Laboratory Manual

ENGINEERING PHYSICS
Revised Edition 2018

Department of Applied Science

International Centre of Excellence in Engineering and Management
Waluj, Aurangabad-431136 (M.S.)
Tel.: 0240-2558101, Fax: 0240-2558111:
Website: www.iceemabad.com

27-Aug-18
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1

BAND GAP ENERGY DETERMINATION

Name of the Student:-____________________________________

Class:- __________ Roll No._____________ Date:-______________

Sem.:-__________ A.Y.:-________Remark:-____________

AIM : To determine the band gap energy of the semiconductor material

used for P-N junction diode.

EQUIPMENTS: Diode, Microammeter, 1.5 V supply, Heating coil, Paraffin oil

etc.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM :

μA
- +

1.5 V

------------------------------
--------------D----------------
------------------------------
------------------------------
------------------------------
------------------------------
------------------------------

FORMULA :Eg= 0.198 X Slope eV

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Temp. t o c
Current Is μ A
Temp. t o c
Current Is μ A

27-Aug-18
CALCULATION TABLE

Obs Temp. Temp. 103 Current

Log10Is
. No. to To K T Is μ A

CALCULATIONS :
1] Slope =

2] Eg = 0.198 X Slope eV

RESULT : Band gap energy of the material = -------- eV

27-Aug-18
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in diagram
2. Switch ON the circuit
3. Heat the oil upto 75 o C
4. Place the diode in the oil
5. Record the current for each 2oC fall of temp., till temp. falls upto 50 o C
6. Switch OFF the circuit

GRAPH : Plot the graph of 103/T against Log 10Is

QUESTION BANK

Q.1 What is mean by Band gap energy in semiconductor.

Q.2 Explain the classification of solid on basis of band theory.
Q.3 Define different types of band present in solid.
Q.4 What is Hall effect ?write it’s mathematical equation.

27-Aug-18
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2

DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

Name of the Student:-____________________________________

Class:- __________ Roll No._____________ Date:-______________

Sem.:-__________ A.Y.:-________Remark:-____________

AIM:-
To plot Forward & Reverse bias characteristics of Semiconductor

EQUIPMENTS:-
Semiconductor Diode, Power supply, Voltmeter, Microammeter,
Milliammeter, etc.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-
A] Forward bias:-
mA
+ -

+
V
1.5V D -
R1

B] Reverse Bias:-
μA
+ -

+
V

-
30 V

OBSERVATION TABLE:-

27-Aug-18
 Forward Bias Reverse Bias

V volts I mA V volts I μA

RESULT:-

A] The characteristics of diodes are as shown in graphs.

B] The forward current increases sharply with the increase in applied voltage.
C] For Semiconductor diode, very minute current flows in reverse bias condition.

PROCEDURE :-
A] Forward Bias:-
1] Connect the circuit No.1 for Semiconductor diode.
2] With the help of R1 adjust the voltage across diode in suitable steps
& record the corresponding current.
3] Connect the same circuit for zener diode & repeat the above
procedure.
B] Reverse Bias :-
1] Connect the Circuit No.2
2] For various voltages across diode, record the corresponding current
3] Connect the circuit No.3
4] Increase the supply voltage in suitable steps & measure the
corresponding voltage across the diode & current in the circuit.

GRAPH :
27-Aug-18
 Plot the graph of voltage across diode ( V ) against current ( I ) forward &
reverse bias of both the diodes.

PRECAUTIONS :

Don’t increase the voltage or current beyond the limits of measuring meters

&given data.

QUESTION BANK

Q.1 Explain P-N Junction diode formation.

Q.2 What’s mean by forward bias & Reverse bias condition
Q.3 Write application of P-N Junction diode in electronic circuit.
Q.4 what is mean by potential barrier & break down voltage.

27-Aug-18
 EXPERIMENT NO. 3
TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS

Name of the Student:-____________________________________

Class:- __________ Roll No._____________ Date:-______________

Sem.:-__________ A.Y.:-________Remark:-____________

AIM :-To plot the input & output characteristics of given N-P-N transistor in CE
configuration.
APPARATUS: Transistor, power supplies, voltmeter, micro ammeter,
milliammeter etc.
CIRTUIT DIAGRAM :
IC
- +

IB -
+ -
+

+ VCE 10v
-
VBE
1.5V -
R1

OBSERVATIONS TABLE :-

Input Characteristics Output Characteristics

IB = ----- IB= ------ IB= ------
VCE = ---V VCE = ---V VCE = ---V
μA μA μA
VBE IB VBE IB VBE IB VCE IC VCE IC VCE IC
V mA V mA V mA V mA V mA V mA

27-Aug-18
RESULT :
A] Input characteristics:
For constant value of VCE, Base current IBrapidally increases with VBE
B] Output characteristics:
For a constant value of VCE, Collector current IC increases with IB.
PROCEDURE:

A] INPUT CHARACTERISTICS :

1. Connect the circuit except Ic (short these terminals)

2. Set R1 & R2 for maximum resistance.
3. Switch ON the supply.
4. Adjust the VCE by R2 as specified.
5. Increase the VBE by R1& record corresponding IB for
specified values.

B] OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit except VBE.

2. Set R1 & R2 for maximum resistance.
3. Switch ON the supply.
4. Adjust the IBby R1 as specified.
5. Increase the VCE by R2& record corresponding IC for
specified values.
6. Switch OFF the supply.

GRAPH : Plot the graph as,

Input characteristics - VBE against IB

Output characteristic - VCEagainst IC

QUESTION BANK

Q.1 What is mean by Transistor. Write it’s types?

Q.2 Explain working of NPN & PNP transistor.
Q.3 What is the difference between input & output characteristics of
transistor.
Q.4 Write application of transistor.

27-Aug-18
 EXPERIMENT NO. 4

PLANE DIFFRACTION GRATING

Name of the Student:-____________________________________

Class:- __________ Roll No._____________ Date:-______________

Sem.:-__________ A.Y.:-________Remark:-____________

AIM:-To determine the wavelength [ λ ] of different spectral lines emitted by

mercury source with the help of plane transmission grating.

APPARATUS :-Spectrometer, Mercury source, Plane transmission grating etc.

RAY DIAGRAM :-

Ist Order

Ist order

FORMULA :-
λ = 2.54 Sin θ
nN
where N = Number of lines per inch on grating
n = Order of Principal maxima
θ = Angle of diffraction
OBSERVATIONS:
1. L.C. of spectrometer = ………….
2. No. of Lines per inch on grating [N] = 15000

27-Aug-18
 OBSERVATION TABLE :
Central Slit : V' = V'' =

Spectrometer Vernier Readings

Order of Colour
Spectru of V1 V2 V'1 V'2
m Spectral
‘n’ lines TOTA
M.S V.S TOTAL M.S V.S TOTAL M.S V.S TOTAL M.S V.S
L
Violet-II

Green
1
Yellow-
I
Yellow-
II

CALCULATION TABLE :

2θ Angle
Order of Colour of
Mean of λ λ
Spectrum Spectral V2 - Sin θ
V1 -V'1 2θ Diff. cm A0
n lines V'2 θ
Violet-II

Green
1
Yellow-I

Yellow-II

RESULT :

The wavelength of various spectral lines of mercury source –

Violet-II Green Yellow-I Yellow-II

Colour

λ A0

******************************

27-Aug-18
PROCEDURE :

1. Observe the direct image of the slit through telescope. Record the vernier
V' and V''.
2. Rotate the telescope to the left side of direct image of slit till the vertical
cross wire coincides with each spectral line of first [ n=1] order spectrum
successively, record the vernier V1 and V2.
3. Repeat the procedure for right side of direct image of slit. Record the
vernier V’1 and V’2

QUESTION BANK

Q.1What’s mean by Diffraction?

Q.2 Explain with figure theory Plane Diffraction grating.
Q.3 Define the resolving power of grating.
Q.4 Write difference between Fraunhofer& Fresnel Diffraction

27-Aug-18
 Experimental No.- 05

Application of CRO

Name of the Student:-____________________________________

Class:- __________ Roll No._____________ Date:-______________

Sem.:-__________ A.Y.:-________Remark:-____________

Aim:- To measure frequency and amplitude by using CRO

Apparatus :- CRO, Frequency generator, Cables etc.

Circuit Diagram:-

Waveform:-

Amplitude:- Maximum displacement from it’s mean position

Observation Table:-
I) For Frequency Measurements:-
Sr. Number of division Time/Division Time for one Frequency of
No. covered by one cycle (n) factor (t) cycle T= n x t oscillation F=T/2

27-Aug-18
II) For Amplitude Measurements:-
Sr.No. Peak-Peak distance Voltage factor Peak Voltage Amplitude of
covered by one wave (a) (v) (P) oscillation(P/2)
P= (a x V)
1

Calculation:-

Result:-
1) Frequency =
2) Amplitude =

QUESTION BANK

Q.1 Draw block diagram of CRO

Q.2 Write application of CRO.

Q.3 Write production of positive ray? State it’s properties

Q.4 What is mean by electron refraction?(Bethe’s Law)

27-Aug-18
 EXPERIMENT NO. 6

DETERMINATION OF WAVELENGTH OF LASER SOURCE

Name of the Student:-____________________________________

Class:- __________ Roll No._____________ Date:-______________

Sem.:-__________ A.Y.:-________Remark:-____________

AIM: To determine the wavelength of LASER light using Diffraction Grating.

APPARATUS: Semiconductor laser, diffraction grating of various orders, an

optical bench stand, etc.

Theory:-
A diffraction grating is an optical device which produces spectra to diffraction.It
has a large no. of lines grooved on it .Thespectra consisting of different orders is
governed by the relation,
dsinθ = nλ
The number of lines on the grating is ,
d = 2.54/2500
Wavelength of laser light is,
ƛ = dsinθ/n
where, d= grating constant , n= 1,2,3,4…..

Diagram:-

27-Aug-18
Observation Table:-
Sr. D in Order Distance x cm Mean √X2 +D2 sinⱷ =x/√X2 ƛ cm
No cm L.H.S. R.H.S. x +D2

Calculation:

Result: . The wavelength of the given LASER beam is …………………

Procedure:- 1.Diode laser is mounted
Procedure: 1. Diode laser is mounted on it’s saddle.
2. A plane transmitting grating is mounted on an upright next to laser.
3. The position of x of the spot of 1st order on either side of central maxima is
marked.
4. The distance D between the grating and screen.

QUESTION BANK

Q1. What is the full form of laser?

Q2. How laser light is different from the ordinary light
Q3. What is population inversion?
Q4. What is pumping?
Q5. What is active medium?
Q6. What is the action of the optical resonator?
27-Aug-18
 EXPERIMENT NO. 07

POLARIMETER

Name of the Student:-____________________________________

Class:- __________ Roll No._____________ Date:-______________

Sem.:-__________ A.Y.:-________Remark:-____________

AIM : To determine the specific rotation of given sugar solution by using

Laurent’s half shade polarimeter.

APPARATUS :Polarimeter, Sugar, Distilled Water, Sodium source, etc.

DIAGRAM :
---------------------------
---------------------------
---------------------------
---------------------------
---------------------------
---------------------------
---------------------------
S P HF ---------------------------
T
--------------------------- A
---------------------------
---------------------------
---------------------------
---------------------------
---------------------------
FORMULA : α = 10.θ/ l --------
.c

α = [ 10/ l ] Slope

where , α = Specific rotation of sugar solution

θ = Angle of rotation, l = Length of tube in cm.
c = Concentration of sugar solution in gm/cc.

OBSERVATIONS :
1 L.C. of polarimeter = --------
2. Length of tube [ l ] = 20 cm.

OBSERVATION TABLE :
Distilled water circular scale reading Ist position = [a] =
IInd position = [b] =

27-Aug-18
 Sugar Sol. Circular Scale Reading
Sr.
No.
Conc. ‘c’ Ist Position ( a') IInd Position ( b' )
gm/cc
M.S. V.S TOTAL M.S. V.S TOTAL

1 0.100

2 0.075

3 0.050

4 0.025
CALCULATION TABLE :

Sr. Angle of Rotation Mean

Conc. a' b' θ/c
No. θ1 = a' - θ/c
c θ2 = b'-b θ = (θ1+θ2)/2
a
1 0.100

2 0.075

3 0.050

4 0.025

CALCULATIONS :
10.
1. α = l.c

2. Slope = ----------

3. α = [ 10/ l ] Slope

RESULT :
1. By analytical method, α = …….. per unit conc. per decimeter
2. By graphical method, α = ……… per unit conc. per decimeter

27-Aug-18
PROCEDURE :

Preparation of Sugar Solution

1. 0.100 gm/cc - 50 ml distilled water + 5 gm sugar
2. 0.075 gm /cc - 30ml of 0.100 gm/cc sugar soln. + 10 ml distilled
water
3. 0.050 gm/cc - 15 ml of 0.100 gm/cc sugar soln.+ 15 ml distilled water
4. 0.025 gm/cc - 20 ml of 0.005 gm/cc sugar soln.+ 20 ml distilled water

1. Calculate the least count of polarimeter.

2. Measure the length of tube.
3. Clean the tube with distilled water, Fill up the tube with filtered dist.
Water and place in the groove.
4. Adjust zero of vernier and circular scale. Rotate the analyzer in clockwise
direction till the two valves become equally bright. Record the
observation as 1st position. Further rotate the analyzer in same direction
till the two valves become again equally bright. Record the observation as
2nd position. Remove the distilled water.
5. Repeat the procedure step [4] with filtered sugar solutions of different
concentrations.
GRAPH: Plot a graph of concentration ( c ) against angle of rotation ( θ )

QUESTION BANK
Q.1 Define Polarisation.
Q.2 Define Quarter wave plate & half Wave

Q.3 What is mean Photo elasticity.

Q.4 Define ,1) optical activity 2) Specific rotation

27-Aug-18
 EXPERIMENT NO. 08

NEWTON’S RING

Name of the Student:-____________________________________

Class:- __________ Roll No._____________ Date:-______________

Sem.:-__________ A.Y.:-________Remark:-____________

AIM :- To determine the radius of curvature of a given lens.

APPARATUS:- Plano-convex lens, glass plate, sodium source, travelling

microscope etc.

DIAGRAM :

450
S
G

L
P

FORMULA :-
d2
R =
4 n

Slope
R =
4
where R = Radius of curvature of lens
n = Number of dark ring
d = Diameter of dark ring
λ = Wavelength of sodium source.

27-Aug-18
 OBSERVATIONS :-
1L.C. of travelling microscope = -------------cm.
2. Wavelength of Sodium source = (λ) = 5890 A0

OBSERVATIONS TABLE ;-

Obs. No. of dark Microscope Readings

No. ring ( n ) L.H.S. ( a ) cm. R.H.S. ( b ) cm.
1 M.S. V.S TOTAL M.S. V.S TOTAL
2

10

CALCULATION TABLE ;-

Obs .
n a b d=a-b d2 d2/n Mean ( d2/n )
No.
1

10

27-Aug-18
 CALCULATIONS ;-

d2
1. R = 4n

2. Slope = --------

Slope
3. R =
4

RESULT :-
Radius of curvature of a given lens
(a) By analytical method = ------------- cm.
(b) By graphical method = ------------- cm.

**********************

PROCEDURE :-

1. Calculate the L.C. of traveling microscope.

2. Adjust the point of intersection of the cross wire on the central dark spot.
3. Adjust the point of intersection of the cross wire on 20th dark ring on the left
side.
4. Record the microscope position.
5. Adjust the point of intersection of the cross wire on 18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, and 4 th
dark rings on left side successively. Record the corresponding reading.
6. Repeat the procedure for 4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18 and 20th dark rings on right side
successively.

GRAPH :- Plot the graph of n against d2

27-Aug-18
 PRECAUTIONS :-

• The lens and glass plate should be cleaned

• The microscope should be moved in one direction only, to avoid error due to back-lash.
• The amount of light from the source should be adjusted for maximum visibility.
• The source of light used should be an extended source.
• The plano-convex lens used should be of large radius of curvature.

THEORY :

The formation of Newton’s rings is a special cause of interference in a thin film of the
slowly varying thickness and is frequently employed in the laboratory for the measurement of
wavelength of monochromatic light and refractive indices of rare liquids.
Fig.Shows an experimental arrangement for producing and observing Newton’s
rings.Light from a monochromatic source. S rendered parallel by a convex lens L1. and reflected
by a glass plate G held at 450 to the rays is made to fall normally on a long focus plano-convex
lens L2. which encloses a thin film of air or a rare transparent liquid between its convex side and a
plane glass plate P. Light transmitted through the lens L2 on reflection from the surface of the
glass plate P interferes with the light reflected from the lower surface of the lens. These beams of
light after the reflection produced upwards and enter the observer’s eye through a low power
traveling microscope M. On focusing the Microscope at the point of contact of the lens and the
plate a large no. of rings , alternately dark and bright are seen. The central ring is dark. The outer
rings gradually decreases in width with the increase in their radii. Since the air film is symmetrical
about the points of contact C, the rings will be concentric with center at C because they follow
lines of equal thickness.
If dn be the diameter of the nth dark ring and dn+mthat of (n+m)th dark ring , then it can be
shown that , d2n = 4Rn λ, and d2n+m = 4R(n+m) λ
Where λ is wavelength of light used and R is the radius of curvature of the lower surface of the
lens. Subtracting, we get, d2n+m- d2n = 4Rmλ (1)
Λ = (d2n +m- d2n)/4Rm
Thus the wavelength of monochromatic light used can be calculated. In using this formula
the number of any ring need not be known.

QUESTION BANK

Q.1 What is mean by Newton’s ring?

Q.2 Explain determination of R.I. of liquid.
Q.3 Write equation to calculate diameter of dark & bright ring.
Q.4 What is mean by Interference ? Write it’s classes.

27-Aug-18
 EXPERIMENT NO. 09

TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS

Name of the Student:-____________________________________

Class:- __________ Roll No._____________ Date:-______________

Sem.:-__________ A.Y.:-________Remark:-____________

AIM :- To plot the input & output characteristics of given N-P-N transistor

in CE configuration.

APPARATUS: Transistor, power supplies, voltmeter, micro ammeter, milliammeter,

etc.

CIRTUIT DIAGRAM :

IC

- +

IB -
+ -
+

+ VCE 10v
-
VBE
1.5V -
R1

OBSERVATIONS :

Output Characteristics
Input Characteristics
VCE = ---V VCE = ---V VCE = ---V IB = -----μA IB= ------μA IB= ------μA
27-Aug-18
 VBE IB VBE IB VBE IB VCE IC VCE IC VCE IC
V mA V mA V mA V mA V mA V mA

RESULT :

A] Input characteristics:
For constant value of VCE, Base current IB rapidally increases with VBE
B] Output characteristics:
For a constant value of VCE, Collector current IC increases with IB.

PROCEDURE:

A] INPUT CHARACTERISTICS :

6. Connect the circuit except Ic (short these terminals)

7. Set R1 & R2 for maximum resistance.
8. Switch ON the supply.
9. Adjust the VCE by R2 as specified.
10. Increase the VBE by R1 & record corresponding IB for
specified values.

B] OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit except VBE.

2. Set R1 & R2 for maximum resistance.
3. Switch ON the supply.
4. Adjust the IB by R1 as specified.
5. Increase the VCE by R2 & record corresponding IC for
specified values.
6. Switch OFF the supply.

GRAPH : Plot the graph as,

Input characteristics - VBE against IB

Output characteristic - VCE against IC

METERS REQUIRED :

27-Aug-18
 A] Input characteristics

VCE Voltmeter 0 – 10 V
VBE Voltmeter 0- 1 V
IB Milliammeter 0 - 100 mA

B] Output characteristics

VCE Voltmeter 0 – 10 V
IB Microammeter 0 - 100 μA
IC Milliammeter 0 - 25 mA

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Don’t increase the voltage or current beyond the specified

values.
2. To avoid the over heating of the transistor, the current should
not be passed for for a long time.

************************

27-Aug-18
 EXPERIMENT NO. 10

I-V CHARACTERISTICS OF A SOLAR CELL

Name of the Student:-____________________________________

Class:- __________ Roll No._____________ Date:-______________

Sem.:-__________ A.Y.:-________Remark:-____________

AIM: (I) Study of I-V Characteristic of a solar cell illuminated by an incandescent

lamp, at
different frequencies
(II) Study of I-V Characteristic of a solar cell illuminated by sun, at different
frequencies

APPARATUS:
1. Solar cell
2. Incandescent amp with power supply
3. Potentiometer
4. Optical filters
5. Multimeters
6. Optical bench and clamp
7. Connecting wires

CIRTUIT DIAGRAM :

Circuit for I-V characteristics of solar cell

27-Aug-18
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the solar cell to the potentiometer and multimeters as shown in Fig.2. Set
the potentiometer at the minimum.
2. Connect the incandescent lamp with its power supply. Switch on the lamp and
adjust further so that maximum area of the solar cell can be illuminated. Record the
distance between the lamp and the solar cell.
3. Vary the potentiometer and record the values of current and voltage across the
solar cell, keeping the supply voltage to the lamp fixed. Now attach a filter to the lamp
and record I and V values for each filter from the filter set.
4. Plot I-V curve for each frequency and estimate short circuit current, no load voltage.
Determine the maximum power output at the turning points on the curves (marked by
a circle in Fig. ).
5. Plot the maximum power as a function of different filter wavelength.
6. Repeat the same above procedure by replacing the lamp with sunlight.
7. Compare the spectral response of Si solar cell with the spectrum of lamp and sun.

OBSERVATIONS:
Table 1: I-V characteristics of solar cell illuminated incandescent lamp
supply voltage = ................. Distance between lamp and solar cell = ........

Table 2: I-V characteristics of solar cell illuminated by sun

GRAPH:
Plot I-V characteristics for each filter. Determine the no-load voltage and short circuit
current. Estimate the maximum power output in each case. Compare the maximum power
output for incandescent lamp and sun at various wavelengths.

27-Aug-18
 INDEX
Subject:- Engineering Physics Sem.:- A.Y.:-

Sr.No. Name of Experiment Date Signiture

10

27-Aug-18