LISTS OF FORMULAE

Trigonometric Hyperbolic

cos2 x + sin2 x = 1 e x − e− x
sinh x =
1 + tan2 x = sec2 x 2
e x + e− x
cot2 x + 1 = cosec2 x cosh x =
2
sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x cosh2 x − sinh2 x = 1
cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x 1 − tanh2 x = sech2 x
= 2 cos2 x − 1 coth2 x − 1 = cosech2 x
2
= 1 − 2 sin x sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x
2 tan x
tan 2x = cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x
1 − tan2 x
sin( x ± y) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y = 2 cosh2 x − 1

cos( x ± y) = cos x cos y ∓ sin x sin y = 1 + 2 sinh2 x

tan x ± tan y 2 tanh x
tan( x ± y) = tanh 2x =
1 ∓ tan x tan y 1 + tanh2 x
2 sin x cos y = sin( x + y) + sin( x − y) sinh( x ± y) = sinh x cosh y ± cosh x sinh y
2 sin x sin y = − cos( x + y) + cos( x − y) cosh( x ± y) = cosh x cosh y ± sinh x sinh y
2 cos x cos y = cos( x + y) + cos( x − y) tanh x ± tanh y
tanh( x ± y) =
1 ± tanh x tanh y

Logarithm Inverse Hyperbolic

√
a x = e x ln a sinh−1 x = ln( x + x 2 + 1), − ∞ < x < ∞
logb x √
loga x = cosh−1 x = ln( x + x2 − 1), x ≥ 1
logb a  
−1 1 1+x
tanh x = ln , −1 < x < 1
2 1−x

2
 Differentiations Integrations

d
[k] = 0, k constant kdx = kx + C
dx

d n x n +1
[ x ] = nx n−1 x n dx = + C, n ̸= −1
dx n+1

d 1 dx
[ln | x |] = = ln | x | + C
dx x x

d
[cos x ] = − sin x sin x dx = − cos x + C
dx

d
[sin x ] = cos x cos x dx = sin x + C
dx

d
[tan x ] = sec2 x sec2 x dx = tan x + C
dx

d
[cot x ] = −cosec2 x cosec2 x dx = − cot x + C
dx

d
[sec x ] = sec x tan x sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
dx

d
[cosec x ] = −cosec x cot x cosec x cot x dx = −cosec x + C
dx

d x
[e ] = e x e x dx = e x + C
dx

d
[cosh x ] = sinh x sinh x dx = cosh x + C
dx

d
[sinh x ] = cosh x cosh x dx = sinh x + C
dx

d
[tanh x ] = sech2 x sech2 x dx = tanh x + C
dx

d
[coth x ] = −cosech2 x cosech2 x dx = − coth x + C
dx

d
[sech x ] = − sech x tanh x sech x tanh x dx = − sech x + C
dx

d
[cosech x ] = −cosech x coth x cosech x coth x dx = −cosech x + C
dx

d
ln | sec x + tan x | = sec x sec x dx = ln | sec x + tan x | + C
dx

d
ln |cosec x + cot x | = −cosec x cosec x dx = − ln |cosec x + cot x | + C
dx

3
 Differentiations of Integrations Resulting
Inverse Functions in Inverse Functions

d 1 du 
[sin−1 u] = √ · , |u| < 1. dx x
dx √ = sin−1 + C.
1 − u dx
2
a2 − x 2 a
d
[cos−1 u] = √
−1 du
· , |u| < 1. 
dx dx 1 −1 x
 
1 − u dx
2 = tan + C.
a2 + x 2 a a
d 1 du
[tan−1 u] = 2
· . 
dx 1 + u dx dx 1 x
√ = sec−1 + C.
d −1 du | x | x 2 − a2 a a
[cot−1 u] = · .
dx 2
1 + u dx 
dx x
d 1 du √ = sinh−1 + C, a > 0.
[sec−1 u] = √ · , |u| > 1. x 2 + a2 a
dx |u| u − 1 dx
2

dx x
d −1 du √ = cosh−1 + C, x > 0.
[cosec−1 u] = √ · , |u| > 1. x 2 − a2 a
dx |u| u2 − 1 dx

d 1 du dx
[sinh−1 u] = √ · a2 − x2
dx u2 + 1 dx 
1 −1 x
 
d 1 du  tanh
 + C, | x | < a,
[cosh−1 u] = √

· , |u| > 1. a a
dx u − 1 dx
2 =
 1 coth−1 x + C, | x | > a.
  

d 1 du a a
[tanh−1 u] = · , |u| < 1.
dx 1 − u2 dx

dx 1 x
d 1 du √ = − sech−1 + C,
[coth−1 u] = · , |u| > 1. x a2 − x 2 a a
dx 1 − u2 dx
0 < x < a.
d −1 du
[sech−1 u] = √ · , 0 < u < 1. 
dx u 1 − u2 dx dx 1 x
√ = − cosech−1 + C,
d −1 du x a2 + x2 a a
[cosech−1 u] = √ · , u ̸= 0. 0 < x < a.
dx |u| 1 + u dx
2

4
Polar Coordinates:

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ.
 
f ( x, y) dA = f (r, θ ) r dr dθ.
R R

Cylindrical Coordinates:

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z.
   
f ( x, y, z) dV = f (r, θ, z) dz r dr dθ.
G G

Spherical Coordinates:

x = ρ cos θ sin ϕ, y = ρ sin θ sin ϕ, z = ρ cos ϕ.

   
f ( x, y, z) dV = f (ρ, ϕ, θ ) ρ2 sin ϕ dρ dϕ dθ.
G G

Green’s Theorem
  
∂Q ∂P
P ( x, y) dx + Q ( x, y) dy = − dA.
C ∂x ∂y
R

Stokes’ Theorem

F • dr = ((∇ × F) • n) dS.
C
σ

Gauss’ Theorem
  
F • n dS = ∇ • F dV
σ G