q3 - General Chemistry 2

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
General Chemistry 2
Quarter 3 - Module
(DO_Q3_GENERALCHEMISTRY_SHS12_MODULE)
General Chemistry 2 – Grade 12
Alternative Delivery Mode
Quarter 3 - Module
First Edition, 2020
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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio
Development Team of the Module
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Rizalina E. Andamo
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What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
master the topic about Properties of Liquids and Solids. The scope of this module
permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The language used
recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students.
At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. Use the kinetic molecular model to explain properties of liquids and
solids. (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-99)
2. Describe and differentiate the types of intermolecular forces.
(STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-100)
3. Describe the following properties of liquids, and explain the effect of
intermolecular forces on these properties: surface tension, viscosity,
vapor pressure, boiling point, and molar heat of vaporization.
4. Explain the properties of water with its molecular structure and
intermolecular forces. (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-103)
5. Describe the difference in structure of crystalline and amorphous
solids. (STEM_GC11IMFIIIa-c-104)
What I Know
Directions: Rearrange the letters of the correct term that is described by the
corresponding statement. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. NERITOMCULEARL OFSECR – These are strong interactions between

individual particles such as atoms, ions, and molecules.
2. RUSEAFC SNETONI – It is a measure of the inward forces that must
be overcome to expand the surface area of a liquid.
3. CSOIVTYIS – It is the resistance of a liquid to flow.
4. SBULMIAIONT – The process of passing directly from the solid to gas
phase without passing through the liquid state.
5. ANV ERD AAWLS ORFSEC – These are weak forces of attraction
between the particles.
Lesson
Properties of Liquids and Solids
1
What’s New
Activity: Picture Analysis
1
(DO_Q3_GENERALCHEMISTRY_
SHS12_LESSON1)
The picture shows the interactions between hydrogen and chlorine atom
within HCl compound and interactions between HCl molecules. Which of the given
interactions is identified as intermolecular and intramolecular force? Explain your
answer.
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
What Is It
Properties of liquids and solids vary mainly because of the difference in the
attractive forces between the two states. Variation in the intermolecular and other
attractive forces for different substances explains many of the properties of liquids
and solids. The attractive forces between particles are very important in considering
the liquid and solid states and changes of state.
Types of Attractive Forces
1. Intermolecular Forces
These are forces that exist between
molecules. In the figure, you can see the
interaction between HCl molecules, it is an
intermolecular force since the attraction
exists between molecules. Intermolecular
forces are much weaker than the
intramolecular forces of attraction but are
important because they determine the
physical properties of molecules like their
boiling point, melting point, density, and
enthalpies of fusion and vaporization.
Types of Intermolecular Forces
a. Dipole-Dipole Forces - occurs between polar covalent molecules where one
part of the molecule has a partial positive charge and the other part a partial negative
charge. The positive portion of one molecule will be attracted toward the negative
portion of the other. This attraction is called a dipole.
b. Hydrogen Bonding - is the attraction between a highly electronegative atom
and a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to another electronegative atom. Two factors
account for the strength of these interactions: the great polarity of the bond and the
close approach of the dipoles, which is hydrogen.
c. Van der Waals Forces or London Dispersion Forces - are weak forces of
attraction between the particles. These weak forces of attraction in non-polar
substances are referred to as Van der Waals Forces or London dispersion forces.
They are caused by a temporary dipole formed as the electrons move about in the
substance. This causes a very weak force of attraction for a short period of time.
2. Intramolecular Forces
On the other hand, intramolecular forces are forces that hold the atoms
together within a molecule. In the same figure, you can observe that intramolecular
attraction exists between hydrogen and chlorine since it holds these atoms together
within the HCl molecule. The types of intramolecular forces are the ionic bonding,
covalent bonding, and metallic bonding which you have already encountered in your
General Chemistry 1. The type of bond is, primarily, dependent on the movement of
valence electrons and the kind of elements that bond together to form a compound.
2 (DO_Q3_GENERALCHEMISTRY_
SHS12_LESSON1)
Properties of Liquids
1. Surface Tension is a measure of the inward forces that must be overcome
to expand the surface area of a liquid. This is caused by the intermolecular attraction
of molecules below the surface of a liquid in all directions. The stronger the forces of
attraction between the particles are, the greater is the surface tension.
2. Viscosity is the resistance of a liquid to flow. In order for liquid to flow, the
molecules must be able to slide past one another. The stronger the intermolecular
forces of attraction, the more viscous the liquid is. Substances that have a great
ability to form hydrogen bonding, especially multiple hydrogen bonding sites per
molecule have higher densities.
3. Capillary Action are cohesive forces that hold liquid together. Adhesive
forces are forces of attraction between a liquid and another surface. An example is a
glass surface, the positively charged H-atom of water bonds strongly to the partial
negative charges on the oxygen atoms at the surface of the glass which results in
water adhering to the glass surface.
4. Vapor pressure is the condition of equilibrium at which the rate of
evaporation is equal to the rate of condensation at certain pressure on the container
at a given temperature. When a liquid is placed in a closed container, the molecule
that escapes or evaporates from the liquid into the gas phase will cause pressure on
the container.
5. Boiling Point is defined as the temperature at which the vapor pressure of
a liquid is equal to the atmospheric pressure. As atmospheric pressure decreases,
the boiling point decreases; as atmospheric pressure increases, the boiling point
increases.
6. Molar heat of vaporization - specific heat is defined as the amount of heat
necessary to raise the temperature of a given amount of substance by 10C, usually
expressed as cal/g 0C; that is, it takes a certain amount of heat to raise the
temperature of 1 g of a given substance by 1 0C. The heat of vaporization of a liquid
is the amount of heat that must be added to one mole of the liquid at its boiling point
to convert to vapor with no change in temperature.
Properties of Solids
1. Melting and Freezing Points is the temperature at which the liquid and
solid states of a particular substance coexist is called the melting point. At this
equilibrium point, the rate at which the solid is melting is equal to the rate at which
the liquid is freezing. This is sometimes defined as a dynamic equilibrium, to
emphasize the fact that the two processes are taking place at the same rate and not
that they have stopped.
2. Sublimation is the process of passing directly from the solid to the gas
phase without passing through the liquid state. A substance in the solid state also
has a certain vapor pressure. This is generally much lower than the vapor pressure
of a liquid.
3. Heat of Fusion - in changing solid to the liquid state, it takes a certain
amount of heat to convert a given amount of solid to liquid at the freezing point. This
amount of heat is called the heat of fusion and is expressed as calories per gram,
or kilocalories per mole (or kilojoules per mole). As there is no change in temperature;
we are simply considering the amount of energy necessary for a change of state at
the melting point. The heat of fusion of water is 80 cal/g. Thus, it takes 80 calories
to convert 1 g of ice to liquid water at the freezing point (0°C).
Types of Crystalline Solids and their Geometric Forms

Some crystalline solids can exist in more than one form. These various forms
are called allotropes. Examples are diamond and graphite. Crystalline solids also
SHS12_LESSON1)
exist in a definite geometric form. There are seven different forms possible, and
several variations within these forms.
The seven forms can be described as follows.

Geometrical Forms 5 Description
1. Cubic all axes the same length and all angles 90°.
2. Hexagonal two axes the same length, two angles 90°, and one
angle 120°
3. Monoclinic no axes the same length and two angles 90°.
4. Orthorhombic no axes the same length and all angles 90°.
5. Rhombohedral all axes the same length and all angles equal but
not 90°.
6. Tetragonal two axes the same length and all angles 90°.
7. Triclinic no axes the same length, no angles the same, and
no angles 90°.
What’s More
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct term/s to complete the
paragraph. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
The difference in the properties of solid and liquid substances is caused by
various attractive forces present in the compound. The two main types of attractive
forces are the _____________ forces which exist between molecules and _____________
forces which hold the atoms together within a molecule. Examples of intermolecular
forces are the following: _____________ which occurs between polar covalent
molecules having one positive and one negative end, _____________ which is an
attraction between a highly electronegative atom and a hydrogen atom, and
_____________ which is considered as the weakest force of attraction caused by the
movement of electrons in a substance.
These forces greatly influence the properties of the liquid and solid
substances. Properties of liquids are _____________, _____________, _____________,
_____________, viscosity, and vapor pressure. _____________ is the most common
liquid substance which covers approximately 75% of the Earth’s surface. On the
other hand, the properties of solids are _____________, _____________, _____________.
Crystalline solids exist in various geometric forms such as _____________,
_____________, and tetragonal.
What I Can Do
Directions: Give at least five compounds that exhibit each of the following
intermolecular forces. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. Dipole-dipole Force - _______ _______ _______ _______ _______

2. Hydrogen Bonding - _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
3. Van der Waals Force - _______ _______ _______ _______ _______
Assessment
Directions: Write TRUE if the statement is correct. If it is wrong, change the
underlined word with the correct answer. Write your answer on your
answer sheet.
1. Intramolecular forces hold atoms together within the molecule.

SHS12_LESSON1)
2. When one molecule of H2O interacts with another molecule of H2O, the
force existing is said to be intermolecular.
3. The weakest intermolecular force is the Van der Waals’ force.
4. The attraction of the positive end of one polar molecule with the negative
end of another polar molecule is dipole-dipole force.
5. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid is equal
to the atmospheric pressure is called the melting point.
6
What I Need to Know
Phase Diagram is a graph giving the relationship among the solid, liquid, and
gaseous states of a given substance as a function of the temperature and pressure.
This describes the state in which substances will exist under any given conditions of
temperature and pressure.

1. Interpret the phase diagram of water and carbon dioxide.
2. Determine and explain the heating and cooling curve of a substance.
What I Know
Directions: Fill in the K-W-H-L Chart below about phase diagram.
K W H L
What do I What do I want to How can I find out What did I
know? find out? what I learn? learn?
Lesson
Phase Diagram
2
What’s New
Directions: Choose from the words inside the box. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
Phase Diagram Triple Point Pressure
Temperature Critical Pressure Critical Temperature
1. It is defined as the force applied per unit area.

2. A graph that shows relationship of a substance among three states.
3. A point where substance can co-exist in three phases in equilibrium.
4. The pressure to liquefy a gas that reaches its critical temperature.
5. The average kinetic energy of particles in a material.
5
SHS12_LESSON2)
What Is It
Phase Diagram
It is a graph giving the 7
relationship among the solid, liquid,
and gaseous states of a given substance
as a function of the temperature and
pressure This describes the state in
which substances will exist under any
given conditions of temperature and
pressure.
Let’s take the phase diagram of
water as an example shown in the given
figure.
At 0.6 kPa (pressure) and 00C (temperature), water will exist only as ice. At
101 kPa and 00C, water exists in two phases in equilibrium; in this case, solid and
liquid, and hence this point is the melting point of water or the normal melting point.
At 0.6 kPa and 0.010C, water can exist in three phases in equilibrium. This is called
the triple point. 101 kPa and 1000C corresponds to the normal boiling point of
water. The temperature, which is different for each gas, is called the critical
temperature and is defined as the temperature above which a gas cannot be
liquefied no matter how much pressure is applied. The pressure that is necessary to
liquefy the gas when it is at the critical temperature is called the critical pressure.
The critical point of water is at 22,089 kPa and 3740C. Critical temperature and
pressure vary for different gases in the same way that properties such as melting and
boiling points vary.
What’s More
Directions: Consider the phase diagram of carbon dioxide in answering
the following questions. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
A. Identify the phase/s of carbon dioxide specified in the following
conditions.
1. -700C and 10atm 4. -78.50C and 1.0atm
2. 00C and 1.0atm 5. 31.10C and 73.0atm
3. -40 C and 40atm
0 6. -56.40C and 5.11 atm
SHS12_LESSON2)
What I Can Do
Earth is currently the only known planet able to sustain water on its surface.
Moreover, water is the only substance that can naturally exist in three states – solid,
liquid, and gas. Describe how temperature and pressure affect the phase changes of
water as well as other substances.
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
Directions: Read and answer the following questions, then write your answer on
your answer sheet.
1. Define the following:
a. critical temperature ________________________________________
b. critical pressure ________________________________________
2.What is a critical point? Will a substance always be a liquid below the
critical temperature? Why or why not?
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Plot the following points in the phase diagram of CO2 shown in the figure
above and identify its state.
a. 1 atm at -7800C
b. 2 atm at -9000C
c. 5.2 atm at -5700C
What I Need to Know

In this module, you will explore the different methods of expressing
concentrations of solutions and perform stoichiometric calculations for solutions.
The module comprises mainly of: Concentration Units and Solution Stoichiometry.
1. Use different ways of expressing concentrations of solution:
percent by mass; percent by volume; mole fraction; molarity;
molality; and ppm. (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-111)
2. Perform stoichiometric calculations for reactions in solution.
(STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-112)
What I Know
Directions: From the words inside the box, fill in the blanks to complete the
solubility concentration solvent molarity
homogeneous molar mass
A solution is a 1) ________ mixture of two or more substances. It is composed
of solute dissolved in a 2) _______. 3)________ is the property of a substance that
enables it to form a solution with another substance. The 4) _____ of a solution may
be expressed using different methods. 5)________ is the number of moles of solute
per liter of a solution.
SHS12_LESSON3)
Lesson Concentration Units and Solution
3 Stoichiometry
What’s New
Directions: Identify the concentration unit/s most appropriate for the given
solutions Write your answer on your answer sheet.
___1. sugar in blood A. percent by mass
___2. pollutant in air B. percent by volume
___3. sulfuric acid in water C. mole fraction
___4. octane in gasoline D. molarity
___5. alcohol in in water E. molality
F. ppm
What Is It
Concentrations of solutions may be expressed using different methods such
as percent by mass, percent by volume, mole fraction, molarity, molality, and ppm.
Stoichiometric calculations are also involved for reactions in solutions.
Methods of Expressing Concentration of Solutions

A. Percent by Mass (%m) % m = msolute/msolution X 100
Ex. A solution contains 5 g of salt and 100 g water. What is the percent by
mass of the solution?
% m = 5g/105g X 100 = 4.76%
B. Percent by Volume (%V) % V = Vsolute/Vsolution X 100
Ex. A solution is made by mixing 30 mL alcohol and 150 mL water. What is
the percent by volume of the solution?
% V = 30mL/180mL X 100 = 16.67%
C. Mole Fraction (MF) MFsolute = molsolute/molsolution
MFsolvent=molsolvent/molsolution
Ex. Calculate the mole fractions of solute and solvent in a solution containing
20 g NaCl and 200 g H2O.
molsolute = 20g (1 mol/58 g) = 0.34 mol
molsolvent = 200g (1 mol/18 g) = 11.11 mol
MFsolute = 0.34mol/11.45mol = 0.03 MFsolvent = 11.11mol/11.45mol = 0.97
D. Molarity (M) M = molsolute/Lsolution
Ex. What is the molarity of a 500-mL solution that contains 50 g HCl?
50g HCl (1mol/36g HCl) = 1.39 mol
M = 1.39mol/0.5L = 2.78 mol/L or Molar or M
E. Molality (m) m = molsolute/kgsolvent
Ex. What is the molality of a solution that contains 45 g CuSO 4 and 1000 g
H2O?
45g CuSO4 X 1mol/160g CuSO4 = 0.28 mol
m = 0.28mol/1kg = 0.28 mol/kg or molal or m
F. Parts Per Million (ppm) ppm = mgsolute/Lsolution
Ex. A sample of 750 mL solution was found to contain 16 mg of mercury. What
is the concentration of the solution in parts per million?
ppm = 16mg/0.75L = 21.33 mg/L or ppm
8
SHS12_LESSON3)
Types of Chemical Reaction in Solution
A. Precipitation Reaction: results in the formation of an insoluble product or
precipitate.
Note: All ionic compounds containing alkali metal ions, ammonium, nitrate,
bicarbonate, and chlorate ions are soluble.
Ex. When an aqueous solution of lead (II) nitrate is added to an aqueous
solution of potassium iodide, a yellow precipitate of lead iodide is formed.
Molecular Equation: shows the formulas of compounds as though all species
existed as molecules or whole units.
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)
Ionic Equation: shows dissolved species as free ions.
Pb2(aq) + 2NO3(aq) + 2K(aq) + 2I(aq) PbI2(s) + 2K(aq) + 2NO3(aq)
Net Ionic Equation: shows only the species that actually take part in the
reaction.
Pb2(aq) + 2I(aq) PbI2(s)
B. Acid-Base Reaction: reactions or ionizations that involve acids and bases.
Monoprotic Acids: yield one hydrogen ion upon ionization.
HCl(aq) + H(aq) Cl(aq)
Diprotic Acids: yield two hydrogen ions upon ionization.
H2SO4(aq) + H(aq) HSO4(aq)
Triprotic Acids: yield three hydrogen ions upon ionization.
H3PO4(aq) Δ H(aq) + H2PO4(aq)
Strong Bases: completely ionize in solutions.
NaOH(s) + H2O Na(aq) + OH(aq)
Weak Bases: do not completely ionize in solutions.
H3(aq) + H2O(l) Δ NH4(aq) + OH(aq)
C. Oxidation-Reduction Reaction: electron-transfer reactions.
Ex. 2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)
Half-reactions: 2Mg 2Mg2+ + 4e-
O2 + 4e- 2O2
Overall reaction: 2Mg + O2 + 4e- 2Mg2+ + 2O2- + 4e-
Cancelling the electrons on both sides of the equation,
2Mg2+ + 2O2- 2MgO
Two Types of Common Solution Stoichiometry

A. Gravimetric Analysis: an analytical technique based on the measurement
of mass.
Ex. A 0.5662-g sample of an ionic compound containing chloride ions and
an unknown metal is dissolved in water and treated with an excess of
AgNO3. If 1.0882g of AgCl precipitate forms, what is the percent by mass
of Cl in the original compound?
1. Calculate the percent by mass of Cl in AgCl.
%Cl = 35.45g Cl/143.4g AlCl X 100 = 24.72%
2. Calculate the Cl in 1.0882g of AgCl.
Mass of Cl = 0.2472 x 1.0882g = 0.2690g
3. Calculate the percent by mass of Cl in the original compound.
%Cl = 0.2690g/0.5662g X 100 = 47.51%
B. Acid-Base Titration: an experiment wherein a solution of accurately known
concentration called a standard solution is added gradually to another
9 SHS12_LESSON3)
solution of unknown concentration until the chemical reaction between the
two solutions is complete.
Ex. In a titration experiment, a student finds that 23.48 mL of a NaOH
solution are needed to neutralize 0.5468 g of KHP. What is the
concentration, in molarity, of the NaOH solution?
1. Calculate the number of moles of KHP consumed in the titration.
moles of KHP = 0.5468g X 1mol KHP/204.2g KHP = 2.678 X 10-3 mol
KHP
2. Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 1L of the solution or the
molarity.
MNaOH solution = 2.678 X 10molNaOH/23.48mL X 1000mL /1L
= 0.1141 mol NaOH/L or 0.1141 M
What’s More
Activity 1.1. Concentrations of Solutions
Directions: Perform the following. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. A solution is prepared by mixing 100g of ethanol and 500g water.
Determine the following. (Densityethanol = 0.79g/mL; Densitywater =
1g/mL)
a. percent by mass d. molarity
b. percent by volume e. molality
c. mole fractions
2. Describe how you will prepare the following.
a. 250 mL of a 0.707 M NaNO3 solution
b. a 3-m H2SO4 solution containing 5000 g water
Activity 1.2. Solution Stoichiometry

Directions: Solve the problems. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. A sample of 0.3220 g of an ionic compound containing the bromide ion
(Br-) is dissolved in water and treated with an excess of AgNO 3. If the
mass of the AgBr precipitate that forms is 0.6964 g, what is the percent
by mass of Br in the original compound?
2. How many grams of KHP are needed to neutralize 18.64 mL of a 0.1004
M NaOH solution?
What I Can Do
Directions: Accomplish the following. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. Cite circumstances that dictate which units of concentration for
solutions are appropriate.
2. Suppose you are given a solution of sugar and water. You are tasked
by your science teacher to retrieve the sugar in its dry state and
determine the masses of both water and sugar in the solution.
Construct a plan of action.
Assessment
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on your
answer sheet.
1. Which is NOT a property of solution?
A. It has a definite composition.
B. It consists of a single phase.
C. It is a homogeneous mixture.
D. Components readily separate if left undisturbed for 24 hours.
SHS12_LESSON3)
2. What is the percent by mass of a solution that contains 20 g of sodium
hydrogen carbonate (NaHCO3) and 600 mL water?
A. 3.23% 123.33%
B. C. 3.45% D. 3.55%
3. What is the mole fraction of ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) in a solution

containing 80.5 g of ascorbic acid and 210 g of water?
A. 0.011 B. 0.025 C. 0.037 D. 11.67
4. What mass of water is needed to prepare a 5.95 molal alcohol

solution containing 817 g ethanol (C2H5OH)?
A. 1.51 kg B. 2.98 kg C. 3.51 kg D. 4.0 kg
5. Which of the following glucose (C6H12O6) solutions has a

concentration of 1M?
A. 180 g glucose in 365 g of water
B. 180 g glucose in 1000 g of water
C. 180 g glucose in 1000 g solution
D. 180 g glucose in 1000 ml solution
What I Need to Know

In this module, you will explore the colligative properties, the effect of
concentration on the colligative properties and calculation of molar mass from
colligative property data. The module comprises mainly of: Colligative Properties of
Solutions.
1. Describe the effect of concentration on the colligative properties
of solutions. (STEM_GC11PPIIId-f-115)
2. Calculate the boiling point elevation and freezing point depression
from the concentration of a solute in a solution.
3. Calculate the molar mass from colligative property data.
What I Know
Directions: From the words inside the box, fill in the blanks to complete the
vapor pressure concentration molar mass
solute melting boiling
Colligative properties depend on the number of 1.) ________ particles in

solution. 2.) ________ affects the colligative properties of solutions. The
presence of nonvolatile solute lowers the 3.) ________ of a solution, hence
lowering 4.) _________ point. Any of the four colligative properties may be used
to determine the 5.) ________ of a solute.
SHS12_LESSON4)
Lesson
Colligative Properties of Solutions
4
What’s New
Directions: Determine what will happen to the colligative property by filling in the
blanks with appropriate term/s. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. Addition of nonvolatile solute will _____ the vapor pressure of a solution.
2. Decreasing concentration of a solution means _____ its vapor pressure.
3. Increase in temperature results to _____ in vapor pressure.
4. Increase in concentration means _____ in freezing point.
5. Osmotic pressure is _____ with a solution than a pure solvent.
What Is It
Colligative properties or collective properties vapor-pressure lowering, boiling-
point elevation, freezing-point depression and osmotic pressure are important
properties of solutions that depend on the number of solute particles in a solution
and not on the nature of solute particles.
Colligative Properties of Solution

A. Vapor-Pressure Lowering: If solute is nonvolatile, i.e. with no measurable
vapor pressure, the vapor pressure of a solution is always less than that of
the pure solvent.
Roult’s Law: P1 = X1P°1 where P1 = partial pressure of a solvent over a solution
P°1 = vapor pressure of the pure solvent
X1 = mole fraction of solvent in a solution
Therefore, P°1 – P1 = ΔP = X2P°1.
B. Boiling-Point Elevation: The boiling point of a solution is always higher than
that of the pure solvent.
ΔTb = Tb – T°b where Tb = boiling point of solution
T°b = boiling point of pure solvent
ΔTb = Kbm (The boiling point elevation is proportional to the vapor-
pressure lowering and proportional to the concentration (molality) of
the solution.)
C. Freezing-Point Depression: Solutions freeze at lower temperature than the
pure solvent.
ΔTf = T°f – Tf where Tf = freezing point of solution
ΔTf = Kfm T°f = freezing point of pure solvent
D. Osmotic Pressure: Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to stop
osmosis, the passage of solvent articles through a semipermeable membrane.
Osmotic pressure is directly proportional to the concentration of solution.
= MRT where = osmotic pressure
M = freezing point of pure solvent
R = gas constant
T = temperature
*Electrolytes dissociate into ions in a solution; hence, one unit of an electrolyte

compound separates into two or more particles when it dissolves.
Ex. NaCl H2O Na+ Cl-
1. The colligative properties of 0.1 m NaCl is twice as great as those of a
0.1 m solution containing nonelectrolyte such as sucrose. Similarly, the
SHS12_LESSON4)
freezing point of 0.1 m CaCl2 solution will be depressed by three times
as much as 0.1 m sucrose solution.
2. The colligative properties of electrolyte solutions are smaller than
anticipated because at higher concentrations, electrostatic forces draw
cations and anions together.
Determining Molar Mass Using Colligative Properties

*Theoretically, any of the four colligative properties are suitable to determine the
molar mass of a solute.
Ex. A 7.85-g sample of a compound with the empirical formula C 5H4 is
dissolved in 301 g of benzene. The freezing point of the solution is 1.05 °C
below that of pure benzene. What is the molar mass of this compound?
The sequence for calculating the molar mass of the compound is:
freezing point depression molality number of moles molar mass
1. Calculate the molality of the solution.
m = ΔTf/Kf = 1.05°C/5.12°C/ m = 0.205 m
2. Determine the number of moles of solute.
0.301 kg X 0.205 mol/1kg = 0.0617 mol
3. Calculate the molar mass of the solute.
molar mass = gcompound/molescompound = 7.85g/0.0617mol = 127 g/mol
What’s More
Activity 1.1.
Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. How does rise in temperature affect solubility of solids, liquids

and gases?
2. How do colligative properties of solutions vary according to
concentration?
Activity 1.2.
Directions: Solve the following problems. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution made by dissolving

82.4 g of urea (molar mass = 60.06 g/mol) in 212 mL of water at
35 °C. What is the vapor-pressure lowering?
2. A solution of 0.85 g of an organic compound in 100.0 g of benzene
has a freezing point of 5.16 °C. What are the molality of the
solution and the molar mass of the solute?
What I Can Do
Directions: Accomplish the following. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
Addition of salt to ice slows down its melting. Explain in the light
of colligative properties.
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
Assessment
answer sheet.
1. Which factor would NOT affect the solubility of sugar in water?
A. add salt to the water
B. stir the water and sugar (DO_Q3_GENERALCHEMISTRY_
13
SHS12_LESSON4)
C. heat the water and sugar
D. grind the sugar to make it finer
2. Which is NOT a property of solution?
A. it consists of a single phase
B. it is a homogeneous mixture
C. it has a definite composition
D. components readily separate if left undisturbed for 24 hours
3. Which is TRUE about colligative properties of solution?
A. they have different origin
B. they depend on the nature of solutes
C. solutes may be atoms, molecules, or ions
D. they depend on the number of solvent particles
4. Which term refers to the temperature at which a solution’s vapor pressure
equals the external atmospheric pressure?
A. melting point C. freezing point
B. boiling point D. sublimation point
5. A solution is prepared by dissolving 35.0 g of hemoglobin (Hb) in enough water
to make up 1 L in volume. If the osmotic pressure of the solution is found to
be 10.0 mmHg at 25 °C, what is the molar mass of hemoglobin?
A. 5.38 X 10-4 C. 3.50 X 102
B. 8.21 X 10-2 D. 6.51 X 104
What I Need to Know

The First Law of Thermodynamics is the version of the Law of Conservation of
Energy. It states that energy is neither created nor destroyed but energy is always
conserved. Energy can be transformed from one form to another with the interaction
of heat, work, and internal energy.
• Explain the first law of thermodynamics. (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-
i-124)
What I Know
Directions: Multiple Choice. Write the letter of the best answer on your answer sheet.
1. Energy has different forms which include
A. heat B. work C. all of the above D. none of the above
2. Which of the following represents the energy in storage?
A. heat B. work C. internal energy D. none of the above
3. The first law of thermodynamics,
A. Q=ΔE-W B. Q=ΔE+W C. Q=-ΔE-W D. Q=-ΔE+W
4. Which of the following statement is correct?
A. internal energy is a state function but work is not
B. work is a state function but internal energy is not
C. both internal energy and work are state functions
D. neither internal energy nor work is a state function
5. Which of the following can be considered as the definition of energy?
A. Q=ΔE+W B. Q-W=ΔE
C. 1 law of thermodynamics
st D. all of the mentioned
14
SHS12_LESSON5)
Lesson
First Law of Thermodynamics
5
What’s New
Directions: Picture Analysis. Try to analyze the picture and answer the
following questions.
Questions:
1. What is energy?
2. Where does energy come
from?
3. What happens to energy used
in doing an activity?
What Is It
The first law of thermodynamics states that the change in internal energy of a
system ΔU equals the net heat transfer into the system Q, plus the net work done on
the system W. In equation form, the first law of thermodynamics is,
ΔE=Q+W
Where:
ΔE = is the change in internal energy of the system
Q = is the sum total of heat transfer into and out of the system
W = work done on the system
Signs:
1. When heat is absorbed by the system, it increases the internal energy, so Q is

taken as positive (Q > 0)
2. Work was done on the system also increases the internal energy, so it is also
taken as positive. (W > 0).
3. When heat is released by the system, it decreases the internal energy, so it is
taken as negative. (Q <0)
4. Work done by the system decreases the internal energy, so it is taken as
negative (W <0)
Sample Problems:
1. When a system gives off 100 J of heat and the surroundings do 50 J of work
on the system, what is the change in the internal energy of the system, ΔU?
ΔE = Q + W
ΔE = -100 J + (+50 J)
ΔE = -50 J
SHS12_LESSON5)
2. The system changes from state 1 to state 2 and its internal energy change
is -188J. During the change, the system does 12 J of work on its
surroundings. Does the system absorb heat from the surroundings or
release heat to the surroundings? How many joules are absorbed or
released by the system?
Q = ΔE – W
Q = -188 - (-12)
Q = -188+ 12
Q = -176 J
Therefore, 176 J of heat was released by the system.
What’s More
Directions: Solve the following word problem. Use a separate paper for your solution
and box the final answer.
1. A system releases 125 kJ of heat while 104 kJ of work is done on the
system. Calculate the change in internal energy (in kJ).
2. The work done when the gas is compressed in a cylinder is 462 J.
During this process, there is a heat transfer of 128 J from the gas to
the surroundings. Calculate the energy change for this process.
3. A system undergoes a process consisting of the following two steps:
Step 1: The system absorbs 73 J of heat while 35 J of work is done on
it.
Step 2: The system absorbs 35 J of heat while performing 72 J of work.
Calculate the change in internal energy for the overall process (in J).
What I Can Do
Directions: Answer the following word problems. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. Calculate ∆E for each of the following cases:
Q = + 51 kJ, W = - 15 kJ
Q = + 100. kJ, W = - 65 kJ
Q = - 65 kJ, W = - 20 kJ
In which of these cases does the system do work on the surroundings?
2. Calculate ∆E for each of the following:
Q = -47 kJ, W = +88 kJ
Q = +82 kJ, W = +47 kJ
Q = +47 kJ, W = 0
In which of these cases do the surroundings do work on the system?
Assessment
answer sheet.
1. The 1st Law of Thermodynamics is, basically, the same as which law
from Physics 1?
A. Newton’s First Law B. Law of Conservation of Mass
C. Newton’s Second Law D. Law of Conservation of Momentum
2. What is the equation for the first law of thermodynamics?

A. U = Q + W B. U = -Q + W
C. U = Q – W D. U + Q + W = 0
3. According to the first law of thermodynamics,
A. Total energy of a system remains constant
SHS12_LESSON5)
B. Work done by a system is equal to the heat transferred by the
system
C. Total internal energy of a system during a process remains
constant
D. None of the above
4. Which of the following properties represent the energy in storage?

A. Work B. Heat
C. Pressure D. Internal Energy
5. What quantities appear in the First Law of Thermodynamics?

A. work, heat, entropy B. enthalpy, entropy, heat
C. force, mass, acceleration D. work, heat, thermal energy
What I Need to Know

Enthalpy is the sum of the internal energy and the product of the pressure
and volume of a thermodynamic system. It is used to quantify the heat flow into or
out of the system in a constant-pressure process. It is represented by H.
1. Explain the enthalpy of a reaction. (STEM_GC11TCIIIg-i-125)
2. Calculate the change in enthalpy of a given reaction using Hess’s
Law. (STEM-GC11TC-IIIg-i-127)
What I Know
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. A positive ΔH means the reaction is:
A. complete C. endothermic
B. exothermic D. at equilibrium
2. Calculate ΔH when 2 moles of ethanol (C2H5OH) react with excess

oxygen according to the following thermochemical equation?
C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 + 3H2O ΔH = −1366.7 kJ
A. -2733.4 kJ C. -1366.7 kJ
B. -683.35 kJ D. -910.67 kJ
3. What will ΔH be if there is 1 mole of oxygen?

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) --> 2Fe2O3(s) ΔH = –1500 kJ
A. -500 kJ C. -750 kJ
B. 500 kJ 19 D. -4500 kJ
4. Which one of the following statements best describes the enthalpy

change of a reaction?
A. the energy released when chemical bonds are formed during a
chemical reaction
B. the energy consumed when chemical bonds are broken during a
chemical reaction
C. The difference between the energy released by the bond
formation and the energy consumed by bond cleavage during a
chemical reaction.
D. The increase in disorder of the system as a reaction proceeds
SHS12_LESSON6)
5. Enthalpy is represented by which of the following symbols?
A. H B. K C. S D. U
Lesson
Enthalpy of Reaction
6
What’s New
Directions: Examine the picture and answer the following questions. Write your
answer on your answer sheet.
1. Is melting of the snow on the mountain an endothermic process?
2. Differentiate endothermic from the exothermic process?
What Is It
Enthalpy is an extensive property; its magnitude depends on the amount of
substance present. It is impossible to determine the enthalpy of a substance, so it is
the change in enthalpy that we actually measure. The enthalpy of the reaction can
be + or – depending on the process.
Enthalpy of the reaction, ΔH, is the difference between the enthalpies of the
products and the enthalpies of the reactants:
ΔH = H (products) – H (reactants)
An exothermic reaction at constant pressure has a negative change in
enthalpy –ΔH, while an endothermic reaction at constant pressure has a positive
change in enthalpy +ΔH.
Energy Profile of Exothermic and Endothermic Reaction
Exothermic Reaction Endothermic Reaction
A Thermochemical Equation is a balanced chemical equation showing the

associated enthalpy change.
18
SHS12_LESSON6)
Example:
2Na(s) + Cl2(g) → 2NaCl(s) ΔH = -822.30 kJ
N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g) ΔH = +67.8 kJ
Factors to Consider in Writing Thermochemical Equations
1. The stoichiometric coefficient always refers to the number of moles of a

substance.
2H2O(s) → 2H2O(l) ΔH = 6.01 KJ
2. If we multiply both sides of a thermochemical equation by a factor n, then ΔH
must also change by the same factor.
2H2O(s) → 2H2O(l) ΔH = 2(6.01 KJ) = 12.0 KJ
3. The enthalpy change for a reaction is the same in magnitude but opposite in
sign to the ΔH for the reverse reaction.
H2O(s) → H2O(l) ΔH = 6.01 KJ
H2O(l) → H2O(s) ΔH = -6.01 KJ
Sample Problem #1
Calculate the heat evolved when 266g of white phosphorus (P4) burn in the air
according to the equation:
P4(s) + 5O2(g) → P4O10(s) ΔH = -3013 kJ
266 g P4 X 1mole P4 X -3013 kJ = -6468.59 kJ

123.90 g P4 1 mole P4
Hess’s Law states that the change in enthalpy for any chemical reaction is
constant, whether the reaction occurs in one step or several steps. Hess’s Law was
named after Germain Henri Hess.
Steps in Calculating ΔH using Hess’s Law
1. Manipulate given equation to most closely resemble equation of interest.

2. Rewrite all equations with the changes.
3. Cancel out any compounds that are the same on both sides of the reaction
arrow.
4. Add new reactions together.
5. Write a new equation and make sure it matches the equation of interest.
Example 1: Calculate ΔH for this reaction: CH4(g) + NH3(g) → HCN(g) + 3H2(g)

Given:
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) ΔH = −91.8 kJ
C(s) + 2H2(g) → CH4(g) ΔH = −74.9 kJ
H2(g) + 2C(s) + N2(g) → 2HCN(g) ΔH = +270.3 kJ
Solution:
1. Manipulate given equation to most closely resemble equation of interest.
a) first equation ⇒ flip and divide by 2 (puts one NH3 on the reactant side)
b) second equation ⇒ flip (puts one CH4 on the reactant side)
c) third equation ⇒ divide by 2 (puts one HCN on the product side)
2. Rewrite all equations with the changes:
SHS12_LESSON6)
ΔH = +45.9 kJ <-- note sign change & divide
NH3(g) → 1⁄2N2(g) + 3⁄2H2(g)
by 2
CH4(g) → C(s) + 2H2(g) ΔH = +74.9 kJ <-- note sign change
1⁄
2H2(g) + C(s) + 1⁄2N2(g) → HCN(g) ΔH = +135.15 kJ <-- note divided by 2
3. Cancel out any compounds that are the same on both sides of the
reaction arrow.
1⁄ N (g) ⇒ first and third equations
2 2
C(s) ⇒ second and third equations
1⁄2H2(g) on the left side of the third equation cancels out 1⁄2H2(g) on the
right, leaving a total of 3H2(g) on the right (which is what we want)
4. Add new reactions together.

(+45.9 kJ) + (+74.9 kJ) + (+135.15) = +255.95 kJ
NH3(g) ---> 1⁄2N2(g) + 3⁄2H2(g) ΔH = +45.9 kJ
CH4(g) ---> C(s) + 2H2(g) ΔH = +74.9 kJ
1⁄2H2(g) + C(s) + 1⁄2N2(g) ---> HCN(g) ΔH = +135.15 kJ
NH3(g) + CH4(g) → HCN(g) + 3H2(g) ΔH = +255.95kJ
5. Write the new equation and double-check to make sure it matches the
equation of interest.
What’s More
A. Directions: Solve the following problem using the thermochemical
equation. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. Using the following thermochemical equation, calculate how much heat
is associated with the decomposition of 4 mol of NH4Cl.
NH3(g) + HCl(g) → NH4Cl(s) ΔH= -176 kJ
2. How many grams of N2 are needed to make -550.0 kJ?

N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) ΔH = -92.6 kJ
3. Calculate the mass of ethane, C2H6 which must be burned to produce

100 KJ of heat.
2C2H6(g) + 7O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 6H2O(g) ΔH = -3120 KJ
B. Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction using Hess’s Law. Write your
1. Calculate ΔH for the reaction C2H4(g) + H2(g) --->C2H6(g), from the following
data.
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔH = -1411. kJ/mole
C2H6(g) + 7/2O2(g) → 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l) ΔH = -1560. kJ/mole
H2(g) + 1/2O2(g) → H2O (l) ΔH = -285.8 kJ/mole
2. Calculate ΔH for the reaction 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g), from

the following data.
N2(g) + O2(g) → 2NO(g) ΔH = -180.5 kJ/mole
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) ΔH = -91.8 kJ/mole
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O (g) ΔH = -483.6 kJ/mole
SHS12_LESSON6)
3. Calculate ΔH for the reaction 2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g) → 2AlCl3 (s) from the
following data.
2Al(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2(g) ΔH = -1049. kJ/mole
HCl(g) → HCl(aq) ΔH = -74.8 kJ/mole
H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g) ΔH = -1845. kJ/mole
AlCl3(s) → AlCl3(aq) ΔH = -323. kJ/mole
What I Can Do
Directions: Answer the given problems on the enthalpy of reaction. Write your
1. The combustion of methane, CH4, releases 890.4 kJ/mol. That is, when
one mole of methane is burned, 890.4 kJ are given off to the
surroundings. This means that the products have 890.4 kJ less than
the reactants. Thus, ΔH for the reaction = -890.4 kJ. A negative symbol
for ΔH indicates an exothermic reaction.
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔH = -890.4 kJ
A. Draw an energy diagram (profile) for the above equation, label all
parts.
B. How much energy is given off when 2.00 mol of CH4 are burned?
C. How much energy is released when 22.4g of CH4 are burned?
2. Calculate ΔH for the process
Hg2Cl2(s) → 2Hg(l) + Cl2(g)
from the following information:
Hg(l) + Cl2(g) → HgCl2(s) ΔH = -224kJ
Hg(l) + HgCl2(s) → Hg2Cl2(s) ΔH = -41.2KJ
Assessment
A. Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.
1. The thermochemical equation showing the formation of ammonia, NH 3

from its elements is
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) ΔH = -92 kJ
This equation shows that 92 kJ of heat is __.
A. lost to the surroundings when one mole of hydrogen is used up in
the reaction
B. absorbed from the surroundings when one mole of nitrogen reacts
C. absorbed from the surroundings when one mole of ammonia is
formed
D. lost to the surroundings when 2 moles of ammonia is formed
2. Given the hypothetical thermochemical equation:
A+B→C+D ΔH = -430 kJ
Which among the following statements is correct about this reaction?
A. the reaction is endothermic
B. the equation may be written as A + B + 430 kJ → C + D
C. the heat content of C and D is greater than the heat content of A
and B
D. the heat content of A and B is greater than the heat content of C
and D
3. Which of the following is an example of an exothermic process?
A. melting of ice C. evaporation of water
B. freezing of water D. sublimation of dry ice
SHS12_LESSON6)
4. An oxyacetylene torch is a tool that mixes and burns oxygen and acetylene
to produce an extremely hot flame. This tool is used to cut steel or weld
iron and other metals. The temperature of the film can reach 3480oC. The
burning of acetylene is given by the thermochemical equation:
C2H2(g) + 3/2CO2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(l) ΔH = -1301.1 kJ
For the reaction: 2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) → 2C2H2(g) + 3CO2(g)
What is the ΔH for the reaction?
A. ΔH = 1301.1 kJ C. ΔH = -1301.1 kJ
B. ΔH = 2602.2 kJ D. ΔH = -2602.2 kJ
5. The value of ΔH for the reaction below is -72 kJ. How many kJ of heat are
released when 1.0 mol of HBr is formed in this reaction?
H2(g) + Br2(g) → 2HBr(g)
A. 144 C. -72
B. 36 D. 72
B. Directions: Solve the following word problems. Write your answer on your
answer sheet.
1. If the ΔH for C2H4 + H2 → C2H6 is -65.6 kJ, what is the ΔH for this reaction?
C2H6 → C2H4 + H2
2. If the ΔH for C2H4 + H2 → C2H6 is -65.6 kJ, what is the ΔH for this reaction?
2C2H4 + 2H2 → 2C2H6
What I Need to Know

The rate of reaction is defined as the change in the concentration of reactant
or product with time. There are many reasons for studying the rate of reaction. One
reason could be to understand why some reactions happen in a snap of a finger while
other reactions take years or millions to complete. On a practical level, knowledge of
reaction rates is useful in designing drugs, controlling pollution, and food processing.
1. Describe how various factors influence the rate of a reaction.
(STEM_GC11CK-IIIi-j-130)
2. Explain reactions qualitatively in terms of molecular collisions.
(STEM-GC11CK-IIIi-j136)
What I Know
Multiple Choice: Choose the letter of the best answer. Write your answer on your
answer sheet.
1. The rate of a reaction depends on __________.
A. collision frequency C. collision energy
B. collision orientation D. all of the above
2. It is the minimum amount of energy needed to start a reaction.
A. activation energy C. energy of reaction
B. entropy of reaction D. reaction mechanism energy
3. Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of reaction?
A. adding catalyst
B. raising the temperature
C. increasing the volume of the container
D. increasing the concentration of the reactant
4. Grinding a seltzer tablet into powder increases the rate of reaction due to
increased _____.
A. concentration C. temperature
B. surface area D. reactants
SHS12_LESSON7)
5. Reaction rates generally increase with an increase in temperature. Four
suggested reasons are:
I. Molecules collide more frequently at higher temperatures.
II. As the temperature of a reaction increases, the activation energy for
the reaction decreases.
III. The concentration of reactants will be greater at a higher
temperature.
IV. The fraction of high energy molecules is greater at higher
temperatures.
The correct statements are:
A. II and IV only C. I, II, and IV only
B. I and IV only D. I, III, and IV only
Lesson Factors Affecting the Rate of

7 Reaction
What’s New
What dissolves faster in

your coffee; a sugar cube or
powder sugar? Explain the factor
that affects the rate of dissolution
in this situation.
What Is It
Collision Theory qualitatively explains how chemical reactions occur and
why reaction rates differ for different reactions. This theory states that for molecules
to react, they must collide in the correct orientation and with more kinetic energy
than the activation energy of the reaction. Activation energy is the minimum energy
to start the reaction.
Factors Affecting the Rate of Chemical Reaction
1. Temperature
• Increases energy of particles due to increase of temperature

• Increase speed of particles and there are more successful collisions because
molecules contact one another more readily and with harder force
• Therefore, increased temperature = increased rate of reaction
2. Concentration
•Concentration: the amount of a substance (solute) present in a given volume

of solution
• “Packing” in more molecules increases the number of collisions
• Therefore, a more concentrated solution = increased rate of reaction
3. Surface Area
• If particles are in the same phase (liquid/liquid or gas/gas) then it is easy for
them to mix with each other this gives particles maximum opportunity to
collide
• If one of the reactants is a solid, the reaction can only take place on the surface
of the solid
SHS12_LESSON7)
• The smaller the size of the particles, the greater the surface area that the
reaction can take place in
• Therefore, greater surface area = increased rate of reaction
4. Catalyst
• Substance that enhances the rate of a chemical reaction without being

consumed itself
• They decrease the amount of collision energy needed to break bonds and form
new ones making the fraction of successful collisions more effective
• Catalysts provide an easier path for reactions to follow
• Therefore, presence of catalyst = increased rate of reaction
What’s More
Directions: Complete the following table by indicating whether each of the following
scenarios would either increase or decrease the rate of reaction. Write
your answer on your answer sheet.
Scenario Increase or Decrease
1. adding heat
2. removing heat
3. adding a catalyst
4. diluting a solution
5. removing an enzyme (catalyst)
6. lowering the temperature
7. increasing the temperature
8. decreasing the surface area
9. increasing the concentration of a solution
10. breaking a reactant down into smaller pieces
What I Can Do
Directions: Use the words inside the box to correctly fill in the blanks. Write your
catalyst dilute surface area

temperature concentration energy
collisions heat rate of reaction
1. A freshly exposed surface of metallic sodium tarnishes almost instantly if

exposed to air and moisture, while iron will slowly turn to rust under the
same conditions. In these two situations, the ___________ refers to how
quickly or slowly reactants turn into products.
2. Adding ___________ will increase the rate of reaction because this causes
the particles of the reactants to move more quickly, resulting in more
collisions and more ___________.
3. Removing heat will lower the ___________, causing the particles of the
reactants to slow down, resulting in less frequent collisions.
4. ___________ refers to how much solute is dissolved in a solution. If there is
a greater concentration of reactant particles present, there is a greater
chance that ___________ among them will occur. More collisions mean a
higher rate of reaction.
24
SHS12_LESSON7)
5. A concentrated acid solution will react more quickly than a ___________
acid solution because there are more molecules present, increasing the
chance of collisions.
Assessment
Directions: Write the letter of the correct answer on your answer sheet.
1. Which one of the following statements concerning rates of reactions is
FALSE?
A. the higher the activation energy barrier, the faster the reaction
B. increasing the concentration of a reactant may increase the rate of
a reaction
C. adding a catalyst speeds up the rate of reaction for both the forward
and reverse reactions
D. increasing the concentration increases the rate of a reaction
because it increases the number of collisions.
2. Why does the reaction rate increase as the temperature increases?
A. particles begin to collide at a higher temperature
B. there are more particles at a higher temperature, so they collide
C. the particles have less energy when the temperature is increased
D. at higher temperatures, particles move faster and collide more often.
3. Which of the following does NOT increase the rate of a reaction?
A. using a catalyst
B. increasing the temperature of reactants
C. increasing the concentration of reactants
D. increasing the size of the reactant particle
4. Why does the reaction rate increase as the concentration increases?
A. the particles are moving faster
B. there are more particles so there are more collisions
C. the surface area is increased so there are more collisions
D. the particles have more energy so there are more collisions
5. Which of the following statements is correct?
A. the rate of a reaction is independent of temperature change
B. the rate of a reaction is the same at any time during the reaction
C. the rate of a reaction decreases with an increase in the
concentration of reactant(s)
D. the rate of a reaction decreases over time as the concentration of
reactants decrease
What I Need to Know

In general, rates of reactions increase as concentrations increase since there
are more collisions occurring between reactants. The overall concentration
dependence of reaction rate is given in a rate law or rate expression.
• Differentiate zero, first-, and second-order reactions.
(STEM_GC11CKIIIi-j-132)
What I Know
1. Given: A + 3B → 2C + D
This reaction is first order with respect to reactant A and second order with
respect to reactant B. If the concentration of A is doubled and the
SHS12_LESSON8)
concentration of B is halved, the rate of the reaction would _____ by a factor
of _____.
A. increase, 2 C. increase, 4
B. decrease, 2 D. decrease, 4
2. A reaction was found to be zero order in A. Increasing the concentration of
A by a factor of 3 will cause the reaction rate to __________.
A. triple C. remain constant
B. increase by a factor of 27 D. increase by a factor of 9 For
numbers 3 and 4, please refer to the graph given.
3. A plot of average rate on the vertical axis versus the average concentration
of A squared on the horizontal axis for a second order reaction.
4. A plot of the natural logarithm of the concentration of A on the vertical axis
versus the time on the horizontal axis for a first order reaction.
5. Order of reaction can be identified by plotting graphs of _________________.
A. reaction only C. pH value
B. concentration only D. reaction and concentration
Lesson
Reaction Order
8
What’s New
Directions: Interpret the graph and differentiate the three reaction orders. Write
your answer on your answer sheet.
26
SHS12_LESSON8)
What Is It
Rate Law
An expression or equation that relates the rate of reaction to the concentrations
of reactants at a constant temperature. For the reaction:
R1 + R2 + R3 → Products
Rate = k[R1]x[R2]y[R3]z
Where k = rate constant; x, y, and z are the rate orders with respect to
individual reactants. Rate orders are determined experimentally. The overall reaction
order is the sum of the reaction orders.
The order of reaction can be defined as the power dependence of rate on the
concentration of all reactants. It indicates the degree in which the rate depends on
the concentration of that particular reactant. Some characteristics of the reaction
order for a chemical reaction are listed below.
1. Reaction order represents the number of species whose concentration directly

affects the rate of reaction.
2. It can be obtained by adding all the exponents of the concentration terms in
the rate expression.
3. The order of reaction does not depend on the stoichiometric coefficients
corresponding to each species in the balanced reaction.
4. The reaction order of a chemical reaction is always defined with the help of
reactant concentrations and not with product concentrations.
5. The value of the order of reaction can be in the form of an integer or a fraction.
It can even have a value of zero.
Types of Order Reaction
1. First-Order Reaction
• The reaction rate is proportional to the

concentration of one of the reactants.
• For the first-order reaction, doubling the
concentration of the reactant doubles the
rate.
• Rate= k [A]
2. Second-Order Reaction
• Is one whose rate is proportional to the square of

the concentration of one reactant.
3. Zeroth-Order Reaction
• Is the one whose rate is independent of

concentration.
Example: Rate data were obtained for the following
reaction:
A + 2B → C + 2D
SHS12_LESSON8)
What is the rate law for this reaction?
Answer: To get the rate law, the order of the reaction with respect to each
reactant has to be determined from the experimental data. To do this:
• Compare experiments 1 and 3. The concentration of Reactant A is kept

constant, while [B] is tripled in Expt. 3. However, the observed rates of
reaction are the same in both experiments. Conclusion: Changing the
concentration of B does not affect the rate of reaction. B is not in the rate
law expression.
• Compare experiments 1 and 2. When the concentration of A is doubled,
the rate increases by four times. Conclusion: The reaction is second order
with respect to A.
• The rate law for the reaction is
rate = k[A]2 [B]0 = k[A]2
What’s More
Directions: Answer the following word problems. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. Consider the reaction: P4 + 6H2 → 4PH3. A rate study of this reaction was
conducted at 298 K. The data that were obtained are shown in the table.
[P4], mol/L [H2], mol/L Initial Rate, mol/ (L. s)
0.0110 0.0075 3.20 x 10-4
0.0110 0.0150 6.40 x 10-4
0.0220 0.0150 6.39 x 10-4
A. What is the order with respect to: P4 _____

H2 _____
B. Write the rate law for this reaction. rate = ____________
C. Overall order of reaction: _________________
2. In the reaction of CH3Br(aq) + OH–(aq) → CH3OH(aq) + Br–(aq), when the

hydroxide concentration was doubled; the rate doubled. When the methyl
bromide concentration was increased by a factor of 1.2, the rate increased
by 1.2.
A. What is the order with respect to: CH3Br _____
OH- _____
3. Consider the reaction: 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g). The following data were
obtained from three experiments using the method of initial rates:
SHS12_LESSON8)
A. What is the order with respect to: NO_____
O2 _____
What I Can Do
For a reaction with two reactants (A and B), the rate law is:
Rate = k[A]x[B]y
k is the rate constant
x is the order of the reaction with respect to A
y is the order of the reaction with respect to B
x + y is the overall order of the reaction.
Most reactions are zeroth, first, or second order with respect to a given
reactant.
Complete the table for the elementary reactions above:
Order with respect to . . .
Elementary Reaction Overall Order
A B C
A = products First
A + B = products First
2A = products Second
A + B + C = products First First
2A + B = products Third
3A = product Third
Assessment
1. Consider the rate law: rate = k[Y]m[Z]n. How are the exponents m and n
determined?
A. by experiment
B. by educated guess
C. by using the balanced chemical equation
D. by using the coefficients of the chemical formula
2. For the reaction 2A + B + 2C → D + 2E, the rate law is: rate =k[A]2[B]1[C]1.
Which of the following statements is false?
A. the reaction is first order in [B]
B. the reaction is 4th order overall
C. the reaction is second order in [C]
D. the reaction is second order in [A]
3. The reaction A + 2B → C is first order in B and A. The overall order of the
reaction is __________.
A. first C. third
B. second D. fourth
SHS12_LESSON8)
4. The reaction 2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g) has the following rate law: Rate =
k[O2][NO]2. If the concentration of NO is reduced by a factor of two, the
rate will __________.
A. double C. be reduced by one-half
B. quadruple D. be reduced by one-quarter
5. The rate of a reaction is found to double when the concentration of one
reactant is quadrupled. The order of the reaction with respect to this
reactant is __________.
A. first C. third
B. second D. one-half
What I Need to Know

A catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction but is
not consumed during the course of the reaction. A catalyst speeds up the reaction
by lowering the activation energy for the chemical reaction. Activation energy is the
amount of energy needed to allow the chemical reaction to occur
1. Explain activation energy and how a catalyst affects the reaction rate.
(STEM-GC11CK-IIIij137)
2. Cite and differentiate the types of catalysts. (STEM-GC11CK-IIIi-j138)
What I Know
1. Which is the best definition of activation energy?
A. the energy required to end the reaction
B. the energy required to bind a substrate to an active site
C. the energy required to re-form bonds in product molecules
D. the energy required to break the bonds of reactant molecules
2. Which statement best describes how a catalyst can speed up a chemical
reaction?
A. the catalyst makes lower energy pathways possible
B. the catalyst binds to enzymes to release substrates
C. the catalyst increases the concentration of the products
D. the catalyst increases the concentration of the reactants
3. If the activation energy required for a chemical reaction were reduced, what
would happen to the rate of the reaction?
A. the rate would increase
B. the rate would decrease
C. the rate would go up and down
D. the rate would remain the same
4. Which of the following statements regarding enzymes is FALSE?
A. given enzyme catalyzes just one type of reaction
B. while most enzymes are proteins, some are composed of RNA
C. the activity of enzymes is typically impaired at high temperatures
D. enzymes act to lower the activation energy of a reaction by
stabilizing the transition state but do not participate chemically in
the reaction
5. Which one of the following statements regarding a catalyst is not correct?
A. an enzyme is a catalyst that only binds certain substrates
B. catalysts do not alter the equilibrium constant for a chemical
reaction
SHS12_LESSON9)
C. an enzyme is a protein that is a highly efficient catalyst for one or
more chemical reactions in a living system
D. catalysts increase the rate of a reaction by altering the mechanism,
thereby increasing the activation energy
Lesson Catalysts: Its Type and Effects on the

9 Reaction Rate
What’s New
Which of the four factors affecting reaction rate is the most important
in each of the following examples? Choose from concentration, temperature,
surface area, and catalyst.
1. Raw carrots are cut into thin slices for cooking.
2. Granulated sugar dissolves faster than sugar cubes.
3. Protein is broken down in the stomach by the enzyme pepsin.
4. A woolly mammoth is found, perfectly preserved, near the Arctic.
5. More bubbles appear when a concentrated solution of hydrochloric
acid is added to a magnesium strip than when a dilute solution of
the acid is added.
What Is It
What is a catalyst?
The figure shows how catalyst lowers the
activation energy thus increasing the rate of the
reaction.
Types of Catalysts
1. Heterogeneous Catalysis
In heterogeneous catalysis, the catalyst
is in a different phase from the reactants. At
least one of the reactants interacts with the
solid surface in a physical process called
adsorption in such a way that a chemical bond
in the reactant becomes weak and then breaks. Poisons are substances that bind
irreversibly to catalysts, preventing reactants from adsorbing and thus reducing or
destroying the catalyst’s efficiency.
An example of heterogeneous catalysis is the interaction of hydrogen gas with
the surface of a metal, such as Ni, Pd, Pt, or As.
2. Homogeneous Catalysis
In homogeneous catalysis, the catalyst is in the same phase as the reactant(s).
The number of collisions between reactants and catalyst is at a maximum because
the catalyst is uniformly dispersed throughout the reaction mixture. Many
homogeneous catalysts in the industry are transition metal compounds.
3. Enzyme Catalysis
Enzymes are biological catalysts. The amazing fact about enzymes is that not
only can they increase the rate of biological reactions by factors ranging from 106 to
1012, but they are also highly specific. An enzyme acts only on a certain molecule
called substrates while leaving the rest of the system unaffected. It has been
SHS12_LESSON9)
estimated that an average living cell may contain some 3000 different enzymes, each
of them catalyzing a specific reaction in which the substrate is converted into the
appropriate products. Enzyme catalysis is homogeneous because the substrate and
enzyme are present in an aqueous solution.
What’s More
Directions: A. Answer the following questions. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. Explain activation energy
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Define the word catalyst
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain how a catalyst works
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
B. Complete the table below.

Catalyst Description
Homogeneous Catalysis
Heterogeneous Catalysis
Enzyme Catalysis
What I Can Do
Directions: Answer the following questions. Write your answer on your answer sheet.
1. What is the effect of a catalyst on the required energy to achieve effective
collisions?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. Enzymes are in molds and bacteria that spoil food. Explain, using your
knowledge of factors affecting the rate of reaction, why food doesn’t spoil
as fast when it is refrigerated as it would at room temperature?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
Assessment
1. In the reaction,
A. heterogenous catalyst
B. homogeneous catalyst
SHS12_LESSON9)
C. homogeneous reactant
D. heterogeneous reactant
2. Which of the following kinds of catalysis can be explained by the adsorption
theory?
A. enzyme catalysis
B. acid base catalysis
C. homogeneous catalysis
D. heterogeneous catalysis
3. Which of the following is not a category of catalysis?
A. artificial
B. enzymatic
C. homogeneous
D. heterogeneous
4. Which of the following statements defines activation energy?
A. it ends the reaction
B. it binds a substrate to an active site
C. it re-forms bonds in product molecules
D. it breaks the bonds of reactant molecules
5. How does a catalyst speed up a chemical reaction?
A. it lowers the energy pathways possible
B. it binds to enzymes to release substrates
C. it increases the concentration of the products
D. it increases the concentration of the reactants
REFERENCES
Lessons 1 and 2
Alfafara, M. P., & Buluran, J. L. (2017). Chapter 1: Liquids and Solids. In General
Chemistry II (pp. 5-22).
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/class-11-chemistry-
india/xfbb6cb8fc2bd00c8:in-in-states-of-matter/xfbb6cb8fc2bd00c8:in-in-
intermolecular-forces/a/intramolecular-and-intermolecular-forces
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_
-
_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/11%3A_Liquids_and_Intermolecular_Forces/
11.2%3A_Intermolecular_Forces
https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/550010/is-there-any-relevance-
between-phase-diagram-and-energy
https://i.stack.imgur.com/sokfv.png
https://socratic.org/questions/how-do-you-read-the-phase-diagram-of-water
https://chem.libretexts.org/@api/deki/files/63476/CNX_Chem_10_04_H2OPhasD
i2.jpg?revision=1
Lessons 3 and 4
Chang, R. (2014). General Chemistry: Essential Concepts (7th ed.). New York:
McGraw Hill Co. Inc.
Chang, Raymond. Chemistry 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. United
States of America
Wilbraham, A. G., Staley, D. D., Matta, M. S. and Waterman, E. L. (2003).
Chemistry (5th ed.). Singapore: Pearson Education (Asia) Pte. Ltd.
https://physicsabout.com/first-law-of-thermodynamics/
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-physics-2/ap-thermodynamics/ap-
laws-of-thermodynamics/v/first-law-of-thermodynamics
SHS12_LESSON9)
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/the-laws-of-
thermodynamics/#:~:text=The%20first%20law%20of%20thermodynamics%2C%20also%
20known%20as%20Law%20of,electrical%20energy%20that%20is%20converted.
http://bastien-chan.info/uploads/3/4/5/2/34527865/1st_law_review_thermo.pdf
Lessons 5 and 6
Chang, Raymond. Chemistry 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. United States of
America
https://thescienceteacher.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/Energy-level-
diagrams.jpg
https://www.boyertownasd.org/cms/lib/PA01916192/Centricity/Domain/639/Enthalp
y%20Change%20chapter%2017%20KEY.pdf
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-chemistry/chapter/enthalpy/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/hesss-law/
https://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/energetics/sums.html
file:///C:/Users/DepED/Downloads/reactionrateswkst.pdf
https://whs.rocklinusd.org/documents/Science/2011_Rates_of_reaction_-
_Le_Chatellier.pdf
http://mrsterrylhs.weebly.com/uploads/6/3/1/1/63116991/reaction_rate_worksheet_k
ey.pdf
Lesson 7
Bagshaw C.R. (2013) Order of Reaction. In: Roberts G.C.K. (eds) Encyclopedia of
Biophysics. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16712-
6_575
https://byjus.com/chemistry/order-of-reaction/
file:///C:/Users/DepED/Documents/SHS%20CHEMISTRY/General%20Chemistry%202
.pdf
Lesson 8
Chang, Raymond. Chemistry 6th Edition. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. United States of
America
https://www.khanacademy.org/science/ap-chemistry/kinetics-ap/arrhenius-equation-
mechanisms-ap/a/types-of-
catalysts#:~:text=A%20catalyst%20is%20a%20substance,as%20catalysts%20in%20bioc
hemical%20reactions.
http://ch302.cm.utexas.edu/kinetics/catalysts/catalysts-all.php
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Map%3A_Chemistry_-
_The_Central_Science_(Brown_et_al.)/14%3A_Chemical_Kinetics/14.7%3A_Catalysis
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1x-
deSJFMo2U89e9j7Zs2wiLkJb86nzv6kG0GhNh5-gI/edit
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SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Published by the Department of Education

Development Team of the Module

Printed in the Philippines by ________________________

Department of Education – National Capital Region – SDO VALENZUELA

Office Address: Pio Valenzuela St. Marulas, Valenzuela City

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. NERITOMCULEARL OFSECR – These are strong interactions between

Types of Crystalline Solids and their Geometric Forms

The seven forms can be described as follows.

1. Dipole-dipole Force - _______ _______ _______ _______ _______

1. Intramolecular forces hold atoms together within the molecule.

At the end of this lesson, you are expected to:

1. It is defined as the force applied per unit area.

What I Need to Know

Methods of Expressing Concentration of Solutions

Two Types of Common Solution Stoichiometry

Activity 1.2. Solution Stoichiometry

3. What is the mole fraction of ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) in a solution

4. What mass of water is needed to prepare a 5.95 molal alcohol

5. Which of the following glucose (C6H12O6) solutions has a

What I Need to Know

Colligative properties depend on the number of 1.) ________ particles in

Colligative Properties of Solution

*Electrolytes dissociate into ions in a solution; hence, one unit of an electrolyte

Determining Molar Mass Using Colligative Properties

1. How does rise in temperature affect solubility of solids, liquids

1. Calculate the vapor pressure of a solution made by dissolving

What I Need to Know

1. When heat is absorbed by the system, it increases the internal energy, so Q is

2. What is the equation for the first law of thermodynamics?

4. Which of the following properties represent the energy in storage?

5. What quantities appear in the First Law of Thermodynamics?

What I Need to Know

2. Calculate ΔH when 2 moles of ethanol (C2H5OH) react with excess

3. What will ΔH be if there is 1 mole of oxygen?

4. Which one of the following statements best describes the enthalpy

A Thermochemical Equation is a balanced chemical equation showing the

Factors to Consider in Writing Thermochemical Equations

1. The stoichiometric coefficient always refers to the number of moles of a

266 g P4 X 1mole P4 X -3013 kJ = -6468.59 kJ

1. Manipulate given equation to most closely resemble equation of interest.

Example 1: Calculate ΔH for this reaction: CH4(g) + NH3(g) → HCN(g) + 3H2(g)

2. Rewrite all equations with the changes:

right, leaving a total of 3H2(g) on the right (which is what we want)

4. Add new reactions together.

2. How many grams of N2 are needed to make -550.0 kJ?

3. Calculate the mass of ethane, C2H6 which must be burned to produce

2. Calculate ΔH for the reaction 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g), from

1. The thermochemical equation showing the formation of ammonia, NH 3

What I Need to Know

Lesson Factors Affecting the Rate of

What dissolves faster in

• Increases energy of particles due to increase of temperature

•Concentration: the amount of a substance (solute) present in a given volume

• Substance that enhances the rate of a chemical reaction without being

catalyst dilute surface area

1. A freshly exposed surface of metallic sodium tarnishes almost instantly if

What I Need to Know

1. Reaction order represents the number of species whose concentration directly

1. Dipole-dipole Force - ___ _ _ _ _____