CL MEDIA (P) LTD.

Edition : 2019

© PU BLI SH ER Administr ative and Pr oduction Offices

No part of this book may be reproduced i n a ret ri eval syst em Publ i shed by : CL Media (P) Ltd.
or transmit ted, i n any form or by any means, electroni cs, A-45, Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area,
mechani cal , phot ocopyi ng, r ecor di ng, scanni ng and or Near Mohan Estate Metro Station,
wit hout t he wri tt en permi ssi on of the publ isher. New Delhi - 110044
M arket ed by : G.K. Publications (P) Ltd.
A-45, Mohan Cooperative Industrial Area,
I SBN : 978-93-89310-24-5 Near Mohan Estate Metro Station,
Typeset by : CL M edia DTP Unit New Delhi - 110044

I SBN -93-87444-84-3 For product information :

Visit www.gkpublications.com or email to gkp@gkpublications.com
 Contents
Section I
ALGEBRA
1. N umber Syst em : An I nt r oduct i on 2 - 12
2. Di visibili t y 13 - 18
3. Fact or s and M ul t ipl es 19 - 22
4. Remai nder Theor em 23 - 27
5. U nit Digi t 28 - 31
6. N umber of Zer oes 32 - 35
7. Fundament al Concept s of Al gebr a 36 - 44
8. Algebr ai c I dent i t ies 45 - 71
9. Fact or i sat i on of Pol ynomi al s 72 - 78
10. Si mpl i fi cat ion of Polynomial s 79 - 86
11. H CF and L CM of Pol ynomi al s 87 - 90
12. Power, I ndi ces and Sur ds 91 - 107
13. L i near Equat i on i n One Var i abl e 108 - 112
14. L i near Equat i on i n Two Var i abl es 113 - 123
15. Quadr at ic Equat ions 124 - 135
16. I nequal it i es or I nequat ions 136 - 151
17. Pr ogr essi ons 152 - 162
Section II
MENSURATION
18. Ar ea and Per i met er 164 - 206
19. Sur face Ar ea and Vol ume 207 - 256
Section III
TRIGONOMETRY
20. Fundament al Concept s of Tr i gonomet r y 258 - 279
21. Tr i gonomet r ic I dent it i es 280 - 323
22. Tr i gonomet r i c Funct i ons 324 - 328
23. H eight and Di st ance 329 - 354
Section IV
GEOMETRY
24. L i nes and Angl es 356 - 364
25. Ci r cul ar M easur e of Angl es 365 - 369
26. Tr i angl es 370 - 389
27. Tr i angul ar Simil ar i t y and Congr uency 390 - 404
28. Cent r es of Tr i angl es 405 - 420
29. Quadr il at er al 421 - 433
30. Ci r cl e, Chor ds and Tangent s 434 - 460
31. Pol ygons 461 - 466
 Section V
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
32. Fundament al Concept s of Coor di nat e Geomet r y 468 - 477
33. St r ai ght L i ne 478 - 491
34. Appl i cat i ons of Coor dinat e Syst em 492 - 500

Section VI
DATA INTERPRETATION
35. Dat a I nt er pr et at i on : An I nt r oduct i on 502 - 504
36. Tabulat i on 505 - 520
37. L i ne Diagr am/Gr aphs/Char t s 521 - 527
38. Bar Diagr am/Gr aphs/Char t s 528 - 542
39. Pi e-char t s/Diagr ams 543 - 551
40. M iscell aneous Diagr ams 552 - 558

Section VII
STATISTICS
41. M easur ement of Cent r al Tendency 560 - 570
42. Disper sion 571 - 576
 Number System : An Introduction 1

Section I
ALGEBRA
2 Elementary & Advanced Mathematics

Number System :
1 An Introduction
umbers were basically invented for counting.

N
(iv) Cancellation Law : For any three natural
We use numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ... for numbers a, b and c.
counting. Therefore, these numbers are called a+b=c+b ⇒ a=c
counting numbers. ‘0’ is called zero, nought and cipher.
and a×b=c×b ⇒ a=c
It has no value except in combination. Also, zero is not
put the extreme left of any number. (v) Closure Law : For any two natural numbers a and
Here, we will discuss all sorts of numbers, their properties, b.
application besides the different number systems used (a + b) ∈ N
widely. i.e., (2 + 3) = 5 ∈ N
and (a × b) ∈ N
1. NATURAL NUMBERS
i.e., (2 × 3) = 6 ∈ N
The counting numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... are called
natural numbers. We denote the collection of all natural PROPERTIES OF NATURAL NUMBERS
numbers by N. As, we can recall that a child at his very
young stage try to count the things. e.g., toys, chocolates, (i) Successor : The next natural number just after
sweets etc. He just know the numbers viz., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... any natural number n is called its successor ‘n+’.
and has no idea about zero. Here, we are discussing the Where n+ = n + 1 for example the successor of 5 is
numbers which are represented in International symbols. 6, successor of 6 is 7 etc.
So, N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...}. (ii) Multiplicative Identity : One (1) is the
Note that the smallest natural number is 1 and there multiplicative identity of every natural number as
is no greatest natural number. 5 × 1 = 5, 11 × 1 = 11, 121 × 1 = 121 etc.
LAWS OF NATURAL NUMBERS EVEN AND ODD NUMBERS
(i) Commutative Law : For any two natural numbers (i) Even Numbers : All the natural numbers which
a and b. are divisible by 2 (two) are known as even numbers.
a+b=b+a e.g., 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ... .
i.e., 2+3=3+2=5 (ii) Odd Numbers : All the natural numbers which
and a×b=b×a are not divisible by 2 (two) are known as odd
numbers. e.g., 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, ... .
i.e., 2×3=3×2=6
(ii) Associative Law : For any three natural numbers SOME IMPORTANT RESULTS
a, b and c. (a) Even number + Even number = Even number
(a + b) + c = a + (b + c) e.g., 2 + 4 = 6
i.e., (2 + 3) + 4 = 2 + (3 + 4) = 9 (b) Even number – Even number = Even number
and (a × b) × c = a × (b × c) e.g., 6 – 2 = 4
i.e., (2 × 3) × 4 = 2 × (3 × 4) = 24 (c) Even number × Even number = Even number
(iii) Distributive Law : For any three natural numbers e.g., 2 × 4 = 8
a, b and c. (d) Even number ÷ Even number = Even/Odd number
a × (b + c) = a × b + a × c e.g., 8 ÷ 2 = 4, 6 ÷ 2 = 3
i.e., 2 × (3 + 4) = 2 × 3 + 2 × 4 = 14
(e) Odd number + Odd number = Even number
But a + (b × c) ≠ (a + b) × (a + c)
e.g., 3 + 5 = 8
i.e., 2 + (3 × 4) ≠ (2 + 3) × (2 + 4)
⇒ 14 ≠ 30
 Number System : An Introduction 3
(f) Odd number – Odd number = Even number Note 1. There are infinite prime numbers.
e.g., 7 – 3 = 4 2. 1 is neither prime nor composite number.
(g) Odd number × Odd number = Odd number 3. 2 is the only even prime number and the
e.g., 3 × 5 = 15 least prime number.
(h) Odd number ÷ Odd number = Odd number 4. There are total 25 prime numbers upto 100
e.g., 15 ÷ 3 = 5 and 46 prime numbers upto 200.
(i) Even number + Odd number = Odd number
e.g., 2 + 3 = 5 TEST FOR A NUMBER TO BE PRIME
(j) Even number – Odd number = Odd number To test a number n take the square root of n and
e.g., 8 – 3 = 5 consider as it is, if it is a natural number otherwise just
(k) Even number × Odd number = Even number increase the square root of it to the next natural number.
Then, divide the given number by all the prime numbers
e.g., 2 × 3 = 6
below the square root obtained. If the number is divisible
(l) Even number ÷ Odd number = Even number by any of these prime numbers, then it is not a prime
e.g., 20 ÷ 5 = 4 number else it is a prime number. Check that whether
(m) Odd number + Even number = Odd number 241 is prime number. When we take the square root of
241 it is approximate 15, so we consider it 16. Now, we
e.g., 3 + 2 = 5
divide 241 by the prime numbers below 16 viz., 2, 3, 5, 7,
(n) Odd number – Even number = Odd number 11, 13. Since 241 is not divisible by anyone of the prime
e.g., 9 – 4 = 5 numbers below 16. So, it is a prime number.
(o) Odd number × Even number = Even number Co-prime Numbers: Two natural numbers are
e.g., 5 × 2 = 10 called co-prime or relatively prime numbers if they have
no common factor other than 1 or in other numbers.
(p) Odd number ÷ Even number = Never divisible The highest common factor i.e., HCF between co-prime
e.g., 7 ÷ 2 numbers is 1. e.g., (8, 9), (13, 15), (15, 16) etc.
(q) (Even number)Even/Odd = Even number (ii) Composite Numbers: A number other than one
e.g., (4)2 = 16, (4)3 = 64 which is not a prime number is called a composite
(r) (Odd number)Even/Odd = Odd number number. It means it is divisible by some other
e.g., (3)2 = 9, (3)3 = 27 number/numbers other than 1 (one) and the
number itself. e.g., 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18,
20, 21, 22, 24, 25, ...
Note that every natural except 1 is either prime or
1. PRIME AND COMPOSITE NUMBERS composite number.
(i) Prime Numbers : Except 1 each natural number 2. WHOLE NUMBERS
which is divisible by only 1 (one) and itself is called
as prime number. e.g., 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, ... etc. If we include zero (0) among the natural numbers,
then the number 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ... are called
whole numbers. In other words, with the addition of
Table of Prime Numbers (1 to 100) a new number ‘zero’ (0), we call the new collection of
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 numbers whole numbers, denoted by W. The set of whole
numbers can be represented by
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, ...}
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Note that each natural number is also a whole
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 number and every whole number is not a natural number.
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 3. INTEGERS
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 The extended set of whole numbers in which
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 negative integers are also included is known as the set of
integers and is denoted by Z. Which is the first letter of
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 the German word Zahlen, meaning ‘to count’. The set of
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 integers can be represented by
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Z or i = {..., ..., –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ..., ...}
Note that each whole number is also an integer. Zero
Prime Numbers (1-100) (0) is neither positive nor negative integer.
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, Kinds of Integers
59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97 = 25 (i) Positive Integers : The set of integers {1, 2, 3, 4,
5, ...} is known as positive integers.
4 Elementary & Advanced Mathematics
(ii) Negative Integers : The set of integers {–1, –2, The word rational comes from the word ‘ratio’. We
–3, –4, –5, ...} is known as negative integers. denote the collection of all the rational numbers by Q
(iii) Non-positive Integers : The set of integers {0, –1, which happens to be the first letter of the word ‘Quotient’.
–2, –3, –4, –5, ...} is called as non-positive integers. Each integer (and thus each natural number and
whole number) is a rational number. An integer m can
(iv) Non-negative Integers : The set of integers {0, p
m
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...} is called as non-negative integers. be written as to put it in the form , where p, q are
1 q
Properties of Integers integers and q ≠ 0.
(i) Closure law is followed by all the integers. ‘0’ is a rational number as ‘0’ can be written as
(ii) Distributive law of multiplication over addition or 0
and 1 ≠ 0. Rational numbers do not have a unique
subtraction. 1
2
i.e., a × (b ± c) = a × b ± a × c representation. For instance, can be represented by
3
2 × (3 ± 4) = 2 × 3 ± 2 × 4 4 6 8 10
any of the following : , , , , ... .
(iii) Cummutative law and associative law is not 6 9 12 15
followed by all the integers for the subtraction. All such numbers are called equivalent rational
a–b≠b–a numbers.
e.g., 2–3≠3–2
5. IRRATIONAL NUMBERS
⇒ –1 ≠ +1
p
and (a – b) – c ≠ a – (b – c) A number that cannot be put in the form , where
q
e.g., (6 – 4) – 2 ≠ 6 – (4 – 2) ⇒ 0 ≠ 4
p, q are integers and q ≠ 0, is called an irrational number.
But it is valid for the addition and multiplication as
a+b=b+a e.g., 2 , 3 , 7 , 11, p etc.
e.g., 3+2=2+3 ⇒ 5=5 6. REAL NUMBERS
or (–a) + (–b) = (–b) + (–a)
The collection of real numbers consists of all the
e.g., (–3) + (–2) = (–2) + (–3) rational and irrational numbers and is denoted by R.
⇒ –5 = –5 Some Important Results
and a×b=b×a (i) Rational number + Rational number = Rational
e.g., 3×2=2×3 ⇒ 6=6 number
or (–a) × (–b) = (–b) × (–a) (ii) Rational number – Rational number = Rational
e.g., (–3) × (–2) = (–2) × (–3) number
⇒ 6=6 (iii) Rational number × Rational number = Rational
number
and (–a) + [(–b) + (–c)] = [(–a) + (–b)] + (–c)
(iv) Rational number ÷ Rational number (Non-zero)
e.g., (–2) + [(–3) + (–4)] = [(–2) + (–3)] + (–4)
= Rational number
⇒ (–2) + (–7) = (–5) + (–4)
(v) Rational number + Irrational number
⇒ (–9) = (–9) = Irrational number
(iv) Additive inverse of an integer a is –a. (vi) Rational number – Irrational number = Irrational
e.g., the additive inverse of 6, 7, 8, 9, –2, –3, –4, –5 number
etc., is –6, –7, –8, –9, 2, 3, 4, 5 are respectively. (vii) Irrational number – Rational number = Irrational
(v) Additive identity of all the integers is zero (0) and number
multiplicative identity of all the integers is one (1). (viii) Irrational number × Rational number (Non-
(–a) + 0 = –a e.g., (–5) + 0 = –5 zero) = Irrational number
(b) + 0 = b e.g., (7) + 0 = 7 (ix) Irrational number × Rational number (Non-
and (–a) × 1 = –a e.g., (–5) × 1 = –5 zero) = Irrational number
(b) × 1 = b e.g., (7) × 1 = 7 (x) Rational number (Non-zero) ÷ Irrational number
= Irrational number
Note that division by zero (0) is not defined in
mathematics and division by one (1) is actually (xi) Irrational number + Irrational number
unification (not division), so it is an improper divisor. = Rational or Irrational number
(xii) Irrational number – Irrational number = Rational
4. RATIONAL NUMBERS or Irrational number
p (xiii) Irrational number × Irrational number
A number which can be expressed in the form , = Rational or Irrational number
q
where p, q are integers and q ≠ 0 is called a rational (xiv) Irrational number × Irrational number
number. = Rational or Irrational number
 Number System : An Introduction 5

Real Numbers
A collection of rational and
irrational numbers

Rational Numbers Irrational Numbers

A number is called a rational A number is called an irrational
number, if it can be written in number, if it cannot be written
p p
the form , where p and q are in the form , where p and q
q q
integers and q ≠ 0. are integers and q ≠ 0.

The decimal expansion of a rational The decimal expansion of an irrational number

number is either terminating or non- is non-terminating non-recurring (non-repeating).
terminating repeating (recurring), Conversely, a number whose decimal expansion is
conversely, a number whose decimal non-terminating non-recurring is irrational.
expansion is terminating or non-repeating
recurring (repeating) is rational. s If r is a rational number and s is an
irrational number, then r + s and r – s
r
are irrational numbers, rs and are
also irrational numbers, r ≠ 0 s
s There is a unique real number
Natural numbers (N) : The counting corresponding to every point on the
numbers 1, 2, 3, ... are called natural number line. Moreover corresponding
numbers. to each real number, there is a unique
point on the number line.
Whole numbers (W) : Natural
numbers 1, 2, 3, ... etc., together with the
Let a > 0 be a real number and n be a
number 0 (zero) are called whole numbers.
n
positive integer. Then, a = b, if bn = a
n
Integers (Z) : The set of natural and b > 0. The symbol ‘√’ used in a is
numbers, zero and negative of natural called the radical sign.
numbers constitute the set of integers.

If a, b are positive real numbers and m, n are If a, b are positive integers, then
rational numbers. Then, we have 1
(i) Rationalising factor of is a.
am a
(i) am × an = am + n (ii) n = am – n
a 1
(ii) Rationalising factor of is a  b .
1 a± b
(iii) (am)n = mn (iv) a–m =
am 1
(iii) Rationalising factor of is a  b .
m a ± b
am
(vi) m =  
a
(v) ambm = (ab)m
b  b
1 1 m
am )n (=
(vii) (= a n )m a n
m
n n
am (=
i.e., = a )m a n
6 Elementary & Advanced Mathematics
7. PERFECT NUMBER 8. TRIANGULAR NUMBER
When the sum of all the factors (including 1 (one) A triangular number is obtained by adding the
but excluding the number itself) of the given number is the previous number to the nth position in the sequence of
same number, then this number is called as perfect number. triangular numbers, where the first triangular number is
e.g., 28 is a perfect number. 1 (one).
As the factors of 28 are 1, 2, 4, 7, 14, 28. The sequence of triangular numbers is given as
Now, 1 + 2 + 4 + 7 + 14 = 28 follows 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55, 66, 78, ... etc.
Hence, 28 is a perfect number.
Place Value and Face Value
Trillions Billions Millions Thousands Ones Decimal point

Hundred thousandths
Hundred thousands
Hundred millions
Hundred trillions

Hundred billions

Ten thousandths
Ten thousands

Thousandths
Ten millions
Ten trillions

Hundredths
Ten billions

Thousands

Millionths
Hundreds
Trillions

Millions
Billions

Tenths
Ones
Tens
1 1
Tenths Ten thousandths
10 10000

1 1
Hundredths Hundred thousandths
100 100000

1 1
Thousandths Millionths
1000 1000000

Places Value ROMAN NUMBER SYSTEM

Units 1 10 In Roman Number System, there are basically seven
symbols used to represent the whole number system.
Tens 10 101
The symbols and their respective values are given
Hundreds 100 102 below
Thousands 1000 103 Symbols I V X L C D M
Ten thousands 10000 104 Values 1 5 10 50 100 500 1000
Lakhs 100000 105
In general, the symbols in the numeral system
Ten lakhs 1000000 106 are read from left to right, starting with the symbol
Crores 10000000 107 representing the largest value (Note the same symbol
cannot occur contiguously more than three times), the
Ten crores 100000000 108 value of the numeral is the sum of the values of the
Some Important Results symbols.
1 Trillion = 1012 = 1000000000000 i.e., LV = 50 + 5 = 55
1 Billion = 109 = 1000000000 LXVIII = 50 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 68
1 Million = 106 = 1000000 An exception to the left to the right reading occurs
1 Crore = 107 = 10000000 = 100 Lakh when a symbol is followed immediately by a symbol of
greater value, then the smaller value is subtracted from
10 Lakh = 106 = 1000000 = 1 Million the larger.
1 Lakh = 105 = 100000 = 100 Thousand i.e., VL = 50 – 5 = 45
1 Thousand = 103 = 1000 XLVIII = 50 – 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 = 48
1 Hundred = 102 = 100
DIGITAL NUMBER SYSTEM
There are various number systems used in digital
representation. The most common digital number systems
are binary, octal, decimal, hexadecimal systems.
 Number System : An Introduction 7
The number that determines the positional value of D. Conversion of hexadecimal number into
every digit in a number is called the base of that number. decimal number
For example the base of binary system is 2, octal is 8, Look at the following example
decimal is 10 and hexadecimal is 16. Also, the base tells ExamplE 4. Convert (765)16 to decimal number.
us that the number of distinct symbols used in that system.
For example we use only two distinct symbols viz., 0 and Sol. (765)16 = 7 × 162 + 6 × 161 + 5 × 160
1 in binary system. = 1792 + 96 + 5 = 1893
So, (765)16 = (1893)10
S.No. Number system Base Symbols E. Conversion of octal number into binary
1. Binary system 2 0, 1 number
2. Octal system 8 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Look at the following example
ExamplE 5. Convert (16405)8 to binary number.
3. Decimal system 10 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
Sol. 1 6 4 0 5
8, 9
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
4. Hexadecimal 16 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 001 110 100 000 101 ⇒ 001110100000101
system 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F
F. Conversion of binary number into octal
number
CONVERSION Look at the following example
Conversion of decimal numbers into another ExamplE 6. Convert (100011010101)2 to octal number.
number system Sol. 100 011 010 101
To convert any decimal number in any base n, we ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
divide the number successively by n. First of all divide the
given number, then divide the quotients obtained one-by- 4 3 2 5 ⇒ 4325
one successively, till the last quotient becomes zero, then So, (100011010101)2 = (4325)8
write down all the remainders in proper order. At the last
remainder is most significant digit and the first remainder EXAMPLES
is least significant digit. It means the first remainder will
be the right most digit and the last remainder will be left ExamplE 1. Product of three consecutive odd numbers is
most digit. 1287. What is the largest of the three numbers?
A. Conversion of decimal number into binary ¡ (1) 9 ¡ (2) 11 ¡ (3) 13 ¡ (4) 17
number Sol. (3) Let the three consecutive odd numbers be x, x + 2
Look at the following example and x + 4, respectively.
ExamplE 1. Convert (19)10 to binary number (or in base 2). According to the question,
x(x + 2)(x + 4) = 1287
Sol.
= 9 × 11 × 13
⇒ x(x + 2)(x + 4) = 9(9 + 2)(9 + 4)
\ x=9
Hence, the largest of the three numbers
= 9 + 4 = 13
ExamplE 2. What is the sum of all prime numbers
So, (19)10 = (10011)2 between 60 and 80?
B. Conversion of binary number into decimal ¡ (1) 272 ¡ (2) 284 ¡ (3) 351 ¡ (4) 414
number Sol. (3) The sum of all prime numbers between 60 and 80
Look at the following example = 61 + 67 + 71 + 73 + 79 = 351
ExamplE 2. Convert (1001001)2 into decimal number. ExamplE 3. If the square of sum of three positive
Sol. 1 × 26 + 0 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 0 consecutive natural numbers exceeds the sum of their
× 21 + 1 × 20 squares by 292, then what is the largest of the three
= 64 + 0 + 0 + 8 + 0 + 0 + 1 = 73 numbers?
So, (1001001)2 = (73)10 ¡ (1) 5 ¡ (2) 6 ¡ (3) 7 ¡ (4) 8
C. Conversion of decimal number into hexa- Sol. (4) Let the three positive consecutive natural
decimal number numbers be x, x + 1 and x + 2 respectively.
Look at the following example According to the question,
ExamplE 3. Convert (725)10 to hexadecimal number. [x + x + 1 + x + 2]2
– [x2 + (x + 1)2 + (x + 2)2] = 292
Sol.
⇒ [3x + 3]2 – [x2 + x2 + 1
+ 2x + x2 + 4 + 4x] = 292
⇒ 9x2 + 9 + 18x – 3x2 – 6x – 5 = 292
So, (725)10 = (2D5)16 ⇒ 6x2 + 12x + 4 – 292 = 0
8 Elementary & Advanced Mathematics
⇒ x2 + 2x – 48 = 0 product is 156. Find the larger number.
⇒ x2 + 8x – 6x – 48 = 0 ¡ (1) 11 ¡ (2) 12 ¡ (3) 13 ¡ (4) 15
⇒ x(x + 8) – 6(x + 8) = 0 Sol. (3) Let two numbers are x and y, then
⇒ (x + 8)(x – 6) = 0 According to the question,
\ x=6 x + y = 25 ...(i)
The largest of the three numbers and xy = 156
=x+2=6+2=8 \ (x – y)2 = (x + y)2 – 4xy
ExamplE 4. The product of two even consecutive = (25)2 – 4 × 156
numbers is 168. Find the sum of numbers. = 625 – 624 = 1
¡ (1) 20 ¡ (2) 22 ¡ (3) 24 ¡ (4) 26 \ x–y=1 ...(ii)
Sol. (4) Let continuously two even numbers be x, (x + 2). From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
According to the question, 2x = 26
x × (x + 2) = 168 26
⇒ x2 + 2x = 168 \ x= = 13
2
⇒ x + 2x – 168 = 0
2
and y = 25 – 13 = 12
⇒ x2 + 14x – 12x – 168 = 0 Hence, largest number is 13.
⇒ x(x + 14) – 12(x + 14) = 0 ExamplE 6. Convert binary 1101111 to decimal.
⇒ (x + 14)(x – 12) = 0 ¡ (1) 111 ¡ (2) 101
⇒ x + 14 = 0 ¡ (3) 110 ¡ (4) 100
\ x = –14 (false) Sol. (1) (1101111)2
⇒ x – 12 = 0 Multiplying each digit of the binary number by
\ x = 12 the corresponding power of 2.
\ Numbers = 12, 14 1 × 26 + 1 × 25 + 0 × 24 + 1 × 23 + 1 × 22
Hence, required addition = 12 + 14 = 26 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20
ExamplE 5. If the sum of two numbers is 25 and their = 64 + 32 + 0 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 111

1. If 13 + 23 + ... + 103 = 3025, then the value of 23 7. The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 8. The
+ 43 + ... + 203 is [SSC CGL 2018] number obtained by reversing the digits exceeds
the number by 18. Find the given number.
¡ (1) 7590 ¡ (2) 5060
[PSU (BEML) 2019]
¡ (3) 24200 ¡ (4) 12100
2. Find two consecutive positive integers, whose sum ¡ (1) 15 ¡ (2) 25 ¡ (3) 35 ¡ (4) 45
of the squares is 365. [PSU (SAIL) 2018] 8. If we add 1 to the numerator and subtract one from
¡ (1) 10 and 11 ¡ (2) 11 and 12 the denominator of a fraction, we get 1. If we add 1
¡ (3) 12 and 13 ¡ (4) 13 and 14 1
to the denominator, we get . Find the fraction.
2
3. The sum of two numbers is 27 and their product is [PSU (BBNL) 2019]
182. Find the numbers. [PSU (IOCL) 2018] 1 2 3 4
¡ (1) ¡ (2) ¡ (3) ¡ (4)
¡ (1) 10 and 11 ¡ (2) 11 and 12
5 5 5 5
¡ (3) 12 and 13 ¡ (4) 13 and 14 9. The sum of the squares of 3 consecutive positive
numbers is 365. The sum of the numbers is
4. The sum of the squares of two consecutive odd
numbers is 394. Find the integers. [PSU (HPCL) 2018] ¡ (1) 30 ¡ (2) 33
¡ (1) 13 and 15 ¡ (2) –13 and –15 ¡ (3) 36 ¡ (4) 45
¡ (3) –14 and –15 ¡ (4) Both (1) and (2) 10. The sum of three consecutive odd natural numbers
5. Find two consecutive natural numbers whose is 147. Then, the middle number is [SSC CGL 2019]
product is 20. [PSU (ECIL) 2018] ¡ (1) 47 ¡ (2) 48
¡ (1) 2 and 10 ¡ (2) 1 and 20 ¡ (3) 49 ¡ (4) 51
¡ (3) 4 and 5 ¡ (4) 3 and 5 11. Out of six consecutive natural numbers, if the sum
of first three is 27, what is the sum of the other
6. Find the whole number which when increased by 20
three? [SSC CGL 2019]
is equal to 69 times the reciprocal of the number.
[PSU (HAL) 2018] ¡ (1) 36 ¡ (2) 35
¡ (1) 1 ¡ (2) 2 ¡ (3) 3 ¡ (4) 4 ¡ (3) 25 ¡ (4) 24
 Number System : An Introduction 9
12. The sum of all prime numbers between 58 and 68 22. The sum of the squares of three consecutive
is [SSC CHSL (10 + 2) 2017] natural numbers is 2030. Then, what is the middle
¡ (1) 179 ¡ (2) 178 number? [SSC CGL 2016]
¡ (3) 187 ¡ (4) 183 ¡ (1) 25 ¡ (2) 26 ¡ (3) 27 ¡ (4) 28
13. The sum of three consecutive numbers is 87. The 23. What is the sum of all prime numbers between 60
middle number is [SSC CGL 2016] and 80? [SSC CGL 2017]

¡ (1) 27 ¡ (2) 29 ¡ (3) 30 ¡ (4) 28 ¡ (1) 272 ¡ (2) 284

14. Two positive whole numbers are such that the sum ¡ (3) 351 ¡ (4) 414
of the first number and twice the second number is 24. Which one of the following is a factor of the sum of
8 and their difference is 2. The numbers are first twenty-five natural numbers? [SSC CPO 2017]
[SSC CHSL (10 + 2) LDC, DEO 2015] ¡ (1) 26 ¡ (2) 24 ¡ (3) 13 ¡ (4) 12
¡ (1) 7, 5 ¡ (2) 6, 4 25. The sum of three consecutive natural numbers each
¡ (3) 4, 2 ¡ (4) 3, 5 divisible by 5 is 225. The largest among them is
15. What is the sum of first 15 odd natural numbers? [SSC CGL 2016]
[SSC Multi-Tasking 2017]
¡ (1) 85 ¡ (2) 75 ¡ (3) 70 ¡ (4) 80
¡ (1) 255 ¡ (2) 225 26. The sum of three consecutive natural numbers
¡ (3) 235 ¡ (4) 215 divisible by 3 is 45. The smallest number is
16. What is the sum of two consecutive even numbers, [SSC CAPFs (CPO) SI & ASI 2016]
the difference of whose square is 84? [SSC CGL 2015] ¡ (1) 18 ¡ (2) 3 ¡ (3) 12 ¡ (4) 9
¡ (1) 38 ¡ (2) 34 ¡ (3) 42 ¡ (4) 46 27. The sum of all the two-digit numbers is
17. The sum of first 20 odd natural numbers is equal [SSC CPO 2015]
to: [SSC CGL 2016] ¡ (1) 4995 ¡ (2) 4950
¡ (1) 210 ¡ (2) 300 ¡ (3) 4945 ¡ (4) 4905
¡ (3) 400 ¡ (4) 420 28. If the sum of five consecutive integers is S, then the
18. Find three consecutive numbers such that twice the largest of those integers in terms of S is
first, three times the second and four times the third [SSC CHSL 2016]
together make 191. [SSC Multi-Tasking 2016] S − 10 S+4
¡ (1) ¡ (2)
¡ (1) 19, 20, 21 ¡ (2) 21, 22, 23 5 4
¡ (3) 20, 21, 22 ¡ (4) 22, 23, 24 S+5 S + 10
¡ (3) ¡ (4)
19. The sum of first 50 odd natural numbers is 4 5
[SSC CGL 2017] 29. The sum of all the natural numbers from 51 to 100
is [SSC CPO 2016]
¡ (1) 1000 ¡ (2) 1250
¡ (3) 5200 ¡ (4) 2500 ¡ (1) 5050 ¡ (2) 4275
20. The sum of three consecutive odd natural numbers ¡ (3) 4025 ¡ (4) 3775
each divisible by 3 is 72. What is the largest among 30. Which of the following statement(s) is/are TRUE?
them? [SSC CGL 2018] [SSC CGL 2018]
¡ (1) 21 ¡ (2) 24 ¡ (3) 27 ¡ (4) 36 I. The total number of positive factors of 72 is 12.
21. Sum of three consecutive even integers is 54. Find II. The sum of first 20 odd numbers is 400.
the least among them. [SSC CGL 2017] III. Largest two-digit prime number is 97.
¡ (1) 18 ¡ (2) 15 ¡ (3) 14 ¡ (4) 16 ¡ (1) Only I and II ¡ (2) Only II and III
¡ (3) Only I and III ¡ (4) All are true

1. (3) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (4) 5. (3) 6. (3) 7. (3) 8. (3) 9. (2) 10. (3)
11. (1) 12. (3) 13. (2) 14. (3) 15. (2) 16. (3) 17. (3) 18. (3) 19. (4) 20. (3)
21. (4) 22. (2) 23. (3) 24. (3) 25. (4) 26. (3) 27. (4) 28. (4) 29. (4) 30. (4)
10 Elementary & Advanced Mathematics

1. (3) 13 + 23 + ... + 103 = 3025 ⇒ (x + 5)(x – 4) = 0

\ 23 + 43 + ... + 203 = 23(13 + 23 + ... + 103) ⇒ x + 5 = 0 \ x = –5
= 8 × 3025 = 24200 and x–4=0 \ x=4
2. (4) Let the two consecutive positive integers be x \ x = –5 and 4
and x + 1. As –5 is not a natural number, it is rejected.
\ By the given conditions, \ x=4
x2 + (x + 1)2 = 365 \ The required numbers are 4 and 4 + 1 i.e., 4
⇒ x2 + x2 + 2x + 1 = 365 and 5.
⇒ 2x2 + 2x – 364 = 0 6. (3) Let the required whole number be x.
⇒ x2 + x – 182 = 0 1
Its reciprocal is .
⇒ (x + 14)(x – 13) = 0 x
⇒ x + 14 = 0 \ x = –14 \ By the given condition,
and x – 13 = 0 \ x = 13 1
x + 20 = 69 ×
x
\ x = –14 and 13
⇒ x(x + 20) = 69
As x is positive, x = –14 is rejected.
⇒ x2 + 20x – 69 = 0
\ x = 13 and x + 1 = 13 + 1 = 14
⇒ (x + 23)(x – 3) = 0
Thus, the required numbers are 13 and 14.
⇒ x + 23 = 0 \ x = –23
3. (4) Let one of the numbers be x.
and x–3=0 \ x=3
\ The other number = 27 – x
\ x = –23 and 3
Since product of the numbers is 182.
As –23 is not a whole number, it is rejected.
\ x(27 – x) = 182
\ x=3
⇒ 27x – x2 = 182
Thus, the required number is 3.
⇒ x – 27x + 182 = 0
2
7. (3) Let the unit’s digit be x and ten’s digit be y.
⇒ (x – 13)(x – 14) = 0
\ Number = 10y + x
\ Either x = 13 or x = 14
Number when order of the digits is reversed
The other number is 27 – 13 = 14 or 27 – 14 = 13
= 10x + y
Therefore, the required numbers are 13 and 14.
\ By the given conditions,
4. (4) Let the two consecutive odd numbers be (2x – 1)
and (2x + 1). x+y=8 ...(i)
\ By the given condition, and 10x + y = (10y + x) + 18
(2x – 1)2 + (2x + 1)2 = 394 ⇒ (10x – x) + (y – 10y) = 18
⇒ 4x2 – 4x + 1 + 4x2 + 4x + 1 = 394 ⇒ 9x – 9y = 18
⇒ 8x2 + 2 = 394 ⇒ 9(x – y) = 18
⇒ 8x2 = 394 – 2 = 392 \ x–y=2 ...(ii)
Adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
392
⇒ x2 = = 49 = (±7)2 2x = 10
8
When x = 7, the numbers are 14 – 1 and 14 + 1 \ x=5
i.e., 13 and 15. Putting x = 5 in Eq. (i), we get
When x = –7, the numbers are –14 – 1 and 5+y=8
–14 + 1 i.e., –15 and –13. \ y=8–5
Thus, the required integers are 13 and 15 or –13 =3
and – 15. \ The required number = 10y + x
5. (3) Let the two consecutive natural numbers be x = 10 × 3 + 5
and x + 1.
= 35
\ By the given condition,
[Verification : Sum of digits = 3 + 5 = 8,
x(x + 1) = 20 35 + 18 = 53, digits have reversed their order.]
⇒ x2 + x – 20 = 0
 Elementary & Advanced Mathematics

25%
OFF

Publisher : GK Publication ISBN : 9789389310245 Author : GK Publication

Type the URL :https://www.kopykitab.com/product/54043

Get this eBook