SCIENCE,

GE 6
TECHNOLOGY, AND
SOCIETY
Ms. Leah M. Piñero
What is
Science?
Latin verb
scientia
-to know
-knowledge
 What is Science?
the systematic study of the
structure and behavior of the
physical and natural world
through observation,
experimentation, and the
testing of theories against the
evidence obtained.
Which of the following best describes the primary goal
and function of science?

A. Exploring the mysteries of the universe

B. Developing advanced technology
C. Promoting cultural and artistic expression
D. Investigating the supernatural and paranormal
phenomena"
Which of the following best describes the primary goal
and function of science?

A. Exploring the mysteries of the universe

B. Developing advanced technology
C. Promoting cultural and artistic expression
D. Investigating the supernatural and paranormal
phenomena"
 What is
Technology?
Greek word
techne and logia
-the manner
-skill -expression
-saying
What is Technology?
is the application of scientific
knowledge to the practical
aims of human life or, as it is
sometimes phrased, to the
change and manipulation of
the human environment.
Which of the following options best defines its primary
purpose and role of technology?

A. Enhancing our understanding of history and culture

B. Promoting environmental sustainability
C. Improving the efficiency of processes and tasks
D. Facilitating human connections and relationships
Which of the following options best defines its primary
purpose and role of technology?

A. Enhancing our understanding of history and culture

B. Promoting environmental sustainability
C. Improving the efficiency of processes and tasks
D. Facilitating human connections and relationships
What is
Society?
Latin word
societatem
-fellowship
-alliance
What is Society?
the sum total of our
interactions as humans,
including the
interactions that we
engage in to figure things
out and to make things
Which of the following choices most accurately
characterizes its core function and significance of
society?

A) Advancing scientific knowledge

B) Preserving natural ecosystems
C) Regulating economic markets
D) Facilitating human interaction and organization
Introduction to Science,
Technology, and Society
STS is an interdisciplinary field that
studies the conditions under which
the production, distribution, and
utilization of scientific knowledge and
technological systems occur; the
consequences of these activities upon
different groups of people.
How do science, technology, and society interact, and
which of the following options best describes their
interconnected relationship?

A) Science influencing technological advancements

B) Technology shaping societal norms and values
C) Society impacting scientific research priorities
D) All of the above
How do science, technology, and society interact, and
which of the following options best describes their
interconnected relationship?

A) Science influencing technological advancements

B) Technology shaping societal norms and values
C) Society impacting scientific research priorities
D) All of the above
Activity 1: Venn Diagram
Put some simple words to visualize the relationships or
intersections between different sets or groups.

Antibiotics
Discovery to treat
SCIENCE
of infections
penicillin
STS
TECHNOLOGY
SOCIETY

Antibiotics
are
medicine
 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS
HISTORICAL EVENTS IN SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY
DEVELOPMENTS
 Lesson 1:Historical antecedents in which
social considerations changed the course of
science and technology
Lesson Outcomes:
• discuss the interaction between S&T and society
throughout history
• discuss how scientific and technological developments
affect society and the environment
• identify the paradigm shifts in history
• list down the importance and contributions of science and
technology to society
 A. History of Science and
Technology in the World: Ancient,
Middle, and Modern Ages

I. Ancient Age
a. Stone Age
b. Bronze Age
c. Iron Age
a. Stone Age
• Weapons made of stone,
wood, bone, or some
other materials for
hunting.
• Neanderthals and
Denisovans human
species
Stone Age
• Paleolithic Period
• Mesolithic Period
• Neolithic Period
Stone Age
• Paleolithic Period
Old Stone Age (2.5 MYA to 10,000 B.C.)
• People are mainly hunters and
gatherers of food
• Living nomadically in caves
• Used basic stone tools for hunting
• Controlled fire
Stone Age
2. Mesolithic Period
Middle Stone Age (10,000 B.C. to 8,000 B.C.)
• People are still hunters and
gatherers of food
• Living as permanent settlers in
villages
Stone Age
2. Mesolithic Period
• Used small stone tools for
hunting polished, pointed
spears/arrows
• Learned fishing and introduced
agriculture
Stone Age
3. Neolithic Period
New Stone Age (8,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C.)
• People are using agriculture
and domesticate animals for
food
• Living as permanent settlers in
villages
Stone Age
3. Neolithic Period
New Stone Age (8,000 B.C. to 3,000 B.C.)
• Used stone tools in agriculture
• Polished hand axe
• Advanced farming, home
construction, and art
b. Bronze Age
( 3,000 B.C. to 1,300 B.C.)
• Tools and weapons were widely
made with copper and bronze.
• Smelting
• Different human societies
entered the Bronze Age at
different times.
b. Bronze Age
• Rise of states or
kingdoms—large-scale
societies joined under a
central government by a
powerful ruler.
• Sumerians and Babylonia in
Mesopotamia
b. Bronze Age
• Sumerians
discovered that a
harder and stronger
metal could be
made by blending
copper and tin.
b. Bronze Age
Invented and improved:
▪ Wheel
▪ Cuneiform script
▪ Arithmetic
▪ Geometry
▪ Irrigation
▪ saws
▪ sandals
▪ Chariots
▪ harpoons
▪ beer
b. Bronze Age
Babylonians developed:
▪ Trigonometry
▪ Mathematical models to
track Jupiter,
▪ developed methods of
tracking time
b. Bronze Age

Athens invented:
▪ Water Mill
▪ Odometer
▪ Ancient Greek Alarm
Clock
▪ Cartography
▪ Basic Geometry
▪ Practice of medicine
 c. Iron Age
Between 1200 to 600 B.C.
▪ Hittites (Turkey) first made
steel, a much harder
metal, combination of Fe
and C.
▪ beginning of mass
production of warfare
tools.
▪ Persians, the first
civilization to develop a
steel armor.
Development of Science in
Mesoamerica
(1200 BC-100 BCE)

• Mayan Civilization
• Inca Civilization
• Aztec Civilization
 Mayan Civilization
▪ incorporated astronomy into
their religious structures
▪ use astrological cycles in
planting and harvesting
▪ use 3 complicated calendars
they build terraces
▪ use various tools and
innovations for growing
crops
 Mayan Civilization
▪ Mayan Hieroglyphics-
the world’s first civilization
to use a writing system.
▪ Created a number system
based on the numeral 20
and developed the
concept of zero and
positional value.
 Inca Civilization
Advanced scientific ideas and tools in the

following:
▪ Roads paved in stone
▪ Stone buildings
▪ Irrigation system and water
storing
▪ Calendar with 12 months
▪ First suspension bridge
▪ Quipu
▪ Inca textiles
 Aztec Civilization
▪ Mandatory education
(15-20 years old)
▪ Chocolates
▪ Antispasmodic
medication
▪ Chinampa
▪ Calendar (365 solar along
with 260-day ritual)
▪ Canoe invention
 d. Antiquity
(600 B.C.E.-529 B.C.E.)

• Rise of Greek civilization

• Natural philosophers
 d. Antiquity
Pre-Socratic Philosophers
• Thales - Assumed Earth to be floating in the water
• Anaximander - Formulated a theory of the origin
and evolution of life.
• Anaximenes - Suggests that air is the primary
substance
• Heraclitus - “Change is the essence of all being”
and fire plays a crucial role in the process.
d. Antiquity
• Leucippus - Introduces the first idea of the atom, an
indivisible unit of matter.
• Democritus - thought that atoms are solid, indestructible
particles that are separated by empty space
• Pythagoras - Recognizes that Earth is the sphere
• Pythagoreans - viewed the universe as form and number.
• Hippocrates - Recognized as the Father of Medicine
• Hippocratic Oath - encourages separation of medicine
from religion
 d. Antiquity
Socratic Philosophers
• Socrates - Contribute knowledge through
dialogues using the Socratic Method
• Plato - Coined the term element and established
the Academy
- Used abstract geometry models rather than
empirical observations
 d. Antiquity
Socratic Philosophers
• Aristotle - Elements undergo changes when they
combine and have qualities that are based on
observations using our senses.

- Proposed the fifth element as aether

- Established the Lyceum
-Considered as Father of Biology
-Introduced the deductive method
 d. Antiquity
Socratic Philosophers
• Aristarchus – originally proposed a Sun-centered universe
(Heliocentrism).
• Claudius Ptolemy - calculated the size of Earth and its distance to
the Moon
-Earth-centered model (Geo-centrism)
• Herophilus – Father of Anatomy
• Erasistratus – founder of Physiology
• Euclid – Father of Modern Geometry
• Archimedes – Father of Mathematics
 II. Middle Ages
a. Early/ Dark Middle Ages
b. High Middle Ages
 II. Middle Ages

• Medieval Period
• European history between the fall of the
Roman Empire and the beginning of the
Renaissance
• Birth of ideas
 II. Middle Ages
a. Early/Dark Middle Ages Discoveries (476-1000 A.D.)
• Agricultural and Transportation discoveries
o Heavy plow
o Horse collar
• The slow progress of Science in Europe, the rise of the
Catholic Church, and the suppression of natural scientists’
discoveries
Development of Science in
Asia
 Middle East Countries
Arab Science
▪ “The Golden Age of Islam”
(lasted until the 13th century)
▪ Ibn al-Haytham- Father of Optics
▪ contributed the concept of algorithm and the term
‘algebra’
▪ refinements to the number system (introduction of
decimal point notation)
 Middle East Countries
Arab Science
▪ Toledan Tables (by al-Zarkali), a collection of
mathematical tables used to predict the
movements of the celestial objects.
▪ Firstly to synthesize sal-ammoniac (ammonium
chloride)
▪ The science of anatomy did not progress
 Science in China
▪ known for traditional medicines
▪ Printing tools
▪ Gun powder
▪ Paper
▪ Mechanical clock
▪ Compass
▪ Astronomy Records
▪ Seismometer
Science and Mathematics in India
Aryabhata
▪ numbers of trigonometric functions
▪ tables and techniques
▪ algorithms of algebra
Brahmagupta
▪ use of zero as both a placeholder and decimal digit
▪ Hindu-Arabic System
▪ Recognition of zero in mathematics
▪ Introduction of the decimal system
Science and Mathematics in India
Madhava-founder of mathematical analysis
▪ Manufacturing iron and metallurgical works
▪ developed Siddhanta Shiromani
▪ Ancient Indian Astronomy
-theories on the configuration of the universe
-spherical self-supporting Earth
-Calendar year of 360 days with equal parts of 30 days each
Development of Science in Africa
▪ Egypt is the center of alchemy and chemistry
▪ Astronomy- used three types of calendars
▪ Metallurgy-importing iron technology during the Bronze
and Iron era.
▪ studied human anatomy and pharmacology and applied
important components: examination, diagnosis, and
treatment of diseases.
 II. Middle Ages
b. High Middle

▪ Rebirth of Science in Europe

St. Thomas Aquinas – founder of Scholastic Schools
Scholastic – Christian philosophers that set out to
absorb the newly gained knowledge of the ancients and
reconcile it with the teachings of the church.
 II. Middle Ages
b. High Middle
▪ Roger Bacon – use experimentation to gain new knowledge
• Many scientists started to question Aristotelian teachings
(Theory of Motion and Earth’s fixity)
• Water Wheel - the most important source of mechanical
power throughout northern Europe for many centuries.
• Black Death - 2nd Bubonic Plague Pandemic caused by the
plague bacterium (Yersinia pestis) carried by fleas living on
the black rats.
III. Modern Ages
a. Renaissance Period
b. Scientific Revolution
c. Enlightenment
 III. Modern Ages

a. Renaissance Period - scientists began to

perform many experiments
• Scientific Method – scientific process based on
observation and experimentation, popularized
by Francis Bacon.
• Printing Press – introduced by Johannes
Gutenberg using movable type printing
 III. Modern Ages

▪ Philippus Aureolus Paracelsus – discovered

Laudanum, a tincture of opium as a painkiller
▪ Tartaglia (Nicolo Fontana) – discovered Pascal’s
triangle and elevation of 45o for maximum
distance shot of a canon
▪ Leonardo da Vinci – known for his engineering of
canal locks, cathedrals, and engines of war.
 Answer the following questions:

1. How did society shape science and technology?

2. How did science and technology shape society?
3. Describe briefly how science and technology
evolved during each period
4. List down the importance and contributions of
science and technology to society.
5. Do you think the religion/church should
intervene in scientific activities?