Chapter 1.1

CHAPTER 1
1.1 Introduction to Statistics

By
Noor Fadhilah Mohd Ramlan
Statistics
Statistics represent scientific procedures and methods for collecting, organizing,
presenting, analyzing and interpreting to make conclusion and decision
Uses of Statistics
To compare the current and past performance of organization
To guide and plan for the future needs to the organization
Eg : Share price on Bursa Malaysia, Malaysia's industrial production index
The role of Statisticians

Provide guidance in determining what information is reliable and which predictions can be trusted
Work in variety of field : Education, Business, Government, Finance, Law
Statistical problem-solving
To help us in making wise and effective decisions
There are 6 basic steps :
1. Identifying the problem - understand clearly and define correctly the problem
2. Gathering available facts - gather data and information that are related to the problem
internal data : get from the department in our organization
external data : get from other organizations
3. Gathering new data - gather data if the available data are not give enough information of the problem
- appropriate sampling technique and data collection method must be applied
4. Organizing the data - after collecting the new data, the data must be organize to make it more understandable
5. Presenting and analyzing data - must present the data in graphical presentation (table or graph)
- do data analysis by using statistical software and interpret the results
6. Making a decision - make a decision based on the results
Types of Statistics
Descriptive Statistics Inferential Statistics
Data are compiled, organized, summarized and Make conclusions about a population by
presented in suitable visual forms which are analyzing the sample
easy to understand
-The procedure is to select a sample from the
- Use tables, graphs, charts and diagrams to population, measure the variable of interest,
present the information obtained from the data analyze the data, interpret the result and draw
conclusions based on the data analysis
- The users can make conclusions just taking a
quick look at visual presentations
Statistical terms
Element An item on which measurement is taken
Population The set of all elements that are of interest under study
Sample A subset of elements that are chosen from the population
Data An observation that have been collected
Variable Measure the characteristics of the population under study which may take
different values
Random The choice of a single item from the group if every items in the group has the same
chance of being selected
Parameter The numerical descriptive measures of population
Statistic The numerical descriptive measures of samples
Pilot study
Sample survey
Census study Study done before the
actual fieldwork is The study only involves a
The study of the entire carried out samples of a population
population and data is
- to predict the cost, time being chosen
gathered from every and workforce needed for a
member of the survey and to test out and -The result are usually used to
population improve questionnaires make conclusion for the
population based on samples
and can reduce cost and time
Types of studies
Types of Data
Primary Data Secondary Data
Original data. Second hand data
The data are collected by the researcher himself The data are collected by other researcher
Collected from primary sources for a specific The data consist of figures and information
purpose. The data is not analyzed yet because have been used before
Eg: The brand of detergents most preferred by housewives Eg: The velocity of the burning gas on the sun’s surface
in Sabah
The number of men and women has cancer
The buying habits of the public during festival seasons
Primary Data Secondary Data
Advantages Advantages
More accurate and consistent More convenient
The researcher will be able to explain how the This data can help you decide what future
data are collected research needs to be done
Disadvantages Disadvantages
Requires more time, manpower and a higher cost Lack of accuracy and the data are not current
to collect the data
Types of Variable
Qualitative Variable Quantitative Variable
Variable that cannot be Variable that can be measured numerically or counted
measured or expressed by
number and classified as
categorical variable
Example : gender, colour, Discrete variable Continuous variable
brand, status - arises from a counting process - arises from a measuring process
- a countable number - infinitely many possible values
that correspond to some
- example : number of cars, number of
continuous scale
children
- example : height, weight
Scale of Measurement
Qualitative Variable Quantitative Variable
Nominal Scale Ordinal Scale Interval Scale Ratio Scale
The variable cannot be The variable can be The data value is unlimited The data value is limited
arranged in ranking order arranged in ranking order
Do not have a natural zero Contains a meaningful zero
The lowest in the level of A level higher than the starting point. which represent the
data measurement nominal scale absence of the phenomena
being measured
Highest level of data
measurement
Eg : eye colour, race, Eg: level of education, top Eg: temperature, date of Eg : time taken to study per
birthplace 3 football club birth day, number of son he have

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CHAPTER 1

1.1 Introduction to Statistics

The role of Statisticians

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