Microprocessor Course

LECTURE(03)

Addressing Modes
&
Data Movement Instructions
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Addressing Modes

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Chapter Contents

 Data-Addressing Modes

 Program Memory-Addressing Modes

 Stack Memory-Addressing Modes

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Data-Addressing Modes
 General form of any assembly line
LABEL OPCODE OPERANDS ;COMMENT
DATA1 DB 23H ; Data1 is byte of 23h
START: MOV AL, BL ; Copy BL into AL

 Label (1-35 characters): Indicates a memory location

 Opcode: Indicates which operation to perform
 Operands (0-3): Indicates the data, comma separated, destination comes
first

 Data-addressing modes are the operand format (i.e., How to get the
data)

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Register Addressing
 Data is within the program-visible registers
 Example:
MOV AX, BX ; Copy contents of BX to AX
 Not allowed forms:
 Segment to segment MOV
 MOV to CS
 Mixing different widths (like, MOV AL, BX)

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Immediate Addressing
 The source is a constant representing the data itself
 Could be a byte, a word, and a doubleword
 Example:
MOV AL, 22H ; Copy the hex no. 22h to AL

 Some assemblers need the number sign (MOV AL, #22h)

 A hex number starting with a letter should be preceded with zero (MOV AH,
0F2H)
 For ASCII, use apostrophe (MOV BL, ’A’)

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Immediate Addressing (Cont’d)
 Write an assembly program that uses immediate addressing to place 0 and 1
into AX and BX, respectively. Then, uses register addressing to copy AX to SI
and BX to DI

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Immediate Addressing (Cont’d)
.MODEL TINY ; Single segment model
.8086 ; 8086 microprocessor
.CODE ; Start of code segment
.STARTUP ; Start of program
MOV AX, 0 ; Place 0 into AX
MOV BX, 1 ; Place 1 into BX
MOV SI, AX ; Copy contents of AX into SI
MOV DI, BX ; Copy contents of BX into DI
.EXIT ; Exit to DOS
END ; End of program

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Memory Models
Memory Model Size of Code Size of Data

TINY Code + Data < 64KB Code + data < 64KB

SMALL Less than 64KB Less than 64KB

MEDIUM Can be more than 64KB Less than 64 KB

COMPACT Less than 64KB Can be more than 64KB

LARGE* Can be more than 64K Can be more than 64KB

HUGE** Can be more than 64K Can be more than 64KB

(*) For the LARGE model, the largest arrays size can not exceed 64 KB.
(**) For the HUGE model, an array may have a size greater than 64 KB and hence can span
more than one physical segment
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Direct Addressing
 The data is in the memory.
 The memory address is indicated directly in the instruction
 Could transfer byte, word, or doubleword
 The offset of the memory address could be provided in an actual form,
like [1234h], or a symbolic form, like DATA1

 Example:
MOV DS:[1234h], CL ; copy CL to memory location DS:[1234]
MOV AX, DATA1 ; copy content of memory DATA1 to AX
 Effective address (EA) = Segment*10h + offset
 No memory-to-memory transfer
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Direct Addressing (Cont’d)
 Write an assembly program that stores two hex numbers (Data1=10h and
Data2=20h) into data segment. Then, moves the first number to AL and the
second number to AH. Finally, saves AX back to data segment (to DATA3).

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Direct Addressing (Cont’d)
.MODEL SMALL ; Single small code and data segments
.Data
DATA1 DB 10H ; Place 10h into memory location DATA1
DATA2 DB 20H ; Place 20h into memory location DATA2
DATA3 DW 0 ; Place 0 into memory location DATA3
.CODE ; Start of code segment
.STARTUP ; Start of program
MOV AL, DATA1 ; Copy DATA1 into AL
MOV AH, DATA2 ; Copy DATA2 into AH
MOV DATA3, AX ; Copy AX into DATA3
.EXIT ; Exit to DOS
END ; End of program
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Register Indirect Addressing
 The data is in the memory.
 The memory address is within one of the processor registers
 Could transfer byte, word, or double word
 Base and index registers are usually used (For BP, default is SS, whereas
for any other register, default is DS)
 Example:
MOV AX, [BX] ; Copy content of memory location addressed by BX into AX

 Effective address
 EA = Segment*10h + content of the register

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Base-plus-index Addressing
 The data is in the memory.
 The memory is addressed by Base + Index register
 Could transfer byte, word, or double word
 BX, BP are used as Base registers and SI, DI are used as Index registers
(For BP, default is SS, whereas for any other register, default is DS)
 Example:
MOV [BX+DI], CL ; Copy CL to memory location pointed to by BX + DI

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Base-plus-index Addressing (Cont’d)
 Effective address
 EA = Segment*10h + Base + Index

 For Intel: MOV [BX][DI], CL

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Register Relative Addressing
 The data is in the memory.
 The memory is addressed by a register (base or index) + displacement
 Could transfer byte, word, or double word
 Displacement could be positive or negative
 Example:
MOV AX, [BX+4] ; Copy memory location pointed to by BX + 4 to AX

 Effective address
 EA=Segment*10h + Base + Displacement

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Program Memory-addressing Modes
 For JMP, CALL, and Branch instructions (addressing the code segment
not the data segment)
 Direct: Either using actual addresses or labels
JMP AGAIN

 Relative: Relative to IP
JMP [2]

 Indirect: Offset is within a register

JMP AX

 Double Indirect: Offset is in a memory location addressed by a register

JMP [BX]

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Stack Memory-addressing Modes
 Data is stored into stack using PUSH and removed using POP
 CALL and RET indirectly store and remove from stack for procedure and
function call and return
 Stack is growing downwards

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Data Movement Instructions

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MOV Instruction
 For the MOV and all other instructions, the assembler automatically
generates the corresponding machine language.
 General form
LABEL MOV Destination, Source ;COMMENT
Label1: MOV AL, BL ; Copy BL into AL

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MOV Instruction (Cont’d)
 Memory to memory MOV is not allowed

 Segment register to segment register MOV is not allowed

 MOV a register to CS is not allowed

 MOV immediate to CS is not allowed

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Push/POP Instructions
 PUSH
 Stores data to the stack
 Operand to be pushed could be a register, memory location, or a segment
register
 POP
 Retrieves data from the stack
 Operand to pop into could be a register, memory location, or a segment
register (No POP to CS nor ES)
 General form
LABEL PUSH/POP Operand COMMENT
Label2: PUSH BX ; Store BX to the stack

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Push/POP Instructions (Cont’d)
 Stack Pointer (SP)
 Ironically used to calculate the address to push to or pop from
 Automatically updated after PUSH or POP

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Miscellaneous Data Transfer
 XCHG: Exchanges two registers or a register with a memory location.
 General form
LABEL XCHG OPRD1, OPRD2 COMMENT
Label5: XCHG AL, CL ; Exchange AL and CL

 No memory-to memory exchange

 No segment registers exchange

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Miscellaneous Data Transfer (Cont’d)
 IN: Transfer data from an I/O device to the microprocessor.

 OUT: Transfer data from the microprocessor to an I/O device.

 AL, AX, and EAX should only be used for the transfer

 General form
LABEL IN AL/AX/EAX, PORT COMMENT
LABEL OUT PORT, AL/AX/EAX COMMENT
Label6: IN AX, 61h ; Input a word from port 61h to AX
Label7: OUT DX, AL ; Output a byte from AL to the port DX

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