Long Question of Literary Criticism

Q1:Origin of Poetry? What is tragedy? Origin of tragedy? Aim of tragedy? And tell
Aristotle’s 6 elements of tragedy? (Long)

➢ Origin of poetry. The origin of poetry can be traced back to ancient times when it was
used as a method of creation and memory. Poetry predates literacy and was initially
sung and passed on orally, serving as a way to convey love, anger, and historical
accounts. Some researchers suggest that poetry may have preceded language itself,
emerging around 50,000 years ago as a form of acoustic communication.
➢ Tragedy Tragedy as defined by Aristotle in his work “Poetics,” is a form of dramatic
art that represents serious and significant actions. It typically focuses on the downfall
of a noble protagonist, often due to a tragic flaw or error in judgment. Tragedy aims to
evoke emotions such as pity and fear in the audience, leading to a cathartic
experience that purges these emotions and promotes moral understanding.
➢ Origin of tragedy Tragedy, a specific genre of poetry and drama, also has ancient
roots, particularly in ancient Greece. Tragedy originated as part of the religious
festivals honoring Dionysus, the Greek god of wine, fertility, and ritual madness.
These festivals, known as the Dionysia, included dramatic performances featuring
choral odes and dramatic contests. Over time, the format of these performances
evolved into what we now recognize as tragedy.
➢ ELEMENTS of TRAGEDY Aristotle identifies six key elements of tragedy in his
"Poetics":

PLOT

The plot is the soul of tragedy. It was the most important of the six elements. The plot must
be complete having unity of action. Aristotle said that plot must be structurally self-
contained, with the incident bound together by internal necessity, each action leading
Inevitably to the next with no outside intervention. There must be a good chain of unity of
action. (1) Time (2) Place (3) Action

The plot may be either simple or complex, although the complex is better. The episode or
acts succeed one another without probable and necessary sequence.

CHARACTER

Character is another important element of tragedy. The character may be the mouthpiece of
the writer. Every character may contribute to developing the plot and play, and their quality
or nature is revealed in the plot. The purpose of each character must be clear to the
audience.
Aristotle considered four essential qualities for ideal characterization. First, a character
must be good. Secondly, a character must have propriety, a character must be true to life,
and a character must be consistent. Aristotle lays down that the ideal tragic hero should not
be utterly good or not utterly bad. He is an ordinary man like us, learning more from the side
of good than bad.

THOUGHT

It is also called the ass theme of the play. The theme of the play is considered as thought.
There is also a helpful theme in every play. Thought is the power of saying whatever can and
should be said at each plot moment. Do the lines spoken by the actors make sense? Are they
saying what should be said at each particular moment in the play?

DICTION

It is the fourth and vital element of tragedy. Diction means Composition of dialogue Choice
of the word. The word contains meaning, the clarity with which somebody pronounces words
of the meaning in the comments which are proper and appropriate to the plot, character, and
end of the tragedy. In this category artist discusses the stylistic elements of tragedy, is
particularly interested in metaphors, but the greatest thing by far is to comment on
metaphor. It is the mark of genius, for to make good metaphors implying an eye for
resembles.

Melody (Melos):

The musical elements of the tragedy, including the rhythm, meter, and composition of the
choral odes and other musical accompaniments. While Aristotle acknowledges the
importance of music in tragedy, he focuses primarily on its role in enhancing the emotional
impact of the performance rather than its intrinsic value.

Spectacle (Opsis):

The visual aspects of the tragedy, including the stagecraft, costumes, and special effects.
Aristotle considers spectacle to be the least important element of tragedy, emphasizing that
it should serve to enhance the dramatic action rather than overshadowing or distracting from
it. … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … … .

Q#2 What is imitation? And discuss it with reference of Aristotle? What are the types of
imitation? (Long)

Imitation: Imitation is the act of replicating or reproducing the behavior, actions, or

characteristics of another individual, group, or object. It can involve consciously or
unconsciously copying or mimicking someone else’s behavior, style, or manner. In a broader
sense, imitation can also refer to the reproduction of the style or subject of another author
or work in literature. It is a fundamental aspect of human behavior and plays a crucial role in
the development of traditions and culture[4].

Word imitation has great importance in literature Aristotle explained the meaning of this
word to defend poetry which is called Aristotle's concept/theory of imitation.

Aristotle’s concept of imitation: Aristotle answered Plato and refuted the charge against
poets. He redefined the meanings of imitation. Regardless of that whole concept of idea and

copy remained the same. In simple words, Aristotle agreed that the world was created from
an idea and the world was its copy. He also agreed that a poet imitated reality/nature, but
the meaning of imitation did not mean mere copy. He did not consider poetry twice away
from

Types of imitation

Aristotle identifies several types of imitation:

Tragic imitation (mimesis):

This type of imitation involves the representation of serious and significant actions, typically
found in tragedies. Tragic imitation aims to evoke emotions such as pity and fear in the
audience, leading to a cathartic experience.

Epic imitation:

Epic poetry imitates the actions and adventures of heroic figures, often on a grand scale.
Epics narrate legendary tales and embody the values and ideals of a society.

Comic imitation:

Comedy imitates everyday life and human folly, often through exaggeration and satire.
Comic imitation aims to entertain and provoke laughter while also offering insights into
human nature and societal norms.

Lyric imitation:

Lyric poetry imitates the expression of personal emotions and experiences, often through
the use of musical language and imagery. Lyric poets convey their inner thoughts and
feelings, creating a sense of intimacy with the audience.

Overall, Aristotle views imitation as a powerful tool for both artistic expression and
education, allowing individuals to engage with and reflect on the world around them through
various forms of literature and performance.
Q03 : Significance of Aristotle’s poetry in modernism? How would you support
Aristotle’s poetry as modernist? (Long)

Aristotle’s “Poetics,” despite being written over two millennia ago, continues to hold
significant relevance in the context of modernism, a literary and artistic movement that
emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. While modernism is often associated with
experimental forms, avant-garde techniques, and a rejection of traditional conventions,
Aristotle’s theories offer a framework through which modernist writers and artists can
explore and engage with the complexities of their craft.

Here are several ways in which Aristotle’s “Poetics” can be seen as modernist and continues
to influence modernist literature:

Emphasis on Form and Structure:

Modernist writers often experimented with narrative structure, perspective, and language,
seeking new ways to express the fragmented and subjective nature of human experience.
Aristotle’s emphasis on the importance of plot, character, and diction in shaping the overall
structure of a work aligns with modernist concerns with form and technique. Modernist
writers may draw on Aristotle’s principles while pushing the boundaries of traditional
narrative conventions to create innovative and challenging works of literature.

Exploration of Subjectivity and Consciousness:

Modernist literature frequently delves into the inner workings of the human mind, portraying
characters’ subjective experiences and psychological complexities. Aristotle’s focus on
character and thought as essential elements of tragedy resonates with modernist
preoccupations with individual consciousness and identity. Modernist writers may use
Aristotle’s insights to craft nuanced and introspective portrayals of characters grappling with
existential questions and moral dilemmas.

Quest for Authenticity and Truth:

Modernism is characterized by its quest for authenticity and truth, often challenging
conventional representations of reality and questioning established norms and values.
Aristotle’s emphasis on the moral and intellectual content of literature aligns with modernist
concerns with authenticity and truthfulness in artistic expression. Modernist writers may
draw on Aristotle’s ideas to explore existential themes, ethical dilemmas, and the
complexities of human existence in their work.

Engagement with Catharsis and Emotion:

Modernist literature frequently engages with the emotional and psychological effects of art
on the audience, challenging readers to confront uncomfortable truths and unsettling
emotions. Aristotle’s concept of catharsis, the purging or purification of emotions through
tragic drama, resonates with modernist attempts to evoke intense emotional responses and
provoke critical reflection. Modernist writers may use Aristotle’s theories to create works
that challenge and disturb readers while also offering moments of insight and catharsis.

In summary, Aristotle’s “Poetics” continues to hold significance in the context of modernism

by providing a framework through which modernist writers can explore and engage with the
complexities of their craft. While modernism is characterized by its experimental and often
iconoclastic approach to literature, Aristotle’s insights into the nature of tragedy, the
elements of storytelling, and the psychological impact of art offer valuable guidance and
inspiration for modernist writers seeking to push the boundaries of artistic expression.

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Q4 :Discuss Plot according to Aristotle(definition+ explanation of Simple and Complex

Plot) (Long)

Aristotle, the ancient Greek philosopher and scholar, laid out the principles of storytelling in
his seminal work “Poetics.” According to Aristotle, a well-structured plot is essential for
creating a successful work of art, particularly in the realm of drama and literature. In his
analysis of plot, Aristotle distinguished between simple and complex plots, each serving a
specific purpose in engaging and captivating the audience.

Simple Plot:

A simple plot, according to Aristotle, is a plot that follows a linear, straightforward

progression without many twists or complications. In a simple plot, the events unfold in a
clear and direct manner, leading to a resolution that is easily foreseeable. Simple plots tend
to focus on a single conflict or central theme and typically have a limited number of
characters and subplots.

Explanation:

Simple plots are often found in traditional stories, fairy tales, and fables where the narrative
is concise and easy to follow. These plots rely on cause-and-effect relationships, where each
event leads logically to the next, ultimately leading to a clear resolution or conclusion.
Simple plots are effective in conveying moral lessons or exploring fundamental themes in a
direct and accessible manner.

Complex Plot:
A complex plot, on the other hand, is characterized by a more intricate structure with
multiple interwoven storylines, subplots, and character arcs. In a complex plot, there may
be unexpected twists and turns, conflicting motivations, and unresolved tensions that add
depth and richness to the narrative. Complex plots often involve a larger cast of characters
and explore various themes and ideas simultaneously.

Explanation:

Complex plots are commonly found in epic narratives, tragedies, and modern novels where
the storyteller aims to create a multifaceted and immersive world for the audience. These
plots challenge the viewers or readers by presenting them with intricacies and ambiguities
that require careful attention and analysis. Complex plots can provide a more nuanced
exploration of human experience, relationships, and emotions, offering a sophisticated and
layered viewing or reading experience.

In conclusion, Aristotle’s distinction between simple and complex plots highlights the
importance of plot structure in creating compelling and engaging storytelling. Whether
opting for a straightforward narrative or a more intricate and layered approach, storytellers
can use these principles to craft narratives that resonate with audiences on multiple levels
and leave a lasting impression… ….. … … … … … … … … … … … … … ….. End

Short Questions of Literary Criticism

Q01 : Is Concept of Aristotle’s about imitation is equivalent to modern realism?

Aristotle’s concept of imitation and modern realism share some similarities, but they are not
exactly equivalent. In simple terms, Aristotle believed that art should imitate nature as
closely as possible to represent the real world accurately. He argued that through imitation,
artists could portray essential truths about human nature and the world around them.

On the other hand, modern realism in art refers to a movement that emerged in the 19 th
century, emphasizing accurate depiction of everyday life and the world without idealization
or exaggeration. Realist artists sought to capture reality as it is, often focusing on ordinary
people and their experiences.

While both Aristotle’s concept of imitation and modern realism aim to represent reality
faithfully, they differ in their contexts and approaches. Aristotle’s idea of imitation is more
philosophical and theoretical, focusing on the purpose and nature of art, while modern
realism is a specific artistic movement that emerged as a response to changing social and
cultural conditions.
Q02 : What are points of divergence an poetry between Aristotle’s and Plato?

Aristotle and Plato had differing views on poetry, particularly when it came to its purpose and
impact on society. Here are some key points of divergence between the two philosophers:

1. Purpose of Poetry:

- Aristotle: Aristotle believed that poetry served a cathartic function, providing emotional
release and allowing people to empathize with characters and situations. He saw poetry as
a valuable tool for education and moral development.

- Plato: In contrast, Plato was more skeptical of poetry’s influence. He argued that poetry
could be deceptive and misleading, leading people astray from the pursuit of truth and
virtue.

2. Mimesis (Imitation):

- Aristotle: Aristotle viewed poetry as a form of mimesis or imitation of reality. He believed

that poetry could reveal universal truths through its representation of human experiences.

- Plato: Plato, on the other hand, was concerned that poetry represented a mere imitation
of the physical world and therefore lacked true knowledge and wisdom. He preferred
philosophy as a means of accessing higher truths.

3. Role in Society:

- Aristotle: Aristotle saw poetry as an important part of a well-functioning society. He

believed that poetry could inspire, entertain, and educate people, enriching their lives and
contributing to the common good.

- Plato: Plato was wary of the influence of poets on society. He feared that poetry, with its
emotional appeal and persuasive power, could lead people away from reason and virtue,
potentially destabilizing the social order.

Q03 : Modern literature focuses on character rather than plots? Is poetics obsolete in
Modern times?

In modern literature, there is a trend towards highlighting the depth and complexity of
characters rather than relying solely on intricate plots. This shift towards character
development allows readers to connect with the story on a more emotional level and delve
deeply into the inner workings of the characters’ thoughts and emotions.
Poetics, which refers to the study of the principles behind poetry and literature, is not
obsolete in modern times. While the focus may have shifted towards character-driven
narratives, poetics still plays a vital role in shaping the way stories are told and interpreted.
Understanding the poetic elements of language, such as imagery, symbolism, and rhythm,
can enhance the beauty and richness of modern literature.

Q04 :Difference of opinions of Plato and Aristotle about poets power to stimulate
emotions?

Plato believed that poets should be cautious because their ability to stimulate emotions
through their work could evoke irrational and dangerous emotions in people. He was
concerned that this could lead to negative influences on society.

Aristotle, on the other hand, thought that poetry could be beneficial as it could help people
experience catharsis, a purification of emotions, through art. He believed that poetry had the
power to evoke positive emotions and lead to a better understanding of life.

Q05: What is Unity of Action? Unity of time and Unity of place?

Unity of Action is a principle in dramatic theory that states that a play should have one main
action that it follows, with no subplots or diversions. All events in the play should be
interconnected and contribute to the main plotline, leading to a focused and coherent
narrative.

Unity of Time refers to the principle that the events of a play should occur within a single day
or in a time span that is consistent with a single day. In classical drama, this typically meant
that the events depicted on stage should unfold over a period of 24 hours, which emphasized
the sense of urgency and intensity in the plot.

Unity of Place requires that a play should take place in a single setting or location. This
constraint was believed to enhance the audience’s engagement with the story by creating a
sense of realism and continuity.

These principles were advocated by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle as key elements
of a well-structured and coherent dramatic work.

Q06 : What is catharsis according to Aristotle?

Aristotle describes catharsis as the purging of the emotions of pity and fear that are aroused
in the viewer of a tragedy.

Aristotle’s famous definition of catharsis can be found in his “Poetics,” where he describes it
as follows: “Purgation, then, is the purpose of catharsis, though the term is used in many
senses; for it means sometimes cleansing from dirt, sometimes from pity and fear.”
Q07: What are the four major elements of characters according to Aristotle?

Poets should pursue four goals in constructing their characters, according to Aristotle.

Goodness:

For Aristotle, the most important aspect of a character is goodness, which seems to be
linked to some sense of the character’s intentionality. The sharp hierarchization of ancient
Greek culture is evident in Aristotle’s remarks about the possibility of a woman or a slave to
exhibit goodness.

Propriety

The behavior of characters must be suitable for their social rank. Here again, the
stratification of the society of Aristotle’s time is quite clear.

Verisimilitude

Characters must be believable. Attributes assigned to characters must conform to what

would be expected from the same kinds of persons in real life.

Consistency

The kinds of behaviors assigned to a character must not change suddenly and inexplicably;
if a character is meant to be represented as indecisive, erratic, or otherwise inconsistent,
this inconsistency must be consistently portrayed.

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