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Experiential Learning Report

On
“ELECTROMAGNETIC COIL GUN ”

21EE53 – CONTROL SYSTEMS


SEMESTER: V

Submitted by
Advik Solanki – 1RV21EE006
Aditya Raj -1RV21EE004
Aaryan– 1RV21EE001
Anik Deb Barman-1RV21EE012

Under the guidance of


Dr. Dinesh MN
Professor

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree


of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL
& ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING
2023-24

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Certified that the Experiential Learning is carried out by Advik Solanki (1RV21EE006),
Aditya Raj (1RV21EE004), Aaryan (1RV21EE001), Anik Deb Barman (1RV21EE012)
bonafide students of RV College of Engineering®, Bengaluru, in partial fulfilment for the
award of degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering of
the Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2023-2024. It is
certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for the Internal Assessment have been
incorporated in the internship report deposited in the departmental library. The Experiential
Learning report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in respect to EL
work prescribed by the institution for the said degree.

Signature of Guide
Dr. Dinesh M N

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RV COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING®, BENGALURU-
59
(Autonomous Institution Affiliated to VTU, Belagavi)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS

DECLARATION

We, Advik Solanki (1RV21EE006), Aditya Raj (1RV21EE004), Aaryan


(1RV21EE001), Anik Deb Barman (1RV21EE012) a students of 5th semester,
in B.E., Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, RV College of
Engineering®, Bengaluru, hereby declare that the Experiential Learning has been
carried out and submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering during the
year 2023- 2024.
We, also declare that any Intellectual Property Rights generated out of this
project carried out at RVCE will be the property of RV College of Engineering,
Bengaluru and I will be one of the authors of the same.

Place: Bengaluru
Date:

Name Signature
Advik
Aditya
Aaryan
Anik

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Gratitude & Appreciation are two important facets of life and while words are
seldom warm & tender enough to express one’s appreciation. We will try our best
to extend our gratitude to everyone, whom this achievement is owed.

We thank my guide & coordinator, Dr. Dinesh M N, Assistant Professor, RV


College of Engineering for their wholehearted support, suggestions and in
valuable advice throughout our internship.

Our sincere thanks to, Dr. S G Srivani, HOD, EEE, RV College of Engineering
for her wholehearted support, suggestions and invaluable advice throughout our
project work and also helped in the preparation of this report.

We, express sincere gratitude to our beloved Principal, Dr. K. N. Subramanya


for the appreciation towards this project work.

We, thank all the teaching staff and technical staff of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering department, RVCE for their help.

We, take this opportunity to thank our family members and friends who provided
all the backup support throughout the project work.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sl no Title Page no
1 Certificate 2

2 Declaration 3

3 Acknowledgment 4

4 List of figures 6

6 Chapter 1: Introduction and Objective 7

7 Chapter 2: Literature Review 10

8 Chapter 3: Methodology 11

9 Chapter 4: Hardware Implementation 14

10 Chapter 5: Results and Conclusions 18

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figur Figure Name Page no
e no.
1 Magnetic field around the coil 12
2 Acceleration through coil 13

3 Circuit 15
4 Photo of model 17
5 Demonstration 19

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

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Introduction
In the ever-evolving landscape of technology, electromagnetic coil guns represent a
convergence of innovation with diverse applications ranging from weaponry to transportation
systems like Hyperloop. These devices utilize electromagnetic forces to propel projectiles or
vehicles along designated paths, offering unparalleled efficiency and precision. This report
embarks on an exploration of electromagnetic coil guns.

At its core, electromagnetic coil gun technology revolves around the manipulation of
magnetic fields to accelerate objects. In the realm of transportation, electromagnetic coil guns
find synergy with concepts like Hyperloop, promising swift and energy-efficient travel. By
harnessing electromagnetic propulsion, Hyperloop systems could achieve unprecedented
speeds, revolutionizing long-distance transportation and urban mobility. Concurrently, coil
guns present a departure from conventional firearms, relying on electromagnetic forces rather
than chemical propellants. This translates to cleaner propulsion, reduced recoil, and enhanced
accuracy, making them attractive options for defence systems and law enforcement
applications.

Objective
The objective of this project is to design and construct a portable, self-contained
electromagnetic coil gun. A coil gun is a type of rifle that uses an electromagnetic accelerator
coil to accelerate a metallic projectile. The Strategic Defense Initiative of the 1980s often
referred to as “Star Wars” was one of the first defence projects to realize the dream of
futuristic electronic weapon systems development. A fully functional rail gun was developed
for this program although it was never deployed in space.

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CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

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LITERATURE REVIEW
1. Title: “ELECTROMAGNETIC COIL GUN PROJECT”
o NUTS & VOLTS MAGAZINE (MARCH 2008)
o By Karl P. Williams
o Provide an overview of electromagnetic coil launchers, introducing their basic
principles and applications. Discusses the significance of electromagnetic coil
launchers in various fields such as weaponry, transportation, and scientific research.
Explore the historical development of electromagnetic coil launchers, tracing back to
early experiments and research. Highlight key milestones and contributions in the
field, including notable inventions and discoveries.

2. Title: "Theoretical Foundations and Electromagnetic Theory of Coil Guns"


o By B. Lee
o Delves into the theoretical underpinnings of coil guns, elucidating key principles of
electromagnetism and mathematical models used to analyse their operation.

3. Title: “Electromagnetic Coil Gun – Construction and Basic Simulation”


o By Bohumil Skala & Vladimir Kindl
o A single-stage, senseless, coil gun was designed to demonstrate the capability to
accelerate a ferromagnetic projectile to high velocity. This paper summarizes all the
important steps during coil gun design, such as the physical laws of the coil gun,
preliminary calculations, the testing device and the final product. The electromagnetic
FEA model of the capacitor-driven inductance coil gun was constructed to be able to
optimize the coil's dimensions. The driving circuit was implemented as a dynamic
model for the simulation of current. The coil gun was not designed for real shooting
applications, i.e. the projectile is accelerated to a relatively low speed.

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CHAPTER 3

METHODOLOGY

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Methodology
Coil guns use a strong magnetic field to accelerate ferromagnetic projectiles. The projectiles
used in coil and rail guns are often referred to as armatures. A large electric current is
switched from a fast discharge storage device (usually a capacitor bank) into a coil of wire
wrapped around a barrel to produce the strong magnetic field required for the rapid
acceleration of the metallic projectile.

Fig 1 - Magnetic field around the coil

The projectile is situated at one end of the coil and is pulled to its center by magnetic
induction. When the current is switched off, the projectile travels forward down the barrel,
exits the gun and moves towards the intended target. The force applied to the armature is
proportional to the change in inductance of the coil concerning the change in position of the
armature and the current flowing through the coil. The force applied to the armature will
always move it in a direction that increases the coil inductance. These systems are very quiet
when projectiles are fired at velocities lower than the speed of sound, are clean, and require
little maintenance. More advanced coil gun designs incorporate a number of accelerator coils
switched in sequence as the projectile moves down the barrel.

The multiple coil design is intended to maximize projectile velocity.

The major problem with electromagnetic weapons at the moment is the huge amount of
energy

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lost when converting electrical energy into kinetic energy.

Fig 2 – Acceleration through coil

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CHAPTER 4

HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE


IMPLEMENTATION

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HARDWARE IMPLEMENTATION
The electronic circuit consists of a voltage step-up transformer converter, a Cockcroft-Walton
voltage multiplier cascade, a capacitor energy storage bank, a voltage comparator to set the
charge voltage on the capacitor bank, an SCR switching section, and an accelerator coil.
Other components of the gun are the barrel, breech-loading mechanism, battery supply,
control panel, display, projectile, with trigger assembly.

The design, construction, and operation of the transformer used in this project are explained.

Circuit Theory

Fig 3 – Circuit

The inverter section of the circuit produces a high frequency, high voltage using an oscillator
configuration consisting of transformer T1 being switched on and off by transistor Q1. When
power is applied to the circuit by switch S1, resistor R2 initiates transistor Q1 to turn on and
conduct a current of 12 volts DC through the primary winding (10 turns) of the transformer.
The current passing through the primary winding induces a magnetic field in the iron core
causing it to produce a current in the secondary (500 turns) and feedback (eight turns)
windings. The feedback voltage holds transistor Q1 on as the current flows through resistor
R1 and capacitor C2. Resistor R1 and capacitor C2 control the base current and operating
frequency of the oscillator.

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When the core of the transformer saturates, the induced base voltage goes to zero and turns
the transistor off. At this point, the transistor turns on again and the cycle repeats.

The high voltage AC output from the secondary winding of the transformer is doubled and
rectified to a voltage multiplier made up of diodes D1, D2, and capacitors C3, C4. The DC
output voltage from the voltage multiplier charges the capacitor bank through the accelerator
coil L1, to a voltage that is determined by IC1, a 741 operational amplifier configured as a
comparator.

The capacitor storage bank is comprised of 10-1,500 µF, 250V capacitors configured to
achieve 500µF, 2,00V (C8–C17). These capacitors are available at most electronics supply
companies. When the capacitor bank is charged to 650 VDC.

The 741 operational amplifier (IC1) is configured as a voltage comparator and is used to set
the amount of voltage charge on the capacitor bank. The reference voltage for the comparator
is taken directly from the 12-volt DC source through resistor R10. The voltage charge
accumulating on the capacitor bank is dropped down to a value of approximately 1:20
through a voltage divider made up of resistors R3, R4, and 100K potentiometer R11, and is
then connected to the comparator. The potentiometer is used to set the exact voltage level on
the capacitor bank when calibrating and using the rifle. Note that the capacitor bank is
charged through the accelerator coil.

When the desired voltage has been reached, the output of the comparator goes high and turns
on transistor Q2 and the fire indicator light emitting diode D6. When Q2 is switched on, the
base of Q1 is pulled to the ground which stops the oscillation of the transformer, turning the
charging action off. If the gun is not fired immediately after fully charging, the voltage level
on the capacitor bank will slowly start to decrease due to leakage and the comparator will
turn the charging circuit back on to keep the capacitor bank voltage level topped off. You will
notice the charge and fire LEDs gradually alternating on and off indicating that the
comparator and charging circuit are maintaining the set voltage.

Once the capacitor bank has charged to the set level, a ferrous projectile is inserted into the
breech loading device and positioned partially into the coil by the bolt. The bolt of the
loading device has a small magnet in the end with enough force to hold the projectile in place
if the

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gun is tilted forward, but not enough to interfere with the operation of it. When fire switch S3
is closed, voltage is applied to the gate of the SCR, switching it on and dumping the charge
across the capacitor bank into the accelerator coil L1. The accelerator coil creates an
electromagnetic pulse that launches the projectile down the barrel. Diode D9 is required to
prevent the voltage from reversing.

Fig 4 – Photo of model

Flow Chart

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Chapter 5

Results and Conclusions

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Results and Conclusions

Fig 3 – Demonstration

Results

The project investigated the performance of an electromagnetic coil gun, focusing on the
speed of the fired bullet and the charging time of the capacitor. Theoretical calculations were
compared against practical values obtained through experimental trials.

The calculated theoretical values for the speed of the fired bullet did not align closely with
the practical values observed during the experiments. This disparity suggests potential
limitations or inaccuracies in the theoretical models used to predict projectile velocity.

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Further analysis is warranted to refine these models and improve their predictive accuracy.

Additionally, it was observed that the charging time of the capacitor initially exceeded the
expected time. However, after the third trial, the charging time approached the practical value
more closely. This suggests a possible learning curve or adjustment period for the system,
indicating the need for iterative experimentation and optimization to achieve optimal
performance.

We could only charge the capacitor until 650VDC which took around 90 minutes.

1st trial was not the outcome we expected, as we fired at 230VDC the bullet release was so
slow that we could see it moving in slow motion.

2nd trial was better as we charged it until 400VDC, and it charged faster as 1st trial tool 13-14
minutes to charge till 230VDC, now it took 12-13 minutes for 400VDC, as we fired the bullet
at 400VDC, it released faster but didn’t travel long distance.

3rd trial was the last phase we charged it till 650VDC and fired, the results were better, and
we gained confidence that we could make it go even faster but we would require more VDC
stored.

Conclusions

The discrepancy between theoretical and practical values emphasizes the inherent complexity
and unpredictability of real-world conditions, which theoretical models may not fully account
for. This underscores the necessity for empirical validation and iterative optimization in the
development of electromagnetic coil guns.

The prototype ended up being more expensive than anticipated; the cost target was meant to
be in the ₹2000/- range but ended up at best for ₹5000/- for bulk orders.

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