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    Chapter 8 Transport in Plants 8.1 & 8.2

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    Ali Op
    Plants have transport systems to move water, minerals, and food throughout the plant. These systems use continuous tubes called xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals upward from the roots to the stems and leaves, while phloem transports food downward from leaves to other plant parts. The arrangement of xylem and phloem varies in different plant structures, with xylem located in the center of roots and phloem on the outer edges of stems to withstand stretching and compressive forces. Transpiration is the movement of water through the plant and out of stomata in the leaves, creating a pull that draws water up through the xylem.

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    Chapter 8 Transport in Plants 8.1 & 8.2

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    Ali Op
    14 views52 pages
    Plants have transport systems to move water, minerals, and food throughout the plant. These systems use continuous tubes called xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals upward from the roots to the stems and leaves, while phloem transports food downward from leaves to other plant parts. The arrangement of xylem and phloem varies in different plant structures, with xylem located in the center of roots and phloem on the outer edges of stems to withstand stretching and compressive forces. Transpiration is the movement of water through the plant and out of stomata in the leaves, creating a pull that draws water up through the xylem.

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    Chapter 8 Transport In Plants 8.1 & 8.2

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    Plants have transport systems to move water, minerals, and food throughout the plant. These systems use continuous tubes called xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals upward from the roots to the stems and leaves, while phloem transports food downward from leaves to other plant parts. The arrangement of xylem and phloem varies in different plant structures, with xylem located in the center of roots and phloem on the outer edges of stems to withstand stretching and compressive forces. Transpiration is the movement of water through the plant and out of stomata in the leaves, creating a pull that draws water up through the xylem.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views52 pages

    Chapter 8 Transport in Plants 8.1 & 8.2

    Uploaded by

    Ali Op
    Plants have transport systems to move water, minerals, and food throughout the plant. These systems use continuous tubes called xylem and phloem. Xylem transports water and minerals upward from the roots to the stems and leaves, while phloem transports food downward from leaves to other plant parts. The arrangement of xylem and phloem varies in different plant structures, with xylem located in the center of roots and phloem on the outer edges of stems to withstand stretching and compressive forces. Transpiration is the movement of water through the plant and out of stomata in the leaves, creating a pull that draws water up through the xylem.

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    of 52

    TRANSPORT IN PLANTS

    Chapter 8

    Biology Cambridge IGCSE- Y9


    REVISION
    WHAT IS PLANT TRANSPORT SYSTEM AND WHY DO THEY NEED IT?
    PLANT TRANSPORT SYSTEM
    ▪ Plants have transport systems to move food,
    water and minerals around.

    ▪ These systems use continuous tubes called Xylem


    and Phloem

    ▪ Vascular Bundles are essentially ‘bundles’ of


    these transport tissues.
    Distribution of Xylem and
    Phloem (Vascular Bundles) in
    roots, stems and leaves
    Distribution and Arrangement of Vascular Bundles:-
    ❖ Xylem and Phloem tissues are found in groups called as the
    Vascular Bundles.

    ❖ The positioning of these bundles varies in different parts of


    Plants.

    ❖ In the Roots, xylem and phloem are in the Center to withstand


    stretching forces.

    ❖ In the Stems, they are arranged in bundles near the Edge to


    resist compression and bending forces.

    ❖ They are grouped together into Veins and Vascular bundles as


    they pass through Leaves.
    ARRANGMENT IN ROOTS:

    Xylem Vessels are tough and


    strong, so the vascular
    bundles are in the center of
    the root to resist forces that
    could pull the plant out of the
    ground
    ARRANGEMENT IN STEMS:

    The Stem has to resist


    compression and bending
    forces caused by the plant’s
    weight and wind. The vascular
    bundles are arranged near the
    Edge of the stem, with the
    phloem on the outside and
    the xylem on the inside.
    ARRANGEMENT IN LEAVES:

    They are grouped together as


    Veins and Vascular Bundles
    as they pass through the
    leaves
    The Positions of xylem and phloem tissues as seen in transverse
    sections of unthicken, herbaceous, dicotyledonous roots, stems
    and leaves:
    XYLEM AND PHLOEM
    XYLEM
    • Transports Water and minerals in One direction.

    • It is made up of hollow, dead cells, joined end to end (cell wall disappears)
    forming elongated tubes called Vessels.

    • Xylem Vessels contain No Cytoplasm or Nuclei.

    • Their walls are made of Cellulose and Lignin. Lignin is very strong, so xylem
    vessels helps to keep plant upright also.

    • Xylem Vessels run from the roots of the plant, right up through the steam and
    they branch out into every leaf.
    PHLOEM
    • The function of the phloem tissue is to transport food nutrients such
    as sucrose and amino acids from the leaves and to all other cells of
    the plant, this is called Translocation.

    • They are Bi directional.

    • They are made of long narrow tubes with perforated sieve


    plates along the thin length.

    • Unlike the xylem, the phloem tissue is made of columns of living


    cells, which contains a cytoplasm but no nucleus, and its activities are
    controlled by a companion cell next to it which has a nucleus, but
    companion cells have no function in translocation
    IDENTIFY THE SCANNING ELECTROMICROGRAPH PICTURE?
    STREAM OF FLOW
    OF WATER AND
    NUTRIENTS
    THROUGH THE
    PLANT
    ROOT HAIRS , WATER AND SALT
    UPTAKE UP TAKE BY PLANT
    ROOT
    Root Hairs and Root Cap:-
    • Plants take in water from the soil, through their Root hairs:
    •

    At the very tip is a Root Cap. This is a layer of cells which


    protects the root as it grows through the soil.

    • The rest of the root is covered by a layer of cells called


    the Epidermis.

    • The Root hairs are a little way up from the root tip. Each root
    hair is a long epidermal cell. Root hairs do not live for very
    long. As the root grows, they are replaced by new ones.
    Functions of Root Hair cells:

    • Increase the external surface area of the root


    for absorption of water and mineral ions (the hair
    increases the surface area of the cell to make it more
    efficient in absorbing materials).

    • Provide anchorage for the plant.


    PASSAGE OF WATER THROUGH
    ROOT, STEM AND LEAF
    Passage of water through root, stem and leaf

    1. Water enters root hair cells by osmosis. This happens


    when the water potential in the soil surrounding the root is
    higher than in the cell à water diffuses from the soil into the
    root hair, down its concentration gradient.

    2. As the water enters the cell, its water potential becomes


    higher than in the cell next to it, e.g., in the cortex. So
    water moves, by osmosis, into the next cell. Some of
    water may also just seep through the spaces between the
    cells, or through the cell walls, never actually entering a
    cell.
    Passage of water through root, stem and leaf

    • Water vapour evaporating from a leaf crates a kind of suction, its


    pressure at the top of the vessels is lower than that at the
    bottom à water move up the stem in the xylem, more water is
    drawn into the leaf from the xylem. This creates a Transpiration
    stream, pulling water up from the root. Mature xylems cells have
    no cell contents, so they act like open-ended tubes allowing free
    movement of water through them.

    • Water moves from xylem to


    enter leaf tissues down water potential gradient. In the leaves,
    water passes out of the xylem vessels into the surrounding cells.
    Common misconceptions

    Water does not travel through xylem vessels


    by osmosis. Osmosis involves the movement of
    water across cell membranes – xylem cells do
    not have living contents when mature, so there
    will be no membranes.
    Query: How is the pressure at the
    top of the Xylem Vessels reduced? It
    happens through the process of
    ………
    Transpiration in plants
    and
    factors affecting
    Transpiration rate
    1. In the leaves, water molecules leave the xylem
    vessels and move from cell to cell. They move through
    the spongy mesophyll layer by osmosis along a
    concentration gradient. Water
    then evaporates into spaces behind the stomata and
    diffuses through the stomata into the surrounding air.
    TRANSPIRATION
    Transpiration is the evaporation of water at the surfaces of
    the mesophyll cells, followed by loss of water vapor from plant leaves,
    through the stomata.

    Water in the leaf cells forms a thin layer on their surface. The water
    evaporates into the air spaces in the spongy mesophyll. This creates
    a high concentration of water molecules. They diffuse out of the leaf into
    the surrounding air, through the stomata, by diffusion.
    Mechanism of water movement through a plant

    Water molecules are attracted to each other


    (cohesion) à water vapor evaporating from a leaf crEates a
    kind of suction, pressure of water at the top of the vessels is
    lower than that of the bottom à water move up the stem in the
    xylem, more water is drawn into the leaf from the xylem. This
    creates a Transpiration stream, pulling water up from the
    root.
    Transpiration
    pull

    Transpiration pull is strong enough


    to draw up water 50 meters or
    more in trees
    How is the Transpiration Stream Created?

    • Water molecules are attracted to each other by cohesion – creating a


    continuous column of water up the plant.
    • Water moves through the xylem vessels in a continuous transpiration
    stream from roots to leaves via the stem.
    • Transpiration produces a tension or ‘pull’ on the water in the xylem vessels by
    the leaves.
    • As water molecules are held together by cohesive forces (each individual
    molecule ‘pulls’ on the one below it), so water is pulled up through the plant.
    • If the rate of transpiration from the leaves increases, water molecules are
    pulled up the xylem vessels quicker.
    Summary
    of water
    uptake
    Photosynthesis: provides the water
    needed for food manufactured by
    photosynthesis in the leaves

    Cooling: causes the plant cells to cool down


    and prevents direct sunlight from damaging
    the delicate cells.
    Importance of
    Support: causes turgidity of cells which
    Transpiration gives support to plant

    Movement of Minerals: water transported


    upwards from the roots to the leaves also
    contains dissolved mineral salts.
    The rate of transpiration can be affected by several factors:
    The opening and closing of the Stomata is controlled by the Guard cells.

    • In light, guard cells take up water by osmosis and become turgid.


    Because their inner walls are rigid, they are pulled apart, opening the
    pore.

    • In darkness water is lost and the inner walls move together closing the
    pore.

    • Because of this, the transpiration rate is increased by an increase in


    light intensity.

    * Most of the factors that result in a change in transpiration rate are


    linked to diffusion. When writing explanation, try to include references
    to the concentration gradient caused by a change in the factor.
    How wilting occurs?
    1. Young plant stems and leaves rely on their cells
    being turgid to keep them rigid. If the amount of water
    lost from the leaves of a plant is > than the
    amount taken into the roots à the plant will have
    a water shortage à cells become flaccid (soft) and will no
    longer press against each other à Stems and leaves lose
    their rigidity, and wilt.

    2.
    Well Adapted Plant Structure for Efficient Water
    Uptake and Transport
    Root hair → provides a huge surface area through which water can be
    absorbed. This increases the quantity of water that can move into the plant at
    any one moment.

    Xylem Vessels→ The hollow, narrow xylem vessels provided an easy pathway
    for water to flow all the way up from the roots to the very top of the plant.

    Air spaces inside leaf → The many air spaces inside the leaf mean that there
    is a large surface area of wet cells from which water can evaporate into the
    air.

    Stomata →when open, allow water vapor to diffuse easily out of the leaf which
    reduces the water potential inside the leaf, which in turn encourages more
    water to evaporate from the surfaces of the mesophyll cells.

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