Sy Ej Sem IV Dcs 22428 QP Model Answers

Zeal Education Society’s
ZEAL POLYTECHNIC, PUNE.

NARHE │PUNE -41 │ INDIA
SECOND YEAR (SY)

DIPLOMA IN ELECTRONICS AND
TELECOMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
SCHEME: I SEMESTER: IV
NAME OF SUBJECT: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

SUBJECT CODE: 22428
MSBTE QUESTION PAPERS & MODEL ANSWERS

1. MSBTE SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
2. MSBTE WINTER-19 EXAMINATION
21819
22428
3 Hours / 70 Marks Seat No.
Instructions : (1) All Questions are compulsory.

(2) Answer each next main Question on a new page.
(3) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.
(4) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(5) Assume suitable data, if necessary.
(6) Use of Non-programmable Electronic Pocket Calculator is permissible.
(7) Mobile Phone, Pager and any other Electronic Communication
devices are not permissible in Examination Hall.
Marks
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following : 5 × 2 = 10
(a) State any two advantages and disadvantages of digital communication system.
(b) State characteristics of communication channel.
(c) State sampling theorem.
(d) List different digital modulation techniques.
(e) State advantages of TDMA over FDMA.
(f) State the need of multiplexing.
(g) State applications of spread spectrum modulation.
2. Attempt any THREE of the following : 3 × 4 = 12

(a) State Hartley’s law and Shannon Hartley’s theorem.
(b) Describe slope overload and granular noise in DM system.
(c) Describe natural sampling with neat sketch.
(d) Describe generation of BASK signal with the help of block diagram.
[1 of 2] P.T.O.
22428 [2 of 2]
(a) Explain any one method of error detection with example.
(b) Draw the block diagram of PCM receiver with the help of relevant waveform
and explain its working.
(c) Draw the block diagram of TDMA system and explain its working.
(d) Compare TDMA and CDMA on the basis of sharing of time and BW,
synchronisation, code word, guard band and guard time.

(a) Explain digital communication system with the help of block diagram.
(b) Describe the working of an ADM transmitter with neat block diagram.
(c) Explain TDM technique with relevant diagram.
(d) Explain with the help of block diagram, spread spectrum modulation system.
(e) Encode binary sequence 10110110 using unipolar – RZ, polar – NRZ, AMI
and Differential Manchester line coding techniques.
5. Attempt any TWO of the following : 2 × 6 = 12

(a) Generate CRC code for data word 1101101001 by using divisor as 1101. State
two advantages of CRC method.
(b) State BW required for BASK, BFSK and BPSK. Also draw waveforms for
binary data 10110010 in ASK, FSK, PSK modulation.
(c) Justify that in DPCM system, less number of bits are transmitted than PCM
system with the help of block diagram and relevant waveform.

(a) Draw the neat block diagram of QAM system, explain its working.
(b) Describe the M-ary PSK encoding technique with neat block diagram and also
draw constellation diagram of BPSK, QPSK.
(c) Differentiate between direct sequence spread spectrum and frequency hopped
spread spectrum.
_______________
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION
(Autonomous)
(ISO/IEC - 27001 - 2013 Certified)
SUMMER-19 EXAMINATION
Subject Name: Digital Communication System Model Answer Subject Code: 22428
1
Important Instructions to examiners:

1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in themodel answer
scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may tryto assess the
understanding level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given moreImportance (Not
applicable for subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in thefigure. The
figures drawn by candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for anyequivalent
figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constantvalues
may vary and there may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer
based on candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent
concept.
Q. Sub Q. Answers Markin

No. N. g
Schem
e
1 (A) Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10-

Total
Marks
(a) State any two advantages and disadvantages of digital communication system. 2M
Ans: Advantages of digital communication Any 2

advant
 Digital signals are better suited than analog signals for procession and combining
ages -
using technique called multiplexing.
1mark
 Digital transmission systems are more resistant to analog systems to additive noise Any 2
because they use signal regeneration rather than signal amplification. disadv
 Digital signals are simpler to measure and evaluate than analog signals. antage
s-
 In digital systems transmission errors can be corrected and detected more 1mark
accurately.
 Using data encryption only permuted receivers can be allowed to detect the
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transmission data.
 Wide dynamic range.
 Because of the advances of IC technologies and high speed computers, digital

communication systems are simpler and cheaper.
 Digital communication is adaptive to other advance branches of data processing

such as digital.
Disadvantages of Digital Communication
 The transmission of digitally encoded analog signals requires significantly more

bandwidth.
 Digital transmission requires precise time synchronization between the clocks in the
transmitter and receiver.
(b) State characteristics of communication channel. 2M
Ans: Characteristics of communication channel. Any 2

charac
1. Bit rate teristic
2.Baud rate s 2M
3.Bandwidth
4.Repeater distance
5.Channel capacity
(c) State sampling theorem. 2M
Ans: Sampling theorem: 2M

Sampling theorem states that a band-limited signal of finite energy having the highest
frequency component fm Hz can be represented and recovered completely from a set of
samples taken at a rate of fs samples per second provided that fs ≥ 2fm.
Where, fs = sampling frequency
fm = maximum frequency of continuous original signal
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(d) List different digital modulation techniques. 2M
Ans: List of Different Digital Modulation technique:- ANY 4

(i) Amplitude shift keying -ASK 2M
(ii) Phase shift keying - PSK
(iii) Frequency shift keying - FSK
(iv) Quadrature Phase shift keying - QPSK
(v) Differential Phase shift keying -DPSK
(vi) Quadrature amplitude modulation- QAM
e) State advantages of TDMA over FDMA 2M
Ans: 1. In TDMA since only one station is present at any given time so the crosstalk will Any 2
avoided this is present in FDMA. advanta
ges 2M
2. The entire channel band which can be allocated to signal channel at given instant of
time so the data transmission speed is high.
3. TDMA by default can work well with digital; therefore it can be easily used for digital
data transmission.
4. In the TDMA since only one station present at any given time, the generation of
inter symbol interference will not take place.
5. Due to the absence of intermodulation products, TWT can be operated with maximum
power output or saturation level.
6. It is easier to change the capacity between nodes by simply changing the duration and
position of each burst in the TDMA frame. It is very flexible.
7. As the transmission is taking place in bursts, its interception by unauthorized elements is
difficult. Hence it is more secure than FDMA.
8. Intermodulation products are absent as there is one carrier only in all time slots.
f) State the need of multiplexing. 2M
Ans: Need of multiplexing 2M
 In the application like telephony there are large numbers of users involved. It is not
possible to lay a separate pair of wires from each subscriber to the other entire
subscriber; this is very expensive and practically impossible.
 In the Process of multiplexing two or more individual signals are transmitted over a
single communication channel. Here we used medium as a coaxial cable or an optical
fiber cable because of multiplexing bandwidth utilization is possible.
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g) State applications of spread spectrum modulation. 2M
Ans: 1. Jam-resistant communication systems Any 2

2. CDMA radios applic
ations
3. High Resolution Ranging: Spread Specturm Communications is often used in high
2M
resolution ranging. It is possible to locate an object with good accuracy using SS
techniques. for example where it could be used is Global Positioning System
(GPS).
4. WLAN: Wireless LAN (Local Area Networks) widely use spread spectrum
communications.
i. Infrared (IR) Communications
ii. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Communications
iii. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum Communications.
5. Cordless Phones
6. Long-range wireless phones for home and industry
7. Cellular base stations interconnection.
8. Bluetooth.
Q. Sub Q. .Answers Markin

No. N. g
Schem
e
2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12-

Total
Marks
a) State Hartley’s law and Shannon Hartley’s theorem. 4M
Ans: Hartley’s law 2M
The amount of information that can be sent in a given transmission is dependent on the
bandwidth of communication channel and the duration of transmission.
OR
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Hartley’s theorem state that if the bandwidth of a transmission channel is “B” which carries
a signal having “L” number of levels, then the maximum data rate “R” on this channel is
given by :
R = 2 B log2 L
Shannon’s Hartley theorem:

The channel capacity of a white, band limited Gaussian channel is given by, 2M
Where, B = Channel Bandwidth S = Signal Power N = Noise within the channel

bandwidth
b) Describe slope overload and granular noise in DM system 4M
Ans: SLOPE-OVERLOAD DISTORTION: 2M
 If the slope of the analog signal x(t) is much higher (steep) than that of the
approximated signal xq(t) over a long duration then xq (t) will not follow x(t) at all as
shown in Figure
 The difference between x(t) and xq(t) is called the slope-overload distortion or the
slope-overload error. Thus, slope-overload error occurs when the slope of x(t) is much
higher than xq(t).
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2M
GRANULAR NOISE:
 When the input signal x(t) is relatively constant in amplitude with time, the
approximated signal xq(t) will hunt above and below x(t) as shown in Figure. This
leads to a noise called granular noise.
 It increases with increase in step size δ. To reduce granular noise, the step size should
be as small as possible. However, this will increase slope-overload distortion.
c) Describe natural sampling with neat sketch. 4M
Ans: 1. Natural Sampling or Chopper Sampling 1M
Natural Sampling is a practical method of sampling in which pulse have finite width equal to
T. Sampling is done in accordance with the carrier signal which is digital in nature.
2M
With the help of functional diagram of a Natural sampler, a sampled signal g(t) is
obtained by multiplication of sampling function c(t) and the input signal x(t).
Spectrum of Natural Sampled Signal is given by:

G(f) = Aτ/ Ts .[ Σ sin c(n fs.τ) X(f-n fs)]
Natural Sampled Waveform 1M
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d) Describe generation of BASK signal with the help of block diagram 4M
Ans: 2M
OR
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Unipolar Product BPF ASK

NRZ
O/P
Carrier
signal
(Sine wave)
Explanation of ASK Transmitter
 The ASK technique of binary modulation is illustrated in Figure where modulating 1M

signal consists of unipolar pulses.
 Because in this case the carrier is switched ON and OFF, this method is also known
as ON-OFF keying.
 For the entire time the binary input is high, the output is a constant amplitude,
constant frequency signal and for the entire time the binary input is low, the
carrier is off.
 Ps is signal power given by (Amplitude) 2 /2
 ASK is given by:
 νASK(t) = b(t) sinωct
WAVEFORM:
1M
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No. N. g
Schem
e
3 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12-

Total
Marks
a) Explain any one method of error detection with example. 4M
Ans: Duplicating each data unit for the purpose of detecting errors is a form of error detection Any
called redundancy. Adding bits for the purpose of detecting errors is called redundancy one
checking. There are four basic types of redundancy checks: metho
1. Vertical Redundancy Checking (VRC) dExpla
2. Checksum nation
3. Longitudinal Redundancy Checking (LRC) = 2M,
4. Cyclic Redundancy Checking (CRC) Examp
METHOD 1: le =2M
VERTICAL REDUNDANCY CHECKING (VRC):
● Vertical Redundancy Checking (VRC) is the simplest error detection scheme and is
generally referred to as Character parity or simply Parity. With character parity, each
character has its own error detection bit called the parity bit. Since the parity bit is not
actually a part of the character, it is considered as a redundant bit.
● An “n” character message would have n redundant parity bits. Therefore, the number of
Error detection bits are directly proportional to the length of the message.
● Parity can be of two types:
1. Odd parity
2. Even parity
In odd parity, the total number of 1’s in the entire message should be odd whereas in even
parity, the total number of 1’s in the message should be even.
● With character parity (VRC), a single parity bit is added to each character to force the
total
Number of logic 1’s in the character, including the parity bit, to be either an odd number
(odd parity) or an even number (even parity).
● For example, the ASCII code for the letter C is 43H or P1000011, where the P bit is the
parity bit. There are three logic 1’s in this code, not counting the parity bit.
● If odd parity is used, the P bit is made logic 0, keeping the total number of logic 1’s at
three, which is an odd number.
● If even parity is used, the P bit is made logic 1, making the total number of logic 1’s four,
which is an even number.
● The main advantage of parity is its simplicity.
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OR
METHOD 2:
LONGITUDINAL REDUNDANCY CHECKING (LRC):
● Longitudinal Redundancy Checking (LRC) is a redundancy error detection scheme that
uses
parity to determine if a transmission error has occurred within a message and is therefore
Sometimes called message parity.
● With LRC, each bit position has a parity bit. In other words, b0 from each character in the
Message is XOR’ed with b0 of all the other characters in the message. Similarly, b1 , b2 and
so on are XOR’ed with their respective bits from all the characters in the message.
Essentially, LRC is the result of XORing the “character codes” that make up the message,
whereas VRC is the XORing of the bits within a single character.
● With LRC, even parity is generally used, whereas with VRC, odd parity is generally used.
The LRC bits are computed in the transmitter while the data are being sent and then
appended to the end of the message as a redundant character.
● In the receiver, the LRC is recomputed from the data and the recomputed LRC is
compared to the LRC appended to the message. If the two LRC characters are the same,
most likely no
Transmission errors have occurred. If they are different, one or more transmission errors
have occurred.
● Let us take an example to show how VRC and LRC ( two dimensional parity checking) are
calculated and how they can be used together
Example: Determine the VRC and LRC for the following ASCII encoded message: THE CAT.
Use odd parity for the VRC and even parity for the LRC.
The LRC is 00101111 (2FH)
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VRC and LRC are together called two dimensional parity check.
OR
METHOD 3:
CHECKSUM:
Checksum is error detection method which is based on the concept of redundancy. The
checksum detects all errors involving an odd number of bits and most errors involving an
even number of bits.
● Checksum encoder follows the following steps
1. The data unit is divided in to “k” sections each of “n” bits
2. All sections are added to get the sum.
3. The sum is complemented and becomes the checksum.
4. The checksum is send as redundant bits along with the data.
● Checksum decoder/checker follows the following steps
1. The data unit is divided in to “k” sections each of “n” bits
2. All sections are added to get the sum.
3. The sum is complemented.
4. If the result is zero data are accepted otherwise; They are rejected.
● For example suppose the following block of 16 bits is to be sent using a checksum of 8 bits
● 10101001 00111001
● The number are added using one’s complement arithmetic
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OR
METHOD 4:-
Cyclic redundancy check:
CRC is very effective error detection method. It can detect burst errors that affect odd
number of bits. Burst error of length less than or equal to the degree of polynomial. CRC is
based on binary division. In CRC a sequence of redundant bits called as CRC remainder is
appended to the end of the data unit so that the resulting data unit becomes exactly
divisible by a second predetermined binary number. At the destination the incoming data
unit is divided by the same number (divisor) if at this step there is no remainder the data
unit is assumed to be intact and therefore accepted. If the remainder is non zero then the
data unit is discarded.
For example data is 100100 and divisor is 1101:
At the transmitter ends.
● String of n zero’s is appended to the data unit. The number “n” is 1 less than the number
of bits in the predetermined divisor, which is n+ 1 bit.
● The newly elongated data unit is divided by the divisor using binary division. The
remainder resulting from this division is the CRC.
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● Now the CRC of “n” bits derived from step 2 replaces the appended 0’s at the end of the
data unit.CRC may consists of all 0’s.
● Send the data unit with CRC.
At the receiver ends.

● The data unit followed by CRC arrives at the receiver.
● Receiver treats whole string as a unit and divides it by the same divisor.
● If the string arrives without error, the CRC checker yields a remainder of zero and the data
unit is accepted. If some errors occur during transmission, CRC will be non zero and the data
is accepted.
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Since the remainder is zero, drop the CRC and accept the data.
b) Draw the block diagram of PCM receiver with the help of relevant wave form and explain 4M
its working
Ans: Block diagram of PCM receiver:- Any

one
correct
diagra
m with
Wavef
orm at
each
block =
2M,
Explan
ation =
OR 1M,
Wavef
orm
1M )
OR
Explanation:-
 A PCM signal contaminated with noise is available at the receive input.
 The regeneration circuit at the receiver will separate PCM pulses from noise and will
reconstruct original PCM signal.
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 The pulse generator has to operate in synchronization with that at transmitter.

 Cleaned PCM is fed to a serial to parallel converter.
 Then applied to a decoder which converts each code word into corresponding quantized
sample value. This quantized PAM signal is passed through a low pass filter recovers the
analog signal x (t).
c) Draw the block diagram of TDMA system and explain its working. 4M
Ans: Block
diagra
Block diagram of TDMA system:- m
=2M,
Explan
ation =
2M
OR
Explanation:-
 In TDMA, each user has all the bandwidth, all the power and part of the time. It is
frequently used with data and digital voice transmission. TDMA sends data in buffer and
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hence it is bursty communication. It is non-continuous. TDMA cannot send an analog

signal directly due to buffering required. It is used for digital data.
 In this method, all the earth stations share transponder time. Each earth station in the
network is allocated a time slot in a periodic sequence.
 It is a method of time division multiplexing, digitally modulated carrier between
participating earth stations within the satellite network through a common satellite
transponder. With TDMA, each earth station transmits a short burst of digitally
modulated carrier during a precise time slot (called epoch) within a TDMA frame.
 Each earth station’s burst is synchronized so that it arrives at the satellite transponder
at a different time. Consequently, only one earth station’s carrier is present in the
transponder at any given time thus avoiding collision with another station’s carrier.
 The transponder is an RF to RF repeater that simply receives the earth stations
transmissions, amplifies them and retransmits them in a downlink beam that is received
by all participating earth stations. Each earth station receives the bursts from all other
earth stations and must select from them the traffic destined only for itself.
d) Compare TDMA and CDMA on the basis of sharing of time and B.W. Synchronization, code 4M
word ,guard band and guard time.
Ans: 1M
each
Point
Sr.
Parameters TDMA CDMA
No
Sharing of time & Sharing of time of satellite Sharing of time and

1
B.W Transponder using entire BW bandwidth both.
Time synchronization is Code Synchronization is
2 Synchronization
essential. required.
Code words are required by
3 Code Word No code word is required
ground stations.
Both guard times and guard
Guard band and bands are required if it uses
4 Guard times are required
guard time along with TDMA & FDMA.
Otherwise not required.
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No. N. g
Schem
e
4 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12-

Total
Marks
(a) Explain digital communication system with the help of block diagram. 4M
Ans: Block
diagra
Block diagram of digital communication system:- m=
2M,
Explan
ation =
2M
OR
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Explanation:-
DISCRETE INFORMATION SOURCE:
 The information to be transmitted originates here. These information/messages
may be available in digital form or it may be available in an analog form.
 If it is analog it is sampled and digitized using an A/D converter to make the final
source output to be digital in form.
SOURCE ENCODER :
 The source encoder therefore reduces the redundancy by performing a one to one
mapping of its input bit stream in to another bit stream at its output, but with fewer
digits.
 Thus in a way it performs data compression.
CHANNEL ENCODER:
 The channel encoder is intended to introduce controlled redundancy into the bit
stream at its input in order to provide some amount of error- correction capability to
the data being transmitted.
DIGITAL MODULATOR:
 The physical channels are basically analog in nature; the digital modulator takes
each digital binary digit at its input and maps it, in a one –to – one fashion, into a
continuous waveform.
 Binary ‘zero’ at its input is mapped into a continuous signal s o(t) and binary ‘one’ is
mapped into another continuous signal s1(t).
 This is called binary modulation.
PHYSICAL CHANNEL:
 The digitally modulated signal is passed on to the physical channel, which is nothing
but the physical medium through which the signals are transmitted.
 It may take a variety of forms- a pair of twisted wires, coaxial cable, a wave guide, a
microwave radio, or an optical fiber.
THE DIGITAL DEMODULATOR:
 The digital demodulator of the receiver receives the noise corrupted sequence of
waveforms from the channel and by inverse mapping tries to give at its output, an
estimate of the sequence of the binary digits that were available at the input of the
digital modulator at the transmitting end.
THE CHANNEL DECODER:
 The output sequences of digits from the digital demodulator are fed to the channel
decoder. Using its knowledge of the type of coding performed by the channel
encoder at the transmitting end and using the redundancy introduced by the
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channel encoder, it produces as its output, the output of the source coder of the
transmitter with as few errors as possible.
THE SOURCE DECODER:
 Using its knowledge of the type of encoding performed by the source encoder of the
transmitter, the source decoder of the receiver tries to reproduce at its output, a
replica of the output of the digital source at the transmitting end.
(b) Describe the working of an ADM transmitter with neat block diagram. 4M
Ans: ADM transmitter Block diagram:- (Block

diagra
m =
2M,
Worki
ng
=2M)
OR
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(Waveform is optional)
Working:-
 A DM system that adjusts its step size according to the information signal characteristics
is called as Adaptive Delta Modulation (ADM). Here the step size is not constant. The
block diagram for generation of ADM signal is shown in above Figure
 The step size δ is varied by controlling the variable-gain amplifier which is assumed to
have a low gain when the control voltage is zero and a large gain when the control
voltage increases. The gain-control circuit consists of an RC integrator and a square-law
device.
 Pulse generator produces narrow pulses of fixed amplitude at a rate equal to the
desired sampling rate. The modulator consists of hard limiter and a product
device/multiplier.
 Whatever be the actual value of e(t) the hard limiter output will be +1 if e(t) is positive
and -1 if e(t) is negative. So the polarity of p o(t) depends on the sign of e(t).
 The subsystem within a dotted line box is for adaptation.
 When the input signal is constant or slowly varying, DM signal will be hunting and the
modulator output will be a sequence of alternate polarity pulses, there will not be any
charge on the capacitor and the voltage across it will be zero.
 So the gain control is voltage is almost zero and there will not be any change in the
amplitude of the pulses at the output of the variable gain amplifier. As the gain of this
amplifier is adjusted initially to be low when the gain control voltage level is zero we
have thus ensured that the step size is small when x (t) is almost constant or changing
very slowly and thus, granular noise is reduced as shown in above Figure
 Now if x (t) is steeply rising or falling for some time the consecutive pulses in the pulse
train will either be all positive or all negative. So the capacitor will be charged
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irrespective of whether it is positively charged or negatively.

 Due to the squaring device (square law device), the amplifier gain will be increased no
matter what the polarity of the capacitor voltage is. The net result is an increase in step
size and a reduction in slope-overload distortion as shown in figure
(c) Explain TDM technique with relevant diagram. 4M
Ans: (Block
diagra
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING (TDM): m =
 TDM is a digital multiplexing technique in which many signals are transmitted for very 2M,
short time (time slot) over common transmission channel. Here each signal can utilize Worki
the entire bandwidth of the channel. Figure 5.6 illustrates the concept of TDM. ng
 Here each signal will be transmitted for a short duration of time. One cycle or frame is =2M)
said to be complete when each time slot is dedicated to each signal. With n input signals
(transmitting devices), each frame has n time slots, with each slot allocated for carrying
data from a specified device.
 The TDM signal in the form of frames is transmitted on the common communication
medium. TDM can be used to multiplex analog or digital signals but it is suitable for
digital signal multiplexing.
OR
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TDM SYSTEM:
 TDM is a digital multiplexing process that can be applied when the data capacity of
the transmission medium is greater than the data rate required by the transmitting
and receiving devices. In such cases, multiple transmissions can occupy a single link
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by subdividing them and interleaving the portions. Figure 5.7 shows the block
diagram of TDM system consisting of four channels.
Block Diagram of a four channel TDM System

TDM TRANSMITTER:
 Four input signals, all band-limited to fx by the input filters (LPF) are sequentially
sampled at the transmitter by the rotary switch or commutator. The switch makes fs
revolutions per second and extracts one sample from each input during each
revolution.
 The output of the switch is a PAM waveform containing samples of the input signals
periodically interlaced in time. The samples from adjacent input message channels
are separated by Ts/M where M is the number of input channels.
 A set of M pulses containing one sample from each of the M input channels is called
a frame.
TDM RECEIVER:
 At the receiver, the samples from the channel are separated and distributed by
another rotary switch called as a distributor or de-commutator.
 The samples from each channel are filtered to produce the original message signal.
The rotary switches at the transmitter and receiver are usually electronic circuits
that are carefully synchronized. There are two levels of synchronization in TDM:
1. Frame Synchronization
2. Sample (or word) synchronization
 Frame synchronization is necessary to establish the beginning of each frame and
sample (or word) synchronization is necessary to properly separate the samples
within each frame.
(d) Explain with the help of block diagram, spread spectrum modulation system. 4M
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Ans: SPREAD-SPECTRUM COMUNICATION SYSTEM Block

diagra
m=
2M,
Explan
ation
=2M)
Baseband DS spread spectrum communication system model (a)transmitter (b) channel

(c)receiver
Explanation:-
 In actual DSSS system, the binary data to be transmitted is first carrier modulated using
PSK and then this modulated signal is subjected to spreading by multiplying it by the PN
sequence. However, in order to discuss the effect of multiplying the data sequence by
the PN sequence, for the present we shall consider only a base band signal.
 Let the data sequence be denoted by d(t) and the PN sequence be denoted by c(t). Let
the data duration be Tb sec and PN sequence duration be Tc sec. In DSSS it is always so
arranged that Tc<< Tb
 The wave form d(t) is a narrow band signal, while the c(t) wave form is a wide band
signal. The product wave form s(t) will have spectrum which is almost like spectrum of
c(t), the PN sequence.
 In order to illustrate how the spread – spectrum modulation enables us to reject the
deterministic interfering signals added to the transmitted signal s(t) during the course of
its passage through the channel, we are adding the interfering signal i(t) to the DSSS
signal s(t).
Since the interference is additive
r(t) = s(t) + i(t)
r(t) = d(t).c(t) + i(t)
 The first operation to be performed at the receiver is to de-spread the received signal.
For this purpose, it is multiplied by the PN sequence waveform c (t), which is assumed to
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24
be in perfect synchronism with the c(t) used at the transmitter side.

Z(t) = r(t).c(t)
Z(t) = d(t).c2(t) + i(t). c(t)
C(t) is either 1 or -1 at any time
Hence c2(t) = 1 always
Z(t) = d(t) + i(t). c(t)
 We find that when we de-spread the message or data waveform d(t), the interference
signal is spread over a wide bandwidth by getting multiplied by the PN sequence
waveform c(t).
 Thus we find that z(t) consists of a narrow band component d(t) and a wide band
component i(t).c(t).
 Z(t) is integrated over a period of Tb , data bit duration. The integrator acts as a low pass
filter and removes the wide band component thus achieving suppression of the
interfering signal.
 The output of the integrator gives a voltage v, whose value depend on whether the d(t)
was +1 or -1 during interval Tb .
 This voltage is given to the comparator which acts as the decision device and says that
d(t) was 1 during that Tb if v>0 and that it was a -1 if v<0.
OR
Explanation Of Spread Spectrum Modulation System:-

1. Basic elements of a spread spectrum signal modulation system is shown
below.
2. Channel encoder adds extra bits to the information binary sequence for error
detection & correction purpose.
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25
3. PN sequence generation at the transmitter & receiver generates identical PN

binary valued sequence
4. PN sequence is impressed on the information signal at the modulator (Tx)
and remove from the received signal at the Demodulator.
5. Synchronization of the PN sequence generator at the receiver with the PN
sequence contained in the incoming received signal is required in order to
demodulate the received signal.
Prior to the transmission of information Synchronization may be achieved by transmitting
a fixed PN sequence pattern which the receiver will recognize in the presence of
interference with high probability.
(e) Encode binary sequence 10110110 using unipolar-RZ ,polar-NRZ,AMI and differential 4M
Manchester line coding techniques
Ans: 1M
each

No. N. g
Schem
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26
5. Attempt any TWO of the following: 12-

Total
Marks
a) Generate CRC code for data word 1101101001 by using divisor as 1101. State two 6M
advantages of CRC method.
Ans: Correc
t
divisio
n 3M
&
Correc
t CRC
Code
1M
Advantages of CRC Code:

ANY 2
1. CRC codes are capable of detecting any kind of error brust. ADVA
NTAGE
2. CRC can detect all brust errors of length less than or equal to degree of polynomial. S 2M
3. implementation of encoding and error detection circuit is possible practically.
b) State BW required for BASK, BFSK and BPSK, Also draw waveforms for binary data 6M
10110010 in ASK,FSK,PSK modulation.
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27
Ans: Bandwidth requirements of: 3M

 BASK = 2fb Bandw
 BFSK = 4fb idth
 BPSK = 2fb requir
ement
s
1M
1M
1M
c) Justify that in DPCM system, less number of bits are transmitted than PCM system with 6M
the help of block diagram and relevant waveform.
Ans:
3M
block diagram of DPCM system
Page 27/
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28
1M
Fig:Samples have a correlation between them

It is observed that if the sampling takes place at a rate which is higher than the
Nyquist rate, then there is a correlation between successive samples of the signal
x(t).
Hence we can predict the range of next required increment or decrement in x(t) at
2M
the predictor output, if we know the past sample value or the difference.
This reduces the difference between x(t) and x^(t).therefore to encode this small
value of error the DPCM system requires less number of bits per sample which will
ultimately reduce the bandwidth requirement.
It shows that in DPCM system, less number of bits/sample are transmitted than
PCM system

No. N. g
Schem
e
6. Attempt any TWO of the following : 12-

Total
Marks
a) Draw the neat block diagram of QAM system , explain its working. 6M
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29
Ans: Expl
anat
ion:
3M,
Bloc
k
diag
ram
:3 M,
Explanation:
The bit stream b(t) is applied to the serial to parallel converter, operating on a clock
which has a period of Ts, which is the symbol duration. The bits b(t) are stored by
the converter and then presented in the parallel form. The four bit symbols are bk + 3,
bk+ 2 , bk + 1, bk.
 Out of these four bits, the first two bits are applied to a D/A converter and the other
two bits are applied to the second D/A converter.
 The output of the first converter is Ae(t), which is modulated by the carrier cosωct
whereas the output of the second D/A converter, Ao(t) is modulated by the carrier
sinωct in the balanced modulators.
 Ae(t),Ao(t)are voltage levels generated by the convertor -3,-1,+1,+3 volts.
 The balanced modulator outputs are added together to get the QAM output signal which
is expressed as,
νQ ASK(t) = Ae(t)cosωct + Ao(t) sinωct
(any relevant diagram can consider)
b) Describe the M-ary PSK encoding technique with neat block diagram and also draw 6M
constellation diagram of BPSK, QPSK.
Ans: 2M
M-ary PSK encoder:
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30
2M
Working:
1) The bit stream b ( t ) is applied to a serial to parallel converter. This block can store the
N bits of a symbol
2) These N bits per symbol appear serially, in the form of a sequence one after the other
3) The N bits per symbol are first assembled by the serial to parallel converter block. Then
all these bits are presented simultaneously ( in the parallel form ) on the N output lines of
the converter. Thus N bits message appears in the parallel form at the output of the serial
to parallel converter.
4) The output of the serial to parallel converter remains unchanged for a duration of NT b
of a symbol. This time duration is used by the converter to assemble a new group of N
bits.
5) After every NTb seconds, the converter output changes to a new N bit symbol.
6) The N bit output of the converter is then applied to a D/A converter. The N bit digital
input, is converted in to an analog output V A
7) The N bit digital input can have 2N= M number of possible combinations. Therefore the
D/A converter output VA will have M number of distinct values, corresponding to the M
symbols.
8) Finally this analog voltage is applied to a sinusoidal signal generator, which produces a
constant amplitude sinusoidal output voltage, the phase ɸm of which is proportional to
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31
the D/A converter output VA
9) Thus at the output of the transmitter, we get a fixed amplitude sinusoidal waveform,
the phase of which has a one to one correspondence to the N bit symbols.
10) The phase will change only once per symbol time Ts= N Tb Thus the M-ary PSK is
generated. 1M
CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM
CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM BPSK 1M

CONSTELLATION DIAGRAM FOR QPSK (ANY ONE)
OR
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32
c) Differentiate between direct sequence spread spectrum and frequency hopped spread 6M
spectrum.
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33
Ans: Any 6
points
6M
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11920
22428
3 Hours / 70 Marks Seat No.
Instructions : (1) All Questions are compulsory.

(2) Answer each next main Question on a new page.
(3) Illustrate your answers with neat sketches wherever necessary.
(4) Figures to the right indicate full marks.
(5) Use of Non-programmable Electronic Pocket Calculator is permissible.
Marks
1. Attempt any FIVE of the following : 5  2 = 10

(a) Define (i) Bit rate (ii) Baud rate
(b) State the Hartley’s law with mathematical expression.
(c) State sampling theorem. Define Nyquist rate.
(d) Classify the modulation techniques.
(e) State two advantages of WDM technique.
(f) List the various multiple access techniques.
(g) Define the concept of spread spectrum.

(a) State the advantages and disadvantages of digital communication system.
(b) Draw the block diagram of DM transmitter. Explain each block in detail.
(c) Explain flat top sampling with circuit diagram. Draw flat top sampled signal.
(d) Describe amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation with suitable circuit
diagram.

(a) Draw the block diagram of digital communication system. Explain the
function of source encoder and channel encoder.
[1 of 2] P.T.O.
22428 [2 of 2]
(b) Explain DPCM with block diagram.
(c) Distinguish between TDMA and CDMA (any four points).
(d) Compare FDM & TDM systems (any four points).

(a) State the Shannon Hartley’s theorem for channel capacity. Explain the effect
of S/N ratio and bandwidth on channel capacity.
(b) Describe PCM transmitter with block diagram.
(c) Describe North American (T-carrier) digital multiplexing hierarchy with neat
diagram.
(d) Explain direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) transmitter with block
diagram.
(e) Construct the Hamming code for the data 1010 with odd parity.

(a) A discrete memoryless source has an alphabet of seven symbols with
probabilities for its output given in the following table :
Symbol S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Probability 0.25 0.25 0.125 0.125 0.125 0.0625 0.0625

Compute :
(i) Huffman code for the above source.
(ii) The coding efficiency of the designed Huffman code.
(b) Compare binary ASK, FSK & PSK modulation techniques (any six points).
(c) “Adaptive Delta modulation reduces slope overload distortion and granular
noise present in Delta modulation”. Justify the above statement regarding
ADM.

(a) Explain QPSK transmitter with block diagram its constellation diagram.
(b) Distinguish between m-ary PSK & m-ary FSK techniques. (Any six points)
(c) Explain fast frequency hopping technique with suitable waveforms. State its
advantages and disadvantages.
_______________
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________
WINTER – 19 EXAMINATIONS
Subject Name: Digital Communication Systems Model Answer Subject Code: 22428
Important Instructions to examiners:
1) The answers should be examined by key words and not as word-to-word as given in the model answer scheme.
2) The model answer and the answer written by candidate may vary but the examiner may try to assess the understanding
level of the candidate.
3) The language errors such as grammatical, spelling errors should not be given more Importance (Not applicable for
subject English and Communication Skills.
4) While assessing figures, examiner may give credit for principal components indicated in the figure. The figures drawn by
candidate and model answer may vary. The examiner may give credit for any equivalent figure drawn.
5) Credits may be given step wise for numerical problems. In some cases, the assumed constant values may vary and there
may be some difference in the candidate’s answers and model answer.
6) In case of some questions credit may be given by judgement on part of examiner of relevant answer based on
candidate’s understanding.
7) For programming language papers, credit may be given to any other program based on equivalent concept.
Q. Sub Q. Answer Marking

No. N. Scheme
10-
Q.1 Attempt any FIVE of the following: Total
Marks
a) Define (i)Bit rate (ii)Baud rate 2M
Ans: (i)Bit rate :- 1M

Bit rate is simply the number of bits transmitted during one second and is expressed in bits each
per second (bps). Mathematically bit rate is given by:-
Rb =1 / Tb
where Tb is time interval of one bit
(ii)Baud rate: -
Baud is the unit of symbol rate. Baud rate is the number of symbols transmitted during one
second and is expressed in symbols per second or baud.
Mathematically, baud rate is the reciprocal of the time of one output signaling element and
a Signaling element (symbol) may represent several information bits. Baud rate is
expressed as,
Rs= 1 / Ts
Where, baud rate = symbol rate (symbols per second) and Ts = time interval of one symbol.
b) State the Hartley’s law with mathematical expression. 2M
Ans: Hartley’s Law / Nyquist Theorem:-
Statement: Hartley‟s Theorem/Law states that the channel capacity of the transmission
channel of bandwidth „B‟ which carries a signal having „M‟ levels in the total absence of
noise is given by:
C = 2 B log 2 M
where, C – channel capacity (bits/sec)
B – channel bandwidth
M – number of coding levels (2 or more)
In the absence of noise, Hartley‟s Law shows that greater the number of levels in the
coding system, the greater the information rate that can be sent through the channel.
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c) State sampling theorem. Define Nyquist rate. 2M
Ans: SAMPLING THEOREM: 1M
Sampling theorem states that a band-limited signal of finite energy having the highest each
frequency component fm Hz can be represented and recovered completely from a set of
samples taken at a rate of fs samples per second provided that fs ≥ 2fm.
Here fs is the sampling frequency. This theorem is also known as the Sampling Theorem for
Baseband or Low-pass Signals.
Nyquist rate:-
Sampling frequency should be equal to or greater than twice the maximum signal
frequency (fs≥ 2fm)
d) Classify the modulation techniques. 2M
Ans: Classification of the modulation techniques:- 2M
1. Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
2. Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
3. Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
e) State two advantages of WDM technique. 2M
Ans: ADVANTAGES OF WDM: Any 2
1. WDM has enhanced capacity. 1M
2. WDM can be used for full duplex transmission with a single fiber. each
3. It is inherently easier to reconfigure (addition or removal of channels).
4. Fiber optic cable networks use optical components which are simpler and more reliable
and often less costly than their electronic counterparts
f) List the various multiple access techniques. 2M
Ans: 1. Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) ½M
2. Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) each
3. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
4. Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)
g) Define the concept of spread spectrum. 2M
Ans: Concept of spread spectrum :- 2M
Spread-spectrum techniques are methods by which a signal (e.g. an electrical,
electromagnetic, or acoustic signal) generated with a particular bandwidth is deliberately
spread in the frequency domain, resulting in a signal with a wider bandwidth.
OR
Spread spectrum systems are intended to provide such secure and reliable communication.
In this system the spectrum of the transmitted signals spreaded over a very wide
bandwidth. This achieved in these systems by modulating for a second time, an already
modulated signal in such a way as to spread the power of the transmitted spread spectrum
signal over a very large bandwidth.
12-
Attempt any THREE of the following:
Q.2 Total
Marks
a) State the advantages and disadvantages of digital communication system. 4M
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ans: Advantages of Digital Communication : (any 2) 1M
1. High noise interference tolerance due to digital nature of the signal. each
2. With channel coding, error detection and correction at receiver is possible.
3. It provides us added security to our information signal i.e. Data encryption is possible for
greater security.
4. Cheaper due to advances in digital VLSI technology.
5. Digital information can be saved and retrieved when necessary.
6. Large data storage is possible.
Disadvantages of Digital Communication : (any 2)
1. Large System Bandwidth: - Digital transmission requires a large system bandwidth to
communicate the same information in a digital format as compared to analog format.
2. High power consumption (Due to various stages of conversion).
3. Needs synchronization
4.Sampling Error.
b) Draw the block diagram of DM transmitter.Explain each block in detail. 4M
Ans: Block diagram of DM transmitter:- 2M
2M
Explanation:-
Sample and Hold:-
The input analog is sampled and converted to PAM signal, which is compared with the
output of the DAC. The output of the DAC is a voltage equal to the regenerated magnitude
of the previous sample, which was stored in the up-down counter as a binary number.
Up-down counter:-
The up-down counter is incremented or decremented depending on whether the previous
sample is larger or smaller than the current sample.
The up-down counter is clocked at a rate equal to the sample rate. Therefore the up-down
counter is updated after each comparison.
Initially the up-down counter is zeroed and DAC output is 0v.
The first sample is taken and converted to a PAM signal, and compared with zero volts.
The output of the comparator is a logic 1 condition (+v), indcating that the current sample
is larger in amplitude than the previous sample.
On the next clock pulse, the up- down counter is incremented to a count of 1.The DAC
now outputs a voltage equal to the mgnitude of the minimum step size (resolution). The
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steps change at a rate equal to the clock frequency (sample rate).
Consequently, with the input signal shown, the up-down counter follows the input analog
signal up until the output of the DAC exceeds the analog sample; then the up-down counter
will begin counting down until the output of the DAC drops below th sample amplitude.
Digital to Analog Converter (DAC):-
In the idealized situation the DAC output follows the input signal. Each time the up-down
counter is incremented, a logic 1 is transmitted, and each time the up-down counter is
decremented, alogic 0 is transmitted.
(Waveform is optional):-
OR
c) Explain flat top sampling with circuit diagram.Draw flat top sampled signal. 4M
Ans: Flat top sampling: Diagra
 In flat top sampling, the top of the samples remains constant and equal to the m 1M
instantaneous value of the modulating signal at the start of the sampling.
 Thus the amplitude of the pulse after sampling is kept constant and the top of the Explan
sampled pulse do not follow the contour of the modulating signal unlike Natural ation
sampling. 2M
 The duration of each sample is τ and the sampling rate is : Fs =1/ Ts. Ts= 1/ Fs
 Sample and hold circuit is used for the generation of the sampled signal to attain flat top Wavefo
sampling, which is shown in the Figure below. rm 1M
Figure shows the Sample and hold circuit to generate flat top samples
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 The switch S1 closes at each sampling instant to sample the modulating signal.
 The capacitor C holds the sampled voltage for period τ at the end of which switch S2 is
closed in order to discharge the capacitor.
 Thus the signal generated as a result of sample and hold process is the flat top sampled
signal. The spectrum of the generated flat top sampling signal along with the
modulating signal and the sampling signal is shown below in Figure 2 below.
Figure.2 (a) Modulating signal (b) sampling signal and (c) Flat top sampling spectrum
 The starting edge of the pulse corresponds to the instantaneous value of the modulating
signal x (t).
 Flat top sampling can be mathematically considered as convolution of the sampled
signal and the pulse signal.
 Flat top sampling is mostly used in digital transmission
d) Describe amplitude shift keying (ASK) modulation with suitable circuit diagram. 4M
Ans: Explanation:- 2M
ASK MODULATOR:
 The process where a binary information signal directly modulates the amplitude of an
analog carrier. The digital signal is used to switch the carrier between amplitude levels is
called Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK).
 The ASK technique of binary modulation is illustrated in Figure where modulating signal
consists of unipolar pulses. Because in this case the carrier is switched ON and OFF, this
method is also known as ON-OFF keying.
 For the entire time the binary input is high, the output is a constant amplitude, constant
frequency signal and for the entire time the binary input is low, the carrier is off.
 ASK is given by:
νASK(t) = b(t) √2𝑃𝑠 cosωct
Block diagram of ASK Transmitter / ASK modulator:-
1M
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Waveforms:-
1M
12-
Q.3 Attempt any THREE of the following: Total
Marks
Draw the block diagram of digital communication system.Explain the function of
a) 4M
source encoder and channel encoder.
Ans: 2M
Diagra
m
[Note: Any other similar diagram to be considered]

Source Encoder :
 The input to the source encoder (also referred to as the source coder) is a string of 1M for
symbols occurring at a rate symbols/sec. source
 The source encoder converts the symbol sequence into a binary sequence of 0's and encoder
1's by assigning code words to the symbols in the input sequence by using either 1M for
assigning fixed-length binary code word to each symbol or assigns variable length channel
code words to these blocks. Second function it performs is data compression.
encoder
Channel Encoder :
 The channel coder provides some amount of error controlled capability to the data
to be transmitted.
 It adds some extra bits to the output of the source coder. While these extra bits make
it possible for the receiver to detect and/or correct some of the errors in the
information bearing bits.
b) Explain DPCM with block diagram. 4M
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__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ans: 2M
diagra
m
( Block Diagram of DPCM)

 The above figure shows the block diagram of DPCM transmitter x(t) is the analog input
signal and x^(t) is its approximated signal. What is important to know is whether x^(t)
is larger or smaller than x(t) and by how much. 2M
 At each sampling instant the difference amplifier compares x(t) and x^(t) and the explana
sample and hold circuit will hold the result of this subtraction. tion
 The difference signals at the output of sample and hold circuit is quantized by the
quantizer. The quantizer output S0(t) is the transmitted as it is or it is encoded into a
stream of bits as explained in conventional PCM system.
 The quantizer output is also used to produce the approximated signal x^(t)by passing
the quantizer output through a predictor and accumulator.
c) Distinguish between TDMA and CDMA (any four points) 4M
Ans: Sr. Parameter TDMA CDMA 1 mark
No. for
1. Definition Entire bandwidth is shared Entire bandwidth is shared Each
among different subscribers at among different users by point
Fixed predetermined or assigning unique codes. (Any
dynamically assigned time 4
intervals/slots.
point
2. Bandwidth Time sharing of satellite Sharing of bandwidth and
transponder takes place s)
Available time both takes place
3. Synchronization Synchronization is essential Synchronization is not
necessary
4. Interference Due to incorrect Both type of interference will
synchronization there can be present
be interference between the
adjacent time slots.
5. Guard bands Guard times between adjacent Guard bands and Guard times
timeslots are necessary. both are necessary
6. Active Terminals are active in their All terminals active on same
terminals specified slot on same frequency
frequency
7. Signal Synchronization in time Code separation
separation
8. Near Far No Yes
Problem
9. Handoff Hard handoff Soft handoff
10. Application Advanced mobile phone, IS95 Wide band, CDMA
system(AMPS), Cordless 2000,2.5G and 3G
telephone
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d) Compare FDM & TDM systems (any four points). 4M
Ans: Sr. FDM TDM 1M for

No. each
1 Divides the channel into the two Divides and allocates certain point
or more frequency ranges that Time periods to each channel.
do not overlap.
2 Code word is not required No coding
3 Needs guard bands Needs guard time
4 Problem of crosstalk No problem of crosstalk
Q.4 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12-
Total
Marks
a) State the Shannon Hartley’s theorem for channel capacity. Explain the effect of 4M
S/N ratio and bandwidth on channel capacity.
Ans: In information theory, the Shannon–Hartley theorem tells the maximum rate at which 1M for
information can be transmitted over a communications channel of a specified bandwidth in stateme
the presence of noise. nt
According to Shannon, the bandwidth of the channel and signal energy and noise energy
are related by the formula 1M for
formul
where a
C is channel capacity in bits per second (bps)
W is bandwidth of the channel in Hz
S/N is the signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR). SNR generally is measured in dB using the
formula
2M
Effect of S/N on Channel Capacity C: effect
● If the communication channel is noiseless then N = 0. Therefore, S/N → ∞ and so C also of s/n &
will tend to ∞. Thus the noiseless channel will have an infinite capacity. Bandwi
Effect of Bandwidth B on Channel Capacity C: dth B
● Consider that some white Gaussian noise is present. Hence (S/N) is not infinite as N ≠ 0. on
Now as the bandwidth approaches infinity, the channel capacity C does not become infinite Channe
because, N =ƞB will also increase with the bandwidth B. This will reduce the value of S/N l
with increase in B,assuming the signal power S to be constant. Capacit
y
b) Describe PCM transmitter with block diagram. 4M
Ans: 2M for
block
diagra
OR m
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2M for
descrip
tion
Block diagram of PCM transmitter

 The analog signal x (t) is passes through band limiting / low pass filter, which has a cut-
off frequency fc=W Hz. This will ensure x (t) will not have any frequency component
higher than “W”. In other words, suppresses high frequency components and passes
only low frequency signal to avoid „aliasing error‟.
 The band limited analog signal is then applied to sample and circuit where this circuit
acts as modulator and both modulating input signal and sampling signal with
adequately high sampling rate are inputs to this circuit. Output sample and hold block is
a flat topped PAM signal.
 These samples are subjected to operation “quantization” in the “quantizer”. The
quantizer is used to reduce effect of noise. Quantization is a process of approximation
of the value of respective sample in to a finite number that will reduce data bits. The
combined effect of sample and quantization produces is „Quantized PAM‟ at the
quantizer output.
 The Quantized PAM output is analog in nature. So to transmit it through digital
communication system the quantized PAM pulses are applied to an encoder which is
basically A to D convertor. Each quantized level is converted into N bit digital word by
A to D converter.
 The communication system is normally connected to each other using a single cable i.e.
serial communication. But the output of ADC is parallel which cannot be transmitted
through serial communicating links. So this block will convert the parallel data into
serial stream of data bits.
 A pulse generator produces train of rectangular pulses of duration “t” seconds. This
signals acts as sampling signals for the sample and hold block. The same signal acts as
“clock” signals for parallel to converter .the frequency “f” is adjusted to satisfy the
criteria.
Describe North American (T-carrier) digital multiplexing hierarchy with neat
c) 4M
diagram.
Ans: 2M for
diagra
m
Explanation:-
T1 Carrier System
T1 carrier systems were designed to combine PCM and TDM Techniques for the
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Transmission of 24 64Kbps channels with each channel Capable of Carrying Digitally.
Encoded voice band telephone signals or data. The transmission bit rate (line speed) for
a T1 carrier is 1.544 Mbps. 2M for
All 24 DS-0 channels combined has a data rate of 1.544Mbps, this digital signal level is explana
Called DS-1. Therefore T1 lines are referred as DS-1 lines. tion
DS and T Line rates

T2 Carrier System
T2 carriers time division multiplex 96 64-Kbps voice or data channels into a single 6.312
Mbps data signal for transmission over twisted pair copper wire up to 500 miles over a
special metallic cable.
T3 Carrier system
T3 carriers Time division multiplex 672 64-kbps voice or data channels for transmission
over a single coaxial cable. The transmission rate is 44.736 Mbps.
T4 Carrier System
T4 carriers time division multiplex 4032 64-kbps voice or data channels for transmitting
over a single T4 coaxial cable upto 500 mile. The transmission rate is very high i.e.
274.16Kbps.
T5 Carrier System
T5 carriers time division multiplex 8064 64Kbps voice or data channels and transmit
them at 560.16Mbps over a single coaxial cable.
d) Explain direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) transmitter with block diagram. 4M
Ans: 2M for
diagra
m
In direct sequence, the serial binary data is mixed with a higher frequency pseudorandom 2M for
binary code at a faster rate and the result is used to phase-modulate a carrier. explana
The information signal undergoes primary modulation by PSK, FSK or other narrow band tion
modulation and secondary modulation with spread spectrum modulation. Spread spectra are
obtained by multiplying the primary modulated signal and the square wave, called the PN
sequence. Contrariwise, as with commercial radio, there are cases where spread modulation is
applied to the data first, and narrow band modulation such as PSK or FSK is applied
afterwards. The figure below is an example Hamming code for the data 1010 with odd
parity. le of spread spectrum modulation and demodulation using PSK for primary
modulation.
e) Construct the Hamming code for the data 1010 with odd parity. 4M
Ans: Let us find the Hamming code for binary code, d4d3d2d1 = 1010. Consider even parity bits. 1M for
The number of bits in the given binary code is n=4. calculat
We can find the required number of parity bits by using the following mathematical ing no.
relation.
of
2k≥n+k+12k≥n+k+1
Page 10/15
(Autonomous)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Substitute, n=4 in the above mathematical relation. parity
⇒2k≥4+k+1⇒2k≥4+k+1 bits.
⇒2k≥5+k⇒2k≥5+k
The minimum value of k that satisfied the above relation is 3. Hence, we require 3 parity
bits p1, p2, and p3. Therefore, the number of bits in Hamming code will be 7, since there are
4 bits in binary code and 3 parity bits. We have to place the parity bits and bits of binary
code in the Hamming code as shown below.
3
 For a 4-bit code there are 3 parity bits p1, p2 and p3 at location 1, 2 and 4 resp.
marks
 So, the code will be: “p1 p2 n1 p3 n2 n3 n4” where, n1, n2, n3, n4 are bits of the
code and p1,p2 and p3 are parity bits to be calculated for
 Therefore, the code for even parity is calculated as below: calculat
statement Bits ing
Odd Parity for bits 1,3,5,7 P1 n1 n2 n4 hammi
1 0 0 ng code
0 1 0 0
Odd parity for bits 2,3,6,7 P2 n1 n3 n4
1 1 0
1 1 1 0
Odd parity for bits 4,5,6,7 P3 n2 n3 n4
0 1 0
0 0 1 0
Therefore ODD parity hamming code will be 0110010
Q.5 Attempt any TWO of the following: 12-
Total
Marks
(a) A discrete memory less source has an alphabet of seven symbols with probabilities foe 6M
its output given in the following table:
Symbol S0 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
Probability 0.25 0.25 0.125 0.125 0.125 0.0625 0.0625
Compute:
(i) Huffman code for the above source.
(ii) The coding efficiency of the designed Huffman code.
Ans: The Huffman code for the source is: 2M
Page 11/15
(Autonomous)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
2M
2M
(b) Compare binary ASK, FSK &PSK modulation techniques (any six points). 6M
Page 12/15
(Autonomous)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Ans: 1M
Sr. Parameter Binary ASK Binary FSK Binary PSK each
No for any
1. Variable Amplitude Frequency Phase 6 valid
Characteristic points
2. Maximum 2fb 5 fb /3 2fb
bandwidth(Hz)
3. Noise low high high
immunity
4. Error high low low
probability
5. Performance poor Better than Better than
in presence of ASK FSK
noise
6. Complexity Simple Moderately Very
complex complex
7. Bit rate Suitable upto 100 Suitable upto Suitable for
bits/sec about 1200 high bit rates
bits/sec
8. Detection Envelope Envelope Coherent
method
“Adaptive Delta modulation reduces slope overload distortion and granular noise
(c) 6M
present in delta modulation”. Justify the above statement regarding ADM.
Ans: In delta modulation, the step size is constant so slope overload distortion and granular noise 1M for
both cannot be controlled. These drawbacks can be controlled by using adaptive delta drawba
modulation wherein the step size is variable. cks in
Fig. below shows ADM transmitter and its waveform, DM
1M for
ADM
Block
diagra
m
2M for
ADM
wavefo
rm
2M
explana
tion
Page 13/15
(Autonomous)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
12
Q.6 Attempt any TWO of the following:
Marks
(a) Explain QPSK transmitter with block diagram its constellation diagram. 6M
Ans: 2M for
block
diagra
m
2M
explana
tion
2M
constell
ation
diagra
Constellation diagram of QPSK m
(b) Distinguish between m-ary PSK & m-ary FSK techniques.(Any six points) 6M
Ans: Parameter M-ary PSK M-ary FSK 1M

Number of bits per N [M = 2N] N [M = 2N] each
symbol for any
Symbol duration TS=NTb TS=NTb 6 valid
Variable parameter Phase Frequency points
Demodulation Coherent Non-Coherent
Page 14/15
(Autonomous)
__________________________________________________________________________________________________
Method
Bandwidth 2fb/N 2 N+1fb/N
Probability of Error More than that in M-ary FSK Less than that in M-ary
PSK
Transmitted signal
Explain fast frequency hopping techniques with suitable waveforms. State its
(c) 6M
advantage and disadvantages.
Ans:  In Fast Frequency hopping multiple frequencies or hops are used to transmit one 2M
symbol. explana
 The hop rate is higher than symbol rate but chip rate is equal to hop rate tion
 For each symbol several hops takes place. So several frequencies changes for one
symbol such that symbol rate Rs< Hop rate Rh
 A jammer cannot detect this signal because one symbol is transmitted using more
than one carrier frequency.
2M
diagra
m
Advantages : 1M
1. The processing gain is higher each
2. More secured transmission as only transmitter and receiver are aware of PN Codes for any
3. Shorter time for acquisition one
4. Robust technology adavan
Disadvantages : tage
1. Bandwidth requirement is more [GHz] and
2. Lower Coverage range due to high SNR requirement at receiver disadva
3. Complex and expensive digital frequency synthesizers are required ntage
4. Data rates are low
Page 15/15

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Zeal Education Society’s

ZEAL POLYTECHNIC, PUNE.

SECOND YEAR (SY)

NAME OF SUBJECT: DIGITAL COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS

MSBTE QUESTION PAPERS & MODEL ANSWERS

Instructions : (1) All Questions are compulsory.

2. Attempt any THREE of the following : 3 × 4 = 12

4. Attempt any THREE of the following : 3 × 4 = 12

5. Attempt any TWO of the following : 2 × 6 = 12

6. Attempt any TWO of the following : 2 × 6 = 12

Important Instructions to examiners:

Q. Sub Q. Answers Markin

1 (A) Attempt any FIVE of the following: 10-

Ans: Advantages of digital communication Any 2

 Wide dynamic range.

 Because of the advances of IC technologies and high speed computers, digital

 Digital communication is adaptive to other advance branches of data processing

 The transmission of digitally encoded analog signals requires significantly more

(b) State characteristics of communication channel. 2M

Ans: Characteristics of communication channel. Any 2

(c) State sampling theorem. 2M

Ans: Sampling theorem: 2M

(d) List different digital modulation techniques. 2M

Ans: List of Different Digital Modulation technique:- ANY 4

e) State advantages of TDMA over FDMA 2M

f) State the need of multiplexing. 2M

Ans: Need of multiplexing 2M

g) State applications of spread spectrum modulation. 2M

Ans: 1. Jam-resistant communication systems Any 2

Q. Sub Q. .Answers Markin

2 Attempt any THREE of the following: 12-

a) State Hartley’s law and Shannon Hartley’s theorem. 4M

Ans: Hartley’s law 2M

Shannon’s Hartley theorem:

Where, B = Channel Bandwidth S = Signal Power N = Noise within the channel

b) Describe slope overload and granular noise in DM system 4M

Ans: SLOPE-OVERLOAD DISTORTION: 2M

c) Describe natural sampling with neat sketch. 4M

Ans: 1. Natural Sampling or Chopper Sampling 1M

Spectrum of Natural Sampled Signal is given by:

Natural Sampled Waveform 1M

d) Describe generation of BASK signal with the help of block diagram 4M

Unipolar Product BPF ASK

Explanation of ASK Transmitter

 The ASK technique of binary modulation is illustrated in Figure where modulating 1M

Q. Sub Q. Answers Markin

3 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12-

a) Explain any one method of error detection with example. 4M

The LRC is 00101111 (2FH)

At the receiver ends.

Ans: Block diagram of PCM receiver:- Any

 The pulse generator has to operate in synchronization with that at transmitter.

hence it is bursty communication. It is non-continuous. TDMA cannot send an analog

Sharing of time & Sharing of time of satellite Sharing of time and

Q. Sub Q. Answers Markin

4 Attempt any THREE of the following : 12-

Ans: ADM transmitter Block diagram:- (Block

irrespective of whether it is positively charged or negatively.

BLOCK DIAGRAM OF TDM SYSTEM: