UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY

Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

APPENDIX A
Learning Activity Sheet

Name: /// Score/Mark:

Year and Section: Date:

Type of Activity  Concept Notes  Laboratory Report

 Essay/Task Report  Skills: Exercise/Drill
Illustration Other:
 

Activity Title Different cargoes carried on board a ship;

At the end of the modules, the students should be able to:
1. LO4- Identify the different types of cargoes carried onboard a ships.
Learning Outcome(s)

Authors/References AUTHORS/REFERENCES: Capt. Junnie Datu.

(Introduction to Maritime Career for Grade 11)

With a duration of twelve (12) hours under week number 7 to week 8, the following tasks
should be completed by the students:
i. read and comprehend the lessons provided in the course module
Learning Activity
ii. accomplish examinations provided in the course module
iii. submit the output in the end of 12 week.

LESSON MAP
a ships.
carried onboard
of cargoes
Different types
1.
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Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

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Learning Activity Sheet

X. LIST OF STUDENT ACTIVITIES

ACTIVITY 3 : Read and Comprehend.

LO4- Identify the different types of cargoes carried onboard a ships.

Introduction

1. BreakBulk.

Breakbulk cargo is defined as general cargo or goods that do not fit in or utilize standard shipping
containers or cargo bins. Breakbulk is also different from bulk shipping, which is used for cargo such as
petroleum products or grain. Instead, breakbulk cargo is transported individually, oftentimes on a skid or
pallet or in a crate.

Examples of breakbulk cargo include construction equipment, manufacturing materials, oversized vehicles,
boats, cranes, turbine blades, ship propellers, generators, large engines and more.

In the early days of shipping, ocean-going cargo was most commonly breakbulk. However, with the
increased use of more efficient and secure shipping containers in the late 1960s, it is now generally reserved
for cargo that is too heavy or large to fit in a container. Though an effective method of shipping oversized
cargo, breakbulk shipping is more time-intensive than container shipping because each piece must be loaded
and unloaded individually, oftentimes with special equipment.

Benefits of Breakbulk Shipping

The main benefit of shipping in this manner is the ability to move oversized, over-weight items that
wouldn’t otherwise fit into a container or cargo bin. Simply getting these large items from point A to point B
via such a service is a big plus for many shippers.

But there are other benefits, too. In some cases, breakbulk can be an affordable way to ship such large cargo
— since the item will not have to be dismantled to ship. This same benefit applies in terms of speed. When
you reduce the time spent in deconstruction and re-construction, the item will be ready for dispatch upon
arrival much more quickly.

Break bulk
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

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Break bulk

Beak bulk

.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

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2. Oil/Chemical/Gas Cargo

Cargoes carried on gas carriers

Butadiene 1,3-Butadiene is the organic compound with the formula (CH2=CH)2. It is a colorless gas that is
easily condensed to a liquid. It is important industrially as a monomer in the production of synthetic rubber.
The molecule can be viewed as the union of two vinyl groups. It is the simplest conjugated diene.

Although butadiene breaks down quickly in the atmosphere, it is nevertheless found in ambient air in urban
and suburban areas as a consequence of its constant emission from motor vehicles.

The name butadiene can also refer to the isomer, 1,2-butadiene, which is a cumulated diene with structure
H2C=C=CH−CH3. This allene has no industrial significance.

Ethylene: (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon which has the formula C

2H4 or H2C=CH2. It is a colorless flammable gas with a faint "sweet and musky" odour when pure.[5] It is
the simplest alkene (a hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds).

Ethylene is widely used in the chemical industry , and its worldwide production (over 150 million tonnes
in 2016[6]) exceeds that of any other organic compound.[7][8] Much of this production goes toward
polyethylene, a widely used plastic containing polymer chains of ethylene units in various chain lengths.
Ethylene is also an important natural plant hormone and is used in agriculture to force the ripening of fruits.
[9] The hydrate of ethylene is ethanol.

LPG: Liquefied petroleum gas or liquid petroleum gas (LPG or LP gas), is a flammable mixture of
hydrocarbon gases used as fuel in heating appliances, cooking equipment, and vehicles.

It is increasingly used as an aerosol propellant[1] and a refrigerant,[2] replacing chlorofluorocarbons in an

effort to reduce damage to the ozone layer. When specifically used as a vehicle fuel it is often referred to as
autogas.

Varieties of LPG bought and sold include mixes that are mostly propane (C
3H
8), mostly butane (C
4H
10), and, most commonly, mixes including both propane and butane. In the northern hemisphere winter, the
mixes contain more propane, while in summer, they contain more butane.[3][4] In the United States, mainly
two grades of LPG are sold: commercial propane and HD-5. These specifications are published by the Gas
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Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

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Processors Association (GPA)[5] and the American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM).[6]
Propane/butane blends are also listed in these specifications.

Propylene, butylenes and various other hydrocarbons are usually also present in small concentrations such as
C2H6,CH4 and C3H8 Butane. HD-5 limits the amount of propylene that can be placed in LPG to 5%, and is
utilized as an autogas specification. A powerful odorant, ethanethiol, is added so that leaks can be detected
easily. The internationally recognized European Standard is EN 589. In the United States,
tetrahydrothiophene (thiophane) or amyl mercaptan are also approved odorants,[7] although neither is
currently being utilized.

LPG is prepared by refining petroleum or "wet" natural gas, and is almost entirely derived from fossil fuel
sources, being manufactured during the refining of petroleum (crude oil), or extracted from petroleum or
natural gas streams as they emerge from the ground. It was first produced in 1910 by Dr. Walter Snelling,
and the first commercial products appeared in 1912. It currently provides about 3% of all energy consumed,
and burns relatively cleanly with no soot and very few sulfur emissions. As it is a gas, it does not pose
ground or water pollution hazards, but it can cause air pollution. LPG has a typical specific calorific value of
46.1 MJ/kg compared with 42.5 MJ/kg for fuel oil and 43.5 MJ/kg for premium grade petrol (gasoline).[8]
However, its energy density per volume unit of 26 MJ/L is lower than either that of petrol or fuel oil, as its
relative density is lower (about 0.5–0.58 kg/L, compared to 0.71–0.77 kg/L for gasoline).

As its boiling point is below room temperature, LPG will evaporate quickly at normal temperatures and
pressures and is usually supplied in pressurised steel vessels. They are typically filled to 80–85% of their
capacity to allow for thermal expansion of the contained liquid. The ratio between the volumes of the
vaporized gas and the liquefied gas varies depending on composition, pressure, and temperature, but is
typically around 250:1. The pressure at which LPG becomes liquid, called its vapour pressure, likewise
varies depending on composition and temperature; for example, it is approximately 220 kilopascals (32 psi)
for pure butane at 20 °C (68 °F), and approximately 2,200 kilopascals (320 psi) for pure propane at 55 °C
(131 °F). LPG is heavier than air, unlike natural gas, and thus will flow along floors and tend to settle in low
spots, such as basements. There are two main dangers from this. The first is a possible explosion if the
mixture of LPG and air is within the explosive limits and there is an ignition source. The second is
suffocation due to LPG displacing air, causing a decrease in oxygen concentration.

A full LPG cylinder contains 85% liquid; the ullage volume will contain vapour at a pressure that varies
with temperatu

LNG: Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is natural gas (predominantly methane, CH4, with some mixture of
ethane, C2H6) that has been cooled down to liquid form for ease and safety of non-pressurized storage or
transport. It takes up about 1/600th the volume of natural gas in the gaseous state (at standard conditions for
temperature and pressure). It is odorless, colorless, non-toxic and non-corrosive. Hazards include
flammability after vaporization into a gaseous state, freezing and asphyxia. The liquefaction process
involves removal of certain components, such as dust, acid gases, helium, water, and heavy hydrocarbons,
which could cause difficulty downstream. The natural gas is then condensed into a liquid at close to
atmospheric pressure by cooling it to approximately −162 °C (−260 °F); maximum transport pressure is set
at around 25 kPa (4 psi).

A typical LNG process.

The gas produced from hydrocarbon deposits typically contains a wide range of hydrocarbon products,
which usually includes methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), propane (C3H8) and butane (C4H10). All these
products have wide-ranging boiling points and also different heating values allowing different routes to
commercialization and also different uses. The "acidic" elements such as hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and
carbon dioxide (CO2), together with oil, mud, water, and mercury, are removed from the gas to deliver a
clean sweetened stream of gas. Failure to remove such acidic molecules, mercury, and other impurities could
result in damage to the equipment. Corrosion of steel pipes and amalgamization of mercury to aluminium
within cryogenic heat exchangers could cause expensive damage.

The gas stream is typically separated into the Liquefied Petroleum fractions (butane and propane), which can
be stored in liquid form at relatively low pressure, and the lighter ethane and methane fractions. These
lighter fractions of methane and ethane are then liquefied to make up the bulk of LNG that is shipped.

Natural gas was considered to be economically unimportant wherever gas-producing oil or gas fields were
distant from gas pipelines or located in offshore locations where pipelines were not viable. In the past this
usually meant that natural gas produced was typically flared, especially since unlike oil no viable method for
natural gas storage or transport existed other than pipelines which required the immediate use by end users
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of the same gas. This meant that natural gas markets were historically entirely local and any production had
to be consumed within the local network.

Developments of production processes, cryogenic storage, and transportation effectively created the tools
required to commercialize natural gas into a global market which now competes with other fuels.
Furthermore, the development of LNG storage also introduced a reliability in networks which was
previously thought impossible. Given that storage of other fuels is relatively easily secured using simple
tanks, a supply for several months could be kept in storage. With the advent of large scale cryogenic storage,
it was possible to create long term gas storage reserves. These reserves of liquefied gas could be deployed at
a moment's notice through regasification processes and today are the main means for networks to handle
local peak shaving requirements.

The advent of a commercial market for LNG mainly transport over the seas from locations where gas
deposits are in excess of local pipeline demand, led to a huge commercial opportunity. This is usually the
economic strategy pursued especially where pipeline infrastructure is either technically and economically
not viable.[1] LNG achieves a higher reduction in volume than compressed natural gas (CNG) so that the
(volumetric) energy density of LNG is 1.4 times greater than (2.4 times as great as) that of CNG (at 200 bar)
or 60 percent that of diesel fuel.[2] This makes LNG cost efficient in marine transport over long distances.
However, CNG carrier ships can be used economically up to medium distances in marine transport.[3]
Specially designed cryogenic sea vessels (LNG carriers) or cryogenic road tankers are used for LNG
transport. LNG is principally used for transporting natural gas to markets, where it is regasified and
distributed as pipeline natural gas. It can be used in natural gas vehicles, although it is more common to
design vehicles to use CNG. LNG's relatively high cost of production and the need to store it in expensive
cryogenic tanks have hindered widespread commercial use. Despite these drawbacks, on energy basis LNG
production is expected to hit 10% of the global crude production by 2020

CNG: Compressed natural gas (CNG) (methane stored at high pressure) is a fuel that can be used in place
of gasoline, diesel fuel and liquefied petroleum gas (LPG). CNG combustion produces fewer undesirable
gases than the aforementioned fuels. In comparison to other fuels, natural gas poses less of a threat in the
event of a spill, because it is lighter than air and disperses quickly when released. Bio methane — refined
biogas from anaerobic digestion or landfills — can be used.

CNG is made by compressing natural gas, which is mainly composed of methane (CH4), to less than 1% of
the volume it occupies at standard atmospheric pressure. It is stored and distributed in hard containers at a
pressure of 20–25 MPa (2,900–3,600 psi), usually in cylindrical or spherical shapes.

CNG is used in traditional gasoline/internal combustion engine automobiles that have been modified or in
vehicles specifically manufactured for CNG use, either alone (dedicated), with a segregated gasoline system
to extend range (dual fuel) or in conjunction with another fuel such as diesel (bi-fuel). Natural gas vehicles
are increasingly used in Iran, especially Pakistan,
[1] the Asia-Pacific region, Indian capital of Delhi, and other large cities like Ahmedabad, Mumbai, Pune,
Kolkata—as well as cities such as Luck now, Kanpur, Varanasi, etc. Its use is also increasing in South
America, Europe and North America because of rising gasoline prices.
[2] In response to high fuel prices and environmental concerns, CNG is starting to be used also in tuk-tuk,
pickup trucks, transit and school buses, and trains.

The cost and placement of fuel storage containers is the major barrier to wider/quicker adoption of CNG as a
fuel. It is also why municipal government, public transportation vehicles were the most visible early
adopters of it, as they can more quickly amortize the money invested in the new (and usually cheaper) fuel.
In spite of these circumstances, the number of vehicles in the world using CNG has grown steadily (30
percent per year).
[3] Now, as a result of the industry's steady growth, the cost of such fuel storage cylinders has been brought
down to a much more acceptable level. Especially for the CNG Type 1 and Type 2 cylinders, many countries
are able to make reliable and cost effective cylinders for conversion need.
[4] CNG's volumetric energy density is estimated at 42 percent of that of liquefied natural gas, because it is
not liquefied, and at 25 percent of that of diesel fuel.

Propylene , also known as propylene or methyl ethylene, is an unsaturated organic compound with the
chemical formula {C3H6}It has one double bond, and is the second simplest member of the alkene class of
hydrocarbons. It is a colorless gas with a faint petroleum-like odor

Chemical gases such as ammonia, vinyl chloride, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and chlorine.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

APPENDIX A
Learning Activity Sheet

Chemical Cargo

A chemical tanker is a type of tanker ship designed to transport chemicals in bulk . As defined in
MARPOL Annex II, chemical tanker means a ship constructed or adapted for carrying in bulk any liquid
product listed in chapter 17 of the International Bulk Chemical Code.[1] As well as industrial chemicals
and clean petroleum products , such ships also often carry other types of sensitive cargo which require a
high standard of tank cleaning , such as palm oil, vegetable oils, tallow, caustic soda, and methanol .

Oceangoing chemical tankers range from 5,000 tonnes deadweight (DWT) to 35,000 DWT in size, which is
smaller than the average size of other tanker types due to the specialized nature of their cargo and the size
restrictions of the port terminals where they call to load and discharge.

Chemical tankers normally have a series of separate cargo tanks which are either coated with specialized
coatings such as phenolic epoxy or zinc paint, or made from stainless steel. The coating or cargo tank
material determines what types of cargo a particular tank can carry: stainless steel tanks are required for
aggressive acid cargoes such as sulfuric and phosphoric acid, while 'easier' cargoes — such as vegetable oil
— can be carried in epoxy coated tanks. The coating or tank material also influences how quickly tanks can
be cleaned. Typically, ships with stainless steel tanks can carry a wider range of cargoes and can clean more
quickly between one cargo and another, which justifies the additional cost of their construction

Summarized below some of the special chemical cargoes frequently carried onboard chemical tankers

Benzene & methanol

Benzene is known as a strong carcinogen and known to cause leukaemia. When handling cargoes with more
than Benzene concentration of 0.5%, the Master is to ensure that all personnel involved are aware of the
long term hazards. ....
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Carcinogens

A carcinogen is a substance that may cause cancer by contact or by inhalation. It is therefore essential that
the highest safety precautions are taken when handling these cargoes. Access to deck areas must be
restricted to duty personnel only. .....

ACRYLONITRILE

ACRYLONITRILE are high value and require sophisticated handling for safety, health and loss prevention
reasons. They need careful consideration prior loading , tank coating compatibility, cross compatibility with
other cargoes carried, environmental controls if required (inerting). .....

ISOCYANATES

Isocyanates require sophisticated handling for safety, health and loss prevention reasons. They need careful
consideration prior loading , tank coating compatibility, cross compatibility with other cargoes carried,
special tank cleaning procedures & environmental controls . .....

Sulfuric acid

Loading , carrying at sea & discharging of Sulphuric acid involve high risk and require sophisticated
handling for safety, health and loss prevention reasons. They need careful consideration prior loading , tank
coating compatibility, cross compatibility with other cargoes carried, environmental controls if required
(inerting). .....

Phenol

Phenol are high value and require sophisticated handling for safety, health and loss prevention reasons. They
need careful consideration prior loading , tank coating compatibility, cross compatibility with other cargoes
carried, environmental controls if required (inerting). .....

Hazards of Phenol - safe handling of Phenol on chemical tankers.

Heating instructions of the Shipper or Owners must be followed to avoid cargo related claims. Sufficient
toxic gas measuring tubes must be available before commencement of loading. .....

Marine transportation of Phenol and more safety guideline

The solution of Phenol causes severe chemical burns to the intact skin, which are usually painless. It appears
as white wrinkled "dead skin". In case of eye contact, permanent damage to the eye may occur.....

benzene & methanol

Benzene is known as a strong carcinogen and known to cause leukaemia. When handling cargoes with more
than Benzene concentration of 0.5%, the Master is to ensure that all personnel involved are aware of the
long term hazards. .....

Carriage of Hydrolysable cargoes

Carriage of Hydrolysable cargoes .....

Carriage of Propylene Oxide cargoes

Carriage of Propylene Oxide cargoes .....

Requirements of various grade chemical cargo heating

In a modern chemical tanker in order to maintain product quality, to minimise the potential for discoloration,
and to facilitate some liquid cargo transport in a safe manner cargo heating is required. .....

Handling toxic cargoes

There are three common ways that a cargo can be toxic: swallowed (oral toxicity), absorbed through the
skin, eyes and mucous membranes (dermal toxicity) or inhalation as a vapour or mist (inhalation
toxicity). ....

OILS AND FATS (Animal and Vegetable) carriage guideline

Oilseeds such as rape, soya and sunflower as well as edible oils and fats in bulk, together with such
commodities as copra, groundnuts and palm kernels ....
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

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OIL Cargo

What Is Crude Oil?

Crude oil is a naturally occurring, unrefined petroleum product composed of hydrocarbon deposits and other
organic materials. A type of fossil fuel, crude oil can be refined to produce usable products such as gasoline,
diesel, and various other forms of petrochemicals. It is a nonrenewable resource, which means that it can't be
replaced naturally at the rate we consume it and is, therefore, a limited resource.

Crude oil is the raw natural resource that is extracted from the earth and refined into products such as
gasoline, jet fuel, and other petroleum products.

Crude oil is a global commodity that trades in markets around the world, both as spot oil and via derivatives
contracts.
Many economists agree that crude oil was and remains the single most important commodity in the world as
it is the primary source of energy production.

Four main types of Crude Oil are:

Very light oils – these include: Jet Fuel, Gasoline, Kerosene, Petroleum Ether,

Petroleum Spirit , and Petroleum Naphtha . They tend to be very volatile, evaporating within a few days
which in turn evaporates their toxicity levels.

Light oils – These include Grade 1 and Grade 2 Fuel Oils, Diesel Fuel Oils as well as Most Domestic Fuel
Oils. They are both moderately volatile and toxic.
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Medium oils – These are the most common types of Crude Oil. They generally have low volatility and a
higher viscosity than the light oils which leads to higher toxicity and a greater environmental impact during
cleanups.

Heavy fuel oils – These include the heaviest Grade 3,4,5 and 6 Fuel Oils along with Heavy Marine Fuels.
These are the most viscous and least volatile Crude Oils as well as the most toxic.

3. Cargo in bulk

Bulk cargo Cargo shipped in loose condition and of a homogeneous nature.

What is Bulk Cargo?

Bulk cargo is a shipping term for items that are shipped loosely and unpackaged as opposed to being shipped
in packages or containers.

An item may be classified as bulk cargo if it is not containerized and easily secured on a vessel. Items
such as oil, grain, or coal are all examples of bulk cargo.

Bulk cargo is classified as either free flowing, a liquid, or a dry item. This type of cargo is typically dropped
or poured as a liquid or solid into a merchant ship, railway car, or tanker truck.

Use the following diagram to determine if your product classifies as bulk cargo:
UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

APPENDIX A
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 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

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Difference between bulk and break bulk

Bulk and Break Bulk are two terms that are being used incorrectly and interchangeably in the course of day
to day business..

These terms cannot be used interchangeably because there are distinctive differences between Bulk and
Break Bulk in terms of cargo, nature, size, capacity, handling, trade, customers, ports, terminals, equipment,
infrastructure…………………………………..

In the below article, I have explained the differences between Bulk and Break Bulk, differences in their
operations, how the handling differs in both and differences in ships for both of these two cargo types..

BULK
The term BULK relates to trades where dry cargoes such as Iron ore, Grain, Coal, Alumina and Phosphate
are carried in loose form, (i.e. the cargo is not packed) and loaded directly in the holds of the ship like below
:

The ships that carry these bulk cargoes are known as Bulk Carriers,
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Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

APPENDIX A
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4. Car Carrier cargo

What is a car carrier ship?

RoRo or Roll on Roll off ship is a special type of vessel which is used for the transportation of automobile
vehicles . Also known as car carriers, these vessels have special inclines (ramps) constructed so as to make
the loading and the unlading of vehicles and cargo easier and more convenient.

A PCC (Pure Car Carrier) is a kind of RoRo ship which transports only cars ;

whereas a PCTC (Pure Car and Truck Carrier) transports not only cars, but also trucks and other
variations of four-wheeled vehicles .

These kinds of vessels are quite large and quite conspicuous while on water along with being quite sturdy.

5. Container cargo

Containerization is a system of intermodal freight transport using intermodal containers (also called
shipping containers and ISO containers).
1 The containers have standardized dimensions. They can be loaded and unloaded, stacked, transported
efficiently over long distances, and transferred from one mode of transport to another—container ships, rail
transport flatcars, and semi-trailer trucks—without being opened. The handling system is completely
mechanized so that all handling is done with cranes.
2 and special forklift trucks. All containers are numbered and tracked using computerized systems.
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Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

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What is an Intermodal Container?

The term ‘intermodal’ refers to the utilization of more than one transportation modes to transport
necessary cargo shipments from one location to another . In the maritime sector, cargo transportation
operations have benefited tremendously, thanks to the intermodal shipping container, which allows for easy
cargo movement between road, rail and water transportation networks (Read Containerization).

An intermodal container provides fast-paced cargo shipping with lesser operational costs as unnecessary
repackaging and offloading of the cargo is avoided.

Types Of Containers

ISO containers, also referred to as intermodal containers, are used to transport freight. ISO containers are
designed for transportation by more than just one mode: such as truck and rail, or rail and ship.
These freight containers conform to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) container
manufacturing standards.
ISO is an international standards organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland .
ISO containers are produced in several standard configurations, including dry (or cube), insulated, flat rack
(or platform), open-top, refrigerated, and tank. Dry ISO containers are general purpose, totally enclosed,
box-type containers used for general purpose transportation.
ISO containers are manufactured in standard sizes. The standard width of ISO containers is 8 feet, the
standard heights are 8 feet 6 inches, and 9 feet 6 inches, and the most common lengths are 20 feet and 40
feet.
Use of 45 Feet containers has also increased significantly.

Types Of Containers By Design

1) 10’, 20’, 40’ dry storage container10’, 20’, 40’ dry storage container
These are some of the most common shipping containers. They are used for shipping dry goods that do
not require temperature control.

10’, 20’, 40’ dry storage container

Flat Rack Container Flat rack containers are especially suitable for heavy loads and cargo that needs
loading from the top or sides. There are collapsible containers and non-collapsible containers with or
without walls. Flat rack containers are manufactured from steel and come in 20′ and 40′ sizes.
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APPENDIX A
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Open Top Container Open top containers do not have solid roofs instead they have removable bows and a
weatherproof tarpaulin roof which can be secured with ropes and allows for a significantly simplified
loading and unloading process, the door header may also be swung out allowing for easier access to the
cargo. Open top containers are ideal for bulky cargo such as machinery.

Tunnel Container Tunnel container storage containers come with doors on both ends of the container. They
are very useful when quick loading and unloading of materials is required.

Open Side storage Container These doors of this type of storage unit can be changed to form completely
open sides Having a side completely open side allows for the storage of much wide merchandise and easier
loadin
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Isolated and Thermal Container These storage containers have a regulated temperature control allowing
them to maintain a higher temperature to keep goods warmer.

Tanks These are liquid storage containers. They are typically constructed of strong steel and other anti-
corrosive materials to protect the liquid freight inside it.

Double door container Double doors make it easy for loading and unloading of the freight. Construction of
this sort of shipping containers is typically made of steel and iron. They are available in standardized sizes
of 40ft and 20ft.

Refregerated ISO Container Refrigerated ISO freight container is one that is temperature regulated and
always has a carefully controlled low temperature. These types of units are used for the shipment of
perishable substances like vegetables and fruits over vast distances.
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APPENDIX A
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Special purpose container These containers can be different shapes and sizes and are often custom made
for specific cargo.

Swap bodies This intermodal container can be swapped from a truck chassis to a railcar. These shipping
containers have foldable legs to support the containers in-between the two transport modes. Swap body
transport is commonly used in Europe. A swap body both weighs and costs less than standard shipping
containers.

Major Shipping Companies Around The World

World commerce thickly depends on the Shipping Industry. The container vessel’s carry most of the non-
bulk cargoes by sea.
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APPENDIX A
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6. Reefer Cargo

What are refrigerated cargoes?

Any cargo that has to be loaded, maintained and/or carried at a certain temperature in order for it to reach its
destination without deterioration is classed as refrigerated cargoes.

This includes meat, fish, poultry products, dairy products, drugs and experimental samples. Refrigerated
cargoes are perishable to a greater or lesser degree, and their safe carriage depends on maintaining suitable
storage conditions during transportation.

Types of Refrigerated Cargoes

Goods carried in frozen state i.e. meats, fish and butter

Goods carried in chilled state i.e. beef, vegetables, cheese and eggs

Goods carried in air cooled condition i.e. fruits

Principal refrigerated cargoes and respective carriage temperatures
Meats:

Frozen beef About - 10oC (1oF).

Frozen lamb/or mutton From about - 8oC to - 10oC (15o to 18oF).

Frozen pork About - 10oC (15oF).

Poultry

Packed in cases and carried at - 10oC to - 12oC (10-15oF).

Dairy products

Butter Liable to taint and should not be stowed alongside other strong smelling cargoes in the same
compartment, e.g. fruit. Generally packed in cartons. Carriage temperature about - 10oC (15oF).

Cheese Carriage temperature varies but generally carried at 5–7oC average. Usually stowed on double
dunnage

Fish

Shipped in boxes or crates and should be stowed on 50-mm dunnage. Fish has a tendency to rapid
deterioration, and should be carried at a low a temperature as possible, which should not exceed - 12oC
(10oF).

Fruits & Vegetables

Apples Carriage temperature will vary with the variety of apple but is usually in the range of - 1–2oC.
Pears Should not be stowed in the same compartment as apples. Carriage temperature -1oC to 0oC (30–
32oF).
Grapes, peaches, plums Carriage temperature - 1oC to 2oC (31–35oF).
Oranges must have adequate ventilation as they are very strong smelling and the compartment must be
deodorized after carriage. Carrying temperature 2–5oC (36–41oF)
Lemons Similar to oranges. Carrying temperature 5–7oC (41–45oF).
Grapefruits Similar stow to oranges. Carriage at about 6oC (44oF).
Banana trade is specialized and special ships are built for the purpose. Many of which use containers. The
carriage temperature is critical as too low a temperature can permanently arrest the ripening process. Daily
inspection of a compartment would be carried out and any fruit found to be ripe is removed. One ripe banana
in a compartment can cause an acceleration of the ripening process throughout the compartment. Carriage
temperature usually about 12oC (52–54oF).
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

APPENDIX A
Learning Activity Sheet

7. Logs.

Unprocessed log and timbers mostly loaded in bulk

8. Woodchip

Woodchip is a type of wallpaper which has lots of small lumps on its surface that are formed by tiny pieces
of wood glued to the underneath. 2. variable noun. Woodchips are very small pieces of wood, usually made
from waste wood, which are used in processes such as making paper.

9. Cattle
Cattle, or cow’s (female) and bulls (male), are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. ...
Cattle are commonly raised as livestock for meat (beef or veal, see beef cattle), for milk (see dairy cattle),
and for hides, which are used to make leather.
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

APPENDIX A
Learning Activity Sheet

10. Passenger.

A person who is traveling in a vehicle, ship but is not operating it or working as an employee in it:
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

APPENDIX A
Learning Activity Sheet

11. pipes, cable,optics and others.

A tube of metal, plastic, or other material used to convey water, gas, oil, or other fluid substances.

Cable: a.
a thick rope of wire or nonmetallic fiber, typically used for construction, mooring ships, and towing
vehicles.

ESSAY. (place it on short bond papers in written form)

ACTIVITY 3: For LO4: Define the following.

1. Break bulk
2. Oil/chemical/gas
3. Cargo in bulk
4. Pure Car Carrier (PCC)/Pure
Car and Truck Carrier (PCTC)
5. Container cargo
6. Reefer cargo
7. Logs
8. Woodchip
9. Cattle
10. Passenger

ACTIVITY 3:A

Explain the Intermodal Container

Explain Containerization
Explain the Benefits of Breakbulk Shipping
Distinguish Difference between bulk and break bulk

XI. FORMATIVE AND OUTCOME ASSESSMENT

Activity 3 Grading Rubric:

INSTRUCTIONS: The Instructor could choose the points which he/she deemed as the right score
for each item from zero (0), fifteen (15), twenty (20) or twenty-five (25). The total score will be
provided by the Instructor and should reflect in the column provided.

ALLOTED OBTAINED
CRITERIA REMARKS/COMMENTS
POINTS POINTS
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

APPENDIX A
Learning Activity Sheet

Timeliness 20

Completeness
25
of Information

Extensiveness
25
of Information

Orderliness 15

Neatness 15

TOTAL 100

Activity 3A Grading Rubric:

INSTRUCTIONS: The Instructor could choose the points which he/she deemed as the right score
for each item from zero (0), fifteen (15), twenty (20) or twenty-five (25). The total score will be
provided by the Instructor and should reflect in the column provided.
ALLOTED OBTAINED
CRITERIA POINTS POINTS REMARKS/COMMENTS

Timeliness 20
Completeness
of Information 25
Extensiveness
of Information 25

Orderliness 15

Neatness 15

TOTAL 100

Student’s Reflection: In not more than fifty (50), and not lesser than thirty (30) words, state what new
knowledges were obtained from the previous activities. Mention portions that triggered your interest and what
plans came to your mind to somehow improve what you have learned. This will be graded as your recitation
using the grading rubric below:

INSTRUCTIONS: The Instructor could choose the points which he/she deemed as the right score for
each item from zero (0), fifteen (15), twenty (20) or twenty-five (25). The total score will be
provided by the Instructor and should reflect in the column provided.
ALLOTED OBTAINED
CRITERIA REMARKS/COMMENTS
POINTS POINTS
Timeliness 20
Completeness of
25
Information
Extensiveness
25
of Information
Orderliness 15
Neatness 15
TOTAL 100
 UNIVERSITY OF CAGAYAN VALLEY
Tuguegarao City, Cagayan Valley, Philippines

APPENDIX A
Learning Activity Sheet

Student’s Reflection: