a stood at a record US$ 128.78 billion as against US$
major regional Asian Power. In this backdrop of changing 119.48 billion in FY22.
power dynamics in global affairs due to Dragon(china),  USA is the 3rd largest investor in India with cumulative FDI
Washington and Delhi are strengthening their partnership inflows of US$ 60.19 billion from April 2000-March 2023.
in almost every sphere of nation-state affairs. • Defense and Security Cooperation:
 India and the US collaborate through the Defense Trade
EASTERN QUAD (USA, INDIA, JAPAN, AUSTRALIA) and Technology Initiative (DTTI), a mechanism designed
• The core objective of the Quad is to secure a rules-based to remove bureaucratic hurdles, expedite timelines, foster
global order, freedom of navigation, and a liberal trading collaborative technology exchange, and facilitate co-
system. production/co-development of defense systems.
 The U.S. signed four “foundational” agreements with its
• The coalition also aims to offer alternative debt financing
defense partner India which are as follows:
for nations in the Indo-Pacific region.
 General Security of Military Information Agreement
WESTERN QUAD (ISRAEL, INDIA, UAE, USA) (GSOMIA) enables the sharing of military intelligence
• I2U2, also known as the International Forum for Economic between the two countries and requires each country
Cooperation, is a collaborative platform that aims to to protect the others’ classified information.
enhance economic and political ties in the Middle East and  Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA),
permits either country's military to use the others’ bases
Asia, with a specific focus on areas such as trade, climate
for re-supplying or carrying out repairs.
change mitigation, energy collaboration, and coordination
 The Communications Compatibility and Security
on mutually significant interests.
Agreement (COMCASA) enables the two countries
• Within this framework, the four nations aspire to strengthen to share secure communication and exchange
cooperation across diverse sectors including infrastructure, information on approved equipment during bilateral
technology, and maritime security. and multinational training exercises and operations.
31
 Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA),  For instance, the National Federation of Indian American
permits the exchange of unclassified and controlled Associations played a crucial role in advocating for the
unclassified geospatial products, topographical, relaxation of U.S. sanctions on India. Consequently, the
nautical, and aeronautical data, products, and sanctions imposed by the Nuclear Supplier Group on
services between India and the US National Geospatial- India, following the 1998 Nuclear Proliferation, were lifted
Intelligence Agency (NGA). based on the recommendation of the United States.
 Defense Exercises: The nations engage in Yudh Abhyas  Cultural Diplomacy: The Indian diaspora functions as a
(Army), Vajra Prahar (Special Forces), Malabar (Navy), cultural conduit, propagating Indian culture, traditions,
Cope India (Air Force), and the tri-services exercise Tiger and values in the countries they reside in. Through diverse
Triumph. Additionally, they participate in multilateral drills cultural events, festivals, and community organizations,
such as RIMPAC. they fortify interpersonal connections, foster cross-cultural
 Major Defence Partner: The US accorded India the comprehension, and amplify India's soft power on a global
designation of 'Major Defence Partner' (MDP), and in 2018, scale.
India was included in the ‘Strategic Trade Authorisation-1’
(STA-1) list. This inclusion is anticipated to streamline SOFT POWER
export controls for high-technology product sales to India.
Soft power refers to the ability of a country to influence others
 Cooperation in counter-terrorism: It is one of the pillars of
and shape international relations through non-coercive means,
the bilateral partnership featuring information exchange,
primarily by projecting cultural, political, and societal values.
capacity building, operational cooperation, and regular
Unlike hard power, which relies on military and economic
dialogue through the India-U.S. Joint Working Group on
strength, soft power relies on attraction and persuasion.
Counter-Terrorism.
 India-US Cyber Framework: It provides for expanding
cooperation in the cyber domain. It is also to be noted that Challenges in the Relationship:
the India-U.S. Cyber Dialogue was held in Washington D.C. • Trade Imbalances: The trade deficit has been a persistent
in September 2022. challenge in India-USA relations. Differences in trade policies,
• Science and Tech cooperation: tariffs, and market access have contributed to imbalances.
 India and the U.S. have seen a steady growth in their  The U.S. goods trade deficit with India was $38.4 billion in
collaboration in Science and Technology, facilitated by the 2022, a 15.2 percent increase ($5.1 billion) over 2021.
India-U.S. Science and Technology Cooperation Agreement • Intellectual Property Rights (IPR): Disputes related to
signed in 2005, and subsequently renewed for ten years intellectual property rights, including concerns about piracy
in 2019. and patent protection, have strained economic ties.
 The Indo-U.S. Science & Technology Forum (IUSSTF),  For instance, Disputes related to intellectual property,
established in 2000 as a bi-national organization, serves pharmaceutical patents, and access to affordable
as an autonomous entity promoting collaboration in medicines have been sources of contention, impacting
Science, Technology, and Innovation, playing a crucial global health cooperation.
role in strengthening ties between the two nations. • H-1B Visa Restrictions: Changes in U.S. immigration policies,
 The India-U.S. Joint Working Group on Civil Space including restrictions on H-1B visas, have been a point of
Cooperation actively reviews the status of existing contention. This affects skilled Indian professionals working
collaboration. It continually identifies new areas for in the U.S., impacting both countries' tech industries.
expanding cooperation in the field of space exploration
• Divergent Strategic Objectives: Differences in strategic
and technology.
priorities and regional alignments have led to challenges in
 NISAR Project: The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar
finding common ground, particularly in areas such as India's
(NISAR) project aims to develop and launch a dual-
relations with Iran and Russia, which may not align with U.S.
frequency synthetic aperture radar satellite that will
interests.
observe Earth's surface globally with high resolution and
provide valuable data for various scientific and societal • Human Rights Concerns: The handling of human rights issues
applications. within both countries has led to occasional disagreements.
U.S. concerns about religious freedom in India and India's
• Diaspora: Approximately 4.4 million individuals of Indian
response to criticism create tensions in diplomatic relations.
American/Indian origin live in the United States, making them
the third-largest Asian ethnic group in the country. The Indian • Data Localization Policies: Varied approaches to data privacy
Diaspora in the U.S. significantly influences the development and localization requirements pose challenges, particularly in
of bilateral relations. the context of digital trade and cross-border data flows.
32
• Regional Security Dynamics: Afghanistan and Pakistan Relations: • Partnerships in Science, Technology, and Innovation:
The evolving situation in Afghanistan and the complexities of Leveraging their strengths in science, technology, and
India's relationship with Pakistan create strategic challenges innovation, India and the US can foster collaborations in areas
for both countries, impacting regional stability. such as healthcare, space exploration, artificial intelligence,
and advanced manufacturing. Joint research projects,
Way Forward: technology transfer agreements, and the establishment of
• Deepened Economic Cooperation: Both nations can prioritize innovation hubs can drive innovation and economic growth in
efforts to strengthen economic ties, facilitate trade and both countries.
investment, and address trade barriers. Exploring new • Global Governance Collaboration: India and the US
collaboration sectors, and encouraging business-to-business can collaborate to advocate for multilateralism, reform
interactions can further elevate economic cooperation. international institutions, and address global challenges.
• Strategic and Security Collaboration: Enhancing strategic and Coordination in international forums like the United Nations,
security cooperation is vital in tackling shared challenges like G20, and regional organizations can amplify their collective
counterterrorism, maritime security, and regional stability. voice and influence on the global stage.
 Regular dialogues, joint military exercises, intelligence
sharing, and collaborative efforts in defense technology Conclusion:
can strengthen defense and security bonds. • Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee called India and the
• Cooperation on Climate Change and Clean Energy: Given the United States “natural allies in the 21st century.”, Prime
urgency of addressing climate change, India and the US Minister Modi held that India’s US relationship has overcome
can work together on clean energy technologies, promoting the “hesitations of history”. In the words of Indian foreign
the adoption of renewable energy, and enhancing climate minister S Jaishankar, “India and the US earlier used to
resilience. deal with each other, and now they work with each other.”
 Sharing best practices, facilitating technology transfers, However, on the immediate basis the diplomatic storm should
and engaging in joint research initiatives can contribute be addressed which aroused due to alleged attempt of killing
significantly to global climate objectives. of Khalistan proponent.
33
Current Affairs
Int. Relation Feature Articles
INDIA-OMAN RELATIONSHIP
The Sultan of Oman has concluded a successful visit to India in December 2023.
It was the Sultan’s first visit to India and the first by any Omani Sultan in 26 years.
Key Outcomes of the Visit: Significance of India-Oman Ties:

• India-Oman Joint Vision: A Partnership for the Future: • Historical Ties and Shared Values: A long history of friendly
 It is a roadmap for bilateral engagement in the future, relations and shared commitment to peace and moderation
based on Oman Vision 2040 (a blueprint for development) have laid the foundation for a strong partnership.
and India’s vision of "Amrit Kaal" in 2047.  In ancient times, the Sumerians, Akkadians, and later the
 It focuses on building a partnership between India and Assyrians had trade links with the people of the Indus
Oman" in various areas like maritime cooperation, energy Valley Civilisation.
security and green energy digital payments, health, tourism,  Oman’s strategic location made it a crucial hub for maritime
disaster management; agriculture and food security. trade, connecting the civilizations of the East and West.
• Geopolitical: While people-to-people contact between India
and Oman can be traced back 5000 years, diplomatic
relations were established in 1955. Visits at the highest level
have been exchanged frequently between India and Oman.
 Oman is a strategic bridge for India's deeper engagement
and collaboration in the region. For instance, it serves as a
bridge between the Shia and the Sunni world.
 The Sultan's visit comes at a critical juncture with ongoing
conflicts in the region, highlighting the importance of
Oman's role in maintaining stability.
 Regional Stability and Influence: Oman's membership
in key regional organizations and its neutral stance in
regional conflicts make it a crucial player in West Asia.
• Geostrategic: Oman holds a pivotal position in India's West
Asia policy, and their multifaceted collaboration has evolved
into a more strategic alliance in recent decades.
 The strategic partnership based on the dual foundations
of mutual trust and shared interests was signed between
India and Oman in 2008.
 Oman's strategic position on the Arabian Peninsula,
• Cracking down on illicit activity: An agreement was signed
bordering the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman, makes it
between India’s Financial Intelligence Unit and Oman’s National
crucial for India's maritime security and energy interests.
Center for Financial Information to enhance collaboration
 Oman serves as an important interlocutor at the Gulf
in exchanging intelligence related to money laundering,
Cooperation Council (GCC), Arab League, Indian Ocean
associated predicate offenses, and the financing of terrorism.
Rim Association (IORA) and is supportive of India’s
• Deepening economic ties: Oman Investment Authority Permanent membership to UNSC.
expanded its collaboration with the State Bank of India by
• Geoeconomic: The economic interdependence between India
launching the third Omani-Indian Joint Fund amounting to
and Oman is robust and buoyant. Bilateral trade during FY
$300 million. 2021-2022 reached US$ 9.988 billion and for the year 2022-
• Discussion on CEPA: There was a commitment by both sides 2023 reached US$ 12.388 billion.
to accelerate the process of clinching a Comprehensive  Investment flows, both ways, have been robust as there
Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA). The CEPA would are over 6000 India-Oman joint ventures in Oman with
go a long way in strengthening the lost economic cooperation an estimated investment of over US$ 7.5 billion. It is to
and greatly consolidating the bilateral partnership between be noted that India is also the second-largest market for
both countries. Oman’s non-oil exports for the year 2022.
34
 Energy Security: India acts as an important market for the • Limited people-to-people contact: Despite the large
export of its crude oil. India was the 2nd largest market for Indian expatriate community in Oman, overall travel and
Oman’s crude oil exports in 2022. migration between the two countries remain somewhat
 Oman serves as a vital source of oil for India, and potential limited.
projects like the Deep-Sea Gas Pipeline further strengthen  Promoting tourism and educational exchanges could
energy cooperation. foster stronger people-to-people ties.
• Defense and Security Cooperation: Oman stands out as the • Security: It is to be noted that Oman is positioned at the
sole West Asian nation where all three branches of the Indian
entrance of the Strait of Hormuz, a critical passage through
Armed Forces engage in routine bilateral exercises and hold
which India sources 20% of its oil imports.
service-level staff talks.
 Thus, Maritime Piracy and terrorism can threaten the
 These joint activities include AL NAJAH for the Army,
Energy Security and Merchandise trade with the West
Eastern Bridge for the Air Force, and Naseem Al Bahr for
Asian Region.
the Navy.
 Oman’s Duqm Port provides base facilities, Operational Way Forward:
turn rounds, and other logistics facilities to Indian naval
• Economic collaboration: India can help Oman diversify its
ships in the region.
economy from crude oil to other sources like renewable
 It is strategically located, near the Chabahar port in Iran.
energy, manufacturing, logistics, medicine, etc. which is also
With Assumption Island being developed in Seychelles
a focus area of ‘Oman Vision 2040’.
and Agalega in Mauritius, Duqm fits into India’s proactive
 Also fast-tracking of CEPA (comprehensive economic
maritime security roadmap.
partnership agreement) will further boost economic
• Culture and Diaspora: India and Oman share a deep socio-
collaboration between these two countries.
cultural connection, rooted in millennia-old exchanges and
 Oman is one of the front runners in clean energy initiatives
reinforced by a sizable Indian community of around 700,000
residing and working in Oman. among West Asian countries, which can be utilized by
 Geographical proximity enhances cultural understanding, India to boost its National Hydrogen Mission as well.
with Indian culture familiar to Omanis. • Security collaboration: Oman can play an important role in
 The popularity of yoga, especially among expatriates and resolving the dispute of Houthi rebels as it maintains good
local youth, highlights cross-cultural influences. ties with both Saudi Arabia and Iran.
 Indian films shot in Oman showcase Arab culture to India,  Also, a joint patrolling of the Red Sea with India can be
fostering strong cultural ties. Bollywood enjoys significant proposed to secure the passing of goods from the Red
viewership, reflecting shared cultural bonds. Sea region for both India and Oman.
• Green energy: Oman is one of the front runners in clean
Challenges in Relationship:
energy initiatives among West Asian countries, which can
• Geopolitical Turmoil and its Economic Implications: The volatile
be utilized by India to boost its National Hydrogen Mission
situation in the Middle East, particularly the ongoing conflict
as well.
in Yemen coupled with the Israel-Hamas war, poses a security
risk for both countries. • Cultural collaboration: The vibrant Indian expatriate
 For instance, the attack by Houthi Rebels on ships passing community in Oman regularly hosts cultural performances
through the Red Sea can lead to an increase in the cost of and invites celebrity artists and singers from India.
shipping through the Red Sea.  Yoga is quite popular in Oman, especially among
• Growing Chinese Footprint: Through Belt and Road Initiative expatriates and local youth.
and Cheque Book Diplomacy, Beijing is creating deep  The Indian embassy can work to improve this cultural
economic interdependence with Muscat which potentially collaboration.
creates an economic and strategic imbalance that strains
Conclusion:
India's relationship with Oman.
 Sensitivity regarding Military use of Duqm port: With the • Strengthening economic ties, expanding energy cooperation,
increasing role of BRI, especially the Duqm industrial park enhancing strategic partnerships, and fostering cultural
being constructed under BRI, India’s access to the port exchanges will propel the India-Oman relationship forward,
can be questioned by China in the future. promoting mutual growth and regional stability.
35
Current Affairs
INDIA-ITALY RELATION
After a decade of setbacks, New Delhi and Rome have worked hard to repair bilateral relations.
About: ancient civilizations have known, interacted, and traded

• It is to be noted that India and Italy have recently completed with each other for over 2000 years.
75 years of diplomatic relationship in 2023. Political relations  Italian port cities were important trading posts on the
between India and Italy were established in 1947. spice route. The Venetian merchant Marco Polo, during
• Recently, Italy has pulled itself out from China's BRI project. his travels to the East, also traveled to India in the 13th
 Italy was the first (and only) country in the G7 to participate century and wrote about his experiences.
in China’s Belt and Road Initiative(BRI). • Geopolitical: Since the establishment of diplomatic relations in
 Italy's changing views on China have added a strategic 1947, there has been a regular exchange of visits at political
dimension to the ties. and official levels between both countries. Since then, there
has been a regular exchange of visits at political and official
KEY OUTCOMES OF RECENT MEETINGS IN 2023 levels between both countries, including several visits by
• Strategic Partnership: India and Italy have elevated their Heads of States.
relationship to a strategic partnership during Italy's PM visit  However, there was a decline in relationship between
to India in March 2023. the countries following the AgustaWestland scam and the
 A strategic partnership between two countries signifies a killing of the Indian fishermen by Italian Marines. The Italian
multifaceted and enduring commitment to cooperation. PM's visit to India in March 2023 was the first high-level
 It involves collaboration across political, economic, visit from Italy to India after a gap of 5 years.
military, and cultural dimensions, to achieve shared  India and Italy play crucial roles in their respective
objectives and navigate the complexities of an regions, with India being a key player in South Asia and
interconnected world. Italy a prominent nation in the European Union and the
• Italy joined the Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI): This Mediterranean.
marks a strategic shift for Italy, demonstrating its growing • Geostrategic: Both India and Italy can act as a bridge between
interest in and commitment to the Indo-Pacific region. East Asia and West Europe respectively. Recently India and
Italy's participation in IPOI can bolster India's efforts to
Italy have elevated their relationship to the level of strategic
promote maritime security and sustainable development in
partnership in March 2023.
the region.
 Promoting a Multi-Polar world: Both countries support
• India-Italy Start-Up Bridge: This initiative seeks to connect a rule-based multi-polar world that must be free from
start-ups from both countries, providing them with access
great power rivalry and both countries are seeking for
to funding, mentorship, and market opportunities. It can
permanent membership in the United Nations Security
boost innovation and collaboration in various sectors like
Council.
technology, healthcare, and renewable energy.
 China’s BRI: Italy’s withdrawal from China’s BRI project
• MoU between Rabindra Bharati University Kolkata and the
marks a significant point of convergence between the two
Italian Consulate General in Kolkata: This memorandum of
countries.
understanding strengthens cultural ties by encouraging
 Italy’s joining of the Indo-Pacific Ocean Initiative shows that
academic exchange and collaboration in the field of Indian
it is interested in the Indo-Pacific ocean affairs and in the
studies and languages.
future, we can witness the convergence in the interests of
• Italy joined the Global Biofuel Alliance and the India –
both the countries in the region.
Middle East – Europe Economic Corridor, signifying growing
• Multilateral cooperation: Both countries actively participate in
economic ties.
United Nations meetings, have been vocal in G20 meetings
Significance of India-Italy Ties: and they advocate for open and free trade practices at the
• Historical Ties and Shared Values: India and Italy are ancient World Trade Organisation.
civilizations with rich cultural heritage.  The two countries also actively participate in the Asia
 The classical languages, Sanskrit and Latin both belong Asia-Europe Meeting(ASEM), the Indian Ocean Rim
to the Indo-European language family. People of these two Association(IORA), and the Mediterranean Dialogue.
36
• Geoeconomic: The economic interdependence between India • Political instability in Italy: Italy has witnessed 66 governments
and Italy is robust and buoyant as the bilateral trade was since 1946, averaging changes every 2.1 years.
USD 13.229 bn in 2021-22, (53.86% increase over the previous  This political volatility can disrupt long-term planning and
financial year). hamper consistent progress in joint initiatives.
 Italy is India's 4th largest trading partner in the EU, after • Lack of institutional mechanism: India and Italy lack dedicated
Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands. bilateral platforms like joint ministerial commissions or
 India ranks 15th as the country of origin of Italian regular summits compared to other strategic partnerships.
imports, accounting for 1.5% of Italian imports. Indian This can hinder frequent consultations and coordinated
companies in Italy are mainly in the IT, electronics, and action.
engineering sectors.
• Role of China: Italy’s high trade dependence on China can
 Italy ranks 17th in FDI inflows in India from April 2000 to
affect India Italy relationship despite the recent pulling out of
June 2022 with an FDI inflow of US $ 3.20 bn during this
Italy from the BRI project of China.
period.
• Past turbulent incidents: The killing of Indian Fishermen by an
 The top sectors attracting FDI are automobile (29.8%)
Italian Marine and the bribery incident in the AgustaWestland
and trading (17.1%) etc.
deal still make Indian people skeptical about establishing
 Indo-Italian Joint Economic Commission Cooperation (JCEC)
long-lasting relationships.
has been in existence since 1976.
• Demand for a permanent seat at UNSC: While Italy doesn’t
• Defense Partnership:
oppose India’s demand for a permanent seat at UNSC, it
 India and Italy signed an agreement in October 2023
feels that it too has a right to a permanent seat at UNSC.
when the Indian defense Minister was visiting Italy on
 Also, Italy views the G4 (India, Japan, Brazil & Germany)
cooperation to promote engagement in various defense
group as robbing its opportunity to secure a permanent
domains — such as security and defense policy, research
seat at UNSC.
and development, industrial co-development, co-
 It has launched a Coffee Club (uniting for consensus) in the
production and setting up of joint ventures.
1990s against the G4 group. This club aimed to counter the
 Passage exercise in the Mediterranean Sea: In July 2023,
demand for permanent seats by G4 nations.
India’s frontline destroyer INS Chennai undertook a
passage exercise with Italy’s amphibious transport dock
Way Forward:
San Marco in Mediterranean waters.
• Defense: With recent bonhomie in the relationship between
• Culture and Diaspora: An Executive Programme for Cultural
the two countries, they can look for cooperation in areas like
Cooperation/Cultural Exchange Programme (EPCC/CEP) is
drones, naval shipbuilding, and cybersecurity can strengthen
signed periodically, under the bilateral cultural agreement.
both countries' defense capabilities.
 There are around 10 Universities/higher education
• Skill development programs in emerging technologies:
institutions in Italy with highly qualified faculties that conduct
Collaborating on programs for IT, AI, and digital skills can
courses in Indian art, history, and languages. Many of these
equip both countries' workforce for the future.
institutions teach Hindi and Sanskrit to Italian students.
• Space sector: The Italian Space Agency (ASI) and the Indian
 The Indian community in Italy (estimated at 2.5 lakhs
Space Research Organization (ISRO) are improving their
including PIOs) is the third largest community of Indians
cooperation by expanding some areas of common interest
in Europe after the UK and the Netherlands.
such as earth observation and related applications, disaster
 According to official Italian data, there are 1.62 lakh
management, space science, and exploration.
legal Indian migrants as of Jan 2019 (of which 58.8%
 Italy's PRISMA hyperspectral satellite offers unique Earth
are male and 41.2% female).
observation capabilities.
 As first-generation migrants, the majority of them are
engaged in economic sectors such as agriculture, • Green Energy: India's Green Hydrogen mission and Italy's
dairy farming, leather industry, construction works, and Hydrogen Valley initiatives offer a platform for collaboration
in service industry. on clean fuel development and infrastructure.
 This could reduce dependence on fossil fuels and combat
Challenges in the Relationship: climate change.
• Russia Ukraine war: India’s indirect support to Russia during • Health sector: India is the world's largest vaccine producer,
the ongoing war between Russia and Ukraine while Italy and Italy possesses strong pharmaceutical R&D capabilities.
supports European Union sanctions against Russia poses a Partnering on affordable drug development would benefit
significant divergence between the two countries in politics. millions of people globally.
37
Current Affairs
TENSIONS IN RED SEA

Recently there had been multiple attacks on merchant vessels in the Red sea.
About: • Domestic propaganda: The attacks serve as a propaganda

• Since the start of the Israel-Hamas war in October 2023, there tool for the Houthis, portraying them as defenders of the
had been at least 15 drone attacks on ships passing through Palestinian cause and showcasing their resistance against
this region. perceived enemies. This bolsters their image among their
supporters in Yemen.
Reasons for these Attacks:
• Retaliation for the Gaza conflict: The Houthis, aligned with
Impact of these Attacks on India:
Iran, declared support for Hamas during the October 2023 Geostrategic:
Israel-Hamas conflict. • Escalation into a wider conflict: The attacks serve as a source
 They claimed their Red Sea attacks target vessels linked for wider conflict. They stoke tensions between Iran and its
to Israel and the Saudi-led coalition supporting the Yemeni rivals, potentially prompting escalation in Yemen and beyond,
government, seen as allies of Israel. threatening regional stability.
• Pressure on the Saudi-led coalition: Targeting Saudi and Israeli • Piracy and Maritime Threats: The volatile environment
ships, Houthis disrupt economic activities, pressuring for encourages piracy and attacks, jeopardizing the safety of
Yemen de-escalation and de-escalation in Gaza strip. vessels and free flow of goods across the Red Sea.
• Leverage for political gain: The Houthis seek international • Military Entanglement: Increased naval presence by regional
recognition and a stronger bargaining position in any future and international powers could draw India into a complex,
peace negotiations. unintended entanglement, compromising its strategic
 By showcasing their military capabilities and ability to neutrality and alliances.
disrupt crucial trade routes, they hope to attract attention  E.g.- U.S. government announced the establishment of
and gain leverage on the international stage. a new multinational initiative called Operation Prosperity
• Economic motivations: The Houthis might be aiming to extract Guardian focusing on security in the Red Sea.
economic benefits from the disruptions they cause. Geopolitical:
 They could demand ransoms from ships they target or • Balancing act for India becomes tough: India maintains close
seek concessions from regional powers in exchange for ties with both Saudi Arabia and the US, who support the Saudi-
guaranteeing safe passage in certain areas. led coalition in Yemen, while seeking improved relations with
38
Iran, which allegedly backs the Houthis. Navigating this • Promoting De-escalation: India is actively advocating for
intricate web of allegiances without compromising India's peace in Yemen through international forums and bilateral
interests requires skillful diplomacy. channels, aiming to address the root causes of the conflict and
• Reputational Risks: India provides the role of net security reduce the risk of attacks. Also India is demanding immediate
provider in the entire Indian Ocean. These attacks pose a ceasefire and unconditional release of all hostages in the
question on India’s image. Israel-Hamas war so that larger implications of war could be
• Domestic Pressures: Balancing domestic public opinion with prevented.
international diplomatic considerations can be challenging, • Use of a longer route: Ships are using the Cape of Good hope
especially if the attacks begin to directly impact Indian route. This longer route circumnavigates Africa, adding
citizens or trade. approximately 5-7 days and 10-15% in fuel costs compared
to the Red Sea. It is the most popular alternative, currently
Geoeconomic:
adopted by about 30% of vessels sailing from the Middle East
• The Red Sea, transporting 12% of global maritime trade, to Asia.
serves as a vital artery for 30% of India's oil imports.
• Pipelines: While no specific pipeline projects from India to the
• As per a report published in Bloomberg, Indian businesses west are currently under construction, the option is gaining
could be incurring $1.7 billion in potential monthly losses due traction. India is actively assessing the feasibility of regional
to shipping delays and rerouting. pipeline projects, potentially connecting it to oil-producing
• As per a report published by McKinsey & Company, global nations in the Middle East and bypassing the Red Sea
supply chain disruptions due to choking of Red Sea could altogether.
affect vital sectors like electronics, pharmaceuticals, and
agriculture, potentially pushing up consumer prices by 3-5%. Way Forward:
• Nearly 1.2 million barrels of India's daily oil imports transit • Collective Action for De-escalation: The international
through the Red Sea (Indian Ministry of Petroleum & Natural community must come together to exert pressure on warring
Gas, 2023). Prolonged disruptions could lead to: parties in Yemen and Gaza to end the conflict.
 Oil price hikes of 5-10%, impacting transportation,  The United Nations Security Council should play a
manufacturing, and overall economic growth as per report proactive role in mediating a ceasefire and fostering
by IEA. dialogue.
 It might lead to potential fuel shortages in high-demand • Strengthening Maritime Security Architecture: Robust
sectors like aviation and agriculture. international cooperation is needed to enhance maritime
 It might lead to increased reliance on alternative oil domain awareness, combat piracy, and ensure freedom of
routes, incurring higher transportation costs and logistical navigation in the Red Sea.
challenges.  Existing frameworks like the Jeddah Agreement need to
• Rise in Insurance cost for ships: Insurance premiums for be strengthened, and information sharing should be
vessels transiting the Red Sea have surged by 300-500% improved.
since the attacks began, reaching as high as 5% of the ship's • Addressing Root Causes: Tackling the humanitarian crisis
hull value. and underlying political grievances in Yemen and Gaza is
 The risk zone is no longer confined to the immediate vicinity essential for long-term stability in the region.
of Yemen; insurers are now factoring in potential threats  International aid and development efforts should be scaled
throughout the southern Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden. up to address human suffering and foster economic
Recent attacks on an Indian ship near Indian borders opportunities.
have shown that the area of conflict is now increasing. • Diversification of Trade Routes: While the Red Sea remains
a vital artery, exploring alternative routes like the Cape of
Measures taken to Reduce its Effect:
Good Hope for oil imports can mitigate risks associated with
• Enhanced Naval Presence: Over 20 warships from regional disruptions in the region. Investing in pipeline infrastructure
and international forces like the US Navy, Indian Navy, and for long-term resilience is also worth considering.
Combined Maritime Forces are now patrolling the Red Sea,
deterring attacks and boosting confidence of merchant Conclusion:
vessels. • The current situation in the Red Sea is fluid and India is
• Drone Surveillance: As per a report published in Reuters, the looking after multiple options to safeguard its interests. India
United Arab Emirates is utilizing unmanned aerial vehicles to is still assessing various strategies to make herself immune
monitor Houthi activities and provide early warning to vessels. from these disruptions. As the current situ.
39
HOUTHIS
• Origin and Rise:
 The Houthi rebels, officially known as Ansar Allah, belong to the Zaidi sect, a branch of Shia Islam, and they have been
engaged in a protracted conflict with the Yemeni government.
 Their movement, named after Hussein al-Houthi, emerged in the 1990s as a response to perceived marginalization and
discrimination against Zaidis by the Sunni-dominated government.
• Expansion and conflict:
 By 2004, the Houthis had engaged in armed conflict with the Yemeni government, accusing it of corruption and failing to
address Zaidi grievances. Over the next decade, they gained control of significant territory in northern Yemen, establishing
their own administrative and judicial structures.
 In 2014, the Houthis capitalized on the Arab Spring uprisings, taking control of the capital, Sana'a, and forcing the internationally
recognized government into exile.
 This triggered a Saudi-led military intervention in 2015, aimed at restoring the ousted government and curbing Iranian
influence in the region.
• Role of Iran in supporting Houthis:
 Iran has been accused of providing military, financial and political support to Houthi rebels because of religious shia-sunni
rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran.
 There have been claims that Iranian military advisers and trainers are present in Yemen, assisting the Houthi rebels in
organizing and conducting military operations. Iran denies these allegations.
40
Int. Relation Feature Articles Current Affairs
GLOBAL PARTNERSHIP ON AI
India, the Chair of the Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI),
successfully hosted the Summit in December 2023 in New Delhi.
About: • Security and Resilience: The declaration highlights the

• The Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence (GPAI) is importance of robust cybersecurity measures to protect
an international initiative aiming to guide the responsible AI systems from vulnerabilities and ensure their resilience
development and use of Artificial Intelligence (AI). against potential threats.
• Number of members: 29 (including EU) • International Cooperation and Collaboration: The document
recognizes the global nature of AI and encourages
• Types of members: Governments, industry leaders, academics,
international collaboration and knowledge sharing to
civil society organizations, and international organizations.
address common challenges and advance responsible AI
development across borders.
KEY FACTS
• AI Pitch Fest provided an opportunity to upcoming startups
• 2022: India becomes the Chair of the GPAI, showcasing its
to pitch for their innovation and value-added products and
commitment to leading the global AI conversation.
services.
• Global AI market is expected to reach $1.5 trillion by 2025.
Significance of the Declaration:
Key Outcomes of the Summit: • Global Consensus: The New Delhi Declaration marks a
• GPAI New Delhi Declaration: It aims to build consensus among significant step towards a global consensus on responsible
GPAI members on advancing safe, secure, and trustworthy AI development, providing a common framework for member
AI and commitment to supporting the sustainability of GPAI countries to follow.
projects. The key points of the declaration are as follows:
• Actionable Roadmap: The document goes beyond principles
• Human-centered AI: The declaration emphasizes the and outlines concrete action points for member countries
importance of prioritizing human well-being and ensuring AI to implement, including capacity building, research
systems are developed and deployed ethically, with respect collaboration, and ethical guidelines development.
for human rights, dignity, and values.
• Building Trust and Confidence: The declaration aims to build
• Inclusiveness and Diversity: The document calls for ensuring trust and confidence in AI by promoting transparency,
AI benefits all and promotes diversity in the development and accountability, and responsible development, mitigating
deployment of AI systems, addressing biases and ensuring concerns around AI's potential negative impacts.
equitable access to its benefits.
• Sustainability and Environmental Responsibility: The declaration Conclusion:
recognizes the potential environmental impact of AI and • The GPAI is well-positioned to play a leading role in shaping the
encourages the development and use of AI for environmental future of AI. By continuing to promote responsible AI development
sustainability and responsible resource management. and collaboration, it can ensure that AI benefits all of humanity.
COMPARISON GPAI AND BLETCHLEY DECLARATION ON AI

Feature GPAI New Delhi Declaration (2023) Bletchley Declaration (2023)
Focus Global framework for safe, secure, and trustworthy AI Ethical AI development and governance in the UK
Signed by 29 member countries of the GPAI including
Scope Primarily focused on the UK
EU
UK-specific considerations, stakeholder engagement,
Global collaboration, action-oriented roadmap, building
Emphasis and addressing specific challenges like AI bias and
trust & confidence
explainability.
Strong emphasis on ethical principles, specific
Broad global consensus, actionable steps, focus on
Strengths recommendations for UK policy & regulation, focus on
environmental responsibility & international collaboration
addressing potential harms of AI.
Implementation challenges across diverse countries, Limited scope outside the UK, potential for differing
Weaknesses
need for ongoing adaptation to evolving AI landscape interpretations of principles.
41
Current Affairs
Economy Feature Articles
FOOD vs FUEL
The Indian govt., after banning sugar exports, has taken step to boost domestic sugar availability. Govt. has capped the
use of sugar cane juice and B-molasses diversion for producing ethanol to 17 lakh tonnes for the ongoing 2023-24 year.
Understanding Ethanol Production from Sugarcane: Impact of government order on Sugar Mills:
Indian sugar mills typically process sugarcane with 13.5-14% • Sugar mills had spent money including through borrowed
Total Fermentable Sugar (TFS). funds for creating additional distilling capacity. Due to the
Three methods can extract ethanol from this TFS: government's recent order these additional capacities will be
1. C-heavy Molasses: rendered useless thus undermining sugar mills capacity to
 Sugar mills extract around 11.5% of TFS juice as sugar. pay both banks and sugar growers.
 The remaining 2-2.5% TFS remains in C-heavy molasses. • A more serious cost involves policy credibility for the sugar
 This method yields around 10-11 liters of ethanol per ton mills owner. It might happen that in future these people don’t
of sugarcane. invest in creating additional capacity.
2. B-heavy Molasses:
National Policy on Biofuels:
 Sugar mills extract only 9.5-10% of sugar from TFS,
India's National Policy on Biofuels, first introduced in 2018 and
leaving 3.5-4% in B-heavy molasses.
amended in June 2022, aims to promote the domestic production
 This method produces about 20-21 liters of ethanol per
and utilization of biofuels to achieve several key objectives:
ton of sugarcane.
• Ethanol blending mandate: The policy mandates the blending
3. Full Extraction:
of ethanol with gasoline, with a target of achieving 20%
 No sugar is extracted from sugarcane. All 13.5-14% TFS
ethanol blend (E20) by 2025-26. This ambitious target has
is used for ethanol production.
been advanced from the initial deadline of 2030.
 This method delivers around 80-81 liters of ethanol per ton
of sugarcane. • Diversification of feedstock: The policy allows for the utilization
of a wider range of feedstocks for biofuel production, including
Financial Incentives for B-heavy Molasses and Full sugarcane, sugar beet, corn, cassava, and even damaged
Extraction: food grains unfit for human consumption. This promotes
• The government's Ethanol Blending Program (EBP) incentivizes resource efficiency and reduces concerns about food security.
B-heavy molasses and full extraction methods through higher • Fiscal and financial incentives: The policy offers various
prices paid by Oil Marketing Companies (OMCs). financial incentives, such as excise duty concessions, viability
• Before 2017-18, OMCs paid a uniform price for ethanol, gap funding, and capital grants, to attract investments in
regardless of the feedstock. biofuel production.
• As of 2022-23, the ex-distillery price per liter of ethanol was • Research and development: The policy emphasizes the
Rs. 49.41 for C-heavy molasses, but ranged from Rs. 60.73 to importance of research and development in advanced biofuel
Rs. 65.61 for B-heavy molasses and other feedstocks. technologies, such as second-generation biofuels made from
cellulosic biomass.
Impact on Ethanol Blending Target: • India's EBP is a double-edged sword, promising energy
• OMCs have floated tenders for procuring 825 crore liters of security and environmental benefits while raising concerns
ethanol for 2023-24, aiming for a 15% blending target. about food security.
GENERATION
FEEDSTOCK PROCESS ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
OF BIOFUEL
Starch and sugar Simple fermentation Well-established, high yields Competition with food, high land/
First crops water use, limited emissions
reduction
Lignocellulose Complex breakdown of Reduces food competition, Higher costs, lower yields,
Second
biomass cellulose higher emissions reduction feedstock challenges
Algae and micro- Under development, No food competition, high Unproven technology, high
Third organisms often involves GMOs potential yields costs, environmental and safety
concerns
42
The Allure of Ethanol: to a 15% rise in sugar prices, impacting affordability for low-
• Reducing oil dependence: India imported 85% of its crude oil income families.
in 2022-23, costing $185 billion. EBP aims to cut oil imports ● Ethical dilemma: Converting 25 million tons of sugarcane,
by 10% by 2030, potentially saving $18.5 billion annually. used for both sugar and ethanol, raises ethical concerns in a
• Boosting energy security: By 2023, India's ethanol production country with 23% of its population undernourished.
reached 11.2 billion liters, meeting 11.8% of petrol blending
targets. This reduced dependence on imported fuels by 12.5
Finding a Sustainable Balance:
million metric tons. • Feedstock diversification: EBP's reliance on sugarcane is
shifting. By 2030, the government aims for 50% of ethanol
• Environmentally friendly fuel: Ethanol blends like E20 reduce
from non-food sources like corn stover, rice straw, and
greenhouse gas emissions by 25% compared to pure petrol.
cellulosic ethanol.
In 2023, EBP prevented the release of an estimated 33 million
tons of CO2 equivalent. • Technological advancements: Research is ongoing to improve
• Economic benefits: EBP has generated over 6 lakh jobs ethanol yields from less feedstock. New technologies like
in the sugar and ethanol sectors, contributing to rural enzyme hydrolysis promise to double ethanol output from
development. sugarcane.
• Social safety nets: The government has implemented schemes
The Food vs. Fuel Conundrum: like the National Food Security Act to protect vulnerable
• Land use: Diverting land from food crops to sugarcane for populations from food price volatility.
EBP raises concerns. In 2023, sugarcane occupied 5.3% of • Transparency and participation: Increased communication
India's cultivable land, potentially impacting food production. about EBP's goals, challenges, and safeguards can build
• Price volatility: Increased demand for sugarcane in 2023 led public trust and encourage stakeholder involvement.
ADDITIONAL DATA POINTS

• The International Energy Agency (IEA) estimates that India's ethanol demand will reach 30 billion liters by 2030 (Source: IEA Global
EV Outlook 2023).
• The World Bank estimates that EBP could generate $10 billion in additional income for Indian farmers by 2030 (Source: World Bank
India Country Report 2022).
• The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimates that India will need to increase its food production by 50% by 2050 to
meet the growing demand of its population (Source: FAO World Food Outlook 2022).
Best Practices across World on Biofuel Production:

• Second-generation biofuels: Moving beyond traditional corn and sugarcane, countries like Brazil are leading the way in using
lignocellulosic biomass like wood chips and agricultural residues for bioethanol production. This reduces competition with food
crops and utilizes waste materials.
• Algae biofuels: Research and development in countries like the United States and Israel are focusing on algae as a potential
feedstock for biodiesel production. Algae can grow quickly on non-arable land and require minimal water, making them a
promising option.
FEATURE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY (IEA) FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION (FAO)
Global energy security and sustainable energy Global food security and sustainable agriculture
Primary Focus
development development
To ensure secure and reliable energy supplies, To achieve a world where everyone has access to safe
promote energy efficiency and environmental and nutritious food, and where agriculture is sustainable
Mission
sustainability, and foster international cooperation in and contributes to environmental protection and
energy matters. economic development.
Clean Energy Transitions Program, World Energy Hand-in-Hand Initiative, Food Loss and Waste Reduction
Outlook, Global Energy Technology Transfer Platform, Programme, The State of Food and Agriculture report,
Key Initiatives
Sustainable Development Goals 7 (Affordable and Sustainable Development Goals 2 (Zero Hunger) and 15
Clean Energy) and 13 (Climate Action). (Life on Land).
Headquarters Paris, France Rome, Italy
43
CurrentSecurity
Affairs Feature Articles
PARLIAMENT SECURITY BREACH

On December 13, 2023, the Indian Parliament witnessed a major security breach. The culprits released
yellow gas from canisters and shouted slogans before being overpowered by MPs.
monitoring internal CCTV systems. This security agency was

PAST INSTANCES OF SECURITY LAPSE
formed on the recommendation of the Joint Parliamentary
IN INDIAN PARLIAMENT
Committee on Security of Parliament House Complex (2001).
• April, 1974: One person, Ratan Chandra Gupta, shouted  This security service comes under LokSabha speaker and
slogans from the visitor's gallery while carrying two pistols, is overall incharge of security.
an object resembling a bomb, and pamphlets. This
• National Security Guard (NSG): Deployed as a quick reaction
incident exposed loopholes in visitor access and screening
force in case of an emergency or hostage situation. They are
procedures.
highly trained and equipped to neutralize threats within the
• July, 1974: Biplab Basu was caught trying to enter the building.
visitor's gallery with a dagger, raising concerns about
Intelligence and Threat Assessment:
inadequate security checks at entry points.
• Intelligence Bureau (IB): Responsible for gathering and
• November, 1974: Satenderjeet Singh was apprehended
analyzing intelligence about potential threats, including
carrying explosives and a dagger to the visitor's gallery,
gathering information from various sources and assessing
emphasizing the need for stricter monitoring of personal
the credibility of threats.
belongings.
• Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW): Primarily focuses on
• January, 1999: Two individuals, Badri Prasad and
external intelligence gathering and monitoring activities
Pushpendra Chauhan, jumped from the public gallery
outside India that could pose a threat to the Parliament.
into the Lok Sabha chamber during Question Hour. This
incident exposed vulnerabilities in physical barriers and
RECOMMENDATIONS OF
crowd control measures.
PAST COMMITTEES ON PARLIAMENT SECURITY
• December 2001: Five heavily armed terrorists, believed to
Joint Parliamentary Committee on Security of Parliament House
be affiliated with Lashkar-e-Taiba and Jaish-e-Mohammed,
Complex (2001):
stormed the complex in a car bearing forged Home Ministry
• Formed after the December 13, 2001 terrorist attack on the
stickers. They opened fire, engaging in a fierce gun battle
Parliament.
with security forces that lasted for over an hour.
• Recommended a multi-layered security approach with
• November, 2016: A man from Madhya Pradesh attempted
enhanced focus on intelligence gathering, threat
to jump into the Lok Sabha, showcasing the ongoing
assessment, and crisis management.
challenges in managing unauthorized access even within
• Suggested creation of a dedicated Parliament Security
the visitor's gallery.
Service, which later came into existence.
Responsibility of Security Forces in Securing Parliament • Emphasized the need for regular security drills and training
Building: for both security personnel and Parliament staff.
• The committee's recommendations played a crucial role in
External Perimeter Security:
overhauling Parliament security after the devastating attack.
• Delhi Police: While access control such as frisking and scanning Parliamentary Standing Committee on Home Affairs (2018):
the baggage is the responsibility of the Delhi Police. • Submitted a report titled "Security of Parliament House
Additionally, it also provides support for overall external Complex" after the 2016 security breach.
security, coordinating with CISF on crowd control, traffic
• Identified gaps in perimeter security, visitor access control,
management, and intelligence gathering.
and intelligence gathering.
• Parliament Duty Group (PDG): An armed component of the • Recommended improvements in coordination between
Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), is deployed in case an various security agencies involved in Parliament protection.
armed intervention is required. • Emphasized the need for modernizing security equipment
Internal Building Security: and adopting advanced technological solutions.
• Parliament Security Service (PSS): Primarily responsible for • The committee's recommendations led to several security
security within the building itself, including access control upgrades, including installation of high-resolution CCTV
at entry points, patrolling corridors and chambers, and cameras and improved perimeter fencing.
44
Security Feature Articles Current Affairs
MYANMAR: TOP OPIUM PRODUCER

The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) released a report
“Southeast Asia Opium Survey 2023: Cultivation, Production and Implications”.
Key Findings: GOLDEN TRIANGLE

• Myanmar has become the world’s top producer of opium,
• It includes the regions of Myanmar, Laos, and Thailand.
overtaking Afghanistan in 2023.
• It is Southeast Asia’s main opium-producing region and
• Afghanistan, the world's biggest producer for some years,
one of the oldest narcotics supply routes to Europe and
has seen cultivation collapse after the Taliban authorities North America.
vowed to end illegal drug production.
• Golden Triangle was a key player in the global heroin trade,
• Opium farming in Southeast Asia is due to poverty, lack and various insurgent groups and warlords were involved
of government services, challenging macroeconomic in the cultivation, production, and trafficking of narcotics.
environments, instability and insecurity.
• The region's instability, coupled with the demand for
narcotics, contributed to the flourishing drug trade.
Reasons for increased production in Myanmar:
• Golden Triangle: Northeastern Myanmar is part of the Golden GOLDEN CRESCENT
Triangle, where the borders of Myanmar, Laos and Thailand • It is a region in South Asia where the borders of three
meet. countries converge: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan. This
• Lawlessness in border areas: Myanmar’s central government region is known for its mountainous and rugged terrain.
has not been able to exercise necessary control over various • Similar to the Golden Triangle, the Golden Crescent is a
ethnic minority militias, some of them partners in the drug significant source of opium production.
trade.  Afghanistan, in particular, has been a major producer
• Economic hardships: Poor access to markets and state of opium poppy, and the region is a key player in the
infrastructure along with rampant inflation have played a global opiate trade.
significant role in farmers' decisions to increase opium • The cultivation of opium poppy has been intertwined with
production. the geopolitical and security dynamics of the region.
Impact on India: Opium:

• Drug Trafficking and Organized Crime: It can lead to the illegal • Opium comes from the sap in unripe poppy-seed pods.
drug trade and contribute to the growth of organized crime • The sap dries into a brown latex that contains alkaloids
networks. which produce a host of narcotic and pharmaceutical drugs,
 Once the Trafficking routes are established, it leads to including heroin, methamphetamine, morphine and codeine.
increased criminal activities and violence. • Composition and Alkaloids:
• Challenges for Law Enforcement: Increased opium production  Morphine: It is the principal alkaloid in opium and is a
poses challenges for law enforcement agencies, requiring potent analgesic (pain-relieving) and narcotic substance.
resources and efforts to combat illegal activities associated  Codeine: It is another alkaloid found in opium, and it is used
with the drug trade. for its analgesic and antitussive (cough-suppressant)
properties.
• Public Health Issues: It leads to Increased heroin production,
 Thebaine: It is a lesser-known alkaloid in opium and
contributing to drug addiction and associated health
serves as a precursor for the synthesis of various opioid
problems.
medications.
 The spread of HIV/AIDS and other bloodborne diseases
may increase due to unsafe drug use practices. Opium Production in India:
• Terror Funding: Drug trafficking linked to funding for terrorist • Opium cultivation has a long history in India, dating back to
activities, poses a threat to national security. ancient times.
• Overburdened Treatment Facilities: The prevalence of drug  During the British colonial era, the British East India
abuse can overwhelm existing healthcare facilities and Company established opium cultivation in various regions,
rehabilitation centers, making it challenging to provide including the present-day states of Uttar Pradesh, Madhya
adequate treatment. Pradesh, and Rajasthan.
45
• In India, there are about 1 lakh farmers across 22 districts • Awareness Creation: Fact-based information to raise
in Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh with a awareness of the potential harm from non-medical use of
license to cultivate opium. cannabis is necessary.
• The majority of them are from three districts that border
Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan — Mandsaur, Neemuch, and UNITED NATIONS OFFICE ON DRUGS AND CRIME
Chittorgarh. • Establishment: UNODC was established in 1997 through
 Together, these districts produce 80% of India’s opium. the merger of the United Nations Drug Control Programme
• Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Act, 1985, (UNDCP) and the Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice
regulates the cultivation, production, and trade of opium and Division of the United Nations Office at Vienna.
its derivatives in India. • Mandate: UNODC has a broad mandate that encompasses
 Opium cultivation is allowed for medicinal and scientific various aspects of drug control, crime prevention, and
purposes under strict government control. criminal justice. Its primary objectives include:
• India currently permits the cultivation of opium poppies for  Combating illicit drugs and trafficking.
the production of opium alkaloids used in pharmaceuticals.  Promoting crime prevention and criminal justice reform.
 The cultivation is conducted under the supervision of the  Addressing corruption and terrorism.
Central Bureau of Narcotics (CBN), and licensed farmers in  Advancing efforts to counter organized crime.
specific regions are allowed to cultivate opium poppies. • UNODC's work is organized around three main pillars:
 Research and Analysis: Collecting and analyzing data on
Way Ahead: drug trends, organized crime, and related issues.
• International cooperation: Development of international  Normative Work: Developing international standards
accountability mechanisms and best practices would greatly and providing guidance to member states.
increase interception capacity.  Field-based Technical Cooperation: Implementing
• Global Monitoring: Increased expert access to the dark projects and providing assistance to countries in areas
web in order to take down online markets and platforms. such as law enforcement, criminal justice reform, drug
Implement real-time data monitoring systems for promptly treatment, and prevention.
detecting and addressing drug market changes. • Headquarters: Vienna, Austria
46
Security Feature Articles Current Affairs
MARITIME SECURITY
Due to an increased security threat to shipping vessels in
the Gulf of Aden and the Arabian Sea, maritime security was in news.
About: • Contiguous Zone (24 Nautical Miles): Beyond the territorial

• It involves protecting the nation's sovereignty from threats waters, there is a contiguous zone that extends an
arising from the oceans and seas. additional 12 nautical miles.
• It includes protecting coastal areas, safeguarding the  In this zone, India can take action to prevent or punish
available ocean resources such as fish, offshore oil and gas infringements on customs, fiscal, immigration, or
wells, port facilities, etc. sanitary laws within its territory or territorial sea.
• It also means maintaining freedom at sea for movement of our • Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ): The EEZ extends up to 200
ships and facilitating and protecting trad. nautical miles from the baseline.
 Within this zone, India has the exclusive rights for
INDIA’S MARITIME ZONE exploring, exploiting, conserving, and managing
• India's maritime zone refers to the maritime boundaries natural resources, such as fisheries and hydrocarbons.
and areas under its jurisdiction in the surrounding seas and
oceans. Threats to the Maritime Security of India:
• India has a coastline of 7,516.6 Km including island • Choke Points: Strait of Horminz, Malacca and Singapore
territories. Straits, Sunda Strait, Lombok Strait, Cape of Good Hope,
Mozambique Channel, Ombai and Wetar Straits, Bab-el-
• Territorial Waters (12 Nautical Miles): The territorial waters
Mandeb are the major choke points in Indian ocean region.
of India extend up to 12 nautical miles from the baseline.
 India is equidistant from most of these choke points
 Within this zone, India exercises full sovereignty, and it
allowing it to play a prominent role in the security of this
includes the country's coastal areas and ports.
huge maritime space.
47
• Increased Chinese Presence: The opacity of Chinese policy Steps Taken by Government of India to Strengthen
and less than comfortable assurances on contentious issues the Maritime Security:
coupled with the existing disputes with India has widened • Indian Navy and Coast Guard Modernization: The government
an already existing trust deficit, further provoking security has invested in the modernization and augmentation of the
concerns. Indian Navy and Coast Guard fleets.
• Piracy: Piracy remains a concern in certain maritime regions,  This includes the acquisition of new ships, submarines,
particularly in the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. aircraft, and advanced surveillance systems to enhance
 Pirate activities, such as hijackings and ransom demands, operational capabilities.
can pose a threat to maritime trade and the safety of • Joint Operations Centers (JOCs): Joint Operations Centers
seafarers. have been established to facilitate seamless coordination
and information-sharing among different maritime security
• Terrorism: Terrorist groups may use the sea routes for
agencies, including the Navy, Coast Guard, and other law
smuggling weapons, funds, and personnel, posing a
enforcement agencies.
challenge to maritime security.
• Maritime Security Exercises: India regularly conducts maritime
• Maritime Border Disputes: India has maritime border disputes
security exercises and drills to enhance preparedness and
with neighboring countries, such as disputes over Exclusive coordination among different agencies.
Economic Zones (EEZs), fishing rights, and territorial waters
• Capacity Building and Training: The government focuses
may contribute to regional instability.
on capacity building and training programs for personnel
• Narcotics and Human Trafficking: Maritime routes are used for involved in maritime security.
the illegal transportation of narcotics and human trafficking.  This includes training exercises, skill development, and
Smuggling activities can have significant social, economic, knowledge enhancement to ensure a skilled and prepared
and security implications. workforce.
• State-Sponsored Activities: State-sponsored activities, • Participation in Regional Frameworks: India participates in
including naval build-ups and strategic posturing by regional frameworks such as Association of Southeast Asian
neighboring countries, can have implications for regional Nations Regional Forum (ARF), East Asia Summit (EAS) and
stability and maritime security. the ASEAN Defence Ministers Meeting Plus (ADMM Plus) to
expand its cooperation and exchanges with the Indo-Pacific
Maritime Security Mechanism of India: region.
• Indian Navy: It maintains a fleet of warships, submarines, • India’s Maritime Anti-Piracy Bill 2022: It will provide for an
aircraft, and surveillance assets to monitor and respond to effective legal instrument to combat maritime piracy.
threats in the maritime domain.  Stringent punishment to those convicted of such crimes.
 It has jurisdiction over the entire maritime zone (up to 200 • Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) : Indian
nautical miles). Naval ships and aircraft are regularly deployed on ‘Mission
• Indian Coast Guard: The Indian Coast Guard plays a crucial Based Deployments’ in the Indian Ocean Region to enhance
maritime security.
role in maritime security, particularly in enforcing maritime
 It also undertakes surveillance to enhance Maritime
laws, protecting the coastline, preventing smuggling, and
Domain Awareness and address contingencies that may
conducting search and rescue operations.
arise. These are in consonance with Government of India’s
• State Police: The forces operate within the territorial boundaries vision of Security and Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR)
of a specific state in India.
• India’s Maritime Vision 2030 sets out a creative model.
• National Command, Control, Communication, and Intelligence  This 10-year blueprint for the maritime sector envisages
(NC3I) Network: The NC3I network integrates data from the development of ports, shipping, and inland waterways
multiple sources to provide real-time information for decision- as a way of generating growth and livelihoods.
makers. • India’s first National Maritime Security Coordinator (NMSC):
• Legal Framework: India has enacted laws and regulations to The appointment of India’s first National Maritime Security
address maritime security concerns, including the Maritime Coordinator reflects seriousness to address maritime security
Zones Act, the Territorial Waters Act, and the Indian Coast challenges. It fulfils a long outstanding recommendation
Guard Act. These legal instruments provide the basis for made by the Group of Ministers (GoM) in 2000, to set up an
enforcement and response actions. apex body for management of maritime affairs.
48
Environment Feature Articles Current Affairs
ENNORE OIL SPILL

In Ennore, Tamil Nadu Kosasthalaiyar river has witnessed oil spill
from the Chennai Petroleum Corporation Limited post Cyclone Michaung.
About:  Inhalation of fumes, ingestion of contaminated seafood,

• An oil spill is the release of a liquid petroleum hydrocarbon or direct skin contact with oil can lead to respiratory
from tankers, offshore platforms, drilling rigs or wells into the problems, skin irritation, and long-term health effects.
environment, especially marine areas.
International Efforts for Dealing with Oil Spill:
• Spilled substances: It may be refined petroleum products,
such as gasoline and diesel fuel, as well as their by-products • International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from
— heavier fuels used by large ships such as bunker fuel or Ships (MARPOL): It was rolled out by the International Maritime
oily refuse of any kind. Organisation (IMO) in 1973 and recognised the need for
international coherent efforts for curbing oil spill.
Past Incidences: • International Convention on Oil Pollution Preparedness,
• International Incidence: Response and Cooperation 1990: It is the international
 Venezuela: In 2020 oil leakage from the El Palito refinery in instrument that provides a framework designed to facilitate
Venezuela. international cooperation and mutual assistance in preparing
 Japanese ship MV Wakashio carrying fuel oil split into two for and responding to major oil pollution incidents.
parts near Blue Bay Marine Park in south-east Mauritius.
 Russia: Arctic (Norilsk diesel fuel spill) Oil Spill Indian Efforts for dealing with Oil Spill:
• Indian incidents: • National Oil Spill Disaster Contingency Plan (NOS-DCP): It was
 Chennai 2017: Two ships collided off Kamarajar Port promulgated in 1996 and revised in 2015. Its Objectives are:
Limited’s (KPL) harbor and resulted in a major oil spill  Effective reporting of spillage
disaster.  Prompt response to prevent, control and combat oil pollution
 Sundarban 2014: Oil spill in Sela River, Bangladesh  Adequate protection to Public Health and Welfare along
created an environmental concern for India too. with Marine Environment
 ONGC Uran Plan leaked oil in the Arabian Sea in 2013.  Use of Science and Technology for preventing and
 Mumbai coast: In 2010 two ships collided causing the 800 managing oil spills and pollution and residuals.
tonnes of the oil spill.
• Merchant shipping Act, 1958: The Act, describes the power
Damage Caused by oil Spill: to give a notice to the owner, when the central government
• Environmental Impact: Oil spills harm various species of fish, is satisfied the ship is not as per the prescribed rules. If
birds, mammals, and other marine life. The oil can coat and the person fails to comply, the government can convict the
damage the fur or feathers of animals, making it difficult for person of an offense.
them to swim or fly. • The Indian Coast Guard: It functions as the Central Coordinating
• Habitat Destruction: Oil can contaminate coastal habitats, Authority for response to Oil spills in Indian waters.
including beaches, marshes, and mangroves, leading to  The National Level Pollution Response Exercise (NATPOLREX-
long-term damage. IX) was conducted by the Indian Coast Guard off Vadinar,
• Fisheries and Aquaculture: Contaminated waters can lead Gujarat recently.
to reduced fish populations and damage to fishing gear,
affecting the livelihoods of communities dependent on these
Control Measures for Oil Spills:
activities. • Bioremediation: It refers to the use of specific microorganisms
 In the case of Ennore, fishermen have not been able to to remove any toxic or harmful substances
venture into fishing as fish catch smells of oil.  TERI has developed Oil Zapper Bacteria which can
• Tourism: Coastal areas affected by oil spills often experience degrade the oil quickly.
a decline in tourism due to the negative perception of polluted • Oil Booms: They are temporary floating barriers used to contain
beaches and waters. marine spills, protect the environment, and assist in recovery.
• Exposure to Toxic Substances: The chemicals present in oil, • Using Dispersants: Dispersal agents are chemicals that are
such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs), pose sprayed upon the spill with the help of aircraft and boats,
health risks to humans. which aid the natural breakdown of oil components.
49
Current Affairs
Geography
GROUND WATER
Feature Articles
RESOURCE ASSESSMENT REPORT

The ‘Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment Report’ was carried out jointly by
the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB) and States/UTs.
Key Highlights of the report: • Unsustainable Pumping Practices: Frequent pumping of water
• CGWB is the apex organization of the Ministry of Jal Shakti without allowing for natural replenishment accelerates the
dealing with groundwater and related issues. depletion of groundwater resources.
• The total annual groundwater recharge for the entire country Impact of Groundwater Depletion:
is 449.08 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM), marking an increase
• Lowered Water Table: Depletion of groundwater may lower the
of 11.48 BCM compared to 2022 and annual groundwater
water table, making it challenging to extract water for various
extraction for the entire country is 241.34 BCM.
uses.
 Reasons highlighted for increasing groundwater:
• Reduced Stream and Lake Levels: Groundwater depletion
Assessment indicates an increase in groundwater recharge
diminishes the contribution of seepage into streambeds,
primarily because of an increase in recharge from canal
leading to decreased water flow in rivers, streams, and lakes.
seepage, return flow of irrigation water and recharges from
water bodies/tanks & water conservation structures. • Land Subsidence: Groundwater provides support to soil;
depletion disrupts this balance, causing soil collapse,
• Rainfall contributes nearly 60% of the total annual groundwater
compaction, and land subsidence.
recharge.
• Increased Extraction Costs: Depleting groundwater levels
necessitates deeper extraction, resulting in higher costs for
water extraction.
• Impact on Agriculture and Food Security: The exhaustion of
groundwater has detrimental consequences for agriculture,
a sector heavily dependent on irrigation. Diminished water
availability hinders crop yields, diminishes agricultural
productivity, and poses a significant threat to the nation's
Causes of Groundwater Depletion:
food security.
• Increased Water Demand: The rising demand for water in
domestic, industrial, and agricultural sectors, coupled Steps taken for Groundwater Conservation:
with limited surface water resources, results in the over- • National Aquifer Mapping and Management (NAQUIM):
exploitation of groundwater. The CGWB has taken up the NAQUIM program under the
• Policy and Economic Factors: Subsidies on electricity and high Ground Water Management and Regulation scheme, with the
Minimum Support Prices (MSP) for water-intensive crops objectives to delineate the aquifers, characterize them, and
further incentivize over-extraction, while inadequate regulation prepare management plans.
of groundwater laws lacks penalties for unsustainable usage. • Master Plan for Artificial Recharge to Groundwater (2020): It
• Environmental Stressors: Deforestation, unscientific includes artificial recharge in both rural and urban areas,
agricultural practices, industrial chemical effluents, and poor including water-scarce cities.
sanitation contribute to groundwater pollution, rendering it • Jal Shakti Abhiyan (JSA): It was launched in 2019 in water-
unfit for use. stressed blocks of 256 districts in the country, with the primary
aim to effectively harvest the monsoon rainfall through
• Natural Influences: Uneven rainfall patterns and the impact of
the creation of artificial recharge structures, watershed
climate change hinder the natural process of groundwater
management, recharge and reuse structures, intensive
recharge.
afforestation, and awareness generation.
• Storage Challenges: In regions with hard rock terrain and
• Atal Bhujal Yojana: It is being implemented in collaboration with
deficient rainfall, especially in central Indian states, limited
States, in certain water-stressed areas of Gujarat, Haryana,
storage facilities exacerbate the problem of groundwater
Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and
depletion.
Uttar Pradesh. The primary aim of the scheme is demand-
• Impact of Green Revolution: The Green Revolution facilitated the side management through scientific means involving the
cultivation of water-intensive crops in drought-prone regions, local communities at village levels leading to sustainable
contributing to the excessive extraction of groundwater. groundwater management in the targeted areas.
50
Society Feature Articles Current Affairs
PAID MENSTRUAL LEAVE

Recently, one Cabinet Minister opposed a policy for period leaves in Parliament.
About: • Normalizing menstruation and promoting menstrual education

• Menstrual Leaves: Menstrual leave or period leave refers to all in society: Openly discussing and providing support for
policies that allow women employees or students to take time menstruation in the context of paid leave can help normalize
off when they are experiencing menstrual pain or discomfort. periods in society, leading to greater acceptance and
 In the context of the workplace, it refers to policies that understanding among all genders. It will also demystify myths
related to menstruation among students.
allow for both paid or unpaid leave, or time for rest.
• Empowering girls and young women: By openly addressing
• In the Lok Sabha, at least three attempts were made in recent
menstruation and providing practical support, menstrual
years to bring in private member Bills to propose menstrual
leave can empower girls and young women to manage their
leave.
periods with confidence and dignity, contributing to their
Need for Paid Menstrual Leave: overall development and well-being.
• Menstrual Health and Well-being: Menstrual health is an • Addressing menstrual health and hygiene needs: Menstrual
integral aspect of overall well-being. Some individuals leave supports women's health by managing symptoms and
experience physical discomfort, pain, fatigue, and emotional promoting hygiene, boosting overall well-being.
changes during menstruation. • Breaking taboos and stigma: Openly discussing and providing
• Promoting Gender Equality: Menstruation is a biological support for menstruation can help break down taboos and
function that affects individuals assigned to females at stigma surrounding periods, leading to greater understanding
birth. Offering paid menstrual leave contributes to gender and empathy.
equality by recognizing and addressing the unique needs of • Reduced healthcare costs: Chronic menstrual pain and
menstruating individuals. associated conditions may require medical attention and
potential absences for treatment. Paid menstrual leave
• Stigma and Taboos: Menstruation is often surrounded by
encourages women to prioritize their health, potentially
cultural taboos and stigma, leading to discrimination and
leading to earlier diagnosis and management of menstrual
silence around the topic. Implementing paid menstrual leave
disorders, reducing long-term healthcare costs for both
contributes to breaking down these barriers by acknowledging
employees and companies.
menstruation as a natural and normal bodily function.
• Talent pool expansion and competitive advantage: Companies
• Accommodating Medical Conditions: For some individuals,
offering menstrual leave as part of their benefits package can
menstruation can be associated with medical conditions
attract and retain a wider talent pool, including women who
such as dysmenorrhea, endometriosis, or other menstrual
may have previously prioritized workplaces offering such
disorders.
supportive policies. This can give them a competitive edge in
• Legal Recognition and Rights: Explicitly offering paid menstrual attracting and retaining skilled employees.
leave reflects a commitment to recognizing menstrual health
• Boosted company image and social responsibility: Implementing
as a legitimate reason for leave. It aligns with the broader
menstrual leave reflects a company's commitment to
efforts to establish and enforce labor laws that promote the
diversity, inclusion, and ethical practices. This can improve
well-being and rights of employees.
brand image and attract investment and partnerships with
Arguments in Favour of Providing Menstrual Leave: socially conscious consumers and organizations.
• Increased productivity and reduced presenteeism: Studies in Arguments against Paid Menstrual Leave for Women:
countries like Japan and Taiwan show minimal impact on
• Economic costs:
absenteeism with menstrual leave policies.
Direct Costs:
 A 2020 study by the University of Leeds estimated that
 Payroll expenses: Paying employees during their menstrual
presenteeism (working while unwell) costs UK businesses
leave period.
£75 billion annually.
 Temporary replacements: Hiring or assigning additional
 Paid menstrual leave could reduce this cost by allowing work to cover absent employees.
women to manage their symptoms effectively, leading to  Administrative costs: Implementing and managing the
better focus and performance at work. leave policy.
51
Indirect Costs: Conclusion:

 Reduced productivity: Short-term dips in productivity while • To start with, women at workplaces can be allowed for short
employees are on leave. leaves (half-days, 1-2 days) alongside longer options to cater to
 Potential employee turnover: Loss of skilled employees due varying symptom intensities and individual needs based on
to menstrual leave support provided to skilled employees. doctor recommendations. Recognizing and accommodating
 Negative morale: Discontent among male employees who the unique challenges faced by menstruating individuals
don't have access to menstrual leave. contributes to a more inclusive, compassionate, and equitable
• Potential for misuse: Some argue that the policy could be work environment.
misused by some women, leading to increased absenteeism
and productivity loss for businesses. MENSTRUAL HYGIENE AND HEALTH SCHEMES IN INDIA
• Impact on female employment: Critics fear that some • Menstrual Hygiene Scheme: It was launched in 2011
employers might be hesitant to hire women due to the for adolescent girls in the age group of 10-19 years and
perceived added cost of menstrual leave. focussed on the distribution of low-cost sanitary napkins in
• Defining legitimate leave: Determining genuine menstrual communities through ASHAs.
needs versus other potential reasons for absence could be • Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: Under it The Ministry of Jal Shakti
challenging and lead to administrative complexities. and Education launched the National Guidelines on
• Monitoring and verification: Implementing a fair and effective Menstrual Hygiene Management (MHM) for rural areas.
system to verify menstrual leave claims could be intrusive • The Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers implements the
and impractical. Pradhan Mantri Bharatiya Janausadhi Pariyojna (PMBJP),
• Accessibility and inclusivity: The policy's effectiveness under which the Janaushidhi Kendras have been set up
might be limited in rural areas with informal work settings or that provides Oxo-biodegradable sanitary napkins named
inadequate healthcare access. Suvidha at Rs. 1/- per pad only.
• Potential for discrimination: There's a concern that women • The School Health and Wellness Programme launched
might be discriminated against based on their menstrual cycle, jointly by the MoHFW and MoE includes a component on
particularly in male-dominated workplaces. awareness generation on MHM through weekly interactive
• Lack of awareness and understanding: Many men lack classroom sessions taken up by trained teachers in schools.
understanding of menstrual health and the challenges women
• In India, Bihar (1992) and Kerala (2023) have a leave policy
face, potentially leading to resentment or skepticism towards
in place as do certain corporations.
the policy.
Paid Menstrual Leave: Global Best Practices vs. India

Feature Global Best Practices India (Current) Potential Approach
Yes, often full or partial (Spain, Consider partial or full pay in
Paid Leave No
Indonesia) phases
Offer options like half-days, 1-2
Leave Length Flexible, as needed (Taiwan) N/A
days
Consider for extended leave to
Doctor's Note Optional for extended leave (Spain) N/A
ensure medical care
Workplace Emphasis on de-stigmatization Implement workshops and
Limited awareness
Education (Japan) campaigns
Clear guidelines and regulations
Legal Framework No specific law Develop a strong legal framework
(Zambia)
Financial support, flexibility, medical Adapt best practices to the Indian
Key Strengths N/A
support, destigmatization context
Lack of awareness, potential
Potential misuse, the financial burden Phased implementation, address
Key Challenges discrimination, practical
on employers, societal stigma concerns, strong legal framework
implementation
52
Society Feature Articles Current Affairs
STATUS OF CHILD ISSUES IN INDIA

Two most important issue pertaining to child’s status in India is the child marriage and
child labour as highlited in Lancet Study and Parliamentary Panel on Child Labour respectively.
1. CHILD MARRIAGE IN INDIA RECENT GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES
Lancet Study on Child Marriage in India: • Ms Jaya Jaitly Task Force, 2020: to examine the correlation
of age of marriage and motherhood with: health, medical
• One in five girls and nearly one in six boys are still married
well-being, and nutritional status of mother and child, etc.
below the legal age of marriage in India (18), as per a new
• The Prohibition of Child Marriage (Amendment) Bill, 2021: It
study published in the Lancet Global Health recently.
was introduced for raising the age of marriage of women to
Key Highlights: 21 years to make it at par with the men.
• Although there have been dramatic declines in child marriage

during the last three decades, there is evidence of stagnation.
• The all-India prevalence of child marriage in girls declined
from 49.4 per cent in 1993 to 22.3 per cent in 2021 while that
among the boys declined from 7.1 per cent in 2006 to 2.2 per
cent in 2021.
• Variation in the prevalence child marriages: All states, except
Manipur, experienced a decline in the prevalence of girl child
marriage between 1993 and 2021.
 Bihar (16·7%), West Bengal (15·2%), Uttar Pradesh
(12·5%), and Maharashtra (8·2%) – accounted for more
than half of the total burden of child marriages in girls.
 For boys, Gujarat (29%), Bihar (16·5%), West Bengal
(12.9%), and Uttar Pradesh (8.2%) accounted for more
than 60 per cent of the burden.
About the Child Marriage:

• Child marriage is defined as marriage in individuals younger
than 18 years for men and women. Impact of Child Marriage on Children:
• According to National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5) 2019- • Health risks: Early pregnancy increases the risk of
21, women in the age group of 20-24 years who were married complications and maternal mortality.
before they turned 18, are 14.7% in urban and 27% in rural • Limited education and opportunities: Girls married young
areas. often drop out of school, hindering their education and future
career prospects.
Evolution of Marriage Age in India: • Psychological trauma: Child marriage can lead to emotional
• Pre-Colonial Era: No codified minimum age and marriage distress, social isolation, and increased vulnerability to
ages varied widely across castes, communities, and regions. domestic violence.
• Colonial Period: The Sharda Act (The Child Marriage Restraint • Poverty and economic dependency: Child brides contribute
Act, 1929) marked the first attempt to set a minimum age for less to the household income, perpetuating the vicious cycle
marriage, initially at 14 for girls and 18 for boys. of poverty.
• Post-Independence India: The Indian Constitution, adopted in Combating Child Marriage:

1950 did not explicitly address child marriage.
• Empowering girls: Education, economic opportunities, and
 The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (PCMA) of 2006 set access to healthcare can equip girls to resist child marriage.
the legal minimum age for marriage- 18 years for females,  National Commission for Women studies have shown that
and 21 years for men. access to education has delayed the marriage age.
53
• Changing social norms: Addressing community attitudes and Child Rights in India:
promoting awareness about the negative consequences of • The Constitution of India guarantees all children certain rights,
child marriage are essential. which have been specially included for them. These include:
• Strong legislation: Raising the legal minimum age for marriage • Besides, Children also have rights as equal citizens of India,
and enforcing laws against child marriage are crucial. just as any other adult male or female:
• International cooperation: Collaborative efforts are needed to
share best practices and address cross-border issues. Article 14 Right to equality
Article 15 Right against discrimination
Way Ahead:
Article 21 Right to personal liberty and due process law
• There remains an urgent need for strengthened national and
Right to being protected from being trafficked and
state-level policy to eliminate child marriage. Article 23
forced into bonded labour
• The Sustainable Development Goal target 5.3 aims to end
Article 29 Right to minorities for protection of their interests
child marriage in girls by 2030. For girls, the annual rate of
reduction in the prevalence of child marriage must increase Right of weaker sections of the people to be
from 1.9 per cent to 23 percent globally to meet the SDG Article 46 protected from social injustice and all forms of
target, as per the Lancet report. exploitation
2. ISSUE OF CHILD LABOUR

Parliamentary Panel on Child Labour:
• Recently, the Parliamentary panel informed that the country
needs uniform definition of ‘child’ first to eliminate child labour.
About:
• According to the 52nd report of the Parliamentary Standing
Committee on Labour, Textiles and Skill Development
Committee tabled in the Parliament, the Panel found ambiguity
in the definition of child under various legislations.
Recommendations of the Panel:

DEFINITION OF A CHILD
• Mechanism: For the functioning of DPS (District Project
• The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child
Societies) with regard to uploading information of the rescued
(UNHRC): A child as an individual who has not attained the
child on PENCIL Portal, awareness generation, facilitating
age of 18 years. India has been a signatory to the UNHRC
vocational training, conducting baseline survey, etc put in
since 1992.
place in a time-bound manner so that there is no discontinuity
• The International Labour Organization (ILO): Child is any with regard to the mandate assigned to DPS through a
person under 18. Child Labour (as per the ILO) refers to work Standard Operating Procedure (SOP).
that deprives children of their childhood, their potential and
• Child-friendly Police stations and Courts: Panel suggested the
their dignity, and that is harmful to their physical and/or
Labour Ministry to pursue other Ministries for having child-
mental development.
friendly police stations and courts.
• The Prohibition of Child Marriage Act (2006): A male (21 years
• UN (SDG 8.7) and International Labour Organization (ILO):
of age) and a female (18 years of age) cannot attain majority.
The elimination of child labour in all forms by 2025 as per
• The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment commitments made by the India after ratification of the ILO
Act, 2016: 'Child' means a person who has not completed conventions.
his fourteenth year of age or such age as may be specified
• Gurupadswamy Committee (1979): It was formed to study the
in the Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education
issue of child labour and to suggest measures to tackle it.
Act, 2009, whichever is more.
The Committee observed poverty is is main factor for the
• The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, child labour.
2015: It defines ‘child’ as a person who has not completed
• The Union and State Governments need to prepare an
eighteen years of age. However, the term ‘adolescent’ is
effective action plan under the guidance and supervision of
not defined in the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of
the International Labour Organization (ILO) and of the United
Children) Act, 2015.
Nations Organization (UNO).
54
In-Shorts | Economy Current Affairs
ECONOMY
FIRST-EVER AUCTION FOR CRITICAL shortage and associated impact on the economy is relatively
higher than the other raw materials.
MINERALS
• The Centre for Socio and Economic Progress (CSEP) in its paper
The Ministry of Mines has launched the first tranche auction “Assessing the Criticality of Minerals in India” (2023) evaluated
of Critical and Strategic Minerals. the criticality of minerals in India based on two dimensions:
 economic importance for the Indian economy
About:  supply risks
• Twenty blocks of critical and strategic minerals being
auctioned are spread across the country. Significance of Critical Minerals:
• It is aimed to ensure sustainable development goals and • Technological Advancements:
to fulfil Prime Minister’s Vision of Aatmanirbhar Bharat and  Critical minerals are integral components in the
further development of strategic sectors. manufacturing of advanced technologies such as
 It will boost the economy, enhance national security and smartphones, electric vehicles, renewable energy
support transition to a clean energy future. systems, and various electronic devices.
 Without these minerals, the production and advancement
What are Critical Minerals: of such technologies would be severely limited.
• Critical minerals are the foundation on which modern • Clean Energy Transition:
technology is built.  Many critical minerals are essential for the development of
 From solar panels to semiconductors, wind turbines to clean and renewable energy technologies.
advanced batteries for storage and transportation, the  For example, minerals like lithium, cobalt, and rare earth
world needs critical minerals to build these products. elements are crucial for the production of batteries used
• A mineral is labelled as critical when the risk of supply in electric vehicles and energy storage systems.
THE NET IMPORT RELIANCE FOR CRITICAL MINERALS OF INDIA (2020)

SI. No. Critical Mineral Percentage (2020) Major Import Source (2020)
1. Lithium 100% Chile. Russia, China, Ireland, Belgium
2. Cobalt 100% China, Belgium, Netherlands, US, Japan
3. Nickel 100, Sweden, China, Indonesia. Japan, Philippines
4. Vanadium 100, Kuwait, Germany, South Africa, Brazil, Thailand
5. Niobium 100, Brazil, Australia, Canada. South Africa, Indonesia
6. Germanium 100, China, South Africa, Australia, France, US
7. Rhenium 100, Russia, UK, Netherlands, South Africa, China
8. Beryllium 100, Russia. UK, Netherlands, South Africa, China
9. Tantalum 100, Australia, Indonesia. South Africa, Malaysia, US
10. Strontium 100% China, US, Russia, Estonia, Slovenia
11. Zirconium(zircon) 80, Australia, Indonesia, South Africa, Malaysia, US
12. Graphite(natural) 60% China, Madagascar. Mozambique, Vietnam, Tanzania
13. Manganese 50, South Africa, Gabon, Australia. Brazil, China
14 Chromium 2.5, South Africa, Mozambique, Oman. Switzerland, Turkey
15. Silicon <1% China, Malaysia, Norway, Bhutan, Netherlands
Source: A report on ‘Unlocking Australia-India Critical Minerals Partnership Potential’ by Australian Trade and Investment Commission, July 2021)
55
Current Affairs In-Shorts | Economy
• National Security: • India has committed to achieve 50% of cumulative electric

 Critical minerals are vital for national security, especially power installed capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030.
in the context of defense applications.  Such an ambitious plan for energy transition is set to drive
 They are used in the manufacturing of military the demand for electric cars, wind and solar energy projects.
technologies, communication systems, and strategic
defense components. Challenges:
 Securing a stable supply chain for critical minerals is • Geopolitical Concentration:
essential to ensure the resilience of a nation's defense  Many critical minerals are concentrated in a small number
infrastructure. of countries, often leading to geopolitical vulnerabilities.
• Economic Impact:  Dependence on a limited set of suppliers can result in
 The availability and accessibility of critical minerals can supply chain disruptions due to geopolitical tensions,
have a significant impact on a country's economy. trade disputes, or changes in export policies.
 Nations that possess abundant reserves of these minerals  For instance, China, the most dominant player in the
have a competitive advantage in terms of economic critical mineral supply chains, still struggles with Covid-
development, job creation, and global trade. 19-related lockdowns.
• Global Supply Chain Risks: • Disruption of Supply Chain:
 Many critical minerals are sourced from a limited number  The global supply chain for critical minerals is complex
of countries, leading to concerns about the concentration and involves multiple stages, including extraction,
of supply and potential geopolitical risks. processing, refining, and manufacturing.
 Diversifying the sources of critical minerals and  Disruptions at any point in the supply chain can impact
establishing resilient supply chains is essential to mitigate the availability of these minerals.
these risks and ensure a stable and secure supply. • Environmental Impact:
 The extraction and processing of critical minerals can
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS have significant environmental consequences, including
• Through an amendment in the MMDR Act, 24 minerals were habitat destruction, water pollution, and carbon emissions.
notified as Critical and Strategic minerals.  Some extraction methods, such as deep-sea mining, pose
 Antimony, Arsenic, Barium, Beryllium, Bismuth, Boron, marine environmental challenges and threat to biodiversity.
Chromium, Cobalt, Copper, Gallium, Germanium, • Lack of Investment in Exploration:
Graphite, HafniumIndium, Lithium, Magnesium,  The discovery and development of new sources of critical
Molybdenum, Niobium, Nickel, Platinum Group Metals
minerals require substantial investment in exploration.
(PGMs), Rare Earth Elements (REEs), Rhenium,
 However, investment in exploration has been limited,
Selenium and Silicon.
leading to uncertainties about future supply.
• The amendment confers the power to grant mineral
concession of these minerals to the Central Government so Way Ahead:
that Central Government can prioritise auction of these • This auction process is poised to play a pivotal role in
minerals looking at the requirements of the country. supporting India's economy, fortifying national security, and
• The revenue generated from these auctions shall accrue to bolstering efforts towards a sustainable and clean energy
State Governments. trajectory.
Domestic and global outreach by India: • Further, India needs to diversify its import sources for critical
• The Geological Survey of India has carried out a mineral minerals to reduce reliance on a single supplier, form
exploration during Field Season 2020-21 and 2021-22 in strategic partnerships with countries rich in critical minerals
Salal-Haimna areas of Reasi district, Jammu & Kashmir, and and collaborate with developed countries for research and
estimated an inferred resource of 5.9 million tonnes of development.
lithium ore. • The reconnaissance and exploration of minerals must be
• In addition, a joint venture company namely Khanij Bidesh encouraged, with particular attention given to deep-seated
India Ltd. (KABIL) has been mandated to identify and minerals. This will call for a collective effort by the government,
acquire overseas mineral assets of critical and strategic ‘junior’ miners, and major mining companies.
nature such as lithium, cobalt and others. • India must actively engage in bilateral and plurilateral
• India has recently been inducted into the Mineral Security arrangements for building assured and resilient critical
Partnership (MSP). mineral supply chains.
56
• Financial Support: Central Financial Assistance covering 80%

MINERAL SECURITY PARTNERSHIP (MSP)
of the drone cost, up to a maximum of Rs. 8 Lakh, will be
• It is a US-led collaboration of 14 countries that would focus extended to the SHGs.
on the supply chains of minerals such as Cobalt, Nickel,
 The remaining amount can be raised through National
Lithium, and also the 17 ‘rare earth’ minerals.
Agriculture Infra Financing Facility (AIF), with an interest
• Members: Australia, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, subvention of 3% on the AIF loan.
India, Italy, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Norway, Sweden,
• Implementation: Fertiliser companies are being roped in to
the UK, U.S., and the EU.
implement the scheme.
• Mandate: To catalyse public and private investment in
 The lead fertiliser companies (LFCs) will act as a bridge
critical mineral supply chains globally.
between drone supplier companies and SHGs.
Significance in Present Scenario:

NAMO DRONE DIDI SCHEME
• Modernize agricultural practices: It will modernize agricultural
Prime Minister Narendra Modi announced the NAMO Drone practices and place cutting-edge technology in the hands
Didi scheme to boost drone technology in rural agriculture. of rural women, positioning them as key players in the
agricultural revolution.
About:  Drone use as a service can lessen the usual waste of
• The initiative aims to provide drones to 15,000 women Self labour and resources involved in agricultural activities.
Help Groups (SHGs) for rental services to farmers. • Women Empowerment : It aims to enable 15,000 SHGs to earn
 The Women SHGs are trained to give the drones on rent an additional income of at least Rs. One lakh per annum.
for spraying pesticides and fertilisers. • Avenues for young startups: It creates avenues for young
• The scheme would have a financial outlay of ₹1,261 crore for startups to delve into the untapped potential of drone
two years beginning 2024-25. aeronautics.
• It promotes the use of Nano Fertilisers like Nano Urea and
Key Highlights:
Nano DAP through drone services, facilitating efficient
• Empowerment and Training: Identified clusters conducive to pesticide application and fertiliser distribution.
drone usage will be targeted and comprehensive training
• Technological Leap in Agriculture: With the infusion of
programs will equip members with drone piloting skills
advanced drone technology, the scheme is poised to
and agricultural expertise, enabling them to provide rental
enhance agricultural efficiency, increase crop yields, and
services and support.
reduce operational costs, thereby benefiting farmers at large.
 Every woman in SHG is considered as a ‘drone pilot’, and
they will be paid Rs 15,000 every month, while her assistant Challenges:
will be paid Rs 10,000 and both will undergo training.
• Connectivity Issues: There are issues with connectivity because
many farmers live in rural areas with little access to the internet.
OTHER RELATED INITIATIVE
• Insufficient skill: The drone images cannot be analysed by
• Kisan Drones: Department of Agriculture and Farmers
the average farmer because doing so requires specialised
Welfare (DA&FW) is promoting adoption of Kisan Drones
knowledge and skills.
by the farmers.
 To promote Kisan Drones, the Government of India is Future Outlook:
extending various facilities, including financial assistance.
• Given its many advantages, including its high field capacity and
• Custom Hiring Centres (CHCs) under Cooperative Society
efficiency, drone technology has a lot of potential for carrying
of Farmers, Farmers Producers Organizations (FPOs), and
out a variety of agricultural tasks quickly and effectively.
rural entrepreneurs are eligible for a 40% financial subsidy,
up to a maximum of Rs. 4 lakhs. • However, the aforementioned issues must be resolved in
• Agriculture graduates establishing CHCs can receive 50% order to increase its use in the agricultural sector.
assistance, up to Rs. 5 lakhs per drone.  This might be accomplished by raising awareness of
drone use as a service.
• For individual ownership, small and marginal farmers,
scheduled caste / scheduled tribe members, women, • The NAMO Drone Didi scheme is an excellent example of
and North Eastern state farmers are provided with 50% harnessing technological innovation to empower rural women.
assistance, up to Rs. 5 lakhs, while other farmers receive  Women’s empowerment is a prerequisite for achieving
40%, up to Rs. 4 lakhs. Viksit Bharat or developed India.
57
• Factors Responsible: Exposure to long working hours (55

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
hours or more per week) was the biggest killer, followed
• Self Help Groups (SHGs): These are informal groups of
by exposure to occupational particulate matter, gases, and
people having similar problems. fumes and occupational injuries.
 SHGs promote small savings among their members that • Global Burden of Work Related Diseases: The diseases that
are kept with the bank as a common fund in the name of caused most work-related deaths were circulatory diseases,
the SHG. malignant neoplasms and respiratory diseases.
 The SHG gives small loans to its members from its  The attributable fraction of work-related deaths is
common fund. estimated to be highest in Africa, followed by Asia and the
• Registration under any Societies Act, State cooperative Act Pacific and Oceania.
or a partnership firm is not mandatory.  The rate of trachea, bronchus, and lung cancers
attributable to occupational exposure to chromium
• Related initiatives:
doubled between 2000 and 2016.
 The Lakhpati Didi Scheme: It was announced by the
 The rate of non-melanoma skin cancer increased by over
Prime Minister of India in his Independence Day speech
37% between 2000 and 2020.
of 2023.
• Hazardous Sectors: Mining and quarrying, construction,
 It has been initiated by the Deendayal Antyodaya
and utilities sectors were the three most hazardous sectors
Yojana- National Rural Livelihoods Mission (DAY-
globally.
NRLM), wherein each SHG household is encouraged to
 Each year, 200,000 fatal injuries occur in these sectors,
take up multiple livelihood activities coupled with value representing 60 per cent of all fatal occupational injuries.
chain interventions, resulting in a sustainable income of
• Positive Trends: Deaths due to exposure to asthmagens and
Rupees One Lakh or more per year.
particulate matter, gases, and fumes decreased by over
20%.
• ILO Conventions: So far 79 out of the 187 member countries
ILO REPORT ON WORKING ENVIRONMENTS have ratified the ILO Occupational Safety and Health
The ILO (International Labour Organization) has released Convention, while 62 countries have ratified the Promotional
a report titled ‘A Call for Safer and Healthier Working Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention,
Environments’. 2006. India has not ratified both the conventions.
 In the wake of the Uttarkashi tunnel incident, the Central
About: Trade Unions had urged the Union government to ratify
• The report was discussed at the 23rd World Congress on the conventions.
Safety and Health at Work, one of the largest international
Regulations related to Work Place:
conferences on this subject.
• Freedom of Association and Collective Bargaining:
 Article 19(1)(c) of the Constitution guarantees the right to
form associations or unions.
 Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, and Trade Unions Act,
1926, provide for the recognition of the right to collective
bargaining.
• Elimination of Forced or Compulsory Labour:
 Article 23 of the Constitution explicitly prohibits trafficking
in human beings and forced labor.
 The Bonded Labor System (Abolition) Act, 1976, aims to
eliminate bonded labor.
Major Findings:
• Abolition of Child Labour:
• Global Burden of Work Related Injuries: Nearly 30 lakh workers
 Article 24 of the Constitution prohibits the employment
die every year globally due to work-related accidents and
of children below the age of 14 years in hazardous
diseases. occupations.
 More than 63% of these deaths are reported from the  The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986,
Asia-Pacific region. is a comprehensive law addressing child labor issues.
58
• Elimination of Discrimination in Employment and Occupation: • RBI to set up a cloud facility for the financial sector to enhance
 Article 16 of the Constitution prohibits discrimination data security, privacy.
in matters of employment on grounds of religion, race,
caste, sex, or place of birth. Rationale behind the Moves:
 The Equal Remuneration Act, 1976, addresses the issue • Inflation outlook to be considerably influenced by uncertain
of gender-based discrimination in wages. food prices.
• Safe and Healthy Working Environment:  Intermittent vegetable price shocks could once again
 Article 21 of the Constitution guarantees the right to life push up headline inflation in November and December.
and personal liberty, which includes the right to a safe • Rupee exhibited low volatility compared to its emerging
and healthy environment. market peers in 2023.
 The Factories Act, 1948, and other labor laws include • Relative stability of the rupee reflects the improving
provisions related to the health, safety, and welfare of macroeconomic fundamentals and its resilience in the face of
workers. formidable global tsunamis.
• As forex reserves stood at $604 billion as on December 1, RBI
ABOUT INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANIZATION remains confident of meeting external financing requirements
• It is an United Nations Agency established in 1919 as part comfortably.
of the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I, and it • RBI to remain vigilant and ready to act, as per the evolving
became the first specialized agency of the UN in 1946. outlook. India better placed to withstand uncertainties
• It has 187 Member states. compared to many other countries.
• It sets labour standards, develops policies and devises
programmes promoting decent work for all women and
Monetary Policy Committee (MPC):
men. • Section 45ZB of the RBI Act provides for the constitution of a
• It is the only tripartite U.N. agency that brings together six-member Monetary Policy Committee (MPC).
governments, employers and workers. • Mandate: To determine the policy rate required to achieve the
• It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. inflation target.
• Major Reports: World Employment and Social Outlook • Members:

(WESO), Global Wage Report, World Social Protection 1. Governor of the Reserve Bank of India: ex officio
Report, World Employment and Social Outlook for Youth, Chairperson;
World of Work Report. 2. Deputy Governor of the Reserve Bank of India: ex officio
Member, in charge of Monetary Policy;
3. One officer of the Reserve Bank of India to be nominated
RBI’S MONETARY POLICY COMMITTEE by the Central Board—Member, ex officio;
• Remaining three members, who are experts in the field, are
The Monetary Policy Committee (MPC) of the Reserve Bank
nominated by the Central Government.
unveiled the fifth monetary policy of the financial year
2023-24. • Term: Except Governor and Deputy Governor of RBI(who
are ex officio members), all other members hold office for a
Key Highlights: period of four years or until further orders.
• RBI kept the repo rate unchanged at 6.5% and maintained the • The MPC is required to meet at least four times in a year. The
policy stance of 'withdrawal of accommodation'. quorum for the meeting of the MPC is four members.
 Each member of the MPC has one vote, and in the event of an
• The SDF rate remains at 6.25% and the MSF rate and the
equality of votes, the Governor has a second or casting vote.
bank rate at 6.75%.
• Proposes to enhance UPI transaction limit for payment to Monetary Policy in India:
hospitals and educational institutions from Rs 1 lakh to • Under the Reserve Bank of India, Act,1934 , RBI is entrusted
Rs 5 lakh. with the responsibility of conducting monetary policy in India.
• Hikes GDP growth projection for current fiscal to 7% from • Objective: To maintain price stability while keeping in mind
6.5% earlier. the objective of growth.
• Retains average retail inflation projection at 5.4% for FY24 • The Monetary Policy Framework: In May 2016, the RBI Act,
• Proposed to hike e-mandate for recurring payments to Rs 1 1934 was amended to provide a statutory basis for the
lakh from current Rs 15,000. implementation of the flexible inflation targeting framework.
59
 The operating framework of monetary policy aims at • Open Market Operations (OMOs): These include outright
aligning the operating target – the weighted average call purchase/sale of government securities by the Reserve Bank
rate (WACR) – with the policy repo rate. for injection/absorption of durable liquidity in the banking
 It is through proactive liquidity management to facilitate system.
transmission of repo rate changes through the entire
financial system, which, in turn, influences aggregate ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
demand – a key determinant of inflation and growth. • An accommodative stance means the central bank is
• Inflation Target: The Central Government, in consultation prepared to expand the money supply to boost economic
with the RBI, determines the inflation target in terms of the growth.
Consumer Price Index (CPI) once in five years.  Withdrawal of accommodation will mean reducing the
 Accordingly, the Central Government notified 4 percent money supply in the system which will rein in inflation
CPI inflation as the target with the upper tolerance limit of 6 further.
percent and the lower tolerance limit of 2 percent. • The headline inflation figure includes inflation in a basket of
 The same inflation target has been retained for the 5-year goods that includes commodities like food and energy.
period – April 1, 2021 to March 31, 2026.  It is different from core inflation, which excludes food and
energy prices while calculating inflation because their
Instruments of Monetary Policy: prices are volatile
• Repo Rate: The interest rate at which the Reserve Bank provides
liquidity under the Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF) against
the collateral of government and other approved securities. DISTRESS IN TEXTILE INDUSTRY
• Reverse Repo Rate: The interest rate at which the Reserve
Bank absorbs liquidity from banks against the collateral of Textile industry in India is impending with multiple
eligible government securities under the LAF. challenges and distress due to the low demand.
• Standing Deposit Facility (SDF) Rate: The rate at which the

Reserve Bank accepts non collateralized deposits, on an
About:
overnight basis. • In the past couple of months, many factories across the
 The SDF rate is placed at 25 basis points below the policy textile value chain have either shut down and disposed of
repo rate. machinery.
 With introduction of SDF in April 2022, the SDF rate • Reductions in working hours for labourers have impacted
replaced the fixed reverse repo rate as the floor of the wages; and the share of textiles and apparel in the Index of
liquidity corridor. Industrial Production has shrunk.
• Marginal Standing Facility (MSF) Rate: The penal rate at which
banks can borrow, on an overnight basis, from the Reserve Textile Industry in India:
Bank by dipping into their Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) • India’s textiles sector is one of the oldest industries in the
portfolio up to a predefined limit (2 percent). Indian economy, dating back to several centuries.
 This provides a safety valve against unanticipated liquidity • The industry is extremely varied, with hand-spun and hand-
shocks to the banking system. woven textiles sectors at one end of the spectrum, with the
 The MSF rate is placed at 25 basis points above the policy capital-intensive sophisticated mills sector at the other end.
repo rate.
• Share in Domestic Trade: The domestic apparel & textile
• Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF): The LAF refers to the
industry in India contributes approx. 2.3 % to the country’s
Reserve Bank’s operations through which it injects/absorbs
GDP, 13% to industrial production and 12% to exports.
liquidity into/from the banking system.
• Share in Global Trade: India has a 4% share of the global trade
 It consists of overnight as well as term repo/reverse repos
(fixed as well as variable rates), SDF and MSF. in textiles and apparel.
• Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR): The average daily balance that • Export: India is the world's 3rd largest exporter of Textiles and
a bank is required to maintain with the Reserve Bank as a Apparel.
percent of its net demand and time liabilities (NDTL). • Production of Raw Material: India is one of the largest
• Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR): Every bank shall maintain producers of cotton and jute in the world. India is also the 2nd
in India assets, typically in unencumbered government largest producer of silk in the world and 95% of the world’s
securities, cash and gold. hand-woven fabric comes from India.
60
Potential: • Scheme for Capacity Building in Textile Sector (SAMARTH): To

• Strong production base: The fundamental strength of the address the skilled manpower requirement across textile
textile industry in India is its strong production base of a sector, the scheme was formulated, under the broad policy
guidelines of “Skill India” initiative and in alignment with the
wide range of fibre/yarns from natural fibres like cotton, jute,
framework adopted for skilling programme by Ministry of Skill
silk and wool, to synthetic/man-made fibres like polyester,
Development and Entrepreneurship. The scheme is approved
viscose, nylon and acrylic.
for implementation till March, 2024.
 India’s textiles industry has a capacity to produce a wide
• National Technical Textile Mission: Launched for a period of 4
variety of products suitable for different market segments,
years (2020-21 to 2023-24). It was approved for developing
both within India and across the world.
usage of technical textiles in various flagship missions,
• Employment Generation: The textiles and apparel industry in
programmes of the country including strategic sectors.
India is the 2nd largest employer in the country.
• Production Linked Incentive (PLI) Scheme: The PLI Scheme
• Comparative advantage: India enjoys a comparative for Textiles to promote production of Manmade Fibre (MMF)
advantage in terms of skilled manpower and in cost of apparel, MMF Fabrics and Products of Technical Textiles in
production, relative to major textile producers. the country.
• Destination for global textile : India has well-established • PM-MITRA: To attract investment for ‘Make In India’ initiative
textile industry to become a leading destination for global and to boost employment generation through setting up
textile and apparel value chain. of 7 PM Mega Integrated Textile Region and Apparel (PM
 India has an opportunity to occupy more than 15 percent MITRA) Parks in Greenfield/Brownfield sites with world class
of global trade creating 40-50 lakh jobs that would help infrastructure including plug and play facility for a period of
strengthen the country's economy. seven years upto 2027-28.
• Scheme for Integrated Textile Parks (SITP): SITP is designed to
Challenges Faced by the Textile Industry: promote textile industry clusters by providing infrastructure
• Infrastructure Constraints: Infrastructure challenges, including support, including common facilities, utilities, and services.
inadequate transportation systems, power shortages, and  The goal is to encourage a more organized and efficient
outdated technology, can hinder the efficiency of the textile approach to textile manufacturing.
manufacturing process. Many textile units in India still use
outdated machinery and technology.
AGRICULTURE AND ITS IMPACT ON
• Expensive Raw Material: Raw material (fibre) constitutes 60-
ENVIRONMENT
70% of manufacturing cost, which has turned expensive in
India impacting the competitiveness of the industry severely. Recently it has been observed that the ever-increasing
• Competition in the International Market: For example, with demand for agricultural products is leading to significant
Bangladesh having duty-free access to the EU, Indian
social and environmental consequences worldwide.
exporters are unable to make inroads.
 With Bangladesh having duty-free access to the Indian Agriculture-based Impact:
market, those garments are available at 15-20% less cost • India is a global anchor of the trade in agricultural products
in India. due to its vast size and consumer market. It has also
undergone remarkable social and economic development
Initiatives by Government of India for the Growth of over the last several decades.
the Textile Sector: • The expansion of international trade has created global
• FDI: Government has put in place liberal and transparent supply chains, directly linking consumers to geographically-
investor-friendly Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy. distant impacts, including carbon emissions, biodiversity loss,
 100% FDI is allowed in the textile sector under the freshwater depletion, soil degradation and labour-rights issues
automatic route. – all of which have local, regional, and global relevance.
• Amended Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (ATUFS): In

IMPORTANT DATA
order to promote ease of doing business in the country to
achieve the vision of generating employment and promoting • In 2018, about 11% of the global greenhouse gas emissions
exports through “Make in India’’ with "Zero effect and Zero were from food the world produced.
defect" in manufacturing, ATUFS was launched in 2016 to • Another 26% of the agriculture-related emissions were nitrous
provide credit linked Capital Investment Subsidy (CIS). oxide from livestock manure applied in fields or dumped.
61
• Farmers are the first victims of climate change impacts.

• Synthetic fertilisers used on crops then added 13%
 The increasing cost of agricultural inputs and the lack of public
nitrous oxide and methane emissions from rice cultivation
infrastructure, including for irrigation, hits their livelihood.
contributed 10% of the total agriculture-related emissions.
 Increasing food costs are unaffordable to most consumers
 It’s recently been estimated that the global food system
and governments step in to import food from intensive
is responsible for about a third of greenhouse gas
farming systems that are also invariably subsidised.
emissions—second only to the energy sector; it is the
number one source of methane and biodiversity loss.  Farmers are being hit repeatedly by extreme weather events;
their crops are lost to floods, droughts, pest attacks and
• The number of people suffering acute food insecurity
unseasonal cold and heat.
increased from 135 million in 2019 to 345 million in 82
countries by June 2022, as the war in Ukraine, supply chain Possible Solutions:
disruptions, and the continued economic fallout of the
• It’s possible to reduce emissions and become more resilient,
COVID-19 pandemic pushed food prices to all-time highs.
but doing so often requires major social, economic, and
technological change.
Who is most Affected by Climatic Impacts?
• Use water more efficiently and effectively, combined with
• About 80% of the global population most at risk from crop
policies to manage demand.
failures and hunger from climate change are in Sub-Saharan
 It includes better management of water demand as
Africa, South Asia, and Southeast Asia, where farming families are
well as the use of advanced water accounting systems
disproportionately poor and vulnerable.
and technologies to assess the amount of water
• A severe drought caused by an El Nino weather pattern or
available, including soil moisture sensors and satellite
climate change can push millions more people into poverty.
evapotranspiration measurements.
Impact on Farmers: • Switch to less water-intensive crops, like rice farmers could switch
• Up to a certain point, rising temperatures and CO2 can be to crops that require less water such as maize or legumes.
beneficial for crops. But rising temperatures also accelerate • Improving soil health by increasing organic carbon in soil that
evapotranspiration from plants and soils, and there must also helps and allows water plants to access water more readily,
be enough water for crops to thrive. increasing resilience to drought.
62
OFF BUDGET BORROWINGS allowing the government to undertake projects or initiatives

that may not align with the traditional budgetary cycle.
The central government is worried about the increased  This flexibility can be particularly valuable in responding
level of Off-budget borrowings of states.
to economic challenges or unforeseen circumstances.
• Mitigating Fiscal Pressures:
About:
 It can be a tool to manage short-term fiscal pressures
• It is also known as extra budget financing, and is used by
without resorting to direct budgetary allocations.
the government to finance its expenditures while keeping the
 This can be especially useful in addressing urgent needs
debt off from its annual statement.
without compromising long-term fiscal sustainability.
• It is not counted in the calculation of the fiscal deficit.
• Governments across the world use this to escape budget Areas of Concern:
controls as the liability of the loan is not formally on the Union • Fiscal Discipline Concerns:
Government. Hence off-budget financing is not part of the  Off-budget borrowings are often used as a way to
calculation of the fiscal indicators despite fiscal implications. circumvent fiscal discipline targets set in the annual
• In India, the off-budget financing is excluded from the Fiscal budget.
Responsibility and Budget Management (FRBM) Act, which  This undermines the credibility of the government's
intends to bring transparency and accountability to the commitment to fiscal responsibility and lead to
monetary actions of the government. unsustainable debt levels.
• The CAG's report on the FRBM compliance for 2016-17 stated • Hidden Liabilities:
that the Central government has "increasingly resorted to off-  It creates hidden liabilities that are not immediately
budget financing" for revenue spending.
apparent in official debt figures.
How does the Union raise off-budget borrowings:  It can distort the assessment of the government's actual
debt burden, leading to a misunderstanding of the fiscal
• The government can ask an implementing agency to raise the
risks and potential repayment challenges.
required funds from the market through loans or by issuing
bonds. • Risk of Overreliance on Off-budget Mechanisms:
 If off-budget mechanisms are consistently used to fund
• Public sector undertakings are used to borrow the funds for
the government. projects or activities, there is a risk of overreliance on
 For instance, public sector oil marketing companies were such mechanisms.
asked to pay for subsidized gas cylinders for Pradhan  Overreliance indicates a failure to address fiscal challenges
Mantri Ujjwala Yojana beneficiaries in the past. through transparent and accountable budgetary processes.
Benefits of Off-Budget Borrowings:

NITI AAYOG’S REPORT ON POVERTY
• Financing Key Projects:
 Off-budget borrowings can provide a source of financing As per NITI Aayog’s report on poverty, 13.5cr Indians have
for critical projects without directly impacting the fiscal escaped multidimensional poverty in the last five years.
deficit.
 This allows the government to fund important infrastructure About:
or development projects that might be challenging to • It measures simultaneous deprivations across the three
accommodate within the regular budgetary limits. equally weighted dimensions of health, education, and
standard of living that are represented by 12 SDG-aligned
• Avoiding Crowding Out Private Investment:
indicators.
 By utilizing off-budget mechanisms, the government can
 These include nutrition, child and adolescent mortality,
avoid crowding out private investment in the financial
maternal health, years of schooling, school attendance,
markets. cooking fuel, sanitation, drinking water, electricity,
 This may contribute to a more favorable environment for housing, assets, and bank accounts.
private sector participation in the economy.
• The 2023 report is prepared based on the latest National
• Flexibility in Financial Management: Family Health Survey of 2019-21 and is the second edition of
 Off-budget mechanisms provides financial flexibility, the National Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
63
Key Highlights: • Initiatives such as Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) and Jal Jeevan
• 13.5 crore Indians escape Multidimensional Poverty in 5 Mission (JJM) have improved sanitation across the country.
years. • The provision of subsidized cooking fuel through the Pradhan
• Steep decline in the number of multidimensionally poor from Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY) has positively transformed lives,
24.85% to 14.96% between 2015-16 and 2019-21. with a 14.6 percentage points improvement in cooking fuel
deprivations.
• Initiatives like Saubhagya, Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY),
Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana (PMJDY), and Samagra
Shiksha have also played a major role in significantly reducing
multidimensional poverty in the country.
CENTRAL BANK DIGITAL CURRENCY

According to the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Central Bank
Digital Currency (CBDC) could become a tool for reducing
time and cost for cross-border transactions.
• Rural areas saw the fastest decline in poverty from 32.59% to
19.28%. About:
• Uttar Pradesh registered the highest decline in the number of • CBDCs are a form of digital currency issued by a country's
poor with 3.43 crore, followed by Bihar and Madhya Pradesh. central bank. They are similar to cryptocurrencies, except
• Improvements in nutrition, years of schooling, sanitation, that their value is fixed by the central bank and equivalent to
and cooking fuel played a significant role in bringing down the country's fiat currency.
poverty. • In India the introduction of CBDC was announced in the
Union Budget 2022-23.
HISTORY OF POVERTY MEASUREMENT IN INDIA
• Types of CBDC: There are two main types of CBDC: retail
• Pre-Independence: In 1901, Dadabhai Naoroji initiated CBDC and wholesale CBDC.
early efforts to assess poverty by publishing a book titled  Retail CBDC: This type is accessible to the general public
'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India,' wherein he pioneered and can be used for everyday transactions.
the estimation of poverty through the cost of maintaining a  Wholesale CBDC: This type is designed for use by financial
subsistence diet. institutions and can be used for interbank transactions.
• First Five-Year Plan (1951-1956): The Planning Commission of
India was established in 1950, and during the first Five-Year FIAT MONEY
Plan, the emphasis was on estimating the minimum level of • Fiat money is a government-issued currency that has no
living necessary for maintaining basic human needs. backing from a physical commodity like gold or silver.
• Alagh Committee (1979): Proposed the use of a composite • It is considered a form of legal tender that can be used to
index that considered both income and consumption exchange for goods and services.
expenditure.
• Tendulkar Committee (2009): The committee recommended Need of CBDCs:
a new method that included factors such as health and • Financial Inclusion: People without access to traditional
education in addition to consumption expenditure. banking can use CBDCs for transactions, payments, and
other financial services.
• Rangarajan Committee (2014): The Rangarajan Committee
recommended the use of a new set of criteria for • Efficiency in Payments: CBDCs can streamline and expedite
determining the poverty line. It suggested that both calorie payment processes, reducing transaction costs and
intake and non-food expenditure should be considered in settlement times.
the estimation of poverty. • Crisis Response: CBDC can be used as a tool for responding to
financial crises or emergencies by providing a means for the
Governments Efforts: central bank to inject liquidity into the economy more quickly.
• Flagship programmes like the Poshan Abhiyan and Anaemia • Enhancing Cross-Border Payments: CBDC could facilitate
Mukt Bharat have contributed to reduced deprivations in faster and more efficient cross-border payments, reducing
health. the reliance on correspondent banks and intermediaries.
64
• Combat Counterfeit currency: Central banks can implement GUIDELINES AGAINST ‘DARK PATTERNS’
real-time monitoring of CBDC transactions which allows for
immediate detection of any unusual or suspicious activities, The Central Consumer Protection Authority (CCPA), has
helping to prevent counterfeiting. notified guidelines for the “prevention and regulation” of
dark patterns.
About:
• The CCPA has notified the Guidelines for Prevention and
Regulation of Dark Patterns, 2023, under section 18 of the
Consumer Protection Act, 2019.
• The guidelines will apply to all platforms, systematically
offering goods or services in India; advertisers and sellers.
• The guidelines have a list of 13 specified dark patterns. These
are: false urgency; basket sneaking; confirm shaming; forced
action; subscription trap; interface interference; bait and
switch; drip pricing; disguise advertisement; nagging; trick
question; Saas billing; and rogue malwares.
Dark Patterns:
• Dark patterns are tactics used by online platforms to mislead
customers and prevent them from making right choices.
• The guidelines define dark patterns as “any practices or
Concerns of CBDCs: deceptive design pattern using user interface on any platform
• Data Security: The use of CBDCs involves the collection and that is trick users to do something they originally did not
processing of extensive financial data, raising concerns intend do, by subverting the consumer autonomy, decision
about data security and the potential for cyber attacks. making or choice, amounting to misleading advertisement
and violation of consumer rights.”
• Government Surveillance: CBDCs could provide governments
with more extensive tools for monitoring and controlling Specified Dark Patterns:
financial transactions, raising concerns about individual
• False Urgency: It means falsely stating or implying the sense
privacy and civil liberties.
of urgency or scarcity so as to mislead a user into making an
• Shield to Crime: If not regulated and monitored properly, it can immediate purchase.
be used for illicit trading, criminal activities, & organized crimes. • Basket sneaking: It means inclusion of additional items such as
• Operational Risks: The adoption of new technology for CBDCs products, services, payments to charity or donation at the time
introduces operational risks, such as system failures, cyber of checkout from a platform, without the consent of the user.
threats, and technical glitches. • Confirm shaming: It means using a phrase, video, audio or any
• Inclusion Issues: Those without access to digital technology other means to create a sense of fear or shame in the mind of
may be excluded from the financial system if CBDCs become the user so as to nudge to act in a certain way that results in
the dominant form of currency. the user purchasing a product or service from the platform or
• Legal Uncertainties: The legal status and framework for continuing a subscription of a service.
CBDCs are still evolving, leading to uncertainties regarding • Subscription trap: It is the process of making cancellation
issues such as liability, consumer protection, and contract of a paid subscription impossible or a complex and lengthy
enforcement. process; or hiding the cancellation option for a subscription.
• Interface interference: It means a design element that
Status of CBDCs: manipulates the user interface in ways that
• Global Scenario: The Bahamas, Jamaica, and Nigeria have  Highlights certain specific information; and
introduced CBDCs. Other countries like China, USA, UAE,  Obscures other relevant information relative to the other
Ghana, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand have launched it on information; to misdirect a user from taking an action as
Pilot basis. desired.
• Indian Scenario: In 2022 the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) • Bait and switch: It means the practice of advertising a particular
launched the first pilot of Digital Rupee- Retail segment outcome based on the user’s action but deceptively serving
(e₹-R). an alternate outcome.
65
• Drip pricing: It refers to the practice whereby; • Impact on Digital Ecosystem:

 Elements of prices are not revealed upfront or are revealed  The prevalence of dark patterns can contribute to a generally
surreptitiously within the user experience; poor user experience across the digital ecosystem.
 Revealing the price post-confirmation of purchase,  This can discourage users from engaging with online
 A product or service is advertised as free without appropriate services, impacting the growth and success of digital
disclosure of the fact that the continuation of use requires businesses.
in-app purchase;
 A user is prevented from availing a service which is already
paid for unless something additional is purchased. REMISSION OF DUTIES AND TAXES ON
• Nagging: It means a dark pattern practice due to which a EXPORT PRODUCTS (RODTEP) SCHEME
user is disrupted and annoyed by repeated and persistent
The U.S. and the European Union have now imposed
interactions, in the form of requests, information, options,
Countervailing Duties (CVDs) on four Indian products, as
or interruptions, to effectuate a transaction and make some a retaliation against the Remission of Duties and Taxes on
commercial gains. Export Products (RoDTEP) scheme.
• Saas billing: It refers to the process of generating and
collecting payments from consumers on a recurring basis in About RoDTEP:
a Software as a Service (SaaS) business model by exploiting
• It is based on the globally accepted principle that taxes and
positive acquisition loops in recurring subscriptions to get
duties should not be exported, and taxes and levies borne on
money from users as surreptitiously as possible.
the exported products should be either exempted or remitted
• Rogue Malwares: It means using ransomware or scareware
to exporters.
to mislead or trick users into believing there is a virus on
• The RoDTEP scheme rebates/refunds the embedded Central,
their computer and aims to convince them to pay for a fake
State and local duties/taxes to the exporters that were so far
malware removal tool that actually installs malware on their
not being rebated/refunded.
computer.
• The scheme is being implemented from 1st January 2021
Area of Concern: and the rebate is issued as a transferable electronic scrip by
• Deceptive Practices: the Central Board of Indirect Taxes & Customs (CBIC) in an
 Dark patterns involve intentionally deceptive practices end to end IT environment.
that mislead users.
 This raises ethical concerns as it goes against the COUNTERVAILING DUTY (CVD)
principles of transparency, honesty, and fair business • It is a specific form of duty that the government imposes
practices. in order to protect domestic producers by countering the
• User Trust Erosion: negative impact of import subsidies.
 Dark patterns erodes user trust in online platforms and  CVD is thus an import tax by the importing country on
services. imported products.
 When users feel manipulated or deceived, they are
• The World Trade Organization (WTO) permits the imposition
less likely to trust the platform and may have negative
of countervailing duty by its member countries.
perceptions of the brand.
• Anti dumping and anti subsidies & countervailing measures
• Unintended Consequences:
in India are administered by the Directorate General of
 Users unknowingly take actions they did not intend to
Anti dumping and Allied Duties (DGAD) functioning in the
take, such as making purchases, subscribing to services,
Dept. of Commerce in the Ministry of Commerce and
or sharing personal information.
Industry and the same is headed by the "Designated
 This can result in financial losses or privacy breaches for
Authority".
users.
• Damage to Brand Reputation:
 Employing dark patterns can damage the reputation of a
brand or company.
 Negative publicity surrounding deceptive design practices
can harm relationships with customers and the public.
66
Reason for Imposition of CVD on Indian Goods: • Artificial Intelligence (AI) Skill: India boasts a global leadership
• WTO violations: The US argues that RoDTEP provides financial position in AI skill penetration and talent concentration,
support to exporters by reimbursing embedded taxes and earning an impressive score of 3.09.
levies not directly linked to exports, potentially violating WTO  India has 416K AI professionals as of 2023 and will
subsidy disciplines. manage to meet the current demand of approximately
• Unfair advantage: The US argues that RoDTEP unfairly benefits 629K, which will surge to 1 million by 2026.
Indian exporters by reducing their production costs, harming • Kochi and Thiruvananthapuram, in Kerala have emerged as
American businesses competing in the same markets. the most preferred places to work among the youth in India.
• Indirect subsidy: The EU shares the US concern about RoDTEP • Highly Employable Youth: Haryana, Maharashtra, Andhra
potentially acting as an indirect subsidy by reimbursing Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Kerala, and Telangana have the
embedded taxes. highest concentration of highly employable youth.
• Market distortion: The EU argues that RoDTEP could distort  In the age range of 22 to 25 years, Uttar Pradesh stands
competition in global markets by making Indian exports out with the highest talent concentration at 74.77%,
artificially cheaper.
followed closely by Maharashtra at 71.97%.
Steps taken by India to Prevent it’s Exporters from the • Computer Skills: Thiruvananthapuram claimed first position in
Effect of CVD: excellence in nurturing computer skills, while Kerala came
• WTO Consultations: India has formally requested WTO third overall among States.
consultations with the US over the CVD on steel, citing • Kochi is the top choice among Indian cities for female job
discrepancies with WTO rules and lack of concrete evidence aspirants.
of unfair subsidies.
• Negotiation with EU: Discussions between India and the EU
PERIODIC LABOUR FORCE SURVEY, 2023
regarding the CVD on file folders are ongoing, with both sides
aiming to find a mutually acceptable solution. Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) for the period of July
• RODTEP Review: The government is actively reviewing the – September 2023 has been published by the Ministry of
Remission of Duties or Taxes on Export Products (RODTEP) Statistics and Programme Implementation.
scheme, addressing concerns about its compliance with
WTO regulations. About:
• Duty Remission Scheme: Duty Remission Scheme for • The National Sample Survey Office (NSSO) launched the
Exporters (DREM) has been expanded to cover additional Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) in 2017.
products affected by CVDs, offering partial duty refunds to • The PLFS gives estimates of Key employment and
ease the financial burden on exporters. unemployment Indicators like the Labour Force Participation
• Export Diversification Strategy: The government is taking Rate (LFPR), Worker Population Ratio (WPR), Unemployment
initiatives to boost exports to markets like Africa, ASEAN, and Rate (UR), etc.
Latin America, reducing dependence on the US and EU and • The present Quarterly Bulletin is the twentieth in the series for
mitigating CVD risks. the quarter July – September, 2023.
Indicators:
INDIA SKILLS REPORT 2024 • Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR): LFPR is defined as the
The 11 edition of India Skills Report 2024 has been released
th percentage of persons in the labour force (i.e. working or
by the talent assessment firm Wheebox. Theme of the report seeking or available for work) in the population.
is ‘Impact of AI on the Future of Work, Skilling & Mobility’. • Worker Population Ratio (WPR): WPR is defined as the
percentage of employed persons in the population.
Major Highlights: • Unemployment Rate (UR): UR is defined as the percentage of
• Employability: The report surveyed youths through a National persons unemployed among the persons in the labour force.
Employability Test which indicated that the employability in • Current Weekly Status (CWS): The activity status determined
India has improved. on the basis of a reference period of last 7 days preceding
 51.25% of the assessed youths were found to be the date of survey is known as the current weekly status
employable with the required skills. (CWS) of the person.
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Major Findings: • MUDRA Yojana: The Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana aims to
• Labour Force Participation Rate (LFPR) 15 years and above: LFPR provide financial support to small and micro-enterprises,
in urban areas increased from 47.9% in 2022 to 49.3% in 2023. facilitating self-employment and job creation.
 While for male, LFPR increased from 73.4% to 73.8%  The scheme offers three categories of loans - Shishu,
during this period, for females, LFPR increased from Kishor, and Tarun - based on the stage of business
21.7% to 24.0% during this period. development.
• Worker Population Ratio (WPR) 15 years and above: WPR in • Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
urban areas increased from 44.5% in 2022 to 46.0% in 2023. Act, 2005: It guarantees 100 days of wage employment in a
 For male, it increased from 68.6% to 69.4% during this financial year to rural households, with the aim of enhancing
period and for females, it increased from 19.7% to 21.9% livelihood security in rural areas.
during this period.
• Pradhan Mantri Rozgar Protsahan Yojana (PMRPY): To
• Unemployment Rate (UR) 15 years and above: UR in urban
incentivize employers for generating new employment, the
areas decreased from 7.2% in 2022 to 6.6% in 2023.
PMRPY scheme provides a contribution from the government
 For male, UR was 6.0% in 2023 while for females UR
towards the Employee Provident Fund (EPF) for new
decreased from 9.4% 2022 to 8.6% in 2023.
employees.
• Women Participation in MGNREGS: Women participation in
• Startup India: It aims to promote entrepreneurship and create
the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
a favorable ecosystem for startups, fostering innovation and
Scheme (MGNREGS) was the highest in 10 financial years,
with the proportion of women person-days in the total touching job creation.
59.25% during 2023-24.  The initiative includes various measures, such as tax
exemptions, funding support, and simplified regulatory
Unemployment and its Types in India: processes for startups.
• Unemployment refers to the situation where individuals who
are willing and able to work cannot find suitable employment. Conclusion:
• Structural Unemployment: Structural unemployment occurs • India's battle against unemployment demands a multi-
when there is a mismatch between the jobs that are available pronged approach, fostering an ecosystem of skill
and the people looking for work. development, entrepreneurship promotion, and targeted
 Lack of required skills and inadequate education often programs for vulnerable groups.
hinder job prospects for many individuals in India. • While challenges persist, the government's initiatives,
• Cyclical Unemployment: During an economic downturn, a coupled with continuous adaptation, and collaboration with
shortfall of demand for goods and services results in a lack of private and civil society actors, can provide the necessary
jobs being available for those who want to work. tools to equip its workforce and navigate the path towards a
• Seasonal Unemployment: Many sectors in India, such as more secure and prosperous future.
agriculture, experience seasonal variations in demand for
labor.
PLI 2.0 FOR STEEL SECTOR
• Disguised Unemployment: This occurs when more people are
employed than necessary, commonly found in the agricultural The government is working on Production Linked Incentive
and unorganized sectors of India. (PLI) scheme 2.0 and to ensure adequate raw material
supply for the steel sector in 2024.
• Underemployment: Underemployment refers to a situation
where individuals are working in jobs that do not fully utilize
Present Status of Steel Industry in India:
their skills and qualifications. This can be prevalent in jobs
• India currently ranks as the World's 2nd Largest Producer of
that are below an individual's educational or skill level.
Crude Steel, surpassing Japan in 2018.
Measures Taken by Government of India to Address • The cumulative production of crude steel was 94.01 Million
Unemployment: Tonnes (MT), during April-November 2023.
• Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY): Launched in • The consumption of finished steel jumped 14% to 86.97 MT on
2015 to provide skill development training to a large number an annual basis during April-November 2023.
of youth across the country, enabling them to take up industry- • The installed steel manufacturing capacity of India is around
relevant jobs. 161 MT.
68
• Finished steel imports into India showed a growth of 18% to • Infrastructure Boom: With ambitious infrastructure plans like
5.87 MT in January-November 2023 from 4.96 MT in the same Sagarmala and Bharatmala on the horizon, steel consumption
period of 2022. is projected to reach 300 million tonnes by 2030-31.
• Exports from India showed a decline of 20% to 6 MT in • Green Steel Revolution: India's commitment to sustainability
January-November 2023 from 7.46 MT in the same period of is fostering innovations in green steel production, leveraging
2022. renewable energy and cleaner technologies. This not only
benefits the environment but also positions Indian steel as a
Shortcomings of Existing PLI scheme for Steel Sector: responsible and competitive player in the global market.
• Limited Scope: Current focus is on niche products like alloy
steel and overlooks segments like coated steel, constituting Steps taken by Government:
50% of domestic consumption. This narrow scope undercuts • Steel Scrap Recycling Policy: The Policy is for promoting the
potential market impact. scientific processing and recycling of ferrous scrap.
• Confusing Criteria: Complex eligibility guidelines discourage • National Steel Policy 2017 (NSP 2017): India has set the targets
participation, particularly from smaller players. of achieving the total crude steel capacity of 300 MTPA and
• Opaque Incentives: Lack of transparency in incentive total crude steel demand/production of 255 MTPA by 2030-
calculations and disbursement timelines generates 31.
uncertainty and hinders investments. • Policy for providing preference to Domestically Manufactured
• High Thresholds: Setting minimum investment requirements Iron and Steel Products (DMI & SP Policy) in government
too high restricts participation from smaller companies, procurement which has resulted in import substitution of
limiting the scheme's reach. ₹34,800 Crore approximately.
• Large Player Advantage: The scheme has disproportionately • Brand India labeling: The Ministry of Steel has undertaken the
benefited existing large players with established capacities, initiative of Made in India branding of Steel produced in the
further consolidating their market dominance. country to differentiate Indian quality steel from the others.
• Productivity Linked Incentive Scheme (PLI) for steel: The
Concerns of Steel Sector in India: Scheme was approved by the Government in 2021, with a
• Raw Material Availability and Cost: The steel industry heavily financial outlay of ₹ 6,322 crores.
depends on the availability and cost of raw materials such as  Objective: To promote domestic manufacturing of 'Specialty
iron ore and coking coal. Steel' within the country by attracting capital investment,
 India remains dependent on imports to meet 90% of its generate employment and promote technology up-
coking coal requirement. In 2023 so far, the imports have gradation in the steel sector.
been between 70-80 MT.  Features: It includes 3 slabs of incentives, participation
• Infrastructure Bottlenecks: Inadequate transportation facilities, only by companies registered in India, commitment to
inefficient logistics, and power shortages, hinder the smooth thresholds of investment and incremental production
operation of the steel industry. It also leads to increased given in the scheme guidelines.
production costs.
• Global Competition: The steel industry is highly competitive SPECIALTY STEEL
and Indian steel manufacturers face stiff competition from • It is a value-added steel wherein normal finished steel is
international players. worked upon by way of coating, plating, heat treatment etc.
 Dumping of steel products especially from China and • It is useful in applications requiring specific properties
Vietnam in the past had major impacts on the industry. such as defense, space, power, automobile, specialized
capital goods etc.
Potential of Steel Sector in India:
• Automobile Industry Growth: The automotive sector is a major
consumer of steel. As India's middle class expands and FUNDING WINTER
consumer purchasing power increases, there is a growing
demand for automobiles, contributing to the demand for steel. As per the recent report, the Indian startup ecosystem
continues to face the prolonged funding winter period.
• Urbanization: With a growing population and increasing
urbanization, there is a rising demand for housing, commercial
spaces, and urban infrastructure. This trend contributes to a About:
sustained demand for steel in construction and real estate • It refers to a period in which funding for startups becomes
sectors. more difficult to obtain due to a variety of factors.
69
• It is attributed to a market slowdown and economic volatility • Hiring freezes: As per Inc42 report 62% of startups
on account of the prevailing macroeconomic and geopolitical implemented hiring freezes or downsizing measures in 2023,
conditions, which have driven inflation, commodity prices, impacting crucial functions and innovation pipelines.
and interest rates. • It has created a strain on profitability, leading to a challenging
• The slowdown in funding for Indian startups began around work environment for employees.
mid-2022. • But some industry observers claimed that It helped start-ups
to manage their businesses better without burning excessive
Reasons for Funding winter: cash.
• Rising interest rates: As central banks around the world tighten Future Outlook:
monetary policy to combat inflation, investors become more • Geopolitical uncertainties: The ongoing war in Ukraine
risk-averse, leading them to prioritize safer assets over riskier and other global tensions could keep investors cautious,
ventures like startups. prolonging the funding squeeze.
• Geopolitical tensions: The ongoing war in Ukraine and other • Debt burden: Increased reliance on debt financing poses
global conflicts create uncertainty and volatility in the market, long-term risks for startups, potentially impacting future
making investors hesitant to invest in new startups. valuations and investor interest.
• Economic slowdown: A global slowdown of growth had • Innovation slowdown: With limited resources, the focus might
dampened investor sentiment combined with the failures of shift towards maintaining operations, potentially stifling the
many startups in 2023 had led to reduced allocation towards development of groundbreaking solutions.
venture capital funds, impacting startup funding. • Tech breakthrough: A major innovation in sectors like AI or
• Lack of profitability and exits: Many Indian startups struggle to cleantech could trigger a surge in investor interest, creating
achieve profitability and provide attractive exits for investors, new funding avenues for relevant startups.
leading to a decline in investor confidence. • The startups will have to come up with credible plans to
ensure proper returns on investment.
Consequences: • According to Experts,Funding winter for Indian startups is
• Reduced funding: A recent PwC report reveals a 33% drop in likely to end by March 2024.
funding for Indian startups in 2022 compared to 2021. This
translates to slower expansion, with some startups forced to TAX DEVOLUTION TO STATES
delay product launches by up to 6 months, according to a
survey by Nasscom. The Union government has authorized the release of an
additional installment of tax devolution amounting to
• Unemployment: 40% of startups reported witnessing
₹72,961.21 crore to State Governments.
increased employee attrition rate in the past year, with key
personnel seeking stability in established companies.
About:
EMPLOYEE ATTRITION RATE • The amount has been released for financing various social
welfare measures and infrastructure development schemes.
• Employee attrition rate, also known as employee turnover
• As per the norm, tax devolution is made through 14
rate, is a metric used to quantify the rate at which employees
installments to states in a year, with at least one installment
leave a company over a specific period of time.
in each month and two extra installments released in the last
• It is usually expressed as a percentage and calculated two months of the year.
by dividing the number of employees who leave by the
average number of employees during that period. What is Tax devolution?
Attrition Rate = (Number of Employees Who Leave / Average • Tax devolution, a key source of funding for state governments.
Number of Employees) * 100%. • Article 280(1) of the Constitutions lays down that the
• Impact of high attrition rate for a company: modalities for setting up of a Finance Commission to make
recommendation on the distribution of net proceeds of taxes
 Loss of skills and experience
between the Union and the States, allocation between the
 Decreased productivity and morale
States of respective shares of such proceeds; grants- in-
 Damaged customer relationships
aid and the revenues of the States and measures needed
 Increased costs of recruitment and training
to supplement the resources of the Panchayats during the
 Negative employer reputation award period.
70
• The objective of tax devolution is to promote fiscal federalism, • Efficient market theorists believe that markets are so efficient
strengthen the financial autonomy of state governments, and that all information that is relevant to an asset is quickly
empower them to meet the needs of their respective populations. reflected in its price, thus offering very little opportunity for
value investors to purchase undervalued assets.
Finance Commission Recommendations:
• Value investors, on the other hand, believe that price and
• Currently, tax devolution is being administered by the intrinsic value can differ for long periods of time, thus offering
recommendations of the 15th Finance Commission chaired by investors opportunities to make profits by buying assets below
N.K.Singh. their intrinsic value.
• The Finance Commission had recommended that states be • Benjamin Graham, Warren Buffett, and Charlie Munger are
given 41 percent of the divisible tax pool of the Centre during famous Value investors.
the five-year period 2021-22 to 2025-26.
Challenges associated with Value Investing:
• The amount each state receives depends on a formula
• Market Inefficiency: The core assumption of value investing
considering factors like population, area, income disparity,
is that the market can be irrational, making it difficult to
and fiscal performance. This ensures resources are
consistently identify truly undervalued stocks. Efficient
directed towards states with greater needs and incentivizes
markets can quickly adjust prices, leaving value investors
responsible fiscal management.
holding onto stocks that never catch up to expected prices.
Comparison of 14 FC and 15 FC Recommendations
th th
• Subjectivity in Valuation: Intrinsic value is often subjective,
on Devolution of Funds between States relying on complex financial models and interpretations. Two
15 FC th
14 FC
th value investors might disagree on the fair value of a company,
Criterion
Weight (%) Weight (%) leading to divergent outcomes.
Income Distance 45 50 • Hidden Risks and Uncertainties: Unexpected events or

changes in company fundamentals can negatively impact
Population (1971 Census) 15 17.5
even carefully analyzed stocks, exposing value investors to
Area 15 10
significant losses.
Forest and Ecology 10 7.5
Demographic Performance 12.5 0 MIGRATION AND DEVELOPMENT BRIEFS
Tax Effort and Fiscal
2.5 15
REPORT 2023
Discipline
The World Bank has released the Migration and
Total 100 100
Development Briefs Report 2023. India saw the highest
FC: Finance Commission amount of remittance inflows in the world in 2023.
About:
VALUE INVESTING
• The report updates on migration and remittance flows as well
Value investing is a widely used economic term in the field as salient policy developments in the area of international
of investment. migration and development.
• Remittance refers to the funds migrants send to their relatives
About: in their home country while working and living abroad. These
• Value investing refers to a style of investing that involves are also referred to as worker or migrant transfers.
buying assets such as stocks, bonds, real estate etc. at a  Most families living in slow-growing economies and
price that is below their intrinsic value hoping to sell them at a developing nations rely heavily on these remittances as
higher price in the future. their main source of income.
• American economist Benjamin Graham is considered to be the
Major Highlights of the Report:
father of this style of investing.
• Trends: The growth of remittances to Low- and Middle-
Difference between Philosophy of Value Investors and Income Countries (LMICs) slowed to 3.8 percent in 2023 after
Efficient Market Theorists: averaging about 9 percent over the previous two years.
• Efficient market theorists argue that the price at which an • Largest Source of Remittances: The United States continued to
asset is traded in the market closely tracks its intrinsic value. be the largest source of remittances.
71
• Top Receipt: The top five remittance recipient countries in

 The institution focuses on a wide range of areas,
2023 are India ($125 billion), Mexico ($67 billion), China ($50
including education, health, agriculture, infrastructure,
billion), the Philippines ($40 billion), and Egypt ($24 billion).
and environmental sustainability.
 For India, the main contributing factors are declining
• Reports: World Development Report (WDR), Global
inflation and strong labour markets in high-income source
Economic Prospects (GEP), Doing Business Report,
countries, which boosted remittances from highly skilled
Global Financial Inclusion (Findex) Database, Poverty and
Indians in the US, the UK, and Singapore, which collectively
Shared Prosperity Report.
account for 36 percent of the total remittance flows.
• Remittance as share of GDP: Economies where remittance
inflows represent substantial shares of Gross Domestic
IEA’s 'COAL 2023' REPORT
Product (GDP) – are Tajikistan (48 percent), Tonga (41
percent), Samoa (32 percent), Lebanon (28 percent), and The International Energy Agency (IEA) has released its
Nicaragua (27 percent). annual coal market report named Coal 2023.
• India: Growth in remittances in India is expected to halve to
12.4 percent in 2023 from a historic peak of 24.4 percent in 2022. Major Findings of the Report:
 The United Arab Emirates accounts for 18 percent of India’s • Global coal consumption: It reached a record high in 2022 by
total remittances and is the second-largest source after rising 4% year-on-year.
the United States.  In China, demand rose by 4.6%, in India, it increased by
 Remittance flows to India benefited particularly from 9%, in Indonesia, it shot up by 32%.
its 2023 agreement with the United Arab Emirates for
• Coal Demand in 2023: It is rising by 1.4% in 2023.
establishing a framework to promote the use of local
 Consumption declined sharply in most advanced
currencies for cross-border transactions.
economies in 2023, including record drops in the European
 In addition to the United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia,
Union and United States of around 20% each.
Kuwait, Oman, and Qatar account for 11 percent of India’s
 Demand in emerging and developing economies remains
total remittances.
very strong, increasing by 8% in India and by 5% in China
• Remittances Outlook for 2024: The growth of remittance flows
in 2023.
to LMICs is expected to slow to 2.4 percent in 2024, mostly
• Decline in Demand in 2026: Coal demand to fall by 2.3% by
reflecting a slowing of economic growth in several high-
2026 compared with 2023 levels, even in the absence of
income countries.
governments implementing stronger climate policies.
• Importance of Remittances: Future inflows of remittances
• Renewable Capacity Expansion: More than half of the global
can be used as collateral to lower the costs of international
renewable capacity expansion is set to occur in China, which
borrowing for national banks in developing countries.
currently accounts for over half of the world’s demand for coal.
 Remittances also can play an important role in improving
a country’s ability to repay debt, due to their large size • Production of Coal: China, India and Indonesia – the three
relative to other sources of foreign exchange. largest coal producers globally – are expected to break
 The contribution of remittances to debt sustainability in output records in 2023.
low-income countries was recognized in the 2017 revision  These three countries now account for more than 70% of
to the International Monetary Fund/World Bank debt the world’s coal production.
sustainability analysis framework. • Global Coal Trade: It is expected to contract as demand
declines in the years ahead.
WORLD BANK
• It is an international financial institution that provides loans Coal Sector in India:
and grants to the governments of developing countries for • Coal Reserves: India has significant coal reserves, and it is one
the purpose of pursuing capital projects. of the world's largest coal producers.
• It was established along with the International Monetary  The major coal fields in India are located in the eastern
Fund at the 1944 Bretton Woods Conference. states of Jharkhand, Odisha, and West Bengal, as well as
• It comprises two institutions: The International Bank in central states like Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh.
for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD), and the • Coal Production: India is among the top 3 leading coal
International Development Association (IDA). producers globally. The Coal India Limited (CIL) is the state-
• Mandate: The World Bank Group has a mandate to reduce owned coal mining company and the largest government-
poverty and support sustainable development. owned-coal-producer in the world.
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• Coal Consumption: The power demand in India is surging. In Sources of Revenue for MCIs:
2022, the requirement grew about 8 - 9%. • The primary source of revenue for these platforms are the
 Industrial and commercial activity are among the biggest transaction fees generated from trading-related activities.
consumers of energy in the country.
• These MCIs can derive revenue from operating a blockchain
• Import and Export: Despite being a significant coal producer, infrastructure for which they may collect transaction validation
India has also been importing coal to meet the growing fees.
demand.
• Another source of revenue could be proprietary trading
 This is due to issues such as transportation challenges
(trading with their own individual capital rather than that of
and the need for specific types of coal for certain
clients, with the aim of acquiring profits).
industries.
Concerns:
CONCERNS ABOUT CRYPTO ASSET • Technological and Operational Vulnerabilities: MCIs face
various technological and operational challenges, including
INTERMEDIARIES
susceptibility to cyber-attacks and technical issues that can
The Financial Stability Board (FSB) has published a report disrupt platform functions like trading and withdrawals.
assessing the risks posed by Multifunction Crypto-Asset • Increased Interconnectedness: By combining trading and
Intermediaries (MCIs). investment functions, MCIs amplify interconnectedness
within the crypto-asset ecosystem. This can lead to conflicts
What are Crypto Assets? of interest and market manipulation.
• Crypto assets are purely digital assets that use public ledgers • Governance and Structural Issues: Many MCIs may lack
over the internet to prove ownership. effective governance and risk management frameworks,
• They use cryptography, peer-to-peer networks and Distributed exposing them and their clients to uncontrolled leverage and
Ledger Technology (DLT) – such as blockchain – to create, liquidity risks.
verify and secure transactions.
• Challenges in Global Operations: MCIs operating globally,
• Crypto assets generally operate independently of a central especially those headquartered or incorporated in lightly
bank, central authority or government. They may be used regulated jurisdictions, pose challenges for national
as a medium of exchange; a way to store value; or for other authorities in terms of monitoring and enforcing regulations.
business purposes.
• Market Concentration Concerns: A few MCIs could become
• Types of crypto assets: Cryptocurrency, Utility Tokens, Security
dominant liquidity providers in crypto-asset markets, leading
Tokens, Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs).
to potential market disruptions if a single MCI fails.
Multi-Function Crypto-Asset Intermediaries (MCIs): Concerns about Crypto Assets in India:

• MCIs are individual firms or groups of affiliated firms that • Regulatory Ambiguity: The legal status of cryptocurrencies in
offer a range of crypto-based services, products and India remains undefined. The Indian government applies a
functions which primarily revolve around operating the
tax rate of 30 % on crypto assets but whether crypto assets
trading platform.
are legal or not has not been clarified by the government yet.
• Examples: Binance, Bitfinex and Coinbase.
• Cybersecurity Threats: A 2022 report by blockchain security
firm CipherTrace revealed that cryptocurrency crime reached
DISTRIBUTED LEDGER TECHNOLOGY (DLT)
an all-time high of $8.2 billion in 2021.
• A distributed ledger is a type of database that stores
• Consumer Protection: The absence of a regulatory framework
electronic records shared and replicated across many
leaves investors vulnerable to fraud, hacking, and market
locations and maintained by members of this decentralized
manipulation. A 2023 survey by the LocalCircles NGO found
network.
that over 70% of Indian crypto investors have concerns about
• Each new transaction must be agreed upon by all members scams and lack of consumer protection.
of the network before it is added to the ledger.
• Money Laundering: A 2020 Chainalysis report estimated that
• Blockchain is one type of distributed ledger that arranges 1.1% of global cryptocurrency transaction volume was tied to
the data in chunks and chains them together. This unique illicit activity. India's porous financial system raises concerns
way of structuring data gives blockchain transactions about crypto becoming a haven for money laundering,
additional security as they are irreversible. jeopardizing national security and financial integrity.
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Current Affairs In-Shorts | International Relations
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
16TH EDITION OF INDIA-GERMANY MILITARY Committee (JTC), established under the 1986 India-New
Zealand Trade Agreement was acknowledged.
COOPERATION
The 16th edition of the India-Germany Military Cooperation What is the issue of Public Stock Holding?
Sub Group (MCSG) meeting was conducted recently in New • As per WTO norms, agricultural subsidies should not
Delhi. exceed 10 percent of the value of agricultural production for
developing countries.
About: • However India and many other developing countries have
• It is a forum established to boost defense cooperation between been pushing for a permanent solution to the issue of
India and Germany through regular talks at the strategic and providing subsidies for PSH, as it would allow them to expand
operational levels. schemes like MSP for foodgrains without worrying about
• Discussions focused on new initiatives for further breaching limits.
strengthening ongoing defense engagements. • Large agriculture commodity exporters such as the US and
Canada are critical of such a move as they believe that higher
India-Germany Military Cooperation: subsidies are distorting agriculture prices in the global market.
• India and Germany have had a ‘Strategic Partnership’ since
20011. Peace Clause:
• In 2006, the Indian and German Defence ministers signed an • WTO members at the Bali ministerial meeting in 2013 put in
agreement for deeper security and defense cooperation which place a mechanism called the Peace Clause to tackle the
included the exchange and training of military personnel, differences between nations on food subsidies.
increased technology transfer, and greater collaboration • Under this clause, developing nations could not be dragged
in developing joint defense projects and the creation of the to arbitration if they did breach the prescribed limit of 10 per
Indo-German High Defense Committee (HDC). cent on support to farmers.
• In 2008, the first joint naval exercise between India and
Germany took place off the coast of Kochi.
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION (WTO)
• The two countries have discussed co-development of • WTO is the international organization that deals with the
military hardware and tech transfers, and a deal worth $5.2 rules of trade between countries.
billion where Germany would jointly build six conventional • History: WTO was founded in 1995. It is the successor
submarines in India could be underway. to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
established in the wake of the Second World War.
• Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
INDIA-NEW ZEALAND BILATERAL TRADE
• Member: The WTO is run by its 164 members.
MEETING
• Mandate: It aims to promote free trade, which is done
The India and New Zealand trade ministers discussed a through trade agreements that are discussed and signed
range of bilateral and multilateral trade issues. by the member states.
 The WTO also provides a forum for countries to
Highlights of the Meeting: negotiate trade rules and settle economic disputes
• India and New Zealand discussed the issue of Public Stock between them.
Holding (PSH), ahead of the World Trade Organisation’s WTO’s Ministerial Conference:
Ministerial Conference. • The Ministerial Conference is the WTO’s top decision-
• Both nations welcomed the finalization of the Memorandum making body. It usually meets every two years.
of Understanding to further liberalize the bilateral Air Services • All members of the WTO are involved in the Ministerial
Agreement between the two countries. Conference and they can make decisions on all matters
• The importance of the annual meeting of the Joint Trade covered under any multilateral trade agreements.
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In-Shorts | International Relations Current Affairs
‘ANGOLA’ LEAVES OPEC TRADE DEFICIT

Africa’s second-biggest oil producer ‘Angola’ is leaving • India’s trade deficit with the ASEAN region was at $7.5
OPEC after disagreements over production targets. billion per annum when the pact was implemented. This
has ballooned to $43.57 billion in FY23.
About: • In 2022-23, India’s exports to the region were valued at $44
• The producer group lowered Angola’s oil output target as part billion, while its imports were at $87.57 billion.
of a series of cuts led by Saudi Arabia to help prop up prices. • ASEAN accounted for 11.3% of India’s global trade in
2022-23.
• Hence Angola clashed with Saudi Arabia at recent meetings
and decided to leave the group.
Revamping AITGA:
About OPEC: • Changes in the Rules of Origin (ROO): It will work in favor of
India by increasing market access for some items as well as
• The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)
blocking possible re-routing of goods by China through the
was established in 1960 at the Baghdad conference.
ASEAN countries.
• Headquarters: Vienna, Austria  ROO are the criteria to determine the origin of a product
• Member: Currently, it has 13 members including Angola, and establish if it qualifies for duty cuts under an FTA.
Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, and Venezuela. • Product specific rules (PSRs): It will be introduced in the ROO
 Angola had joined OPEC in 2007. chapter which can help India relax rules for certain items
to increase exports. At the same time, loopholes could be
ANGOLA blocked to check circumvention by China.
• Angola, is a country located in southwestern Africa. • Trade remedies: The modernized AITGA will also have a
• Bordering Nations: It is bordered by Namibia to the south, chapter on trade remedies, which will seek to provide a
the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the northeast, safety net for domestic industry against unfair trade practices
Zambia to the east, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west. or unforeseen surges in imports of goods.
India-ASEAN Relations:
• Defense Relations: Recently The Republic of Singapore Navy
INDIA-ASEAN RELATIONS (RSN) and the Indian Navy (IN) co-hosted the first ever
India and the Association of South East Asian Nations ASEAN-India Maritime Exercise off the coast of Singapore.
(ASEAN) will begin negotiations to modernize their free  With AIME-2023 India becomes the 4th ASEAN dialogue
trade agreement (FTA) to bring more balance in the pact. partner, after Russia, China and the US to hold the
ASEAN+1 maritime exercise.
ASEAN India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITGA): • ASEAN-India Friendship Year: The year 2022 marks the 30th
Anniversary of ASEAN-India Dialogue Relations & the 10th
• India signed an FTA in goods with ASEAN in 2009, which
anniversary of India’s Strategic Partnership with ASEAN.
came into force in 2010.
• Connectivity and Infrastructure: Initiatives such as the India
 A separate FTA in services was signed in 2014.
-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway and the Kaladan
• The FTA between India and ASEAN is also known as the Multimodal Transit Transport Project aim to improve physical
ASEAN India Trade in Goods Agreement (AITGA). The pact connectivity between India and ASEAN, promoting trade and
resulted in disproportionate benefits for ASEAN. economic integration.
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Current Affairs In-Shorts | International Relations
• Multi-level interaction: In their relations at the apex is the annual • Its primary purpose is to ensure the security and defense of its
summit which is ASEAN-India Summit. Further there are active member countries through collective defense.
engagement through ASEAN-led mechanisms, such as: • The organization's roots can be traced back to the aftermath
 East Asia Summit,
of World War II when the North Atlantic Treaty was signed.
 ASEAN Regional Forum,
• Founding Members: The original members of NATO
 ADMM-Plus.
were Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Iceland, Italy,
• Delhi Dialogue: The ‘Delhi Dialogue’ (DD) mechanism is
Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, the United
hosted by India annually. It is traditionally inaugurated jointly
by India and ASEAN at the Foreign Minister’s level. Kingdom, and the United States.
 It serves as the main Track 1.5 mechanism for engagement. • Collective Defense: The cornerstone of NATO is Article 5 of
• Maritime Connectivity & Security: India is surrounded by the the North Atlantic Treaty, which states that an armed attack
Indian Ocean and ASEAN Countries have borders with Indo- against one or more of its members is considered an attack
Pacific waters. India is consciously working with ASEAN against all members.
towards a vision of an open and inclusive Indo-Pacific in • Decision-Making: Decisions within NATO are made based on
tandem with initiatives such as; consensus among member countries.
 The Indo-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI),  The North Atlantic Council, which includes the ambassadors
 To ensure Security and Growth for All in the Region of all member countries, is the principal political decision-
(SAGAR). making body.
 India and some of the ASEAN countries are also members
• Members: It has 31 member countries, Finland became 31st
of the Indo-Pacific Economic Framework (IPEF).
member in 2023.
ASSOCIATION OF SOUTHEAST ASIAN NATIONS (ASEAN)  On signing the Treaty, countries voluntarily commit
themselves to participate in the political consultations and
• About: It is a political and economic organization aimed
military activities of the Organization.
primarily at promoting economic growth and regional
stability among its members. Challenges faced by NATO:
• Members: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
• Funding issues: While the US shoulders 53% of NATO's
Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam.
defense budget, just 8 member states meet the agreed target
• History: It was established in 1967 in Bangkok, Thailand, of spending 2% of GDP on defense (Source: SIPRI).
with the signing of the ASEAN Declaration (Bangkok
• Russia Ukraine War: The Ukraine crisis and Moscow's
Declaration) by the Founding Fathers of ASEAN: Indonesia,
concerns about NATO expansion has strained relations and
Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand.
risks a potential escalation.
 Brunei Darussalam joined ASEAN in 1984, followed by
Vietnam in 1995, Lao PDR and Myanmar in 1997, and • Divergent priorities: As per Carnegie Endowment for
Cambodia in 1999 International Peace, member states like France and Germany
• ASEAN Summit: It is the highest policy-making body in prioritize regional stability and diplomacy, while Eastern
ASEAN comprising the Head of States or Government of European members like Poland advocate for a robust
ASEAN Member States.Summit is held twice annually. response to Russian aggression, creating friction within the
 The First ASEAN Summit was held in Bali, Indonesia in 1976. alliance.
• Alignment towards Russia: The rise of populist governments in
Hungary and Turkey, with their Eurosceptic leanings, casts a
NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION shadow on NATO's unity and commitment to collective action
A key committee in the Turkish parliament gave the by favoring Russia from time to time.
clearance for Sweden’s NATO membership.
Conclusion:
About NATO: • NATO's collective military power remains unmatched and its
• NATO, or the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, is a military experience in adapting to changing landscapes is invaluable.
alliance of countries. By addressing internal divisions, strengthening partnerships,
and continuously modernizing its capabilities, NATO can
• The foundations of NATO were officially laid down in 1949
with the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty, more popularly remain a key player in promoting security and stability in the
known as the Washington Treaty. 21st century.
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In-Shorts | Internal Security Current Affairs
INTERNAL SECURITY
91ST INTERPOL GENERAL ASSEMBLY  An NCB is run by national police officials and usually sits
in the government ministry responsible for policing.
In the 91st Interpol General Assembly, India has urged other
member countries to deny safe havens to crime, criminals, India’s Status:
and the proceeds of crime. • India joined the Interpol in 1949.
• The CBI (Central Bureau of Investigation) is the National Central
Key Highlights:
Bureau for Interpol in India and coordinates all international
• During the assembly, discussions were held for a concerted
police cooperation requirements of Indian law enforcement
action to combat organized crime, terrorism, drug trafficking,
agencies via Interpol channels.
money laundering, online radicalisation, cyber-enabled
financial crimes etc. • India hosted the 90th Interpol General Assembly in Delhi in
2022. Interpol’s first global crime trend report was released
• To tackle organized crime the Vienna Declaration was issued
with five priority actions: during the Delhi Session.
 Tackling transnational organized crime must become a
Interpol Notices:
global national security priority,
 Building greater cooperation to tackle criminal activity, • Interpol Notices are international requests for cooperation or
 Increased information sharing, alerts allowing police in member countries to share critical
 Empowering frontline police, crime-related information.
 Greater investment in innovation and technology. • Notices are published by the General Secretariat at the request
• India also supported the adoption of Interpol’s Vision 2030 of a National Central Bureau and are made available to all our
and the creation of the Interpol Future Council. member countries.
About Interpol:
• Interpol is an intergovernmental organization, which stands
for International Criminal Police Organization.
• Background: It was founded in 1923 at the International
Police Congress in Vienna as the International Criminal Police
Commission (ICPC). In 1956, the ICPC adopted the name
Interpol.
• Members: It has 196 member countries, including India.
• Headquarters: Lyon, France
• Mandate: It connects police around the world – both
technically and in person. It is the world's largest and only
organization with the mandate and technical infrastructure to
share police information globally.
Governance of Interpol:
• The General Secretariat coordinates the day-to-day activities
to fight a range of crimes. Headed by the Secretary-General,
it is staffed by both police and civilians.
• The General Assembly is the governing body and it brings all DEFENCE INDIGENISATION
countries together once a year to make decisions.
The Defence Acquisition Council (DAC) recently accorded
• In each country, an Interpol National Central Bureau (NCB) approval for Acceptance of Necessity (AoNs) for various
provides the central point of contact for the General capital acquisition proposals amounting to ₹2.23 lakh crore.
Secretariat and other NCBs.
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Current Affairs In-Shorts | Internal Security
About: • Narrow Private Participation: Private sector participation in

• Of the total, acquisition worth ₹2.20 lakh crore (98 per cent) the defence sector is constrained by the lack of a conducive
will be sourced from domestic industries. financial framework and monopoly by the public sector.
• The DAC accorded AoNs for the procurement of the following • Lack of Research and Critical Technology: Lack of design
equipment: capability, inadequate R&D investment, and inability to
 Anti-tank Munitions namely, Area Denial Munition (ADM) manufacture major subsystems and components hamper
indigenous manufacturing.
Type-2 and Type-3, which are capable of neutralising Tanks.
 State-of-the-art Towed Gun System (TGS) The AoN was also • Lack of Coordination: India’s defence manufacturing capability
accorded for 155 mm Nubless projectile for use in 155 mm is hindered by overlapping jurisdictions between the Ministry
Artillery guns which will enhance the lethality and safety of of Defence and the Ministry of Industrial Promotion.
the projectiles. • Bureaucratic delay and licensing issues: Investment in the
 Medium Range Anti-Ship Missiles (MRAShM) for surface defence sector is subject to compliance with the licensing
platforms of the Indian Navy. requirements stipulated by the Department of Industrial
 Light Combat Helicopter (LCH) and Light Combat Aircraft Policy and Promotion (DIPP).
(LCA) Mk 1A. • Poor quality products: It is largely attributed to the low-end
technology and thereby fair poorly as compared to products
Defence Indigenisation: from other advanced countries when it comes to exports.
• A country can develop and produce defence equipment within
the country to achieve self-reliance. GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES TO
• An indigenous defence industry is a vital objective for India PROMOTE INDIGENISATION
given its security environment and strategic objectives. • IDDM category: Acording priority to procurement of capital
• Current Status: India’s defence manufacturing sector has items of Buy Indian (IDDM-Indigenous Designed and
witnessed a CAGR of 3.9% between 2016 and 2020. Manufactured) category from domestic sources under
 The Government of India has set the defence production Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP)-2020.
target at US$ 25 billion by 2025 (including US$ 5 billion • ‘Positive Indigenisation Lists’: For items for which there
from exports by 2025). would be an embargo on the import beyond the timelines
 India remained the world’s largest arms importer for the indicated against them.
five years between 2018-22 even though its arms imports • Liberalization of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) policy:
dropped by 11% between 2013–17 and 2018–22, according allowing 74% FDI under automatic route.
to SIPRI. • SRIJAN: Launch of an indigenization portal namely SRIJAN
to facilitate indigenisation by Indian Industry including
Significance of Defence Indigenisation:
MSMEs.
• Drain of Resources: India spends around 2.5% of GDP on
• Defence Industrial Corridors: Establishment of two Defence
defence (2022) and 60% of that is spent on imports. This leads
Industrial Corridors, one each in Uttar Pradesh and Tamil
to a drain of economic resources.
Nadu, etc.
 Self-reliance will reduce dependability on foreign Original
Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). • Amendment in the Defence Acquisition Procedure (DAP)
2020: In all categories of procurement cases, a minimum
• Strategic advantage: Self-reliance will make India’s geopolitical
of 50 per cent of indigenous content shall be in the form of
stance strategically stronger as a net security provider in the
material, components and software that are manufactured
region.
in India.
• Boost indigenous capability: While providing enormous
• Encouraging start-ups/MSMEs participation: For AoN costs
strength to the defence forces, acquisition from domestic
up to ₹300 crore, registered MSMEs and recognised start-
defence industries will take the indigenous capability to a new
ups are considered for the issue of Request for Proposal
height and towards achieving the goal of 'Aatmanirbharta'.
(RFP) without any stipulation of financial parameters.
Challenges:
• Defence budget: India’s defence budget is at a historic low but Suggestions:
it remains susceptible to cuts and considerable uncertainty. • Identify priority areas for the transfer of technology and ways
 It has witnessed a steady decline in the past decade, from to assess transfers of technology from foreign OEMs to public
nearly 13 per cent in 2012–13 to 9.6 per cent in 2021–22 and private Indian entities.
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In-Shorts | Internal Security Current Affairs
• Assign budgetary estimates for the procurement of specific Significances:

systems over the short, medium and long term. • Enhance Productivity: Empower users to work more securely
• Create realistic timeframes for indigenisation after anywhere and anytime, on any device.
consultations with Indian R&D centres and industry (both • Cloud migration: Enable digital transformation with intelligent
public and private). security for today’s complex environment.
• Identify potential export markets for specific weapon • Network security solution: It protects your network
categories. infrastructure against advanced threats and malware.
• Ensure via changes to the DPP, that the acquisitions process • Data security solution: It protects enterprise data across
is neutral on public vs private sector options, and sensitive only multiple environments, meets privacy regulations and
to Indian vs foreign manufacturing. simplifies operational complexity.
 A level playing field between the Indian public and private
sectors will accelerate the process of indigenisation by NATIONAL INFORMATICS CENTRE (NIC)
increasing competition. • It is a technology partner of the Government of India under
the Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
SECURE EMAIL NETWORK • It was established in 1976.
Objective:
In the wake of cyberattacks, the Union government sets up
• To provide technology-driven solutions to Central and
a secure email network for staff of important Ministries and
State Governments, like:
departments.
 Design and Develop IT Systems for the Government;
 Provide ICT Infrastructure to the Government;
About:
 Explore & Advise on use of Emerging Technologies
• The e-mail system that works on Zero Trust Authentication
(ZTA) has been designed by the National Informatics Centre
DIGITAL INDIA CORPORATION (DIC)
(NIC). • It is a not-for-profit company set up by the Ministry of
• Through this, the government has activated two-factor Electronics and Information Technology (MeitY).
authentication, other than passwords, facial recognition or • Earlier, it was known as ‘Media Lab Asia’.
biometrics. The log-in and log-out times are recorded and • It helps countrywide critical digital infrastructure to
monitored. ‘operate, manage and migrate existing projects as well as
future projects’.
Zero Trust Authentication: • It is currently working on projects of national importance such
• It is an approach to network and system security that assumes as Digilocker, Poshan Tracker, MyScheme, Umang, APISetu,
no trust, even for users and devices inside the corporate NCW, Kisan Sarathi, Academic Bank of Credits, etc., which
network. run on cloud services provided by Amazon Web Services.
• Traditionally, security models relied on the concept of a
trusted internal network, where once users and devices were
inside the perimeter, they were considered safe. INDIAN OCEAN NAVAL SYMPOSIUM, 2023
• However, as cyber threats have evolved, the Zero Trust The 8 th edition of Indian Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS)
model has gained prominence as a more robust and adaptive Conclave of Chiefs (CoC) was conducted by the Royal Thai
security strategy. Navy at Bangkok.
• Zero Trust emphasizes the continuous verification of the identity
of users and devices. Instead of a one-time authentication at About:
the network perimeter, users and devices are authenticated at • The IONS is a voluntary initiative.
every access attempt, regardless of their location.
• It was conceived by the Indian Navy in 2008 as a forum that
• Multi-Factor Authentication is a crucial element of Zero Trust seeks to increase maritime co-operation among navies of the
Authentication. It adds an extra layer of security by requiring littoral states of the Indian Ocean Region by providing an
users to provide multiple forms of identification before open and inclusive forum for discussion of regionally relevant
granting access. maritime issues.
 This typically includes something the user knows
• India is scheduled to take over as the Chair of IONS (2025-
(password), something the user has (security token), and
27) during 9th CoC planned to be conducted in India at the
something the user is (biometric data).
end 2025.
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Current Affairs In-Shorts | Polity & Governance
POLITY &
GOVERNANCE
TERMS OF REFERENCE OF 16TH FINANCE FINANCE COMMISSION
COMMISSION • It is a constitutional body is also a quasi-judicial body in
matters related to summoning & enforcing attendance
The Union Cabinet has approved the Terms of Reference
and requisitioning any public record from any court of
(ToR) for the Sixteenth Finance Commission.
office.
About: • It is constituted by the President of India under Article 280

of the Constitution which requires a Finance Commission
• Division of Tax Proceeds: Recommending the distribution of
(FC) to be set up every five years.
taxes between the Union Government and the States. This
• The Finance Commission normally takes about two years to
entails determining the allocation of shares among the States
make their recommendations.
from these tax proceeds.
 As per clause (1) of Article 280 of the Constitution, the
• Principles for Grants-in-Aid: Establishing the principles that
Finance Commission is to be constituted every fifth
govern grants-in-aid to the States from the Consolidated year or earlier.
Fund of India. This includes specifying the amounts to be
• The 1st FC was constituted vide Presidential Order under
provided to the States as grants-in-aid, particularly under
the chairmanship of Shri K.C. Neogy on 6th April 1952.
Article 275 of the Constitution.
• Core Responsibilities: The Commission must make
• Enhancing State Funds for Local Bodies: Identifying measures recommendations to the President as to:
to augment the Consolidated Fund of a State, to supplement  The distribution between the Union and the States of
resources available to Panchayats and Municipalities within the net proceeds of taxes which are to be, or maybe,
the State. This is based on recommendations put forth by the divided between them and the allocation between the
State's own Finance Commission. States of the respective shares of such proceeds;
• Evaluation of Disaster Management Financing: The  The principles which should govern the grants-in-aid
Commission may conduct a review of the current financing of the revenues of the States out of the Consolidated
structures related to Disaster Management initiatives. Fund of India;
 This involves examining the funds established under the  The measures needed to augment the Consolidated
Disaster Management Act, of 2005, and providing suitable Fund of a State to supplement the resources
recommendations for improvements or alterations. of the Municipalities in the State based on the
recommendations made by the Finance Commission of
Challenges for 16th Finance Commissions: the State;
• Funding of Defence and Internal Security: Exploring the  Any other matter referred to the Commission by the
implementation of a non-lapsable fund, as recommended by President in the interests of sound finance.
the Fifteenth FC, to address the separate funding mechanism
for defense and internal security, which is still pending
despite government acceptance in principle. EXIT POLLS
• Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic: Recognizing the unprecedented Recently, Exit poll predictions were released for the General
disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, the Sixteenth election to the Legislative Assemblies.
FC must assess its implications on the economic and fiscal
landscape. About:
• Co-existence of the GST Council: Addressing the challenge • The Election Commission of India defines exit polls as polls,
of the GST Council's influence on fiscal resource-sharing surveys, or other activities that are aimed at ascertaining the
projections by establishing a mechanism for revisiting voting preferences of electors.
financial estimates when there are changes in GST Council • It is carried out with voters right after they have left the polling
decisions or vice versa. stations on the day of the election.
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In-Shorts | Polity & Governance Current Affairs
Regulations for Exit Polls: • Current status:

• The Election Commission of India (ECI) has established certain  In six States namely, Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
rules and guidelines regarding the release and conduct of exit Maharashtra, Jharkhand, Andhra Pradesh, and Tamil
polls to ensure the integrity of the electoral process. Nadu, the PVTGs constitute more than 77% of their total
 The publication or dissemination of exit polls is prohibited population covering 38 out of the 75 PVTGs.
starting from the beginning of the hours fixed for the poll  Among the 75 listed PVTG the highest number are found in
and continues until half an hour after the closing of the Odisha, followed by Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Jharkhand, etc.
polls in all phases of the election.  The Saharia tribe of Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan is the
largest among PVTGs, with a population of more than 4 lakhs.
 Media outlets, agencies, and individuals are not allowed
to publish or air the results of any exit polls during the
Recent Government Initiatives:
specified prohibition period.
• The PM-PVTG Development Mission program: It has been
 In the case of multi-phase elections, where polling takes
envisaged in the Union Budget 2023-24 with an allocation of
place in different regions on different dates, the prohibition
Rs 15,000 crore for Scheduled Tribes.
on exit polls extends until the completion of all phases of
 The program envisions connecting all 22,544 PVTG villages
the election.
to basic government services like communications,
• Violation Penalties: Sections 126A and 126B of the electricity, public education, healthcare, water supply,
Representation of the People Act, 1951 prescribe penalties. and connectivity.
These may include imprisonment for a term that may extend
• Pradhan Mantri-Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan: Through
to two years or with a fine or both.
9 Ministries it will focus on 11 critical interventions like the
Provision of pucca houses, Connecting roads, Piped Water
OPINION POLLS vs. EXIT POLLS
Supply, Community water supply, Mobile Medical Units with
• A pre-election survey, known as an opinion poll, seeks to medicine cost, etc.
collect voters' perspectives on various election-related  The plan also intends to set up vocational and skill training
matters. centers in 60 aspirational PVTG blocks and build 500 Van
• In contrast, an exit poll occurs immediately after individuals Dhan Vikas Kendras to help people trade in forest produce.
have cast their votes, aiming to gauge the level of support
for political parties and their candidates. Challenges:
• The lack of current data: The Ministry of Tribal Affairs is
yet to compile an accurate and current dataset of PVTG
PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TRIBAL GROUPS populations.
 No Census since 1951 has accounted for PVTGs separately
The Ministry of Tribal Affairs recently told the Rajya Sabha and has not submitted any data on their socio-economic
that the population of Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups indices to the House panel either.
(PVTGs) was not in decline.
• Diverse groups: Each of the 75 PVTGs is small in number,
culturally different from one another, and lives in remote
About: habitats with poor administrative and infrastructure backup,
• PVTGs are the most marginalized and extremely backward thus making it difficult to form a coherent policy.
sections among Scheduled Tribes (STs). • Loss of their customary habitats: The PVTGs are becoming
• The criteria for identifying Particularly Vulnerable Tribal increasingly vulnerable due to the loss of their customary
Groups are: habitats and livelihood resources leading to hunger/
 Pre-agricultural level of technology, starvation, malnutrition, and ill health.
 Low level of literacy, • Verge of extinction: Some of them are even on the verge
 Economic backwardness, of extinction, including Shompens, Jarawas, Sentinelese
 A declining or stagnant population. of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands; Bondos of Orissa;
• History of PVTGs: The Dhebar Commission (1960-61) identified Choianaickans of Kerala, the Abujhmarias of Chhattisgarh;
that there is inequality among tribal communities in terms of and Birhors of Jharkhand.
socio-economic development. • The most vulnerable sections: Reports of the Government of
 As per the 2001 census, there are 75 Particularly India reveal that most of these groups had not attained any
Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) with a total population of significant level of social and economic progress, becoming
27,68,322, living in 18 States and Union Territory. “the most vulnerable sections”, needing special attention.
81
SC UPHOLDS REPEAL OF J&K’S SPECIAL  Maharaja Hari Singh, in August 1947, offered to have
‘Standstill Agreements’, which meant that existing
STATUS
arrangements would continue on all matters, with both
The Supreme Court (SC) in a 5-0 unanimous ruling upheld Pakistan and India.
the abrogation of Article 370 of the Constitution.  By October 1947, the Maharaja was faced with regular
military attacks from the Pakistan side.
Key Highlights of the Judgement:  In a letter to India’s Governor-General, Lord
• Temporary provision: The court held that Article 370 was only Mountbatten, on October 26, 1947, he sought help from
a “temporary provision” to ease the accession of the then India, noting that “naturally they cannot send the help
princely State to the Union at a time of internal strife and war. asked for” without his State acceding to the Dominion
• Powers of President: The Court upheld the power of the of India. Therefore, he attached an ‘Instrument of
President to abrogate Article 370 in August 2019. Accession’ with the letter.
 The power of the Parliament or the President to abrogate  However, it was not unconditional. He specified matters
Article 370 did not cease to exist with the dissolution of on which the Dominion legislature may make laws for
the Constituent Assembly of Jammu and Kashmir in 1957. Jammu and Kashmir, but the rest of the powers were to
 The Supreme Court relied heavily on its landmark 1994 be retained by the State.
judgement in SR Bommai v Union of India which concluded  These subjects were Defence, Foreign Affairs and
that the power of the President to dismiss a State Communications.
government is not absolute.
 It held that the declaration of State Emergency under
SPECIAL STATUS OF J&K: HISTORICAL LINKAGES
Article 356 and the subsequent actions of the President • Article 370 was a key provision in the Indian Constitution
should have a “reasonable nexus”. that granted special status to the former state of J&K.
• Surrender of sovereignty: • In March 1948, the then Maharaja of Kashmir, Hari Singh
 Karan Singh’s Proclamation of 1949 (cited by SC): The court had appointed an interim government in the state, with
ruled that Jammu and Kashmir did not retain an element Sheikh Abdullah as prime minister.
of sovereignty or internal sovereignty after it joined the • In July 1949, Sheikh Abdullah and three other colleagues
Union of India. joined the Indian Constituent Assembly and subsequently
 SC recalled that in November 1949, Yuvraj Karan Singh, negotiated the special status of Jammu and Kashmir. This
heir to the throne of Jammu and Kashmir, had issued a led to the adoption of Article 370.
proclamation that reflected the “full and final surrender of  It provided some autonomy to Jammu and Kashmir, such
J&K's sovereignty to India.” as allowing the state to have its constitution, a separate
flag, and limited jurisdiction for the Central government.
• Truth-and-Reconciliation Commission: The Supreme Court
 Article 35-A: Article 35A under Article 370 of the
has ordered the establishment of a Truth-and-Reconciliation
Constitution was introduced through a presidential
Commission to address human rights violations both by state
order in 1954 to continue the old provisions of the
and non-state actors in Jammu and Kashmir since the 1980s.
territory regulations.
• Elections: The court accepted the assurance of the Centre
• The article permitted the Jammu and Kashmir state
to restore Statehood to the Union Territory of Jammu and
legislature to define permanent residents of the region.
Kashmir “at the earliest”.
 It directed the Election Commission of India to hold the
Abrogation:
Jammu and Kashmir Assembly elections by September
• On August 5, 2019, the President issued the Constitution
30, 2024.
(Application to Jammu and Kashmir) Order which inserted a
J&K given Special Status: new provision, Article 367(4), in the Indian Constitution.
• Jammu and Kashmir was accorded special status because  This replaced the expression ‘Constituent Assembly of
of the circumstances in which it acceded to India soon after the State’ in the proviso to Article 370(3) with ‘Legislative
Independence. Assembly of the State’.
 Sandwiched between the two new Dominions of India and • The same day the Parliament abrogated Article 370 and
Pakistan, the State did not make an immediate decision passed the Bill to reorganise the State of Jammu and Kashmir.
on which country to join, as it had vital economic and  The former State was split into two Union Territories —
cultural links with both. Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh.
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In-Shorts | Polity & Governance Current Affairs
Government's View: States that Enjoy the Special Provisions under the
• The decision to abrogate Article 370 was based on the Constitution:
government's belief that it hindered the integration of Jammu • Article 371A: Special provisions for Nagaland
and Kashmir with the rest of India and limited the region's  The state can have its own administrative and legal
development. mechanisms based on the Naga customary laws, and the
• It is argued that it would help bring socio-economic right to carry on religious and local social practices.
development, promote equal rights and opportunities, and  Special powers to the governor to overrule the decision of
ensure better governance in the region. the chief minister on a law and order situation.
• They also contended that it would facilitate the application of • Article 371B: Special provisions for Assam
national laws and programs, which were previously not fully  The State’s governor set up a committee of the legislative
applicable in Jammu and Kashmir. assembly consisting of members of the house elected
from the tribal areas of the state.
Criticism:
• Critics of the abrogation raised concerns about the decision's • Article 371C: Special provisions for Manipur
impact on the special status and identity of Jammu and  The president has the right to form a committee of tribal
Kashmir, as well as its potential implications for the region's MLAs through the governor.
autonomy and demographic composition. • Article 371D: Special provisions for Andhra Pradesh
• There were debates about the constitutional validity of the  Grants the president certain special powers over the
move. state government, including ensuring reservation in
employment and education.
SR BOMMAI vs. UNION OF INDIA • Article 371F: Special provisions for Sikkim
• 1994 judgment in SR Bommai v Union of India: In Bommai,  The members of the Legislative Assembly of Sikkim shall
a nine-judge bench of the Supreme Court interpreted elect the representative of Sikkim in the House of the
Article 356 of the Constitution to define the contours of the People.
proclamation of President’s rule.
• Article 371G: Special provisions for Mizoram
• The SC unanimously held that the President’s proclamation
 Provide the people rights over their customary laws,
can be subject to judicial review on grounds of illegality,
religious freedom, land rights, etc.
malafide, extraneous considerations, abuse of power, or
fraud. • Article 371H: Special provisions for Arunachal Pradesh
 While the President’s subjective appraisal of the issue  Grants special powers to the governor to overrule the
cannot be examined, the Court said that the material decision of the chief minister on a law and order situation.
relied on for making the decision can be reviewed. • Article 371I: Special provisions for Goa
 The verdict also made Parliamentary approval  Goa state assembly has special powers to make laws on
necessary for imposing the President’s rule. Only
the sale of land, and ownership of property.
after the proclamation is approved by both Houses of
• Article 371J: Special provisions for Karnataka.
Parliament can the President exercise the power.
 Special powers to six backward districts under which they
can establish special development boards, reservations
SPECIAL PROVISIONS FOR STATES IN INDIA in jobs and education institutions, etc.
The Indian Constitution creates special provisions for

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN
several states under Article 371.
SPECIAL CATEGORY STATUS AND SPECIAL STATUS
About: • The constitution provides special status through an Act
that has to be passed by a 2/3rds majority in both houses
• All these exceptions are under a Section of the Constitution
of Parliament whereas the special category status is
titled “Temporary, Transitional, and Special Provisions”.
granted by the National Development Council, which is an
• Reason: These special provisions are intended to address the
administrative body of the government.
unique circumstances and historical backgrounds of specific
states. • Special status empowers legislative and political rights
 The states that enjoy special status often have distinct while special category status deals only with economic,
rights, privileges, and autonomy in certain matters. administrative and financial aspects.
83
Arguments in Favour: About:

• Addressing Historical Injustices: Many of these provisions • The day is celebrated on the 25th of December every year on the
were included in the Constitution to recognize and rectify the birth anniversary of former Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee.
historical marginalization and neglect of certain regions and • In 2014, the government announced that December 25 would
communities. be celebrated as Good Governance Day.
• Preserving Cultural and Regional Identity: Special provisions • It was established with the slogan "Good Governance through
are seen as a means of preserving the cultural, linguistic, e-Governance."
and regional identity of specific states or communities.
• Promoting Regional Development: Provisions such as Mission Karmayogi:
reserved seats in educational institutions, job quotas, • In 2020, the Govt. of India launched Mission Karmayogi and it
and financial incentives to boost economic growth and is anchored by an apex body and headed by the Prime Minister.
infrastructure development. • The program aims at building a future-ready civil service with
• Ensuring Local Autonomy: Supporters argue that special the right attitude, skills, and knowledge, aligned to the vision
provisions grant a degree of local autonomy, allowing states of New India.
to address their unique challenges with a more tailored
Extended Version of Mission Karmayogi:
approach.
• My iGOT delivers targeted training courses on the home
• Facilitating Integration: In cases where states joined the
page of individual officers facilitating a highly personalized
Indian Union through specific agreements, special provisions
capacity-building experience thereby ensuring a perfect fit
are seen as facilitating a smoother integration process.
between the individual and organizational learning needs.
 It also contributes to the overall stability of the country by
addressing regional grievances and preventing potential • Blended Programs on the iGOT-Karmayogi platform will
disintegration. facilitate equitable access to training methodologies across

all levels to meet the dynamic training needs of the officials.
Arguments Against: • Curated Programs on iGOT Karmayogi are designed to cater to
• Erosion of National Unity: Uniform laws and regulations the diverse learning needs of the Ministries/Departments and
are essential for fostering a sense of national unity and Training Institutions.
integration. • 12 domain-specific capacity-building e-learning courses have
• Administrative Complexity: Special provisions result in been developed in two months as part of the Annual Capacity
administrative complexities, as different states have different Building Plan (ACBP) by Karmayogi Digital Learning Lab
rules and regulations. (KDLL) of DoPT.
• Inequality Among States: All states should be subject to the • VIKAS (Variable & Immersive Karmayogi Advanced Support)
same laws and regulations to ensure fairness and eliminate is a new blended learning program meant for the capacity
perceptions of preferential treatment. building of Middle management civil servants in the Central
• Potential for Regionalism: Critics express concerns that Secretariat.
special provisions may fuel regionalism, fostering a sense of
separateness and identity among certain states. SOME TAKEN FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE
• Misuse for Political Gains: Critics argue that politicians may use • Good Governance Index: Prepared by Department of
Administration Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG).
these provisions to secure votes or engage in identity politics,
• Objectives: The objective of GGI is to create a tool which
potentially at the expense of broader national interests.
can be used uniformly across the States to assess impact
• Impediment to Economic Development: The divergence in
of various interventions taken up by the Central and State
regulations and policies may create barriers to investment
Governments including UTs.
and economic growth.
• National e-Governance Plan: It has the vision to “make all
government services accessible to the common man
GOOD GOVERNANCE DAY in his locality, through common service delivery outlets
and ensure efficiency, transparency & reliability of such
On the occasion of Good Governance Day, the Government services at affordable costs to realize the basic needs of
launched the Extended Version of Mission Karmayogi. the common man.
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In-Shorts | Society Current Affairs
SOCIETY
GENDER-RELATED KILLINGS OF WOMEN AND • Indian Scenario: There has been a small decline in gender-
based killings in India over the past decade. The killing
GIRLS
of women due to dowry-related reasons, accusations of
The United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) witchcraft, and other gender-related factors persists.
and UN Women have released a global research brief on the
gender-related killings of women and girls.
About:
• Gender-related killings of women and girls can be defined
as intentional killings committed on the grounds of gender-
related factors.
• Factors: These can include the ideology of men’s entitlement
and privilege over women, social norms regarding
masculinity, and the need to assert male control or power,
enforce gender roles, or prevent, discourage, or punish what
is considered to be unacceptable female behaviour.
ABOUT FEMICIDE
• Femicide, also known as feminicide, denotes the intentional
killing of women or girls solely based on their gender.
• This form of violence is a gender-based crime entrenched in
deeply rooted societal attitudes and discrimination against
women. UN Recommendations for Action Against Femicide:
• Promoting Changes in Social Norms and Attitudes: Encourage
Major Findings: the transformation of societal norms and attitudes harmful
to women through comprehensive and ongoing educational
• Trends: Globally, nearly 89,000 women and girls were killed
programs. These initiatives aim to instill awareness and
intentionally in 2022, the highest yearly number recorded in
foster a cultural shift towards greater gender equality from
the past two decades.
an early stage.
 While the overall number of homicides globally has begun
to fall in 2022, the number of female homicides is not • Enhancing Women’s Safety in Urban Environments: Advocate
decreasing. for women's safety audits to enhance urban safety,
incorporating improvements such as enhanced street and
underpass lighting and increased police patrols.
• Promoting Reporting and Early Detection of Violence: Support
the implementation of strategies and measures by relevant
authorities and civil society to facilitate the reporting and
early detection of violence, particularly cases that may lead
to gender-related harm or killing of women. Encouraging a
proactive approach contributes to timely intervention and
prevention.
• Ensuring Equal Protection and Access to Justice: Guarantee
equal protection under the law and equitable access to justice
for women. It is essential to address legal disparities and
ensure that women receive fair treatment and representation
within the legal system.
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Current Affairs In-Shorts | Society
• Providing Information on Victim Rights: Ensure that victims, • Fast-Track Courts: Special fast-track courts have been
especially women, receive prompt and accurate information established to expedite the trial of cases related to violence
regarding their rights. Informed victims are better equipped against women, including femicide.
to navigate legal processes and make empowered decisions • One-Stop Centers (OSCs): These centers provide integrated
regarding their well-being. support such as medical, legal, and counseling services to
• Allocating Adequate Resources for Victim Rights: Allocate survivors.
sufficient human and financial resources to guarantee the • Women Helpline and Mobile Apps: The Ministry of Women
rights of victims, with a particular focus on women. Adequate and Child Development operates a national helpline (181) to
resources are vital to providing comprehensive support assist women in distress.
services and ensuring justice for victims of gender-related
violence. "NARI ADALAT" UNDER MISSION SHAKTI
Violence Against Women in India: The Government has decided to implement the component
• Domestic Violence: Domestic violence is prevalent across of "Nari Adalat" in a phased manner under Mission Shakti.
different socio-economic backgrounds in India. It includes
physical, emotional, and economic abuse within the confines About Nari Adalat:
of the home. • It is women's collectives to promote and facilitate alternative
• Sexual Violence: Incidents such as rape, molestation, and dispute resolution and gender justice in society and within
harassment occur in public spaces, workplaces, and within families.
homes. • In the first phase, the State of Assam and the Union Territory
• Female Infanticide and Foeticide: Female infanticide (killing of (UT) of Jammu & Kashmir (J&K) have been selected by the
female infants) and foeticide (aborting female fetuses) remain Ministry to implement the component of Nari Adalat.
issues, driven by cultural preferences for male children and a
Mission Shakti:
skewed sex ratio.
• About: It is an initiative by the Ministry of Women and Child
• Dowry System: The dowry system, despite being illegal, is still
Development designed to enhance efforts in ensuring the
prevalent in many parts of India. safety, security, and empowerment of women.
 Dowry-related violence includes harassment, physical
• Objective: To fulfill the government's pledge to foster "women-
abuse, and even murder if the demands for dowry are not
led development" by tackling women's challenges throughout
met.
their life cycle and by actively involving them as equal
• Honor Killings: Families may resort to violence, including contributors to nation-building. This is achieved through a
murder, to uphold their perceived honor, especially in cases strategy of convergence and encouraging citizen ownership.
of inter-caste or inter-religious relationships. • Outlay: The total approved outlay of 'Mission Shakti' for the
• Cultural Norms and Gender Inequality: Deep-seated 15th Finance Commission period is Rs. 20,989 crore.
patriarchal norms and gender inequality contribute to an • Sub-schemes: It has two sub-schemes - 'Sambal' and 'Samarthya'
environment where violence against women, including  Sambal Scheme: It is for the safety and security of women. It
femicide, is tolerated or overlooked. consists of erstwhile schemes of One Stop Centre (OSC),
Women Helpline (WHL), and Beti Bachao Beti Padhao
Steps Taken by the Government:
(BBBP) with a new component of Nari Adalats.
• Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005: This  "Samarthya Scheme: It is for the empowerment of women.
legislation aims to protect women from domestic violence  The components of Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana
and provides legal recourse for victims. Yojana (PMMVY), Palna, Shakti Sadan, Sakhi Niwas,
• Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013: This amendment and Hub for Empowerment of Women are part of the
expanded the definition of sexual offenses, increased ‘Samarthya’ sub-scheme.
penalties for certain crimes, and introduced new offenses
such as acid attacks. It was enacted in response to the Significance of Mission Shakti:
Nirbhaya case, a brutal gang rape in Delhi in 2012. • It seeks to realize the commitment to “women-led
• Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao: Launched in 2015, this national development" by addressing issues affecting women on
campaign focuses on improving the declining child sex ratio, a life-cycle continuum basis and by making them equal
preventing female infanticide, and promoting the education partners in nation-building through convergence and citizen-
and empowerment of girls. ownership.
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In-Shorts | Society Current Affairs
• It seeks to make women economically empowered, exercising • Inequality and Social Justice:
free choice over their minds and bodies in an atmosphere  Anarcho-capitalism may lead to significant wealth
free from violence and threat. inequality, as those with resources and capital could
• It also seeks to reduce the care burden on women and accumulate more wealth and influence.
increase female labour force participation by promoting skill  Critics argue that without mechanisms to address social
justice issues, the gap between the wealthy and the less
development, capacity building, financial literacy, access to
privileged could widen, potentially leading to social unrest.
microcredit etc.
ANARCHO-CAPITALISM NAYA SAVERA SCHEME

The term “Anarcho-capitalism” has recently gained A total of 1,19,223 Minority students/candidates have been
popularity with Javier Milei, a self-proclaimed anarcho- trained under Naya Savera Scheme.
capitalist, winning the presidential elections in Argentina.
About:
About: • Ministry: The Ministry of Minority Affairs launched the scheme
in 2007.
• The term was coined by American economist Murray
Rothbard, while Belgian economist Gustave de Molinari is • Objective: To assist students/ candidates by way of special
coaching for qualifying examinations for admission in
considered to be the first anarcho-capitalist.
technical/professional courses and competitive examination
• Anarcho-capitalism is a political and economic philosophy
for recruitment to Group ‘A’, ‘B’, & ‘C’ services and other
that advocates for the elimination of government intervention
equivalent posts under the Central and State Governments
in economic and social affairs. including public sector undertakings, banks and railways.
• It combines elements of anarchism, which opposes • Criteria: The candidates must belong to the six notified
government authority, with capitalism, which supports private minority communities namely Sikh, Jain, Muslim, Christian,
ownership and free markets. Buddhist and Parsi.
• In an anarcho-capitalist society, private organizations would
be responsible for providing and regulating all services,
REVISING GROWTH STANDARDS TO MEASURE
including security, law enforcement, and dispute resolution.
 In other words, people would be paying private police
MALNUTRITION
and courts to offer them protection against crime and to The Indian Council of Medical Research has constituted
adjudicate disputes with others. a committee to revise the Growth Standards to measure
malnutrition in India.
Implications of Anarcho-Capitalism:
• Lack of Government Regulation: Critics argue that without About:
regulation, there is a risk of exploitation, environmental • This committee has recommended a detailed rigorous study
degradation, and the potential for monopolies to abuse their to be conducted across the country to examine child growth
power. with the purpose of devising national growth charts.
• Private Defense and Legal Systems:
What is Malnutrition?
 Anarcho-capitalism suggests that defense and legal
• Malnutrition refers to deficiencies or excesses in nutrient
services should be privatized, leading to private security
intake, imbalance of essential nutrients or impaired nutrient
forces and legal systems.
utilization.
 Critics raise concerns about the potential for unequal
• The term malnutrition covers 2 broad groups of conditions.
access to justice and security, where wealthier individuals
 Undernutrition—which includes stunting (low height
or corporations might have more influence and protection
for age), wasting (low weight for height), underweight
than others.
(low weight for age) and micronutrient deficiencies or
• Market as Sole Arbiter: Critics argue that a purely market- insufficiencies (a lack of important vitamins and minerals).
driven system may not adequately address issues like income  Overweight, obesity and diet-related non-communicable
inequality, poverty, and public goods that are not efficiently diseases (such as heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and
provided by the market. cancer).
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Current Affairs In-Shorts | Society
World Health Organization (WHO) Growth Standards Steps Taken by Government of India to Eliminate
to Measure Malnutrition: Malnutrition in India:
• The WHO Child Growth Standards are a diagnostic tool used • Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS): It provides
to monitor and assess the nutritional status of infants and a package of services, including supplementary nutrition,
children up to the age of 5. immunization, health check-ups, and preschool education,
• By tracking children’s height and body weight, the standards to children under the age of 6 years and their mothers.
detect children or populations not growing properly, or who • National Health Mission (NHM): It includes initiatives such as
are underweight or at risk of being overweight. the Reproductive, Maternal, Newborn, Child and Adolescent
• The most common measures of childhood undernutrition Health (RMNCH+A) strategy, which addresses maternal and
are based on anthropometric standards such as height-for- child health, family planning, and nutrition.
age (stunting/chronic undernutrition) and weight-for-height • Poshan Abhiyan (National Nutrition Mission): Launched in 2018,
(wasting/acute undernutrition). this mission aims to improve the nutritional status of children
• India, like most other countries, uses the globally accepted from 0-6 years, pregnant women, and lactating mothers.
WHO Growth Standards to measure malnutrition.  It focuses on reducing stunting, undernutrition, anemia,
and low birth weight.
Need to Revise the Growth Standards to Measure
 For maximizing the nutritional outcomes, Government
Malnutrition in India:
launched ‘Saksham Anganwadi and Poshan 2.0’ (Mission
• Basis of WHO standards: The WHO standards are based
Poshan 2.0), which inter-alia, subsumes POSHAN
on a Multicentre Growth Reference Study (MGRS) that was
Abhiyaan, Supplementary Nutrition Programme under
conducted in six countries between 1997 and 2003 (Brazil,
Anganwadi Services and Scheme for Adolescent Girls.
Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the United States).
• Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman: This program provides
 The purpose was to determine the pattern of growth (from
free meals to school children to improve their nutritional status,
birth to five years) of children who did not face any known
increase school attendance, and encourage education.
deficiencies in their environments.
• National Food Security Act (NFSA): Enacted in 2013, this act
• Population Diversity: India has a very diverse population
having different dietary patterns. aims to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two-
 The indicators should consider the diverse socio-economic, thirds of the population, including priority households and
cultural, and ethnic backgrounds within the country. Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) households.
• Breastfeeding Practices: Take into account the prevalence • Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana (PMMVY): This maternity
and duration of breastfeeding practices in India. benefit program provides financial assistance to pregnant
 Breastfeeding patterns can significantly influence the and lactating mothers to support their health and nutrition
growth of infants and young children. during the early stages of motherhood.
• Can be Misleading: Such comparisons could also be misleading • Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram (RKSK): This program
because the study norms of the WHO-MGRS are very different. focuses on the health and development needs of adolescents,
 For example, the MGRS included a component of including nutrition and reproductive health.
counselling to ensure appropriate feeding practices, • Anemia Mukt Bharat (AMB): Launched to combat anemia, this
which is obviously missing in the NFHS or Comprehensive program aims to reduce the prevalence of anemia among
National Nutrition Survey. pregnant women, lactating mothers, and children.
• Misdiagnosis: Another serious concern is related to
Conclusion:
inappropriately high standards leading to a misdiagnosis
of the situation, and a resultant potential overfeeding of • There is no doubt that there are also many gaps to fill in the
misclassified children under programmes of the government more distal determinants of stunting, mainly; livelihoods and
introduced to address undernutrition, thereby resulting in an poverty, access to education and women’s empowerment.
increase in overweight and obesity. • Collaboration among government agencies, researchers,
• Other Parameters: High levels of child undernutrition have and healthcare professionals is crucial for the successful
been a persistent problem in India. development and implementation of revised growth standards
 It is well recognised that the determinants of undernutrition for measuring malnutrition in India.
are multiple, and include food intake, dietary diversity, • Additionally, periodic reviews and updates may be necessary
health, sanitation, women’s status and the overarching to reflect changes in the population's health and nutritional
context of poverty. status over time.
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In-Shorts | Environment Current Affairs
ENVIRONMENT
HYDROGEN FOR HERITAGE SCHEME • Most feed on copepods, fish larvae, and other small animals
that they catch in their tentacles, which have stinging cells
India proposes to invite expression of interest from global (nematocysts).
players to manufacture hydrogen-powered trains in the
• Most of them live for only a few weeks, but some are known to
country based on technology being developed indigenously.
survive a year or longer.
• They can be bioluminescent, too, which means they produce
About:
their own light.
• Initiation: Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman in her Budget
• Jellyfish have no brain, heart, bones or eyes:
speech 2023, announced the ‘Hydrogen for Heritage’
scheme, a plan to operate hydrogen-powered trains on select  They are made up of a smooth, bag-like body and
heritage and hilly routes that are environmentally sensitive. tentacles armed with tiny, stinging cells.
 These invertebrates use their stinging tentacles to stun or
• Technology: Indian Railways is developing a prototype of a
paralyse prey before gobbling it up.
train that will be powered by hydrogen fuel cells–making for a
more environment-friendly locomotive than traditional diesel-
powered ones. THE GLOBAL CLIMATE 2011-20: WMO
 India’s plan to develop the technology involves retrofitment
The World Meteorological Organization (WMO), a UN
of hydrogen fuel cells on diesel electric multiple unit (DEMU)
weather agency, reported that the Antarctic ice sheet lost
rakes.
75% compared to the previous ten years.
 This prototype is expected to run on the Jind-Sonipat
section in Haryana initially.
Key Findings
• Countries Having the Technology: Currently, only Germany
• Rise in Temperature: As per the report, the Earth is heating,
commercially operates hydrogen-powered trains, while the US,
and each decade since the 1990s has been warmer than
the UK, France, and Japan are in the testing phase.
the previous one and there is no immediate sign of this trend
• Initial Proposal: Indian Railways has proposed to run 35
reversing.
hydrogen trains at an estimated cost of Rs 80 crore per train,
• Melting of Glaciers: Glaciers thinned by around 1 metre per
with ground infrastructure costing Rs70 crore per route.
year with long-term repercussions for water supplies for many
 Thirty-five train-set rakes (with six coaches each) have
millions of people, resulting sea level rise will jeopardise the
been sanctioned for the ongoing financial year for eight
existence of low-lying coastal regions and states in the future.
sections–Matheran Hill Railway, Darjeeling Himalayan
 Warming oceans and melting of ice sheets caused the rate
Railway, Kalka-Shimla Railway, Kangra Valley, Bilmora
of sea-level rise to nearly double in less than a generation.
Waghai, Patalpani Kalakund, Nilgiri Mountain Railways,
and Marwar-Goram Ghat.  Greenland and Antarctica lost 38% more ice from 2011 to
2020 than in the previous decade.
• Weather and climate-related events: They are responsible for
JELLYFISH
nearly 94% of all disaster displacement recorded over the
Scientists have recently confirmed 'mysterious' jellyfish named last decade and had a major impact on the progress of global
Santjordia pagesi with 240 tentacles off Japan's coast. It has efforts to end hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition.
distinctive features like a bright red, cross-shaped stomach. • Floods: India had seen intense and widespread flooding.
Over 2000 flood-related deaths were reported in India and
About: neighbouring countries.
• It is a planktonic marine member of the class Scyphozoa  In June 2013, heavy rains, mountain snowmelt and glacial
(phylum Cnidaria), a group of invertebrate animals. lake outbursts led to extreme flooding and landslides in
• Jellyfish can be divided into two types, those that are free- Uttarakhand, killing more than 5,800 people.
swimming medusae and those that are sessile (animals that  In 2018, and in 2019 and 2020, Kerala was badly affected
are attached to seaweed and other objects by a stalk). by floods.
89
Current Affairs In-Shorts | Environment
• Droughts: It had major socioeconomic and humanitarian  The sudden release of water from these lakes can lead to
impacts. In India itself, drought was declared in 11 of its downstream flooding and pose risks to communities living
28 states, leading to severe food and water insecurity; the in these areas.
situation was exacerbated by inequalities in water availability • Loss of Habitat:
and access to its supply.  Glaciers often provide unique habitats for various species
 82% of households in affected areas were at risk of food
adapted to cold and ice-covered environments.
insecurity due to substantial crop failures.
 The melting of glaciers can result in the loss of these
• Heatwaves and Cyclones: These were responsible for the habitats, leading to declines in biodiversity.
highest number of casualties and causing economic damage.
• Global Climate Feedbacks:
 The melting of glaciers contributes to the release of
freshwater into the oceans, potentially affecting ocean
circulation patterns.
 This, in turn, can have broader implications for regional
and global climate systems.
Suggestions highlighted in the Report:

• Enhancing collective resilience against current and future
global crises;
• Strengthening science-policy-society interaction;
• Promoting institutional capacity-building and cross-sectoral
and international collaboration;
• Ensuring policy coherence and coordination;
• Developing a framework for action;
• Treating cities as opportunities for focusing on climate and
development synergies.
Impacts of Glaciers Melting:
• Sea Level Rise: COMBATING PLASTIC POLLUTION
 As glaciers melt, the water from the ice contributes to
rising sea levels. This can have severe consequences for The Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC),
coastal areas, leading to increased flooding, erosion, and under the United Nations Environment Programme, had its
the displacement of communities. third round of negotiations to combat plastic pollution.
• Water Supply and Availability:
 Glaciers serve as natural reservoirs, storing water in the Background:
form of ice. • Under the UN Environment Assembly Resolution 5/14, the
 As they melt, there can be temporary increases in water INC is responsible for delivering a global plastics treaty by
availability, but over the long term, this can lead to 2025.
reduced water supply for downstream areas that depend • INC countries came together to negotiate the ‘zero draft’ text
on glacier meltwater for drinking water, agriculture, and developed by the INC’s secretariat, Which contained strong
hydropower. options for an international legally binding treaty to end
• Impact on Ecosystems: plastic pollution.
 Glacier meltwater feeds into rivers and lakes, supporting
diverse ecosystems.
About Plastics:
 Changes in the timing and quantity of meltwater can • Plastic refers to a wide range of synthetic or semi-synthetic
disrupt aquatic habitats and affect the species that materials that use polymers as a main ingredient with their
depend on glacier-fed water systems. defining quality being their plasticity – the ability of a solid
• Hazardous Events: material to undergo permanent deformation in response to
 The melting of glaciers can increase the risk of Glacial applied forces.
Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) as meltwater accumulates • Most modern plastics are derived from fossil fuel-based
in proglacial lakes. chemicals like natural gas or petroleum.
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• Plastics are categorized into several types based on their • Climate change: Plastic, which is a petroleum product, also
chemical composition. Common types include polyethylene, contributes to global warming. If plastic waste is incinerated, it
polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene, and releases toxic fumes and carbon dioxide into the atmosphere,
polyethylene terephthalate (PET). thereby increasing carbon emissions.
• Versatility and Applications:
• Tourism and Economy: Plastic waste damages the aesthetic
 Plastics are versatile and find applications in various
value of tourist destinations, leading to decreased tourism-
industries, including packaging, construction, electronics,
related incomes and major economic costs related to the
healthcare, and automotive.
cleaning and maintenance of the sites.
 Their lightweight nature, durability, and ability to be
molded into different shapes make them suitable for a
Global Efforts In Tackling Plastic Waste:
wide range of products.
• London Convention: The 1972 Convention on the Prevention
• Microplastics: Over time, plastics break down into smaller
particles called microplastics, which can contaminate water, of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter.
soil, and air. • Clean Seas Campaign: The United Nations Environment
• Single-Use Plastics: Includes items like straws, bags, and Programme launched the Campaign in 2017. It became
disposable packaging, have come under scrutiny due to their the largest global campaign to raise awareness on plastic
environmental impact. pollution and marine litter.
• Basel Convention: In 2019, the Basel Convention was amended
Polymers used in Plastics:
to include plastic waste as a regulated material.
• The polymers used in plastic production are: Polyethylene
 The Convention contains three main entries on plastic
terephthalate or PET, High-density polyethylene or HDPE,
wastes in Annex II, VIII and IX of the Convention. The Plastic
Polyvinyl chloride or PVC, Low-density polyethylene or LDPE,
Waste Amendments of the convention are now binding on
Polypropylene or PP, and Polystyrene or PS.
186 States.
• Each of these have different properties and can be identified
by their resin identification code (RIC) denoted by symbols India’s Efforts in Tackling Plastic Waste:
found on plastic products.
• Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR): The Indian
Data Related to Plastic: government has implemented EPR, making plastic
manufacturers responsible for managing and disposing of
• According to UN data, more than 400 million tonnes of plastic
is produced every year worldwide, half of which is designed the waste generated by their products.
to be used only once. • Plastic Waste Management (Amendment) Rules, 2022: It prohibits
• Of that, less than 10 per cent is recycled. Consequently, an manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and use of
estimated 19-23 million tonnes end up in lakes, rivers and plastic carry bags having thickness less than 120 microns.
seas annually. • Swachh Bharat Abhiyan: It is a national cleanliness campaign,
which includes the collection and disposal of plastic waste.
Concerns of Plastic Pollution:
• Plastic Parks: India has set up Plastic Parks, which are
• Slow decomposition rate: Plastics are hard to eradicate due to
specialized industrial zones for recycling and processing
their slow decomposition rate in natural ecosystems.
plastic waste.
• Microplastics: Plastics break down into their smaller units
• Beach clean-up drives: The Indian government and various
called microplastics. These microplastics find their way
non-governmental organizations have organized beach
across the planet, from the depths of the Pacific Ocean to the
clean-up drives to collect and dispose of plastic waste from
heights of the Himalayas.
beaches.
• Effect on Human Health: BPA or Bisphenol A, the chemical
which is used to harden the plastic contaminates food and Way Ahead:
drinks, causing alterations in liver function, insulin resistance,
• To tackle the challenge of plastic pollution there is need
fetal development in pregnant women, the reproductive
for behavioral change and strengthening of the institutional
system and brain function.
system for the collection, segregation and recycling of plastic
• Marine pollution: The largest collection of plastics and
waste.
microplastics in the ocean is in the Great Pacific Garbage
Patch – a collection of marine debris in the North Pacific • A global treaty specifically addressing the concerns of Plastic
Ocean.It floats on the sea surface and ends up clogging the Pollution is also required to protect the environment for future
marine animals. generations to live a long and healthy life.
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COASTAL EROSION IN INDIA • Storm surges: Storm surges are large waves that can be
generated by hurricanes, typhoons, and other storms.
Over one-third of India’s coastline is vulnerable to erosion, These waves can cause extensive damage to coastal areas,
as per a study by the National Centre for Coastal Research including erosion.
(NCCR).
• Wave action: Waves constantly pound against the shoreline,
eroding the land over time. The strength of the waves is
About:
determined by the wind speed, the distance, and water depth.
• Coastal erosion is the wearing away of the coastal land and
• Longshore currents: Longshore currents are currents that
loss of beach, shoreline, or dune material as a result of natural
flow parallel to the shoreline. These currents can erode the
or coastal processes or human-induced influences.
shoreline by carrying away sand and other sediments.
• Extent: At global scale, it is estimated that 70% of sandy
• Human activities: Human activities such as dam construction,
shorelines worldwide were eroding.
sand mining, and coastal development can disrupt the natural
 Regional scale estimates exist for Europe (27%), the US East
coast barrier beaches (86%) South east Asia Islands (33%). processes that help to protect coastlines from erosion.
• Processes: There are four main processes of coastal erosion. Coastal Erosion Mitigation Measures:
 These are corrasion, abrasion, hydraulic action and attrition. • Beach nourishment: Beach nourishment is the process of
• Landforms: Coastal erosion leads to the formation of a range adding sand to a beach to restore its natural shape and size.
of landforms which largely depend on the material that forms • Seawalls and revetments: Seawalls and revetments are structures
the cliff. that are built along the shoreline to protect it from erosion.
 More resistant material such as chalk leads to the • Breakwaters: Breakwaters are structures that are built offshore
formation of classic coastal landforms such as arches, to break the waves before they reach the shoreline. This can
caves, stacks and stumps. help to reduce erosion by reducing the energy of the waves.
• Vegetative buffers: Vegetative buffers are areas of vegetation
that are planted along the shoreline to help protect it from
erosion. Vegetation can help to bind the soil and reduce the
impact of waves.
• Artificial reefs: Recreation of the coral reefs colonies to
dissipate wave energy by wave breaking and protect coasts
also augment the amount of sea life such as fish, algae,
barnacles, corals, oysters, and cause shoreline to accrete.
Government Initiatives to Conserve Coastal Areas:

• Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) notification, 2019: To conserve
and protect coastal stretches and marine areas, and to ensure
livelihood security to fisherfolk and other local communities.
 Where there is a combination of hard and soft material this  The notification also provides for No Development Zones
leads to the formation of bays and headlands. (NDZ) along various categories of coastal areas to protect
India’s coastline from encroachment and erosion.
• Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP): It includes mapping
of erosion prone areas and preparation of a shoreline
management plan for identified eroding stretches.
• The Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change has
delineated the hazard line for the entire coast of the country.
• Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS)
has estimated Coastal Vulnerability Index (CVI) for the Indian
coastline.
• Under 15th Finance Commission, the recovery and
Causes of Coastal Erosion: reconstruction window of National Disaster Response Fund
• Sea level rise: As sea level rises, the shoreline moves inland, (NDRF) for Rs. 1000 crore is earmarked for resettlement of
eroding the land in its path. displaced people affected by erosion.
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• Construction by: Border Roads Organization (BRO)

NATIONAL CENTRE FOR COASTAL RESEARCH (NCCR)
 It works under the administrative control of the Ministry of
• Mandate: To carry out all multidisciplinary research under
Defence.
the central domain: Marine Pollutions, Coastal processes
• Length: 889 km
and Hazards, Coastal Habitats and Ecosystem and Capacity
Building and Training. • Established in: 1960
• Mission: To offer scientific and technical support to • Significance
coastal communities and stakeholders for integrated and  To boost tourism, which is the backbone of the state of
sustainable use of resources towards the socio-economic Uttarakhand.
benefit of the society.  To reduce the rate of accidents.
• Research Areas: Earth, Atmosphere & Environment Sciences  To improve border security deployment of India armed
• Parent Ministry: Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES) forces to the Chinese border.
• Headquarters: Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Concerns related to the Project:
Way Ahead: • Disturbing Himalayan Ecosystem: Unregulated cutting
of trees and scooping up land at the base of the hills is
• It is important to address the underlying causes of coastal
irreversibly damaging the ecosystem as well as making the
erosion, such as sea level rise and human activities.
regions the project passes through dangerously prone to
• This can be done by reducing greenhouse gas emissions
landslides.
to slow the rate of sea level rise, and by adopting more
sustainable coastal development practices.
ROAD TO DISASTER
Environmentalist concerns that have been highlighted by NGT
CHAR DHAM PROJECT AND ENVIRONMENTAL include:
IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) • Many sites of the mountain slopes along Char Dham
The Union Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate highways have become unstable, and critical landslip
Change (MoEFCC) said that the Char Dham project in zones have been activated.
Uttarakhand does not need EIA. • There have been flash floods in Alaknanda valley and
and Bhagirathi valley, and earthquakes in Chamoli and
EIA and Char Dham Project: Background Uttarkashi.
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is needed for the • Road widening activity is a major trigger for landslips.
expansion of National Highways greater than 100 km involving • Cutting of trees loosens the soil and makes slopes unstable,
additional right of way or land acquisition. and the project involves cutting the base of steep mountain
• Earlier, MoEFCC had constituted a High-Powered Committee slopes and Devdhar, Ton and Kail trees.
to consider the impact of Char Dham Projects on the entire
• Delayed Implementation: The project was originally
Himalayan valleys under the directions of the Supreme Court
scheduled for completion by March 2022. However, it
of India.
was delayed mainly due to litigation related to forest and
 The committee is mandated to consider the impact of
environment clearance in various Courts of Law.
Char Dham Projects on the entire Himalayan valleys and
give directions to conduct EIA and rapid EIA. • Unplanned Urbanisation: The unplanned and unauthorised
• However, the MoEFCC said that the Char Dham Project is construction has led to the blocking of the natural flow of
being developed in smaller parcels of 53 projects, each with water, which eventually results in frequent landslides.
a length of less than 100 km, and each project is independent,  Himalayan slopes have become extremely unstable in
having distinct start and end points. the last few decades due to increased construction,
hydroelectric projects, and the widening of the National
Chardham Road Project: Highway.
• It envisages all-weather connectivity to four major pilgrimage • Vulnerability to extreme conditions: Himalayas are inherently
sites in Uttarakhand - Kedarnath, Badrinath, Yamunotri and vulnerable to extreme weather conditions such as heavy
Gangotri. rains, flash floods, and landslides and are seismically active.
• Administered by: Union Ministry of Road Transport and  Climate change has added another layer of vulnerability
Highways (MoRTH) to this ecosystem.
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ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA) Way Forward:

• The Char Dham project involves balancing the need for
• It is one of the processes defined by the United Nations
improved infrastructure with the imperative to protect the
Environment Programme (UNEP) as a tool to identify the
environment, which includes adhering to environmental
environmental, social, and economic impacts of a project
norms and regulations, treating slopes to prevent landslides,
before it is implemented.
and responsibly managing construction debris.
• EIA is a crucial process employed to evaluate the potential
environmental consequences of proposed projects,
policies, programs, or activities. GLOBAL COOLING WATCH REPORT 2023
• Its primary goal is to ensure sustainable development
by identifying, predicting, and mitigating the adverse At the COP28, the United Nations Framework Convention
environmental effects of human actions. on Climate Change, the United Arab Emirates and the Cool
Coalition launched the Global Cooling Pledge.
EIA Process:
• The EIA process would need comprehensive, reliable data
and would deliver results only if it is designed to seek
About:
the most appropriate, relevant and reliable information • The Global Cooling Watch report, Keeping it Chill: How to
regarding the project. meet cooling demands while cutting emissions was released
• Screening: Determines if a project requires a full EIA. Small- by the UN Environment Programme led Cool Coalition.
scale projects with minimal environmental impact may not  The report is released in support of the Global Cooling
necessitate a comprehensive assessment. Pledge.
• Scoping: Defines the boundaries of the assessment, • It lays out sustainable cooling measures in three areas: passive
identifying potential environmental impacts and key cooling, higher-energy efficiency standards, and a faster
stakeholders. This phase helps in developing the Terms of phase down of climate-warming refrigerants.
Reference (ToR) for the EIA study. • The Global Cooling Watch report demonstrates the potential
• Baseline Study: Assesses the existing environmental and the pathways to achieve near-zero emissions from
conditions in the project area before the proposed activity cooling.
begins.
• Impact Prediction: Evaluates the potential environmental Key Finding:
effects of the project based on the identified alternatives • The cooling sector accounts for 20 percent of electricity use.
and scenarios. Implementing a slew of measures to make the global cooling
• Mitigation Measures: Recommends measures to minimize sector sustainable could cut predicted 2050 greenhouse gas
or offset adverse environmental impacts. emissions by 60 percent.
• Public Participation: Involves engaging the public, • The G20 countries, according to the report, represent 73 per
including affected communities, in the decision-making cent of the potential for reducing cooling emissions by 2050.
process, ensuring their concerns are considered. • In the case of India effective life-cycle refrigerant management
• Environmental Management Plan (EMP): Outlines measures could mitigate around 2 billion tonnes of CO2e emissions by
to monitor, manage, and mitigate environmental impacts 2050.
during and after project implementation.
EIA in India:
Pathways to get to Near-Zero Emissions:
• The world can deploy nature-based and passive cooling
• In January 1994, the MoEFCC under the Environment
measures such as insulation, natural shading and ventilation.
(Protection) Act 1986, promulgated the first EIA notification
Adopt higher efficiency standards, including minimum energy
making Environmental Clearance mandatory for setting
performance standards and labeling.
up some specified new projects and also for expansion or
• It proposed to accelerate the phasedown of climate-warming
modernisation of some specific activities.
hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) faster than what is required under
 This was later replaced by the EIA 2006 notification.
the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.
• The Union Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate
• Steps such as accelerating the uptake of low-global warming
Change floated a draft EIA in 2020 for public comments potential technologies in all new equipment and refrigerant
which faced criticisms as it was perceived to be pro life-cycle management to prevent leakages and end-of-life
industry and compromising the ecological concerns. emissions can reduce HFC emissions by 50 per cent in 2050.
94
• The report also highlights that more than 40 countries, GLOBAL STATUS OF MULTI-HAZARD EARLY
including India, have developed National Cooling Action Plans
WARNING SYSTEMS 2023
(NCAPs), and 25 others are at various stages of preparing
theirs as well. The United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction
(UNDRR) and the World Meteorological Organization
KIGALI AGREEMENT (WMO) have released the 'Global Status of Multi-Hazard
Early Warning Systems 2023' report.
• The Kigali Amendment is an international agreement to
reduce the consumption and production of HFC.
Background:
• Objective: The main goal of the Kigali Amendment is to
• The report ‘Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2023’
address climate change by reducing the global use of
focuses on the continued efforts made by governments in
HFCs.
developing national and local disaster risk reduction (DRR)
 HFCs, while not harmful to the ozone layer, are potent
strategies, aligning them to the Sendai Framework, and
greenhouse gases with a high global warming potential
fostering integration between DRR, climate change, and
(GWP).
sustainable development.
 It builds on the earlier success of the Montreal Protocol,
• It confirms the Sendai Framework’s principle that Target E is
which successfully phased out many ozone-depleting
the foundation for achieving other targets and has triggered
substances like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and
concrete DRR implementation.
hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs).
 It marks a shift from HCFCs to alternative substances Key Findings of the Report:
with lower environmental impact. • The 'Global Status of Multi-Hazard Early Warning Systems 2023'
• This is expected to prevent the emissions of up to 105 report analyses the latest data one year into the Early Warnings
billion tonnes of CO2 of greenhouse gasses, avoiding up to for All Initiative.
0.5 degree Celsius of global temperature rise by 2100.  The Early Warnings For All Initiative (EW4All) was formally
launched at the COP27 in 2022 meeting in Sharm El-Sheikh.
National Cooling Action Plans (NCAPs):  It is a groundbreaking initiative to ensure that everyone
on Earth is protected from hazardous weather, water, or
• NCAPs are an important tool to assist countries in identifying
climate events through life-saving early warning systems
pathways to integrate comprehensive action to reduce energy
by the end of 2027.
related emissions from cooling, aligned with plans related to
• It reveals that 101 countries now have multi-hazard early
emissions from refrigerant transition.
warning systems, which is based on more complete data from
• They also offer an opportunity for a country to consider how
the Sendai Framework Monitor.
to improve access to cooling and address additional SDGs.
• The report calls for investments of US$ 3.1 billion over five
India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP): years – just 50 cents per person per year – to strengthen disaster
risk knowledge and management, observation and forecasting,
• ICAP was launched in 2019.
dissemination and communication of warnings, and preparedness
• Objective: It provides an integrated vision towards cooling and response capabilities.
across sectors encompassing inter alia reduction of cooling
• It aligns with the priorities of the Paris Agreement and
demand, refrigerant transition, enhancing energy efficiency
supports key provisions of the Sendai Framework for Disaster
and better technology options with a 20 year time horizon.
Risk Reduction, particularly Target G on availability and
• The India Cooling Action seeks to; accessibility of multi-hazard early warning systems.
 Reduce cooling demand across sectors by 20% to 25% by • It also contributes to delivering the targets of the 2030 Agenda
2037-38, for Sustainable Development on poverty, hunger, health,
 Reduce refrigerant demand by 25% to 30% by 2037-38, water, clean energy, climate action and sustainable cities.
 Reduce cooling energy requirements by 25% to 40% by
2037-38, Significance of multi-hazard Early Warning Systems:
 Recognize “cooling and related areas” as a thrust area of • These are an important component of disaster risk
research under national S&T Programme, management strategies, and are designed to issue warnings
 Training and certification of 100,000 servicing sector when a disaster is imminent or already occurring. These are
technicians by 2022-23, synergizing with Skill India cost-effective tools that save lives, reduce economic losses,
Mission. and provide a nearly tenfold return on investment.
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• Early warning systems have helped decrease the number of Challenges:

deaths and have reduced losses and damages resulting from • Inadequate installed systems: Despite the urgent need, only
hazardous weather, water or climate events. half of the countries worldwide report having adequate
• The Global Status Report (2022) reveals that countries with multi-hazard early warning systems. And even fewer have
substantive-to-comprehensive early warnings coverage have regulatory frameworks that connect early warnings to
disaster mortality eight times lower than countries with limited emergency and response plans.
coverage. • Climate Vulnerability: Climate, weather and water-related
• According to the Global Commission on Adaptation, giving extremes have led to 15 times more deadly hazards for
just 24 hours’ notice of an impending hazardous event can people in Africa, South Asia, South and Central America, and
reduce damage by 30%. small island states.
 Investing just US$800 million in such systems in  Vulnerable, least-developed countries that have not
developing countries would prevent losses of $3 to $16 contributed significantly to the climate crisis are bearing
billion annually. the brunt.
 Over the last 50 years, nearly 70% of all deaths from
SENDAI FRAMEWORK FOR DISASTER RISK climate-related disasters have occurred in the 46 poorest
REDUCTION (2015-2030) countries.
• It was the first major agreement of the post-2015 development
agenda and provides Member States with concrete actions Solutions:
to protect development gains from the risk of disaster. • Using Technology: With 95% of the world's population having
Targets: access to mobile broadband networks and nearly 75% owning
• Reduce global disaster mortality a mobile phone, mobile networks have become powerful
• Reduce the number of affected people globally communication channels that can effectively target those in
• Reduce direct economic loss in relation to GDP at-risk areas.
• Reduce disaster damage to critical infrastructure and • Coordination and Collaboration: The Early Warnings for
disruption of basic services All initiative brings together the broader UN system,
• Increase the number of countries with national and local governments, civil society and development partners across
disaster risk reduction strategies the public and private sectors to enhance collaboration and
• Substantially enhance international cooperation to accelerated action to address gaps and deliver people-
developing countries centred, end-to-end multi-hazard early warning systems that
• Increase the availability of and access to multi-hazard leave no one behind.
early warning systems
The Four Pillars: CARBON CAPTURE SEQUESTRATION AND
• Disaster risk knowledge and management: Ensuring all
STORAGE (CCSS) TECHNOLOGIES
countries have access to reliable, understandable and
relevant risk information, science and expertise (led by According to a recent Oxford University study, relying on
UNDRR). CCSS technologies to achieve net-zero carbon emissions is
• Detection, observation, monitoring, analysis, and forecasting: not viable.
Ensuring all countries have robust forecast and monitoring
systems (both soft and hardware infrastructure) and enabling About:
policies to support optimization and sustainability of hazard • CCSS process: It involves capturing carbon emissions from
monitoring and early warning systems (led by WMO). sources like power plants, cement factories , etc; transporting
• Warning dissemination and communication: Using a it via ship or pipeline and then storing them underground in
people-centred approach to ensure that early warnings geological formations.
are effectively and timely disseminated to reach everyone, • Carbon Capture, Sequestration and Storage (CCSS) is a suite
especially those most at risk (led by ITU). of technologies designed to capture carbon dioxide (CO2)
• Preparedness and response capabilities: Ensuring local emissions produced from the use of fossil fuels in electricity
governments, communities and individuals at risk have the generation and industrial processes.
knowledge and means to take pre-emptive early actions  The goal of CCSS is to mitigate climate change by
to prepare for and respond to incoming disasters upon preventing CO2 from being released into the atmosphere,
receiving warnings (led by IFRC). where it contributes to the greenhouse effect.
96
• Carbon Capture: power generation, geothermal energy, manufacturing, and

 Post-Combustion Capture: Captures CO2 from flue gases infrastructure.
after fossil fuels have been burned. This is applicable to • Enhanced Power Generation: Increases power generation
existing power plants and industrial facilities. efficiency through carbon dioxide-based steam cycles,
 Pre-Combustion Capture: Involves capturing CO2 before requiring less energy for steam compression.
combustion, typically in the process of converting fossil • Sustainable Geothermal Energy: Utilises geologically stored
fuels into synthetic gas. carbon dioxide for sustainable geothermal energy generation.
 Oxy-Fuel Combustion: Burns fossil fuels in oxygen,
producing a flue gas predominantly composed of CO2 BEST PRACTICES
and water vapor, making capture easier.
• Canada: Quest Project
 Integration with Oil Sands Operations.
 The Quest project in Alberta captures CO2 from an
oil sands upgrading facility. It has been successfully
capturing and storing one million tons of CO2 annually
since 2015.
• United States: Petra Nova Project
 Petra Nova, located in Texas, retrofits an existing coal-
fired power plant to capture CO2. The captured CO2 is
used for enhanced oil recovery.
• Australia: Gorgon Project
 Gorgon project in Western Australia is one of the world's
largest integrated CCUS projects. It captures CO2 from
Limitations of CCSS:
a natural gas facility and stores it underground.
• Cost Inefficiencies: Emission pathways requiring the storage
of up to 20 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide underground in Way Forward:
2050 to achieve net-zero could cost at least US$ 30 trillion.
• Investment in Innovation: Supporting ongoing research and
 Further, there have been no cost reductions in any part of
development efforts to improve the efficiency and reduce the
the CCS process over the last 40 years.
costs of CCSS technologies.
• Limited Capacity: Currently, all CCS projects worldwide have  Funding should be allocated to explore and pilot new
a combined capacity to store about 49 million tonnes of capture, transportation, utilization, and storage methods.
carbon dioxide annually, which is a small fraction of the total • Clear Regulatory Frameworks: Establish clear and consistent
annual CO2 emissions. regulatory frameworks to provide certainty for investors.
• Availability of better alternatives: The study suggests that  Implement policies that incentivize the development and
there are more cost-effective and efficient alternatives, deployment of CCSS, such as carbon pricing mechanisms,
such as the replacement of fossil fuels with renewables and tax credits, or feed-in tariffs.
afforestation. • Integration with Climate Policies: Integrate CCSS into broader
• Parasitic Energy Consumption: Many carbon capture methods climate policies and commitments to ensure that CCSS is
require a portion of the energy produced by a facility for recognized as a viable and necessary tool for achieving
the capture process itself, reducing the net efficiency of the emission reduction goals.
power plant or industrial process.
Benefits of CCSS: GREEN TURTLES

• Prevent Global Warming: CCSS directly reduces greenhouse
As per a study in Scientific Reports, rising global
gas emissions at the source.
temperatures could lead to an increase in the nesting range
• Simultaneous Pollutant Removal: Oxyfuel combustion (during of green turtles in the Mediterranean Sea.
CO2 compression) reduces nitrogen oxide (NOx) and sulphur
dioxide(SOx) gases, providing dual benefits by addressing
About:
multiple pollutants.
• Climate Change and Sea Turtles: Human-induced climate
• Economic Benefits: Creates jobs for skilled professionals, change has led to a global increase in sea surface
contributes to economic growth through applications in temperatures.
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 Sea turtles, especially green turtles, are vulnerable as the 40 YEARS SINCE INDIA BECAME PERMANENT
sex of their offspring depends on incubation temperature.
RESIDENT OF ANTARCTICA
• Environmental Impacts: Climate-induced shifts may disrupt
existing ecological balances in the Mediterranean. December marks exactly 40 years since India became a
 Urbanization and human activities along the expanded permanent resident of Antarctica.
nesting range pose threats to both turtles and coastal
ecosystems. About:
• In 1983, India established the first permanent base in
Green Turtles: Antarctica named Dakshin Gangotri.
• Scientifically known as Chelonia mydas, are a species of sea • India presently has two research stations at Antarctica
turtle found in tropical and subtropical coastal waters around namely ‘Maitri’ and ‘Bharati’. Dakshin Gangotri is no longer in
the world. operation.
• Green turtles are named for the greenish color of their fat, not • In Antarctica scientific studies and investigations are
their shells. The coloration is due to their herbivorous diet, undertaken on the continental part and contiguous shelf ice
primarily consisting of seagrasses and algae. area to understand the Polar processes and phenomenon.
• Green turtles are known for their extensive migrations. They • The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research (NCPOR),
travel long distances between feeding and nesting areas.
Goa—an autonomous institute under the Ministry of Earth
Sciences—manages the entire Indian Antarctic program.
Turtles Types:
• Seven species of sea turtle: Green Sea Turtle, Hawksbill Sea
DO YOU KNOW
Turtle, Loggerhead Sea Turtle, Olive Ridley Sea Turtle, Kemp’s
• Maitri: It has been in operation since 1989 and is located in
Ridley Sea Turtle, Leatherback Sea Turtle and Flatback Sea
a rocky mountainous region known as Schirmacher Oasis in
Turtle.
Queen Maud Land.
 Five species in Indian waters (Leatherback, Loggerhead,
Hawksbill, Green and Olive Ridley) • Bharati: The new station was constructed and established
in 2013. It is located between Thala Fjord & Quilty bay, east
 Hawksbill turtle is listed as 'Critically Endangered' and
of Stornes Peninsula in Antarctica.
Green Turtle is listed as 'Endangered' on the IUCN Red List.
Significance of Research in Antarctica:

BUDGETT’S FROG • Climate Change and Global Warming: Antarctica plays a
A study conducted by researchers of the Indian Institute of crucial role in regulating Earth's climate. The Research helps
Science has unveiled that peptides extracted from the skin scientists understand the dynamics of ice melting, sea level
of Budgett's frog demonstrate the capability to counteract rise, and the impact of climate change on the polar regions
enzymes produced by pathogens responsible for causing and beyond.
diseases. • Ozone Layer Depletion: Research in Antarctica monitors the
recovery of the ozone layer and helps assess the effectiveness
About: of international agreements, such as the Montreal Protocol, in
• The frog’s skin secretions contain LL-TIL, a specific peptide addressing ozone-depleting substances.
studied by the researchers. • Space Analog: Antarctica's extreme conditions, including
• LL-TIL was found to inhibit two key enzymes, subtilisin low temperatures and isolation, make it an ideal analog for
carlsberg and proteinase K, which are produced by studying the challenges humans might face in future space
pathogens and play a crucial role in promoting infections by exploration, such as missions to Mars.
breaking down specific protective proteins in the host. • Scientific Discovery: Antarctica provides opportunities for the
discovery of the remains of ancient organisms, meteorites,
Budgett’s Frog:
and insights into Earth's geological history.
• Budgett's frog, scientifically known as Lepidobatrachus
laevis, is a unique and distinctive species of frog native to India and Antarctica:
South America. • Antarctic Treaty: The Treaty covers the area south of 60°S
• Budgett's frog is known for its unique vocalizations, which can latitude. It was signed at Washington D.C. in 1959 with the
include grunts and growls. objective of the Demilitarisation of Antarctica.
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 The signatories are supposed to bring laws so that no

• Mount Erebus, located on Antarctica’s Ross Island, is the
activity in contravention of the treaty takes place. India
southernmost active volcano on Earth.
signed the treaty in 1983.
• Longest River: Onyx
• The Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
• Largest Lake: Vostok
Resources (CCAMLR): CCAMLR was signed in Canberra in
1980 to protect and preserve the Antarctic environment and,
particularly, for the preservation and conservation of marine
living resources in Antarctica.
 India ratified the CCAMLR in 1985.
• Madrid Protocol: The Protocol on the Environmental
Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (Madrid Protocol) was
signed in Madrid in 1991. It aims to strengthen the Antarctic
Treaty system and develop a comprehensive regime for the
protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and
associated ecosystems.
 India ratified the Madrid Protocol in 1998.
• Council of Managers of the National Antarctic Programme
(COMNAP)
 India is also a member of the COMNAP and the Scientific
Committee of Antarctica Research (SCAR), which shows
the significant position that India holds among the nations
involved in Antarctic research.
Indian Antarctic Bill, 2022:

• Objective: To demilitarize Antarctica; use of Antarctica
for peaceful purposes; promote international scientific
cooperation in Antarctica. INDIA’S FIRST-EVER HIMALAYAN AIR SAFARI
• Applicability: The provisions of the Bill will apply to any
Tourists in Uttarakhand are able to fly in a gyrocopter
person, vessel or aircraft that is a part of an Indian expedition
enjoying the natural beauty of the Himalayas.
to Antarctica under a permit issued under the Bill.
• Prohibited activities: The Bill prohibits certain activities in About:
Antarctica including:
• The Uttarakhand government aims to revolutionise state
 Nuclear explosion or disposal of radioactive wastes,
tourism with the launch of India’s first-ever Himalayan Air
 Introduction of non-sterile soil, and
Safari using compact, agile aircraft known as gyrocopters.
 Discharge of garbage, plastic or other substances into the
• Plans are underway to develop specialised airstrips across
sea which is harmful to the marine environment.
various locations in collaboration with the Civil Aviation
ANTARCTICA Department and district authorities.
• Antarctica is the world’s southernmost and fifth largest

HIMALAYAN AIR SAFARI SCHEME
continent. It is also the world’s highest, driest, windiest,
coldest, and iciest continent. • It is a part of the Breakfast Tourism initiative started by the
Tourism department of Uttarakhand.
• The continent is divided into East Antarctica (Greater
Antarctica) and West Antarctica (Lesser Antarctica).They are Significances:
separated by Transantarctic Mountains.
• It connects tourists to the lesser-known places in
• East Antarctica is composed of older, igneous and
Uttarakhand.
metamorphic rocks whereas West Antarctica, is made up
• Tourists will fly from one place to another in a gyrocopter
of younger, volcanic and sedimentary rock.
 West Antarctica, is part of the “Ring of Fire,” a tectonically enjoying the natural beauty of the Himalayan peaks and
active area around the Pacific Ocean. rivers.
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Gyrocopters: chronic health problems, including respiratory issues and

• These are introduced by the Uttarakhand Tourism Development certain types of cancer.
Board, in collaboration with Rajas Aerosports and Adventures • Environmental Impact: Runoff from fields treated with
Pvt Ltd. pesticides can contaminate water sources, leading to water
• These are equipped with the latest technology and imported pollution.
from Germany, are expected to revolutionise the way tourists  This contamination can harm aquatic ecosystems and
experience the breathtaking landscapes of the Himalayan affect non-target species.
region. • Residue in Food: Residues of pesticides can remain on crops
and find their way into the food supply.
 This can raise concerns about food safety and the
PESTICIDE HAZARD potential for chronic exposure to low levels of pesticides
Many farmers in Maharashtra suffer from the pesticide through the diet.
poisoning. • Pesticide Misuse: In some cases, pesticides are misused
due to lack of awareness, inadequate training, or improper
Data Analysis: storage.
• In 2017, reports of pesticide poisoning emerged from  This can lead to overuse or incorrect application,
Maharashtra, drawing global criticism against India’s exacerbating environmental and health risks.
pesticide regulation policies. • Impact on Non-Target Organisms: Beneficial insects,
 The Maharashtra government introduced a Bill in 2023, to pollinators, and natural predators can be harmed by pesticide
amend the Insecticide Act, 1968 in the State. applications, disrupting ecosystems and agricultural
• In 2021, Pesticide Action Network (PAN) International released sustainability.
a list of highly hazardous pesticides, of which over 100 are • Resistant Pests: Over time, pests can develop resistance to
currently approved for use in India. certain pesticides, rendering them less effective. This can
result in a cycle of increased pesticide use, which may further
About Pesticide: contribute to environmental and health issues.
• Pesticides are substances or mixtures of substances that are • Farmers' Economic Burden: Some farmers face economic
used to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate pests. challenges associated with the high cost of purchasing
• Pests can include insects, rodents, fungi, weeds, and other pesticides.
organisms that can negatively impact agriculture.
• Pesticides are commonly used in agriculture to protect crops
Steps Taken by Government of India to Address the
from pests and increase yields. Concerns:
• The main categories of pesticides include: • The Insecticides Act, 1968 and the Insecticides Rules of 1971,
 Insecticides: Designed to control or kill insects. form the legal framework for the manufacture and use of
 Herbicides: Used to control or eliminate unwanted plants pesticides.
(weeds).  The primary objective of these regulations is to ensure
 Fungicides: Target fungi and prevent or control fungal the quality of pesticides, their safe use, and protection of
diseases. human health, animals, and the environment.
 Rodenticides: Designed to control rodents, such as mice  The Central Insecticides Board (CIB) and Registration
and rats. Committee (RC) are central regulatory bodies responsible
 Bactericides and Virucides: Target bacteria and viruses, for the implementation of the Insecticides Act.
respectively.  Pesticides must be registered with the Registration
 Nematicides: Control nematodes, which are microscopic Committee before they can be imported, manufactured,
worms that can damage plant roots. formulated, sold, or distributed in India.
• Promotion of Integrated Pest Management (IPM): IPM involves
Concerns with Use of Pesticides in India: a combination of biological, cultural, physical, and chemical
• Health Risks: Pesticide exposure can pose serious health control methods to manage pests in an environmentally
risks to farmers, and communities living in close proximity to sustainable manner.
agricultural areas.  This approach aims to reduce reliance on chemical
 Short-term effects may include nausea, dizziness, and pesticides and minimize their impact on human health
skin irritation, while long-term exposure may lead to and the environment.
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• Training and Education: There has been an increased focus • Need: Europe and the United States happen to be the largest
on providing training and education to farmers about safe export markets for India’s forest-based products, particularly
and judicious pesticide use. handicraft and furniture.
• Regulatory Measures: The government of India regulates  These markets have been tightening the rules for import
the sale, distribution, and use of pesticides through the of forest products because of greater sensitivity around
Insecticides Act, 1968. deforestation on climate change concerns.
 The Central Insecticides Board and Registration Committee • Significance: The Scheme can provide market incentives to
(CIB&RC) oversee the registration of pesticides, setting various entities that adhere to responsible forest management.
permissible limits for residues, and ensuring compliance  This includes state forest departments, individual farmers,
with safety standards. or Farmer Producer Organizations engaged in agroforestry.
• Research and Development: Efforts are directed toward the  It will bring greater trust and transparency into the
discovery and promotion of safer and more environmentally processes, and grant greater acceptability to Indian
friendly pesticide alternatives. forest-based products in international markets.
 This includes the development of biopesticides, which are • Compliance and Legal Status: The certification may be
derived from natural sources such as plants, bacteria, recognized by various regulatory authorities but in no way
and fungi. is intended to serve as legal advice on compliance with any
• Monitoring and Surveillance: Regular monitoring and law, regulation or requirement.
surveillance programs are conducted to assess pesticide • Basis: The Forest Management certification is based on the
residues in food, water, and the environment. Indian Forest Management Standard, which is an integral part
 This helps in identifying areas of concern and taking of the National Working Plan Code 2023, launched this year.
corrective measures to mitigate risks. • Advisory Body: It will be overseen by the Indian Forest and
• Biopesticides: The government is promoting use of Wood Certification Council, which will act as a multistakeholder
biopesticides, which are generally safer than chemical advisory body.
pesticides.  The Council is represented by members from eminent
institutions such as Indian Council of Forestry Research
• Grow Safe food: Campaign has been initiated to create
and Education, Forest Survey of India, Indian Institute of
awareness about the safe and judicious use of pesticides
Forest Management including representatives from the
among the various stakeholders.
Ministries.
• Operating Agency: Indian Institute of Forest Management,
INDIAN FOREST & WOOD CERTIFICATION Bhopal will act as the scheme operating agency.
SCHEME (IFWCS) • Certification Body: The National Accreditation Board for
Certification Bodies under the Quality Council of India
The Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change
will accredit the certification bodies which will carry out
has launched the Indian Forest & Wood Certification
independent audits.
Scheme (IFWCS).
NATIONAL WORKING PLAN CODE-2023
About IFWCS:
• The Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate change
• Aim: It is the national forest certification scheme and is
released the “National Working Plan Code-2023” for scientific
designed to promote sustainable forest management and
management of forests and evolving new approaches.
sustainable management of Trees outside Forests in the
• National Working Plan Code was first adopted in 2004 with
country.
a subsequent amendment in 2014.
• Voluntary: It offers voluntary third-party certification designed
 It brought uniformity and acted as the guiding principle
to promote agroforestry in the country.
for the preparation of the working plan for scientific
 It will offer an alternative to the private foreign certification
management of different forest divisions of the country.
agencies that have been operating in the Indian market
for the last two decades. • National Working Plan Code-2023 deals in detail with the
• Scope: IFWCS is applicable across the country, both in essentials of forest management planning, incorporating
forest areas and Trees outside Forests (TOF) plantations on the principles of sustainable management of forests.
government, private, agroforestry and other lands.  It has prescribed state forest departments to engage
 The certification is applicable for both timber and non- in continuous data collection and its updation in a
timber forest produce (NTFP). centralized database.
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Current Affairs In-Shorts | Science & Technology
SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
XPOSAT a 350 km high orbit and unfurled solar panels, becoming a
rudimentary satellite and orbital testbed for the 10 payloads it
Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched its first carried.
X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) on 1st January,2024.
• The mission life is expected to be approximately five years.
About: Significance:
• The XPoSat was launched by the Polar Satellite Launch • Analyzing X-Ray polarization signatures enables
Vehicle (PSLV) C-58 from the Satish Dhawan Space Center in measurements of the mass and spin of accreting black holes,
Sriharikota. comprehension of the source's geometric arrangement and
• It is aiming to investigate the polarisation of intense X-Ray local properties.
sources. • The emission mechanism from various astronomical sources
• XPoSat is only the second space-based experiment to study such as black holes, neutron stars, active galactic nuclei,
X Ray polarisation after NASA’s Imaging X Ray Polarimetry etc. originates from complex physical processes and are
Explorer. challenging to understand.
• The polarimetry measurements add two more dimensions to
What is Polarisation of X-Ray Sources? our understanding, the degree of polarization and the angle
• Polarisation is regarded as one of the intrinsic properties of of polarization and thus is an excellent diagnostic tool to
light. understand the emission processes from astronomical sources.
 The information on polarization provides a deeper insight
to the processes, as well as the local anisotropies of the LAUNCH VEHICLES
fields (electric/magnetic/gravitational). • Launchers or Launch Vehicles are used to carry spacecraft
• X-Ray polarization serves as a crucial diagnostic tool for to space.
examining the radiation mechanism and geometry of celestial • India has three active operational launch vehicles: Polar
sources. Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite
Launch Vehicle (GSLV), Geosynchronous Satellite Launch
X-Ray Polarimeter Satellite (XPoSat) Mission:
Vehicle Mk-III (LVM3).
• XPoSat (X-ray Polarimeter Satellite) is India’s first dedicated
• PSLV: PSLV has been a versatile launch vehicle deployed
polarimetry mission.
for launching all the three types of payloads viz. Earth
• The XPoSat spacecraft is designated for observation from
Observation, Geo-stationary and Navigation. It has got the
Low Earth Orbit (non-sun synchronous orbit of ~650 km
highest success rate and is considered as the workhorse
altitude, low inclination of approximately six degree), carrying
of ISRO.
two scientific payloads.
• GSLV with indigenous Cryogenic Upper Stage has enabled
• POLIX: POLIX (Polarimeter Instrument in X-rays) is designed
the launching up to 2 tonne class of communication
to measure polarimetry parameters —specifically the degree
satellites.
and angle of polarization — in the medium X-ray energy
• The LVM3 is the next generation launch vehicle capable of
range of 8-30 keV photons.
launching 4 tonne class of communication satellites and 10
 XSPECT: The secondary payload is the XSPECT (X-ray
tonne class of payloads to LEOs.
Spectroscopy and Timing) payload, which will provide
spectroscopic information within the energy range of 0.8-  The vehicle was developed with completely indigenized
15 keV. technologies including the C25 cryo stage.
 The Human rated LVM3 is identified as the launch vehicle
• The payloads will observe the X-Ray sources during the
for Gaganyaan mission, which is named as HRLV.
spacecraft’s transit through the Earth’s shadow, i.e., during
the eclipse period. • The Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) is being developed
with complete indigenous technologies to meet the small
• After launching XPoSat in a 650 km circular orbit around
satellite launch market on a demand driven basis.
the earth, the fourth stage of the rocket lowered itself into
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In-Shorts | Science & Technology Current Affairs
DISCOVERY OF SIX NEW EXOPLANETS • The reason for low densities could be due to large, hydrogen-
rich atmospheres on the exoplanets.
Six exoplanets orbiting around a nearby bright star HD
• All six exoplanets are in resonant orbits, in which the planets
110067 in the Coma Berenices constellation have been
exert regular forces on each other as they orbit. This feature
discovered.
suggests that the system remains practically unchanged
since its birth, at least four billion years ago.
What is an Exoplanet?
• An exoplanet is any planet beyond our solar system. TESS (Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite):
• Most orbit other stars, but free-floating exoplanets, called • TESS is a Space Telescope launched by NASA in 2018.
rogue planets, orbit the galactic center and are untethered to • The mission aim is to detect small planets with bright host stars
any star.
in the solar neighborhood, so that detailed characterizations
of the planets and their atmospheres can be performed.
About the Discovery:
• HD 110067 is a bright star in the Coma Berenices constellation How does TESS find Planets?
(around 100 light-years away), which is visible from Earth’s
• TESS detects exoplanets by looking for periodic dips in
Northern Hemisphere.
stars' brightness as planets cross in front of them along our
• Observations of HD 110067 made by NASA’s Transiting
sightline.
Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) in 2020 and 2022 revealed
• The larger the planet, the further the drop in brightness during
several dips in the star’s brightness, and with additional
the transit.
observations from the ‘CHaracterising ExOPlanets Satellite’
(CHEOPS) the signals were interpreted as six planets passing • How long it takes a planet to pass in front of the star and
in front of the star. come back tells us the shape of its orbit.
Physical Characteristics of Exoplanets: India’s Efforts to Discover Exoplanets:

• The newly discovered exoplanets have radii between that India doesn't currently have its own dedicated satellite for
of Earth and Neptune. The mass and density of the planets are exoplanet hunting. However, Indian scientists are actively
low. involved in exoplanet research using other means:
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• Ground-based telescopes: India has several powerful

DEPARTMENT OF BIOTECHNOLOGY
telescopes equipped with instruments that can detect
exoplanets. One notable example is the PRL Advanced Radial- • It was established in 1986 with the aim of promoting and
velocity Abu-sky Search (PARAS) spectrograph at the Mt Abu regulating biotechnology research and development in
Observatory. PARAS has played a crucial role in confirming the country.
the existence of several exoplanets, including the first one • It is under the Ministry of Science and Technology.
discovered by Indian scientists in 2018.
• Collaborations with international missions: Indian scientists
are actively involved in analyzing data from space missions ANTHROBOTS
like NASA's Kepler and TESS telescopes, which have
Recently, researchers have developed miniature robots
discovered thousands of exoplanets.
called anthrobots using human cells.
• ExoWorlds Mission: ISRO is planning to launch ExoWorlds
mission in 2025 to discover exoplanets.
About:
• ExoWorlds will delve deep into the cosmos, targeting
• The term "anthrobots" refers to tiny biological robots created
exoplanets orbiting distant stars.
from human cells, particularly human tracheal or lung cells.
• Its primary objective is to characterize exoplanets in the
• These bioengineered entities, consisting of several hundred
habitable zone, the region around a star where liquid water, a
cells, are capable of autonomous movement and have the
key ingredient for life as we know it, could potentially exist.
ability to heal damaged tissue.
• A high-resolution spectrometer will dissect the light coming from
• They are being developed for potential applications in
the host star and its orbiting exoplanets, revealing the chemical
regenerative medicine, wound healing, and disease
composition of their atmospheres. By analyzing the presence
treatment.
of gases like oxygen, methane, and water vapor, scientists can
• Measure between the width of a human hair and the tip of a
deduce clues about the planet's potential for habitability.
sharpened pencil.
BIOTECHNOLOGY RESEARCH AND Anthrobots vs Xenobots

INNOVATION COUNCIL (BRIC) Features Xenobots Anthrobots
First Society Meeting of Biotechnology Research and Source Embryonic stem cells Human tracheal cells
Innovation Council (BRIC) was held recently. of frogs
Self- Capable of self- Spontaneous fusion
About: organization organizing cells for to form superbots
• The Union Minister of Science and Technology launched the tasks
‘Zero Waste Life on Campus’ program. Applications Drug delivery, Regenerative
• It is aimed at achieving sustainability through application and environmental medicine, wound
adoption of knowledge and technologies, and promotion of cleanup, medical healing, disease
management models focused on co-responsibility, on each procedures treatment
BRIC campus.
About BRIC:
JT-60SA : LARGEST NUCLEAR FUSION
• The Department of Biotechnology has merged 14 autonomous
institutions under it into an apex body called the Biotechnology
REACTOR
Research and Innovation Council (BRIC). Japan has unveiled the world's largest operational
• Aim: To achieve centralised and unified governance and experimental nuclear fusion reactor, JT-60SA, in Naka, near
maximise the impact of biotech research. Tokyo.
• Each of the 14 subsumed BRIC Institutions will maintain their
distinct research mandates, governed by one Governing About:
Body, at BRIC. • JT-60SA is a joint international fusion experiment being built
• BRIC and its Institutes can engage in public-private research and operated by Japan and the European Union.
partnerships and receive endowments including funds from • It is a six-story-high tokamak, designed to contain and control
non-Governmental resources for research-related activities. plasma heated to a staggering 200 million degrees Celsius.
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 It is an upgrade to the previous JT-60. SA stands for power plants, nuclear power plants practically do not produce
‘Super, Advanced’. CO2 during their operation.
• Objective of JT-60SA: To investigate the feasibility of fusion as  Nuclear reactors generate close to one-third of the world’s
a safe, large-scale and carbon-free source of net energy – carbon free electricity and are crucial in meeting climate
with more energy generated than is put into producing it. change goals.
Nuclear Energy: Challenges associated with Fusion:

• It is a form of energy released from the nucleus, the core • Achieving High Temperatures: Nuclear fusion requires
of atoms, made up of protons and neutrons. This source of extremely high temperatures, millions of degrees Celsius, to
energy can be produced in two ways: allow atoms that would otherwise repel each other to fuse.
 Fission: when nuclei of atoms split into several parts, and • Sustaining the Reaction and shorter time for the experiment:
 Fusion: when nuclei fuse together. Once the reaction starts, it needs to be self-sustaining
• The fusion of two nuclei of a heavier isotope of hydrogen, (referred to as a burning plasma).
called tritium produces at least four times as much energy as  The fusion reactions currently being run in labs last for
the fission of a uranium atom which is the normal process of barely a few seconds. It is difficult to sustain such extreme
generating electricity in a nuclear reactor. high temperatures for prolonged periods.
• Creating a Viable Technology: The technology has long
struggled with daunting challenges. The goal is to turn
nuclear fusion into a cheap and carbon-free energy source.
• Handling the Fuel: Current efforts focus on fusing a pair of
hydrogen isotopes — deuterium and tritium — which releases
much more energy than most fusion reactions and requires
less heat to do so.
• Infrastructure Challenges: Different techniques are being
used to recreate nuclear fusion.
 Tokamak uses powerful magnets to turn fuel into a
superheated plasma where fusion may occur.
 Another technique involves firing a laser at a small capsule
filled with deuterium-tritium fuel.
• Future potential: Use of the fusion process for generating
electricity at a commercial scale is still two to three decades
away.
• Fusion differs from fission, the technique currently used in

nuclear power plants, by fusing two atomic nuclei instead of
splitting one.
Advantages of Fusion over Fission reactors:

• Fusion energy stands out for its safety advantages over
fission, as it carries no risk of catastrophic accidents like
the Fukushima disaster in 2011 and generates minimal
radioactive waste.
• Fusion has the potential to become a key component for
energy mix in the second half of this century
• Nuclear power and climate change: Nuclear power is a low-
carbon source of energy, because unlike coal, oil or gas
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• Launch site: Cape Canaveral Space Force Station, Florida

INTERNATIONAL THERMONUCLEAR
EXPERIMENTAL REACTOR (ITER) • Mission duration: At least five years.
• It is the world's largest tokamak, a magnetic fusion device

WHAT IS AEROSOL?
that has been designed to prove the feasibility of fusion as
• Aerosols are very small particles in the air like those of
a large-scale and carbon-free source of energy based on
smoke, dust, sea salt and other pollutants.
the same principle that powers our Sun and stars.
The tokamak is an experimental machine designed to harness • Aerosols absorb as well as scatter sunlight. This decides
the energy of fusion. how much solar energy reaches the surface of Earth.
• The ITER Members: China, the European Union, India,

Japan, Korea, Russia and the United States. HEMOPHILIA
• Objective: To investigate and demonstrate burning plasmas
in which the energy of the helium nuclei produced by the The Haemophilia and Health Collective of North (HHCN) has
fusion reactions is enough to maintain the temperature of recommended the use of prophylaxis as the standard of care
the plasma, thereby reducing or eliminating the need for in haemophilia patients to prevent them from bleeding.
external heating.
About:
• HHCN is a registered body of India’s leading healthcare
PACE MISSION professionals working in the domain of haemophilia care for
over two decades.
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
• It is a rare genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to
is going to launch the PACE mission in 2024 to boost our
control blood clotting or coagulation.
understanding of Earth's atmosphere.
• People with hemophilia experience prolonged bleeding, even
from minor injuries.
About:
• India has the second-largest population of haemophilia
• Plankton, Aerosol, Cloud, Ocean Ecosystem (PACE) Mission
patients in the world.
aims to enhance the understanding of Earth's oceans and
atmosphere by studying key components, like light, aerosols, • The two main types of hemophilia are hemophilia A and
and clouds. hemophilia B, and they differ based on the deficient clotting
• The mission will make global measurements of ocean color to factor.
improve our understanding of the carbon cycle and ocean  Hemophilia A: Hemophilia A is the more common form and
ecosystem responses to a changing climate. is caused by a deficiency of clotting factor VIII.
 Hemophilia B: Hemophilia B is less common and is caused
Elements of Mission: by a deficiency of clotting factor IX.
• Ocean Color Instrument (OCI): It will be capable of measuring • Inheritance: Hemophilia is usually inherited in an X-linked
the color of the ocean from ultraviolet to shortwave infrared. recessive pattern. This means that the gene mutation causing
• Advanced Polarimeters: PACE will also include two polarimeters. hemophilia is located on the X chromosome.
They are the Spectro-polarimeter for Planetary Exploration  Since males have one X and one Y chromosome, a
(SPEXone) and the Hyper Angular Research Polarimeter (HARP2). mutation on the X chromosome they inherit from their
 Together they will provide "complementary spectral and mother will result in hemophilia. Females, with two X
angular sampling, polarimetric accuracy, and spatial chromosomes, are typically carriers.
coverage". • Treatment: preventative treatment, where medicine is used to
 They are used to measure how the oscillation of sunlight prevent bleeding and subsequent joint and muscle damage,
within a geometric plane – known as its polarization – is  on-demand treatment, where medicine is used to treat
changed by passing through clouds, aerosols, and the prolonged bleeding.
ocean.
• Orbital height: PACE will orbit Earth at an altitude of about 850 AMRIT TECHNOLOGY
kilometers, providing daily global coverage. This will enable
scientists to track changes in the ocean, atmosphere, and IIT-Madras has developed a technology called ‘AMRIT’
climate system over time and space. (Arsenic and Metal Removal by Indian Technology) for the
• Launch vehicle: SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket removal of Arsenic and Metal ions from water.
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About: What is mRNA?

• The technology uses nano-scale iron oxy-hydroxide, which • mRNA, stands for messenger RNA, is a form of nucleic acid
selectively removes arsenic when water is passed through it. which carries genetic information.
• Significance: The technology will help to achieve the goal of • mRNA, in cells, carries codes from the DNA in the nucleus to
Government of India to provide safe water supply in adequate the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm (the ribosomes).
quantity, under Jal Jeevan Mission.  Information in DNA cannot be decoded directly into
proteins, it is first transcribed, or copied, into mRNA.
Jal Jeevan Mission: • Each molecule of mRNA encodes the information for one
• Aim: Creating water supply infrastructure so that every rural protein, with each sequence of three nitrogen-containing
household has Functional Tap Connection (FHTC) by 2024 and bases in the mRNA specifying the incorporation of a particular
water in adequate quantity of prescribed quality. amino acid within the protein.
• The Mission was launched in 2019 under the Ministry of Jal
Shakti. Benefits of mRNA-bsed Medicine:
• Focus Areas: The programme also focuses on: • Scalability: scientists can make large amounts of mRNA in
 Recharge and reuse through gray water management the lab as the method to make one mRNA is the same for all
 Water conservation mRNAs, unlike typical drugs where each compound has its
 Rain water harvesting own unique chemistry and requires different manufacturing
methods.
WHAT IS ARSENIC (As)? • Meet the needs of the patient: Cells have the natural ability
to destroy mRNAs, when they aren’t needed. Since mRNAs
• Arsenic is a naturally occurring trace element that occurs
aren’t permanent, doses can be easily changed to meet the
in many minerals, usually in combination with sulfur and
changing needs of the patient.
metals.
• Cure for a large number of diseases: Many diseases arise from
• It is highly toxic in its inorganic form.
cells making the wrong protein, a mutant version of protein
Effects on health: or too little of the normal protein. If scientists can deliver a
• Long-term exposure to arsenic can cause cancer, skin corrected version of the mRNA to enough affected cells, then
lesions, cardiovascular disease, diabetes etc. the mRNA will provide the means to make the proper protein.
• In-utero and early childhood exposure have been linked to
Future of mRNA-based Medicine:
negative impacts on cognitive development and increased
• mRNA-based medicine can be used to treat heart disease,
deaths in young adults.
neurode- generative disease, bone loss etc.
• In Taiwan, arsenic exposure has been linked to “Blackfoot
• mRNA drugs can increase the formation of new blood vessels,
disease”. It is a severe disease of blood vessels leading to
which can improve wound healing in diabetic patients who
gangrene.
have poor blood circulation and higher amputation risks.
Permissible Limits: • It can also be used to treat propionic acidaemia, a disease
• The World Health Organization’s provisional guideline value where children have low levels of two liver proteins that
for arsenic in drinking water is 0.01 mg/l (10 μg/l). normally prevent toxic by-products from building up in the
• In India the permissible limit of arsenic in the absence of an body.
alternative source is 0.05 mg/l (50 μg/l).
Challenges in Developing mRNA based Medicines:
Status of Arsenic Contamination in India: • Drug delivery issue: As per an article published in Nature
• The occurrence of Arsenic in groundwater was first Reviews material, 2023 mRNA molecules are delicate and
reported in 1980 in West Bengal in India. easily degraded by enzymes in our bodies. Researchers are
• Maximum number of the arsenic-affected habitations are in exploring various approaches, including lipid nanoparticles,
the Ganga and Brahmaputra alluvial plains. polymeric vectors, and even viral vectors.
• Inflammatory Response: As per a research published in
Nature Nanotechnology,2020 mRNA delivery can activate
USE OF MRNA AS MEDICINE inflammatory pathways in the body, leading to side effects
like fever and fatigue. Optimizing delivery systems and
The therapeutic use of mRNA has fueled great hope to
developing anti-inflammatory agents are crucial to mitigate
combat a wide range of incurable diseases.
these effects.
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• Storage temperature: Requirement of specialized freezers  There are indications that abuse may also lead to cognitive
and dry ice for transport of mRNA vaccines/medicines impairment.
increases the cost of delivery of drugs. E.g.- Pfizer-BioNTech
Covid-19 vaccines require ultra-cold temperatures of -90°C to
-60°C, commonly -80°C (equivalent to -112°F to -76°F). R21/MATRIX-M MALARIA VACCINE
The World Health Organization (WHO) added the R21/
Way Ahead:
Matrix-M malaria vaccine to its list of prequalified vaccines.
• The ability to easily customize and produce mRNA increases
their potential as effective, personalized therapies – with
About R21/Matrix-M:
fewer side effects – that can help many people.
• The R21 vaccine is the second malaria vaccine recommended
• However, therapeutics based on mRNA technology are still
by WHO, following the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine, which received
in their infancy and hurdles remain as mRNA is short-lived in
a WHO recommendation in 2021.
cells and protein is only made for a short time. Increasing the
lifespan of mRNA in cells would reduce the amount of mRNA • Both vaccines are shown to be safe and effective in preventing
required. malaria in children.
• R21/Matrix-M developed by Oxford University and
manufactured by Serum Institute of India.
KETAMINE
• The targeted age group for the R21/Matrix-M vaccine is
In recent years, ketamine has been a subject of widespread currently children aged 5 to 17 months. 4 doses of R21
debate due to its growing use for treating depression and vaccines are recommended by WHO starting from the 5
other serious mental health issues. month age of the child.
About: DO YOU KNOW ?

• It is an anaesthetic that has been listed as a hallucinogen by The prequalification means larger access to vaccines as a key
the US Drug Enforcement Administration. tool to prevent malaria in children, with it being a prerequisite
 It’s referred to as a “dissociative anaesthetic hallucinogen” for vaccine procurement by UNICEF and funding support for
because it creates a feeling of detachment from pain and deployment by Gavi, the Vaccine Alliance.
the environment.
Malaria:
• In the US, ketamine was first used as an anaesthetic for animals
• It is a mosquito-borne disease which mostly spreads to
in the 1960s.
people through the bites of some infected female Anopheles
 Around a decade later, the US Food and Drug
mosquitoes.
Administration approved it for humans.
 Blood transfusion and contaminated needles may also
• Usage : The drug’s use for treating depression and other transmit malaria.
mental illnesses is recent.
• It is mostly found in tropical countries.
 It is also used as a recreational drug, popularly known as
• The infection is caused by a parasite and does not spread
K or Special K among clubgoers.
from person to person.
• Effects: Pleasant visualisations, sometimes accompanied by
• Symptoms: The most common early symptoms of malaria are
a sense of existing outside themselves and melding with the
fever, headache and chills.
universe.
• Disease burden: According to the latest World malaria report,
 It affects brain receptors that traditional antidepressants
there were 249 million cases of malaria in 2022 compared to
do not target.
244 million cases in 2021. The estimated number of malaria
 If taken in high doses, Some may find it difficult to move
deaths stood at 608 000 in 2022 compared to 610 000 in 2021.
and may feel numb, and can experience more graphic
hallucinations. • Prevention: Malaria can be prevented by avoiding mosquito
bites and by taking medicines.
• Safety : ketamine is safe to consume and very effective in
treating mental illnesses if taken only for medicinal purposes
and in the right doses NATIONAL MATHEMATICS DAY
 The drug can be addictive and, when taken chronically in
Recently, National Mathematics Day was observed.
high doses, can cause severe bladder damage.
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About: • Other notable contributions by Ramanujan include

• It is observed on December 22 each year to commemorate hypergeometric series, the Riemann series, the elliptic
the birth anniversary of the great Indian mathematician integrals, the theory of divergent series, and the functional
equations of the zeta function.
Srinivasa Ramanujan (1887-1920). It was started in 2012.
About:
NEMATOCYST
• Ramanujan was Born in the town of Erode in Madras Presidency
(Tamil Nadu). Recent study found that the Nematocysts serve as potent
 As a child, his mathematical aptitude was apparent. weapons to hunt prey and fend off predators.
• By 1910, Ramanujan was gaining popularity in Madras’
mathematical circles. About:
• He began sending his work to mathematicians in Britain. • Nematocysts are found in some animals, but especially
 His breakthrough arrived in 1913, when the Cambridge- jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydras, that serve as
based GH Hardy wrote back. potent weapons to hunt prey and fend off predators.
 These are special stinging cells used to capture food.
 In 1917, Ramanujan was elected to be a member of the
London Mathematical Society. • Each nematocyst consists of a capsule containing a coiled,
 In 1918, he also became a Fellow of the Royal Society, thread-like tubule and a bulbous structure with toxins.
becoming one of the youngest to ever achieve the feat. • Predation and Defence:
 Nematocysts play a crucial role in the feeding and defence
Major Achievements: strategies of cnidarians in particular.
• Infinite series for pi: In 1914, Ramanujan found a formula for   Cnidarians are animals that contain cells called
infinite series for pi, which forms the basis of many algorithms cnidocytes that have been known to use a combination
used today. of toxins to ensure the success of its predatory or
 Finding an accurate approximation of π (pi) has been defensive efforts.
one of the most important challenges in the history of  When stressed, the nematocyst rapidly ejects the tubule,
mathematics. often with an acceleration surpassing that of a bullet.
 This mechanism is one of the fastest processes in the
• Game theory: Ramanujan discovered a long list of new ideas
animal kingdom.
for solving many challenging mathematical problems that
 These are remarkable cellular weapons used for both
have given great impetus to the development of game theory.
predation and defence.
 His contribution to game theory is purely based on intuition
and natural talent and is unmatched to this day. • The toxins effects: Paralytic; immobilising the prey; cytolytic
(breaking down of cells).
• Mock theta function: He elaborated on the mock theta function,
a concept in the field of modular forms of mathematics.
• Ramanujan number: 1729 is known as the Ramanujan number
ELECTRONIC SOIL
which is the sum of the cubes of two numbers 10 and 9. A newly developed eSoil in the Laboratory of Organic
• Circle Method: Ramanujan, along with GH Hardy, invented Electronics at Linköping University that stimulated root
the circle method which gave the first approximations of the systems helped barley seedlings grow an average of 50
partition of numbers beyond 200. percent more in a new study.
 This method contributed significantly to solving the
notorious complex problems of the 20th century, such as About:
Waring's conjecture and other additional questions. • eSoil is a low-power bioelectronic growth substrate that can
• Theta Function: Theta function is a special function of several electrically stimulate the root system and growth environment
complex variables. German mathematician Carl Gustav of plants.
Jacob Jacobi invented several closely related theta functions • This novel substrate is not only environmentally friendly,
known as Jacobi theta functions. being derived from cellulose and a conductive polymer
 Theta function was studied extensively by Ramanujan called PEDOT, but also offers a low energy, safe alternative
who came up with the Ramanujan theta function, which to previous methods that required high voltage and non-
generalizes the form of Jacobi theta functions and also biodegradable materials.
captures general properties. Ramanujan theta function • Significance: This research promotes more effective and
is used to determine the critical dimensions in Bosonic sustainable development while increasing the variety of crops
string theory, superstring theory, and M-theory. that can be grown hydroponically.
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Hydroponics: • It empowers engineers across diverse fields, from

• In hydroponics, plants are grown without soil, requiring only architects crafting skyscrapers to civil engineers building
water, nutrients and a substrate - something for their roots to robust bridges, and mechanical engineers shaping high-
attach to. performance machines.
 This closed system allows water to be recirculated,

Benefits:
ensuring that each seedling receives exactly the nutrients
• Cost-effective infrastructure development: Currently users
it needs.
have mostly depended on expensive software versions from
 As a result, very little water is used and all the nutrients
foreign firms for this function. With FEAST offering, Indian
remain in the system.
Space Research Organisation (ISRO) hopes to take this
• To maximise the use of space, hydroponics also allows indigenous and customisable FEA software to the Indian user
vertical production in huge towers. base at a fraction of cost.
 Crops currently grown in this way include lettuce, herbs • Enhanced safety and reliability: It will ensure that structures
and some vegetables. can withstand real-world stresses, leading to safer buildings,
• Hydroponics is not usually used to grow grains other than bridges, and machines.
animal feed. • Boosting innovation: It will empower engineers to push the
 In this paper, the scientists show that barley seedlings can boundaries of design and create groundbreaking structures.
be grown hydroponically and that electrical stimulation • Self-reliance in critical technology: It will reduce dependence
improves the plants' growth rate. on foreign software, strengthening India's tech ecosystem.
SMART LANDER FOR INVESTIGATING MOON

(SLIM) MISSION
The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) announced
that its “Smart Lander for Investigating Moon” (SLIM)
successfully went into lunar orbit.
What is SLIM?
FEAST SOFTWARE • SLIM is an experimental mission designed to demonstrate
precise and accurate lunar landings.
The Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC) of the Indian
• It was developed and launched by the Japan Aerospace
space agency ISRO, has developed an analysis software
Exploration Agency (JAXA) in September 2023.
that is used to perform Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of
various types of structures including rockets, aircraft, • SLIM was launched together with XRISM, a next-generation
satellites, buildings, etc. X-ray space telescope, onboard an H-2A rocket.
Features of SLIM:
About:
• SLIM includes crushable, 3D-printed aluminum lattice landing
• An FEA software known as FEAST (Finite Element Analysis of
legs to absorb the impact of touchdown and ensure proper
Structures).
orientation on the crater slope.
• FEA is a computerised method for predicting how a
• SLIM will deploy two small rovers called Lunar Excursion
component or a structure reacts to real-world forces- like
Vehicle (LEV), 1 and 2, just before it landing.
various types of structural loads, thermal conditions and
 LEV-1, LEV-2, and SLIM will together study the lunar surface
other physical effects that a structure experiences while in
near the landing point, collect temperature and radiation
operation.
readings, and attempt to study the moon’s mantle.
• During the design and development phase of a product, FEA
• SLIM will attempt to soft-land on the lunar surface in January
is carried out to evaluate how well and safely the structure/
with an aim to touch down within a 100 meters of its target point.
component can withstand the various loads, and perform its
 The chosen site is near the Shioli Crater, at 13.3º S and
intended function without any failure.
25.2º E.
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Significance of the Mission: • It was detected first in the US and then it gradually spread,
• If successful, Japan will become the fifth country to soft-land reaching over 41 countries by December 2023.
a robotic craft on the Moon.
ABOUT WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION
• SLIM's technology could revolutionize future lunar and
planetary missions, allowing for targeted landings at • It is a specialized agency of the United Nations responsible
scientifically significant sites. for international public health. It was established in 1948,
and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
LUNAR POLAR EXPLORATION (LUPEX) • It is an intergovernmental organization and works in
• LUPEX is a planned joint lunar mission by the Indian Space collaboration with its member states usually through the
Research Organisation (ISRO) and Japan Aerospace Ministries of Health.
Exploration Agency (JAXA). • The WHO operates as a coordinating authority on
• The mission would send an uncrewed lunar lander and international public health issues, providing leadership
rover to explore the south pole region of the Moon in 2026. on global health matters, shaping the health research
agenda, setting norms and standards, providing technical
• JAXA is likely to provide the under-development H3 launch
support to countries, and monitoring health trends.
vehicle and the rover, while ISRO would be providing the
lander.
Why is this variant a cause of concern?
• One key characteristic of JN.1 is a single mutation in its spike
protein, the part that allows the virus to enter human cells.
COVID STRAIN JN.1 TERMED 'VARIANT OF
• This mutation had raised concerns about immune evasion,
INTEREST'
meaning JN.1 might be able to bypass some of the protection
The WHO has tagged JN.1 strain as ‘Variant of Interest offered by previous Covid infections or vaccinations.
(VOI)’ as Covid cases rise across several countries. However, the extent of this immune escape remains unclear.
About: Effectiveness of Vaccines against this Vaccine:

• The World Health Organization (WHO) and other public health • Existing vaccines and treatments appear to retain their
agencies use a system to categorize variants based on effectiveness against JN.1. While some immune evasion might
their potential impact, such as Variants of Interest (VOIs) and occur, studies suggest current vaccines still offer significant
Variants of Concern (VOCs). protection against serious illness and hospitalization.
• Variant of Interest (VOI): A VOI typically refers to specific
Conclusion:
genetic markers that have been associated with changes to
• JN.1's emergence reminds us that the Covid-19 story is far
receptor binding. This implies that variants of interest may be
from over. While it's not yet a cause for panic, continued
more difficult to treat, be at risk for more severe symptoms, or
have a heightened rate of transmission. vigilance and research are essential.
• Variant of Concern (VOC): When there is evidence for increased • Maintaining responsible practices like mask-wearing, hand
transmissions through field and clinical investigations, a hygiene, and physical distancing, in addition to staying
variant becomes a VOC. Variants of Concern have one or vaccinated and boosted, remain the gold standard for
more of the following characteristics. navigating this ongoing dance with the virus.
Variant Name First Identified Characteristics and Concerns

Increased transmissibility; associated with higher viral loads in respiratory
Alpha B.1.1.7 September 2020
samples.
Beta B.1.351 May 2020 Reduced neutralization by some antibodies; potential impact on vaccine efficacy.
Gamma P.1 November 2020 Associated with reinfections; potential immune escape.
Delta B.1.617.2 October 2020 Increased transmissibility; potential increased severity; partial vaccine escape.
High number of mutations in spike protein; increased transmissibility and

Omicron B.1.1.529 November 2021
immune escape.
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Current Affairs In-Shorts | Geography
GEOGRAPHY
WARMER WINTER IN INDIA EL NINO CONDITION

India Meteorological Department (IMD) has forecast a • It begins with the abnormal warming of the central and
warm winter season across the country, saying minimum eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean.
temperature could remain higher than normal. • Warmer-than-average sea surface temperatures disrupt
the typical oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns.
About: • It is often associated with the Southern Oscillation, which
• The sudden spike in warming in 2023 comes from a is part of the larger El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)
combination of factors – climate change, a strong El Nino, climate pattern.
sea ice failing to reform after winter, reduced aerosol pollution • During El Nino, the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) tends
and increased solar activity. to be negative.
 In September, the world passed 1.5°C of warming, and • It causes shifts in global rainfall patterns. Regions that
two months later, hit 2°C of warming. typically experience dry conditions may receive increased
 World is now 2°C hotter than it was in the pre-industrial rainfall, while areas with regular rainfall may face drought
period. conditions.
 As per the recent observations by the IMD, the region
remained 2.4°C above the threshold. • Increased solar activity: The solar maximums were forecast
for 2025 and a clear increase is occurring that adds extra
• It is aggravated by, in addition, the regional factors like
heat into the atmosphere. However, the effect is only around
western disturbances and the upcoming cyclone developing
in the Bay of Bengal. 0.05°C, about a third of an El Niño.
 There are chances of higher-than-normal minimum • The volcanic activity: Usually, volcanic eruptions cool the
temperatures, making it a warm winter season in the planet, as their vast plumes of aerosols block sunlight. But
country. the largest volcanic eruption this century near Tonga in 2022
did the opposite.
Factors associated with winter warming:  It is because Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai volcano was
• Climate Change: Greenhouse gases trap heat, which is why under the sea, and its explosive force evaporated vast
the Earth is not a snowball. But the 2 trillion tonnes of fossil volumes of seawater – and water vapour is a greenhouse gas.
carbon in the atmosphere are trapping more heat, and it will It is estimated that it will add 0.035°C for about five years.
continue until world countries stop burning fossil fuels for • Cutting aerosol pollution: New international shipping rules
heat or power. came into force in 2020, mandating low-sulphur fuels by
 Anthropogenic emissions and other activities have cutting sulphur dioxide emissions by about 10%.
contributed about 1.2°C of warming.  Aerosols in the atmosphere block heat and have added
• El Nino: The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate to atmospheric warming. However, the effect is small,
cycle in the Pacific has the biggest natural influence on adding an estimated 0.05°C of warming by 2050.
climate.
 El Nino will likely peak in the next two months, but its Impacts of winter warming:
effects may well persist throughout 2024, driving global • Extreme Heat: Under 4°C warming, the west coast and
average temperatures higher by perhaps 0.15°C. southern India are projected to shift to new, high-temperature
• Melting of Antarctic sea ice: The declines in Arctic sea ice and climatic regimes with significant impacts on agriculture.
its failing to recover affects the winter warming. • Changing Rainfall Patterns: A 2°C rise in the world’s average
 Normally, the ring of frozen seawater around the ice temperatures will make India’s summer monsoon highly
continent reaches maximum extent in September. unpredictable.
 In summer, more dark water is exposed which absorbs  At 4°C warming, an extremely wet monsoon that currently
more heat. It means more heat goes into the oceans has a chance of occurring only once in 100 years is
rather than back out to space. projected to occur every 10 years by the end of the century.
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In-Shorts | Geography Current Affairs
 Dry years are expected to be drier and wet years wetter.  23 million people deemed severely food insecure across
• Droughts: Droughts are expected to be more frequent the Horn of Africa in December 2022.
especially in areas of north-western India, Jharkhand, Orissa  170 million people are expected to experience extreme
and Chhattisgarh. drought if average global temperatures rise 3°C above
 Crop yields are expected to fall significantly because of pre-industrial levels, 50 million more than expected if
extreme heat by the 2040s. warming is limited to 1.5°C.
• Agriculture and food security: Seasonal water scarcity, rising • Agriculture and Forests: About 70% cereal crops were
temperatures, and intrusion of seawater would threaten crop damaged by drought in the Mediterranean between 2016 to
yields, jeopardising the country’s food security. 2018.
 Under 2°C warming by the 2050s, the country may need  About 33% loss of grazing land in South Africa due to
to import more than twice the amount of food-grain than drought. Africa’s drought-related economic losses in the
would be required without climate change. past 50 years at $70 billion.
• Glacier Melt: At 2.5°C warming, melting glaciers and the loss • Five consecutive rainfall season failures in the Horn of Africa
of snow cover over the Himalayas are expected to threaten (Ethiopia, Kenya and Somalia) caused the region’s worst
the stability and reliability of northern India’s primarily glacier- drought in 40 years, contributing to reduced agricultural
fed rivers, particularly the Indus and the Brahmaputra. productivity, food insecurity and high food prices.
• Sea level rise and related issues: With India close to the equator,  Water Conditions: 75% reduction of cargo capacity of some
the sub-continent would see much higher rises in sea levels vessels on the Rhine due to low river levels in 2022, leading
than higher latitudes. to severe delays to shipping arrivals and departures.
 Sea-level rise and storm surges would lead to saltwater  5 million people in southern China are affected by record-
intrusion in the coastal areas, impacting agriculture, low water levels in the Yangtze River due to drought and
degrading groundwater quality, contaminating drinking prolonged heat.
water, and possibly causing a rise in diarrhoea cases
and cholera outbreaks, as the cholera bacterium survives
THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION TO
longer in saline water. COMBAT DESERTIFICATION (UNCCD)
• Migration and conflict: Climate change impacts on agriculture • It is the sole legally binding international agreement
and livelihoods can increase the number of climate refugees. linking environment and development to sustainable land
management.
What Does a Warmer Winter Mean for Indian States? • UNCCD is one of three Conventions originated at the 1992
• The higher temperatures are likely to lead to glacier melting Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, and adopted in 1994.
in mountainous regions, such as Jammu and Kashmir,  The other two address Climate Change (UNFCCC) and
Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand. Biodiversity (UNCBD).
• On the other hand, in the plains, Rajasthan, Haryana and • The Convention addresses specifically the arid, semi-arid,
Punjab are expected to see a 75% chance of above usual and dry sub-humid areas, known as the drylands, where
maximum temperatures, which would make warmer days some of the most vulnerable ecosystems and peoples can
prevalent over a much larger area. be found.
• South Indian states are expected to see colder days and • Parties to the Convention meet in Conferences of the Parties
nights, in comparison to northern mountainous and plain (COPs) every two years, as well as in technical meetings
regions. throughout the year, to advance the aims and ambitions of
the Convention and achieve progress in its implementation.
‘GLOBAL DROUGHT SNAPSHOT’ BY UNCCD Remedies highlighted in the report:

According to the ‘Global Drought Snapshot’ launched • Global Drought Snapshot highlighted several findings as
by the UNCCD at the outset of COP28 climate talks in the critical aspects of building global drought resilience and it
UAE, drought causes more economic loss and affects more includes land restoration, sustainable land management and
sectors of societies. nature positive agricultural practices etc.
• Adopting nature-positive farming techniques: It includes
Key highlights of the report: drought-resistant crops, efficient irrigation methods, no-till
• Social Dimensions: 85% of people affected by droughts live in and other soil conservation practices, that the farmers can
low- or middle-income countries. reduce the impact of drought on their crops and incomes.
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 Up to 25% CO2 emissions could be offset by nature-

 Meteorological drought can begin and end rapidly,
based solutions including land restoration.
while hydrological drought takes much longer to
• Efficient water management: It includes investing in develop and then recover.
sustainable water supply systems, conservation measures • Agricultural: Agricultural drought links various characteristics
and the promotion of water-efficient technologies. of meteorological (or hydrological) drought to agricultural
 20 to 50% potential reduction in water waste if conventional impacts, focusing on precipitation shortages, differences
sprinkler systems were replaced by micro-irrigation (drip between actual and potential evapotranspiration, soil water
irrigation), which delivers water directly to plant roots. deficits, reduced groundwater or reservoir levels, and so
• Disaster preparedness and Early warning systems: Investing forth.
in meteorological monitoring, data collection and risk • Ecological Drought: A more recent effort focuses on
assessment tools can help respond quickly to drought ecological drought, defined as "a prolonged and
emergencies and minimise impacts. widespread deficit in naturally available water supplies —
 Building global drought resilience requires international including changes in natural and managed hydrology —
cooperation, knowledge sharing as well as environmental that create multiple stresses across ecosystems."
and social justice. • Socio-economic: Socioeconomic definitions of drought
associate the supply and demand of some economic
DROUGHT good with elements of meteorological, hydrological, and
• Drought is a prolonged dry period in the natural climate agricultural drought. It differs from the aforementioned
cycle that can occur anywhere in the world. types of drought because its occurrence depends on
• It is a slow-onset disaster characterised by the lack of the time and space processes of supply and demand to
precipitation, resulting in a water shortage. identify or classify droughts.
• Drought can have a serious impact on health, agriculture,
economies, energy and the environment.
Way Forward:
• The report stressed that there is no alternative to move
forward in a way that respects the planet’s boundaries and
the interdependencies of all forms of life.
• There is a need to reach binding global agreements for
proactive measures that are to be taken by nations to curtail
the spells of drought.
INDIA’S FIRST WINTER ARCTIC EXPEDITION

Raman Research Institute (RRI) from India will participate
in the first winter Indian expedition to the Arctic region.
About:
• RRI said that this will be for the first time that researchers
Data related to drought: will examine the characterisation of the radio frequency
• An estimated 55 million people globally are affected by environment in the Svalbard region of the Arctic.
droughts every year, and they are the most serious hazard • The survey will help astronomers assess the suitability of this
to livestock and crops in nearly every part of the world. uniquely located region, for carrying out precision astronomy
• Water scarcity impacts 40% of the world’s population, measurements.
and as many as 700 million people are at-risk of being
displaced as a result of drought by 2030. DO YOU KNOW?
Types of drought: • India has its own research station- Himadri in the Arctic
• Meteorological: It happens when dry weather patterns region since 2008.
dominate an area. • It also have research stations at Antarctica:
• Hydrological: It occurs when low water supply becomes  Dakshin Gangotri
evident, especially in streams, reservoirs, and groundwater  Maitri
levels, usually after many months of meteorological drought.  Bharati
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SARAS: • The convergence between the upward monsoonal winds

• RRI have been working on the development of SARAS (Shaped and the downhill winds causes the monsoonal moisture to be
Antenna measurement of the background Radio Spectrum) lifted, generating a decent amount of rain, snow, sleet or hail
series of experiments. over the glaciers.
• SARAS aims to study the faint cosmological signal from
hydrogen, commonly referred to as the ‘21-cm signal’,
Implication of Katabatic Winds:
emerging from the Cosmic Dawn and the Epoch of Reionization. • The enhanced katabatic winds are to drive the convergence
 Cosmic Dawn denotes the period when the first stars and line between upslope and downslope winds further down the
galaxies were born in the universe. mountain.
 The “Epoch of Reionization” is a period in the history of the • This means that precipitation has increased at lower elevations,
universe that likely arose as a result of the arrival of the first but decreased at the higher elevations where glaciers are
stars and galaxies. situated.
 Prior to this, the universe was dark, suffused with a dense,
• The decrease in precipitation over the glaciers has caused
obscuring fog of primordial gas.
them to lose mass over the past few decades.
THE RAMAN RESEARCH INSTITUTE

• Founded in: 1948, by the Indian physicist and Nobel ICELAND VOLCANO ERUPTION
Laureate, Sir C V Raman, to continue his studies and basic
research after he retired from the Indian Institute of Science. Fagradalsfjall volcano located on the Reykjanes peninsula
in southwest Iceland, erupted after weeks of intense
• In 1972, the RRI was restructured to become an aided
earthquakes and tremors. Iceland is one of the most
autonomous research institute receiving funds from the
volcanically active regions on the planet.
Department of Science and Technology of the Government
of India.
About:
• Main areas of research: Astronomy & Astrophysics, Light &
• Volcanoes are geological formations on the Earth's crust that
Matter Physics, Soft Condensed Matter, and Theoretical
result from the eruption of magma (molten rock), ash, and
Physics.
gases from beneath the Earth's surface.
• Volcanoes are often found near tectonic plate boundaries,
KATABATIC WINDS where the Earth's plates interact.
• Volcanoes can be active, dormant, or extinct.
In a report published on Nature Geoscience, researchers  Active volcanoes are volcanoes that have had recent
have found downslope winds have been helping cool the
eruptions or are expected to have eruptions in the near
Himalayan glaciers.
future.
 Dormant volcanoes no longer produce eruptions, but
What are Katabatic Winds?
might again sometime in the future.
• Katabatic winds are downslope winds that are generated
 Extinct volcanoes will likely never erupt again.
when the surface of a mountain is cooler than the adjacent
atmosphere.
• When a temperature gap is created between the air flowing
above the mountains and the cooler air directly in contact
with ice masses, it creates a pressure gradient.
• This leads to an increase in turbulent heat exchange at the
glacier’s surface and stronger cooling of the surface air
mass.
• As the warm air gets cooler and denser, it sinks, triggering
the katabatic winds in neighboring areas down the slope.
Role of Katabatic Winds:

• Winds from the monsoon season are drawn upwards in the
daytime and are met with the katabatic winds.
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Types of Volcanoes: molten rock, or magma, rises up, and some reaches the
• The three main types of volcanoes are stratovolcanoes surface and erupts as lava and/or ash.
(composite volcanoes), shield volcanoes, and cinder cone • The island sits over a hot zone which leads to enhanced
volcanoes. volcanic activity in the region.
Stratovolcanoes (Composite Volcanoes):

• Structure: These are large, conical mountains with steep RED TIDE
slopes. They are characterized by alternating layers of
A three-member committee appointed by the National
solidified lava flows, volcanic ash, and other volcanic debris.
Green Tribunal (NGT) inspected the Puducherry beach near
• Eruption Style: They often exhibit explosive eruptions due to
Kuruchikuppam to analyze the cause behind the Red tide.
the high viscosity of their magma, which can trap gas and
build up pressure.
About:
Shield Volcanoes: • A red tide is an event that occurs on the coastline when
• Structure: Shield volcanoes have broad, gently sloping algae—a plant-like organism—grows out of control.
profiles resembling a warrior's shield. They are formed by the • The name “red tide” comes from the fact that overgrown
accumulation of low-viscosity basaltic lava flows. algae can cause the water to change color. Red tides can be
• Eruption Style: Shield volcanoes usually have non-explosive hazardous to human health and sea life.
eruptions, and lava flows easily cover large areas.
Harmful Effects of Red Tides:
Cinder Cone Volcanoes: • Toxin Production: It produces toxins, such as brevetoxins,
• Structure: Cinder cone volcanoes are relatively small, steep- saxitoxins, and domoic acid.
sided mounds built from the accumulation of volcanic debris,  These toxins can have harmful effects on marine life and
such as volcanic ash, cinders, and volcanic rocks. can be transferred through the food chain.
• Eruption Style: They often have short-lived and relatively • Shellfish Poisoning: Filter-feeding shellfish, such as mussels,
explosive eruptions, producing pyroclastic material that falls clams, and oysters, can accumulate the toxins produced by
around the vent.
red tide algae.
 When humans consume contaminated shellfish, they
THE PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
experience poisoning, such as paralytic shellfish
• The Pacific Ring of Fire is a horseshoe-shaped zone around poisoning (PSP) or amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP).
the edges of the Pacific Ocean basin that is characterized by • Marine Life Mortality: Fish, shellfish, and other marine animals
high seismic and volcanic activity. may suffer from mass mortalities during red tide events.
• This region is home to about 75% of the world's active and • Economic Impact: Red tide events can have severe economic
dormant volcanoes and experiences a significant number consequences for coastal communities that rely on fishing
of earthquakes. and aquaculture.
• The term "Ring of Fire" was coined to describe this area  Closures of fisheries and shellfish harvesting areas due
due to the shape formed by the numerous volcanoes and to toxin contamination can lead to financial losses for
tectonic plate boundaries. fishermen, shellfish farmers, and related industries.
• Countries and Regions: The Ring of Fire encompasses a

large number of countries and regions, including the west IONOSPHERIC OBSERVATIONS IN
coasts of North and South America, parts of Asia, Japan,
ANTARCTICA
Indonesia, the Philippines, New Zealand, and the western
coasts of North America. The cold winters and the bright sunny summer of Antarctica
holds crucial information in the ionosphere that scientists
Why is Iceland so Volcanically Active? have traced recently.
• Iceland sits on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (part of the longest
mountain range in the world) in the North Atlantic Ocean, About:
where the Eurasian and North American plates are moving • A team of scientists from the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism
apart a few centimetres every year. (IIG), an autonomous body of the Department of Science and
 This produces volcanic rift zones, regions where the Technology (DST) have examined the long-term seasonal
Earth’s crust is being pulled apart and fractured, and here ionospheric observations.
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• At Indian Antarctica station Bharati, between 2010 and 2022, • It is rich in natural resources, including bauxite, iron ore,
they examined seasonal ionospheric observations with solar gold, diamonds, and other minerals. Bauxite, in particular, is
activity following the Sun's 11-year cycle. a significant export for the country.
Observations:
• They found a substantial seasonal variation with maximum
Total Electron Count (TEC) in equinoctial months followed by
the summer and winter.
• The day-night ionospheric density varied regardless of 24
hours of sunlight in summer and complete darkness in winter.
 Also, the maximum ionospheric density in the summer
months where 24 hours sunlight is present (polar days),
was about twice more than that of polar nights at the
Bharati region.
• It was observed that though there was no sunlight incidence
throughout the day in winter months (polar nights) at Bharati
station; a diurnal pattern was observed with peak ionospheric
density near local noon.
 The scientists attributed the peak ionization to particle
precipitation and transportation of convectional plasma
from high latitudes.
MADAGASCAR
• The ionosphere is a part of Earth’s upper atmosphere, which Madagascar is being impacted by climate change, making
is partially ionized extending from 100-1000 km. life harder for millions of people.
• The ionosphere at polar regions is highly dynamic and
acts as a major energy sink for space weather events, and About:
related processes in magnetosphere-ionosphere systems • It is Located off the coast of East Africa in the Indian Ocean
as the magnetic field lines are vertical in this region. with the nearest mainland African country being Mozambique.
• The ionospheric observations in Antarctica are few compared • It is the world’s fourth-largest island and its second-largest
to the Arctic region due to geographic limitations and island country, Antananarivo is the capital and largest city of
limited number of stations. Madagascar.
• The island country of Mauritius and Réunion lie to the east of
Madagascar.
GUINEA • To the northwest are the French territory of Mayotte and the
island country of Comoros.
Several killed and dozens injured after powerful explosion
• Madagascar consists of three parallel longitudinal zones—
in Guinea.
the central plateau, the coastal strip in the east, and the zone
of low plateaus and plains in the west.
About:
• Maromokotro is the highest peak in Madagascar.
• The Republic of Guinea, located in western Africa.
• Madagascar is renowned for its extraordinary biodiversity,
• It is bounded on the north by Guinea-Bissau, Senegal, and
with a high level of endemism.
Mali;
 The island is home to unique species of flora and fauna,
 on the east and south-east by Côte d'Ivoire;
including lemurs, chameleons, and various types of
 on the south by Liberia and Sierra Leone; and
orchids and baobab trees.
 on the west by the Atlantic Ocean.
• It is home to numerous national parks and wildlife reserves
• Major rivers the Gambia, the Niger, and the Sénégal—rise in
that protect its unique ecosystems and endemic species.
Guinea.
 Examples include Andasibe-Mantadia National Park,
• Fouta Djallon mountains is in Guinea. Ranomafana National Park, and Tsingy de Bemaraha
• French is the official language of Guinea. National Park.
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Current Affairs In-Shorts | Culture & History
CULTURE & HISTORY

HORNBILL FESTIVAL AND STATEHOOD DAY  On 4th September 1962 with the bill for the formation of
OF NAGALAND Nagaland receiving the President’s consent, the State
of Nagaland Act, 1962 was passed.
Nagaland is celebrating the 24th edition of the Hornbill  Nagaland was formally inaugurated on December 1,
Festival. 1963, as the 16th state of India.
• Since then, December 1 has been celebrated annually as
About: Nagaland Statehood Day.
• There will be an exhibition featuring the Mithun (the State
Present Status:
Animal) and Tenyi Vo (a native breed of Pig) from rural
• Nagaland, with Kohima as the capital city, is bound by
Nagaland.
Assam in the west, Myanmar in the east, Arunachal Pradesh
• Nagaland Beekeeping and Honey Mission is launching the
and part of Assam in the North, and Manipur in the South.
first ‘Bee Tourism' to showcase Nagaland’s rich beekeeping
• It consists of 16 administrative districts, inhabited by 17
tradition and unique practices carried out across the state.
major tribes like Angami, Ao, Chakhesang, Chang, Kachari,
Hornbill Festival: Khiamniungan, Konyak, Kuki, Lotha, Phom, Pochury, Rengma,
Sangtam, Sumi, Tikhir, Yimkhiung, and Zeliang and along with
• It is an annual event and the largest celebration of the
other sub-tribes.
Indigenous Warrior Tribes of Nagaland.
• Official language: English.
• It was conceptualized in the year 2000 to showcase
Nagaland’s rich and traditional cultural heritage, traditional
and contemporary, in all its ethnicity, diversity, and grandeur. HAUZ-I-SHAMSI
• The festival is named after the hornbill, the bird which is
displayed in folklore in most of the state’s tribes. Recently, the Ministry of Jal Shakti organized a ‘Jal Itihas
Utsav’ in Hauz-i-Shamsi to raise public consciousness about
• It is also called the ‘Festival of Festivals’ and is celebrated to
safeguarding water heritage sites.
encourage inter-tribal interaction and to promote the cultural
heritage of Nagaland.
About:
• It is organized by the State Tourism and Art & Culture
• Situated in Mehrauli near the Jahaz Mahal, Hauz-i-Shamsi,
Departments.
also known as the Shamsi Talab, is a water reservoir built
Nagaland’s Festivals Linked to Agriculture: between 1211 - 1236 AD by Sultan Iltutmish.
• Nagaland is the Land of Festivals, with each tribe having its • Sultan Firoz Shah Tughlaq got it repaired later on and refilled it
festivals and customs. with water.
• Most of Nagaland’s festivals revolve around agriculture as • The reservoir also finds mentions in the works of famed
that is the main occupation of the people in Naga society. traveler Ibn Batuta who had described the Hauz-i-Shamsi
as a rectangular-shaped reservoir that was spread across an
• Over 71% population of Nagaland is directly dependent on
area of one mile by two miles.
agriculture.
STATEHOOD OF NAGALAND 2000-YEAR-OLD COPPER COINS DISCOVERED

• Until 1957, the present Nagaland was just a district of the AT MOHENJO DARO
state of Assam, and known as ‘The Naga Hills’.
Archaeologists in Pakistan have discovered an unusual cache
• The leaders of various Naga tribes formed the Naga
of 2000-year-old coins at the historic site of Mohenjo Daro.
People’s Convention (NPC) in August 1957.
• In July 1960, a party delegation met with the then Prime About:
Minister and demanded a separate state for the Nagas
• The copper coins are thought to be from the ruins of a
within the Indian Union to be known as ‘Nagaland’.
Buddhist shrine of the Kushan.
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In-Shorts | Culture & History Current Affairs
• Empire built at Mohenjo Daro in Pakistan. • The term "Parinibbana" in Pali is employed to convey the
• The Kushan Empire ruled the region from about the 2nd fulfillment of nirvana.
century B.C. until the 3rd century A.D. and conquered the
Greco-Bactrian kingdom established in Central Asia by
About Dr. BR Ambedkar:
Alexander the Great. • Dr. Ambedkar was a social reformer, jurist, economist, author,
scholar and thinker.
Significance:
• He also known as the "Father of the Indian Constitution," made
• These findings mark the first artifacts discovered at the stupa's
significant contributions across various domains in the socio-
ruins since 1931.
political landscape of India.
• The coins bear resemblance to earlier discoveries from the
1920s and 1930s, featuring depictions of a standing figure Contributions of Dr. BR Ambedkar:
and, on the reverse side, representations of the Hindu god • Advocacy for Social Justice: Ambedkar was a prominent
Shiva and other symbols, reflecting the syncretism of Buddhist
advocate for the rights of marginalized and oppressed
beliefs with Hindu origins.
communities, especially Dalits (formerly known as
untouchables).
MOHENJO DARO (MOUND OF THE DEAD)
 Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha: It was founded by him in
• It was built entirely of unbaked brick in the 3rd millennium
1924 to spread education and awareness among the
B.C. and lies in the Indus Valley, in Larkana district of Sindh
Dalits.
(Pakistan), about 5 km away from the River Indus.
 Mahad Satyagraha: He led the Satyagraha in 1927 in
• It is one of the largest of the Indus Valley Civilization sites.
Maharashtra to challenge the regressive customs of the
• Discovery: It was discovered by archaeologists Rakhaldas
Hindu.
Banerji and Sir John Marshall.
 Kalaram Satyagraha: A temple entry movement in Nashik
• Features: The acropolis, set on high embankments, the
ramparts, and the lower town, which is laid out according for the untouchables started by him in 1930.
to strict rules, provide evidence of an early system of town  Round Table Conferences: He participated in all three
planning. Round Table Conferences in 1930, 1931, and 1932,
 Its excavations revealed findings like the Great Bath, voicing for untouchables and the depressed class.
Great Granary, a large assembly hall, a temple-like structure,  Independent Labour Party: It was formed in 1936 and was
the seal of Pashupati, and a bust of a bearded man. later known as the Scheduled Castes Federation.
 The city is divided into a citadel and a lower city. • Role in the Poona Pact: In 1932 on behalf of untouchables,
• It was inscribed as World Heritage Sites of Outstanding he signed the Poona Pact with Mahatma Gandhi, who was
Universal Value by UNESCO in 1980. representing Congress.
• Although Mohenjodaro is the most well-known site, the first  The pact provided provisions for reserved seats for the
site to be discovered was Harappa.
depressed class in the regional legislative assemblies
Mohenjo-Daro and the Influence of Buddhism:
and Central Council of States.
• Mohenjo Daro was once a thriving city of the Harappan
• Labour and Industrial Reforms: He was involved in formulating
civilization, abandoned around 1800 BC, possibly due to
policies related to labor and industrial issues. Between 1942-
climate change leading to a drying environment.
46 he worked as Minister of Labour in the Viceroy’s Executive
• The Buddhist stupa at the site was constructed around 150
AD, during the Kushan Empire's rule. Council.
• Architect of the Indian Constitution: Dr. Ambedkar was the
Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constitution and
MAHAPARINIRVAN DIWAS played a pivotal role in drafting the Constitution of India.
The death anniversary of Dr BR Ambedkar is observed as • Bharatiya Bauddha Mahasabha: He established the Bharatiya
the Mahaparinirvan Diwas. Bauddha Mahasabha in 1955 to propagate Buddhism as a
means of social and spiritual emancipation.
About: • International Representation: Dr. Ambedkar represented
• Parinirvana represents a fundamental concept in Buddhism, India in the inaugural session of the United Nations General
signifying the attainment of nirvana or liberation during one's Assembly in 1946. He raised issues related to human rights
lifetime and even after death. and social justice on the international stage.
119
• In 1956 he embraced Buddhism along with many of his • The performative and visual celebration of Garba takes place
followers in a public ceremony in Nagpur. within homes and temple courtyards, public spaces in villages
and urban areas.
BOOKS AND PUBLICATIONS • There are different types of garba like Mataji Garba, Krishna
• Annihilation of Caste Garba, and Lok Garba.
• The Problem of the Rupee: Its Origin and Its Solution
• Thoughts on Linguistic States SANTINIKETAN
• The Buddha and His Dhamma
• The Untouchables: Who Were They and Why They Became The controversial plaques at Santiniketan that did not
Untouchables? feature Rabindranath Tagore's name have been removed
by the Visva-Bharati University.
• Mooknayak: It was a fortnightly newspaper, started by him
In 1920 with the support of Shahu Maharaj of Kolhapur.
Geography:
• Location: Santiniketan, popularly known today as a university
GARBA DANCE OF GUJARAT MAKES IT TO town, is located in the Birbhum district in West Bengal.
UNESCO LIST • Rivers: The area is flanked on two sides by the rivers, the Ajay
and the Kopai.
Gujarat’s traditional dance form ‘Garba’ was recently
included in the list of Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO.
History:
• Santiniketan was earlier known as Bhubadanga. It was
About:
established by Maharshi Debendranath Tagore in 1862 and
• The popular dance form Garba is the 15th cultural item from
later expanded by his son, Rabindranath Tagore.
India to make it to the UNESCO list.
• In 1901, Rabindranath Tagore chose a vast tract of land and
• The 14 other elements from India are Ramlila; yoga; Vedic
started a school on the ‘Brahmacharya Ashram’ modeled
chanting; Kutiyattam, Sanskrit theatre of Kerala; Ramman,
on the ancient Indian Gurukul system. The school was
religious festival and ritual theatre of the Garhwal Himalayas;
Mudiyettu, ritual theatre and dance drama of Kerala; Kalbelia upgraded to a University and was renamed Visva Bharati in
folk songs and dances of Rajasthan; Chhau dance of eastern 1921.
India; Buddhist chanting of Ladakh; Sankirtana, ritual • In 1951, Visva Bharati was declared to be a central university
singing, drumming and dancing of Manipur; traditional brass and an institute of national importance.
and copper craft of utensil making in Punjab; Nowruz; Kumbh
Mela and Durga Puja in Kolkata. Cultural Significance:
• Rabindranath Tagore penned many of his literary classics
UNESCO INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE LIST (namely Tagore songs, poems, novels, etc) here.
• It derives from the 2003 UNESCO Convention for the • The Santiniketan campus is adorned by splendid sculptures,
Safeguarding of Intangible Cultural Heritage. frescoes, murals, and paintings of Rabindranath Tagore,
• The UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list is a compilation Nandalal Bose, Ramkinkar, Binodbehari Mukhopadhyay, and
maintained by the United Nations Educational, Scientific others.
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) that recognizes and • Santiniketan stands out as a unique cultural destination,
safeguards cultural practices, traditions, knowledge, and where Rabindranath Tagore tried to bring the world together
skills that are considered intangible cultural heritage. through architecture, arts, and landscape design.
About Garba:
• Garba is celebrated for nine days during the festival of HANUKKAH
Navratri.
The Prime Minister of India has extended Hanukkah
 The Garba is a unique manifestation of worshipping
greetings to Jewish people in India and around the world.
the divine feminine energy or Shakti — the primordial
goddess.
 The cultural, performative, and visual expressions of About:
this feminine energy are expressed through the Garba • Hanukkah (or Chanukah in Hebrew) is the Jewish Festival of
dance. Lights.
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 The word ‘Hanukkah’ means ‘Dedication’ in Hebrew. About:

• It starts on the 25th day of Kislev, the ninth month of the • Location: It is situated in the Mehrauli Archaeological Park,
Hebrew calendar. It is celebrated in November or December near the Qutub Minar complex in South Delhi.
every year and lasts for eight days. • Architecture: It has a simple and elegant design, with a spire
• It is celebrated with a nightly menorah lighting, playing (shikhara) crowning the sanctum sanctorum.
dreidel, singing songs, and preparing delicious food.  The temple is built using red sandstone, reflecting the
architectural style prevalent during the medieval period in
Delhi.
CHANNAPATNA TOYS • Lala Sidhu Mal, also known as Sed Mal, a noble in the court of
Toys made in Channapatna now become part of children’s Mughal Emperor Akbar II, built the temple between 1806 and
academic activities in Afghanistan. 1837.
 It is believed that the temple was a focal point of Akbar II’s
rule.
About:
 It is believed that an ancient Yogini Temple had existed
• In the native language Channapatna is also called as
here, that had been patronised by Prithviraj Chauhan.
"Goombegala Ooru" meaning toys town in English.
 The region around the temple was known as Yoginipura in
 Channapatna taluk comes under Ramanagara District. ancient Jain texts.
• The history of Channapatna toys can be traced back to the
time of Tipu Sultan, who encouraged the Persians to come Importance:
down to India and teach the artisans the art. • The Yogmaya Temple is an integral part of the annual Phool
 Bavas Miyan is known as the Father of Channapatna Toys for Walon Ki Sair, an interfaith festival of Delhi.
his commitment to helping the local artisans and bringing • The temple is close to the Iron Pillar in the Qutb Complex,
in new technologies to improve the craft. and within the Lal Kot walls, the first fortress citadel of Delhi,
constructed by the Tomar/Tanwar Rajput King Anangpal I
 Channapatna Toys has received the Geographical
around AD 731.
Indication (GI) tag.
• Religious Significance: The temple is associated with the
• Features: The toys are made mainly from Dhoodi Wood or
Mahabharata, one of the ancient Indian epics.
Milkwood, as it is easy to carve out the shapes. However,  According to legend, it is believed that after the
craftsmen now use other types of hardwood like rubberwood, Mahabharata war, the Pandavas constructed this temple
sycamore, silver wood and red cedar. to seek the blessings of Goddess Yogmaya.
 Channapatna crafts park is India's first craft park and
located at Channapatna in Karnataka, South India. VIKSIT BHARAT SANKALP YATRA, AND KASHI
TAMIL SANGAMAM
Recently, the Prime Minister of India addressed the Viksit
Bharat Sankalp Yatra in Varanasi and also inaugurated the
second edition of the Kashi Tamil Sangamam.
About:
• Viksit Bharat Sankalp Yatra is a government initiative being
undertaken across the country, to raise awareness and
track the implementation of flagship central schemes, such
as Ayushman Bharat, Ujjwala Yojana, PM Surkasha Bima, PM
SVANidhi, etc.
• It is being undertaken with the active involvement of various
YOGMAYA TEMPLE Union ministries and state governments.
• Objectives: It aims to create awareness among citizens about
Yogmaya Temple is believed to have come up during the
various welfare schemes and seek their participation in the
period of the Mahabharata that does not exist anymore.
spirit of “Jan Bhagidari” to ensure 100% saturation of schemes.
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 It is the largest-ever outreach initiative of Government

SHRI JAGANNATH PURI TEMPLE
of India and will cover 2.60 lakh Gram Panchayats and
4000+ urban local bodies across the nation by January • It is one of the most impressive monuments of the Indian
25, 2024. State Odisha and It is one of the most revered Vaishnava
 In a short span of just one month, the Yatra has reached sites of worship in India.
more than 2.50 crore citizens across 68,000 Gram • It was constructed by a famous king of Ganga Dynasty
Panchayats (GPs) in the country. Ananta Varman Chodaganga Deva dating back to the 12th
century at the seashore Puri.
Kashi Tamil Sangamam:
• The main temple of Shri Jagannath is an impressing and
• It will celebrate, reaffirm and rediscover the age-old links
between Tamil Nadu and Kashi – two of the country’s most amazing structure constructed in Kalinga architecture, with
important and ancient seats of learning. a height of 65 meters placed on an elevated platform.
• It is led by the Ministry of Education and is supported by the • It is one of the Dhamas (Holiest of the holy place) out of four
State Government of Uttar Pradesh and the Central Ministries Dhamas i.e. Puri, Dwarika, Badrinath & Rameswar, in India.
of Culture, Railways, Tourism, Information and Broadcasting • It has been the epicenter of Jagannath cult and sees
besides academic and cultural institutions in the Central and pilgrims flocking the temple town of Puri from all corners of
State sphere.
the world throughout the year.
• Themes: Centred around a series of themes that cover various
• There are so many festivals of Sri Jagannath during the
facets of knowledge – literature, ancient texts, philosophy,
year observed in Puri.
spirituality, music, dance, drama, yoga,
 The most important festivals are the World famous Rath
 Ayurveda, handlooms, handicrafts as well as the modern
Yatra (Car Festival) & Bahuda Yatra.
innovations, trade exchanges, edutech and other gen-
next technology etc.
• Objectives: It aims to bring these two traditions of knowledge
and culture closer together.
 It also has the objective of rediscovering and strengthening
the ancient intellectual, cultural, spiritual and artisanal
connection between the two cultures.”
SHREE MANDIRA PARIKRAMA PROJECT

Shree Mandira Parikrama Project (SMPP) is poised to be
unveiled in January 2024.
About:
• Developed at an investment of Rs 943 crore,
• It will create an unobstructed 75-metre corridor around the
outer wall of the Jagannath Temple.
• It adjoins Meghanada Pacheri (grand boundary around
Jagannath Temple) as the security zone plan.
 It is broadly divided into nine zones on the northern,
southern, and western side. KOLATTAM DANCE
• Features: The SMPP includes a 7-metre green buffer zone and
In Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh Girls performed Kolattam
a 10-metre pedestrian-only Antar (inner) Pradakshina that will
dance during Balotsav, a children’s festival.
be used for parikrama (clockwise circumambulation) of the
temple.
 The eight-meter outer circumambulation path would be
About:
covered by trees on either side. There will be a 10-meter • The Kolattam dance is predominantly a dance performed by
public convenience zone. women, in Southern India.
122
 Men mostly take up the role as drummers or play the Pandit Motiram Pandit Maniram Sangeet Samaroha:
background music. • This music festival was started by Pandit Jasraj in 1972 to
• In Tamil Nadu and Kerala the dance is known as Kummi and in musically express love to his Father, Sangeet Ratna Pandit
Andhra Pradesh it is known as Kolannalu. Motiram ji and his elder brother and later his Guru, Sangeet
• The dance form resembles the Dandiya and garba folk dances Mahamahopadhyaya Pandit Maniram ji.
of Gujarat.  During his lifetime, for 47 years, without a single break,
Pandit Jasraj ji hosted this annual Sangeet Samaroh
himself.
• It is the oldest festival of Hyderabad, and this legacy is carried
forward by Pandit Jasraj Cultural Foundation. For this unique
contribution he was called “Son of Hyderabad”.
VEER BAAL DIVAS

The Prime Minister addressed the program marking ‘Veer
Bal Diwas’ at Bharat Mandapam in New Delhi.
About:
• The day is commemorated on December 26 to mark the
Performance of Dance:
martyrdom of Sri Guru Gobind Singh’s sons Sahibzadas Baba
• The group comprises dancers in the range of 8 to 40. It
Zorawar Singh Ji and Baba Fateh Singh Ji.
is performed by using sticks to represent the rhythm of the
 They attained martyrdom after being sealed alive in a wall
dance.
in 1705, at an early age to defend the dignity and honor of
 The sticks are stroked against each other in a calibrated
Sikhism.
form for creating harmony.
• The Guru’s mother Mata Gujari and his two elder sons,
• The dancers are led by a leader and move about in two
Sahibzaada Ajit Singh and Sahibzaada Jujhar Singh, were also
circles. The inner circle receive the strikes on their sticks from
killed within a week.
the artists in the outer circle that deliver them.
PANDIT MOTIRAM PANDIT MANIRAM • Sahibzada Baba Zorawar Singh Ji was born on November
28, 1696, in Anandpur Sahib, Punjab, India.
SANGEET SAMAROHA
• He was the third son of Guru Gobind Singh Ji and Mata
The Union Home Minister recently released a Jito Ji.
commemorative Postal Stamp, to mark 50 years of Pandit
• Battle of Chamkaur (1704):
Jasraj’s music festival – ‘Pandit Motiram Pandit Maniram
 At the tender age of eight, Baba Zorawar Singh Ji,
Sangeet Samaroha’.
along with his elder brother Baba Ajit Singh Ji, faced
the Battle of Chamkaur (1704).
Pandit Jasraj:
 Despite being outnumbered, they displayed
• Pandit Jasraj was of the greatest all time Indian classical tremendous courage and determination.
vocalist, belonging to the Mewati gharana, a school of thought
• Capture by Wazir Khan: After the Battle of Chamkaur, Baba
in Hindustani classical music.
Zorawar Singh Ji, along with his brother and grandmother,
• His legacy includes memorable performances of classical and were captured by Wazir Khan, the governor of Sirhind.
semi-classical vocal music, devotional music, albums and film • Martyrdom:
soundtracks, innovations in various genres including Haveli  Baba Zorawar Singh Ji, at the age of about 9, along with
Sangeeth and popularizing the Mewati Gharana. Baba Fateh Singh Ji, faced martyrdom on December
• He took Indian classical music, Pushtimargiya music and Bhakti 26, 1705.
Pad of Vaishnav tradition to greater heights and contributed to  The young Sahibzadas were bricked alive by the orders
the strengthening of Indian Classical and Bhakti music. of Wazir Khan when they refused to convert to Islam.
123
Current Affairs In-Shorts | Miscellaneous
MISCELLANEOUS
INDIRA GANDHI PRIZE Conclusion:

• The Indira Gandhi Prize is more than just an award; it is a
The Indira Gandhi Prize for Peace, Disarmament and
vibrant torch illuminating the path toward a more peaceful
Development for 2023 has been jointly awarded to Daniel
and just world. By recognizing and uplifting the tireless efforts
Barenboim and Ali Abu Awwad for Israel-Palestine conflict
of individuals and organizations on the frontline of social
resolution efforts.
change, it inspires hope and action.
About:
• It is an annual award established by the Indira Gandhi UNESCO ASIA-PACIFIC AWARDS FOR
Memorial Trust in India. CULTURAL HERITAGE CONSERVATION 2023
• It consists of a cash prize of Rs. 25 lakh rupees along with a
Three heritage projects from Punjab and Haryana have
citation.
secured prestigious spots among the UNESCO Asia-Pacific
• The prize is named in honor of the late Prime Minister of India,
Awards for Cultural Heritage Conservation.
Indira Gandhi, and it was instituted in 1986.
• The award is presented to individuals or organizations that have About:
made significant contributions to the promotion of international
• In 2023 edition, Rambagh Gate in Amritsar, Punjab received
understanding and peace, the development of new international
the highest honour- the Award of Excellence, the Church of
economic order, and the strengthening of democracy.
Epiphany in Gurugram, Haryana earned the Award of Merit
• Categories: The award is presented in three categories:
and Pipal Haveli, Gurdaspur, Punjab was honoured for its
 Peace: Recognizes efforts to promote and maintain
sustainable development.
international peace and security.
 Earlier in 2022, Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj Vastu
 Disarmament: Acknowledges contributions to the
Sangrahalaya, Mumbai, Domakonda Fort, Telangana, and
reduction and elimination of weapons of mass destruction.
Byculla Station, Mumbai accorded special recognition.
 Development: Honors work in promoting economic and
social development. • Additionally, three projects received the Award of Distinction,
• The award ceremony typically takes place on November 19th, including
the birth anniversary of Indira Gandhi.  the Fanling Golf Course in Hong Kong SAR, China;
 Dongguan Garden Residences in Yangzhou, China; and
Notable Personalities getting this Award:  Karnikara Mandapam at Kunnamangalam Bhagawati
• Nelson Mandela: The 1993 laureate's dedication to dismantling Temple in Kerala, India.
apartheid in South Africa through peaceful means remains a • Five projects earned the Award of Merit, namely
beacon of hope in the fight against oppression.  Yan Nan Yuan at Peking University, Beijing, China;
• Aung San Suu Kyi: The 1997 recipient's unwavering advocacy  Pan Family Residence in Suzhou, China;
for democracy and human rights in Myanmar continues to  Church of Epiphany in Haryana, India;
inspire freedom movements worldwide.  David Sassoon Library and Reading Room in Mumbai,
• Muhammad Yunus: The 2009 laureate's pioneering work in India; and
microfinance empowering women and small businesses has  Bikaner House in New Delhi, India.
had a profound impact on poverty reduction and economic
development. UNESCO ASIA-PACIFIC AWARDS FOR CULTURAL
• Challenges and the Road Ahead: As the world grapples with HERITAGE CONSERVATION PROGRAMME
new and evolving challenges, from climate change to rising • Established since: 2000
inequalities, the relevance of the Indira Gandhi Prize remains
• Objective: Recognizing the efforts of private individuals and
as profound as ever. Continued commitment to its ideals and
organizations in restoring, conserving, and transforming
active engagement with the communities it champions are
structures and buildings of heritage value in the region.
crucial in ensuring its effectiveness.
124
In-Shorts | Miscellaneous Current Affairs
• Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna Award: The award is conferred

 By acknowledging private efforts, the Awards
programme encourages others to undertake for the most outstanding performance in the area of sports
conservation projects within their own communities. by a sportsperson over the time period of the last four years.
For the 1st time in history this award was jointly awarded to
• UNESCO introduced the new category, ‘Special
two athletes- badminton stars Satwiksairaj Rankireddy and
Recognition for Sustainable Development’, in 2020, together
Chirag Shetty.
with an updated set of Awards Criteria to acknowledge
the role and contribution of cultural heritage to sustainable • Arjuna Awards for Outstanding Performance in Sports and
development within the broader framework of the UN 2030 Games: The award is conferred for great performance
Agenda. over the last four years and for demonstrating qualities of
• The awarded projects serve as a testament to how cultural sportsmanship, a sense of discipline, and leadership. Total
heritage can be successfully preserved whilst at the 26 athletes were awarded with this award.
same time mobilized to be integrated into various local • Dronacharya Award for Outstanding Coaches in Sports and
development strategies. Games: The award is conferred to coaches for demonstrating
outstanding work consistently and for making it possible for
Insights about the winning projects in Punjab and sportspersons to ace in International events.
Haryana: • Dhyan Chand Award for Lifetime Achievement in Sports and
• Rambagh Gate & Ramparts, Amritsar: Games: The award is conferred to honor the sportspersons
 The Rambagh Gate is situated at the convergence of who have actually contributed to the field of sports through
Maharaja Ranjit Singh’s 19th-century city wall and Amritsar’s their performance, and who contribute to sports even post-
new city. retirement.
 This three-storied structure now serves the historical gate  It was given to Halwinder Singh Bawa, Legendary hockey
community as a traditional market, a government school, player and captain of 1980 world cup winning team.
and a municipal printing press. • Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (MAKA) Trophy: The award is given
• Church of Epiphany, Gurgaon: The Church of the Epiphany was to the overall high-performing university in inter-university
originally built to cater to the spiritual needs of the few British tournaments.
civil and military officers posted in Gurgaon during the 1860s.
• Pipal Haveli, Gurdaspur: Conclusion:
 Pipal Haveli represents a contemporary, community- • The National Sports Awards 2023 serve as a beacon of
centred, multi-use educational building deeply rooted in inspiration, not just for the athletes and coaches recognized,
sustainable principles. but for every aspiring star across the nation. The stories of
 Situated in rural Punjab, it emphasises ecological and grit, determination, and passion showcased on this stage
traditional building methods, utilising locally sourced offer a roadmap for future generations to emulate. As India's
materials and vernacular architectural language. sporting landscape continues to evolve, these awards
 Pipal Haveli supports women’s empowerment through provide a vital platform to acknowledge and celebrate these
initiatives like the BaRi Collective, offering programmes heroes.
that strengthen women’s livelihoods via environmentally
conscious craft practices.
NAMDAPHA FLYING SQUIRREL
A nocturnal flying squirrel has resurfaced in Arunachal
NATIONAL SPORTS AWARDS 2023
Pradesh after going missing for 42 years.
The Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports announced the
National Sports Awards 2023. About:
• The Namdapha flying squirrel (Biswamoyopterus biswasi) is an
About: arboreal (living in trees), nocturnal flying squirrel endemic to
• The awardees will receive their awards from the President of Arunachal Pradesh in northeast India, where it is known from a
India at Rashtrapati Bhavan. single specimen collected in Namdapha National Park in 1981.
• National Sports Awards are given every year to recognize and • Appearance: It has reddish, grizzled fur with white above.
reward excellence in sports.  Its crown is pale grey, its patagium is orangish and its
• Announced by: Ministry of Youth Affairs & Sports. underparts are white.
125
Current Affairs In-Shorts | Miscellaneous
• Threats: Poaching and potential habitat destruction, • It is a plant growth promoting bacteria which will prove to
highlighting the need for robust conservation strategies. be a game-changer in agriculture. It has shown immense
• Conservation Status: Critically endangered by the IUCN. capability to boost the cultivation of paddy, pea and chilli.
 The Wildlife Protection Act of India placed it under • Phosphorus and Nitrogen Fixer: It solubilizes these essential
Schedule I, indicating the highest level of protection. nutrients, further boosting plant health and yield.
NAMDAPHA NATIONAL PARK

HIGH FAT SUGAR SALT (HFSS) FOODS
• Namdapha National Park is situated in the eastern
Himalayan range in the northeastern state of Arunachal The consumption of High Fat Sugar Salt (HFSS) foods is
one of the major risk factors for a host of health issues that
Pradesh established in 1983.
include obesity, diabetes, and high blood pressure.
• It is crossed from east to west by the Noa Dihing River, a
tributary of Brahmaputra River. About:
• The park is inhabited by species, such as the Bengal • HFSS foods are processed or packaged products that are high
tiger, clouded leopard, snow leopard, red panda, Indian in unhealthy fats, added sugars, and sodium.
elephant, and various species of deer and primates. • These elements contribute to various health problems like
obesity, diabetes, heart disease, and certain cancers.
• Namdapha National Park has been designated as a Tiger
• HFSS foods are:
Reserve to protect its significant tiger population.
 High in saturated and trans fats, which raise bad cholesterol
• It is also a part of the Eastern Himalaya Biodiversity Hotspot levels and increase the risk of heart disease.
and has been recognized as a biodiversity hotspot by  High in added sugars which contributes to weight gain,
Conservation International. diabetes, and tooth decay.
• It is also on the Tentative Lists of UNESCO World Heritage  High in sodium which leads to high blood pressure,
increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke.
Sites in India.
 Low in fiber, vitamins, and minerals, leading to nutritional
deficiencies.
PANTOEA TAGOREI Implications:

A group of researchers from Visva-Bharati University have • Cardiovascular Health: High intake of saturated fats and
discovered a bacteria capable of boosting plant growth excess salt can contribute to high blood pressure and
and named it 'Pantoea Tagorei' after Nobel laureate atherosclerosis.
Rabindranath Tagore. • Type 2 Diabetes: Diets high in sugar and unhealthy fats are
associated with insulin resistance and an increased risk of
About: developing type 2 diabetes.
• Metabolic Syndrome: A diet high in fat, sugar, and salt can
• Pantoea Tagorei bacteria, classified within the Pantoea
contribute to metabolic syndrome, a cluster of conditions that
genus, are a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family. These
includes abdominal obesity, high blood pressure, high blood
bacteria can be found in diverse settings such as water, soil,
sugar, and abnormal lipid levels.
humans, animals, and plants.
• Nutrient Deficiency: Diets high in processed foods may lack
• The bacteria is named MR1 (Mine Rhizosphere), is a Gram-
essential nutrients despite being calorically dense.
negative, short-rod, non-motile, facultatively anaerobic,
potassium-solubilising species isolated from the rhizospheric Current Scenario:
soil of an open-cast coal mine in Jharia, Jharkhand. • According to a World Bank report of 2019, worldwide, 70% of
• Pantoea Tagorei' efficiently extracts potassium from soil all overweight and obese people live in Low- and Middle-Income
which enhances plant growth. Countries, with a 55% rise in rural areas across the globe.
• The Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) burden in India
Benefits: has skyrocketed from 38% in 1990 to 65% in 2019.
• The bacteria has immense potential to revolutionise  India logged 31 million new diabetes patients in 2019-21
agricultural practices.It efficiently unlocks potassium from the alone, as per a recent study.
soil, a crucial nutrient for plant growth, making fertilizers less • The global burden of diseases study shows that annually, 1.2
necessary. million deaths in India can be attributed to dietary risks alone.
126
In-Shorts | Data Recap Current Affairs
DATA RECAP
• COP 28: It concluded in the UAE, bringing together nations  Chennai 2017: Two ships collided off Kamarajar Port
that are signatories to the UNFCCC to tackle the issues Limited’s (KPL) harbor and resulted in a major oil spill
arising from the climate crisis collectively. disaster.
• History of Post Office: The genesis of this extensive postal  Sundarban 2014: The oil spill in Sela River, Bangladesh
network dates back to 1727 AD when the first post office created an environmental concern for India too. ONGC
was established in Calcutta (Kolkata). General Post Offices Uran Plan leaked oil in the Arabian Sea in 2013.
(GPOs) were set up in Calcutta in 1774, Madras in 1786, and  Mumbai coast: In 2010 two ships collided causing the 800
Bombay in 1793. tonnes of the oil spill.
• ECI: Article 324 states that the Election Commission will comprise • Child Marriage data:
the Chief Election Commissioner (CEC) and such number of  The all-India prevalence of child marriage in girls declined
Election Commissioners (ECs), as the President may decide. from 49.4 percent in 1993 to 22.3 percent in 2021 while
that among the boys declined from 7.1 percent in 2006 to
NCRB REPORT FINDINGS:
2.2 percent in 2021.
• Crime Against Women:  According to National Family Health Survey-5 (NFHS-5)
 There was a 4% increase in the number of cases registered 2019- 21: Women in the age group of 20-24 years who
in 2022 as compared to 2021. were married before they turned 18, are 14.7% in urban
 The majority of cases were registered under ‘cruelty by and 27% in rural areas.
husband or his relatives’ (31.4%) followed by ‘kidnapping
• Global AI market: It is expected to reach $1.5 trillion by 2025.
and abduction of women’ (19.2%), ‘assault on women with
• India-Oman:
intent to outrage her modesty’ (18.7%), and ‘rape’ (7.1%).
 The economic interdependence between India and Oman
• Crime Against Children:
is robust and buoyant. Bilateral trade during FY 2021-
 Registration of cases of crimes against children showed 2022 reached US$ 9.988 billion and for the year 2022-
an increase of 8.7% over 2021. 2023 reached US$ 12.388 billion.
 A total of 30,555 cases have been registered against  Investment flows, both ways, have been robust as there
Juveniles during 2022, depicting a decline of 2.0% over are over 6000 India-Oman joint ventures in Oman with an
2021. The crime rate depicts a decline from 7.0 in 2021 to estimated investment of over US$ 7.5 billion.
6.9 in 2022.  The bilateral trade was USD 13.229 bn in 2021-22,
• Crime Against Senior Citizens: The registered cases showed (53.86% increase over the previous financial year).
an increase of 9.3% over 2021. • India-Italy:
• Cyber Crime: During 2022, 64.8% of the cybercrime cases  Italy is India's 4th largest trading partner in the EU, after
registered were with the motive of fraud, followed by extortion Germany, Belgium and the Netherlands.
at 5.5%, and sexual exploitation at 5.2%. A total of 65,893  India ranks 15th as the country of origin of Italian imports,
cases were registered under cyber crimes, showing an accounting for 1.5% of Italian imports.
increase of 24.4% in registration over 2021.  Indian companies in Italy are mainly in the IT, electronics,
• International Incidence of oil spill: and engineering sectors. Italy ranks 17th in FDI inflows in
 Venezuela: In 2020 oil leakage from the El Palito refinery in India from April 2000 to June 2022 with an FDI inflow of US
Venezuela. $3.20 bn during this period.
 Japanese ship MV Wakashio carrying fuel oil split into two • The total annual groundwater recharge for the entire country
parts near Blue Bay Marine Park in south-east Mauritius. is 449.08 billion cubic meters (BCM), marking an increase
 Russia: Arctic (Norilsk diesel fuel spill) Oil Spill of 11.48 BCM compared to 2022 and annual groundwater
• Indian incidents of oil spill: extraction for the entire country is 241.34 BCM.
 Ennore Oil Spill 2023: In Ennore, Tamil Nadu Kosasthalaiyar • 13.5 cr Indians escape Multidimensional Poverty in 5 years.
River has witnessed an oil spill from the Chennai Petroleum Steep decline in the number of multidimensionally poor from
Corporation Limited post Cyclone Michaung. 24.85% to 14.96% between 2015-16 and 2019-21.
127
Current Affairs
Test Yourself
Test Yourself
Objective Questions
Visit: www.nextias.com for monthly compilation of Current based MCQs
Mains Questions
GS PAPER - I governance. Propose policy recommendations for ensuring
1. Discuss the significance and rationale behind the demand for ef-fective and inclusive reforms in these financial institutions.
paid menstrual leave. Evaluate the potential socio-economic (15 Marks, 250 Words)
benefits and challenges associated with imple-menting such GS PAPER - III
policies. (10 Marks, 150 Words)
12. Discuss the key outcomes of COP28, highlighting its significance
2. Discuss the measures taken by governments to address child in addressing climate change and the global commitments
marriage, and propose ef-fective strategies for its prevention made to mitigate its impacts. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
and eradication. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
13. Discuss the implications of emerging cyber threats on national
3. Evaluate the impact of malnutrition on public health and overall security and suggest strategies for effective cybercrime
development. Propose comprehensive strategies to address management. (10 Marks, 150 Words)
the multifaceted challenges associated with mal-nutrition in the
14. In light of the recent security breach in the Indian Parliament,
country. (15 Marks, 250 Words)
discuss the recommenda-tions put forth by past committees
4. Analyze the causes and consequences of coastal erosion in to enhance security measures. Analyze the historical
India, taking into account natural processes, anthropogenic instances of security lapses and the responsibilities of various
activities, and climate change. (10 Marks, 150 Words) security forces in safe-guarding the Parliament building.
(15 Marks, 250 Words)
GS PAPER - II
15. Discuss the challenges posed by the opium trade and its
5. Analyze the key features of Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023, potential impact on India's in-ternal security, highlighting the
emphasizing its implications for issues such as cybercrime, measures that India could take to address these con-cerns.
juvenile justice, and human rights. (15 Marks, 250 Words) (10 Marks, 150 Words)
6. Evaluate the significant provisions of the recently passed 16. Discuss the key challenges and threats faced by India in
Post Office Bill along with the concerns associated with it. securing its maritime domain and suggest measures to
(10 Marks, 150 Words) enhance maritime security, both regionally and globally.
7. Discuss the importance of Universal Declaration of Human (15 Marks, 250 Words)
Rights (UDHR) in gaining in-ternational recognition and 17. Examine the environmental and economic implications of the
preventing human rights violations, particularly in the af-termath recent oil spill in India. Propose measures to prevent and
of World War II. (15 Marks, 250 Words) manage such oil spills in the future, ensuring the pro-tection of
8. Critically examine the key provisions of the Chief Election coastal ecosystems and livelihoods. (10 Marks, 150 Words)
Commissioner and other Elec-tion Commissioners (Appointment, 18. Analyze the significance and challenges of bioethanol
Conditions of Office, and Terms of Office) Bill, 2023. production in India. Evaluate its potential as a renewable energy
(15 Marks, 250 Words) source, considering environmental, economic, and as-pects.
9. Analyze the significant provisions of the Telecom Bill, 2023, (15 Marks, 250 Words)
and assess its implications on the telecommunications sector in 19. Discuss the significance of international collaboration in
India. Evaluate the potential benefits and concerns associated shaping the future of AI and recommend measures for
with it. (10 Marks, 150 Words) effective global governance in the field of artificial intelli-gence.
10. Discuss the challenges and opportunities in India-US (10 Marks, 150 Words)
relations, considering geopolitical shifts and shared interests. GS PAPER - IV
(10 Marks, 150 Words)
20. Examine the ethical imperative of achieving a global
11. Examine the need for reforms in Multilateral Development consensus on climate change for securing a common future.
Banks (MDBs) and their im-pact on global economic (10 Marks, 150 Words)
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Current Affairs

MADE EASY Publications Pvt. Ltd.

7 Science & Technology Santiniketan......................................................................................................120

JT-60SA : Largest Nuclear Fusion Reactor................................................104 Kolattam Dance...............................................................................................122

8 Geography 11 Data Recap

COP28 CLIMATE SUMMIT

Initiative Purpose India’s Status

UAE Leaders’ Declaration on a Ensure climate finance availability, affordability,

Call on the industry to achieve net zero by or

India is not a signatory. Concerns

Triple worldwide installed renewable energy

India is not a signatory. The

India not a signatory. Concerns could

Sustainably manage 100 percent of national

India is not a signatory. Developing

NCRB REPORT ON CYBERCRIME

What is Cybercrime? • Phishing:

NATIONAL CRIME RECORDS BUREAU (NCRB)

REFORM IN CRIMINAL LAWS, 2023

About: • Effectiveness: There was a need to improve investigation,

DIFFERENT FORMS OF JUSTICE

Aspect Retributive Justice Reformative Justice Restorative Justice

Education, counseling, and

COMPARISON OF THE EXISTING LAW AND NEW CRIMINAL LAW

Limited admissibility of digital Enhanced admissibility of Improved evidence utilization:

BHARATIYA NYAYA SANHITA (BNS) vs IPC

Criteria BNS IPC

BHARATIYA NAGRIK SURAKSHA SANHITA (BNSS) vs CrPC

BHARATIYA SAKSHYA SANHITA (BSS) vs IEA

Criticisms of the Laws: Way Forward:

CEC AND EC ACT, 2023

Selection Process of the Election Commission in certain countries

Country Appointing Authority Selection Committee/Process

President of the Constitutional Court (Chairperson), representative of the Human

• The Speaker's Committee on the Electoral Commission with MPs as members,

Canada – Appointed by a resolution of the House of Commons.

POST OFFICE BILL

Need of the Bill: Significance of the Bill:

Comparison of the Provisions

75TH ANNIVERSARY OF UDHR

About: • Foundation for Subsequent Human Rights Instruments: The

• Discrimination and Marginalization:

• Composition: The UNHRC consists of 47 member states • Government Accountability:

NHRC and SHRC

TELECOM BILL 2023

Key Outcomes of the Visit: Significance of India-Oman Ties:

About: ancient civilizations have known, interacted, and traded

TENSIONS IN RED SEA

About: • Domestic propaganda: The attacks serve as a propaganda

About: • Security and Resilience: The declaration highlights the

COMPARISON GPAI AND BLETCHLEY DECLARATION ON AI

ADDITIONAL DATA POINTS

Best Practices across World on Biofuel Production:

PARLIAMENT SECURITY BREACH

monitoring internal CCTV systems. This security agency was

MYANMAR: TOP OPIUM PRODUCER

Key Findings: GOLDEN TRIANGLE

Impact on India: Opium:

About: • Contiguous Zone (24 Nautical Miles): Beyond the territorial

ENNORE OIL SPILL