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    ECE325 4-Transformerdfgdfg

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    Voltage regulation describes how the secondary voltage of a transformer changes from no-load to full-load conditions. It is calculated as the percent change in secondary voltage from no-load to full-load, divided by the full-load voltage. The voltage regulation depends on the load power factor, with capacitive loads possibly causing the full-load voltage to exceed the no-load voltage and giving a negative regulation value. Transformer cores are made of laminated iron to reduce losses, while primary and secondary windings are wound closely together with insulation and have similar copper content. Autotransformers connect the primary and secondary coils in series, saving size over two-winding transformers but losing insulation between windings.

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    ECE325 4-Transformerdfgdfg

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    Voltage regulation describes how the secondary voltage of a transformer changes from no-load to full-load conditions. It is calculated as the percent change in secondary voltage from no-load to full-load, divided by the full-load voltage. The voltage regulation depends on the load power factor, with capacitive loads possibly causing the full-load voltage to exceed the no-load voltage and giving a negative regulation value. Transformer cores are made of laminated iron to reduce losses, while primary and secondary windings are wound closely together with insulation and have similar copper content. Autotransformers connect the primary and secondary coils in series, saving size over two-winding transformers but losing insulation between windings.

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    Voltage regulation describes how the secondary voltage of a transformer changes from no-load to full-load conditions. It is calculated as the percent change in secondary voltage from no-load to full-load, divided by the full-load voltage. The voltage regulation depends on the load power factor, with capacitive loads possibly causing the full-load voltage to exceed the no-load voltage and giving a negative regulation value. Transformer cores are made of laminated iron to reduce losses, while primary and secondary windings are wound closely together with insulation and have similar copper content. Autotransformers connect the primary and secondary coils in series, saving size over two-winding transformers but losing insulation between windings.

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    14 views8 pages

    ECE325 4-Transformerdfgdfg

    Uploaded by

    hwaleed262
    Voltage regulation describes how the secondary voltage of a transformer changes from no-load to full-load conditions. It is calculated as the percent change in secondary voltage from no-load to full-load, divided by the full-load voltage. The voltage regulation depends on the load power factor, with capacitive loads possibly causing the full-load voltage to exceed the no-load voltage and giving a negative regulation value. Transformer cores are made of laminated iron to reduce losses, while primary and secondary windings are wound closely together with insulation and have similar copper content. Autotransformers connect the primary and secondary coils in series, saving size over two-winding transformers but losing insulation between windings.

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    Voltage Regulation

    • With the primary voltage held constant at its rated value, the
    voltage regulation is % change of the secondary voltage from
    no-load to full load (rated)
    ENL  EFL
    Voltage Regulation =  100
    EFL

    ENL: secondary voltage at no-load


    EFL: secondary voltage at full-load

    • The voltage regulation depends on the power factor of the load


    on the secondary side
    – If the load is capacitive, the full-load voltage may exceed the
    no-load voltage, in which case the voltage regulation
    becomes negative
    17
    Construction of a power transformer

    • Core: made of iron for high permeability; laminated and high


    resistive to reduce iron losses
    • Windings: the primary and secondary coils are wound closely on
    top of each other with careful insulation for tight coupling; the
    HV winding has more turns but uses a smaller size of conductor,
    so copper/aluminum of two windings are about the same
    18
    Standard terminal markings and polarity tests

    • High-Voltage winding (H1&H2) and Low-Voltage winding (X1& X2)


    EH1,H2/EX1,X2=EH/EX=NH/NX
    • Subtractive polarity is standard for 1-phase 200+ kVA transformers
    • Polarity test:
    1. Connect HV winding to a low voltage source Eg
    2. Connect a jumper J between any two adjacent HV and LV terminals
    3. Connect two voltmeters as shown in Figure 10.11
    4. The polarity is additive if |Ex|>|Ep| or, otherwise, is subtractive. 19
    The Per-Unit System
    • Quantity in Per-Unit = Actual quantity / Base or nominal value of quantity
    • Why per-unit notations?

    Choose 20kV,
    345KV and 138kV
    as base voltages

    – Neglecting different voltage levels of transformers, lines and generators


    – Powers, voltages, currents and impedances are expressed as decimal
    fractions of respective base quantities

    (Source: EPRI Dynamic Tutorial) 20


    • Four base quantities (real numbers) are required to completely define a per-unit
    system
    S E I Z
    S pu  E pu  I pu  Z pu 
    SB EB IB ZB

    • We need to select two independent base quantities of the four and calculate the
    other two, e.g. selecting SB and EB
    EB  EB 
    2
    SB
    IB  ZB  
    EB IB SB
    • For a transformer, these parameters are usually given:
    Sn (in kVA) considered as SB
    Enp (in V) and Ens (in V) considered as EBp and EBs
    Zp (in p.u. or %), i.e. the total impedance referred to the primary side.
    Sn Sn Np Enp
    I Bp  I np  I ns  a 
    Enp Ens Ns Ens
     E np  E ns  E ns 
    2 2
    E np
    Z Bp  Z np   ( ) Z Bs  Z ns   ( )
    I np Sn I ns Sn

    Z p (  )  Z p (p.u.)  Z Bp
    21
    Examples 10-5, 10-6, 10-7, 10-8 & 10-10

    22
    Autotransformer
    • A conventional two-winding transformer can be changed to an autotransformer by
    connecting its two coils in series (note: four different ways to connect).
    • The connection may use a sliding contact to providing variable output voltage.

    20MVA (115/69kV) McGraw-Edison Substation


    Auto-Transformer (Y-Y) (Source:
    (Source: EPRI Power System Dynamic Tutorial)
    http://www.tucsontransformer.com)
    23
    Ip
    Ip
    Np-Ns

    Ep Np Is
    Ns Is-Ip
    Es

    • The primary and secondary windings have a common terminal


    A, and hence are not isolated from each other
    Ep/Es=ECA/EBA=Ns/Np (There is always Np>Ns)
    IpNp=IsNs  Ip(Np-Ns)=(Is-Ip)Ns
    EpIp=EsIs
    • An autotransformer has a smaller size (or equivalently, a higher
    kVA rating for the same size) but loses insulation between
    primary and secondary windings
    24

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