Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion 3RD Quarter, MODULE3

Interpretation of Data (Quantitative)

Data interpretation is reviewing data through some predefined processes, which will help assign
meaning to the data and arrive at a relevant conclusion. It involves taking the result of data analysis, making
inferences on the relations studied, and using them to conclude. This document will guide the young researchers
on how to make the interpretation of data.
What is Research
Research is a systematic process of inquiry that involves collecting data, documentation of factual
information, analysis, and interpretation of that data/information, following the appropriate methodologies set by
specific professional fields of disciplines
What is Quantitative Research
As defined, quantitative research is a systematic investigation of phenomena or inquiry by gathering
quantifiable data and doing the statistical, mathematical, or computational strategies
INTERPRETATION OF DATA Interpretation of data refers to implementing specific procedures
through which data results from surveys are reviewed and analyzed to achieve a valid and evidentbased
conclusion. The interpretation of data denotes a meaning to the information analyzed and determines its
significance and implications to the study.
Step 1: Data Validation
Data validation aims to check whether the gathered data performs according to the set standards. It is
a four-step process, which includes:
• Fraud - to interview each of the respondents.
• Screening - to check and choose respondents according to the standard research criteria. •
Procedure - to make sure in following the data collection process.
• Completeness - to make sure that the interviewer asked the respondent all the necessary questions,
rather than just choosing a few ones. As a researcher, you would have to choose a random sample of completed
surveys and validate the data collected rather than have the whole population as the respondents. For instance,
suppose a survey with 900 respondents divided into nine barangays. The researcher can pick a sample of 50
random respondents from each barangay.
Step 2: Data Editing
Usually, many data sets include errors. For example, respondents may fill fields
incompletely or skip them. To ensure that these errors will not occur, the researcher should conduct
the initial data checking and edit the raw research data to identify and clean out any points that may
become the barrier to come up with an accurate result. For example, an error could be fielded in the
data information
that was left empty by respondents. While editing and checking the data, it is essential to
ensure that empty data/information will be removed or has to be filled in.
Step 3: Data Coding
Data encoding is the number one crucial process in data preparation. Data coding refers to grouping
and assigning values/codes to responses from the conducted survey. In that case, the researcher will create
daily allowance brackets and categorize each of the respondents’ daily allowance as per codes.
For example, respondents who has a daily allowance of Php10.00 - below Php20.00 and Php20.00 –
below Php3000 would have their daily allowance coded as 1, Php10.00 – below Php20.00 as 2, Php20.00 –
below Php30.00 as 2, etc. Then during analysis, the researcher can come up with a simplified daily allowance,
rather than having many ranges of individual daily allowances. Quantitative data interpretation comprises
studying the results taken from various questions in a survey. Usually, we use tables and graphs to present the
data.

Inquiries, Investigations, and Immersion 4th Quarter, Module 4

 Data Analysis Method (Quantitative)
Data analysis, interpretation, and implications are obligatory. It is essential to a researcher like you to
cure the patient's sickness before giving him any treatment and medicines. Data analysis helps the researcher to
come up with a valid and concrete conclusion. This document will guide young researchers like you to interpret
data and the descriptive data analysis method.
What is Data
Data are units of information, often numeric, that are collected through observation. Data are a set of
values of qualitative or quantitative variables about one or more persons or objects in a more technical sense. In
contrast, a datum (singular of data) is a single value of a single variable.
What is Data Analysis Method?
Data analysis is the process of collecting, modeling, and analyzing data to extract insights that
support decision-making. There are several methods and techniques to perform analysis depending on the
industry and the aim.
QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS METHODS
Data collection comprises a significant area of the research process. This data, however, has to be
analyzed to have its meaning. There are many methods of analyzing quantitative data collected in surveys. They
are: Cross-tabulation refers to the most commonly used quantitative data analysis methods. It is the most
preferred method since it uses a basic tabular form to draw
inferences between different data sets of the dependent and independent variables. It contains data
that have some connection with each other. Although there are many other methods to collect quantitative data,
probability sampling, interviews, questionnaire observation, and document review are the most common and
widely used methods either offline or for online data collection. Quantitative data research is comprehensive, and
the only data type that could display analytic results in charts and graphs. Quality data will give you precise
results. Data analysis is probably the essential component, which will hamper the integrity and authenticity of
your research and make the findings unstable if you have weak data. Therefore, it does not matter what method
you chose to collect quantitative data ensure that the data collected is of good quality to provide insightful and
actionable insights.

Steps to conduct Quantitative Data Analysis For quantitative data, raw data has to show in an
effective manner using analytical methods. Quantitative data should be analyzed to find evidential/factual data
that would help facilitate the research process.
Relate measurement scales with variables: Associate scales of measurement such as Nominal,
Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio with the variables – dependent and independent variables. This step is of utmost
importance to arrange the data in proper sequence/order. Data can be entered/encoded into an excel sheet to
organize it in a specific data format. Connect descriptive statistics with data: Connect descriptive statistics to
contain available data. It can be hard to establish a pattern in the raw data. Some commonly used descriptive
statistics are:
Mean - An average of values for a specific variable
Median - A midpoint of the value scale for a variable
Mode - For a variable, the most common value
Frequency - Number of times a particular value is observed in the scale Minimum and Maximum
Values - Lowest & highest values for the scale
Percentages - Format to express scores and set of values for variables
Range - the highest and lowest value in a set of values.
Decide a measurement scale: It is important to decide the measurement scale to conclude a
descriptive statistic for the specific variable.
 Before any data analysis can begin, the scale of measurement must be decided for the data as this
will have a long-term impact on data interpretation. The varying scales include: Nominal Scale: non-numeric
categories that cannot be ranked or compared quantitatively. Variables are exclusive and exhaustive.
Ordinal Scale: it is exclusive categories that are exclusive and exhaustive but with a logical order.
Quality ratings and agreement ratings are examples of ordinal scales (i.e., good, very good, fair, etc., or agree,
strongly agree, disagree, etc.).
Interval: a measurement scale where data is grouped into categories with orderly and equal distances
between the categories. There is always an arbitrary zero point.
Ratio: contains features of all three. Quantitative Data Examples Listed below are some examples of
quantitative data that can help understand exactly what this refers to:
➢ I updated my laptop two times a year.
➢ Our youngest sister grew by five inches last year.
➢ Sixty-eight people uploaded the latest mobile application.
➢ My nephew lost his Php500 last week.
➢ One hundred respondents were of the opinion of their product preference. There will be a 50%
increase in revenue with the inclusion of a new product.
➢ Two hundred people attended the seminar.
➢ 35% people prefer shopping online instead of going to the mall.
➢ It has 12 holidays this year.

ANSWER SHEET-Q4 MODULE 3 Inquiries, Investigations, and

Immersion
ACTIVITY 1 SCORE;________
Multiple Choice:. Write the correct answer on a sheet of paper
___1. What do quantitative data refer to?
A. graphs and tables.
B. numerical data that could usefully be quantified to help you answer your search question(s) and to
meet your objectives.
C. any data you present in your report.
D. statistical analysis
____2. The following are methods use in quantitative data analysis except
A. Data Validation C. Data Coding
B. Data Editing D. Data Correction
____3. Which of the following is not part of the processes involved in data validation?
A. Screening B. Fraud C. Completeness D. Trends
____4. If you wish to group and to assign values/codes to responses from the conducted survey,
which of the following steps will you consider?
A. Data Validation C. Data Coding
B. Data Editing D. Data Correction
____5. Typically, data sets include errors. To ensure that these errors will not occur, which of the
following will you do?
A. Data Validation C. Data Coding B. Data Editing D. Data Correction

ACTIVITY 2 SCORE:____________

GIVE 5 descriptive statistics

1.____________________________
2.____________________________
3.____________________________
4____________________________
5.___________________________

ANSWER SHEET-Q3 MODULE 2 Inquiries, Investigations, and

Immersion
Multiple Choice: Write the correct answer on a sheet of paper.
For questions 1 – 2, refer to the following problem A survey was conducted to know the audience’s
feedback on a dance presentation.
The question below is asked:

“In your opinion, does the dance presentation entertaining, boring or neither?”
Respondents Entertaining Boring neither
A 1
B 1
C 1
D 1
E 1
TOTAL 3 1 1
____1. Considering the table above, what percentage of the respondents said that the dance
presentation is entertaining?
A.50% C. 70% B.60% D. 20%
____2. What percentage of the respondents said that the dance presentation is boring? A.50%
C. 70% B.60% D. 20%

For questions 3 - 4, refer to the following problem A study conducted to determine G10 students of
ABC National High School to enroll in the ABM strand based on their academic performance and
NCAE result. The following data were given.

Profile of the Participants

Age Frequency Percent
15 5 17.9
16 17 60.7
17 5 17.9
18 1 3.6
TOTAL 28 100.0
MEAN 16.07

GENDER
MALE 6 21.4
FEMALE 22 78.6
TOTAL 28 100
____3. Based on the age of the respondents, what can be inferred?
a. Most of the Grade 10 students were at their correct age level, which is grade 10
b. Only 3.6% of the respondent is 18 years old
c. Most of the grade 10 students age is 16 years old
d. All of the above
____4. Based on the respondent’s gender, what can be inferred? a. Most of the Grade 10 students
are female b. Most of the Grade 10 students are male c. Both a and b d. None of the above
____5. The following are descriptive statistics use in quantitative research except one.
a. Mean c. Feasibility Study
b. Percentage d. Mode

PREPAREDpp BY: MA’AM ARNALY V. ALAYON