BHAGYA (4)

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018

“HEAT SENSING TECHNOLOGY FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES”
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
Submitted by:
Bhagyashree Koti (2KA22EE008)

Ramya Patil (2KA22EE032)
Srivathsa Patil (2KA22EE042)
Suchita T (2KA22EE049)
Under the Guidance of:

Prof. Manjunath Hombal
Smt. Kamala & Sri. Venkappa M Agadi College of Engineering & Technology,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Lakshmeshwar-582116
2024-2025
i
SMT. KAMALA AND SRI. VENKAPPA M. AGADI COLLEGE
OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
LAKSHMESHWAR-582116
(Affiliated to VTU Belagavi)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Certificate
Certified that the Project Phase-1 Report entitled HEAT SENSING TECHNOLOGY FOR ELECTRIC
VEHICLES is work carried out by Bhagyashree M Koti, Ramya A Patil, Srivathsa S Patil, Suchita K T in
the partial fulfillment of the award of degree of bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering prescribed by the VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, BELAGAVI
for VI semester in the department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering during the year 2024-25. This
Project Phase-1 report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements regarding the project
work prescribed for the Bachelor of Engineering Degree.
………………………………. ………………………………..
Signature of Guide Signature of Project Co-Ordinator
Prof. Manjunath Hombal Prof. Pratima K
………………………… ……………………………
Signature of HOD Signature of Principal
Dr. R.M Patil Dr. Parashuram Baraki
Examiners: 1.Prof.
2.Prof.
ii
DECLARATION
We, the fifth-semester students studying in the Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, Smt. Kamala and Shri Venkappa M. Agadi College of Engineering and Technology,
Laxmeshwar, here by declare that this Project work entitled “HEAT SENSING TECHNOLOGY
FOR ELECTRIC VEHICLES” which is being submitted by using the partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering by Visvesvaraya Technological University, Belagavi is an authentic record of us
carried out during the academic year 2022-23 under the guidance of Prof. Manjunath Hombal,
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Smt.Kamala &
Shri.Venkappa M. Agadi College of Engineering & Technology, Laxmeshwar.
I further undertake that the matter embodied in the dissertation has not previously been
submitted by us for the award of any degree to any other university or institution.
Bhagyashree M Koti (2KA22EE008)

Ramya A Patil (2KA22EE032)
Srivathsa S Patil (2KA22EE042)
Suchita K T (2KA22EE049)
Place: Laxmeshwar
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The completion of any project presentation brings with it a sense of satisfaction, but it is never
complete without thanking those people who made it possible and whose constant support has crowned our
efforts with success.
We express our sincere gratitude to our guide Prof. Manjunath Hombal Department of Electrical
and Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET Laxmeshwar for his stimulating guidance, continuous
encouragement, and supervision throughout the course of the present work.
We would like to express gratitude to Dr. R. M. Patil HOD Department of Electrical and Electronics
Engineering, SKSVMACET Laxmeshwar for his generous guidance, help, and useful suggestions.
We would like to thank Prof. Pratima B K project Coordinator and all the staff members of the
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering for giving continuous support and guidance to carry
out our Project work.
We are extremely thankful to Dr. Parashuram Baraki Principal, SKSVMACET laxmeshwar for providing
us with infrastructural facilities to work in, without this work, it would not have been possible.
iv
ABSTRACT
With the largescale commercialization and growing market share of electric vehicles (EVs), many
studies have been dedicated to battery systems design and development. Their focus has been on higher
energy efficiency, Improved thermal performance, and optimized multi material battery enclosure
designs. The integration of stimulation based design optimization of the battery pack and battery
management system (BMS)is evolving and expanded to include novilties such as artificial intelligence
machine learning to improve efficiencies in design, manufacturing, and operations for there application
in electric vehicles and energy storage systems. Specific to BMS, there advanced concepts enable a more
accurate prediction of battery performance such as its state of health, state of charge, and state of power
this study presents a comprehensive review of the latest developments and technologies in battery
design, thermal managements, and the application of AI inbattery management system for electric
vehicles EVs.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 OBJECTIVE
2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2
3. HARDWARE COMPONENTS 4
3.1 BUZZER
3.2 LCD
3.3 THERMO SENSOR
3.4 BATTERY
3.5 ARDUINO UNO
3.6 RESISTORS
3.7 REGULATOR
3.8 JUMPER WIRES
3.9 MULTI-STRAND WIRES
4. METHODOLOGY 8
4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM
4.2. WORKING
4.3. PROGRAM
5 FLOW CHART 14
6. EXPECTED RESULTS 15
6.1 WORKING MODEL
6.2 PROPOSED MODEL
6.3 OUTCOMES
vi
7. ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS 20
7.1 ADVANTAGES
7.2 DISADVANTAGES
7.3 APPLICATIONS
8. FUTURE SCOPE 24
9. CONCLUSION 25
10. REFERENCE 26
11. APPENDIX 27
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME

FIGURE 3.1 BUZZER
FIGURE 3.2 LCD
FIGURE 3.3 THERMO SENSOR
FIGURE 3.4 LITH-ION BATTERY
FIGURE 3.5 AURDUINO UNO
FIGURE 3.6 RESISTORS
FIGURE 3.7 REGULATORS
FIGURE 3.8 JUMPER WIRES
FIGURE 3.9 MULTI-STRAND WIRES
viii
“Heat sensing technology for electric vehicle” 2024-2025
1.INTRODUCTION:
The automotive sector has seen tremendous transformation due to the rise of electric cars
(EVs). Unlike conventional vehicles, which run on internal combustion engines, EVs are powered by
batteries, electric motors, and power electronics. Thermal management systems, however, are an
essential part of EVs because the effective operation of these components is strongly dependent on
temperature regulation. The thermal management system is in charge of preserving the vehicle's
electrical components within their ideal operating temperature range. The battery, power electronics, and
electric motor are all guaranteed to operate effectively and to last a long time within this range.
The thermal management system is essential for preventing overheating, which can harm
electrical components and shorten their lifespan. This paper will cover the numerous parts of the thermal
management system, their purpose, the difficulties in creating an efficient system, and the most recent
developments in thermal management system technology. A Brief History of EVs. The first EVs were
built around the JU mid to late 19th century but conceded their commercial footprint to cars powered by
Internal Combustion Engines (ICE). Today’s transportation sector primarily uses ICE, contributing to
almost a quarter of all energy-related greenhouse gas emissions.
This issue initiated the demand for replacing ICE vehicles with advanced technology
vehicles such as EVs. Although EVs can reduce fuel costs significantly because of the high efficiency of
electric-drive systems compared to internal combustion engines, EVs suffer much greater constraints in
terms of their limited driving range, scarcity of charging stations, charging times, and higher initial costs
as compared to ICE vehicles.
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 1

2.LITERATURE SURVEY:
A literature review on thermal management in electric vehicles (EVs) focuses on the critical role
temperature control plays in maintaining the performance, safety, and longevity of key components like
batteries, motors, and power electronics. Efficient thermal management systems are vital as EVs rely on
high-capacity batteries that generate significant heat during charging and discharging cycles, potentially
impacting their efficiency and lifespan. Various techniques are employed to manage this heat, each with
its advantages and challenges.
The most commonly used methods include air cooling, liquid cooling, and phase change
materials (PCMs). Air cooling, while simple and cost-effective, is generally insufficient for high-
performance applications, especially for large batteries. Liquid cooling systems, which circulate coolants
around components, are more efficient and are often used in high-performance EVs. These systems
require careful design to prevent leaks and maintain optimal coolant properties, but they offer more
precise temperature control. Phase change materials, which absorb and release heat during charging,
provide a passive solution that stabilizes temperature fluctuations but have limitations in scalability for
large systems.
Another significant area of focus in thermal management is motor cooling. Electric motors,
like batteries, generate heat during operation, affecting efficiency and performance. Cooling methods
such as liquid and oil are employed to keep the motor temperature within safe limits. Similarly, power
electronics like inverters and converters also generate heat and require dedicated thermal management
solutions. Cooling techniques for power electronics include liquid cooling, heat sinks, and advanced
thermal interface materials (TIMs), all of which help maintain efficiency by reducing thermal resistance.
However, thermal management in EVs faces several challenges, including the need to
balance system efficiency with vehicle weight. Overly complex cooling systems can add significant
weight, which negatively impacts the vehicle's range and performance. Additionally, external
environmental factors such as extreme temperatures can complicate thermal regulation, especially in
regions with very hot or cold climates.
Recent advancements in thermal management technologies include the integration of AI
and machine learning algorithms to predict and optimize temperature regulation dynamically. AI-driven
systems can monitor temperatures in real-time and adjust cooling strategies, improving overall system
efficiency.
Research into solid-state batteries, which promise to replace conventional lithium-ion
batteries, also presents new challenges and opportunities for thermal management. These batteries may
have different thermal requirements, necessitating the development of new cooling techniques.

Furthermore, next-generation materials, such as graphene and advanced heat exchangers, are being
explored to improve the thermal conductivity and efficiency of cooling systems while reducing weight.
Despite these advancements, significant hurdles remain in creating systems that balance cost,
performance, and sustainability. As the adoption of electric vehicles continues to grow, efficient and
innovative thermal management solutions will be essential to support their widespread use, ensuring that
EVs can deliver optimal performance in diverse conditions and over long lifespans.
In conclusion, while substantial progress has been made in thermal management for
electric vehicles, ongoing research and development are crucial to address existing challenges and
capitalize on new technologies. The future of EV thermal management lies in the integration of more
efficient materials, dynamic systems powered by artificial intelligence, and solutions that support the
evolving needs of next-generation EVs.

3.HARDWARE DESCRIPTION:
3.1BUZZER:
Fig: 3.1 buzzer
A buzzer is an electronic device that produces sound to alert, notify, or signal an event.
It is commonly used in various applications, from alarms and warning systems to electronic
devices and vehicles.
In conclusion, buzzers are versatile, simple, and effective components used in a wide range of
applications to convey important messages or alerts through sound.
3.2 LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY):
Fig:3.2 LCD
A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a flat-panel display technology commonly used in

various devices, including televisions, computer monitors, smartphones, and electronic devices
like calculators and clocks. LCDs use liquid crystals that can manipulate light to create images
or text, offering a lightweight and energy-efficient alternative to older display technologies like
cathode ray tube (CRT) display.

3.3 THERMO SENSOR:

A thermal sensor, also known as a temperature sensor, is a device used to measure
temperature and convert it into an electrical signal that can be interpreted by a monitoring system
or control device. These sensors play a critical role in a wide range of applications, from industrial
and automotive systems to consumer electronics, by ensuring that systems operate within safe
temperature ranges.
Fig: 3.3 THERMAL SENSOR

Thermal sensors are crucial components in various fields for monitoring and
controlling temperature. They are essential for maintaining the safety and efficiency of systems
like electric vehicles, medical devices, industrial machinery, and consumer electronics. By
providing accurate and reliable temperature measurements, thermal sensors help prevent
overheating, ensure optimal performance, and improve the overall longevity of systems.
3.4 BATTERY:
A battery is an apparatus that stores chemical energy and transforms it into electric
energy. As part of the chemical reaction in a battery, an external circuit transfers electrons from
one material to another. The flow of electrons produces an electric current that can be used to
carry out tasks.
Fig: 3.4 Battery

3.5 ARDUINO UNO:

An The Arduino UNO is an open-source microcontroller board based on the
ATmega328P microchip, designed to make it easier to create digital devices and interactive
objects. It's widely used in electronics and embedded systems due to its simplicity, versatility,
and affordability. The Arduino platform is suitable for both beginners and experienced
developers, providing an easy entry point into the world of microcontroller-based projects.
Fig: 3.5 ARDUINO UNO

The Arduino UNO is an excellent choice for learning and experimenting with
electronics and programming. Its combination of simplicity, affordability, and versatility makes
it a powerful tool for hobbyists, educators, and engineers alike. Whether building a simple light
control system or a complex robot, the Arduino UNO serves as a reliable and accessible
foundation for countless projects.
3.6 RESISTORS:
A resistor is a passive electronic component that limits or regulates the flow of electrical
current in a circuit. It is a fundamental component used in virtually all electronic devices, circuits,
and systems. Resistors are essential for controlling current, dividing voltage, and protecting other
components from excessive current.
Fig: 3.6 RESISTORS

Resistors are essential components in the design and functioning of electronic circuits.
They are widely used for controlling current, voltage division, signal processing, and power
dissipation. Available in various types, ratings, and configurations, resistors are crucial for
maintaining the proper operation of circuits and preventing damage to sensitive components.
Understanding their characteristics, applications, and limitations is key to utilizing them
effectively in electronics projects.

3.7 REGULATORS:
FIG:3.7 REGULATOR
An electric regulator is a device used to control and maintain specific electrical

parameters within a system, ensuring that it operates efficiently and safely. These parameters can
include voltage, current, frequency, and power, and regulators can be found in various
applications, from household appliances to industrial machinery and power generation.
3.8 JUMPED WIRES:
Fig: 3.8 JUMPED WIRES

A jumper wire is a short piece of wire used to make a temporary or permanent
electrical connection between two points in a circuit. In this case, the term "jumped wires" could
be an informal way of referring to jumpers. Jumpers are used for various purposes in circuit
design and prototyping:
~ For Testing or Modifications: Jumpers are used in breadboards or prototype circuits to quickly
modify connections or test different configurations.
3.9 MULTI-STRAND WIRES:
Fig: 3.9 MULTI STRAND WIRES

Multi-strand wires (also known as stranded wires) are a type of electrical wire

that is composed of multiple small wires (or strands) twisted or braided together to form a
larger, flexible conductor. This construction provides several advantages over solid core
wires, particularly in terms of flexibility and durability.
4. METHODOLOGY:
In this project, Arduino takes data as input from the DS18B20(temperature sensor ).
The DS18B20 sensor takes readings every second from the battery so that if there is over
heating of or any hazardous activity in the battery it can send the data to the Arduino
module for further processing. Also,it can send an alert notification through a buzzer so
that the customer can get the notification that there is a hazardous activity in an electronic
vehicle.
The DS18B20 sensor is used to detect the temperature in the battery or if the battery
catches fire it can send data to Arduino so that the customer can disconnect the battery from
the power source or turn off the vehicle to reduce further damage in an electronic vehicle.
All these readings taken from the DS18B20 sensor will also be available on the LCD 16*2
Module so that the user can also see the temperature of the battery in an electronic vehicle.
Now all these are connected to the ECU of an electronic vehicle. Now if there is any
hazardous activity happening an electronic vehicle,a user directly monitors the electronic
vehicle as the buzzer starts pushing the alert to the user regarding the electronic vehicle.

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:
12C LCD 16*2

DISPLAY
.
BATTERY
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR
(DS18B20)
ARDUINO
BUZZER
REGULATOR

4.2 WORKING:
A thermal management system (TMS) for an electric vehicle (EV) can be implemented using
Arduino to monitor and control the temperature of the battery, motor, and other components.
The setup with an LCD display, regulator, and buzzer works as follows:
Components Required
1. Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno)
2. Temperature sensors (e.g., LM35, DS18B20, or DHT22)
3. LCD Display (16x2 or similar)
4. Voltage regulator (e.g., LM7805 for consistent power supply)
5. Buzzer (for alarms)
6. Cooling system actuator (e.g., fan or pump)
7. Relay module (to control actuators)
8. Power supply (e.g., a battery pack)
9. Connecting wires and breadboard
Working Principle:
The TMS monitors the temperature of critical EV components, displays the data on the LCD,
and activates a cooling/heating system when the temperature exceeds predefined thresholds. If
critical levels are reached, the buzzer alerts the user.
Steps for Implementation:
1. Temperature Monitoring:
Use a temperature sensor to measure the temperature of the battery pack or other components.
Connect the sensor to the Arduino's analog/digital input pins. The Arduino reads the temperature
data and converts it into Celsius or Fahrenheit.
2. Display Data on LCD

Connect the 16x2 LCD to the Arduino using an I2C module or directly using GPIO pins.
Display real-time temperature readings on the LCD.

3. Control System with Regulator:

Use a voltage regulator (e.g., LM7805) to provide a stable 5V supply to the Arduino and sensors.
The regulator ensures consistent operation, especially in fluctuating EV power systems.
4. Cooling/Heating Activation
Program the Arduino to activate a relay module controlling a cooling fan or heating element when
the temperature crosses set thresholds (e.g., above 45°C for cooling, below 5°C for heating).
5. Buzzer for Alerts:

If the temperature exceeds critical levels (e.g., >60°C), the Arduino triggers the buzzer to alert the
user.

4.3 PROGRAM:
#include <OneWire.h>
#include <DallasTemperature.h>
#include <LiquidCrystal_I2C.h>
LiquidCrystal_I2C lcd(0x27,16,2);
#define Buzzer 5
#define ONE_WIRE_BUS 2
OneWire oneWire(ONE_WIRE_BUS);
DallasTemperature sensors(&oneWire);
void setup(void) {
lcd.init();
lcd.clear();
lcd.backlight(); // Make sure backlight is on
pinMode(Buzzer, OUTPUT);
// Print a message on both lines of the LCD.
lcd.setCursor(2,0);
sensors.begin(); // Start up the library
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop(void) {
// Send the command to get temperatures
sensors.requestTemperatures();
//print the temperature in Celsius
Serial.print("Temperature: ");
Serial.print(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
lcd.setCursor(2,0);
lcd.print("Temp: ");
lcd.print(sensors.getTempCByIndex(0));
lcd.setCursor(2,1);
lcd.print("Degree Celsius");

Serial.print((sensors.getTempCByIndex(0) * 9.0) / 5.0 + 32.0);

//Serial.print(char);//shows degrees character
Serial.println("F");
if((sensors.getTempCByIndex(0))>45)
{
digitalWrite(Buzzer,HIGH);
}
else
{
digitalWrite(Buzzer,LOW);
}
delay(500);
}

5. FLOW CHART:
start
Power Supply
Voltage Regulator
Arduino Uno
Thermal sensor
Display on LCD
Buzzer alert
End

6. EXPECTED RESULTS:
6.1 WORKING MODULE:

Creating a working model of a Thermal Management System (TMS) for an electric vehicle
involves simulating the temperature control and heat management processes using basic
components. Here's how you can develop a prototype working model:
Objective:
The model will demonstrate how to monitor, regulate, and control the temperature of EV
components like the battery and motor using sensors, an Arduino controller, and actuators.
Components Required:
1. Controller:
Arduino board (e.g., Arduino Uno)
2. Sensors:
Temperature sensors (e.g., LM35, DS18B20) to monitor battery and motor temperature.
3. Actuators:
Cooling fan (DC fan) or heating element.
Relay module for controlling cooling/heating.
4. Display:
LCD (16x2) to show real-time temperature data and system status.
5. Power Supply:
DC power source or battery.
6. Alarm:
A buzzer for critical temperature warnings.
7. Piping:
Simulated cooling pipes or tubes for heat dissipation.
8. Heat Sink:
For heat dissipation demonstration

6.2 PROPOSED MODEL:
Designing a heat-sensing model for electric vehicles (EVs) involves integrating advanced
sensor systems and software to monitor and manage heat generation, dissipation, and thermal
anomalies in EV components such as batteries, motors, and power electronics. Here’s a proposed
model:
Proposed Heat-Sensing Technology Model for EVs
1. Key Component
Infrared Sensors: For non-contact temperature measurement of critical components like battery
packs and inverters.
Thermocouples: Embedded in high-temperature zones like motor windings and battery modules.
Resistive Temperature Detectors (RTDs): For high-accuracy, localized temperature
measurements.
Data Acquisition Unit (DAU):
Collects real-time data from sensors and transmits it to the processing unit.
Edge Processing Unit:
AI and Machine Learning (ML) algorithms for analyzing thermal patterns and detecting
anomalies.
Predictive algorithms to identify potential overheating risks or inefficiencies.
Cooling System Integration:
Dynamic interaction between the thermal management system (TMS) and sensors to regulate
temperature.
Communication Protocol:
Use of CAN bus or Ethernet for real-time data transfer within the EV's control system.

6.3. WORKING MODEL:

1. Real-Time Heat Monitoring:
Sensors continuously monitor key EV components such as:
Battery Pack: Ensures cell-level and pack-level temperature stability.
Power Electronics: Monitors heat in inverters and DC/DC converters.
Electric Motor: Tracks winding and casing temperatures.
2. Data Analysis:
The edge processing unit runs ML models to:
Detect temperature anomalies.
Predict heat-related failures.
Optimize energy consumption of the cooling system.
3. Heat Dissipation Management:

Automated adjustments to cooling mechanisms such as:
Liquid cooling systems.
Airflow through vents.
Phase-change materials.
4. Feedback Loop:
Communicates thermal data to the vehicle's central control system.
Provides feedback to improve driving performance or recommend service.
3. Advanced Features
Predictive Maintenance:
ML models predict potential failures and suggest maintenance.
Thermal Imaging Display:
Real-time visualization of heat distribution on a dashboard for drivers or technicians.
Smart Alerts:
Alerts for critical temperature thresholds.
Cloud Connectivity: Uploads historical temperature data to a cloud platform for deeper analytics
and fleet management.
4. Benefits
Enhanced Safety:
Prevents thermal runaway in battery packs.
Reduces risk of component overheating.
Improved Efficiency:
Ensures optimal performance of batteries and motors by maintaining ideal operating
temperatures.
Longer Lifespan:
Reduces thermal stress on components, extending their operational life.
Energy Savings:
Adaptive cooling reduces unnecessary energy consumption.

6.3 OUTCOMES:
The implementation of a thermal management system (TMS) in electric vehicles (Evs)
yields several critical outcomes that enhance performance, safety, and user experience. Here are
the key outcomes:
1. Enhanced Battery Performance and Longevity:
Maintains the battery within its optimal temperature range, reducing thermal degradation.
Prolonged battery lifespan, ensuring consistent energy output and capacity over time.
Prevents issues like thermal runaway, enhancing safety and reliability.
2. Increased Vehicle Range:
Efficient thermal regulation reduces energy losses in the battery and powertrain.
Minimizes energy consumption of HVAC systems by optimizing waste heat utilization.
3. Improved Charging Efficiency:
Supports fast charging by managing heat generated during the process, reducing charging time.
Enhances charging safety by preventing overheating of the battery and cable.
4. Optimal Powertrain Operation:
Ensures electric motors and power electronics operate efficiently under various load conditions.
Reduces wear and tear on components by maintaining stable operating temperatures.
5. Enhanced Passenger Comfort:
Maintains a comfortable cabin temperature in all weather conditions without excessive energy
drain. Provides quick cabin heating in cold climates using waste heat from the battery or motor.
6. Reliable Performance in Extreme Conditions:
Ensures stable performance in hot or cold environments, improving the vehicle's usability in
diverse climates.
Protects sensitive components like sensors and processors in autonomous and connected EVs.

8. Energy Efficiency and Cost Savings:

Reduces energy consumption, improving overall vehicle efficiency.
Lowers maintenance costs by preserving the health of key components like the battery, motor,
and power electronics.
9. Support for Advanced Technologies:

Enables adoption of high-energy-density batteries and powerful motors by addressing their
thermal
Challenges.
Facilitates integration of fast-charging technology without compromising safety or
performance.
10. Environmental Benefits:

Optimized thermal management reduces energy waste, leading to lower carbon footprints for
EVs.
Enhances the sustainability of EVs by prolonging component life and reducing resource
usage.

7. ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS:
7.1 ADVANTAGES:
A thermal management system (TMS) for electric vehicles (EVs) is crucial for
maintaining optimal performance, safety, and longevity of the vehicle. Here are the primary
advantages:
1. Improved Battery Efficiency and Lifespan:

EV batteries perform best within a specific temperature range. A TMS ensures the
battery operates at optimal temperatures, reducing thermal degradation and extending battery
life. Prevents overheating during high-demand activities like rapid charging or heavy
acceleration.
2. Enhanced Safety:
Protects against thermal runaway, a critical safety issue where overheating can lead
to battery fires or explosions. Monitors and manages temperature variations across battery
cells to maintain uniformity and prevent failure.
3. Optimized Performance:
Maintains consistent performance in various environmental conditions, ensuring the
vehicle runs efficiently in both hot and cold climates. Supports faster charging by managing
heat generated during the process.
4. Comfort for Passengers:
Regulates cabin temperature effectively by utilizing waste heat from the battery or
motor, reducing energy consumption from the HVAC system. Improves heating efficiency in
cold climates, where conventional heaters may drain the battery significantly.
5. Energy Efficiency:
Reduces unnecessary energy consumption by maintaining temperature equilibrium
in components such as the battery, motor, and power electronics. Minimizes the need for
energy-intensive cooling or heating systems, increasing the vehicle's overall range.

6. Durability of Components:
Prevents wear and tear on key components like the motor and inverter by keeping
them at optimal operating temperatures. Prolongs the lifespan of power electronics and drive
train components.
7. Flexibility for Extreme Conditions:
Ensures reliable operation in extreme weather conditions, enhancing the usability of
EVs in diverse geographical regions.
8. Supports Technological Advancements:
Enables the adoption of advanced technologies such as fast charging, higher energy
density batteries, and powerful motors by efficiently managing heat.
7.2 DISADVANTAGES:
Thermal management systems (TMS) in electric vehicles (EVs) are critical for maintaining
optimal performance and safety. However, they come with several disadvantages:
1. Increased Cost
High initial costs: Advanced thermal management systems, especially those using liquid
cooling, increase the manufacturing cost of EVs.
Maintenance expenses: Complex systems may require specialized servicing, leading to higher
long-term maintenance costs.
2. Added Weight
The inclusion of pumps, radiators, heat exchangers, and other components increases the
overall weight of the vehicle, which can reduce energy efficiency and driving range
3. Complexity in Design
Designing a thermal management system to balance heating and cooling for the battery, motor,
and electronics is complex and requires precise engineering. This can increase development
time and potential failure points.
4. Energy Consumption
TMS requires energy to operate, which is drawn from the battery. This reduces the driving
range of the vehicle, especially in extreme weather conditions where heating or cooling
demands are higher.

5. Reliability Concerns
The system must work efficiently under various environmental conditions. Failure in any
component (e.g., a coolant pump or a fan) can lead to overheating, reduced performance, or
even damage to the battery or other components.
6. Environmental Impacts
Some TMS use refrigerants that may have a negative environmental impact. Additionally, the
manufacturing and disposal of thermal management components can contribute to
environmental issues.
7. Impact on Charging Speeds
During fast charging, the TMS must dissipate a significant amount of heat. Inadequate
management could lead to slower charging times or excessive wear on the system.
8. Space Constraints
TMS components take up space that could otherwise be used for passenger or cargo capacity,
posing a challenge in compact EV designs.
9. Challenges in Extreme Climates
In very cold climates, heating the battery to an optimal operating temperature can drain the
battery significantly. Similarly, cooling requirements in hot climates can strain the system and
reduce efficiency.
7.3 APPLICATIONS:
The thermal management system (TMS) for electric vehicles (EVs) has various
applications across the vehicle's key components and systems to ensure optimal performance
and safety. Below are its primary applications:
1. Battery Thermal Management

Purpose: Maintains the battery pack within an optimal temperature range.
Applications:
Cooling: Prevents overheating during fast charging or heavy driving.
Heating: Ensures functionality in cold weather to maintain range and performance.
Uniformity: Balances temperatures across battery cells to avoid hotspots.
2. Power Electronics Management
Purpose: Protects components like inverters, converters, and onboard chargers.
Applications:

Cooling: Dissipates heat generated during high power operations.

Stability: Prevents thermal stress to ensure reliable power transfer.
3. Electric Motor Thermal Management
Purpose: Controls the heat generated by the motor during operation.
Applications:
Cooling: Keeps the motor within its thermal limits to enhance efficiency.
Durability: Reduces wear and tear due to overheating.
4. Cabin Climate Control
Purpose: Provides thermal comfort for passengers while minimizing energy usage.
Applications:
Waste Heat Utilization: Uses heat from the motor or battery to warm the cabin.
Energy Efficiency: Reduces HVAC power consumption to preserve battery.
5. Charging System Management
Purpose: Ensures safety and efficiency during fast charging.
Applications:
Cooling: Manages the significant heat generated during rapid charging.
Battery Protection: Maintains battery integrity by avoiding overheating.
6. Autonomous and Connected Vehicles
Purpose: Supports advanced vehicle functions and sensors in future EVs.
Applications:
Sensor Thermal Management: Keeps lidar, radar, and cameras within optimal operating
temperatures.
Processor Cooling: Ensures performance of onboard computing systems used for AI
and machine learning.
7. Thermal Integration for Waste Energy Recovery
Purpose: Enhances system efficiency by reusing waste heat.
Applications:
Recycles heat from power electronics and motors for cabin heating or battery warming.
8. Thermal Management in Extreme Conditions
Purpose: Enables reliable operation in harsh climates.
Applications:
Maintains battery performance in freezing temperatures.
Prevents overheating in tropical climates.

8. FUTURE SCOPE:
The thermal management system (TMS) for electric vehicles (EVs) has significant future
potential due to its critical role in enhancing vehicle performance, safety, and efficiency. Here are some
key areas of development and the future scope of TMS in EVs:
1. Advanced Battery Thermal Management:

Next-Generation Battery Chemistries: Emerging battery technologies like solid-state batteries will
require innovative TMS solutions to manage different temperature ranges and thermal behaviors.
Enhanced Cooling Techniques: Liquid cooling and immersion cooling will evolve to handle higher
energy densities and faster charging rates, ensuring battery longevity and safety.
2. Integrated Thermal Management:

Unified Systems: Future TMS designs will integrate cooling for batteries, power electronics, motors, and
cabin air conditioning into a single system, reducing complexity and improving efficiency.
Heat Recovery Systems: Utilizing waste heat from components to warm the cabin or precondition
batteries will improve energy efficiency.
3. Energy-Efficient Materials and Design:

Advanced Materials: Development of lightweight, high-conductivity materials for heat exchangers and
insulation will enhance the overall efficiency of TMS.
Compact Designs: Miniaturization and modular designs will make TMS more space-efficient and
adaptable for various EV models.
4. Thermal Management for Fast Charging:

Cooling During Ultra-Fast Charging: Managing the heat generated during high-power charging sessions
will be crucial to enable widespread adoption of ultra-fast charging infrastructure.
Battery Preconditioning: Future TMS will likely incorporate AI to predict charging events and
precondition batteries for optimal performance.

9. CONCLUSION:
Conclusions The climate change concern and other environmental issues due to the
immense exploitation of fossil fuels and the emission of greenhouse gases result in increased
consumption of rechargeable batteries.
Although there are various types of primary batteries and rechargeable batteries
available in the market, lithium-ion LIBs are the most common energy storage systems due to
their high specific capacity, high energy density and good cycling stability, especially for EV
applications.
In the current study, different cooling methods were investigated to improve the
temperature performance of LIBs have been summarized including air cooling, liquid cooling,
PCM cooling, and heat pipes.
It is noticed that the air-cooling system has advantageous features such as safe,
consistent, and simple design, but the lower heat capacity and thermal efficiency of the air as a
cooling method.
Liquid-cooled is a very effective cooling technique with greater thermal conductivity
and greater heat capacities compared to air cooling in which a liquid is used as a coolant to
eliminate the heat generated by a battery.
To increase thermal conductivity, PCM cooling allows simple cooling designs to
wrap batteries, with graphite sheets between batteries, increasing the heat loss and improving
the temperature uniformity of the battery pack.
To achieve better cooling performance PCM cooling can also be combined with
liquid cooling or heat pipes. Moreover, a BMS is an essential device for charging and
discharging the batteries, overcoming many challenges, and improving the operating
performance of battery modules.

10. REFERENCE:
 Tete PR et al. Developments in battery thermal management systems for electric vehicles:
A technical review. Journal of Energy
 Pesaran A et al. Tools for designing thermal management of batteries in electric drive
vehicles (presentation); technical report. National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL). USA,
2013.
 Zhao C et al. Hybrid battery thermal management system in electric vehicles: A review.
Energies 2020;13(23).
 Raza W et al. Induction heater-based battery thermal management system for electric
vehicles. Energies 2020;13(21).
 Jeffs J et al. Optimization of direct battery thermal management for EVs operating in
low-temperature climates. Energies 2020;13(22).

11. APPENDIX:
Heat Sensing Technology for Electric Vehicles
A. Overview of Heat Sensing Technology

Heat sensing technology in electric vehicles (EVs) plays a critical role in monitoring and
managing thermal conditions to ensure safety, efficiency, and performance. Key components
include sensors, control systems, and software algorithms that detect, monitor, and manage heat
within various systems of the vehicle.
B. Key Applications of Heat Sensing in EVs
1. Battery Thermal Management Systems (BTMS):

Sensors detect battery cell temperature to prevent overheating or freezing.
Enhances battery life and prevents thermal runaway.
2. Electric Motors and Power Electronics:

Monitors the temperature of inverters, converters, and motors to optimize energy use and prevent
component damage.
3. Cabin Climate Control:

Ensures efficient heating and cooling for passenger comfort using infrared or thermoelectric
sensors.
4. Charging Systems:
Monitors heat generation during fast charging to protect batteries and connectors from thermal
damage.
C. Types of Heat Sensing Technologies
1. Thermistors:
Cost-effective temperature sensors with high sensitivity.
2. Infrared (IR) Sensors:

Non-contact sensors used in detecting surface temperatures and thermal mapping.
3. Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs):

High-precision sensors ideal for critical components like batteries.
4. Semiconductor Temperature Sensors:

Compact and integrated into electronic circuits for real-time monitoring.



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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANA SANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018

Bhagyashree Koti (2KA22EE008)

Under the Guidance of:

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

Bhagyashree M Koti (2KA22EE008)

FIGURE NO FIGURE NAME

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 1

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 2

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 3

Fig: 3.1 buzzer

3.2 LCD (LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY):

A Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is a flat-panel display technology commonly used in

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 4

3.3 THERMO SENSOR:

Fig: 3.3 THERMAL SENSOR

Fig: 3.4 Battery

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 5

3.5 ARDUINO UNO:

Fig: 3.5 ARDUINO UNO

Fig: 3.6 RESISTORS

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 6

An electric regulator is a device used to control and maintain specific electrical

3.8 JUMPED WIRES:

Fig: 3.8 JUMPED WIRES

3.9 MULTI-STRAND WIRES:

Fig: 3.9 MULTI STRAND WIRES

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 7

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 8

4.1 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

12C LCD 16*2

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 9

2. Display Data on LCD

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 10

3. Control System with Regulator:

5. Buzzer for Alerts:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 11

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 12

Serial.print((sensors.getTempCByIndex(0) * 9.0) / 5.0 + 32.0);

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 13

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 14

6.1 WORKING MODULE:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 15

6.2 PROPOSED MODEL:

Proposed Heat-Sensing Technology Model for EVs

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 16

6.3. WORKING MODEL:

3. Heat Dissipation Management:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 17

2. Increased Vehicle Range:

3. Improved Charging Efficiency:

4. Optimal Powertrain Operation:

5. Enhanced Passenger Comfort:

6. Reliable Performance in Extreme Conditions:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 18

8. Energy Efficiency and Cost Savings:

9. Support for Advanced Technologies:

10. Environmental Benefits:

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, SKSVMACET, Laxmeshwar 19

7. ADVANTAGES, DISADVANTAGES AND APPLICATIONS: