_______________________

Name:
_
General properties
_______________________
Class:
_

_______________________
Date:
_

Time: 134 minutes

Marks: 131 marks

Comments:

Page 1 of 31
Q1.
Which is not a correct statement?

A Transition metals form coloured ions and complexes

B Transition metals display variable oxidation states

C A ligand accepts a pair of electrons from a transition metal

A complex is a central metal atom or ion surrounded by

D
ligands
(Total 1 mark)

Q2.
What is the electron configuration of Cu2+?

A [Ar]3d94s2

B [Ar]3d104s1

C [Ar]3d9

D [Ar]3d10
(Total 1 mark)

Q3.
(a) A co-ordinate bond is formed when a transition metal ion reacts with a ligand.

Explain how this co-ordinate bond is formed.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Describe what you would observe when dilute aqueous ammonia is added
dropwise, to excess, to an aqueous solution containing copper(II) ions.
Write equations for the reactions that occur.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 2 of 31
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(c) When the complex ion [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ reacts with 1,2-diaminoethane, the
ammonia molecules but not the water molecules are replaced.

Write an equation for this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Suggest why the enthalpy change for the reaction in part (c) is approximately zero.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Explain why the reaction in part (c) occurs despite having an enthalpy change that is
approximately zero.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 11 marks)

Q4.
This question is about cobalt chemistry.

(a) Give the electron configuration of the Co atom and of the Co2+ ion.

Page 3 of 31
 State three characteristic features of the chemistry of cobalt and its compounds.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)

(b) Ethane-1,2-diamine can act as a bidentate ligand. When [Co(H2O)6]2+(aq) ions are
treated with an excess of ethane-1,2-diamine, the water ligands are replaced.

Explain what is meant by the term bidentate ligand.

Explain, with the aid of an equation, the thermodynamic reasons why this reaction
occurs.

Draw a diagram to show the structure of the complex ion formed.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(7)
(Total 12 marks)

Q5.
Solid iron(II) ethanedioate dihydrate (FeC2O4.2H2O) has a polymeric structure.
Two repeating units in the polymer chain are shown.

Each iron ion is also bonded to

two water molecules. These are
not shown in the diagram.

(a) Name the type of bond that is represented by the arrows.

Page 4 of 31
 ___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) In terms of electrons explain how the water molecules, not shown in the diagram,
form bonds to the iron.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Predict the value of the bond angle between the two bonds to iron that are formed
by these two water molecules.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Iron(II) ethanedioate dihydrate can be analysed by titration using potassium

manganate(VII) in acidic solution. In this reaction, manganate(VII) ions oxidise
iron(II) ions and ethanedioate ions.

A 1.381 g sample of impure FeC2O4.2H2O was dissolved in an excess of dilute

sulfuric acid and made up to 250 cm3 of solution.
25.0 cm3 of this solution decolourised 22.35 cm3 of a 0.0193 mol dm–3 solution of
potassium manganate(VII).

(i) Use the half-equations given below to calculate the reacting ratio of moles of
manganate(VII) ions to moles of iron(II) ethanedioate.

MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– Mn2+ + 4H2O

Fe2+ Fe3+ + e–

C2O42– 2CO2 + 2e–

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Calculate the percentage by mass of FeC2O4.2H2O in the original sample.

(If you have been unable to answer part (d)(i) you may assume that three
moles of manganate(VII) ions react with seven moles of iron(II) ethanedioate.
This is not the correct ratio.)

______________________________________________________________

Page 5 of 31
 ______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Q6.
Due to their electron arrangements, transition metals have characteristic properties
including catalytic action and the formation of complexes with different shapes.

(a) Give two other characteristic properties of transition metals. For each
property,illustrate your answer with a transition metal of your choice.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)

(b) Other than octahedral, there are several different shapes shown by transition metal
complexes. Name three of these shapes and for each one give the formula of a
complex with that shape.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Page 6 of 31
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(6)

(c) It is possible for Group 2 metal ions to form complexes. For example, the
[Ca(H2O)6]2+ ion in hard water reacts with EDTA4– ions to form a complex ion in a
similar manner to hydrated transition metal ions. This reaction can be used in a
titration to measure the concentration of calcium ions in hard water.

(i) Write an equation for the equilibrium that is established when hydrated
calcium ions react with EDTA4– ions.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Explain why the equilibrium in part (c)(i) is displaced almost completely to the
right to form the EDTA complex.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(iii) In a titration, 6.25 cm3 of a 0.0532 mol dm–3 solution of EDTA reacted
completely with the calcium ions in a 150 cm3 sample of a saturated solution of
calcium hydroxide.
Calculate the mass of calcium hydroxide that was dissolved in 1.00 dm3 of the
calcium hydroxide solution.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Page 7 of 31
 ______________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 17 marks)

Q7.
Transition metals and their complexes have characteristic properties.

(a) Give the electron configuration of the Zn2+ ion.

Use your answer to explain why the Zn2+ ion is not classified as a transition metal
ion.

Electron configuration _________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) In terms of bonding, explain the meaning of the term complex.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Identify one species from the following list that does not act as a ligand. Explain
your answer.

H2 O2– O2 CO

Not a ligand ________________________________________________________

Explanation ________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) The element palladium is in the d block of the Periodic Table. Consider the following
palladium compound which contains the sulfate ion.

[Pd(NH3)4]SO4

(i) Give the oxidation state of palladium in this compound.

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(ii) Give the names of two possible shapes for the complex palladium ion in this
compound.

Shape 1 _______________________________________________________

Shape 2 _______________________________________________________
(2)

Page 8 of 31
 (Total 9 marks)

Q8.
Transition metal ions can act as homogeneous catalysts in redox reactions. For example,
iron(II) ions catalyse the reaction between peroxodisulfate (S2O82–) ions and iodide ions.

(a) State the meaning of the term homogeneous.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Suggest why ions from s block elements do not usually act as catalysts.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) Write an equation for the overall reaction that occurs, in aqueous solution, between
S2O82– ions and I– ions.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) Give one reason why, in the absence of a catalyst, the activation energy for the
reaction between S2O82– ions and I– ions is high.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(e) Write two equations to show how Fe2+ ions can catalyse the reaction between S2O82–
ions and I– ions. Suggest one reason why the activation energy for each of these
reactions is low.

Equation 1 __________________________________________________________

Equation 2 __________________________________________________________

Reason ____________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(f) Explain why Fe3+ ions are as effective as Fe2+ ions in catalysing this reaction.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Q9.
The complex cisplatin acts as an anticancer drug by changing the properties of DNA when

Page 9 of 31
it reacts with guanine, a component of DNA.

When cisplatin is absorbed into the human body, it undergoes a ligand substitution
reaction and one chloride ligand is replaced by a water molecule forming a complex ion Q.

(a) Write an equation for this substitution reaction to form the complex ion Q.

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) The complex ion Q can bond to guanine in two different ways.

(i) The first way involves a hydrogen atom, from one of the ammonia ligands on
Q, bonding to an atom in a guanine molecule. State the type of bond formed to
guanine and identify an atom in guanine that could form a bond to this
hydrogen atom.

Type of bond ___________________________________________________

Atom in guanine _________________________________________________

(2)

(ii) The second way involves a ligand substitution reaction in which an atom in a
guanine molecule bonds to platinum by displacing the water molecule from Q.
State the type of bond formed between guanine and platinum when a water
molecule is displaced and identify an atom in guanine that could bond to
platinum in this way.

Type of bond ___________________________________________________

Atom in guanine _________________________________________________

(2)

(c) State and explain one risk associated with the use of cisplatin as an anticancer
drug.

Risk _______________________________________________________________

Explanation _________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 8 marks)

Page 10 of 31
Q10.
A 0.263 g sample of impure iron, containing an unreactive impurity, was reacted with an
excess of hydrochloric acid. All of the iron in the sample reacted, evolving hydrogen gas
and forming a solution of iron(II) chloride. The volume of hydrogen evolved was 102 cm3,
measured at 298 K and 110 kPa.

The percentage, by mass, of iron in the sample can be determined using either the
volume of hydrogen produced or by titrating the solution of iron(II) chloride formed against
a standard solution of potassium dichromate(VI).

(a) (i) Write an equation for the reaction between iron and hydrochloric acid.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Calculate the number of moles of hydrogen produced in the reaction.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Use your answers to parts (a)(i) and (ii) to determine the number of moles of
iron and the mass of iron in the original sample. (If you have been unable to
complete part (a)(ii) you should assume the answer to be 4.25 × 10–3 mol. This
is not the correct answer.)

Moles of iron ___________________________________________________

Mass of iron ____________________________________________________

(iv) Calculate the percentage of iron in the original sample.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(7)

(b) (i) Write half-equations for the oxidation of Fe2+ and for the reduction of Cr2O in
acidic solution, and use these to construct an overall equation for the reaction
between these two ions.

Half-equation for the oxidation of Fe2+

______________________________________________________________

Half-equation for the reduction of Cr2O

______________________________________________________________

Overall equation

______________________________________________________________

Page 11 of 31
 (ii) The number of moles of iron in the sample was determined in part (a)(iii). Use
this answer to calculate the volume of a 0.0200 mol dm–3 solution of potassium
dichromate(VI) which would react exactly with the solution of iron(II) chloride
formed in the reaction.

(If you have been unable to complete part (a)(iii) you should assume the
answer to be 3.63 × 10–3 mol. This is not the correct answer.)

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Explain why an incorrect value for the number of moles of iron(II) chloride
formed would have been obtained if the original solution had been titrated with
potassium manganate(VII).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(7)
(Total 14 marks)

Q11.
(a) State what is meant by each of the following terms.

(i) Ligand ________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Complex ion ___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Co-ordination number ____________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Using complex ions formed by Co2+ with ligands selected from H2O, NH3, Cl–,
and EDTA4–, give an equation for each of the following.

(i) A ligand substitution reaction which occurs with no change in either the co-
ordination number or in the charge on the complex ion.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) A ligand substitution reaction which occurs with both a change in the co-
ordination number and in the charge on the complex ion.

______________________________________________________________

Page 12 of 31
 (iii) A ligand substitution reaction which occurs with no change in the co-ordination
number but a change in the charge on the complex ion.

______________________________________________________________

(iv) A ligand substitution reaction in which there is a large change in entropy.

______________________________________________________________
(8)

(c) An aqueous solution of iron(II) sulphate is a pale-green colour. When aqueous

sodium hydroxide is added to this solution a green precipitate is formed. On
standing in air, the green precipitate slowly turns brown.

(i) Give the formula of the complex ion responsible for the pale-green colour.

______________________________________________________________

(ii) Give the formula of the green precipitate.

______________________________________________________________

(iii) Suggest an explanation for the change in the colour of the precipitate.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 15 marks)

Q12.
Which one of the following could not act as a ligand?

A F−

B CH3CH3

C NH2NH2

D CH3OCH3
(Total 1 mark)

Q13.
(a) State the origin of the colour of transition-metal complexes.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Give three changes to a transition-metal complex which result in a change in colour.

Change 1 __________________________________________________________

Change 2 __________________________________________________________

Page 13 of 31
 Change 3 __________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(c) You are provided with a 1.00 mol dm–3 solution of iron(III) ions and a visible-light
spectrophotometer (colorimeter). Outline a plan for experiments using this solution
and this apparatus which would enable you to determine the concentration of
iron(III) ions in a solution of unknown concentration.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(5)
(Total 10 marks)

Q14.
Which of the species given below can behave as ligands?

NH NH3 NH

A all three

B only NH3

C NH3 and NH

D NH and NH3
(Total 1 mark)

Q15.
(a) State what is meant by the term co-ordinate bond.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) Define the terms Brønsted–Lowry acid and Lewis acid.

Brønsted–Lowry acid _________________________________________________

Page 14 of 31
 Lewis acid __________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) State what is meant by the term bidentate ligand.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(d) State how the co-ordination number of cobalt(II) ions in aqueous solution changes
when an excess of chloride ions is added. Give a reason for the change.

Change in co-ordination number _________________________________________

Reason for change ___________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(e) Suggest why the enthalpy change for the following reaction is close to zero.

[Co(NH3)6]2+ + 3NH2CH2CH2NH2 → Co(NH2CH2CH2NH2)3]2+ + 6NH3

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(f) Deduce the formula of the compound formed when ethane-1,2-diamine is treated
with an excess of hydrochloric acid.

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 11 marks)

Q16.
Which one of the following electronic configurations is that of a transition element?

A [Ar] 4s23d10

B [Ar] 4s23d9

C [A] 4s23d0

D [Ar] 4s23d104p1

(Total 1 mark)

Q17.

Summarised directions for recording responses to multiple completion

questions

Page 15 of 31
 A B C D
(i), (ii) and (iii) (i) and (iii) only (ii) and (iv) only (iv) alone
only

In which of the following conversions is the copper reduced?

(i) [Cu(H2O)6]2+ → [CuCl4]2−

(ii) [Cu(H2O)6]2+ → Cu(H2O)4(OH)2

(iii) Cu → CuCl2

(iv) [Cu(H2O)6]2+ → CuCl

(Total 1 mark)

Page 16 of 31
Mark schemes

Q1.
C
[1]

Q2.
C
[1]

Q3.
(a) An electron pair on the ligand
1

Is donated from the ligand to the central metal ion

1

(b) Blue precipitate

1

Dissolves to give a dark blue solution

1

[Cu(H2O)6]2+ + 2NH3 Cu(H2O)4(OH)2 + 2NH4+

Cu(H2O)4(OH)2 + 4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ + 2OH– + 2H2O

1

(c) [Cu(NH3)4(H2O)2]2+ + 2H2NCH2CH2NH2 [Cu(H2NCH2CH2NH2)2(H2O)2]2+ +

4NH3
1

(d) Cu–N bonds formed have similar enthalpy / energy to Cu–N bonds broken
1

And the same number of bonds broken and made

1

(e) 3 particles form 5 particles / disorder increases because more particles are
formed / entropy change is positive
1

Therefore, the free-energy change is negative

M2 can only be awarded if M1 is correct
1
[11]

Q4.
(a) [Ar] 4s2 3d7 or 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d7
Allow 4s and 3d in either order
1

Page 17 of 31
 [Ar] 3d7 or 1s22s22p63s23p63d7

Any 3

Variable oxidation state

Act as catalysts

Form complexes

Form coloured ions/compounds

3

(b) Two atoms that each donate a lone pair (of electrons) /
coordinate bonds from two atoms
1

Formula of ethane-1,2- diamine: NH2CH2CH2NH2

M2 gained from equation or structure
1

[Co (H2O)6]2+ +3NH2CH2CH2NH2 → [Co(NH2CH2CH2NH2)3]2+ +6H2O

Equation must be balanced inc charges
Allow en or C2H8N2 in equation for ethane-1,2-diamine
1

There is an increase in the number of particles / the reaction

goes from 4 moles to 7 moles
Allow increase number of molecules/moles. Allow numbers
that match an incorrect equation
1

Disorder/entropy increases / ∆S is positive

1

∆G negative
1

Page 18 of 31
 Mark for correct structure ( ignore charges -even if wrong)
NH2 can be shown in either way – see structure
1
[12]

Q5.
(a) Co-ordinate / dative / dative covalent / dative co-ordinate
Do not allow covalent alone
1

(b) (lone) pair of electrons on oxygen/O

If co-ordination to O2-, CE=0
1

forms co-ordinate bond with Fe / donates electron pair to Fe

‘Pair of electrons on O donated to Feߣ scores M1 and M2
1

(c) 180° / 180 / 90

Allow any angle between 85 and 95
Do not allow 120 or any other incorrect angle
Ignore units eg °C
1

(d) (i) 3 : 5 / 5 FeC2O4 reacts with 3 MnO4–

Can be equation showing correct ratio

Page 19 of 31
 1

(ii) M1 Moles of MnO4– per titration = 22.35 × 0.0193/1000 = 4.31 × 10–4

Method marks for each of the next steps (no arithmetic error allowed for M2):
Allow 4.3 × 10–4 ( 2 sig figs)
Allow other ratios as follows:
eg from given ratio of 7/3
1

M2 moles of FeC2O4= ratio from (d)(i) used correctly × 4.31 × 10–4

M2 = 7/3 × 4.31 × 10–4 = 1.006 × 10–3

1

M3 moles of FeC2O4 in 250 cm3 = M2 ans × 10

M3 = 1.006 × 10–3 × 10 = 1.006 × 10–2
1

M4 Mass of FeC2O4.2H2O = M3 ans × 179.8

M4 = 1.006 × 10–2 × 179.8 = 1.81 g
1

M5 % of FeC2O4.2H2O = (M4 ans/1.381) × 100

M5 = 1.81 × 100/1.381 = 131 % (130 to 132)
1

(OR for M4 max moles of FeC2O4.2H2O = 1.381/179.8 (= 7.68 × 10–3)

for M5 % of FeC2O4.2H2O = (M3 ans/above M4ans) × 100)
eg using correct ratio 5/3:
Moles of FeC2O4 = 5/3 × 4.31 × 10–4 = 7.19 × 10–4
Moles of FeC2O4 in 250 cm3 = 7.19 × 10–4 × 10 = 7.19 × 10–3
Mass of FeC2O4.2H2O = 7.19 × 10–3 × 179.8 = 1.29 g
% of FeC2O4.2H2O = 1.29 × 100/1.381 = 93.4 (allow 92.4 to 94.4)
Note correct answer ( 92.4 to 94.4) scores 5 marks
Allow consequentially on candidate’s ratio
eg M2 = 5/2 × 4.31 × 10–4 = 1.078 × 10–3
M3 = 1.0078 × 10–3 × 10 = 1.078 × 10–2
M4 = 1.078 × 10–2 × 179.8 = 1.94 g
M5 = 1.94 × 100/1.381 = 140 % (139 to 141)
Other ratios give the following final % values
1:1 gives 56.1% (55.6 to 56.6)
5:1 gives 281% (278 to 284)
5:4 gives 70.2% (69.2 to 71.2)
[10]

Q6.
(a) Variable oxidation state
1

eg Fe(II) and Fe (III)

Any correctly identified pair
Allow two formulae showing complexes with different
oxidation states even if oxidation state not given

Page 20 of 31
 1

(Characteristic) colour (of complexes)

1

eg Cu2+(aq) / [Cu(H2O)6]2+ is blue

Any correct ion with colour scores M3 and M4
Must show (aq) or ligands OR identified coloured compound
e.g. CoCO3)
1

(b) Tetrahedral
1

[CuCl4]2– / [CoCl4]2–

Any correct complex

(Note charges must be correct)
1

Square planar
1

(NH3)2PtCl2
Any correct complex
1

Linear
Do not allow linear planar
1

[Ag(NH3)2]+

[AgCl2]– etc
1

(c) (i) [Ca(H2O)6]2+ + EDTA4– [CaEDTA]2– + 6H2O

If equation does not show increase in number of moles of
particles CE = 0/3 for (c)(ii)
If no equation, mark on
1

(ii) 2 mol of reactants form 7 mol of products

Allow more moles/species of products
Allow consequential to (c)(i)
1

Therefore disorder increases

1

Entropy increases / +ve entropy change / free-energy change is negative

1

(iii) Moles EDTA = 6.25 × 0.0532 / 1000 = (3.325 × 10–4)

1

Moles of Ca2+ in 1 dm3 = 3.325 × 10–4 × 1000 / 150 = (2.217 × 10–3)

Mark is for M1 × 1000 / 150 OR M1 × 74.1

Page 21 of 31
 If ratio of Ca2+ : EDTA is wrong or 1000 / 150 is wrong, CE
and can score M1 only
This applies to the alternative
1

Mass of Ca(OH)2 = 2.217 × 10–3 × 74.1 = 0.164 g

M1 × 74.1 × 1000 / 150
Answer expressed to 3 sig figs or better
Must give unit to score mark
Allow 0.164 to 0.165
1
[17]

Q7.
(a) 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10
allow [He] 2s2 . or [Ne] 3s2.or [Ar]3d10
1

d sub-shell / shell / orbitals / sub-level full (or not partially full)

can only score M2 if d10 in M1 correct
allow ‘full d orbital’ if d10 in M1
do not allow d block
1

(b) atom or ion or transition metal bonded to / surrounded by

one or more ligands
Allow Lewis base instead of ligand
1

by co–ordinate / dative (covalent) bonds / donation of

an electron pair
can only score M2 if M1 correct
1

(c) H2 / hydrogen
do not allow H
1

no lone / spare / non-bonded pair of electrons

only score M2 if M1 correct or give ‘H’ in M1
1

(d) (i) +2 or 2+ or Pd2+ or II or +II or II+ or two or two plus

1

(ii) tetrahedral
these shapes can be in any order
1

square planar
allow phonetic spelling e.g. tetrahydral
1
[9]

Page 22 of 31
Q8.
(a) Same phase/state
1

(b) Because only exist in one oxidation state

Allow do not have variable oxidation states
1

(c) 2I + S O → I + 2SO
–
2 8
2–
2 4
2–

Ignore state symbols

Allow multiples
1

(d) Both (ions)have a negative charge

Or both have the same charge
Or (ions) repel each other
Do not allow both molecules have the same charge
(contradiction)
1

(e) 2Fe2+ + S2O82– → 2Fe3+ + 2SO42–

2Fe3+ + 2I– → 2Fe2+ + I2

1
Equations can be in any order

Positive and negative (ions)/oppositely charged (ions)

Mark independently
1

(f) Equations 1 and 2 can occur in any order

Allow idea of Fe3+ converted to Fe2+ then Fe2+ converted back
to Fe3+
1
[8]

Q9.
(a) Pt(NH3)2Cl2 + H2O → [Pt(NH3)2Cl(H2O)]+ + Cl–
Correct product
1

Balanced equation
1

(b) (i) Hydrogen bond

1

Oxygen (or nitrogen)

Only score this mark if type of bond is correct
1

(ii) Co-ordinate
1

Page 23 of 31
 Nitrogen (or oxygen)
Bond type must be correct to score this mark but allow M2 if
bond is covalent
1

(c) Killing them or causing damage (medical side effects)

Allow any correct side effect (e.g. hair loss)
Allow kills healthy (or normal) cells
1

May attach to DNA in normal cells

1
[8]

Q10.
(a) (i) Fe + 2HCl → FeCl2 + H2
(allow ionic formulae)

or Fe + 2H+ → Fe2+ + H2
1

(ii) PV = nRT n = PV/RT

(allow either formula but penalise
contradiction)
1

n=
1

= 4.53 × 10–3 (mol)

(answer must have at least 3 sig. figs. Ignore units)
1

(iii) Moles of iron = 4.5(3) × 10–3 mol

(allow conseq on (a)(ii))

(or = 4.2(5) × 10–3 if candidate uses given moles of hydrogen)

1

Mass of iron = 4.53 × 10–3 × 55.8 = 0.253 g

(mark is for method mass = moles × Ar)
(Mass of iron can be 56)
1

(iv) 0.253 × 100/0.263 = 96.1 % (mark is for answer to 2 sig. figs.)

(allow conseq on mass of iron. E.g. = 90% from
4.2(5) × 10–3 moles of H2 and Fe)
(Do not allow answers greater than or equal to 100%)
1

(b) (i) Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e–

(ignore state symbols)

1

Page 24 of 31
 Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6e– → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O
1

Cr2O72– + 14H+ + 6Fe2+ → 2Cr3+ + 7H2O + 6Fe3+

(ii) Moles of dichromate = moles Fe2+/6

= 4.53 × 10–3/6 = 7.55 × 10–4

(Allow conseq, mark is for method (a)(iii)/6)

1

Volume of dichromate = moles/concentration

(= (7.55 × 10–4 × 1000)/0.0200)
(mark is for this method)
1

V = 37.75 (cm3)
(allow 37.7 to 37.8, allow no units but penalise wrong units)
(allow conseq on moles of dichromate)
(if value of 3.63 × 10–3 used answer is 30.2 to 30.3,
otherwise ans = moles Fe2+/0.00012)
(if mole ratio wrong and candidate does not divide by 6,
max score is ONE for volume method)
1

(iii) (KMnO4) will also oxidise (or react with) Cl– (or chloride or HCl)
1
[14]

Q11.
(a) (i) An atom, ion or molecule which can donate a lone electron pair
1

(ii) A central metal ion/species surrounded by co-ordinately

bonded ligands or ion in which co-ordination number
exceeds oxidation state
1

(iii) The number of co-ordinate bonds formed to a central metal ion

or number of electron pairs donated or donor atoms
1

(b) (i) Allow the reverse of each substitution

[Co(H2O)6]2+ + 6NH3 → [Co(NH3)6]2+ + 6H2O

Complex ions
1

Balanced
1
Allow partial substitution

(ii) [Co(H2O)6]2+ + 4Cl– → CoCl + 6H2O

Page 25 of 31
 Complex ions
1

Balanced

or H2O or NH3 or C2O by Cl–

1

eg. (iii)

Complex ions
1

Balanced
1
Allow all substitution except
(i) NH3 by H2O
(ii) more than 2Cl– substituted for NH3 or H2O

eg. (iv)

Complex ions
1

Balanced

or H2O or NH3 by and or by

1

(c) (i) [Fe(H O) ]

2 6
2+

(ii) Fe(OH) or Fe(OH) (H O) where x = 0 to 4

2 2 2 x

(iii) Fe is oxidised to Fe or Fe(OH)

2+ 3+
3

By oxygen in the air

1
[15]

Q12.
B
[1]

Q13.
(a) Electron transitions/electrons excitedin d shell (1) or d-d transition
Do NOT allow charge transfer

(Energy in) visible range (1)

(NOT emits in visible region)
2

Page 26 of 31
 (b) Change 1: (Different) oxidation states (1)
Change 2 : (Different) ligands (1)
Change 3: (Different) co-ordination number (1)
Do not allow shape as an answer
3

(c) Add an appropriate (or a given correct) ligand to intensify colour (1)
e.g. thiocyanate (CNS)— or bipyridyl
Make up solutions of known concentration (1)
Measure absorption or transmission (1)
Plot graph of results or calibration curve (1)
Measure absorption of unknown and (1)
compare
N.B.: Allow concentration statement if included in graph
statement
Allow adsorption but circle the d
Also

5
[10]

Q14.
D
[1]

Q15.
(a) A shared electron pair or a covalent bond (1)
Both electrons from one atom (1)
OR when a Lewis base reacts with a Lewis acid
Mark points separately
2

(b) Brønsted-Lowry acid: A proton or H+ donor (1)

Not H3O+
Lewis acid: A lone or electron pair acceptor (1)
2

(c) Two atoms or two points of attachment (1)

Each donating a lone electron pair (1)
OR forms 2 (1) co-ordinate bonds (1)
OR donates two (1) pairs of electrons (1)
2

(d) Change in co-ordination number: 6 to 4 (1)

Page 27 of 31
 Reason for change: chloride ligands are larger than water ligands (1)
2
OR greater repulsion between chloride ligands
DO NOT allow chlorine or Cl

(e) Same number (1), and same type of bonds (1), broken and made
2

(f) ClNH3CH2CH2NH3Cl (1)

OR (NH3CH2CH2NH3)2+ 2Cl–
Allow C2H10N2Cl2 and NH3ClCH2CH2NH3Cl
1
[11]

Q16.
B
[1]

Q17.
D
[1]

Page 28 of 31
Examiner reports

Q4.
Students generally knew the characteristic features of cobalt chemistry in part (a) but the
electron configuration of Co2+ was often incorrect. In part (b) many students did not state
that a bidentate ligand has two lone pairs, each on a different atom. The formula of the
ligand was usually correct; errors included CH rather than CH2 and NH3 rather than NH2 as
the amine group. In the equation many students gave an incorrect number of ligands or an
incorrect charge on the complex formed or gave an incorrect mole ratio of reagents. The
increase in disorder was generally well known although weaker students failed to link this
to ∆G. The structure was usually correct if the ligand was correct but some students lost
marks by not drawing the ligand carefully enough and missing out hydrogen atoms.

Q5.
This question was answered well by most students. In part (b), a mark was lost by those
students who failed to mention that the electron pair donated to the iron(II) ion by water
was donated by oxygen. Part (d)(i) was the most demanding part of the question but it
was pleasing to find that 37% of students gave the correct reacting ratio of 3:5 for
MnO4–:FeC2O4. Many students tried unsuccessfully to write a balanced equation. The best
students did not attempt an equation. They realised that the reduction of manganate(VII)
ions is a 5–electron change reaction. The oxidation of FeC2O4 is a 3–electron change
reaction. Therefore, the reacting ratio is 3:5. Answers to part (d)(ii) were awarded method
marks and most students scored at least 4 out of the 5 marks available. Some students
lost a mark for an incorrect relative formula mass of FeC2O4.2H2O and some for an
incorrect method of calculating the percentage. Some students who used their own
incorrect ratio obtained in part (d)(i) and those who used the alternative 3:7 ratio given in
the question obtained an apparent mass of iron(II) ethanedioate that was greater than the
original mass. A common error was for students to calculate a percentage with the mass
of the impure compound as the numerator rather than the denominator.

Although question 6(d)(ii) could still be answered and all students were able to access all
of the available marks, we recognise that the alternative ratio given was unhelpful and
caused confusion for some students. We apologise for this and accept that it would have
been better to have provided a different ratio. During marking of this question, senior
examiners identified any student who used the 3:7 ratio. These students’ scripts were then
reviewed by experienced senior examiners and special consideration was given to any
student who had clearly been disadvantaged by using the given ratio.

Q6.
Parts (a) and (b) were fairly straightforward questions requiring recall of transition metal
chemistry and it is pleasing to report that they were answered well by the majority of
students. It is also pleasing to report that most students gained the mark for part (c)(i). A
correct explanation of the chelate effect in part (c)(ii) was more demanding. Most students
knew, or predicted, that the entropy change is positive but only the best students were
able to explain how and why the disorder increases. Part (c)(iii) proved to be more
discriminating than expected. Only the best students applied the factor of 1000/150
correctly and a surprisingly large number of students did not calculate correctly the
relative formula mass of calcium hydroxide. Some used the Mr for EDTA and some the Mf
for CaOH.

Q7.

Page 29 of 31
 This question proved to be the most accessible on the paper and all parts were well
answered with approximately three quarters of candidates scoring full marks.

Q8.
Part (a) was answered well but part (b) was more difficult and weak candidates confused
ions with atoms. In part (c) it was disturbing to note the large number of candidates who
gave a wrong formula for the sulfate ion produced, usually showing only a single negative
charge. Part (d) was answered well. Part (e) proved to be challenging, especially the
equations. Only the best candidates could write balanced equations, the most common
error being to use only one mole of iron ions, despite requiring two moles of electrons for
reaction of the S2O82– ion and for the formation of I2. In part (f) most candidates attempted
to answer in general terms by mentioning activation energy rather than giving an answer
specific to iron(II) and iron(III) ions.

Q9.
It was very pleasing to note that most candidates made a good attempt at this unfamiliar,
‘How Science Works’ question. The most difficult part of the question was part 6(a) where
only the best candidates could write a balanced equation showing the release of a
chloride ion and the formation of a platinum complex with a single positive charge.

Q10.
This question discriminated effectively between candidates of differing abilities. Very able
candidates scored well in all parts of the question except in parts (b) (ii) and (b)(iii). In part
(a) a surprising number of candidates attempted to write an equation with the Fe ion as a
2+

reactant instead of Fe. Answers to part (a)(ii) were usually correct. In part (a)(iii), many
candidates incorrectly calculated the number of moles of iron by halving the number of
moles of hydrogen. The method for calculating the mass of iron was usually correct but,
although it was allowed, it was disappointing to note that candidates were using an^4 r

value of 56 for iron instead of the value of 55.8, given on the Periodic Table. Answers to
part (a)(iv) usually used the correct method. Answers to part (b) (i) were almost always
correct but the equations involving dichromate(VI) ions were only given correctly by the
best candidates. Very few correct answers to part (b)(ii) were seen. The usual error was a
failure to recognise that six moles of iron(II) ions react with one mole of dichromate(VI)
ions. In part (b)(iii) most candidates did not recognise that chloride ions would be oxidised
by manganate(VII) ions.

Q11.
Although part (a) was generally well done, a significant number of candidates lost marks
as their definitions were imprecise. This was most notable in section (iii) where candidates
who stated that the co-ordination number was the number of ligands co-ordinately bonded
to the central metal ion lost a mark as this statement is only correct if the ligands are
unidentate. The ligand substitution reactions in part (b) were generally well done.
Candidates should be reminded that although it is necessary to use the charges on
ligands when deducing the overall charge on the complex ion, these charges should not
be included in the formula of the complex. The answer to (b)(iii) was not, as a significant
number thought, an acid-base reaction. Most candidates understood the chemistry
required in part (c) but some lost a mark as they failed to state that the oxidation of iron(II)
to iron(III) was caused by oxygen in the air.

Q13.
Whilst many candidates linked the colour of transition-metal complexes to electron

Page 30 of 31
 excitation in the d sub-shell in answer to part (a), rather less stated that the required
energy was absorbed from the visible light. Some candidates stated incorrectly, that
colour was due to the emission of visible light energy. Part (b) was very well answered
with most candidates scoring full marks. There were some excellent outline plans given in
part (c) but, although many were familiar with spectrophotometry, many answers were
vague and incomplete. The single most common error was failure to state that it was
necessary to add a suitable ligand to intensify the colour.

Q15.
Many candidates stated correctly in part (a) that both electrons are supplied by one atom
when a co-ordinate bond is formed but some lost a mark when they failed to state that the
bond formed is a covalent bond. Part (b) was also well answered with only the weaker
candidate failing to score full marks. The term bidentate ligand was generally well
understood although some candidates found difficulty expressing their answer. Part (d)
was similarly well answered. By contrast neither part (e) nor part (f) were well done.
Although there were some excellent answers to part (e), many candidates failed to
recognise that the same number and the same type of bond were being broken and made
when ammonia ligands are replace by ethane-1, 2-diamine. Some candidates gave
incorrect answers based on entropy rather than enthalpy change. Although most
candidates would have been able to state that each of the nitrogen atoms in ethane-1, 2-
diamine had a lone electron pair only the very best realised that (NH3CH2CH2NH3)2+2Cl-
would be formed when it reacts with an excess of hydrochloric acid.

Page 31 of 31