61 Time: connecting words and expressions

A One thing before another

I had written to her prior to meeting the committee. (formal/written style)
It was nice to be in Venice. Previously I’d only been to Rome. (fairly formal, more informal would be
Before that, I …)
I was in the office from 2.30. I was out earlier on. [before then; fairly informal]
The street is now called Treetop Avenue. Formerly it was Hedge Lane. (fairly formal, typically written;
used when something has changed its name, state, etc.)
Dinner will be ready in about an hour. In the meantime / Meanwhile, relax and have a drink.
[between now and the time of the meal]

B Things happening at the same time

She was entering (at) the very time / the very moment I was leaving. (these two are stronger and more
precise than as or just as)
The two events happened simultaneously. [started and ended at exactly the same time]
During the war, she lived in Dublin. Throughout the war, they remained in the city.

Language help
During does not specify how long within a period of time. Throughout means from the beginning
to the end of a period of time.

C One thing after another

Read this personal statement by someone hoping to work for an international corporation in China.
The words in bold are rather formal.

Following1 my first visit to Beijing, I read several books about China and subsequently2 decided
to take a six-month course in Mandarin Chinese. I revisited China on several occasions thereafter3
and now feel that I have a good knowledge of the country and its culture.

1 after 2 at some time after that 3 after finishing the course

Note also immediate (adjective), e.g. The government removed the price regulations and the
immediate result was a 10% price rise. [which happened at once]

D Time when
The moment / The minute I saw his face I knew I’d met him before.
I stayed in that hospital the time (that) I broke my leg.
I met Paula at Mark’s wedding. On that occasion she was with a different man. (more formal)

E Non-specific time expressions

We can discuss the budget now. At a later stage we can discuss the detailed arrangements.
At some point we will have to replace our computers, but we’re OK for the moment.
[at an unspecified time in the future]

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 Exercises
61.1 Look at these pages from the personal diary of Laura, a businesswoman who travels a
lot, and then do the exercise.

Mon Paris – day 5 – Pompidou Centre Up early. Said goodbye to Nick and Fri
12 then theatre. left. Saw bad accident on motorway. 16
Tue Been away 6 days! Paris OK, but Answered all the emails, then felt Sat
13 miss home. I could watch TV! 17
Wed Left Paris 10 am. Huge pile of Lots of phone calls - Kate, Ellie Sun
14 emails waiting! and George all in a row! Lazy day! 18
Thu Manchester, then Glasgow. Met Book tickets for Dublin 24th Notes
15 Manuela at Nick’s.

Fill the gaps with time expressions from A and B opposite. You are given the first letter.
1 Prior to going to Manchester, Laura was in Paris.
2 Her next trip after Glasgow is to Dublin on the 24th. I t m ,
she can relax at home.
3 She was away for a week. S , she had lots of emails to deal with.
4 She was in Glasgow on the 15th. E o , she had been in Manchester.
5 She went to the theatre in Paris on Monday. P t that, she had been to the
Pompidou Centre.
6 F her visit to Nick, she saw a bad accident on the motorway.
7 On Sunday, she had a lot of phone calls d the day.
8 The m she put the phone down it rang again. This time it was George.
61.2 Rewrite the words in bold using words or phrases from opposite.
1 I emailed James and got a reply straight away. an immediate reply
2 I will contact you at a time I can’t specify to arrange to get together to discuss things.
3 The two committees were meeting at exactly the same time.
4 I was living in Budapest when I was offered the job in Paris.

61.3 Read the comments and then answer the questions.

Liba ‘I was
Gunilla ‘I was in Edward ‘I was Kim ‘At the Josep ‘I visited
in Athens in
Oslo throughout in Athens for a very time I Hamburg; at a
October, but
the summer. week, then in was in Rome, later stage I went
I didn’t see
Josep visited me Rome for two Edward was to Berlin.’
Edward on that
during that time.’ weeks thereafter.’ in Rome.’
occasion.’

1 Which two people were in the same place at the same time? Kim and Edward
2 Did Liba see Edward when she was in Athens? Yes/No
3 Did Gunilla spend part of the summer or all summer in Oslo?
4 Where did Josep go first – Berlin or Hamburg?
5 How many weeks in total did Edward spend in Athens and Rome?
6 Did Josep spend the whole summer in Oslo or probably just part of it?

61.4 Over to you

Complete the sentences so they are true for you.
1 The moment I wake up, I 3 I’m doing vocabulary right now. Earlier on, I was

2 Throughout my childhood I 4 Prior to going on holiday, I always

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62 Condition
A Words connecting sentence parts
In addition to if, there are several other words and phrases for expressing condition.

1 You can’t come in unless you have a ticket. 2 You can borrow the bike on condition that
[… if you do not have a ticket] you return it by five o’clock.
3 In case of fire, dial 112. [When there is …; usually seen on notices; you can also say in the event of]
4 You can stay, as/so long as you don’t mind sleeping on the sofa. (as long as is less formal than so long as
and less formal and not so strong as on condition that)
5 Provided/Providing you don’t mind cats, you can stay with us. (providing (that) or provided (that) can
also be used in examples 2 and 4; they are less formal and not so strong as on condition that but stronger and
more restricting than as/so long as)

Language help
Don’t confuse in case of with in case. Take your umbrella in case it rains means ‘It isn’t
raining but it might rain.’

B Supposing ... and What if ...

Note the use of supposing and what if (both usually found in spoken language) for possible situations in
the future. What if is more direct.
Mick: Ethan’s coming tomorrow. He’ll help us.
Alice: Supposing / What if he doesn’t turn up - what shall we do then?
C Conditions with -ever
The -ever su ix means ‘it does not matter which …’. The stress is normally on ever.

What’s the best way to travel in your country?

However you decide to travel in this country, it’ll cost you a lot of money.
For example, you’ll end up paying at least 70 euros, whichever means of
transport you take from the airport to the city centre - train or bus. Public
transport is expensive wherever you go here. Whoever wins the next
election should try to lower fares.

These sentences can also be expressed using no matter. Note the stress.
No matter how you decide to travel in this country, it will cost you a lot of money.
No matter who wins the next election, they should try to lower fares.

Common mistakes
With the condition phrases in A, B and C the present tense is used in the conditional clause. Take a
jacket in case it gets cold later on. (NOT Take a jacket in case it will get cold later on.)

D Some nouns which express condition

Certain conditions must be met before the peace talks can begin. (rather formal)
A good standard of English is a prerequisite /priːˈrekwɪzɪt/ for studying at a British university.
[absolutely necessary; very formal] What are the entry requirements /rəˈkwaɪəmənts/ for doing
a diploma in Management at your college? [o icial conditions; rather formal] I would not move to
London under any circumstances. (fairly formal)
130 English Vocabulary in Use Upper-intermediate
 Exercises
62.1 Fill the gaps with a suitable word or phrase from A and B opposite.
1 You can come to the party as long as you don’t bring that awful friend of yours.
2 emergency in the machine room, sound the alarm and notify
the supervisor at once.
3 I hear from you, I’ll assume you are coming.
4 A person may take the driving test again they have not already taken a test
within the previous 14 days.
5 I lent you my car, would that help?

62.2 Change the sentences with -ever to no matter, and vice versa.
1 Wherever she goes, she always takes that dog of hers.
No matter where she goes, she always takes that dog of hers.
2 If anyone rings, I don’t want to speak to them, no matter who it is.
3 No matter what I do, I always seem to do the wrong thing.
4 It’ll probably have meat in it, whichever dish you choose. They don’t cater for
vegetarians here.
5 No matter how I do it, that recipe never seems to work.
6 However hard you try, you’ll never be able to do it all on your own.

62.3 The pictures show conditions that must be met to do certain things. Make different
sentences using words and phrases from the opposite page.
EXAMPLE 1 You can have a passenger on a motorbike provided they wear a helmet. / Unless you wear a helmet,
you can't ride on a motorbike.
1 2 3

4 5 6

62.4 Over to you

What would your answers be to these questions?
1 Are there any prerequisites for the job you do or would like to do in the future?
2 Under what circumstances would you move from where you’re living at the moment?
3 What are the normal entry requirements for university in your country?
4 On what condition would you lend a friend your house/flat?

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