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Expt. No. NAME OF THE EXPERT}IE\-T

Expt. I
Page l\o.
PART-I (FirstYear)
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4
37
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4 lp,HarnLdl lpH Inl SSollrut i,o,tnLss 11
5 ii,carll IE,qnurtlliiib,riiurrnnL
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41
6 lD,etrerctiio,nL oli lBll,enm,erni r". iin tOtrg;rnLii,c rc,c rr. r 1.,::. j: 13-14
7 lDe t,elnm i lr,ar I ii otm o, j[ rC,o, li ]ia, ii dlar]l >S o, lirur rt i,o,n s
{5-{6
I lR,ea,ct ii,o,r.-. o,ii A\n il,o tr. s arLrdi (Car rt ii,o,tiri..
'17 - 20
PART-2(SecondYear)
44
Qualitative Analvsis I
45
9/- ,ernni:.:ic lPr:,o,,cedLlltre tio,t: ,:li'e :i;' : .t-: . .r . 21 -23 46
10 tGroruilp, ji
sS e ;o,ai :r,aL t iL,otn, ll':rLhli,e,or rC;L t ii,otni
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24 47t
Y-^ sS)r'.,t,emnL,:rrtii,c lPr,o,ced !lr,t ri,o,r,tihi,e ;SaLllrr Artmarty-.q5
25-28 48
) ssiirnnLlp,ll,e rsarllt A\nLaLli)v..:.. - :r ll
A\.[,ur;nmiLrniirLrnn Ni:rar- j 29-30 49
ssiinmpil,e :saLllrt A\rnLaili)'s :. - 2
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A\l|:urinn iinr iirurrnnL ssuipha r e
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ssiinnrpii,e SaLIlt A\maLll)v"":i.. -5 [ A\nnLnm,o,nLiiunnL A\c,etate ] 33 -34 51 ,
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1 iinnLip,ll,e ssaLiirf A\maill)vsi-. = _.,1i 1[ 7\mminnL,onLiiui:onL )Bitroru:.ide
] 35.36 52,
ssiinmp,ll,e sSaillrt A\nLaLll)v..i1." - 5, A\nmnnL,o,nLilutrn rCarhoratc 37-38
I ] 5V
I ) SiLmqp,lt,e 53,1116 l\p1,21111v5".5 = qr I A\rnnnL,onLiigrnm ,Clh:llonirie
] 39-4CI 54
I >siunnrlp,ll,e sSarli[ A\maLllyssiL:: = I ll A\,ir.",nn,o,rnLiurnm :siirlLloh aLte i 41 -42 55
>s iirnr,
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rsiinnip,ll,e :S;rll,t A\tmaLllr,v;.is = lr | )Bl.zir:iiulnnL Nilrttrar:t,e ll 49,- 50 59
{3 ssrinnlpll.g :sarlLE Arrrarll)rsir.. = riz if
rC,all,ciirurnnL rclhLll,o,rtidt,e
ll 51 -52 60
ru. ssii;nnLp,lie 5i3[r1 \;n1211i1v5sfi5s - 15 ]i rCaLil,ciiruonnL NiirrtraLrtq
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ss[rrnp,]le :c.:rt[ :
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55-56 62
26 ssiirnnLplie :qai.: -tri.rLaililv5si"s - ;;5; ][
rC,o,1p,1p,,en ssurllp)harrt,e
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[nmp[,e S=ir ,:.. 1i, 63
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28 ssii;nnrp,lie :qiLi: -Lri: :- : = : 'iLta,,ci Niit;r.,aLt,e
]] 61 -6.2 64
29 ssiiromioll,e :caIt ?\n,alys.-. = a )",1. g :i. e ClhLl[o,riidi,e 63-64
".iirurnm I
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30 ssarX.r r I.l : -g::Lessiirurron bqru{ll]prlhaLt,e, I 65-66
66
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sSiirnLpr.t :Salit l\nrarl.vs... =.. l.l 67
= , tr !.,:inL,ou". s<rurlLtoihiat,e
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ssiLrnLrpll,e :qa1lrr A\;nL,aiily".ir.. 22 ,'l - : l,e I
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34 .r,.;1,;iv5 .., 1- :.._.:r Gjr,il'i,,1[. 69
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S[mnrp,ii,e Sarll[ s ]:-. S ::r
75-76
IND,EX
Erpt. No. NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT Page No.
Volumetric Analysis ( ll ) 5J
rirnart,rn ,rf Hrdrochrtoric ?\cidl V,/S S,od[rurnn tCarh,,onLarte 77
fis)7
374 i r rir a r r r, n of Sod itrrn (Calrb,onate !/5s )H[ydLr,o,cJl"rtrorii'c .A'qriid 78
6'r rrriarrr,n of Oxa[ic l\ciid V,/S SodiunnL )F{ydlro'xldle 79---

80
39 Escrm;rL,:,n of SodiurnL )H{ydno,xtdl,e V,/S rOxaLllitc 7\ci'dl
ao..r Esi rrLaiL,rn,:,i Oxa[ilc.\cid V,/S ]Potassituonn lP'elrlnnanLg'aLlnlaLt'e 8{

41 Esr narLon of Fotassiunm Ferrna:ngaLnLarte V/ss tOrxaLhc,\ctdi 82
a3
Xr' E:: ::.a:
; a: :,n r,I Mohn's Sartrr V,/S lPotarssiit.xnn )P,ernnLaLngarnLait'e
,rn of Fotassttlnm JPernrnartgamaLt'e V./S Mlohr's a4

r[} Es: SaLllrr
Oragnic Compound Analysis (lll'A)

M Sr'.itm"attc Fro,c,edLtrr,e f,on tOlralg'mii,c rC,orrnp,o,rurnLdl 7\rnallys[s 85-87
45 -\nai.,-sLs of rOrrargmtc tC,o,nmp,o,rurndl - rt l[ IErrlhrylt A\lt,c,o,lht,o,ll']1,1" 88
46 \na i'srs o,1t rOlrrargnLtc rC,o,rnnLlpol:rrmd - 2 l[ A\,c,errii,c A\,c[dt ]l
89
l 47/ \ n a '.'s Ls o,1[ Orag'lmiic rC,o,nmp,o,rurmdl = 3, l[ JBi'emzzo'['c A\'c['dl ]l

90
zf,$ .i.r,r'" srs o,1[ tOrarg'mt,c tC,o,;oorp,,o,urimdt :+ 7\,c,erraLlldl,eJhLydl,e
ll r,/ 9,1
I l[
49 1.-. .. sLs o,1i tOtraLg'm[a rC,o,rnmlp,o,rurrnLdl --

5 []e)hr,entoll ]l
92
50 r,r.. . sLs ,o1[ Orrrar,gmiL,c rC,o,nnLp,,ouonLdl -,6, l[
A\rm[lllme ]l
93
51 {: =
i.. sis,o,1[ Oragrm ii,c tC,o,nmp,o,urnidl - 77 l[ )B],ernLzalldt,e)hLlvdle ]l / 94
52 i.; . ,-=.i5 ,o1[ rOrnargnLt,c rC,onmp,,o,ruonLdl -E l[
.:\,c,erf,o,nL,e
]l ,,/ 95
F -- .r.,rtiiotni ,o,ll C,o,llll,o,iidlaLll sS,o]Lurrrii,o,nLs (ss,o,1lt) (nn[--]B]) 1/ (3) 96-98
54 r- .' ir--t;g'nap,)hLy (ltltlt-,c) t/ 99 -,lOO
55 : -: :.hvdlrat,es aurndl p,trro,r[,eiims (nn][--dt) 1f,,1 - 102
: -. i ,caLll lKiim,ertiL,cs , {03

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t i:n., rClhr,ennLtstr\r
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57
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59 : - : " .iaL I ii,o,rnL o,lf ){ nL--o,r,ga rm ii,c tComnLp,,o,urlmdl
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60 : ::;.,arar[iirornr-olf torrganLii,c Corrnrnlpo,unm,cll
61 r & rr YEAR PROJECT WORK {09 - {18

62 4 SETS OF VALUES TO EACH TITRATION 119 - 1?4
i6 Preparation of Standard solutions of Oxalic acid and Sodium
63 {35
:i Carbon
PREPARA OF LAB REAGENTS & LUTIONS FOR {36
&4
VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
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65 PREPATATION OF SALT SOLUTIONS 1?7
66 IMPORTANT REAGENTS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 138
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VIVA - VOCE {39
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68 SCHEME OF VALUATION 14l, - 141
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69 IPE BOARD QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICAT

t42-143
70 HOW TO WRITE RECORD & PRO CT"WORK 144
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6 Detection o f Nitrogen, Sul
phur By Lassaigne' s Te st
,sst
Haloge ns present in a organic com-
Th e elements Nitrogen, Sulphur and in
pound are detected by lassaigne's test'
The elemen ts bound bY covalent bonds
; bY
into the ionic form comPounds
the original organic compound are converted
o
o Nitrogen, Sulphur and Halogens Present
fusing the comPound with sodium metal'
o
h
'o sulphide and halides respec-
! in a organic comPound arq converted into cYanide,
tr
tively.
*o
.o
Thecranide,sulphideandhalid.essoformedareextractedfromthefused
n
maSSbr'boilingitwithdistilledwater.Thisisfilteredandthefiltrateisknownas
,J
lassaign's extract
=
Lr
-o. o
comp ound is fused with small
quantity of
A smail quantitY of the organic
()
hot fu tube is then plunged into a
O
sodium metal in a fusion tube' The r"d tent with a glass rod and
a
+i china dish containing distilled water extract(or
called Lassaigne's
heat to boiling. Then cooled and filtered'
1S
a
This extract is used to detect the
a sodium fusion extract) and is u
o
elements nitrogen, sulPhur and
kU
v) f-l
Sodium H r (J
a
o com
+r
S
)
.a
I
o in distilled
2. Plunging ignition tube
water
U 1. Heating of Sodium and comPound
:!
a
F
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.a
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.J a: I
,) 6) a Lassaigne's
,o
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a
a
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4. Filtering to get extract
3. Boiling the contents
UAL
-- :-l-;. 1
I
I * S.,*
t,' Cl.
DetectionofNitrogenrSulphurandHalogens
Test for Nitrogen: J.

To a small Portion (about 2 1. Prussian blue colour is ob- Nitrogen is con-
firmed. o
[l
il
ml) of Lassaigne's extract served -o
ad.d. 2 ml of freshlY Pre- J
J
pared ferrous sulPhate so- o
lution and boil' (,
Ls :b- Both Nitrogen

Then add a few droPs of fer- 2.Blood, red' coloration
and SulPhur
ric chloride solution and served are confirmed
conc.HCl.
Test for SulPhur:

a ex- A purPle coloration is ob- Sulphur is con-
o To 2 ml of Lassaigne's
served' firmed.
itl
ra1
tract add. a few droPs of so-
tr
d.ium nitro Pruside solu-
tion.
-
To 2 ml of Lassaigne's ex- A black PreciPitate is fo;-::'=: Sulphur is con-1.
tract add a few droPs of firmed. I
acetic acid' and 1 ml of lead
acetate solution'
rl
Testtfor Halogens: Chloride is
1. A curdY white PreciPitate :s
AcidifY a little of formed which is solubie in es- preSent,
Lassaigne's extract with cess of NH*OH' chlorine is
conc.HNO.-, boil, cool and confirmed.
ad,d silver nitrate solution'
Bromide is
2. A Pale Yellow PreciPitate 1s present,
foimed-which is sParingll-
soluble in NH*OH'
Bromine is
confirmed.
is lodide is Presen[
3. A bright Yellow PreciPitate
formed which is insoluble in hence Iodine if
NH4OH. confirmed. f
Fi Year
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L
an tn
\o
t€
t
umtols
\-
of Anions
\$ Garbon ( Co;' ) ion

Action of dil.HCl Colour and smell less gas 1CO; evolved with Brisk
t\
To the small quantity of salt is taken in a dry test
effervescence. The gas puts off a buming splinter.It turns
.-e clil.HCl is added.
Lime waler irfio milkY.
:\\ NarCOr+2HCl -+ + HrT+CO, f
Action of BaClr solution
:$
:\ A small quantiry* of salt solution is taken in a dry test W hite ppt.of ( BaCO, ) is formed.
\x' ': and BaClrsolution is added. Solubility : AboveppL is soluble hdil.HCl
-3 Na,CO, + BaCl, BaCO. { +21'{aCl
-Acetatet -) ion
:i A:tion of clil.HCl 1CH;COO
:, t{) o the small quantity of salt is taken in a test Colourless vapoul's with smell of vinegar is evolved
:EO
,lil.HCl is added. and rvhich turns bh-re litmus to red.
CH.COOI'{a+ HCI COOH + NaCl
-P
::l on of Neutral,F'eClrSolution :
Deep Retl filtrale is formed. On boiling above solution
:{ -,r the small quantity of salt is taken in a test tube with water it becomes brownish red ppt.
L\) :,ttral FeCl, solution is added.
-30 3CH.COONa+ FeCl, CH, COO)1Fe+3|'{aCl
iij
::'ification test:
- : salt solution Conc.H fO , and C ,II ,OH are added Fruity odotr is obtained.
. ..ed. [t is poured into rvater
2CH3 COONa + +2CH..COOH
cH3cooH COOC,Hs + HrO
de (Cl -) ion
:n ol Conc.H,SOrt
- Colour /ess gas ( HCI )wrth pungent smel1 is evolved and
.: sma1l quantily of salt is taken in a dry test tube
gives dence white NHPI fumes with glass rod when
- .f SO ! is added. dipped in NHpH.
2NaCl +H.SOo -+ + 2HCI
:- of .7IttO.& Conc.HrSOr:
Greenish yello y) (pale green) colsur vapours ( CI ) with
quantih'of salt is taken in a test tube pinch
. 'r.,11
pungent smell are evolved.
",t tttnc.H forare added .
2NaCl + l.[nO, +3II,SO, 2llaHSO" + MISO^ + 2H,O + Cl, f

:- 3,f lg-\-o]solution
'., quantity of salt soiution is taken in a test White cardy ppt.of (AgCI) is formed;
', .,rLion is addtd. Solubility '. Aboveppt. is completely soluble rnNHrOH.
NaCl + Agl'/O, ! +NaNO,
AgCl+2NHoOH ldg(wn,),Ct)+2H,o
L-_ tr a^
Bro (Br-) ion
I-
1 -:-:-
- -: . H)(r:
' :1. -. ,::.rn'olsalt is taken in a drytgst tube Reddish Brown vapours with pungent smel1 are evolved.
Which turns starch to yellow
- -:- KBr + I{,SO. -+ r.r,
*
2HBr+H'So'-> 'f .SO. I
:' :,,-,,rtt.HuSorr "2HrO
Reddish Brown vaporrs (Brr) with pungent smell are
..ilt rs taker.r in a test tube pinch
evolved. Which tums starch to yellow.
. .:-l/7 :ie added.
IABr'+ MnO, +3H.SOr 2KHSO4 + MnSOo + 2H rO + Br, t
- -: , , i^ + rn * Pale yellow ppt.of (AgBr ) is formed.
: i . : ,ltltiLrn is taken in a test Solubility '. Above ppt. is partially soluble in NH rOH
KBr + AgNO, AgBr t +KNO. solution
r f ,rnt-llFl
SCORER L_
Nitrate ( NOi ) ion

-rthes
and Conc'H.'SOo" . .:ded.
1. Action of Cz turnings Brotlt \ tPi'.':: \ /l- '':: '-r
ojr'ectr and
is taken in a test tube 1 or
2,
Reddish
To the sma1l quantirylf salt .---: :: I -'r' -,thes
conc'Hfo' are added and
p;;^;f ;; turninis a,,.d , ,-.Jdec
then heated. Pb(1'{q)r+ H.sol 'o+2H1O.
cu(xo.).+ 2'\-o ^ -l
-'
Cu+4HNO. :ne
Brown-Ring Test : *: - l3fli e e11 the junction 0
Dark BrowttRing '' .
:-
-'
2.
is taken in a test tube
e rrrAf quantity of salt solution is ;i;;t 1Niu.'so--::- -
*'' : --'ii3I (Fesor'rro)
prep are!
and same amount of tieshly les!,'solution
by keep-
added, then few drops of
Con t'tt;O added
Si
'ir
position'
ing the test tube in an inclined
Pb(Nq))+H,So, ,1
+2H\O
-l'- -- '!1 0.
6FeSO^ +3H2SO4 +ZHNO.
3tre {Stl.,
-+ (,\O){F1,tr . -i
FeSOo + NO + 5HrO -f Ie(r
Sul ( SOi') ion

Action of BaCl r Solution ll ltii; ::' 1'' -lO- ) is formed'
solution is taken in a drY
To the small quantlty of salt Solubility r- ':isolubleinConc'HClt ,
,lution is added.
test tube and BaCl, SO
K, SOo + - IAC;
,;LI
t I
*r) cation
Lead
{, I lI l;:. :.-, -'ii, ) is tbrmed'
1'Tothesaltsolutionafewdropsofttil.HClsolutionis
added. Pb(ttq),+2HCt PbCl. - -:.''
c()llut:::" .r--' -lormed'Which
chromate solution Yellotr
2.To, the salt solution Pottassium - '" - -, . .:-ition.
'r* i 6(,cro / is added. Pb(No.\" + Krcro''+ CrO, -

)::
A Yellott' ro/ol.r' :,:"
- :r ,r irich is disolved in
iodide solution' (I{I ) is g.r'"'-;; : :':'1tr$1e s are tbrmed'
3.To the salt solution Pottassium ter and - : ].1-
added.
Pb(Nq)"+2KI -+ r Y --lL '
Cu -)) cation
B,;.. .-.:;- r .s tbrmed'
1'Tothesaltsolutionafewdropsofdil.HClsolutionis
'
added and .EI2S gas ts trrassed
CuSOo+ HrS ClrS ' -i,- -i-
Blu; ,,..t).',; - .:--:- I ;' OH1 ,ts formed'

2.TothesaltsoiutionSodiumHydroxidesolution(NgoH) ]:
is added. CulC)i:- - -
CuSOo+ZNaOH
cu(oH), CuO-i -
F. f \-i rl is formed. whil

Chocolatt. r,I,r111p;i. fl, ' lil'HCl
I.--
3. To the salt solution Potassium
ferrocyanide K J
'[Fe(CN) ' -:t'
solution is added'
React ions A,nions ind G ati ons --

Ghem Praeti cal Man ual
# SCORER
Aluminium / *3) cation

-! lo the salt solution NH4Ct salt and NH4OH solution are White gelatinous ppl Al (OH'1ris formed.
.dded Al(So^\+6NHooH 2At(OH,)t +Z(wno),Soo
-o the salt solution SodiumHydroxide'solution (NaOH) LYhite gelatinoas ppt. AI(OH) ris formed which is soluble
added. in excess of NaOII solution.
Alr(SO4)3+6NaoH -+ (on), { $Na,soo
At(oH)'. { +NaoH NaAlOr+2H -O
. -, the salt solution NH pH solution is added' Wite gelatinous ppt. is formed. Which is soluble in excess of
,.tion ol
SO4 NH4OH solution
r)t I
At,(so4)3 +6NHoOH -+2Al .L +:(l'ra"
.ne salt solution NH rCI salt and NH rOH solution are added' Dirty Greenppt. Fe(OH) ris formed.
FeSOo+2NH.OH -+ re(on), J. +(ttno),soo
ihe salt solution Ammonium Hydroxide solution Dirty Greenppl Fe (OH)ris formed.
H.OH) added.
1S
FeSOo + 2tvH4 OH Fe ( OH J +(rvrr-), sq
th e al t o lu n Po AS slu m ferr oc v an de Deep Blue'ppl KrFe[ Fe 6,N)o 1S formed.
Fe( CrV) solution 1S added.
FeSOo + t Fe CN)o l K2 F'nl Fe l { +KrSoo
Zinc
To the salt solution NIITCI salt and NH rOH solu- l{hite ppt. (ZnS) is formed.
. nc.HCL
added, then Hzs gas 1S passed.
ZnSO, + J + H2SO4
the sal SO ution S odium Hvdroxide White ppt. Zn( oH) 2 IS formed. Above ppt. is soluble 1n
-t ) H) 1S added excess of NaOII solution.
ZnSOo (ott),I +Na,Soo
Zn OH + 2NaOH -+ ZnO, +2HrO
- :he salt solution IIIITOII solution is added. White Gelutinous PPI is formed.
- $bove ppt. is soluble in excess of tr/Ilrollsolution.
ZnSO^+ZNHoOH zn(ou), J. +(Nuo1, soo
h disso{ I Manga (Mn "') cation
- r :he salt solution NH 4Cl salt and NH rOH solu- Flesh colour PPt. (MnS) is formed.
. - ::: .:;:1. :hen H25 gas is put.ed.M,
ed inhol
Cl. + H"S MnS +HCt t
,red. ::: .'-t sr-rlution Sodium Hydroxide solution White ppt. Mn( OH ), is formed. Which turns to Brown
I
r;,r'il, , ,;i:d. colour.It is insoluble in excess of tr[aOII solution.
MnClr+ZNaOH Mn(OH ), ! +2NaCl
Mn(oH ), * (o) Mno.(oH ),
- -. r, : .',iution iVH4OH solution is aclded. White ppt. Mn( OH ), is formed. Which is soluble in
, excess of N H ,OH solution.
MnCl,+ZNHoOH -s (OH l. tr +2NH,Cl
i Nicrel 0r') catiorl)

- -. , : -i .'i \H4Cl salt and NH4OH solution Black ppt. (Nrd is formed.
NO.)r+2NHoOH (oru),+2NH4No3
:J .&-
--: ,- : , .i
-: _
Nitory),+ H,S
S Cru:r.rHvdroxide solrtrtion(NUoH)
\l(.\q ),+ 2NaoH

"
J, +2H,O
Green Gelutinous ppt. Ni(OH)
Ni(OH ),I
excess
+2NaNO,
ris formed.It is insoluble
ofNaoIlsolution.
in
Green ppL Ni( OH ), is formed. It becomes blue violet on

-- : , : >. -. . ,\'H .OH sL',lution is added.
I of
t,Er :-9
SCORER
//,(Nq), +NHÔH -+ Ni (oa)tro, + l'{H
ui(ou)No, +7 l{H. + H,O -+ t Itr, 1lra,)nl(oa),

+ rvH* \,o,
^No^
h ifir
Barium
+2
) cation F.q
WhitePPt. ( BaCO,)ts formed'
I{IIrCl salt is added' then NH
1. To the sai solution 'OH
ard (NH)rCO, solutions
are added'
BaClr+ (NHo),co,
-ZNH.CI
!-rri* r ,-t i .
Bacro,) is tbrmed *'hich is soluble

chromate solution Yellow -" ip.t dil'HCl
2. To the salt solution Pottassium iil.)r*,', acid and strluble in'
lKrCrOr\ is added' BctClr+ KrCrOo BaCrOo J' +ZKCI
rs llhite PPt'( BaC 'O ') is tbrmed'
oxalate solutlon hot acetic acid'
'
PI
3. To the salt solution Ammonium Above ppt is soluble in
added.
BaClr+( N-H ). c.q BaCrOo { +21'{H rCl
1ca') cation Fl
ll'hite PPr. tCa CO.) is formed'
I[IIrCl salt is added' lher. NH
1. To the salt solution 'OH
(NH)rCO, solutions are added J +2-\H.C1
and
CaCl . + (lra, )rQo. -+
I?//or^ c l'- '' -: PPr' rs not formed'
chromate'solutton 1 CaCrO,)is
formed' )
) To the salt solution Pottassium ( Yel/ox'Col.'ut 'i''.'"'-':
i (KrCtOr) is added'
CaCl, + K.CrOo *J -:.tc ,L
tl hirt 7::' ' L tC 'O,) is fon'ned'

oxalate solution is
,
To the salt solution Ammonium ::: ": -' rrr hol acettc acto'
3. \hor e
{i added.
CaClr+(NHo)
q * -l \ri-'
(sr +.2) G?t ion Ar
IlTritc pPt. SrCO 1is formed
'
\ I[IIrCl salt is
1. To the salt solution
.''
added.
and(NH)rCO, solutions are sr(1vQ s/'Co. + -llr-- '
' ::-,-J it is soluble in acetic "t.-.

Yellou'PPr.( SrCrO ' :-
t,i
chromate solution
2. To the salt solution Pottassium.lr .v4), * K.CrO, S/ C1'U. v --A-\ L/
. (KrCrOr) is added' - ': -: :rglY soluble in acettc
sulPhate solution is lYhite PPt. is 'r'-:.n;:
3. To the salt solution Ammonium \ t-
J
sr(trtq), *(lrro sq srSQ -l-\1/.
L
afded
r$ Magn esiu (Ms -:l catio n
WnitnPP,.)Igt )H.t PLI . :,:'rrr-red' Which is
added' ther' NII dil-H C/ . : ,:etic acid'
1. To the salt solution 'NflrCl salt is 'OH
and l,{arIIPQ, solutions "i;io;.
are added'
NH,oH
Na,HPoo+ Mg\\H 'i Po- ' - '' '' tt " - '- '()
)l htt' :.^: ' :' 'rttted'
2. To the salt solution NaOH
solution is added' \\tich l' -:'>': --: - - :\ccss of l\gOH'
MgSOo+2NaOH
solution is added'-
3 To the salt solution Na rCO,
6H
-
Mg(ou)..a'\I-*t I :" - -:''r -\o'+O" t
5MgSOo + 5Na'CO' +
'O
Ammo niu ) cation
.,:reil of ammonia (l{H,
colout /e-ss go-s
a dry test tube a "r:tl-
1. To the small quantlty
of salt is taken in er o1r'ed r:ia .' ;- : ,.i ri;e tumes ( I{fIrCl )
g1''
. few drops of NaOH tJr"ti""

i- added and strongly heated' gia.s r'-'c i:'::- :.:r:d \n Conc'HCl
2t'{HPl+2\'laOH -+
t -: r.,cr -:ii -o
Bro*'n colour ppt' is formed'
Reddish
(K JtsI reagent is added'
2. To the salt solution Nessler's ') i iodide of \liliion's base )
-+ l,l.HgO Hgl -- ki +2H'O
zxrlHglo) +NHr+3KOH E
-
Ej]@l SCORER
a
systematic Procedure For salt Analysis o
F'
|rilirnanary Tests : Cu'2, Fe*2 & Mna cations

t. cotour a White
may be absent.
Blue May be CopPer salt.
Green (or) Pale Green Maybe Ferrous salt.
-rluble
Pale pink MaybeManganese salt.
Greenish MaybeNickel salt.
L Physical State : Crystalline (or) AmorPhous
OBSERYATTON INFERENCE
E.TPERIMENT
Flame test t
Can2 may be present,
:"n the platinum wire bY diP- Brick red colour flame
:ttcon-HCl andheat it on Sr*2 may be present.
Crimson red colour flame
: upto no colour aPPears Ba*2 marT be present
.J.) Grassy-geen colour fl ame
,,'. preparo the Paste of
Cu*2 may be present
H Cl + salt in watch glass, Bright bluish-green colour fl ame
: rntroduce this paste bY
Green flashes colour flame Zn*z (or)Mn*2 maY be
I '.rum wire loop into the present.
Dull bluish-white colour flame Pb*: may be present.
.{ction ol heat t
Colour less gas withAmmonia smell MaybeAmi;t#** (NH;)
- quantityofsalt
. istaken ^. is evolved.
-- test tube and stronglY b. less eas withAmmonia smell

ctic
-- Colour
li evolved
- afid white sublimatqformed.
is
beAmmoniumhalide
! etic ad I c. Water drops are formed-on the inner Maybe Hydrated salt'
walls of the test tube.
d. Reddish Brownvapours are evolved. MaybeNitrate (1/O, ) Salt.
e. Cracking soundrs observed. MaybeLead Salt.
,oluble
f. Yellow when hot and lYhite when cold. Maybe ZincSalt.
g. Charateristics smell of l1negat MaybeAcetate ion.
h. Blue salt become s white on heating. Maybe Copper Salt.
ldentification Tests of Anions

on', of dil.HCl :
* : : ':,:in'of salt is Colour and smell /ess gas ( CO r) Carbonate ( CO rr ) ion maY
- - ...:'lbe diLHCl ^. evolved with Brisk ef fervescence. be Present.
. Ct) -- The gasputs offaburning splinter.
, .I
It ttrms Lime w atet rnto milkY.
b. Colourlessvapourswithsmell Acetate (CHTCOO')ion
r is evolved and which tums blue litmus to
maybe Present.
c. No reaction. Carbonate ( 9O;').Acetat
coo' 1Ons are absen
ilEons GLeris Practical Manual atic Proceaure For Salt
-
.E
rrB'--'
SCORER
of Anions
ldentifi cation Tests
rnfir
Ac
Befote heating Chi oride ( Cl-)
ion .Actit
2. Action ol Conc.Hfo.o? gas (ECI )withpungent
sait is L. Colout /ess maYbe Present'
To the small quantttY of dence white
andgives
ConaEfO, srnell is evolved To th
taken inadrytesttube rod when
NH4cl finneswith glass lflat
is added.
dipPed .*f,{H4OH. (Br- ) ion .olut
Brt'r mide
BrownvaPours
withPungent Este
b. Reildish tt''' maYbePresent'
smell are evolved.Which
tums starch fot
rnd
:..,:'iiie ( Cl ) &Bromide
-
: Yellow' ,,
r- lb
ions are absent'
c. No reaction'
i:fl
After heating Niuate tNO;l ton
of -v:,-i..
Reitdish Brown'taPo"t LrL"!-
maybePresent'
' c1
Action ol Cuturnings and

Conc.HfOr" of \o \itrate (NO;) ion
B r ownvaPours
ofsaltistaken Re ddish tums
t- maYbe Present'
,} Tothe smallquantitY Cu evolved and the solution
f,)aI3
2 pieces of
in a test tube 1or
turnings atd Conc' HfOo are
Nitrate ( I{O;) ion
No reactron' absent'
added andthenheated'
iast of SulPhate
(so 4-{,
{il 1-
identifred then
CI Br & jvo Anions are not
N ote If CO t
F
tientification &
rf -
Contit*"tionTest for
SulPhate 1SO;')
Sulphate i.S0l)
Action of-B aCl, S olution \i> ic'=';:
of salt solu-
WitePPt' of (BaSO'' maYbePresent'
Tothe smallquantttY
tube and Sughate { S0l)
tionrs takeninadrYtest
SolubilitY :
vvr--- Above PPt' 5.rns'''rur': confirmPd.
BaCl, solutionis added' in Conc'HCL
of Anions
Gonfirmation Tests
for
Confirmation Test
Carbonate(CO
'-2)I GO:)
Action of BaCl, Solution
Cartionate
) i- .c=l;;
of salt solu- lVhite PPt' ol(BaCO isconfirmed'
Tothe smallquantitY o:i,:;{:,, 's ='''rub'e:
tion rs taken in a
dry test tube
added'
soiuiiritv '
BaCl, solutionis
For Ir
tic
SCORER
Gonfirrnation Tests of Anions

iC
- lnfirmation Test for
Acetate (C"sfrC O0 '\ : '
jion
.i'nt.
Action of Neutral FcCt,
Solution
To the small quantit',, is taken Deep RedJiltrate is formed. Acetate (CH3COO')
"1'rut,
.n a test tribe and neutral FeCl, On boiling above solution with water it ion is confirmed.
)10n ,olution is ailded. becomes brownish red ppl .
sent. tsterification test :

;o the salt solution Conc.HfO, Fruity odour is obtained. Acetate (CH3COO )
rnide ,*d C TH TOH are adrled and heated. ion is confirmed.
is lloui'ed i;ttc rvatcl'.
rrfirmatir*n Il*st frlr

, iOnt Chlnride (C/) :
:+tion af MnO,& {tonc.tr{$Otl
- the sinail quantity of salt is taken Greenish 1'ellow (pale green) colotr Chloride (Cl-) ion
I 10n r test t'ube prnch af MnO, and \ apours ( Cir) with pungent srnell are is confirmed.
)ent. ,rc"{I zSO tare acldr-cl evolved.
:etion of Aglio,Solution :
ihe small quantitl,of salt solution Ith i te c urcly ppt. of (Ag C I) is Chloride ( C/-) ion
in a test tr-ib,e,4glVO,solu- Solubility : Aboveppt is is confirmed.
'hen
rs added.
soluble inNHrOH.
, sq;1 'irmration Test for

EBE ilmide (Br-) :
:r;cr", Sf fuInO,& Conc.IIrSOr;
- : sna1l qLr:i irit"1,'of salt is takert Redtlish Brown vapours (8rr) with Bromide (Br-) ion
.:>t tube pinch of MnO, ancl pungent smell are evoived. Which tums is confirmed.
,, ,l ,SO .ar',. acidcd . starch to,vellow.
o,-r)id '.{g.\8.
:lon of Solution I
.*r. : srlall quantitl.of salt solution Pule yellow ppt.of (AgBr ) is fonned. Bromide (Br-) ion
r rtionl
I
,-:i in a test trtre lg,Yorsolution Solubility : Abovegpf is partially is confirmed.

:- ,ed. l -:,-1,
solublein NHQH solution"
q
irr:ltifin Test for

Sitrate ( xro;.) :
3': ,', ri-Ring Test

- -i-11rtit\ L-',1-:alt solution is Dark Brown Ringisformed inb Nitrate (,voi) iQn
. . 1,-, ,, .,,Sanle anfOUnt thejunction of two layers isconfirmed.
o)1 ' t'r.{O,soluticn (Nitroso ferrous sulphate)
-;'.r' .!r'rlnS of
r- -ed. i (resot.No)
-.:- b'. t:,-'cpingthe
_ ,.t; ri LrtrSitiOti
d iniial .. .".23. lSvstematic For
_t
rt
SCORER
,;:0.:* fi':*
q
*
q,
t$ o fJ
o o
+
L) O
e3
F
o
o
e o 5)
(o
I
o {,
L9
d
oo I
6 6r
+
O
--
+J g
I
(d
O
O
+ OQ
O
\bo i*t
e
tts N + .)., + 'l
o rr-*,o
+ \)
+
U E\ SJ e F
Nc)
t
.A ,)
o o (E
F
a
'. a
vc) .J a t/
tr E o €
tr
C).
g $i
Og
.!
dd
NH Z
hn
O
(.)
bo
o
o (s ()
o ,) ti
c) H
ril
*J z J O ? tu C6
<
Z
4
t\I l
(, h
l-
qr1 e
o o o S
6t
ÂA
? 111
]
o .c
+, +J
N
l) v)
S
--vv
z J ir .
ll
EI
g rF
(u rA
Fr U +.
q .Y
q Y = 1 -
fiI o =o- {-g r- a =:
c-====
l- o o trl
g g g
.P
u=+2 J
E o o ,l
li {-) O
tr (E l- (o
o oc.) -iJ-
rll o
rtr
*.
z o. oo tr
o
d.
fiI
L -t-
(E a
'flt a
+, C
o a o Aq. a
tr \)
o o
(E P
d
C)
o ot
(E
(,
o
a
j
a
bo
o
a *=
e?
>t ao
6)
!
q
o o + +
H + +--
.* 0)
o o -=
ai. o
-lJ il. F
) + '5
$i
bo
U
a o
L o- o
o o
Fr
z Z
o
(E a a
+
=+l
3e-
c -)
o
t-
o
c
o
a
I
-d
a
ta
]J
a
P*
al +
(9 15
g
ae -i-l ir
(,
nnuols
!
I
n ons
.Test for Ammonium (I/I1r.) ion:
a. colour less gas with pungent smell Ammonium (NHr*)
- the small quantity of salt is taken
ammonia (NH) is evolvedandgives cation may be present.
-r test tube a few drops of Nu dense white fumes ( NH
oCl) with glass
F ri,'n is added and strongly heated. rod when dipped in Conc.HCl
b. Colour less gas (NHr) with pungent Ammonium(N11r*)
llest for I Group Cations
:re salt solution a few drops o
:
smell is not evolved. cation is absent.
L)
f
a. Whiteppt. (Pbclr) is formed. Lead (Pb*'))
"{C/ solution is added. cation may be present.
b. No ppt. is formed, Lead (Pb*')

| -ast for !! Group Cations : cation is absent.
lt ,'/ salt solurion a few drops a. Black ppt.(CuS ) is formed. Copper (Cu" )
cation rnay be present.
-'r solution is added andIIrS gas
.:d. b. n"o ppt is flonrred. Copper (Cn*?)
cation is absent.
-::t for lll Group Cations a. White gelatinous ppt. Al (OfI l/*j)
), is Alurninium(
.:1t solution NHrCI salt and formed. cation may be present.
,Y solution are added. b. Dirq- Greenppt Fe (OH)ris formed. Fer:rous (Fe*2 )
cation may be present.
c. .\'o ppt. is fbnned. Alurninium(l/t') & E'
Fenous (Fe*2 )
cations are absent. Q
(A
-:s: for lV Group Cations a. White ppt. (ZnS ) is formed Z.tnc (Zn*2 1
cation mav be prcsent.

Srl utron NH,PI sal t and b. Flesh colour ppt. (MnS.) Manganese (Mn")
I is formed
t- r"1tl o11 ate added, cation rnay bc prcsenl.
l ,-1 c. Black ppt. (Nis) is formed. Nickel (I{l.r )
cation may be present.
d. No ppt. is formed. Zinc (Zn*2 ) ,
Manganese (Mn{,\ &
Nickel (Nl{ ) cations are
r ': " \/ Group Cations :
absent.
. .r:ion NH,tcl salt is a. Wlaite ppt. ( BrCO,) , (CaCOr), Barium (Ba'2) or
(SrCO) Calcium (Ca*2) ar
" '\ ,Y_ OH and (NH ) ,CO 3 are formed.
Strontium (,Sr-r)
_*_ ,. -l calion ntay be prescrit
b. No ppt. is formed. Barium (Ba*2),
Calcium (Ca", ) &
t:' ".r, ;.,!.,\iutr, {fuIg*2)ionl. Strontium (.Sr*?)
:' -. ,f a nd \-a ltp?rsolu- cations are absent.
.
:t \/{rCl salt is While ppt. W( NH) Poois formed. Magresium (MSo)
' h 0.Htnd.\-aflPO, Which is soluble rn dil. H Cl and acetic cation may be present
I
\/
acid.
TK
=
ll
Gonfirmation Tests of Gations EXI
nfirmatl
Gonfirmation.Test for I
Zit
Ammonium (NHr.)Gation :
,{ntlltonttm (
To the salt solutionNessler's
(K FgI 4) Recldish Brown colour PPL ts To the salt
formed. cationts
reagent is added. .de solutic
( Iodide of Million's base )
Gonfirmation Test for To the sai:

Lead (Pbn )Gation .s added.
Yellow colour PPt. (PbCrO t "'
Lead(Pb*z )
1. To the salt solutionPottassium chro-
is added'
\
formed. Which dissolr es ln oofl
catronts
mate soluti on ( KrCrO, )
solution' nfirmat
2. To the salt solution Pottassium iodide
A Yellow colour PPt' is till: - -. Lead (F&*:; Mangan
r'i catron ts
which is disotved iP figi ':'-
solution ( KI ) is added' '
tt cooled. Golden Yellou :l^-: "-- -
(n formed.
o
ii,I frv onfirmation Test

for
GoPPer (Cu") Cation :
-'
ppL Cu tOII, Copper dcu
. To the salt solution SodiumHydrox-
cationis
is formeo
ide solution (NuOH) is added'
.- {^ +7
-
colour ppt. Cu ':- "
Lopper \Lr,
ril To the salt solutionPotassrum
"F.
I:' cation rs fr rmat
cyanide Ko[Fe(CN)r/ solution is isformed.Whichissolub'1r ":'i'. 't:r| "
it'd r
added.
a t:
.$ Gonfirmqtion Test for

Alurhinium ( Al 't lCation :
"'
White gelatinous PPt' 1l r'til
.'-irxniniwn ('.4d
1. Tothe salt solution Sodium Hydrox- cation is
ide solution ( NaOH)is added' formed which is soluL'h 'i i\ ' -''
lVaOHsoltrri';
White gelutino us ppt. Aluminium ( AI
2. Tothe saltsolution NH4OH -t t
Which 1S solub le m E\CCSS n i) H .r.i1on 1S
is added.
solution.
rrrat
Ba
Gonfirmdtion Test for
Ferrous (Fn*')Cation :
Ferrous ( Fn*'l
1. Tothe salt solutionAmmoniumHy- Dirty Green PPt. Fe(OHt
-- :ri i i,11 is cr;rltinr i{
droxide solution ( NH PH) is added'
Deep Blue PPt. K-Fel6e' 1 c.\ r' I :: Felr:ous {
. To the salt solution Potassium ferro-
is , l.rtrtteJ cation rs
cyanide Kr[FeCli)o/ solution
added. F
lr
-
Gonfirmation Tests of Gations
,a nfirmation Test for

Zinc ( Zn*' 1 Cation :
To the salt solution Sodium Whiteppt. Zn( OH), is formed. Zinc (znn)
ide solution is added. Above ppt. is soluble in excess of cationis confirmed.
NaOIlsolution.
To the salt solution NH oOH solution White Gelatinous ppt. is formed. zinc(2n.,)
,] .s added. Above ppt. is soluble in excess of cation is confirmed.
,iited. NHroHsolution.
nfirmation Test for

Manganese ( Mn *2) Cation :
- :he salt solution Sodium Hydroxide Whiteppt. Mn( ),is for-med. Manganese (Mnn
-rtion ( NaOH) is added. Whichturns colour.It is cation is
insolub solution.
,he saltsolution NHrOH solution 6H)zis formed. Which Manganese (Mn*'E

,:ded. in excess of NH r0Hsolution. cationis confirmed.$
8
firmation Test for

Nickel (Ni*r) Cation :
- salt iolution Sodium Hydroxide Green Gelatinous ppt. Ni(OH), is Nickel (Nt")
. .:ron (NaOH) is added. formed.It is insoluble in excess of NaOII cationis confirmed.
solution.
.- salt solutionNEo0flsolution is Green ppt. Ni( OH ), is formed. Nickbl (lvi")
Itbecomes blue violet on addition of cationis coflfirmed.
e Atl excess of NHrOH solution.
.limrd
'Lnmation Test for
Barium ( Bu-,/ Cation
' - ::1t solution Pottassium chro-
Yellow colour ppt.(BaCrOr) is formed Barium (Ba*')
- : . *:rrrn 1K.CrOr)isadded. which is soluble rndilAcetic acid and cationis confirmed.
soluble indil.HCl
'ilnnd
,Fr-1 . .-,-, . lnon-\mnoniumoxalate Whitdppt. ( B uC rO ) is formed. Barium (Ba*')
-:i-t
: jg-Cl.-1. Above ppt. is soluble in hot acetic acid.
rlutl -
cationis
tr#
1.3;'.
I, Gonfirmation Te
sts of Gations
ltr
for
Gonfirmation Test E.
Galcium lCan) Gation
: 1
Calcium (Ca"
not form;d,
chro- Yellow colow PPLis ,- catron ts
( cacro' ) ts
1. To the salt solutionPotttissium ( Y;;;:A;iou' 'liution I
'' *# (K
t;i"ti ot is added'
rCro') formed' )
2. To the salt solutionAmmonrum

White PPt' ( CaC ,o r).it
ls insolubie in
foat---
-, .
hot acen; acto
.:;'#slffit
solutionis added' ^b;;;;i
for
Gonfirmation Test Gation :
Strontium (Sru)
is tcr:::c Strontium(Sr
chro- Yellow PPt'(SrCrO,)
1. To the salt solutionPottassium tt is soluble in acetr-'
:; '; catron rs
rl
a
o
'' *# t"i"ti ot(K rCro') is added'
Strontium (Sr
F1
ppL r;tor:: cationrs
1ir sulphate in ace:-; ,; ;:nd
2. To the salt solutionAmmonium It
solution is added' soluble ladiLHO
IIr
lli
ilt
{{l I
onfirmation Test for
"" *"n;"sium ( Mgu') Gation :
(
Magnesrum
WhitePPt is forme'tr'
rl I
tr. solution is catron 1S
,o the salt solution I{aOIl Wfrr"f. ir'i,*tuble in e\cds
oi-\ sOH'
tf{ added'
Masnesium(Mg
Na'CO' solution White PPt rs forme,l cati"onis confinrr
2. To the salt solution
is added.
(
The givenCations
RePort l (
TheglvenAnionis (
The givensaltis
I
d liminary Tests l
. Colour
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT.
a
White
1
Cuil, FeD & MnE

cations maybe absent.
State Crystalline
r Ca*'zlll
nfirmd ETPETMEhIT OBISEBVATION INtr.ERENCE
Flame test :
:n the platinum wire by dipping in Colour flame is not observed C a*2, Srn2, B d)2,CLt*z,2n*2
Can)', .HCl andheat it on flame upto no
nfirmd (or) Mn*2,Pb"2
, ur appears. Now, prepare the paste
-t are absent.
'trt.HCl salt in watch glass, then
-,duce this paste by platinum wire
, into the flame.
Action of heat :
r(Sr.2l -\ small quantityof salt is taken in Brown vapours are evolved. MaybeNitrate (NO,
rnfirmd , :n'testfube and stroglyheated. salt is present.
ldentification of Anion
Action of dil.HCl :
.nall quanlity of salt is taken in a

-, No reaction. Carbonate (COr',) &
Acetate (CH3COO )
-- ::st tube and dil.HCl is added. ions are absent.
Ei
U
a
A::ion ol Conc.HfOr:
- : .lllquantityofsaltistakenina a) Before heating no teaction. Chloride (Cl') & Bromide (Br-)
-- isttpbe and Conc.HfOo is ions are absent.
it
, tm(M$
:onfirq b) After he ating Reddish Brown Nitrate (NQ') ion
vapours are evolved. maybepresent.
on of Cz turnings
and Conc.H;O,ti
, -,:a11 quanti[z of salt is taken in Reddish Brown vapours of NOrare Nitrate (NQ-) ion is
'-:e 1 or2 pieces of Cuturn- evolved present
and the solution tums pale
-t Conc.HfO, are added blue.
:: l'*ated.
Confirmation test for Nitrate ion
E,ro,rvn-Ring test :
- -'r.. - -ir:in.ofsaltsolutionis Durk Brown Ring is formed in Nitrate ( ft?,-) ion is
- -:. rte and same amount
- between thejunction oftwo layers. confirm-ed.
: - ;: :red Fe,SQ solution
-::- ';'.,. jirrps of Conc.Hfo (Nitroso ferrous sulphate)
-
: - -'_..ilS the test tube in (FeSOr.NO)
ffi
{,.
r-
ldentification of Cation
Ll@,
l.Test tor Ammonium 1NHo.)

iol Ammonrum
', colour less gas (I#1r) rn'ith cation is absent.
of pungent smell is not evolved'
'' taken in a dry test tube few
-N;On
is
drops $Er
solution is addeidandheated
stronglY. F!.&
2.Testfor I GrouP Gations :

No pPt.is fonr-red
Lead (PD*2)
droPs
To the'salt solution a few absent.
B,r- -
of dil H Clsolution is added'
3.Test for ll GrouP Cations

:
Copper (Cuo)
a few droPs \sr pp; :. -a'::llaa. .slg'i
To the salt solution is absent.
of dil HClsolution is added and IIf

lil gas is Passed'
8
fli Test for lll GrouP Cations :: ----' :ur Aluminium (,4/
t F NHrClsaltl W'hite gelatinousppt' :
dt
,)1 I
Tothesaltsolution cationmaYbe
andNHrOH solution are added'
i
rtl 1
Gonfirmation Tests for Aluminium

$|
Action of NaOH solution :
a.hminium (,4/
White gelatinons PPt' 1'- ir=-=:
1.
rl solution is
To the salt solution NaOH ' which is soluL'le Ln catron rs
--
added. '\"i-
NoOH Strluii'ill
**,1 I {l -
2. Action of NHoOH solution :

Aluminium(,4I
To the salt solution NH 4OH
solution l{hite gelatinous PPt' \-- r-:
=-;; catron ts
V/hich is soluble in erces' '-'-
added.
&fl solutit-rn. tr-
il
Report:
The givenCationis
Aluminium 1Al-r I
ThegivenAnionis Nitrate (,^fO; )
The given salt is

Aluminium Nitrate | '4t(No)31 h
i
i
t
!
t---4- - 2
l-
ANALYSI S OF SIMP LE SALT
ixcE
minaryTests l & MnQ
Cu*2, Fe*2
White
b Colour cations maYbe absent'
I :sent.
rrsaJ
[ Crystalline
r: State
ossERVlTror INT,ENENCE
E-lame test: Ca'2,Sr-2,B utz,guf

2,2[*2
p 1atmu111 u'e by dipping 1n Colour flame is not observed
(or) Mn'2,Pb"2
I -rt.cationl :nd hea 1t on flame upto no
tears \ o\\r.. prepare the Paste are absent'
,'1 C I S alt 1n watch
glass. then
hi S paste byplatinum wre
p -:1 catii( le t-latle
h':nt. Astion of heat: the MaybeHYdrated salt'
-, .nall quantitY of salt is taken Water droPlets are formed on
- -:, test tube and stronglY inner walls of test tube'
h ruQ4t.'l ldentification of Anion

[ ,.pt.*{ A;: on ol dil.HCl :
Carbonate ( CO
-2
) &*
No reactton'
- .:'iaii quantitY of saltis taken ( CH, coo ) ion$
O
.ist tube and dil.HCl is are absen t. a
--
luio* af Conc.Hfooi Chloride (C/) & Bromide (Br-)

' :.:11 quantitY of salt is taken a) Beforeheat\ngno resction' ions are absent..
p-.m(,4I{
I onfrmel
b) Afterheatingno reuction'
Nitrate (I{Or-) ion is
absent.
a",:: : n of Clr turnings l
and Conc'H $Or" Nitrate (lVO;) ion is

'
-' 'lrlail qufntitY of
salt is No reaction.
absent.
iun(/I
:onfirm(
.: :st tube 1 or 2 Pieces
-',, ",rirrs:-s and Conc.H rSO o
. - ..:-..i tl-Len heated'
:"r of BaCl,solution : Sulphate ( ^SOr-2) ion is

-. l-,1i solutionBaC/, lUhitepPt. of (BaSOo) is formed'
Present.
----!l
ion
Confirmation test for Sulphate
I r :j 3:t/ solution: Sulphate (SOr'2) ion is

- ',, . i\lltltionBaCl ,
l4hitepPt. of (BaSOr) is formed'
confirmed.
lubilitY lAbovePPr' is insoluble
inConc.HCl
ffi
?'''-
Gation
ldentification of
-r in B,
t. Colo
for Antmoniunr
(rYH'- ) it: t,,
(lI1,7.ri rth
1. Test salt colourless gas cation rs
Tothe srnall quantiryof i' not e\ oh ed
test tube few drops
ot ;;;;;"t r*Jl t- Scztr
is taken in a dry
is added andheated
i;;;;,*on
sffonglY' Fflo*
Gations : Lead(Pb*2)
2.Test for I GrouP droPs
No PPt.is torn-red' absent.
afew
To the salt solution
of dil HCIsolutionrs added.
Copper (Clr*2 ) ca!
3 Tes t for Gro up c ation D No pPt.is l-on-'::: is absent'
a few Arsti
and H,S
of ilil ftt C I solutlon 1S added
l gas is Passed'
a
o Aluminium ('41
Gations-:-
4.Test for lll GrouP
rr! NH ^. catiolmaYbe
I To the salt solution 4Cl
t
are added'
andNH oO[solution
,[t
ll tl
uI for Aluminium
Gonfirmation Tests
,til
ol NaOH solution
:
' -" j Aluminrum
llhite gelatinotts PPt' '; :
-
ll' 1. Action
'' ^;;1; salt solution NaoH solutionis catton rs
which is soluble':
J\'--'
ad6ed. NaOH:oi-"'-'l-
,Si
solution: -..t '' Aluminir.m(/lt

2.Action ol itiHro.H solution White gelatinous PPt'
'' isconlin{.-q=
cation
To the salt solutton
NH 4OH
Whrch is soluble
in r\-5- '
added- t{H soiut',.':-
RePort ' !.El

Aluminrunr (.41-t t
The givenCationrs
SulPhate ( SO': )
ThegivenAnionis 4tr( SO4)31
Aluminium SulPhate
t
The givensaltis
J .lliminaryTests
r. Colour
I
S OF SIMPLE
White Cu*2, Fe*2 & MnQ
:q 2. State Cqntalline
OBSER\i,AflON INFERENCE
ETPERIMENT
Flame test:
i cati - ,:r tho platinum wire bY diPPing in Colour flame is,not observed Ca*2,Sr*2,B ail rCltil rZn*z
:nt. :.lICl and heat it on flame uPto no (or) Mn*2,Pb*2
.-: appears. Now, PrePare the Paste are absent.
. ,t.HCl + salt inwatch glass, then
uo2\ :.rce this paste bY Platinum wire
-.ent. - :-,:o the flame.
Aetion of heat:
{ small quantity of salt is taken vinegar MaybeAcetate
(CH 3COO -) ion is
- -r test tube and stronglYheated. present.
rtQ4ll'
be pred tion of Anion
lrl
&
U
a
A:r on of dil.HCl :
Colourlessvapours with smell of

MaybeAcetate
- -.r1i quantityofsaltistakenina
(CH3COO -) ion is
is evolved and which turns bl
.- :st rube and dil.Hcl isadded.
.litmustored. present.
nr[4It
onfinnd l
Gonfirmation tests for Acetate ion
'tsn(Alr
:onfirrtr : - cf Neutralf'eC/,
Solution:
, i:e srnall quantitYofsalt D eep Red Jiltrate is formed. Acetate (CH3COO-)
it
- :. , ::esttubeandneutral On boiling above solution with water ionisconfirmed.
r ,' - . . -ttion is added. becomes brownish red PPt.
Eseqfrcation test:
Fruiry odour is obtained. Acetate (CH3COO')
)3 I u- - - -:t' tlFl :rre addedandheated. ion isconf.rmed.
i --- ;- .l-- .,-' \\ atef'
E@
!-
+;l
.
of
Test for Ammonium (NIIr*) ion :

Colr
in withpungent smeil of Ammonium (
less gas
To the small quantity of salt is taken
ammonia(Iiflr) is er o1r ed and glr es maybe
a drytest tube a.few droPs of NaOH itl,
dense white fume s (4r1, C/ ) ',r SEer
solution is added and heated strongly'
glass rod when diPPed rn C onc' H C I
of Ammonium Cation. FLr

write following tab le D o c on fl--
Note 1f Ammonium cation 1S identified then
!il., :: -
o.
Name of the
GrouP Reagents Name of the PreciPitate Cation
o ( Identification Tests ofcations )
il- \-..
(,
WhitePPt. PbCl, is not io=r'': Lead (Pb*2) absent
I
ir::::: ctrpper (c**2) absent $stir
f gas Black ppt. CzS is not
tr Salt solution + dil. HCI H
it il +
n
Salt soiution + NI{4C| salt + gelarinoilsPPt..ll(OHt. '- . '- \l u1111n1um (Ar') absent
Itr Dirty Green PPL Fe(OH) - ''' F effous Fe") absent
a
il
h
NH4OH solution
Zirc (Zn*2) abserfi
WhitepPt. ZnS rsnot I
t+ NH rCI salt + &m :,-
Salt solutio ' =--:
Flesh colour PPt. MnS is n':':
\langanese (Mrl*2) absent
IV
Black PPt. NIS is not ;"-': -
\ickel (;Vi*?) absent
u[i
NH4OH solution+f{gas
,l ll White ppt. CaCO,is no: t"=:-: Calcium (Ca*2) absent
Salt solution + NH rCI sak +
Whiteppt. BaCOris not I'"=:.: Barium (84*2) absent rtL"-
V NH,OH solution +( NH)2COJ Srrontium (Sr*2) absent
r ltl
' soluhon White PPt. SrCO ri5 nL-}1 i -r:ll1;;
l'. Iagnesium (Mg*'?) absent
.#il \1I No grouP reagents

t
I
Confirmation Test for Ammonium
Action of Nessler's reagent :
To the salt solution Nessler's

Brown colour PPt is;,.-:::':J Afltmoruum
cation is
( Iodide ofMillion's ba-:e I
reagent 7 K flSI tl is added'
F{l-.-
Report :
The given Cation is Ammoniunr Q\H)

ThegivenAnionis Acetate (CH3COO )
The given salt is Ammonium Acetate t \r1, (cH3coo) |
Glf,
----.
ANALYSIS OF SIM PLE SALT.4
--t
ME
ninary Tests l
,;).T#' corour a
a
White Cu*2,Feil & Mnn
State a
a
Cqntalline
INFERENCE
Flame test :
p latinum wrre by dipping ln Colour flame is not observed
l
Ca*2,Sr*2,B d*2,C\*2,f1f2
CI and heat it on flame upto no
he (or) Mn*2,p!*z
-. :ppears. Now, prepare the paste
: r. HCI +salt inwatch glass,
then are absent.
' :311t --,-e this paste byplatinum wire
t,Ihe flame.
.sent A,ction of heat :
-- small quanti[z ofsalt is taken
I rbsent Colourless ammonia smell is
- _-. rest tube and stronglyheated. MaybeAmmonium
rsent isformed (NH4*) salt is present.
'ent
lr
cation of Anion
absent A:: on of dil.HCl :
."-nt - .,11 quantityofsaltistakenina fEl
No reaction.
-- :sr rube and dil.Hct isadded.
Carbonate ( CO3-r) &
U
rsent Acetate ( CH3COO-) o
.sent ions are absent.
A.::,on of Conc.HrSOo:
,bsent
-. small quantityofsaltis taken
B r own vapours with pungent
I rbsent tube and Conc.HfO, Bromide (Br-)ion
_- -t:rt are evolved. Whichtums starch
maybepresent.
yellow.
Confirmation tests for Bromide ion

A:::r o f -VIn o2 & Conc.HrSO,
1e small quantity of salt IS
n 't(NHo Reddish Brownvapours (Brr) with
t. :- I :testrubepinchof MnO, Bromide (Br-)ion
firmo purgent smell are evolved. Whiih tums
r-i- - - ne.HsOrareadded isconfirmed.
starch to yeliow.
:- of tg\O, solution :
-_ ::e :altsolution AgNO
Pale yellow ppt.of (AgBr ) is Bromide (Br')ion
formed. isconf,rmed.
V'o)l Solubility : Aboveppl is partially
H sofuUte in,nffrolf so htion.

>-
OBSEBYAIION
Test for Ammonium(NIlr.) ion : ol Ammonium (I{IIJ

less gas with pungent stl-Leil
To the small quantityofsaltis takenin
NaOH ammonia(NHr) is er o1r ed alto sir e ationmaYbe
a drytesltube a few droPs of
dense white fumes (-\H, C/ I ''i:
solution is added and heated strongly' H CI
glass rod when diPPed rn C onc' I-
of Ammonium Cation.
identified then write following table .Do - ,
LL'. ---
Note If Ammonium catron I

l
j Name of the
0.
GrouP Reagents Name of the PreciPitate Gation
o ( Idenlification Tests ofcations )
(9
is not tc'::::;': Lead (Pb*'z') absent
I Salt solution+ dll. HCI Witeppt. PbCl2
not f.- Copper (Cz*2) absent
{l til
a tr Salt solutio t+ dtl. HCI + H; itluck ppt.
o \iurninium (l/*r) absent
Salt solution + NH4CI salt
+ ).
ilt
tl,
Itr Fe(OH).i.:-::-: ''- Ferous (Fe*2) absent
ll t' NH4OH solution
ppt. ZnS is not to--:: Zrnc (2n"2) absent
Salt solution+ NH rCI salt

+ -'.; - \ I an,qanese (Mz*') absent
colour PPt. MnS ts llt' ' I ' r
Iv \ickel (Ir'i.?) absent
[u BlackpPt.NiS is not tbr::-'r:
NH 4OH solution + -EI7S gas
Crrlcium (Ca*2) absent.
,{ lll + lVhite PPt. CaCO ris not tLrrT:-'::
Salt solutiot+ NH oCl salt
Wite pPt. BaCO ris ntrt I'or::- -: Barium (Ba*2) absent
I v NH .OH solution + ( NH) 2CO j Strontium (Sr*2) absent
" White PPt. SrCO tis not torr'Le-
lrlr
solufion
',, 1,r grresium (lVg'
:) absent
.dll VI No grouPreagents
Gonfirmation Test for Ammonium ,
Action of Nessler's reagent :
To the salt solution Nessler's

Brown colour PPtis tbm:ed '|mmonrum
cation rs
( Iodide ofMillion's base )
reagent 1 X /ISI tl is added'
Report :
ThegivenCationis :
(NH)
ThegivenAnionis : 1Br )
Bromide
The givensaltis l Ammonium Bromide [ \H;Br I

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT. 5
liminary Tests I
,u':, Fe'2 & fuln-:
T . Colour a
a White
State a
a CrSntalline
ETPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
ronJ,
Flame test:
I 'rzr :he platinum wire by dipping in Colour flame is not observed Ca*?, Sr*2 rB a*2,Cu*2,2n*2
r XICI andheat it on flameuptono (or) Mn*2,Pb*2
-: appears. Now, prepare the are absent.
rl -'nt = i con HCl*saltinwatchglass,
.:oduce this paste byplatinum
:eI1t .,p intotheflame.
i ,tsent
.;nt
Action of heat:
A small quantityof salt is gaswithammonia MaybeAmmonium
3nt ..:l ifladrytesttube and smellisevolved. (NH4t) salt is present.
ti:l
r ,rbsent :.:glyheated.
U
ent a
.ient
ient Ac''lon of dil.HCl :

r itsent
-. s:naU quantity of salt is taken Colour and smell less gas (CO, ) Carbonate (COra)ion
1 rbsent r : -r\ testtube anddil.HClis ved withBrisk effervescence. maybe present.
The gasputs offabuming splinter.
It tums Lime water into milkY.
I
Gonfirmation test for Carbonate ion
u r(I#1.
I rt-rnno
. of BaCltsolution :
.,::,-,"-1 quantiry of salt solution

Whiteppt.of (BaCOr) is formed. Carbonate (CO;'z)ion
:- r-: dn'test ttbeandBaCl isconfirmed..
Solubility:
Aboveppt. is soluble rndil.HCl
hnl PRAGTIGAL
Identification of Gation
INFEBENCE
Co
Test for,4 mmonium (NIlr.)
ion; of Ammonium (NHi
\l Ll e
less gus with pungen
11
is taken in
. To the small quantity of salt ation may be
evol ved and
m'
ammonia ( NH,) 1S
SI
iew droPs 9f NaOH
dense white fumes ( NH{
a drytest tube
t-
a ,1 rh
I solution is added and heated
strongly'
glass rod when diPPed in C
onc' H C I
F.l,at
table .Do conflrc13t:.': St f'Ammonrum Cation.
If Ammomum cation 1S identifre d then write
Note
Name of the
0-
GrouP Reagents Name of the PreciPitate Cation F
o ( Identification Tests ofcations ) 1."
o Lead (PD*') absent
I Saltsolution +dll.Hcl White PPt. PbCl2 is not t-orrnec
Copper (Cz*2) absent
t -l€'!
n+ dtl. HCI + II rS BluckPPt. CzS is not t-or:::::
d H
a tr Salt solutio
o ) --.:- -duminium ('4l*r)
Salt solution + NH 4Cl salt
+ gelatinous H =-':
Dirfi GreenPPt. Fe(OHl . is -r: :- --': Ferrous (Fe*2) absent
il Itr NH4OH solution
s i ic=';: Z\nc (Zn*2) absent
ppt. ZnS is not
+ \langanese (Mr*?)
Salt solutio n + NH rCI salt colour PPt. MnS t; Dt-l I -
lll-; -
ffi
Iv
Btack PPt. ArS is not :r'='=
j Nickel (Nr"'2) absent
NH4OH solution+I4Sgas
,rl$ + White PPt. CaCO ris not I"i:::- Calcium (Ca*2) absent
Salt solutio n + NH rCI salt
t"=:: Barium (Ba*2) absent
White PPt. BaCO ris ntrt
v NH.OH
* solution +( NH)2CO3 I";= =: Strontium (Sr*2)
u
solutron l4'hite PPt. SrCO 'is ntri
\ tagnesium (Mg*2) absent
,$f' \{ No grouPreagents
Confi rmation Test for Ammonium

t-
Action of Nesslerrs reagent :
Ammonrum
Brown colo ur PPL i> LL'
To the salt solution Nessler's LU a-ie cation 1S
( Iodide ofMillion S
reagent 7 K /ISI al is added'
Report
The given Cation is
Ammonium ( NH; )
ThegivenAnionis Carbonate ( COi2 )

(NH),Co3l
The givensaltis
Ammonium Garbonate |
(
H
fcE
iliminary Tests l
. Colour a
a White Cuil, FeQ & Mnfl
State a
a Crystalline
ETTPERIMENT INFERENCE
Flame test !
.n the platinumwire bydipping in Colour flame is not observed Ca*2, Sr*2,B a*2,Cv*2,Znn 2
H Cl and heat it on flame upto no
(or)Mn*2,Pb{
[:he ,.r appears. Now, prepare the
r . i con.HCl + salt in watch are absent.
rhen introduce this paste by

- :ellt :m wire loop into the flame.
.{ction of heat 3
.:sent
A small quantity of salt is Colourless guswith ammonia smell is MaybeAmmonium
Ix- absent in a drytest tube and strongl evolvedand white sublimate is formed. (NH;) saltispresent.
I
bsent
I rsent
i r ;) absent
rction of dil.Hcl :
f-]
1 rsent - ,rmall quantity of salt is No reaction. Carbonate (CO3-'2) & (.)

*:,'test tube and dil.HClis a
Acetate (CH3COO )
absent ions are absent.
:bsent
absent
r:tion of Conc.HfOr?,
- rrlall quantit).,ofsalt is Colour less gas (IfCl ) with Chloride (Cl- )ion
:-,'f testtube and Conc.HrSO, pungent smell is evolved and gives maybe present.
t
_- l
__-u. dense white fumes (NH pl ) wirh
glass rodwhen dipped in NH 4OH.
Confirmation tests for Ghloride ion

:nofMnOr&
h ,-Or4 Conc.H f O, :
[-:onfiud
,.1 quantity of salt is taken Greenish yellow colour vapours (Clr) Chloride(C/-)ion
-:: pinch of MnO, and withpungent smell are evolved. isconfirmed.
i-fa), arl added.
: - of 1€,\-O- solution :
- '- ::lr: :.rlution AgNO, White curdy
:--; ppl of (AgCl) is formed. Chloride(C/-)ion
'
isconfirmed.
co31
--
---L
Solubility : Above ppt. is completely
soldble inNHpH
iILT
-r
7.-
ldentification of Gation
rxrrnBXCB
limir
ion :
Test for Ammonium (NIlr.) of Ammonium ( Col
quantityof saltistakenin colour less gas with
Tothe small maybe
of NaOH ammonia (NIIr) ts
few droPs
densewhite fumes (NI/
adry test tube a C/)with Ste
added and heated sfionglY'
solution is in Conc'HCl
glass rodwhen diPPed
of Ammontum Cation. FIaE

.D o confirmati on SI
then write following table
Note If'Ammomum cation IS
,J/:l
Name of the -_:l
g GrouP Reagents Name of the PreciPitate Cation ,-u
o
l- ( Identification Tests of cations )
_,"-i
(9 Lead (Pb*2) absent
forrned.
WhitePPt. PbCl2 is not Ast
I Salt solution+ dll. HCI
Copper (Cz'2) absent
BlockPPt. CuS is not formed
$ a tr Salt solution + dt.
HCI + H f gas
(,4/*r ) abse{
o r< n,r: f.-:-[3d -\luminium
+
Salt SO lution + NH4CI salt rl-:::i Ferrous (Fe*2) absent
ttl Fe(OH) , is not
F Itr
ril NH4OH solution
ir Zinc (Zn*2) absent
ppt. ZnS is not tbrrne
+ :r:=-:: Manganese (Mz'2)
Salt solutio n + NH oCl salt colour PPt. MnSis no:
Iv Nickel (Nr"') absent
Ih Black PPt.NiS is not forme'i.
NH4OH solution+IlFgas
not tbrrneo Calcium (Co*2) absent
,rti + Wite PPt- CaCO ris
Salt solutio t + NH rCI salt BaCOris not t-c'rme'i' Barium (Bo*2) absent
WhitePPt.
r
I
Url
v NH 4oH solutiSg + ( NH ) 2Co 3
White PPt- SICO ris not
formed' Strontium (Sr*2)
Magnesium (Mg*2)
vt No grouPreagents
,*lil
Confirmati on Test for Ammonium
Action of Nessler's reagent

:
Ammoruum
Brown colour PPtis lorrned
To the salt solution Nessler's cation rs
( Iodide ofN{illion's ba-'e
t
h
reagent Y K flsI tl is added'
RePort
: Ammonium ( \Hr't
ThegivenCationis
Chloride ( C/- ) lffi
ThegivenAnionis :
The givensaltis : Ammonium Chloride I NH4Q| |
T
t-.1
ixcE ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT. 7

riliminary Tests l
I
( NH, . Colour a
a White Cu*2,Feil & Mn*2
i prese cations rnaybe absent.
1
l
State a
a Crystalline
:l ETPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

n --ation. Flametest:
.n the platinumwire bydipping in Colour flame is not observed Ca*2,Sr*2,B a*2,Crt*z,Zff2
HCI andheat it on flame upto no
r the rr appears. Now, prepare the paste (or) Mn*2,Pb*2
DN n.HCl + salt in watch glass, then are absent.
:uce this paste by platinum wire
- rsent rtotheflame.
Action of heat:
rbsent
\ small quantity ofsalt is taken C o lo urle s sgas with ammonia MaybeAmmonium
- : dry test tube and strongly
il. ) absen smellisevolved. (NHr) saltispresent.
'::ied.
' :bsent
N ,bsent ldentification of Anion

[ :-j) absei
A,otin of dil,HCl :
r \small quantityof salt is taken No reaction. Carbonate ( CO &E

,bsent )
, iry test tube and dil.HCl is ( cH3cQo ion6
- - -:J. U
(a
absenti are absent.
I absent rction ol Conc.HfOoi
I[ 't absed I
r small quantityof salt is taken a) Before heatingno reactioru Chloride (Cl') & Bromide (Br -)
- : -rrvtestfube andConc,HS|O, ions are absent.
h. :) absen
- -ied.
b) Afterheatingno reaction. Nitrate (NQ-) ion is
Ia
absent.
r:tion ol Cuturnings
?nd Conc.HSO4l
quantityof salt is
To the small No reaction Nitrate (NQ') ion is
: - 2 pieces
.o a test tube 1 or absent.
- ;i t urnings and Conc.H rSO o
m: lm(M u : - -'idandthenheated.
-'onfinr
A,:: on ol BaClrsolution :
- :re salt solution BaCl, Whiteppt of (BaSOo) is formed. Sulphate (SOr') ion is
' ,. - .s adjed. present.
Confirmation test for Sulphate ion

^ :i BaCl.solution :
u
I .- - s.1: serlution BaCl, Whiteppt. of (BaSOo) is formed. Sulphate (SOr-2) ion is
ubility : Aboveppi is insoluble confirmed
IILT ul
-
l-
q,
t"
Test for Amm onium
(NI/r.) ion : snieli of Ammonium (
in /essgaswith pungent
To the small quantitY'
of salt is taken evolr'ed and gr\-e
ts maybe pres{
of NaOH ammonia (I{Hrl t,
adry test tube a few droPs densewhite fumes
(l{I/rCl) ri rth
stronglY'
is added and heated
glass rodwhen diPPed tnConc-HCl
I
te St of Ammonium Cation. l-..

table .Do c ont-lrrnaIlr':-
IS then write following
If Ammontum cation Iffi-
Name of the
e GrouP Reagents Name of the PreciPitate
Cation
o ( Identifrcation Tests of
cations )
o not Lead (P6*') absent
WhitePPt. PbCl2 is
LLrt --_!u
I Salt solutiot+ drl'HCl *,

,[[ tt'r--;': Copper (Ca*r) absent
+ dil' HCI +
'Hf gas BlackPPt. CrS is not
tr Salt solution -
(r)
Aluminium ('4l*r)
ar l(OHt -: :- -'.r-
Salt solution + NHl
C/ salt +
F! Fe(OHl, ',s:-'-' ' :: :- Ferrous (Fe*z) absent
;ul u NH PH solution
f;'='--- Zirlc (Zn*2) absent
White ppt. ZnS is noi
salt + \langanese (Mn*2)
Salt solutio t+ NH uCl rs i'-': '::: =:
Flesh colour PPt'rYnS
i[- v rickel (Nf'7) absent.
Btack is nt"- : --=:
PPt-.\'iS
NH4OH solution+Ergas
*lf Calcium (Ca*') absent
not
White PPt. CaCO, is
il
Salt solution + NH Pl salt + Wite PPt. BaCO, is n"t
Barium (Ba*?) absent
,Bl
Strontium (Sr*2)
v NH .oH solution + ( NH ) 2Co 3
lVhite SrCO ,is ntr: t-or:":e:
PPt-
" soluflon
\lagtresium (Mg*']) absent
,flt No grouP reagents
VI
Confirmati on Test for

Ammonium
Brotltt colttur PPt' t

::':ieJ AmmoilumWI{
To the salt solution Nessler's cation is contrrmq
(Iodide oi\Iilh"n's brse
t
, reagentlK/ISIol is added.
RePort,
Ammoniurn r \-H,-
,
The givenCationis
givenAniols Sulphate ( SO ,': t
The
Ammonium SulPhate l( NH4)rso l
The grr en salt is
F--_,...--.i
ANALYS IS OF SIMPLE SALT 8
liminaryTests l
CuQ, Fes & Mn*2
. Colour a
a White
State Crystalline
OBISERYATION INFERENCE
ETPERIMENT
Flame test:
[@. ,-- .he platinum wire bY diPPing in Grassy-green colour flame is observed. Ba*2 Maybepresent
ffi
I{Cl andheat it on flame uPto no
-- rppears.Now, Prepare the Paste
- 't.HCl + salt in watch glass, then
i -------1 - *,-e this paste by Platinum
wire
'ient : ..r the flame.
[ ]
L_--
l,
I Lrsett
-letion oI heat:
-, small quantity of salt is taken f Wnegar. MaybeAcetate
(CH3COO -) ion is
- --. test tube and strongly heated.
present.
-,bsent
rsent ification of Anion ri

Q-
0)
rsent
A,::ion of dil.HCl :
. ,.11 quantity of salt is taken in a Colourless vapours with smell of MaybeAcetate
I rbsent
is evolVed and which turns bl (CH jCOO -) ion is
- .st rube and dil.Hcl isadded.
I i,r"rt litrnus to red. present.
h, absent I
) .rbsent
Confirmation tests for Acetate ion

-
n of N e utralFeCl,
Solution
Acetate (CH{OO')
tr,{* -..::
1-r;the small quantitYof salt
ii1 a test tube and neutral
D eep Re d Jiltrate is formed.
On boiling above solution with water it ionisconfirmed.
--.', ,' s,rlution is added. becomes brownish red PPt.
Es:en- fication test :

-: .'.: s.rlution Conc.HfOo Fruity odour is obtained. Acetate (CH3COO )
u- ---F/ OH::e addedandheated. ion is confirmed.
orl I :, _::l -1-.r \\ 3ter"
Ffl UAL
a-
OBSENYATTON
INFERENCE
E:TPER]MENT F'rlir
1,.
1. Test for.Ammonium (NHr.) ion
:.
taken in colour less gas ( NH r) with Ammonium( NH4*)
To the small quantity of saltis is absent.
of NaOH pungent smell is not evolved'
a dry test tube a few droPs
.olution is added and stronglyheated'
3.F
2. Test for I GrouP Gations : Lead ( P6+2) cation
of Noppt.is formed.
To the salt solution a few droPs is absent. F
dil H Cl solution is added'

3. Test for ll GrouP Gations : Copper (Cu*2) cation
of Noppt.is formed'
To the salt solution a few droPs is absent.
dil Hclsolution is added and'Elf gas
*f[
is passed. L
4. Test for il GrouP Gations : formed -\luminium( Af3)&
a
o To the salt solution NH 4Cl salt and ( Feu) cations are
ili 14
NH4OH SO lution are added.
ti[,
5 Test fo r IV G rou p Cations No ppt.is formed Zinc (Zn'2), Manganesl
To the salt solution NH4CI salt \.Vn-")&Nickel(Nr*2f
NHrOH solution are added, then cations are absent'
ffi, gas is passed.
{ti . lver'-mirr.GrouP Gations : -- salt is

' TestforV White PPt. is formed
Barium (Bat2) or
t.it'solution NH4CI ( Cau) or Strontium (
rFh
t added, then NH oOH arfi ( NH ) ,CO , cation maY be Presenl
solutions are added'
.fl[r Confirmation Tests for Barium

t
l. Action of KrCrO, solution :

Barium (Ba*2)cation
To the salt solution Pottasstum Yellow colourPPL (BaCrO,) ts
is confirmed'
formed which is soluble in i
chromate solution 1 K rCrO r)is added'
d.ilAcetic acid andsoluble in
dil.HCl
2. Action of Ammonium oxalate
solution :
Barium (Ba*')
TothesaltsolutionAmmonium Wite colour PPL(Ba C.Orl is
is confirmed.
" solution is added' formed. AbovePPt. is soluble in
oxalate f,
hotAcetic acid-
Report :
The givenCationis Barium (Bo*')

ThegivenAnionis Acetate (CH.COO )
The givensaltis Barium Acetate I Ba(CH,coo)rl

lr+

MICE
'iliminary Tests l
. Colour a
a $/hite Cut, Feil & Mn'i
\I1r*) cations maybe absent.
:nt.
State a
a Crystalline
OBSERVATION INFERENCE
';
Flame test :
) cation
:-,n the platinum wire by dipPing in Grassy-green colour flame is Ba*2 Maybepresent
,:nt.
".HCtand heat it on flame upto no
lr appears. Now, prepare the Paste
.f') - ,in.HCl * salt in watch glass; then
.:nt. luce this paste by platinum wire
-:rtotheflame.
Action of heat :
-'tcn..4
I -. are absd \ small quantity of salt is taken Water droplets are formed on the Maybe Hydrated salt.
},
,n test tube and strongly heated. walls of test tube.
| \,Ianganei ldentification of Anion

f : absent.
;kel(Nrl
r:tion of dil.HCl
i I
:
No reaction. Carbonate (CO j-') & U

::r1all quantit1, of salt is taken in a a
Acetate (CHTCOO )
I tor Calci{ ions are absent.
rntium (
1:tion of Conc.HfOr:
\ srnall quantity of salt is taken Brown vapours with pungent Bromide (Br- ) ion
;n'test tube and Conc.H$O, are evolved. Whichturns starch maybe present.
ied. yellow.
lr-2) Confirmation tests for Bromide ion

3n of MnOr& Conc.Hfor:
fo quantityof salt is Reddish Brown vapours (Br) with
the small Bromide(Br-)ion
in a test tube pinch of MnO, pungent smell are evolved. Which tums isconfirmed.
{- onc.HzSO,are added .
starchtoyellow
' ,r-') cation
|
I med.
: r"r of AgNO, solution :

To the salt solution AgNO Pale yellow ppt.of (ASBr ) is Bromide (Br-) ion
. :s added. formed. isconfirmed.
Solubilitjr : Above ppe is partially

soluble in NH rOH solution.
H
t
t
tr
I
(NH'.) i?n t. -\mmonium ( lYllr. ) cat{
colour less gas (lfff/
1. Test lor Ammonium wltlt
takenin
of salt is is absent' l
To the small quantity p*g"* .*t11 is not evolved'

i'oP' or NuoH,
"
#t.Iffi;;r'*
is added and stronglyheated'
."f ,i,i"t
Cations : Lead ( PD*2) cation

2. Test for I GrouP Noppt.is formed'
a few droPs of is absent'
To the salt solution r-

3. Test for ll GrouP
Gations : . CopPer ( Cz*2) cation
No pPt.is formed'
a few droPs of is absent.
al ruii rot"tion is added and
trIf gas
is passed.
,[1 -\luminium ('41.i )
& Ferr{
4. Test for lll GrouP
Gations: formed. are abset
a NH4cl salt and
1 Fe':\ cations
o
,li U
r$h e
5. No PPt.is formed. ?ui:{k:#1
ih
Barium 1 Ba-' \or Calciu{
,r til rest rorr/ G::tt|"!31il',ii,i,cr s{1is White PPt- is formed' I or Strontium ( Sr]
I Ca''
cation maY be Presenll
atd( NH)'CO'
*t uaa"a, tir., NH4oH
'*ll
Confirmation Tests
for Barium
.flf
l. Action ol K,CrO solution Barium (Ba'2) cation
:
ts
Yellow colour PPt' (BaCrO '
Pottassium
To the s#solution
- -
- formed which is solubie in
') is conf,trmed'
K added'
chromate solution 1 rCro')is in
dil.. Ac eti c aciil andsoluble
dil'Hct
2. Action of Ammonium oxalute
solution :
Bartum(Ba*2) catiot
Ammoruum Wite colour PPt'(Ba C,O,) in 1s is confirmed'
is soluble
f"t*"d. Above PPt'
I
oxalate solution is added' acid.
RePort z
Barium(Ba*')
The givenCationts
Bromide (Br )
ThegivenAnionis
Barium Bromide I BaBrrl
The givensaltis
l
a-
rcE
l S OF SIMPLE SALT. {O
riliminary Tests I
Cu*2, Fe*2 & MnQ
White
r. Colour a
cations maYbe absent.
| +,-l cati{
h; .,
C4ntalline
2, State a
a
3, Flame test :
.:r the platinum wire bY diPPing in
cation Ba*2 MaYbe Present
- Grassy-green colour flame is observed'
ri.
":-HCt andheat it on flame uPto no
-ir appears. Now, PrePare the
, of con.IICl + salt in watch
*, .. then introduce this Paste bY
. ,.r1wire looP into the flame'
+ .lction oi treat 3
onthe Maybe HYdrated salt.
I asmallquantitYof saltis Water
- ,nadrytesttubeand test tube.
l nti fication of Anion

I :ket(NrI cIr)
d
Action of dil.Hcl . U
a
No reaction. Carbonate (CO32) &
["'*'] - :mall quantiff of salt is Acetate ( CH,COO )
' - -1 testtubeand dil.HClrs ions are absent.
-, -: l,
A:tion ol Conc.HfOrl
-- ',,rufi quantity of salt is Colour less gas (HCl ) wilh Chloride(C/-)ion
ffi
nunsent smellis evolved and gives maybe Present.
- --" test tube and Conc-HfO,
i.ni. white fumes ( AIHrCl) with
, -:J. glass rod whendiPPedtn NH rOH'
Gonfirmation tests for Chloride ion

: n of ltno. &
Conc.HfOr:
I aa.'1 catio{ ., . .':.r:antitv of salt is taken Greenish yellow colour vapours (Clr) Chloride(C/-)ion
i. t'rmed. I --:::inc1r of MnOrand isconfirmed'
l,{ with Pungent smell are eVolved'
:"-i0- -,re added.
m d",{gN4 solution :
Tofresalt sohrtion AgNO, White curdy ppt. ot(AgCl) is formed' Chloride(C/-)ion

is confirmed.
tmhadded-
Solubility ; Above ppt. is completely
soluble rnNH
ffit
,f
INFERENCE
ETPERIMENT
{
1. Test for Ammonium Q{Hr*)
ion :.
colour less gas (I/Er) rvith \mmonium(il,Ijr-'1.
To the small quantityof saltistakenin
of NaO\ pungent smellis not evolr'ed
a drytest tube a few droPs
,ot rtion it added and strongly heated'
2. Test for I GrouP Gations

: l
Lead ( PD*2) cation
of No ppt.is formed
dil H Ctsolution is added'
3. Test for ll GrouP Cations :
Copper ( Cu*2) cation
No ppt.is fonned
t
To the salt solution a few droPs
of is absent.
dil Hclsolution is added andIff gas
is passed'
l$i
4, Test for lll Group Gations
' --'i;id;t*'iotiition
:
Noppt.is formed
(r)
o N'H,CI salt and iH',.}ffiJ#r,:;",ilil
F1
NHoOH solution are added'
t $li F
5. Test
"" for lV GrouP Cations--:
--'i;'rh. Noppt.is formed. Znc (Zn*2),
salt sohition NH ocl salt ( lhf)&Nickel(Ni*'?)
NH.OH solution are added, then cations are absent'
li*,
gas is passed.
rttl TestforV GrouP Gations

' "-"1oihi
:
-- MitepPt. isformed'
salt'iolutio n N H rCl salt is '*:t"###ln:'i,5
*il added, then NH.OH and ( NHr) rCO,
Gonfirmation Tests for Barium

'dltl I
g
1. Action of KrCrO, solution :

Barium (Ba*2) catiotr
To the salt solutionPottassrum
Yellow coloar PPt. (BaCrO ') ts
is confirmed.
added' forrned which is soluble rn
chromate solution (KrCrO )is
dilAcetic acid andsoluble in
dil.HCt
2. Action of Ammonium oxalate
solution :
Barium ( Ba*?) cation
To the salt solution Ammonium Wite colour PPt-(Ba CrOr) ts
is confumed,
" formed. AbovePPt. is soluble in
oxalate solutionis added'
hot acetic acid.
Report
The givenCationis Barium ( Bu*')
ThegivenAnionis Chloride ( Ct- )
The givensaltis i Barium Chloride I Bact,7

ALYSIS OF SIM PLE SALT .11
F-|
ErcE
a White Cu*2, Fe*2 & Mn*

o
H +
"",.I:::H"""' cations maybe absent.
State a
a
Cqntalline
OBISERYATION INFERENCE
EXTPERIMENT
catton
t
Ftame test :
:1t. .:re platinumwire bY diPPing in colourflame is observed. Ba*2 Maybe Present
I
-rCl and heat it on flame upto no
prepare the paste
-" r:f ears. Now,
, :1 cation
ldcl' salt inwatch glass, then
:it , - .his paste bY Platinum wire
D : t'lame.
ol heat s
l r& Fen{ - ' , .r:11 quantity of salt is taken in are evolved. MaybeNitrate (NO3-)
[ .,re abser{ salt is present.
-- .>t tube and stroglYheated.
:kel (
ification of Anion
f.l
-: absent.
: n of dil.HCl : Carbonate (COr-2) & U
is taken in a No reaction. a
- . qrnntity of salt Acetatb (CH3COO')
)or -, :ube and dil.HCl is added. ions are absent.
* .ntium (
be n of Conc.HrSOr: Chloride (.Cl-) &. Bromide (Br-)
a) Before heating no reaction.
quantity of salt is taken in a ions are absent..
:trbb and Conc.Hfoo 1S
Nitrate (NO;)ion
b) Aft er he ating Re d dis h B r own
vapours are evolved. maybepresent.
3 n of Clr turnings
Sa*r) cation
.rmed.
and Conc.HrSO4i
: .r11 quantityofsaltistakenin Reddish Brown vapours of N0rate Nitrate (NO;) ion is
present
--:: 1 crr2 pieces of Cuturn- evolved andthe solutiontums Pale
,, : Conc.Hfoo ate added blue.
-" -,-ated.
h Ba*2) cation Confirmation test for Nitrate ion

I to-.a. - *
n-Ring test :
. ;.,untit1.of salt solution is Dark Brown Ring is formed in Nitrate ( NO,-) ion is
: :;:. lube and same between the junction of two layers' confirmed.
l- FeSO, solution (Nitroso ferrous sulPhate)
f- of
a-\\ rllf tl 11i (Fesor -No)
: - , :-3il1i1g the test tube in
!-s
.ESALT
I
tdentifi cation
of Cation
1. Test forAmmon.
;;',i' i, *i,?r, [iIi,,
:* fube , lim
-,3
a drytest ] ;?:,,,,
tls sas (NH,) w.ith
a fe
,"i,i,",,. ffi :,I Y:r t Ammonium (NH,*)
I. (
pturgent smell
SHLyil.:[f is not evolved.
ts absent.
2. Test for I Group
Cations s
:
To the salt s<
few drops or
dit Hct sot tion i.'lltjlla Noppt.is formed.
Fla:
3. Test for ll Lead.(pb*2) cation
Group Cations rs absent. :an the
:
To the salt sr
,1, il
at nii''oit;il',:':1'on'a rew droPs or
; added and Noppt.is forme,l our aI
rs passed. l/.9 gas
ll Copplr ( Cu*2)
cation ste of
rs absent. .SS, th€
,11,il
:lllll.fll !
and
is forrned. . Actir
il (Ar') &
( F"') cations are
ffrrr ::ken in a
r
s forrneci -eated.
Zinc 12o*z
fitt ),
(ikln-) & Nickel
t/ (
cations are abs
, r;l ent. 1. Actior
,ll
IVhile'ppt. is fbrmed A smr
BaiumlBq", Ln a dryte
)or
#! ( Ca*2) or Strondum
( added.
cation may be
present.
Confi rmation Tests
1 Action o! KrCrO for Barium 2. Action
osolution : Asrnal
J o the salt solufion pottassium
^L-_ solurion (
cffomare Yellow colour in a dryte
KrCrO)ii;;il: PPt. (Ba CrO) is
Barium ( Bo+2) is added.
formed whichis cation
sol uble rn
dit A cetic acid rs confirmed.
2. Actian of and s oluble in
Ammonium oxolate dit.Hct
solution :
Tothesalt Action of.
oxalate solution White colour ppt
is added. (Ba
formed. Above
Cror) is Bariym (Bo*2)
ppt. rs soluble cation Io the srnall qr
in rs confrmed.
Report :
hot aceti c acid n a testfubep
Lonc.ErSOra
Thegiven Cation
is : Bariuri (Ba-,
,
ThegrvenAnionis Action ofl
Thegivensaltis
: Nitrare ( Nq ) Tothe
Barium Nitrate solution is ad
I Bo ( NO, )zl
SOF
liminary Tests.l Cur2, Fe"2 & Mni
White
. Colour a
a
cationsmaYbe absent'
\-/4*)
,Jnt. a
Crystalline
State a
D" Flame test: Ca*2 maYbe Present

j.-i ) cation the platinum wlre by drpping
m Brick red colour flame is observed'
-.ent. uPto no
H Cl andheatit on flame
jr appears. Now, PrePare the
*
- oiion.HCl salt in watch
. u-)) ,. dren introduce this Paste bY
'sent.
,rm wlfe loop into the flame.
.lction of treat 3
Maybe HYdrated salt'
onthe
t/.3) & A smali quantitY of salt is Water
:1s are . '. in a drytest tube and test tube.
-:J
ldentification of Anion IJ
fiickel(,[ lction of dil.Hcl i
r No reaction.
Carbonate (CO3''?) & (,
(4
\ small quantitYofsalt is Acetate (CH3COO )
:' - Jry test tube and dil'HCl rs ions are absent'
::-r)or -l
-J.
rontium (
be
lctiorl of Conc.HfOrZ Chloride(C/-)ion
r smal1 quantitY of salt is Colour less gas (HCl ) rvith
maYbeProsent'
gives
- . drytesttube and ConoHrSO, nunsent smell is evolved and
?.n't.white fumes (A'H4C') wif,l
,.tded.
glass rodwhen diPPedin
NH 4OH' I
llL ga') catioi
I totned.
G onfirmation tests for Ghlorid e ion
on of MnO ) &
Conc.H fO r:
colour vapours ( C/' Chloride(C/-)ion
' - :.1311quantitYof saltistaken Greenish yellow
( Ba") l MnO, and withPungent smell are evolved'
isconfirmed.
rhruied' - : , ::be Pinch of
B ' H )O rare added'
on of -{g;\?, solution : (AgCl) is formed' Chloride(C/-)ion

- :'tit: salt st-ilution
AgNO White curdy ppl of is confirmed'
,: -. :dded' Solubility : 'soluble
Above ppt' is-completely
inNHrOH
ffi
r
4..
ldentification of Gation
OBSERVATTON INFERENCE
ETPERIMEF{T
F.
1. Test for Ammonium (Nflr.) ion :
To the small quantityof saltis taken in colour less gas (NI/r/ rvith ,{mmonium( NHr*') t
is absent.
a dry test tube a few droPs of NaOH
prrngent smell is not evoh ed
solution is added and strtnglyheated' 2
2. Test for I GrouP Cations :

Lead ( PD*2) cation l
To the salt solution a few droPs of Noppt.is formed
is absent.
dil HCtsolution is added.
few droPs of Noppt.is formed Copper (Cuu)

To the salt solution a
is absent.
dil Hclsolution is added andIff gas
is passed.
,$[
4. Test for I Group Cations: .\luminium (Af3)&F
a To the salt solution NHrClsaltand No ppt.is forme,j.
o ( Feu) cations are ab
li, NHrOH solution are added.
,$I 5. Test for lV Grou p Gations Zinc (Zn*2)
To the salt solutron NHrClsalt No ppt.is formoo ,
(Mnu) &Nickel (
NHrOH solution are added, then cations are absent.
rl,, gas is passed.
. TestforV GrouP Gations :

Barium(Ba*2)or
rnt To thesalt'solutionNHrCl saltrs Whiteppt is forcre,r
(Ca") or Strontium (
added, then NH rOH and ( NH ) ,CO, cation may be
, rt{
solutions are added.
I
Confirmation Tests for Calcium
{*t{
1. Action of KrCrO, solution :
]Io the salt solutionPottassium Yellow colour PPt. (CaCrO , t t> Calcium (Cso)
is confirmed.
chromate solution (I(rCrOr) is added. not forme'l
(Yellow colow solution ts :.'med. t
2. Action ol Ammonium oxalute

solution :
To the salt solution Ammonium White colour ppt(CaC.Or) is Calcium (Ca")

oxalate solution is added. formed. Above ppt. is in-'oluble in is confirmed.
hotAcetic acid
Report
The given Cation is Calcium (Ca-t )
The givenAnionisr Chloride ( Cl- I
The givensaltis Galcium Ghloride I Cact,l

UAL srM
CH
ANALYS IS OF SIMPLE SALT {3
IEIICE
liminaryTests I
Cu*2, Fea & Mn*2
1. Colour a
o
White
2. Sitate o
a Crystalline
OBSERYATION INFERENCE
ETPERIMENT
Flametest !
Cu*2 maybe Present
:,n the platinumwire bY diPPing in Brick red colour flame is observed.
--HCI andheat it on flame upto no
- lr appears.Now, Prepare the Paste
f ; r) catid
fr :tt. -,tn HCl -t salt in watch glass, then
- duce this paste bY Platinum
wire
r ntotheflame.
Action of heat :
A small quantity of salt is taken are evolved. MaybeNitrate (NO;
salt is present.
: dry test tube and stroglY heated.
ion of Anion
/f.t
Action of dil.HCl :
.. smallquantity ofsaltis taken in a No reaction. Carbonate (CO3-'z) & U
v)
- . test tube and dil.HCl ts Acetate (CHTCOO')
! r or cutc!
ions are absent.
lction of Conc.H$Oo:
a) Before heating no reaction. Chloride (C/-) & Bromide (Br-)
:mall quantity of salt is taken in a
-.
ions are absent.
-:-; test tutrb and Conc.H rSO o is
.:led. b) After he ating Reddish Brown Nitrate (NOr-) ion
vapours are evolved. maybe present.
-,r-:)
| catio Action ol Cuturnings
|r .rned. and Conc.HrSO4i
* :e small quantitY ofsalt is taken in Reddish Brown vapours of Norare Nitrate (NOr-) ion is
, ":>i tube 1 or2 Piecesof Cutum' evolved and the solution tums Pale Present.
rrr--r and Conc.HrSO, are added blue.
- - .renheated.
I _-a-;; catiq Confirmation test for Nitrate ion
[ ',rned. :
tsrown-Ring test :
- :m011 quantitY of salt solution is Dark Brown Ring isformed in Nitrate ( NO.-) ion.is
mL, :-- -:1 a test tube and same between the junction of two layers. confirmed.
, - =:nl) preparedFeSOrsolution (Nitroso ferrous su$hate)
.:.'ihen few droPs of Conc.H rSO (reSO4.NO)
- : :"
j b1 keePing the test tube in
_.- ,---1
l-5
STLT -=u PRACTI MANUAL
-
ldentification of C ation
,.
:. 1
1. Test loi A**onium (NHo.) i?n colour less gas ('ruffr/ n itf Ammonium( NH;)
of salt is taken in is absent'
To the small quantity t*tllis not evolr ed-
droPs of NIOH, forrg*t
u A* i.rt tube a f,tw 2
-r,i,*" it'aded and stron$ly heated'
Gations : Lead (PDt?) cation

lI
2. Test for I GrouP NopPt.is fonned'
a few droPs of is absent'
dit Hclsolution is added'
Gations : (Cuu)
3. Test for ll GrouP .
of No pPt.is fonneo'
Copper
is
a few droPs absent.
dit ttii solution is added
andIIf gas
*
is passed.
,$l Aluminium (Af3)& F
(,4.
Test for lll G roup Cations NHoCI salt and
fonned"
t Feu) cations
are
o To the salt solution
F]
NH40 tH SO lution afe added
,$l p Cati ons Zinc (Zn*2) ,
5 T,eSt fo r IV Grou NH4cl salt NoPPt.ts tbrmeo- Mn*) & Nickel (
cations ate absent.
added, then H
NH 4OH soluti on are
iL gas is Passed'
Barium ( 3o-:1or Calcl
r*L rest forr/ G:?ilt .?li8,ii, n,c r,qy,,
Wite PPt is toraned
uaa.a, tfr." NH 4OH

"t,
atd ( NH ) 'i;;f#"ffi[,:il
,ril 'CO '
Confirmation Tests for
I Calcium
{di
l. Action ol KrCrO solution Calcium (Cau)
:
rs
Pottassium Yellow colour PPL GaCrO ') is confirmed'
;fo the salisolution
added' notformed
CrO
chromate solution I(,
(
is torrrred' )
')is fiellow colour solution
2. Action ol Ammon'u* o*1ffirrrn

Calcium (Ca*2)c
To the salt solution Ammomum
Wite colour PPt(.CaC ,O r1.rs.in is confrmed'
in-*c-riuble
is added' formed. Aboveppt' is
oxalate solution
hot acetlc acid.
Report
Calcium (Ca")
The givenCationis
Nitrate ( NO; )
ThegivenAnionis
Tire grven salt is
Calcium Nitrate lCa(No )zl
r, -
i-",
ANALYSIS OF SIM PLE SALT .14
L___-----,J
NCE
.iliminary Tests l
May be Cz'' cation is
H;) 1. Colour a
a Blue
present.
]t. :
2, State a
a Crystalline
OBSERYATION
i cation :}. Flame test:

::it. :,,n tho platinumwire by diPPing in Bright bluish-green colour fl ame is Cu*2 maybe present
,: HCI andheat it on flame upto no
observed.
.r appears. Now, prepare the Paste
--:) . '',n.HCl + salt in watch glass, then
il. - rlice this paste by platinum wire
:to the flame.
,.r) & Action of heat :
are \ small quantity of salt is taken are evolved. MaybeNitrate (NOr'
:r' test tube and strogly heated. salt is present.
Action of dil.HCl : t,
&
- .lrlall quantity of salt is taken in a No reaction Carbonate (CO3''z) & U
- :est tube and dil.Hcl is added. Acetate (CH3COO-)
v)
ffi r:tion ol Conc.HfOr:

'
-l
.rll quantity of salt is taken in a
-'51 tilbe and Conc.H
- tl.
fOris
a) Before heating no reuction,
b) After he ating Reddish
vapours are evolved.

Brown
ions are absent.
Chloride (C/) & Bromide (Br)

ions are absent..
Nitrate (1{Or-) ion

maybe present.
P
Cao\ cati{ "x:: on of Cuturnings
I -Lrmed. and Conc.H;Oti
- : snrall quantity of salt is taken in Reddish Brown vapours of NOrare Nitrate (NOr-)ionis
,,rbe 1or2 piecesof Cuturn- evolved andthe solution turns pale present.
"-, ,,rd Conc.HfO, are added blue.
;-- heatcd.
I cc*2) catid
[ ;rmed. Gonfirmation test for Nitrate ion
B"own-Ring test :
'-.:1: quannryof salt solution Dark Brown Ringisformed in Nitrate ( IVO,-) ion is
.: .ast nrlle and same between the junction of two layers. confrrded.
: " ;'l3re d FeSO, solution (Nitroso ferrous su$hate)
.'- .:"'' l;.lps OI Conc.H$A, (FeSO4.NO)
...- :.;31-ns the test tube in
:
ESALT
I
f-..-
-
Frilir
OBSEBVAflON (
I
1. Test forAmmonium (NIlr.) ion :
in colour gas (N11r) sith

less Ammonium( NH4*) 7, !
To the small quantity of saltis taken is ab3ent.
few droPs of NaOH
a clry test tube a pungent smellis not er-oh-ed.
solution is added and stronglyheated' lFl
2. Test for I GrouP Cations : H

Lead ( P)*2) cation
To the salt solution a few droPs of No ppt,is formed.
is absent.
dit Hclsolution is added'
Ar
3. Test for ll GrouP Gations :
,$[ Copper (Cu*)

To the salt solution a few droPs of Blackppt. is formec
may be present.
a
o
dil HCt solution is added andf{gas
is passed.
,$ll l"j
rlr
A(
it, c ation Tests for CoPPer

r fltl
l. Action of NaOH solution : E -1 I
,,il Copper (Cu"\

To rhe salt solution i\hofl solution Blue colour PPt. t; fc'=--;:
is confirmed.
is added. [Cu(OH,]
{il{l t
2. Action of Ko[ Fe( CN ) u] solution :
Copper (Cu'\
Tdthe salt solution Potassium Chocolate colour PPt. ls ;: :::-.:'1
is confltrmed.
fenocyanide (Kr[ Fe( CN )ul) solu
Cu,[Fe(C]'1^l
Which is soluble n diL H C l.
is added.
Report
The given Cation is Copper ( Cu -: )
ThegivenAnionis Nitrate ( lio,- )
The givensalt is Gopper Nitrate I Cu ( No,),| l"-: r
MAlT
LYSIS OF SIM PLE SALT. {5
Priliminary Tests l
ircE Maybe Cr*2 cation is
[. Colour Blue
Cqntalline
fr
F
2. State a
OBI'ERYATION
Flame test,.
Ca*2 maybe Present
platinum wre by dipping in Bright bluish-green colour flame
| ,LHCIand heat it on flame uPto bserved.
I t"too
this paste platinum wre
into the flame.
Action oI heat:
A small quantitY of salt is taken Water onthe Maybe Hydrated salt'
! t cation
[ .ent. rn a dry test tube and stronglY
reated.
n of Anion
Action of dil.HCl ;
(COi) &
I
Asmall quantitYof saltis taken No reaction. Carbonate
: adry test tube and dil.HCl ts' '
(cH 3coo-)
,Jded. are absent.
t
Action ol Conc.HrSOri Chloride (Cl ) & Bromide (-BrJ
' ) .ation Asmall quantitY of salt is taken a) Before heating no reaction, ions are absent..
h.
-,ed. a dry test tube and Conc.H rSO o
[
-rdded.
,
b) Afterheatin gno reaction.
Nitrate (I/Or-.) ion is

No reaction. : absent.
h lii'"tr ,:.i11 ifl a test tube 1 or 2 Pieces
Cu turnings and Canc.HrSOo
, . :dded andthen heated.
t lction ol BaCl,solution :
Sulphate (soi ) 10n
Witeppt. of (BaSOo) is formed'
1 T , the salt solution BoCl, present.
I n is added.
ion
Sulphate (So4-'z) 10n
lc- : - of BaCl.solution :
1S
White ppt. of (BaSOo) is formed'
I - '- :li: ic-utrort BaCl-' ; AboveppL isinsoluble
confrmed.
- )
rl.l
-1!ltllU.
E 7
f ..-
c.
|,
ldentificatio'n of Cation
E,XPERIMEhIT
OBSEBVATION IN-FERENCE
F;
1. Test for Ammonium (N11r*) ion :
gas (.\II,7 u ith Ammonium( NHr*)cati
a
To the small quantity of saltis taken
drytest tube few droPs of NaOH
a
in colour less
pungent smell is not er o1r ed'
isabsent t.
solution is added and strongly heated'
F
2. Tqst for I GrouP Cations :

:::
,:.1
Lead ( P6*2) cation
To the salt solution a few droPs of No ppt.is fbmred
is absent.
dil HClsolution is added'
I
Copper ( Cr*2) cation

To the salt solution afew droPs of BtackPPt. is tirrr,::
may be Present.
,$il (r) dil HCI solution'is added andfff gas
a
is passed.
E
I
,$1"
c on Tests for CoPPer

i[,
g
i
,fl{i 1. Action of NuOH solution :
Blue colour PPt- r> :': :n--;: Copper ( Cu*2) cation

Tothe salt solution NaOIlsolution
,rt [Cu(oH).1
is confirmed.
is added.
It
,
dti
2. Action ol Kr[ Fe( Cl/)o/solution :
is :'-:::-;'1 Copper (Cu")

To the salt solution Potasstum Chocolute colour PPt- is confirmed.
ferrocyanid e (Kr[ Fe( CN )-/) solution Cu.[Fe(C\t.l
is added. Which is soluble n dil- H C l'
t
Report
The given Cation is Copper (Cu-')
ThegivenAnionis Sulphate ( SO.,-r )
The givensalt is Copper SulPhate I Cu so,1 k
STRY
a
I
ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT. {6
f--gE
riliminary Tests l
. Cotour a
a Pale Green Maybe Fe*'j cation is
present.
- )cati{
State a
a Crystalline
ETPERI}IENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE
Flame test I
.:n the platinum wire by dipping in Colour flame is not observed Ca*2,Sr*2,B a*2 rCun2 rZn*2
Jatlon
(or) Mn*2,Pb*2
are absent.
: rntotheflame.
Action of heat :
A small quantity ofsalt is taken Water droplets. afe on the Maybe Hydrated salt
: SeIlt. r a drytesttube and strongly
:eated.
lllner
lde of Anion
L
Action ol dil.HCl :
Asmall quantity ofsaltis taken No reaction. Carbonate (CO32) &
_radry test tube and dil.HCl is
(cH3coo') ion*
.Jded.
are absent.
Q
a
Action of Conc.HrSOri
A small quantity of salt is taken
-- adrytest tube and Conc.H sSO,
a) Before heatingno reaction. Chloride (Cl ) & Bromide (Br-)
l ) cation ions are absent l-
- :dded.
-led. b) After heatin g no reaction.
Nitrate (NQ-) ion is
Action ol Cuturnings absent.
gnd Conc.H;Oti
To the small quantity of salt is No reaction. Nitrate ( NQ-) ion is
i- 'i cation ..:ifl irl a test fube 1 or 2 pieces absent.
[ :ted. Cu turnings and Conc.HrSO,
-- . added and then heatqd.
Action ol BuClrsolution :
To the salt solution BaCl, Witeppt. of (BaSOr) is formed Sulphate (SOo-2) ion is
. -rir'rfl is added. present.
Confirmation test for Sulphate ion

cn of BaClrsolution :
ll/hiteppt. of (BaSOr) is formed.
. rhe salt solution BaCl, Sulphate (^SOr') ion is
--
- . .: .s added.
ubility : Aboveppt is insoluble confirmed.
rnConc.HCl
!-
iILT
I
,f
q!F
t--
a
ETPERIITIEI\TT
I
ln'
1. Test lor Ammonium (NIIr.) ion :
(IfHrl with Ammonium( NH;')
t,
To the small quantityof saltis taken in colour less gas
is absent.
a dry test tube a few'droPs of NaOH
pungent smell is not evolved
solution is added and stronglyheated'
2. Test for I GrouP Cations :
of Noppt.is formed Lead ( PD*2) cation

r
iopper (Cuo\
To the salt solution a few droPs of Noppt.is formed.
,tr
is absent.
$, a dil Hctsolution is added andllf
gas
a
is passed.
FI
,$l 4. Test for Ill GrouP Cations :
Ferrous ( Feo)
To the salt solution NH rCI salt and Dirty GreenPPt is tbn:aed
may be present.
iL NH4OH solution are added.
riltX Confirmation Tests for Ferrous

,rt solution
1. Action of NHrOH :
ppl I Fe( OH ).] r> Ferrous (Fe"\

t.
Tothesalt solulionNHroH Green
dfl solution is added.
forrned
is confirmed.
2. Action of Kr[ Fe( CN )o] solution :
To the stilt solutionPotassium Deep Blue PPL is fcrrmed *":I:"t**;:.,1

ferrocyanid e (Kr[ Fe( CN ) ol )
is added.
Report t
The givenCationis Ferrous (Fe =')
ThegivenAnionis Sulphate ( SOr-r )
The given saltis Ferrous SulPhate I Fe sool

ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT .17
TDRENCE
iliminaryTests I
(NH4*) . Colour a
a White Cu*2, Feq & Mn*2
. :bsent: cations maybe absent.
State a
a Cqntalline
ETPERIMENT OBSEBrIArlON INFERENCE
Flame test s
Ph*2) cation ::n the platinumwire by dipping in Dull bluish-white colour flame is Pb*2 maybepresent
lbsent.
HCI andheat it on flame upto no observed
lr appears. Now, prepare the paste
tn.HCl + salt in watch glass, then
duce this paste byplatinum wire
cuu) urtotheflame.
:bsent.
Action of heat :
A small quantityofsalt istaken observed. Maybe Lead Salt is
. Crytesttube and stroglyheated. present.
Uehtification of Anion
Feo') Action ol dil.HCl : crd
:: present. - small quantity of salt is taken in a
No reaction. Carbonate (CO3-'?\ & U
-. , test tube and dil.Hcl is added. a
Acetate (CH3COO-)
r:tion of Conc.HrSOr: ions are absent.
- .mall quantity of salt is taken in a a) Before heating no reuction, (C/) & Bromide (Br)
Chloride
:- rest tube and Conc.H
-
,SO o is ions are absenl.
Feo) - -:;d.
tI b) After he xing Reddis h Brown Nitrate (NQ-) ion
-t-rmed.
vapours are evolved. maybe present.
r:tion of Cu turnings
and Conc.HrSO4i
-
: small quantity 6f salt is taken in Reddish Brown vapours of Norare Nitrate (NQ-) ion is
Feu)
-:-Lrmed.
. : :. iub€ 1 or 2 pieces of Cu turn- evolved and the solution tums pale present,
"".i :nd Conc.HfO, are added blue.
-.-- :enheated.
Confirmation test for Nitrate ion

Brown-Ring test: I
-. .:rall quantityof salt solution is Dark Brown Ring is formed in
-
- : test tube and same amount between the junction
Nitrate (NO,-) ion is
-. , - '. :repared FeSOrsolution is oftwo layers. confirmbd.
(Nitroso ferrous sulphate)
-: - i:r. r:rr drOpS Of Conc.HrSO,,
-, -- -: :.3eplflgthetestrubein , (Fesor.No)
'
-'- l'- i.lltrl-].
5l1a
-F
- t
limir
.Cr
1: Test for Ammonium (NII,.) ion :
NH;)
colour less gas ( -\ I/,7 u rth
-\mmonium(
To the small quantity of saltis
takenin is absent.
of NaOH pungent smell is not er o1r e'J sl
a drytest tube a few droPs
solution is added and stronglyheated'
I Fta
2. Test for I GrouP Gations
:
of WhitePPt. (PbCl.) r' tcr-:ed

Lead ( PD*2) cation h,:.
To the salt solution a few droPs may be Present.
dit H Cl solution is added'
["
Confirmation Tests for Lead .lc
td,
(a l
o
!:
1. Action of KrCrO, solution
:
,$, Lead ( PD*') cation
colour PPr- t PhC rO , t ts
-:
To the salt solution is confumed. l,
) is Whichdissoir-:- \sOH
chromate solution ( KrCrO o
sohnon-
L
L:
rdl' . Action ol ru solution :
Lead ( PD*2) cation
To the salt solutionPotassium AYellow colour PPt' 's -'-'=ted is confirmed.
-'i
which is disoh'ed rn hc: ::::
and
f, iodide (Ifl) solutionis added'
cooled. Golden reilc'"' i:- -':'
are formed.
dl
Report,
Lead ( Pb-tl lc:
The givenCationis
ThegivenAnionis Nitrate ( \O,- )
The givensaltis Lead Nitrate I Pb ( '\-o,/21

t,
k:
ANALYSIS F SIMPLE SALT. 18
t
EI
[] ::;:1""'"'
State
a
a
a
a
White
Cr5ntalline
Cua, FeQ & Mnc
[:fi'"] Flame test:

OBSEB\/ATION INFERENCE
Colour flame is not observed Ca*2, Sr*2,8 a*2,CrL'2,Znfl

l,, cation (or) Mn*2,Pb-2
lreselrt.
are absent.
then introduce this paste

wire loop into the flame.
Action of heat t
A small quantity of salt is Water the Maybe Hydrated salt.
m a drytest tube and
f'-') cation
t'rmed. Action of dil.HCl i
ri
No reaction. Cbrbonate (CO,4) &
U
test tube and,dit.HCtis Acetate (CHTCOO ) U)
[ ,i ions are absent.

p;-r'ycation
f':med.
::tion of Conc.HfOrZ
- small quantityof salt is Colour less gas (HCt ) with Chloride(C/-)ion
- lrv test tuth and Conc.H rSO, pungent smell is evolved and gives maybepresent.
,:ded. dense white fumes (NHpl) .vrrth
glass rod when dipped in NH TOH.
Gonfirmation tests for Chloride ion

of MnO, &
Conc.HrSOr:
s::-r,a11 quantity of salt is Greenish yellow colour vapours ( C/, Chloride (Cl- )ion
. :-ibe pinch'of MnO, and withpungent smell are evolved. is confirmed.
are added.
of .{g,\?, solution :
. - the salt solution White curdy ppt. of (AgCl ) is formed. Chloride(C/-)ion

s -'.cded. isconfirmed.
Solubility : Aboveppt. is completely
soluble inNHrOH
SALT
-
fi:'-
o
ldentificati on of Gation nrrBnBXCB
Pri
(NEr.) ion :
colour less gos ('\//-l
NH;) 1.
'
1. -To for Amrnonium
- Test
is taken in
.
v' rth Ammonium(
the small quantity of salt pungent smell is not 31 .--''1" J is absent'
u J.v i.u tube a few

droPs of NaOH
heated' 2.
,Jrr,io" it added and strongly
2. Test for I GrouP Cations t""ul1f,'#,'7
:
To the salt solutio-n a few

drops of No ppt.is formeC
dil Hctsolution is added'
:.
3. Test for ll GrouP Gations (Cu*')
of i-orr:c Copper
To the salt solution a few
droPs NoPPt.is
is absent'
dil Hclsolution is added and'Fff gas
is passed.
4' rest roiJlsi[?Jr3,P"i'1r?,"r, l,q,luminium (Af3) & [.
arrd No PPt.ts tt-)Ixl3J
'art ( Fen) cations are
NHPH solution are added'
dil p Cations
85. Test fo r IV Grou and Zinc {Zn*2),
To the salt solution NH4cl
salt NoPPt.is l--=-.-;
(Mn*') &Nickel(
F
FI
NH rOH solution are added,
then H; cations ate
,$'i gas is Passed.
Test forV Cations :

'loirl"GrouP
tuit'solution NH 4Cl salt Noppt.is ri=";: Barium (Ba*2)
( Ca*2) & Strontium (
,
iI adcled, then NH4oH and

NH4) ,c0 3 cations are
,rtll solutions are added'
-
7.Test lor Megnesium (Mg*z) ion:-
rl Action of NHoOH andNurIIPO'
solutions Magnesium ( Mg")
White PPt *IS( \H " t PO '
ts
I To the salt solution NH4CI
saltis added' may be Present'
dll formed, S'trich is - -;
-e Lrr
1 thenNI/, OH andNa@P0rsolutionsare dil.Hcl and acer'' ':rJ'

ium
Gonfirmation Tests for Magnes
added.
-- Action
of NaOH solution :
Magnesium (Mg*')
1.
solution is lVhite PPt is io::::o
To the salt solution NaOH
is confirmed'
Which is insoluble rn eue's
of
added. NaOH
Magnesium (MSu\
solution is WhitePPt is ton"red' '
2. To the salt solution NarCO, is confirmed'
added.
RePort,
The given Cation is
Magnesium 1-1Ig-: I
Chloride (C/-)
ThegivenAnionis
Magnesium Chloride I MgClrl
The givensaltiS
lEf,ENCE
I ANALYSIS O F SIMPLE SALT. {9
Priliminary Tests l
CuQ, Fe*2 & Mnil
t 1.
ttr/Il.*)cafl Colour a
a White
[ .u'""t. I
2. State a
a Crystalline
Pb") catiod
absenf. 3. Flame test s
Ca*2rSr*2rB a*2 rCu*2 rZtl2
,eanthe platinumwire by dipping in Colour flame is not observed
tn.HCl and heat it on flame upto no (or) Mno2,Pb*2
\ Cu') lour appears. N ow, prepare the are absent.
absent. con. HCI + salt 1n watch glass, then
:roduce this paste byPlatinum wire
rp into the flame.
(.4r3) & 4. Action of treat :

10ns are A small quantity of salt is taken Water droplets on the Maybe Hydrated salt. t
in a drytest tube and stroirglY
n'), Mangan{ heated.
& Nickel ( n of Anion
s are absenl
Action of dil.HCl :
Bo*'), Asmall quantity of salt is taken No reaction. Carbonate ( CO .l )

-2
&*
.& l,l.
Strontium ( ur adry test tube and dil.HCl ts te ( CH, coo ) 1on8

t',s are rdded. are absent.
- Action ol Conc.Hfori I|z

A small quantity of salt is taken a) Before heating no teuction. Chloride (Cl ) & Bromide (Br-)
ions are absertt.. )
rn a drytest tube and Conc.H fO, Nitrate (I{Q-) ion is
rs added. b) Afterheatingno reaction.
-,.n(Mg'2) t absent.
be present. 't
l, Action ol Cuturnings
and Conc.Hfori
To the small quantitYof saltis No reaction. Nitrate (trfQ') ion is
m
taken ina test tube 1 or 2 Pieces absent.
of Cu turnings and Conc.Hfoo
! Lrn ( Mg*'\ d are added and then heated.
| -.onl'rrmed.
1 Action of BaClrsolution :
To thp salt solution BaCl, Witeppt. of (BaSOr) is formed. Sulphate (SOr-2) ionis
f rr( Msn\d :..rlution is added. present.
I ;onfirmed. I
Gonfirmation test for Sulphate ion

[.rfion ofi BaCl.solution :
E To the salt'solution BaCl, Whiteppl of (BaSOr) is formed. Sulphate (SOr') ion is
$ .,,lutionis added. ubility-: AbovepPL is insoluble confirmed
rcir I b w, Conc.HCl
I r *Y^ttl
# -l

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k

Expt. No. NAME OF THE EXPERT}IE\-T

35 l\:.. 'r.,s - :Z-::., lhai: 70

6'r rrriarrr,n of Oxa[ic l\ciid V,/S SodiunnL )F{ydlro'xldle 79---

ao..r Esi rrLaiL,rn,:,i Oxa[ilc.\cid V,/S ]Potassituonn lP'elrlnnanLg'aLlnlaLt'e 8{

,rn of Fotassttlnm JPernrnartgamaLt'e V./S Mlohr's a4

Oragnic Compound Analysis (lll'A)

l 47/ \ n a '.'s Ls o,1[ Orag'lmiic rC,o,nmp,o,rurmdl = 3, l[ JBi'emzzo'['c A\'c['dl ]l

49 1.-. .. sLs o,1i tOtraLg'm[a rC,o,rnmlp,o,rurrnLdl --

: -. i ,caLll lKiim,ertiL,cs , {03

61 r & rr YEAR PROJECT WORK {09 - {18

69 IPE BOARD QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICAT

Test for Nitrogen: J.

Ls :b- Both Nitrogen

Test for SulPhur:

il-r is I rs{eog rlced laqqnl asool

\$ Garbon ( Co;' ) ion

cH3cooH COOC,Hs + HrO

2NaCl + l.[nO, +3II,SO, 2llaHSO" + MISO^ + 2H,O + Cl, f

Nitrate ( NOi ) ion

then heated. Pb(1'{q)r+ H.sol 'o+2H1O.

Sul ( SOi') ion

'r* i 6(,cro / is added. Pb(No.\" + Krcro''+ CrO, -

Blu; ,,..t).',; - .:--:- I ;' OH1 ,ts formed'

F. f \-i rl is formed. whil

React ions A,nions ind G ati ons --

Aluminium / *3) cation

i Nicrel 0r') catiorl)

\l(.\q ),+ 2NaoH

Green ppL Ni( OH ), is formed. It becomes blue violet on

//,(Nq), +NH^OH -+ Ni (oa)tro, + l'{H

ui(ou)No, +7 l{H. + H,O -+ t Itr, 1lra,)nl(oa),

Bacro,) is tbrmed *'hich is soluble

tl hirt 7::' ' L tC 'O,) is fon'ned'

' ::-,-J it is soluble in acetic "t.-.

. few drops of NaOH tJr"ti""

|rilirnanary Tests : Cu'2, Fe*2 & Mna cations

-- test tube and stronglY b. less eas withAmmonia smell

h. Blue salt become s white on heating. Maybe Copper Salt.

ldentification Tests of Anions

ilEons GLeris Practical Manual atic Proceaure For Salt

Action ol Cuturnings and

Gonfirrnation Tests of Anions

sent. tsterification test :

rrfirmatir*n Il*st frlr

, sq;1 'irmration Test for

,-:i in a test trtre lg,Yorsolution Solubility : Abovegpf is partially is confirmed.

irr:ltifin Test for

3': ,', ri-Ring Test

d iniial .. .".23. lSvstematic For

b. No ppt. is formed, Lead (Pb*')

cation mav be prcsent.

:' -. ,f a nd \-a ltp?rsolu- cations are absent.

Gonfirmation Test for To the sai:

ii,I frv onfirmation Test

.$ Gonfirmqtion Test for

,a nfirmation Test for

nfirmation Test for

,he saltsolution NHrOH solution 6H)zis formed. Which Manganese (Mn*'E

firmation Test for

rrfirmatirn Ilst frlr

White Cu2, Fe2 & MnQ