Annual Sessions of IESL, pp.

[75 - 84], 2018

© The Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka

Practices of large Volume Concrete Pouring in

High-rise Building Foundations
Samitha U. Jayakody and K.A. Bandhuka P Kuruppu

Abstract: Reinforced Concrete buildings, especially high-rise buildings continue to increase in

complexity, size and extent, speed and high compressive strength in concrete. Since the construction
industry booms in Colombo, Sri Lanka, it has given high priority by the stakeholders of the industry.
As a result, engineers, contractors, and ready-mix suppliers etc. are faced with new challenges. In
addition to the quality considerations in a mass concrete pour, the operational considerations like
planning, designing, organizing, controlling are vital. The quality aspects of concrete specially
pertaining to thermal issues too are to be given prominent attention.

Traditionally and practically concrete which demands cement more than 325Kg/m 3 and sections
beyond 1m in depth will be susceptible to substantial thermal related issues. In today’s concrete
buildings, it is not uncommon to have a 2m-thick concrete elements such as transfer beam, rafts and
demands higher grade concrete mixes. Foundations, customary for tall buildings tend to cause the
most concern. The ITC tower building raft foundation was 3.5m in height and 10,000 m3 in total
volume. It was divided into two parts and the first and the largest pour was about 6,500 m3.

In large concrete elements, the interior is considered to be hydrating in an essentially adiabatic

process. Because of the low thermal conductivity of concrete, the heat of hydration from its interior is
prevented from being released into the environment, thus a negligible amount of heat is lost, compare
to exterior of concrete element. The resulting large temperature differential between the interior and
exterior of a concrete element may lead to thermal cracking.

1. Introduction another tower of 140 metres height. The project

has a unique feature of a Sky Bridge with a
A major concrete pour of 6500 cubic-metres was swimming pool at 100-metres height
done at ITC One Colombo One project (Figure connecting the Residential Tower with the
1) located on the 5.87 acres of land on Galle Hotel Tower. The major construction work in
Face Road, Colombo - 01 adjacent to the Taj the project started in January 2017 with the
Samudra hotel in August 2017. mobilization of the general contractor, Larsen
and Toubro Limited, a major engineering
organization from India working in various
countries across the globe. Subsequently Sri
Lankan sub-contractors were finalized for the
civil and structural work.

The Residential Tower which is the taller one is

being constructed by International
Construction Consortium (Pvt.) Ltd (ICC), a
highly reputed Sri Lankan engineering
construction company. The major concrete
pour is for the raft foundation of the Residential
Tower in the project which has been done with
some special features. As per the available
Figure 1 – ITC Colombo One Hotel and records, this single pour of 6,500 m³ concrete is
Residences the largest single concrete pour in Sri Lanka.

ITC One Colombo One project is a mixed

Eng.S.U.Jayakody, M.Eng. (Saitama, Japan), B.Sc. Eng.
development project of two tall towers on the (Moratuwa, Sri Lanka), Director-Projects (CSEC).
Galle Face road, consisting of 135 units of high-
end residential apartments in a 224-metre tall Eng. K.A.B.P. Kuruppu, B.Sc. Eng. (Moratuwa, Sri
Lanka), Planning Engineer (ICC Pvt. Ltd.)
tower and a five-star hotel of 350 keys in

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75 ENGINEER
Guinness world record (Figure 2) for the largest especially in the first few days or weeks after
continuous concrete pour is 21,580 m³ casting [1]. This heat production can produce
(28,225.57 yd³) and was achieved by Abdul high temperatures at the centre of the mass
Wahed Bin Shabib, RALS Contracting L.L.C concrete due to the insulating effect of the
and Alfa Eng. Consultant (all UAE), in Dubai, concrete. Since the concrete surface
UAE, from 18 to 20 May 2017. temperatures are lower due to the heat
dissipated into the ambient environment,
temperature gradients are formed. These
changes in temperature create volumetric
changes, i.e. expansion from heating and
contraction from cooling in the concrete. When
these volumetric changes are restrained by the
supports and the more mature interior concrete,
tensile stresses are formed on the concrete’s
surface. If the surface tensile stresses become
higher than overall tensile strength of the
concrete, cracking normally occurs. The
cracking is even magnified in early age concrete
Figure 2 – Largest continuous concrete pour that is still developing its full strength [4].
(Guinness world record – Dubai, UAE)
Although the effects of thermal gradients on
The major pour was a raft foundation for the mass concrete is well known in developed
residential building consisting of four countries, there is no agreed maximum
basements, a ground floor and 49 upper floors. allowable temperature differential value
The operation was done by ICC, who between the centre of a mass concrete element
coordinated the technical and logistics plan and and its surface. Bobko et al. [3], have modelled
led the team along with the consultant the thermal behaviour of hydrating mass
structural designer, architects and the concrete with some degree of success and have
compliance team who maintained the quality fixed the temperature differential at 20°C
and high level of safety during the pour. (35°F). However, in the country where this
temperature differential value was developed, a
This major concrete pour was started Friday the several agencies have established their own
5th of August and continued till Monday the guidelines to regulate and control the adverse
07th August 2017 continuously and operated effect of thermal cracking in mass concrete
with 5 pump cars and nearly 1300 truck-mixer depending on the time and location where such
loads from three concrete suppliers namely massive concrete projects are taking place [6].
Access Engineering, Informex and International This confirms the fact that heat generation in
Construction Consortium (ICC). mass concrete structures varies for the tropics
and the temperate zones for the same type of
The entire operation was carried out by ICC cement [5]. But in the tropics, specifically Sri
with around 400 workforce and 80 staff in 3 Lanka, these values do not even exist. Thus the
days in a row. A well-organized traffic thermal behaviour of the pour was modelled in
management system had already in placed computer simulation and the recorded values
along with a comprehensive safety and security were compared with the mock-up block
arrangement on site with the blessings and readings. The model study and experimental
cooperation of Police, Military and Colombo results of the mock-up sample were recorded to
Municipal Council. be with in the tolerable limits. Further
modelling was carried out on the full scale FEM
1.1 Literature Review model and the recorded results too found to be
within the limits thus increased the confidence
Whenever large volume of fresh concrete is level of the actual operation.
poured during the construction of large
homogeneous structures such as dams, bridges, Keywords: Mass concrete, Portland
water retaining structures and foundations, cement, Fly ash, Initial placing temperature,
consideration is always given to the amount of Heat of hydration, Adiabatic temperature rise,
heat that will be generated[7]. The concrete Peak temperature, Temperature differential,
hydration is an exothermic reaction that can Compressive strength, mass concrete;
produce high amounts of heat during curing,

ENGINEER 2
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hydration; temperature; thermal cracks; finite
element model

2. Planning

2.1 Execution plan

This was a challenging task and a new

experience for the team as it was going to be the
largest single pour of concrete in Sri Lanka. The
major activities related to the pour were;
Figure 4 – Use of permanent steel formwork
reinforcement work, formwork, concrete work,
sheets as separators
logistics, quality and safety assurance.
The raft covered the entire foot print of the
2.1.1 Reinforcement work
residential tower; however the entire raft was
not poured in once. As shown in Figure 5; Zone
Around 1250MT of steel was used for the raft,
T04 and T05 were done together continuously
Top mesh, bottom mesh and all additional bars
in first pour, which lead to a record breaking
were in 40mm diameter. As the height of raft
pour volume of 6500m3. Raft of zone T06 and
was 3.5m, it looked like a giant reinforcement
T03 was done later and that volume (3000m3)
cage. For the continuation of bars, 40mm
too was a large pour operation in the
diameter mechanical couplers were used.
construction field of Sri Lanka.
Figure 3 shows how it was from inside the raft
reinforcement work.

Figure 3 – Reinforcement work in 3.5m raft

Figure 5 –Plan showing the area of mass pour
2.1.2 Formwork
2.2 Pour Plan
Formwork of the boundary of the raft (North
end and west end) was done with conventional
2.2.1 Zoning for mass structural concrete
methods while the east end and west end were
pour
covered by the diaphragm wall.
Considering the possibility of reaching the
Apart from this; construction joints were done
pumping booms to the pouring locations,
separating the raft into 05 areas, this separation
concrete supply rate and traffic control; Zone
was done as a contingency plan in order to face
T04 and T05 were again separated in to 5 parts
any miss-functioning of concrete supply. For
with permanent steel formwork sheets.
these construction joints; a permanent steel
formwork sheet (Hy-rib) was used. All the
As mentioned the raft was separated into 05
design calculations for each formwork system
zones such as T04 into T04A, T04B and T04C;
were done and checked prior to the execution.
T05 into T05A and T05B. Figure 6 shows the
Figure 4 shows the permanent steel formwork
plan of all pouring zones.
sheets used for separation.

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77 ENGINEER
 P1 – Pump car 01
P2 – Pump car 02
P3 – Pump car 03
P4 – Pump car 04
P4a – Stationary pump
P5 – Pump car 05
D - Distributor

Figure 8 shows the pour completion of zone

T04A and P1, P3, P4a, P5 in operation.

Figure 6 – Zoning for Mass Structural

Concrete Pour

2.2.2 Pouring sequence

Figure 8 – P1, P3, P4a and P5 in operation
The plan was to complete zone by zone thus
avoiding the risk of any break down and 2.3 Quality plan
formation of cold joints in the raft. During the
operation there were 8 pump cars and 5 in Major concern of this operation is maintaining
operation from selected locations and 3 on the specified quality levels throughout the
standby. entire operation. Quality control and quality
assurance activities were scheduled to assure
Figure 7 illustrates the pump cars and the customer that the quality targets will be
stationery pump locations. The order of met. The special concrete mix design of grade
pouring was namely from T04A, T04B, T05A, C50 at 56 days was poured for the entire raft.
T04C and T05B and volumes were 960, 2030, Three concrete ready-mix plants were involved
1100, 1050 and 1300 m3 respectively. in the operation.

Figure 10, illustrates the concrete supply routes 2.4 Details of the tests carried out
during the operation. At each pump location,
quality assurance and quality control units Grade of Concrete shall be, C50@56 days with
were installed where all slump checks were OPC + 40% Fly ash and admixture: Hypercrete
carried out and test cubes were done and kept. plus M was added as the admixture.

All pour records at each pump location were Cube Casting for Strength
reported to the central control point.  One set – To be checked at 3, 7, 14, 28,
42, 56, 90, 180 – 3 cubes each
• Others according to the frequency
Cube Casting for Durability
• Water Permeability – 6 Cubes (56,90)
• Water Absorption – 6 Cubes (56,90)
• Initial Surface Absorption – 6 Cubes
(56,90)
• Chloride Diffusion Coefficient – 3
Cubes (56)
• Chloride & Sulphate Levels – 2 Cube
(56,90)
• Total Cubes for Durability = 23 Cubes
Cylinder casting for durability
Figure 7 – Pump cars and stationary pump • 150 mm Cylinders for MOE – 6
locations Cylinders (56 Days,90 Days)

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 • 100 mm Cylinders for RCPT (Cl- previously poured concrete remain in plastic
penetration test)– 6 Cylinders (56 state and effectively bond to create a
Days,90 Days) homogeneous concrete with the new layer of
Beam Casting for Tensile Strength poured concrete.
• 150 x 150 x 750 mm Beams (7,56)
2.4.2 Heat of Hydration and temperature
2.4.1 Arrangement of thermo couples and monitoring of Mock-up Concrete
monitoring of heat hydration. sample.

Temperature controlled concrete is used in to A mock-up concrete pour was done and the
any concrete exceeding the thickness of 1.5m. temperatures of the core and the surface were
Since the raft slab thickness is 3.5m, the monitored at site. The mould was of the size of
concrete in the raft should be regulated and 2m x 2m x 1.5m with a reinforcement cage of
controlled to confirm the stipulated 16mm tor-steel mesh at 225 centre to centre
temperature standards. The placed concrete spacing, whilst maintaining covering of 50mm
was thus carefully designed with appropriate to the surface. All sides of the mould were
ingredients to comply with temperature insulated with, first a 12mm thick plywood
controlled concrete and modelled before usage followed by a 50mm thick polystyrene or PUF
by a mock-up test and total computer layer and a 19mm thick plywood shutter. The
simulation using FEM for the total bulk entire formwork was covered with a layer of
concrete block. Thermo couples were 1000 gauge plastic sheet.
adequately placed and monitored for nearly a
month after the placement. Post cast 2.4.3 Heat of Hydration and temperature
precautions like adequate curing and protection monitoring of Mock-up Concrete
of the concrete was also made. Crack free sample.
concrete was thus ensured. FEM was done and the results were compared
with the actual readings. See figure 9.
The temperature of the concrete was controlled
with the help of cold water/ ice flakes or other
suitable methods (with the prior approval). The
temperature of the concrete was recorded
below 280C during loading at the batching plant
and placed in the raft before it reaches 320C.

The exposed surface of the concrete was

insulated once the setting time is reached with
polystyrene sheets and polythene layers to Figure 9 – Mock-up model
maintain the difference between core
temperature and the surface temperature Figure 10 shows the temperature rise in mock-
within a limit of 15°C. This temperature should up; simulated values and experimental values.
be maintained for at least a period of 96 hours,
and no means of water curing will be done
during this period of time.
Te
Thermocouples were used to monitor the m
temperature of the Bottom, the core and the pe
surface. The temperature variance was rat
monitored at equal intervals of 1 hour ur
e
throughout the first 4 days and at 2 hours on
(0
the following 3 days (132 readings in total) C)
during its hardening process. At no instance the
peak temperature should not exceed 85°C. The
thermocouples and the data-logger were
calibrated before the experiment is conducted. Age (Hrs)

During large pours where concreting might Figure 10 - Mock up model and temperature
have to be done in layers, retarders shall be rise in the sample (Simulated vs Actual)
used to ensure, the top most layer of the 2.4.4 Theoretical computation of Heat of
Hydration and temperature rise.

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79 ENGINEER
Empirical Calculation of Adiabatic As shown in Figure 12, twelve numbers of
Temperature Rise (based on “Properties of locations were selected to install thermo-
Concrete” by A.M. Neville and CIRIA Report couples. This selection was based on the
91 by Dr. T.A. Harrison) arrangement of construction joints and the
requirement of distribution of monitoring
The recorded highest temperature from the points in the tower raft.
FEM model was very significantly 85 0C.
Noticeably the highest ever temperature record 01, 02, 03, 03b, 04, 05, 06, 07a, 07, 08, 09 and 10
in the prototype operation and the theoretical are the selected locations shown in Figure 12.
computation too reached approximately 85 0C.
Thus, as to bench mark anticipated temperature 3.2 Thermocouple arrangement in each
rise the authors recommend both methods thus location (in vertical direction)
early warning of possible ultimate temperature
rise. Figure 11 shows the complete model for
the tower raft.

Figure 11 – Max Von Mises stress

Considering the results obtained from the

model, it was decided to record the actual
temperature variance in the tower raft. Purpose
of this was to understand the thermal
behaviour of this type of a raft and to check
whether it’s okay to remove the insulation and
to continue other construction works on the
raft.

3.0 Actual temperature variance in

tower raft.

3.1 Thermocouple arrangement in the Figure 13 – Arrangement of thermo-couples in

actual raft each location –elevations

Figure 13 shows the arrangement of

thermocouples in each point.

3.3 Analysis of Temperature records

Figure 21 shows the Key-plan for the

temperature monitoring points in the raft and
how the zoning was done. The same zoning
notation will be used in graphs as well. Each
location was facilitated with at least 3 thermo-
couples which monitor the surface, mid core
and bottom related temperatures of the raft. For
Figure 12 – Thermo-couples and two data some selected points; 5 Nos of thermocouples
loggers arrangement on the actual raft. installed.

Figure 12 shows the thermocouple map on the

raft.

ENGINEER 6
80
 Figure 12 – Thermocouple map
Figure 13 – Temperature variance in Place 03
As per the recorded temperature variation, (Zone T04B)
almost all locations show a similar resultwhich
is elaborated in Figure 13 and Figure 14 as
well.This monitoring process of temperature
was important to take the decision; when to
remove the thermal insulation coverings on the
raft surface after the pouring operation. This
tells that further continuation of construction
works on the raft will be delayed accordingly.

The recorded temperature at the surface, mid

core and the bottom with external ambient
temperature were recorded and analysed. It
was self-explanatory that the maximum
temperatures were noted at the core. Bottom
was recorded second highest and top surface,
which was covered with a membrane curing
layer and 100mm Styrofoam cover on top
recorded the lowest figures. The total thermal Figure 14 – Temperature variance in Place 05
cover was further protected with an overlaying (Zone T04B)
thick tarpaulin sheet. Cooling rate was
recorded maximum at the bottom layer For both above Figure 13 and Figure 14, 1-Top
followed by mid core and top surface most thermocouple, 2-Mid level thermocouple
temperature was recorded constant even 2-3 and 3-Bottom most thermocouple; please refer
weeks’ time which state the effective top Figure 18 for arrangement of thermocouples in
thermal insulation cover produces appropriate each point. Readings from two selected
gradual top temperature gradient. This ensured locations are considered here since almost all
that top surface was free from even minor location observations show similar variation.
surface shrinkage cracks. Also noticed that the Total 12 Nos of points monitored.
temperature difference between any two layers
was less than 20 0C. The lowest ever recorded
was 58 0C and the highest ever temperature
recorded was 84 0C. The most reasonable
reason would be the arrival of new cement
shipment and empty cement silos got filled
with new bulk and further changing the Fly ash
source due to a shortage of the material. Final
fly ash was a granulated bottom ash source.

Figure 15 shows how the insulation was done

over the raft. The methodology is given under
3.4 if this paper.
Figure 15 – Thermal insulation cover on entire
raft top surface.

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81 ENGINEER
3.4 Curing of concrete

Membrane curing, (MasterKure 181) was used

on concrete surface, and Gauge 500 polythene
03
layer was put on the membrane curing, and
two layers of 50mm thick polystyrene sheet
layers were put and finally the area was Max. Restraint
covered by polyurethane cover (Tarpaulin). The 02
cover continued until the concrete temperature
drops below 45 0C. The time taken for this
phenomenon to occur was recorded
approximately 5 weeks. Until such time
working and loading on top of the raft was not 01
done. A time extension for this worthy reason
was proposed.
Figure 17 – Minimum delay between casting
Below points were taken in to consideration adjacent layers.
during post pour operation;
Here T04A, T04B and T04C were done in order
 Temperature shall be observed until maintaining a minimum delay between
the temperature difference between adjacent layers.
surface temperature and ambient
temperature is below 20 0C The previous pour was always warm when
 Gradient temperature between core pouring the adjacent pour. Hence the
and surface shall be below 20 0C temperature difference between adjacent layers
 Concrete temperature at pouring shall kept minimized.
below 32 0C
 Observed temperature log plotted and When it comes to the T05A and T05B, those
prepared. were done after T04A, T04B and T04C while
having a time delay of minimum 24 hours.
3.5 Time between adjacent pour volumes
When the principal strain acts perpendicular to
When the principal restraint is acting along the the joint, Time between adjacent layers shall be
direction of joint, the time between adjacent maximized [2]. Figure 18 shows how it was
strips or lifts should be minimized. (See Figure practiced while concreting T05A and T05B.
16)

03

Done

02 Max. Restraint Max Restraint.

Done

01

Done
Figure 16 – Minimize the time between
casting adjacent bays [2]
Figure 18 – Pour T05A and T05B done with a
time delay of 24 hours after completion of
This was practiced at site as well; zone T04A,
T04A, T04B and T04C
zone T04B and zone T04C were done with a
minimum delay between adjacent layers. Same
was practiced during the major pour operation To avoid any excessive restrain in either
as shown in Figure 17. direction, a square shape is preferred for the
given volume of concrete. T05A and T05B

ENGINEER 8
82
pours were arranged based on this as T05A and When insulation is not done, there will be some
T05B were done one after other with a tension at surface, but with a proper insulation
minimized time delay. this surface tension can be minimized to a
certain extent. However if the insulation is
3.6 Insulation period removed early, the condition will be worse as
surface tension will be increased than it had
Table 01 – Minimum periods of insulation to with no-insulation (Due to the sudden change).
avoid excessive temperature differentials. [2]
For the subjected pour, this was monitored
Minimum period properly along with the raft temperature
Minimum pour of insulation readings and insulation was done for 5 weeks.
dimension (m) (Days) At the end subjected raft surface found free of
thermal cracks.
0.5 3
1.0 5
4.0 Human resource planning
1.5 7
2.0 9 As in the normal case managing human
2.5 11 resource for a continuous and strenuous
4.5 21 operation of this calibre was challenging.
Organizing shift works, for both labour and
For this pour, the raft height was 3.5m and staff, timely transportation, fleet of petrol
insulation period took approximately 5 weeks vehicles with observers, monitoring distance
to meet the requirements as mentioned in 3.4 of locations like remote batching plants, logistics,
this paper. QA procedures, supplies, break down services
and maintenance etc. demands immense and
The important thing in insulation was avoiding precise planning, organizing and directing with
early age removal as it might make the things monitoring of the whole operation.
worse than no-insulation. [2]
5.0 Temperature problem in
Once it’s insulated it has to be maintained concreting
properly until the effect after removal of
insulation is within acceptable limits. There are some special problems involved in
concreting in hot weather arising both from a
higher temperature of the concrete and in many
Temperature

Top:
cases, from an increased rate of evaporation
from the fresh mix. In the case of large volumes
Core:
or mass concrete works, the problems are
Bottom: associated with possible cracking in
consequence of a temperature rise and
At peak (After 3 subsequent fall due to the heat of hydration of
Days) cement and of the concomitant restrained
volume changes.

The high temperature in fresh concrete is also

Temperature

Top: detrimental when placing large concrete

volumes because greater temperature
Core: differentials can develop between parts of the
mass due to more rapid evolution of heat of
Bottom: hydration of cement and subsequent cooling
When removing insulation induces tensile stresses which may cause
coverings (After 24 Days) thermal cracking too.

Figure 19 – Summary of observed average Formation of anhydriteettringite due to

temperature variation in vertical direction of restrained hydration since less water may also
the raft. (Reference: Figure 13 and Figure 14) create unwarranted expansion inside the core
leading to internal cracking. The following

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83 ENGINEER
precautions were taken to mitigate these managing the event on professional platform
detrimental effects. had caused defect free and successful
completion of the largest concrete pour in Sri
1. One source cement Lanka, even without past experience which will
2. Compartmental concrete operation be in par with the large volume.
ensuring unwanted mixing of different
suppliers
Acknowledgement
3. Using chilled water and ice to cool down
initial temperature keeping ice as a heat
We would also like to show our gratitude to the
reservoir mobilizing massive latent heat of International Construction Consortium
fusion. (ICC)Pvt. Ltd. Management, SPM, Eng. D.R.H.
4. Covering aggregates and cooling with ice Liyanage, Planning Eng. N.N. Gobidan and
water project team for sharing their experience and
5. Maximum fly-ash usage (40%) and knowledge with us during the course of this
laboratory and plant trials to ascertain rise research.
of temperature and strength.
6. Cement was kept in silos for 3 days and References
avoid just in time supply that due to
friction cement temperature rises. 1. ACI Committee 207. Guide to mass
7. White painted silos, truck mixture and concrete, ACI 207.1R-05. Farmington Hills,
MI: American Concrete Institute, 2005
drums wrapped with wet gunnies.
2. Bamforth, P.B. and Price, W.F,Concreting
8. Late form work removal.
deep lifts and large volumepours,CIRIA,
9. Low heat Portland cement London, 1995
10. Usage of set – retarders thus avoiding 3. Bobko, P. C., Edwards, J. A., Seracino, R., &
uncontrollable heat gain and formation of Zia, P. (Thermal cracking of mass concrete
cold joints bridge footings in coastal environments. Journal
11. Dry wrap with insulation after membrane of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 29,
curing of 100mm thick maintained water 0401–4171, 2015
pooling. 4. Cervera, M., Faria, R., Oliver, J., & Prato, T.
Numerical modelling of concrete curing,
12. Clean aggregates without contaminants
regarding hydration and temperature
specially like soleplates, chlorides etc. and phenomena. Computers & Structures, 2002,
gradation is as specified avoiding 1511– 1521.
unnecessary and undesirable high 5. Do, A. T., Lawrence, M. A., Tia, M., &
absorption of water to aggregates. Bergin, M. J.Effects of thermal conductivity of
soil on temperature development and cracking in
mass concrete footings. Journal of Testing and
6.0 Conclusion Evaluation, 2015, 43, 1078–1090.
6. Edwards, A. J.Early age thermal cracking of
mass concrete footings on bridges in coastal
The Sri Lanka’s largest concrete pour was
environments (Unpublished MSc Graduate
completed successfully at ITC tower, One, Thesis). North Carolina State University,
Galleface, Colombo one using local resources Raleigh, 2013
and expertise. Professional approach to conduct 7. Gajda, J.Mass concrete for buildings and
such a huge operation brought us successful bridges. Skokie, IL: Portland Cement
final note. From the remote supply sources, Association, 2007 and Gajda, J., &Vangeem,
series of trial mixes and lab and plant trials M.Controlling temperatures in mass concrete.
helped to study the main component Concrete International, 2002, 24, 59–62.
“Concrete” to greater depth. Better technical
planning brought the success to the whole
operation and to the team. Better planning
associated with good team work let to perform
better organized operations. All technical
findings were discussed in deep in their
relevant chapters. The lesson learned during
the operation was immense and due better

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