'

Gift of the
Society for International Numisma *

I i
 *

'
A DICTIONARY OF ROMAN COINS.
 A

DICTIONARY OF ROMAN COINS,

REPUBLICAN AND IMPERIAL:

COMMENCED BY THE LATE

SETH WILLIAM STEVENSON, F.S.A.,

MEMBER OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON ;

REVISED, IN PART, BY

C. ROACH SMITH, F.S.A.,

MEMBER OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON J

AND COMPLETED BY

FREDERIC W. MADDEN, M.R.A.S.

/ / • /

MEMBER OF THE NUMISMATIC SOCIETY OF LONDON; ASSOCIE ETHANGER DE LA SOCIETE

ROYALE DE LA NUMISMATIQUE BELGE FOREIGN CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF
J

THE NUMISMATIC AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF PHILADELPHIA;

FELLOW OF THE NUMISMATIC AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL
SOCIETY OF MONTREAL.

ILLUSTRATED BY UPWARDS OF SEVEN HUNDRED ENGRAVINGS ON

WOOD, CHIEFLY EXECUTED BY THE LATE

F. W. FAIRHOLT, F.S.A.
i

LONDON:
GEOROE BELL AND SONS, YORK STREET, C'OVENT GARDEN.
1889.
 NORWICH
NORFOLK CHRONICLE COMPANY, LIMITED,
MARKET PLACE.
 PREFACE.

This voluminous work, corresponding in size with

Smith’s “ Dictionaries,” was left incomplete, as to the
last letters [UV — Z] at the time of Mr. Seth Stevenson’s
death, and its publication has been mainly delayed by the
difficulty of finding anyone sufficiently versed in the subject
and willing, as well as able, to devote the necessary time
to the task. His son, the late Mr. Henry Stevenson, took
a deep interest in the completion of the work, and with
his assistance the proprietors obtained the valuable co-
operation of Mr. F. TV. Madden, M.R.A.S., formerly (1861-
1868) one of the Editors of the “ Numismatic Chronicle,”
and author of “The Handbook of Roman Numismatics”
(18(51), “Coins of the Jews” (8vo., 1864; 4to., 1881), &c., by
whom the work has been brought to a satisfactory conclusion.
The woodcuts necessary for this portion of the Dictionary
have been elfectively executed by Mr. Miller Smith, of
Norwich.
Mr. F. W. Madden desires to record his best thanks to
Mr. H. A. Grueber, F.S.A., Assistant in the Department of
Coins and Medals, British Museum, and to Mr. Bernard
Jackson, B.A., for much valuable assistance.

Amongst the Numismatic friends of the author who took

a warm interest in this laborious undertaking during his life-
time, may be mentioned the late Dr. Lee, F.R.S., F.S.A.,
President of the Numismatic Society, and the late Mr. J. Y.
Akerman, 'F.S.A., Secretary to the Society of Antiquaries,
VI rKKFACE.

Loud. ; and of those still surviving, Mr. John Evans, D.C.L.,

LL.D., F.R.S., F.S.A., now President of the Numismatic
Society; and Mr. C. Roach Smith, F.S.A., &c., Temple Place,
Strood. The latter, whose practical acquaintance with the
Dictionary extended to a revision of the remaining MS., from
letterL to letter T, and furthering, so far, the completion
and printing of the volume, remarks, in a short memoir of
Mr. Stevenson in his recently- published “Retrospections,”

The descriptions arc lucid and comprehensive ;

and the style is easy

and attractive. Altogether the Dictionary is just the work wanted, not
merely for the young student but also for the more experienced numis-
matist. To both it is as indispensable as the dictionary of a lauguage
is to the most educated, as well as to the schoolboy.

The scope and object of the work itself will be best

understood by a perusal of the Original Prospectus written
by the Author, and issued at the time when the earlier
portions were passing through the Press.

THE PUBLISHERS.
 ORIGINAL PROSPECTUS.

It is admitted by all, who are really conversant with the subject, that no
branch of Archaeology offers greater intellectual advantages than that which
leads to a correct knowledge of Ancient Coins in general, and of the Monetu
Romana in particular. The last-named department of numismatic research
opens, indeed, a field replete with instruction, no less valuable than varied,
no less useful than interesting — a field which enables those who enter it, in the
proper spirit of inquiry after truth, to share the benefits of that reciprocation,
by which History so often throws its explanatory light on the hidden meaning
and mysterious import of certain monetal devices and inscriptions — whilst
those metallic monuments of antiquity serve, in their turn, to stamp on facts
narrated in numerous passages of the old historians, otherwise left in doubt
and uncertainty, the strongest and most striking impress of corroboration and
support. —To facilitate and encourage the study of Roman coins, as well of

the Republic as of the Empire, there already exist some excellent Manuals
which may be regarded as the Grammars, and also some very complete
Catalogues which equally well constitute the Nomenclatures and descriptive
classifications of the science. With the exception, however, of the Spaniard
Gusseme’s work, and of that wonderful monument of human patience and
laborious perseverance, the voluminous Lexicon of the German Rasche,
both which professedly take a range through the res universa of antique
medals, there is no Dictionary that treats of Roman Numismatics — certainly
there is not as yet any publication exclusively devoted to them, in that form
and in the English language.

A Dictionary, therefore, written in our vernacular tongue, and entirely

limited in its aim at affording information, to those products of the Roman
Mint, which bear Latin legends, seems still to be a desideratum. And
the continued non-appearance of any such literary undertaking, by a more
competent hand than his own, has at length induced the Author of this
prospectus to do his best towards supplying the deficiency, by venturing, as
he does with unaffected diffidence, to submit the result of what has been his
leisure hours’ occupation for the last ten years, to the indulgent consideration
and patronage of the educated public. — Ir. making this attempt, it has
been the object of the compiler, if not to “popularise” the study of Roman
Coins and Medallions, at least to assist in rendering it sufficiently attractive

to the taste, and familiar to the acquaintance, even of the classical scholar.
Rut the chief hope which influenced him to begin, and has incited him to
 •

viii ORIGINAL PROSPECTUS.

pursue liis task, is that by thus offering the gist of authentic observations,

scattered over, and as to all general good intents and purposes, buried, in
no small heap of Latin, French, Italian, and English tomes, his humble
endeavours may prove acceptable to that numerous class of his countrymen,
and countrywomen too, who do not come within the category of “ learned ”
persons, but who, nevertheless, possessing intelligent and well-cultivated
minds, may yet desire to initiate themselves in the above-named branch of
the Medallic Science.

The volume, whose subject matter is briefly set forth in its title, will,

when published, be found to contain, in alphabetical order of arrangement —

1. An explanation of the principal types, symbols, and devices,
which appear on Coins with Latin legends and inscriptions, minted
under the government of Ancient Home, both consular and imperial,
including those struck in the Colonies.

2. Biographical, Chronological, and Monctal References to the

Emperors, Empresses, and Crasars, from Julius (b.c. 44) to Mauricius
(a.d. 602).

3. Mythological, Historical, and Geographical Notices, in elucida-

tion of curious and rare obverses and reverses.

The whole has been compiled, with careful attention to the descriptions,

and commentaries of the most eminent writers, from the times of Ursinus,
Tristan, Vaillant, Patin, Seguin, Morell, Spanheim, Ilavercamp, of the elder
and middle school ;
Banduri, Liebe, Pellerin, Beauvais, Froelich, Khell, of
a subsequent period ;
down to Eckiiel (Facile princeps artis numarije),
Mionnet, Akerman, Hennin, and others, whose works have successively
appeared during the last half century — works not of greater elaborateness,

nor of profounder erudition, nor evincing more of zealous ardour in the

cause of Numismatology than are displayed in the productions of their
predecessors but whose respective authors, from superior advantages
;

accruing fo themselves, through greater experience and in a wider scope of

investigation, have been enabled to secure more of that first essential,

accuracy ;
to exhibit clearer views, together with more judicious discrimina-
tion and less fanciful discursiveness, and consequently to impart to their
labours a more decided character for practical utility, and for trustworthy
reference.

The work will form one volume of about 1,000 pages, printed uniformly
with the Dictionaries of “ Greek and Roman Antiquities,” and of “ Greek
and Roman Biography and Mythology.” The illustrative wood-cuts,
exceeding seven huudred in number, will, in every instance where an original
specimen is accessible, be engraved either from the coins and medallions
themselves, or after casts skilfully made from them in sulphur.
 : 1

A DICTIONARY

ROMAN COINS.

A. A. A. F. F. ABDEIIA.
A, the first the Latin Alphabet,
letter of virs of the mint,who, by the invariable inscrip-
which consists of 21 letters, very often occnrs tion of the above characters, appear to have
as a single letter on Homan coins. Sometimes made themselves officially answerable, as it were,
it serves as the initial of a City, an Emperor, a for the genuineness of the money, struck by their
Consul, &c. Sometimes it seems to be used as authority. There is also a second brass, on the
a mint-mark, and to have many other signifi- obverse legend of which is caesar avgvst.
cations. f
pont. max. (Pont ex Maximus) tribyni. pot.
A. written in various ways on Homan Con-
is with head of Augustus, and on the reverse M.
sular coins. —
Sec Eckhel, Dud. num. vet., vol. salvivs otho i ii vi r. a.a.a.f.f. SalviusOtho
v. p. 73. was another of those moneyers of the Republic,
A . — Aulus , a prenomen . a. vitei.l. Aldus whose name is associated, in like manner, with
Vitellius. the issues of gold, silver, and brass, in the early
A. AHrarium. AD. A.D. Ad ararium de- coinage of Augustus. —
With regard to the ex-
tufisset concluding letters of inscription oil pression flando, feriundo, the former word
denarius of Augustus. —
Rasclie, Lexicon rei num. doubtless was intended to designate the process
vet. —A. in the exergue denotes the first mint, of preparing the globular lumps of metal form -
as ant. a. coined at Antioch, in the first mint. ing the material for the coin whilst the latter
— Akerman,
;

Numis. Manual. word shews that they were submitted to the

A. A. A. F.F. A tiro, Argento, Aire, Flando , stroke of the hammer, for the purpose of re-
Feriundo. This alludes to the monctal trium- ceiving the impress of the die. These were the
virs, appointed for the coining and stamping of tw'o principal operations of the ancient mintage!
gold, silver, and brass money of the Homans. For other specimens of this class of the Con-)
It was their office to take care that the public sular coinage in silver and brass, see parens
coinage should not be counterfeited, nor its ma- —
patriae See also Moneta.
terial adulterated, nor its proper weight dimi- A. or AN. Annus —
See A. n. f. f.
.

nished. — On a consular denarius of Cossutius, ABBREVIATIONS. The legends and in-—

one of Julius C.csar’s moneyers, we read, c. scriptions of Roman coins, as well imperial as
cossvtivs maridianvs, followed by a.a.a.f.f. in consular, present many particularities, in the shape
the field. There is also a second brass of Au- of abbreviations, monograms, and isolated let-
gustus, which bears on its obverse, caesar ters, open to research, and susceptible of various
AVGVSTVS TRIBUNI. FOTES. (Tribunitifv potes- explanations. The ancients, indeed, both Greeks
M' tate) ; and on the reverse, c. plotivs rvfvs and Romans, in order to bring their monetal
mviR. a.a.a.f.f In the middle S. C. This inscriptions within the smallest space, adopted
the use of sigla, monogrammatic and conjoined
letters. At first these were confined to proper
names. Subsequently, they were employed to
signify titles of authority and of dignity, and
made to stand for certain words and for certain
phrases. It is this objectionable custom of em-
ploying abbreviations in writing, which renders
the explanation of legends, for the most part, so
unsatisfactory, and at the same time, gives rise
to so many false interpretations.
ABDERA. — A maritime town of Hispania
Boetica, founded according to Strabo, by the
Carthaginians. It is now called Adra, in
 — — A

2 ABVNDANTIA. ABVNDANTIA.
Andalusia, on the shores of the Meditcrancan, these, whether represented by herself, or as per-
near the gulph of Almeria. sonifying the liberality of the Emperor or Em-
The coins of this place are Latin imperial, press, she figures as a handsome woman, clothed
middle brass, and 1st brass. A second brass of in the stola, holding a cornucopia:, the mouth of
Abdcra has the lau- which she inclines towards the ground, and lets
reated head of Tibe- the contents seemingly careless profusion.
fall in
rius, and is inscribed In his illustration “ of Roman medals by the
TI.CAESAR. DIVI. ancient Poets,” Addison says, “ You sec Abund-
AVO. F. AV6VS- ance or Plenty makes the same figure in medals
tvs; and on its re- as in Horace.
verse a tetrastyle tem- Tibi Copia
ple, of which two of Manabit ad plenum benigno
the columns have the Ruris honorum opulenta cornu."
forms of fish, between
Spanheim, in his translation of the Cmsars of
which we read the Julian, ascribes a silver coin, exhibiting auvn-
letters a b d e r a. The characters inscribed
daxtia avo. and woman
pouring money
a
in the pediment of the temple, form, according
out of a horn of plenty, to Alexander Severus.
to competent interpreters, the Phoenician word
And he goes on to observe, that “ it serves to
for the city in question. An article, by the late mark, amongst several others, the liberality ex-
M. Falbe, in a recent number of the Numismatic
ercised by that excellent Emperor towards his
Chronicle, leaves scarcely a doubt of such being
soldiers and subjects, in his distribution to them
its signification. On this point reference may, of portions of the JErarium publicum, or public
with advantage, also be made to the authority of
Mr. Akerman, who, in his scientific and accurate
treasure. —
Neither in Eckhcl, nor in Mionnet,
however, do we find an Abundantia of Alexander
work on “ Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes,” Severus but both these authorities, together
;
has given a fac simile illustration of this remark-
with Akerman, describe a similar reverse, on a
able coin, from the collection of the British Mu-
silver coin of Julia Mamma, the mother of
seum, whence the present wood-cut is faithfully
Alexander, an ambitious woman, to whose avarice
copied. Referring to Atkenams, lib. vii. c. 17, and intermeddling disposition he owed that un-
be observes, that the two singularly formed
popularity with the army which proved fatal to
columns arc supposed to represent the tunny
them both.
fish, which abounded on the shores of the Medi-
ABVNDANTIA AVG. (Abundantia Augusti)
terranean, and were sacred to Neptune, to whom
it was the practice of the fishermen to offer one
S. C. — In his equally pleasing and instructive
work on the large brass coins of his own choice
as a propitiation. Abdcra Baetica seems to have collection, Capt. W.
Smyth, R.N., F.R.S., &c.
II.
been one of the few colonies established by Tibe-
thus describes, and comments on, a finely pre-
rius, although it docs not, as Vaillant remarks,
served specimen of the mint of Gordianus Pius,
appear to have been honoured with the rank
either of Colonia or of Municipium. Temples
bearing the above legend. —
The type presents
“a female standing, who, habited in the stola
were erected (as Tacitus states, 1. i.) after the
and wearing a diadem, is emptying the Amaltluran
apotheosis of Augustus, by imperial license, on
horn, from which a shower of money descends.
the petition of the Spaniards, in honour of the
Abundantia was a profuse giver of all things,
deceased Emperor.
at times but Copia seems to have been
ABDICATION of the Empire. This event, — all ;

applied to provisions, and Annona was restricted

in the case of the Emperors Diocletian and
to the management of the supply for the cur-
of Maximinian Hercules, is marked on their
coins.— See the respective legends of Procidentia
rent year. —This type of Abundantia illustrates

—
Dcornm. Quies Augg. Requies Oplimor. Merit.
Horace
Aurea frvges
ABN. Abnepos — A great grandson.
.
I/aliam pteno diffudit copia corny."

ABVNDANTIA AV Gusli. S.P.Q. R.—

billon denarius of Gallienns bears this legend,
and the type of a recumbent river-god.
Bnhlini considers these to indicate the abund-
ance of provisions obtained for the city of Rome,
after Egypt (alluded to in the personification of
the Nile), was rescued from the oppressions of
the usurper /Emilianus —
unless indeed the Tiber
is meant by which the annona was conveyed.
ABVNDANTIA TEMPORVM. A very rare —
brass medallion of Saloninn, the wife of Gal-
licnus, has for the type of its reverse, a woman
seated, supporting a eornucopiir, which she ex-
ABVNDANTIA. — Abundance Plenty. This
: — tends towards, and pours out before, five children,
bad neither temples nor altars
allegorical divinity a woman on each side standing, one of them
erected to her honour but she appears on seve-
;
holding the basin para.
ral medals and monuments of the Homans. On — The epigraph of Abundantia Tempornin is
 — a —M ; ; ; — —

ABURIA. — ACCI. ACCOLEIA. 3

here new to Roman coins. The Empress is repre- the veterans of legio vi. Ferrata, and partly for
sented under the attributes of Abundance, for those of leg. vi.
Victrix, from which
twinship of two le-
gions, this colony
(says Vaillant) was
calicd Gemetla. Its
coins are limited to
the reigns of the
three first Emperors,
viz., Augustus, Ti-
berius, and Caligula.
— On these, Acci is
entitled col. gem. acci. Colonia Gemella
Accitana or in abbreviation c. lulia G. A.
A first brass of this colony, bears on one side
the head of Augustus ; and on the other,
acci. c. i. g. l. ii., which, with the type of
some noble .act of characteristic munificence as- two legionary eagles between two ensigns, shews
cribed to her, as is seen on another coin bearing that it was a military colony. See Akerman’s —
the legend Annona. — (Eckhcl, vii. p. 18.) — The Coins of Ilispania, p. 61, from pi. vii. of which
historians of the time, (from a. d. 253 to 268) work the above cut is copied.
apparently preferring to record stirring events ACILIA —The
Acilii had for their sur-
gens.
rather than benevolent actions, otter no tribute names Aviola, Balbus, and Glabrio the two
to the retiring virtues of Salonina. It has been first of whom would appear certainly to have
left for numismatic monuments to rescue from been plebeian. But, says the author of Doctrina,
oblivion the modest merits of her, who has been with respect to the last name, we find Herodianus,
called, and without flattery, “ the Cornelia of the in allusion to the Glabrio of his time, recording
Lower Empire.” Salonina not only caused dis- him as “ omnium patriciorum nobilissimum as
tributions of coni to be made to the people being one who derived his ancestral origin from
but she also took little children and young girls -Eneas, son of Venus and Anchiscs. And Auso-
uuder her care and protection. And here, on nius favours the same popular opinion :

this coin, we may probably recognize the attest- Stcmmate nobilium dcductum nomcB avoruni,
ation of a redeeming fact, that the Empress’s Glabrio Aquilini, Dardana progenies.
goodness restored temporal abundance, and re- [Eel. vi. 63.]
lieved social destitution, in a degenerate age, There arc 18 varieties in the coins of this
under a profligate prince and a disastrous reign. family, Silver common. The copper pieces are
The legend of Abvndantia Avg., and the the As ; or parts of the As and are more or less
;
type of a woman standing with horn of plenty rare. For the remarkable denarius, having on
reversed, are found on gold of Trajauus Decius, its obverse salvtis, and a female laureated
on silver of his wife Etruscilla, and on third —
head on its reverse nv. acilivs, iiivir.
brass of both the elder and younger Tetricus. vai.etv., and a woman standing, with serpent
On a small brass of the latter, the prefericulum , held in her right hand, her left elbow resting on
or sacrificial vase, is the accompanying type.
ABURIA a plebeian gens. The family sur- —
a small column. —
See Salvs and Valf.tvdo, in
:
Ursinus, Fain. Rom. Numis. p. 3.
names, on coins, arc Cains and Marins.
cognomen common to both is gem., which
The —
ACCOLEIA gens. This is classed among the
plebeian families, of which no particulars are
Pighius, and others following him, read Gemi- mentioned in history. One type only presents
nns, but, as Eckhel thinks, on no certain itselfon the coins of this house, but for which
authority. The pieces in bronze, ascribed to (and, as Dr. Cardwell adds, one ancient incription
this family, are parts of the As. There are five in Grater's collection) it would scarcely have
varieties. Silver common. —The following type been known at all.
gem. a helmed head before it X.
—the
is
Rev.
rarest :

abvri., ars, with trophy in right,

c.
;

and spear and shield in left hand, stands in a

quadriga, at full speed. Underneath, roma. —
(Thesaur. Morcll. p. 2, fig. iv.) No satisfac- —
tory interpretation of this type of Mars ; nor
of the derivation of the name Aburius, has yet
been given. —
See mars.
AC. Accept a. pop. fevg. ac.
.

A. C. Absolvo. Condemno. These letters — P. ACCOLEIVS LARISCOLVS A female —

appear on a coin of the Cassia gens. See — head. Rev. Three females standing, their heads
Tabella. terminating in trees. Silver R. —
ACCI, in llispauiaTarraconcnsis (now G nadir We have here an adumbration of the fable
cl Viejo), a colony founded by Julius Ciesar him- of Phaeton’s sisters changed into larices, allu-
self, or by his adopted son Augustus, partly for sive to the name of Accoleius Lariscolus, a

B 2
 — — ; — — ; —:

4 ACCLAMATIONES. ACERRA.
monetal triumvir, who caused this medal to be —These formula acclamalionum be found
are to
struck. According to the myth, Phaeton wish- inscribed on contorniate medals, and other
ing to drive the chariot of the Sun, fell a victim pseudo-moneta. — Nika the Greek word
is cor-
to his temerity. His three sisters, inconsolable responding in signification to Vincas. Acclama-
for his death, were metamorphosed into poplars tions of the same kind are exhibited on ancient
or larches. Accoleius, in representing this gems, but of the period of the Lower Empire.
fictitious incident on the medal, refers to the Eckhel, viii. 301. —
They were also a species of
name of Lariscolus, which he derived from one benedictions, which consisted in wishing to the
of his ancestors, renowned no doubt for his zeal reigning Emperor, life, health, and victory
in cultivating the larch tree. —
Eckhel, v., 118.
“ It appears to me not improbable (says Dr.
such as that which is seen on a coin of Con-
stantine Plura nata/ilia /elicit or and on that
Cardwell) that Accoleius was of the Colony of of Constans, Felicia Decentialia [see the words].
Aquileia, which, as we learn from Livy, was The respective legends on a large brass of Had-
founded on the Adriatic in the year B. c. 181, rian, and a denarius of Alexander Scverus, may
and afterwards became a place of considerable also be placed amongst these acclamations.
importance. The name of the family implies of See A. n. f. f. also aeternitatibvs.
;

itself some probable connection with it but the ;

Referring to a large brass in his own col-
supposition is much strengthened by the device lection, having on the obverse “ a laurelled head
which accompanies and elucidates it. The word of Haiiriancs Augustus, and for legend of
Lariscolus shews still further the connection of reverse Consul Tertium Pater Patrice s. c.,”
the family, with that neighbourhood and with Capt. Smyth says (p. 102), “This is an accla-
the shores of the Adriatic. Vitruvius says of mation medal. The Emperor stands on a tri-
the larix, that it is unknown, except to those bunal, decorated with rostra, before a temple,
citizens (rnunicipibtu) who inhabit the banks of lie is haranguing the public, and making a
the river Po, and the shores of the Adriatic sea. welcome announcement the latter arc represented
;

1 le also states that the wood is not easily ignited by three togated citizens, who lift their hands in
so that we may doubt whether the word, which the fulness of admiration and applhuse ” For a
we commonly translate larch, does not really in- type similar to this very rare reverse, engraved
clude a species of poplar.” —
Lecture viii. p. 104. from a coin in the British Museum, see cos. in.
ACCUSATIVE CASE, rarely used on ltoman p. p. S. c. of Hadrian, in this Dictionary.
coins, more frequently expressed on Greek money. —
ACERRA. The small box for holding per-
AVe read GALLlENVil avg. p. r. (populus lio- fumes held in the hand of the female figure re-
m attics venerator) and martem propvgna- presented on Roman coins, bearing on the re-
TOREM, of Gordianns Pius. Rasche. verse the legend pietas avg. This box is of
ACCLAMATIONES, or customary words a cylindrical form on the coins of the earlier
shouted out by the populace at public games, in Emperors, but, at a lower period of the empire,
the circus at Rome, and in other great cities, to the Accrra appears to have been of a different
express their aspirations for the success of their shape, as seen on coins of Faustina the Elder,
favourites in the contest such as evtimi.
: of which an example, in the cabinet of Dr.
VINCAS — OLYMPI. NIKA 01‘ MICAS — PLACEAS. John Lee, is here given :

On the gold coins of this Empress the same Acerra, This arose doubtless from the circum-
object is represented of similar form. The cele- stance of a light or portable altar being used in
brated vase discovered in one of the Bartlow such ceremonies exclusively for the burning of
tumuli is of copper, exquisitely enamelled, of perfumes. —
The above explanatory uotice of the
precisely the same form, and was doubtless used Acerra, form and sacrificial use, is derived
its

to hold perfumes at the interment, when it was from the information contained in a letter, illus-
deposited with the remains. Fcstus (s. v. Acerra) trative of an ancient enamelled vase, and ad-
gives us a passage haring a two-fold illustration, dressed by John Yonge Akerman, Esq., Resident
shewing that it was the common practice to burn Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries, to Capt.
perfumes at the Roman burials, and that the term Smyth, Director, through whose joint kindness
Acorn w'as also applied to the attar as well as to the compiler of this dictionary' has been allowed
the vessel
— “ Acerra ara quic ante mortmun poni to use the wood-cut, employed in Archceologia,
solebant, in qua odorcs inccndcbantur and vol. xxxiii.
Pollux informs us, that the attar also was called ACI1AIA. — On this part of Greece, and rspc-
 ; ; —— ; — —— ;

ACROSTOLIUM.—ACT. IMP. AD. FRV. EMV. 5

daily at Athens, the most munificent public because, on a coin of the Antestia family, a
benefits, of almost every description, were be- similar figure in the stola, is accompanied by the
stowed by the Emperor Hadrian. Eckhel, vi. — inscription apollini actio. —
Eckhel (vi. p. 107)
p. 487. See restitvtori achaiae. says, Nota est Citharoedorum, et Apollinis
ACHILLIS, on a contorniatc medal. Sec — citharoedi stola, sive palla cum ex monumentis,
PENTESILEA. turn scriptoribus (see coins of Nero inscribed
ACHILLEUS, an usurper in Egypt, in the PONT, max.) And Tibullus speaking of Apollo
reign of Diocletian, defeated and put to death by citharoedus (the harp-playing Apollo) says,
that Emperor. No certain coins arc known of Jma videbatur talis illudere palla,
—
AchiUeus. Akerman, Be.icr. Cat., vol. ii., 182. Namqvc hac in nitido corpore vestis era!.
Actius Apollo was worshipped by the Romans
ACISCULUS, an instrument like a hammer,
after the time of Augustus, in memoiy of the
used by workmen in stone quarries, the repre-
sentation of one appears on a denarius of the battle of Actium. —
See Apollo.
Valeria family, allusive to its cognomen of Acis- ACTIUM, a city of Epirus, on the coast of
culus. —See Valeria gens. Acamania (now Prevcnza) in the Ambracian
In the earliest period not a large town, it
ACROSTOLIUM (and Acroterium), a sort of gulf.

ornament on the prow of an ancient galley. was celebrated for a temple of Apollo, also as a
“ Vaillant (in Coloniis, ii. p. 245), publishes a safe harbour, and for an adjacent promontory of

coin of Salonina, struck at Bcrytus, on the re- the same name —

afterwards rendered more splen-
did, on account of the decisive naval victory
verse of which a female figure is described by him
as standing on the acrostolium. This writer says, gained near it by Augustus over Antony.
acrostolia erant extrema; partes navis, quas ADFINIS (Affinis) cousin. By this term of
Latini vocant rostra or as he more clearly, relationship Constantius I. is called on 2nd and
though briefly, defines it in his index to vol. ii., 3rd brass medals of consecration and dedication,
“ Acrostolium hoc rst navis rostrum.” Another struck under Maxentius, viz. imp. maxextivs
,

coiu of the same colony, struck under Gallienus, divo constaxtio ADF1NI. — See Affinity and
according to the engraving in Vaillant (vol. ii., Kindred.
p. 239), exhibits with the legend of col. ivl.
ADDITION of a letter is observed in
avg. pel. BEii. the type of a half-naked woman the legends of some family coins, as feei.ix,
(Astarte), with left foot planted on a ship’s —
vaala, viirtvs for Felix, Vala, Virtus.
prow, holding in her right hand a banner, and in
her left (what he denominates) the acrostolium.
Sec Apliist rum, or Aplustre see also Bergtus
Colonia.
A. C. I. V. — These letters appear on 3rd
brass coins of the Pacuvia, or Pacquia gens,
with the accompanying type of a boar lying
down. Eckhel, in his numismatic notice of this
family, (vol. v.) observes, that he had formerly AD. FRV. EMV. EX. S.C. Two men habited
, interpreted the above initials as follows :
and seated ; on either side of them,
in the toga
Antonins Colonia I ulia Vienna. But Scstini, he an ear of corn . —
This denarius of the Calpur-
adds, interprets them Colonia Veterana \nvicta nia gens informs us, that Piso and Servilius
Apros and ascribes these coins to a city of that Ccepio were sent as Quaestors, ad frumentum
colony, which is placed by Pliny and Ptolemy, emundum ex. s. c. (to purchase corn, in obe-
in Thrace, and called Apros. dience to a decree of the Senate). But in what
—
ACT. Actiacus or Actium. year the event happened, and when the money
ACT. IMPerator [X. or XII.] Apollo, was struck, are points apparently unascertained.
clothed in the stola, holds the lyre in his left hand A similar reverse is exhibited on silver coins
and the plectrum in his right. On gold and silver of Critonius and of Fannius, auliles of the peo-
of Augustus, struck v. c. 742, b. c. 12. The — ple. The bearded head on the obverse, Eck-
figure and abbreviated word hel (v. p. 159), considers to be in all proba-
act. bear allusion to the bility that of Saturn ; not only from the scythe
battle of Actium, which placed near it but also because, according to
;

gave Augustus the empire Plutarch, Saturn was regarded by the Romans
of the world, and at which, as the deity presiding over Agriculture, and the
according to the poetic productions of the earth and in this view the
;

flatterers of that Prince, obverse and reverse tally admirably. Satuni,

Apollo flew to his sup- armed with a similar instrument, may be seen
port. The gratitude which Augustus professed on coins of the Mcmrnia and Sentia families
towards Apollo is testified on many coins, and but the most undoubted type of Saturn occurs
other monuments, as well as by ancient writers. on coins of the Neria gens.
But Suetonius states that, before the great game ADI. Adjutrix a Legion so surnamed, as
:

of Actium was played, Augustus had begun to aiding, or auxiliary to, another. See Legio.
manifest his devotion to the worship of Apollo. —
ADIAB. Adiabenicus.
There are those who suppose the figure on this ADIABENI, a people of the east, on whom
reverse to be one of the Muses, substituted for the Emperor Septimius Scverus made succcssfid
that of Apollo ; but this is a wrong conjecture war (a. d. 195). See arab-adiab.
 — — —

6 ADLOCVTIO. ADLOCVTIO.
ADIUTRIX AVG. — Diana standing, at her , senatorial vestments, stauds on a tribunal, before
feet a bow and quiver. On gold and silver of Vic- a curule chair, with right hand
elevated, as if
torinns senior, who invoked the aid of that god- in the act of haranguing five military figures.
dess, in setting out on his expedition against Touching this by no means rare, but extremely
Gallienus. Tanini gives a 3rd brass of Carau- beautiful, reverse, in large brass, Schlegel is of
sius, with the same legend, but for type the opinion, that it refers to the oration delivered
bust of Victory. by Caligula, from a suggestum, raised in the
—
ADLOCUTIO. Allocution. The custom of — midst of that bridge which, with foolishly ap-
haranguing the soldiers was frequent with the plied skill, the architect Baulis built, in the sea
Emperors, as is evidenced by a variety of their at Puteoli. But Eekhel treats this supposition
coins. This ceremony was performed, either at as erroneous, and considers the legend and type
the moment when an individual obtained the to indicate the allocution which that prince
imperial purple, or when the reigning prince addressed to the Pnctorian Cohorts, at the period
adopted some one with a view to the succession ;
of his accession to the supreme government; and
or when he admitted another person into imme- that the same mode of recording the event was
diate participation of the empire, of which exam- repeated on a later occasion, either for the sake
ples are often recorded by historians. Memorials of adding to his coinage, or because he had ad-
of these military orations, which an emperor de- dressed other cohorts in a set, and indeed an
livered before some expeditionary force, at the eloquent, discourse; for Tacitus himself docs uot
time of going out on a campaign, or of its
its deny Caligula’s talent for public speaking. While
returning after a victory —
in which the soldiers expressing, however, all due deference to the

were to be reminded of their duty ; or rewarded authority' of Eekhel, Capt. Smyth does not think
for their good conduct and success, with praises, that was struck in the first year of the tyrant’s
it

and, “ not least in their dear love,” with dona- reign (a.d. 38) and points to the tribuuitiau date
tives also —
are preserved on many of the very and the p. p. in the legend of the obverse, as
“ An adlo-
finest coin3 of the Augusti. rendering such a fact questionable.
On these reverses, a raised platform or tribune, cution (he adds) was made to the Pnctorian
more or less lofty, called by the Romans sug- cohorts on Caligula’s accession, but the coins
ffestum, is exhibited, on which the Emperor, which commemorate it, bear merely the legend
habited cither in the toga, or the pal tula men turn, C. CAESAR AUG. GERMANICVS PONT MAX. TR.P.

is seen standing, with his right hand elevated, The one just described, I am inchned to date
as if appealing to the sentiments of the troops, a.d. 40, though the consulship is not marked,
or beckoning for silence. and the occasion may have been, the expedition
Frequently the Pnctorian Prefect, in some to Britain.” It is to be observed that the S. C.
cases two Praetorian Prefects, appear standing (Senates Consulto) is omitted in all Roman brass
behind the Emperor. Below, is a group of the coins, bearing the title and portrait of this Em
legionaries, from three to five or six generally in peror. “ Was (Eekhel asks) because the senate,
it

number, with their faces turned towards their uot authorising it, they were struck by order
prince some holding the eagles, vexilla, and en-
;
of the Prince himself, and distributed by him
signs others their bucklers and spears. With re-
;
amongst the Prtctorians ?” Be this as it may,
gard to the customary attitude and gesture of the the military ceremony of the Allocution was first
speaker in addressing the troops, Cicero affords represented on the coins of Caligula. And it is
an illustrative passage, in his oration, against to be noted that the one in question, though
Gabinius
—
“ When (says he) the general (Intpe- clearly of Roman die, has not the mark of
ratorj, openly, in the presence of the army, Senatorial authority. Doct. a it in. vet. vi., 221.
stretched out his right hand, not to incite the These military harangues occur many times
soldiers to glory, but to tell them that they afterwards in the mintage of the Imperial go-
might make their own market” (Omnia sibi vernment, as will be seen by the following list,
el empta et emenda esse. —
Provinc. cons. c. 4.) drawn out in chronological order :

ADLOCVT. COH. Brass medallion

S. C.
——
and large brass of Nero. Emperor, Pnctorian
Prefect, and three soldiers. “ Nero, attended
by Burrhus, both togated, on a tribunal, stand-
ing near a circular edifice with columns, which
may be emblematic of the pnctorian camp, lie
is addressing three soldiers who stand before
him, bearing military ensigns, and is probably
promising the donative on which they proclaimed
him Emperor; whence we may conclude the
medal to have been struck a.d. 54.” Smyth, 41. —
ADLOCVTIO. On the field S. C.- I.i-t
brass of Galba. —The Emperor stands, with the
chief of Pnctorian guards, on a raised
the
platform, harangues the Cohorts, who
and
ADLOCYT. COH .
— Adlocutio
( Cohort 'turn arc generally represented by their standard
—speech to the Cohorts). The Emperor bearer. In another Allocution, given by Haver-
Cains Cirsar (Caligula), habited in the toga, or camp, (Mas. ChrisliiurJ, of the same Em-
 — —

ADLOCVTIO. ADOPTIO. 7
j)cror, the cavalry of the guards arc repre- ciatcd his son Gallieuus, in the empire, as we
sented by a horse, the head of which is seen see on medals their two heads and the words
Concordia Augustorum. There is also another
medal on which arc three heads, viz., those of
Valerian and his two sons Gallicnus and Valeria-
na s, jun., though the latter was then only
Caesar.” The three figures standing on the sug-
gest am, in the silver medallion above described,
were therefore most probably designed to repre-
sent the same three imperial personages.
ADLOCVTIO AVG. and ADLOCVTIO
TACITI AVG. — Brass medallions of Tacitus.
The Emperor, attended by tbc Prictorian prefect.
ADLOCVTIO AVG. — On a brass medallion
of Probus. — Accompanying there
this legend,
is a remarkable type in which that Emperor
amongst the foot soldiers. This coin (struck and another personage are represented, stauding
a. d. 68) is, by most numismatic antiquaries, together on an estrade three soldiers on each
;

thought to designate the occasion of Galba’s side carry military ensigns ; and before the
speech to his legionaries in Spain, when he first estrade are four kneeling figures. (Mus. l)e
revolted from Nero.
—
Camps, — For an
p. 117.). illustration of this re-
ADLOCVT. AVG. (Adlocutio Augusti.) verse see Probus.
First brass of Nerva. —
Emperor and two other ADLOCVTIO. —Third brass of Maxentius.
figures on an cstradc four figures below. Besides these reverses, in which the legend
—
;

ADLOCVTIO. First and second brass of itself identifies the type with the occasion of an
Hadrian. —
Emperor addressing his soldiers : Emperor’s speech to his troops, there are some
first brass, and ADLOCVTIO. COIL PllAETOR splendid examples of Allocutioual representations
(Cokortium Pratoriarum Allocution of the— on brass medallions, such as the tides exek-
Body or Life Guards) with similar type. citvs of Commodus, and the fidf.i militvm of
—
ADLOCVTIO. Brass medallion of Marcus Sept. Scverus —
See the former illustrated.
Aurelius. —
Emperor addressing soldiers, one of In the foregoing examples the distinctive word
whom holds a horse by the hridlc. (Mus. de adlocvtio, or ADLOCVT is, for the most part,
Camps.) inscribed on the exergue. It can hardly fail to
ADLOCVT. AVG. COS. III.— First brass occasion some degree of surprise, that no Allocu-
of Marcus Aurelius. —The
Emperor, on a svg- tion should have been recorded on the coins of
gestum, accompanied by two prictorian prefects, such eminently warlike and victorious princes of
is addressing three standard-bearers of the army. the earlier empire, as Vespasian, Titus, and
“ This coin was struck a. d. 170, on Aurelius’s Trajan. — [The adlocvtio ascribed to the first
named Emperor, engraved as a brass medallion,
waging war with the Marcomanni, a warlike
people, who, leagued with the Quadi, the Sar- in Numismala Cimelii Vindobonensis (p. 15),
matians, the Roxolani, the Jazyges, and other being “ nonni/iil suspecluin.”']
barbarian nations, had invaded the Roman fron- : —
ADOPTIO Adoption. The act of a person
tier. This opened one of the severest contests adopting another as his son, was performed
that ever Rome sustained.” —
Smyth, p. 136. among the Romans, either in presence of the
—
ADLOCVTIO. Brass medallion, and first Praetor, or before an assembly of the people, in
brass of L. Verus. —
Emperor haranguing his the times of the Republic and under the Em-
;

soldiers. perors by their sovereign authority. An adopted —

ADLOCVTIO.—Brass medallion of Macrinus. Roman (says Eckliel, v., p. 59), wa3 so com-
—Emperor and his son (Diadumenianus), and pletely translated into the gens, or race, of the
four military figures. party adopting him, that the name of his own
ADLOCVTIO
soldiers on a
AVGVSTI. — Emperor
brass of Alexander Scvcrus.
and family was put aside, and lie received all the
names of his parent by adoption which names, —
AVGVSTI. —
: first

ADLOCVTIO Emperor and however, were lengthened iuto the letters anvs.
soldiers, on a brass medallion and a first brass — Thus, iEmilius Paullus, being adopted by
of Gordianns Pius. Publius Cornelius Scipio, was called P. Cornelius
ADLOCVTIO AVGG. (Augustorum ) The — Scipio j-Em ilianus. —
C. Octavius, afterwards
two Philips, addressing their troops on a brass — Augustus, adopted by the Dictator Csesar, became
medallion and first brass of Philippus, sen. C. Julius Ciesar Octaviawaj. —
So, on coins, we
ADLOCVTIO A V G V S TO R V M.—Three see a. licinivs nerva SILiarazw; and T. qvinc-
figures in military habits, standing on a raised tiys crispinvs svLFiciawiM. This custom, —
platform, under whom appear three soldiers with nevertheless, was frequently departed from. For
legionary standards. In reference to this legend example, M. Junius Brutus, (he who killed
and type, as found on a large-sized silver me- Ctesar) after his adoption by Q. Servilius Coepio,
dallion, having on its obverse the head of was called Q. Coepio Brutus, the surname
Valcrianus, Spanhcim makes the following re- being still retained, for the sake of his own
mark —
“Valerian before his captivity and im-
: family ;
whereas he ought to have bceu called
prisonment (by Sapor, King of Persia), asso- Q. Servilius Coepio Junianus. Tims again
 — — ——

8 ADOPTIO. ADYEMTS.
Sci])io, who took
part against Julius C;csar in VKSPASI AX. AUG. P. M. TR. P. P. P. COS. III.
|

Africa, adopted by Q. C;ccilius Metellus Pius, is which, “as well as all those struck iu a. ii. 71 ,

termed on coins Q. Metellus Pius Scipio, not proves Suetonius to be mistaken in stating that
Comelianu*. Nor does it appear, that the Vespasian was not invested with the tribunitiau
adopted Homans were very particular in using power, nor dignified with the title of Father of
the names to which they succeeded. M. Junius J
his country, till the latter part of his reign.”
.Brutus, notwithstanding his adoption, is called Smvth, p. 56, No. lxx.
on several of his coins, only brvtvs imp. And — ADV. or ADVENT.—AVG. or AYGG. Ad-
P. Clodius, adopted by Fonteius, continued to vent us August i, or Augustorum.
the end of his life, to be called P. Clodius. —
ADVENTUS. Inscriptions of this kind com-
Also, by virtue of adoption, the surname was memorate the imperial sovereign’s arrival at
lengthened, as in the instance of Marccllus of Rome, either at the commencement of his reign,
the Cornelia family, afterwards called Mar- or on his return from a distance. They also
cellinns. refer to his advent iu some city or province of
ADOPTIO. —Two figures, in the toga, joining the empire. At their accession to the throne, em-
hands round the type parthic. divi. traian.
: perors were not conveyed in a chariot nor in any
—
avo. p.m. tr. p. cos. p.p. This coin of Hadrian, other vehicle, but went on horseback, and some-
in gold and silver, commemo- times even on foot and thus they made their
;

rates the adoption of Hadrian firstpublic entry into the capital of the Roman
by Trajan. The former scat- world. The fact of the equestrian procession of
tered abroad many monumen- emperors into Rome, even if it were not authen-
J

tal evidences of that fact, as ticated from other sources, is abundantly estab-
there had bccu much doubt lished, by the type of an Imperator eqnes, ac-
on the subject for, says Spar-
: companying the legend of adventvs av-
“there are not wanting
tian, ovsti, stamped on so numerous a scries of
those who assert that, after the death of Trajan, coins. The other custom, viz., that of their
Hadrian was, through the intrigues of Plotina, arriving on horseback at the gates of the city,
taken into adoption.” For this reason, adds and then entering it on foot, is not, and indeed
Yaillant (Impp. Rom., ii., p. 136), who con- could not, with the same degree of clearness,
curs in the sentiment of this quotation, was be elucidated by means of monetal designs but ;

Hadrian so diligent, at first, in assuming the the fact is described by Dion Cassius, in his ac-
cognomina of his father by adoption. count of Scptimius Sevcrus’s pedestrian entry
—
Adoption self-assumed. There is exhibited into Rome. —
That emperors occasionally set out
on first and second brass coins of Sept, Sc- from the city on foot is shewn on a large brass
verus an evidence of that Emperor’s adoption of Caracalla, the reverse type of which represents
of himself into the family of M. Aurelius ; the him marching, followed by a soldier. See PRo- —
legend of the reverse reading Divi. M. pii. f. riiCTio avg. The Emperor’s departure.
&c., and the type representing Severus, in the The Adventus legend appears on coins of
imperial paludamcntum, crowned by a helmetcd Nero, Trajan, Hadrian, M. Aurelius, Comino-
figure holding a club in the left hand. Tliis dus, Sept. Severus, Caracalla, the Philips,
preposterous and unprecedented assumption, of Trebonianus Callus, Volusianus, Valcriuuus,
which nearly all the old writers take notice, is Gullicnus, Cams, Claudius Gothius, Tacitus,
thus nnmismatically confirmed. It was after so Probus, Diocletiauus, Maxiinianus Hercules,
unwarrantable a use of the adoptative process, Carausius, Allcctus, Constantine, Joviauus.
that the above named Emperor proceeded to The types (with the exception of those on Ha-
trace his descent, in an uninterrupted line from drian’s inscribed Adventui Augusts) consist ge-
Ncrva, as is attested by many inscriptions on nerally of the Emperor or Emperors on horse-
marble, more diffuse than those on coins see — back, with their right hands elevated, some-
Gruter, quoted by Eckhel vii., p. 173. Sec also times preceded by a figure of Vietorv in other ;

DIVI. M. PII. F. instances, by soldiers hearing standards. These

—
ADQ. ADQVI. Adquisita, added to (the are aU on 1st or 2nd brass. There is an Ad-
—
Homan empire). Sec arabia adquis. vent us Aug. of Elagabalus in silver; and an
ADSEKTOKI LIBERTATIS PYBL1CAE. Adventus Augusts of the same Emperor in gold.
S. P. Q. R. in an oaken or civic garland. With — ADVENTU8 AVGVSTI. This memorial of —
this highly eulogistic title of “ Maintainer of the an Emperor’s progresses, is offered most fre-
Public Liberty,” was Vespasian honoured by the quently, ns well as most interestingly, on the coins
Senate and People of Rome, on a large brass I of Hadrian, always with the addition of the name
coin.— It is one of the rarest of that Emperor’s of the province, or city, which that great prince
mint. The inscription occurs solely iu the in- had visited viz., Africie, Alexandria:, Arabia1
:
,
1

stance of Vespasian. S. C. is omitted simply Bithynia

Asia:, Britannia:, Cilicia:,
1
,
Gnlliic,
because S. P. Q, R. equally constitutes the im- |
Hispaukc, Italia:, Judaea:, Macedonia Maure- 1
,

press of senatorial authority. Sec Spanheim, ii. tania:, Moesia Phrygia 1 1

,
Sicilia Thraeiie. ,
1
,

—
528 and Ilavcrcainp, iu Thesaur. Morel], These arc all on first brass, but seven of them
—
vol. iii., Tab. xiii. see also Eckhel’g comment, (sec Akcrmau’s Desrr. Cat. vol. i.) arc also to be
vi. p. 322. The obverse of this medal, on which found on second brass, and three on gold and
appears the laurcatcd head of the Emperor turned silver. —
The solicitude of Hadrian to become
to the left, presents the legend of imp. caps. |
acquainted, by oeular observation aud personal
 A E

ADVENTVI. ADVENTVS. y

inquiry, with the customs, manners, laws, and figure, whodistinguished by the trunk of an
is

condition of the various peoples, comprehended elephant covering her head as personifying the
within the limits of his vast empire, induced Roman province of Africa, and is in the act of
him to he continually travelling through its sacrificing at a tripod. “We find (says Addi-
different provinces, and colonics ; to visit the son) on the several medals, struck in comme-
chief cities,and to inspect the principal legion- moration of Hadrian’s progress through the
ary masses of the Roman army. He made empire, that on his arrival (adventus) they
these excursions (of greater or less extent, and offered a sacrifice to the Gods, for the reception
occupying more or less time) accompanied hy of so great a blessing. Horace mentions this
only a few attcudauts, generally ou foot and custom, (Od. 2, lib. 4.)”
often harc-headed, seeing every thing, investi- ADVENTVS AVGVSTI. G. P. (Gracia Pe-
gating every thing, and ever)' where establishing —
ragrata .) A second brass of Nero, of colonial
the greatest order. —
The accomplishment of fabric, bearing this legend, and an ornamented
numerous jouruies and visitations were, hy his praetorian galley, is considered to record the
direction and with the sanction of the Senate, return of that prince from Greece. Others with —
chrouologically recorded, in a scries of coins, a similar type, and the abbreviation c. cor. in
which are remarkable for their tine style of work- the field of the coin, designate his arrival at
manship. It comprises, as already noticed, all the Corinth, for the purpose of celebrating the
Roman provinces, and confirms what History Isthmian games in that city. —
(Vaillant in co-
tells us of this emperor’s voyages. 'Hie number loniis, vol. i.)

of these geographical coins is considerable, ADVENTVS AVG. PONT. MAX. TR. POT.
and they are with good reason sought for. Some COS. II., S. C. — Rome helmetcd, seated on a
arc very rare, others sufficiently common. The heap of arms, joins right hands with the Emperor,
first class of them includes the names of the who habited in the toga, stands opposite to
provinces and towns through which Hadrian her. — On a large brass of Hadrian, struck in
passed. On these the countries, cities, and rivers, the year of Our Lord 118. Having ar-
are represented by a figure and some attribute; ranged all things in Syria, (where he commanded
as Egyptos, Alexandria, Nilus. The second ex- when Trajan died), Hadrian proceeded through
presses the satisfaction which the people expe- Illyria to Rome and that this occurred in the
;

rienced, or were supposed to have experienced, year above mentioned, the present coin shows
at his arrival among them an event which is
: by the inscription cos. ii. —
ckhcl, vi. 477.
indicated by the legend of the reverse — d- ADVENTVI AVG. IVDAEAE. S. In C—
ventvi Avo. whilst the type (as in that of
;
this example amongst the numi geographies of
Africa, Judaa, Macedonia, &c.) exhibits the Hadrian, the Emperor, with his right hand
Emperor, and the Genius of the Province, stand- uplifted, stands opposite the province, which is
ing opposite each other, and an altar (with its personified under the figure of a female, robed
victim) between them, at which they are per- and veiled she holds a patera over an altar, at
:

—
forming sacrifice. The third class shows, through the foot of which is the victim she carries a ball,
:

the medium
of ingenious allegories, the benefits or, as Mr. Akcrman suggests, in reality the Acerra
and reliefs which Hadrian bestowed ou the op- imperfectly represented, in her left hand, and be-
pressed provinces. In this branch of the series side her are two naked children, bearing each
the Emperor is called Restitutor, the restorer a palm branch —
allusive to Judiea, of which, as
of the particular country, (as Achaia, Asia, part of Palestine, the palm tree is an emblem.
Africa, Gallia, Ilispania, &c.) and he raises up
a kneeling figure. A fourth and last class refers
to the military exercises, which he caused to be
practiced, and to the discipline which he main-
tained amongst his legions, in their respective
encampments and garrisons. The review of
troops by the Emperor in person is usually
figured by a type of allocution, with the name
of the army, as in his f.xercitvs dacicvs,
germanicvs, mavretamcvs, &c. on which are
an equestrian figure, and four or five foot sol-
diers carrying military ensigns.
ADVENTVI AVG. AFRICAE.— On gold of
Hadrian. This type, struck between a.d. 130 and 135,
is It represents the arrival
of historical interest.
of Hadrian in Judaea, not, as in the case of most
of his visits elsewhere, on a mission of benevo-
lence and mercy, but to confirm the stern
imperial sentence, after a bloody war, of de-
struction to devoted Jerusalem, and of insult
and humiliation to the rebellious Jews. For a —
further numismatic reference to this fulfilment
The Emperor, clothed in the toga, is seen hold- of Our Lord’s prophecy, see Ae/ia Capitolina
ing his right hand elevated towards a female Colonia.
C
 — ; — :

10 ADVENTVS. ADVENTVS.
ADVENTVS AVG. BRITANN1AE. — In ing against Albinus, Scvcrus returned to Rome,
the exergue s. c.— An altar with the lire kindled, where his entry was magnificent. That was the
—
placed between the Emperor (who is clothed in same Felicissimus Adventus “ the most auspi-
the toga), holding a patera, and a female figure cious return” —
which is alluded to here.
with a victim lying at her feet. On a large brass Capt. Smyth (p. 186) assigns the return
of Hadrian, engraved in “ Coins of the Romans to Rome which this device commemorates,
relating to Britain.”— PI. 2, No. 5.
— “ The 196
to the year of the Christian sera ; and
Hadrian’s arrival in Britain is commemorated adds first public entry of Severus was
by this coin, struck in the year of Rome 874 under every possible demonstration of joy
a.d. 121. “In the reign of this prince,” observes yet he committed unheard of cruelties. After
Mr. Akerman (see his ably written, correctly commending the character of Commodus to the
illustrated, and highly interesting work above- Senators, who had declared his memory infa-
named), “ the Britons revolted; and Julius Seve- mous, he executed a number of their body, with-
rus was recalled to proceed against the Jews, who out trial ;
and Rome was filled with bloodshed.
had made an effort to regain their liberty. The At the same time, however, he executed retri-
Caledonians also destroyed several forts, which butive justice on the insolent, venal, and trea-
had been erected by Agricola. Hadrian, with cherous Prrctorians, whom he disanned, de-
three legions, arrived in time to prevent the graded, and ignominiously banished to the dis-
Britons from throwing off the Roman yoke tance of a hundred miles from Rome.”
and, to protect the northern frontiers of the In describing an Adventus coin of the
province, built a wall which extended from elder Philip, whose equestrian figure is repre-
the Tyne in Northumberland to the Eden in sented with the same “ extraordinary dispropor-
Cumberland. The wr ar does not appear to have tion between the steed and its rider,” as is ex-
been of long continuance, and the Southern hibited on the above reverse of Severus, the
Britons, protected from the incursions of their intelligent writer above quoted, observes (p. 266)
savage neighbours, wr erc probably content to bear — “ the Emperor probably mouutcd on the
is

the yoke.” p. 22. Aslurco, or ambling nag, os a more appro-

ADVENTVS AVG. M. Aurelius crossing a priate emblem of returning peace, than the
bridge.— On the reverse of a large brass the —
Equus bet/a/or, or charger.” This is a shrewd
Emperor is seen, followed by five soldiers, two conjecture but it does not fully account for the
;

of whom bear standards ;

and the others have under-sized horses on which we see emperors
their spears advanced as if to encounter re- mound'd, in various types of the Roman mint.
sistance. They are passiug over a bridge con- These, indeed, arc for the most part relatively
structed on three boats, “ precisely (says Capt. diminutive, whether the imperial rider is habited
Smyth) like the one over the Istcr, represented in the pacific toga, or in the garb of war
on the Trajan column. The bridge before us was under the legend of adventvs, or that oi ex-
no doubt over the same river ; since the Mar- ERCITVS
comanni, in abandoning Pannonia, sustained a ADVENTVS AVGVSTI. S. C.— On a large
dreadful overthrow, whilst crossing it. — The brass of Elagabalus, with this legend of reverse,
“ an equestrian figure of
legend of this reverse is imp. vi. cos. iii., with the type presents
v hit vs avo. on the exergue. There is another that emperor, with his right hand elevated, a
large brass of Aurelius, with the above reverse, sceptre in his left, and the chlainys floating
but inscribed Advent us instead of Virtue, and behind his shoulders. Mirsa, well aware of what
recording imp. vii. whence it affords a sure Macrinus had lost by not proceeding to Rome
testimony of the Emperor’s return to Rome, immediately after his election, urged her grand-
a. d. 174.” — For an illustration of this reverse, son, who was wallowing in brutal debauchery at
sec imp. vi. cos. hi. Nicomcdia, to repair thither. She prevailed ;

ADVENTVI AV Gusli FELICISSIMO. S.C. and he eutcrcd Koine a. d. 219, where he was
— This legend appears on the reverse of a large received with great demonstrations, largesses
brass of Scptimius Severus. The type represents being distributed to the populace, and public
the emperor on horseback, either alone, or pre- —
shews exhibited.” Smyth, p. 214.
ceded by a soldier on foot. — After having re- ADVENTVS AVGG. (Adventus Aug ustorum).
— Two military figures on horseback galloping.

by the destruction of
established peace in the east
Pescennius Niger, and with the design of march- This legend and type appear on a brass medallion,
 —— —— — — 1

ADVENTVS. AED. 1

struck in honour of the Emperors Trebonianus to with that of Gallicnus, his father,
face,
Callus, aud Volusianus, jointly, about a. d. 252, laureated, on the other side the legend being—
the computed year of their arrival in Home, Concordia avgvstorvm. — The reverse
exhibits
after the death of Trajanus Decius, whose son three galcated figures on horseback, their right
Hostilianus had already been associated with hands raised. Victory preceding them, and live
Trebonianus as an Augustus. soldiersaccompanying them, three of whom
On the obverse are the laurelled heads of both bear military ensigns.Near the horses’ feet are
father and son, surrounded by the legend imp. two captives seated on the ground. See con-
GAXLVS. AVG. IMP. VOLVSIANVS. AVG. TllC above — cordia avgvstorvm.
cut is copied from the volume of Buonarotti (pi. ADVERSA. The obverse, or — principal face
xviii.), who praises this
medallion as equal, in point of a coin; in contradistinction to the term
both of design aud workmanship, to the best aversa, or the reverse side.
examples of die-engraving, to be found in the ADYTUM, the most sacred place of a heathen
mints of the earlier empire. Thus much for art temple in which stood the image of the princi-
and taste, as still occasionally found manifested pal deity to whom it was dedicated. See Tcm- —
even in the lower age of the imperial coinage. plum.
But the device of two equestrian warriors, one AEBUTIA gens. — It is uncertain to which
with couched lance, as if preparing to charge an order, patrician or plebeian, this family belongs.
enemy, is a more appropriate type for a decursio, Its name
is found on brass colonial coins of
or a profectio mi/itaris, than for the peacefid Ccesar Augusta (Sarragozza) in Hispania Tarra-
approach of two newly-elected Emperors to the conensis, and also of Corinth. There are four
gates of “ the eternal city.” There is, moreover, varieties.
something more than strange in the assumption AED. Aedes or JEdificia, Edifices. —AED.
of the imperial title by both Gallus and Volu- S. AE'dibus Sacris.
sianus —
a circumstance which, as the learned and AED. P. or POT. JEdilitia Potestate.
acute author of “ Osservazione Istoriche” re- AED. DIVI. FAVSTINAE. A temple — of
marks (p. 312) “fa motto sospettare die Os- six columns, in which Faustina stands, or, as in
tiliano, non vedendosi nominato, fosse gia mor- others, is seated. Silver. To this may be
to, o di peste, o di morte vio/enla, procuratagli joined the legend of another denarius of the same
da Gallo, per getosia d’ Imperio.” The suspi- empress — viz., dedicatio aedis. The same
cion of foul play, in this case, is of the two, by building but no image within.
far the more probable hvpo thesis. This represents the aedes, or templum, with
ADVENTVS CARL AVG.— The 1

Emperor which, after her death, the elder Faustina was

on horseback, with right hand raised, and a honoured by Antoninus Pius. According to
spear in his left. —
This reverse appears on an Capitol inus, it was situated in the via sacra,
aureus of Cams (struck a. d. 282-3.) Some — and was at first dedicated to Faustina alone.
writers think it probable from this coin, that But, after the decease of the husband, religious
Cams actually went to Rome, from Pannonia, rites were paid therein to him also. This
before he proceeded on his Persian expedition. temple, the ruins of which at Rome are still ex-
But, at this period, to speak of the advent of tant, bespeaks its original appropriation, for on
the Emperor was not always intended to indicate its frontal the following dedication is still legible,
his arrival at Rome. (Eckiiel, vii. p. 588). This viz.,DIVO ANTONINO ET DIVAE FAVSTINAE.
observation is also justified by the mint of the ex The same edifice is likewise represented
s. c.
Emperor Tacitus. on other coins of the same empress, inscribed
ADVENTVS S. D. N. AVG.-— The Emperor, AETERNITAS, or pietas. Eckhel, vii. p. 39.—
with the nimbus round his head, on horseback, See templvm divi. avg. rest, engraved in
in the garb of Peace.
—
[Akerman describes this
equestrian figure as “wearing the diadem.”]
Cavlus, No. 493.
AED. (in others AEDE) DIVI. AVG. REST.
This appears on a gold coin- of Marcianus, COS. Aides Did Augusti Restitute.
III1. —
published by Pcllcrin (Mel. 1. p. 103), who On silver and large brass coins of Antoninus
reads the legend Adventvs Secondus Domini Pius (struck about a. d. 159) are the foregoing
Nostri Xvausti, meaning the second arrival of legend, and a temple of eight columns, with
the Emperor. Eckhel, on the other hand, deems two seated figures in the intercolumniation. The
it more likely that the single S constitutes pediment and entablature of the edifice arc also
part of the imperial title of Marcianus, and adorned with statuary.
should rather be read S acralissimi. [The opi- —
nion of Eckhel is entitled to the greatest re-
spect, and his interpretation is probably correct,
but on Greek coins the second advent is re-
corded. Sec Mr. Akcrman’s remarks on the
Coins of Ephesus, in Num. Chron. The S. pre-
ceding D. N. appears to sanction Eckhel’s ren-
dering.]
ADVENTVS AVGG. — There is a silver me-
dallion, edited by Buonarotti, bearing on its
obverse the head of Saloninus Valerianus Caesar,
without laurel crown, on the one side and face
;

C 2
 ; ; ;: —

12 AED1LIS. AEDILES.
This temple of Augustus first appears ou coins appellation of /Ediles Curules
; because they had

of Tiberius struck A.u.e. 787 (a.d. 34) ;

also in the curule chair, the pratextu, or long white
the mint of Caligula of different years and ;
robe bordered with purple, the jus inuiginis, or
here it is exhibited on coins of Antoninus, of the right of images, like the superior magistrates ;

year above-mentioned (Eckhel, vii., 25). These, privileges never attained by the plebeian ediles.
supplying what history has neglected to notice, To the curule ediles were entrusted the care of
teach us that such repairs and restorations, as the sacred edifices (especially the temple of Ju-
either the decays of age, or the effects of casual piter), the tribunals of justice, the city walls,
injury, had rendered ueccssary, were made by and the theatres ;
in short, all that was essential
the piety of Antoninus. The two statues in the to the religion, defence, and embellishment of
temple are of Augustus and Jidia, the latter placed the city, came under their cognizance. —
l’itiseus,
there by the Emperor Claudius. Gold, silver, Lex. Ant. llom.
and brass of Antoninus, with the same type, The symbols of the curule edilcship, both in
but inscribed templvm. divi. avg. also refer to legend and in type, arc found on denarii of the
this historical fact. — See Teinplum. Livineia, Phctoria, Plancia, Plautia, and other
AED. Acdilis.— AEG. PL. JEdilis Plebis.— families. In some of these, the curule chair pre-
A ED. CVR. ASdilis Curn/is. sents itself on one side, and the dignity of AED.
—
/EDI ITS A Roman magistrate, who exer- cvr. is stamped on the other, as in the above
cised the Edilcship, which was of three kinds coin of the Furia gens. Others present the figures
Plebeian, Curule, and Cereal. —
See an able article, of the two ediles, sitting between two measures
under this head, in “ the Dictionary of Greek filled with ears of corn, as in a denarius of the
and Roman Antiquities, edited by Dr.W. Smith.” Papiria family. Also a modius, or measure, be-
tween two cars of corn, as in silver of L. Licineius
Regains, one of which on the obverse has the
head of Ceres adorned with a crowu of corn ears,
accompanied with the epigraph of akd. cvn.
(See Livineia gens.) Likewise on a denarius of
the Flaminia family, a head of Ceres with the
letters, designating the Curule Edilcship, ap-
pears on one side, whilst on the other are figures
/ED I LIS PLEB1S. —The plebeian edilcship of two men, clothed in the toga, sitting together,
having each a corn car beside him, and below
was the most ancient of the offices above named.
is inscribed t. flamin. t. f. l. flag. p. f. ex. s. c.
It embraced many functions, amongst which
were the maintenance of the baths, aqueducts, meaning Titus F/aminius, Titi Filins and L. ,

common sewers, streets, and highways: also t he F/accus, Publii Filius, Ex Senates Con-vdto.
preservation of the public records and archives, (Sec Havercamp in Morell numi consu/ares.)
deposited in the temple (tales) of Ceres. The The addition of ex. s. c. denotes that those Curule
plebeian ediles were, moreover, charged with the Ediles purchased wheat for the supply of the
superintendence of commerce, and of what is Homan population, with the public money, by
now called the police together with the ma- authority of the Senate. This purpose is more
;
explicitly referred to, in the epigraph of ad.
nagement of provisions.
llavcrcamp (in Morel], Thesaur. Fain. Rom.) fry. emv. already given (p. 5).
gives two denarii referring to the office of Plc-
Eckhel observes, that the curule edilcship
beiau Ediles. One of these is of the Panina, was not unfrcqucntly attended with vast expense
the other of the Critonia gens. Both these both to the state and to the individuals w ho held
exhibit on their respective obverses, the head of the office. That of M. Scaurus (which according
Ceres spicifera, with the abbreviated words akd. to Pighius, took place iu the year of Rome 690
n.c. 58) is reprobated by early Roman wTiters, for
pi,. AEdilium Plebis on each of their reverses
are two togated men, sitting upon common the excessive magnificence of the public shews,

sedi/ia. Behind them is P. a. or Publico Ar- and the amount of largesses, almost beyond
gento (meaning coined with the public silver) belief, which, with a prodigal ostentation of
below we read M. fan. L. Cltrr. Marcias Fan- luxury and profusion, he lavished ou his official

nins and Lucius Critonius the two ediles em- year.

ployed on the occasion to which the coin re- /EDILES CEREALES. —This third class of

fers. — Eckhel, v. p. 198. Ediles was of

more questionable
much later appointment and of
origin, clashing ns they did iu
functional operations with the other two. Under
the free republic, the number of Ediles had been
limited to four viz., two plebeians and two
;

patricians. But according to Dion, two Curators,

with the like number of Cereal Ediles, were in-
stituted by Julius Cicsar (when about to pro-
ceed ou his expedition against l’arthia), fur the
/EDILES CURDLES. — Under the dictator- purpose of assisting in the conveyance of corn
ship of Kurins Camillus (». c. 308), the pntri- from foreign lands to Rome, and of distribut-
cians obtained the nomination to flic edilcship ing it among the people. (See Annona). This
of tivo of their own order, under the distinctive fact is confirmed by the inscriptions on two
 —

AEGYFI'YS. AEGYPTOS. 13
marbles, cited by Ursinus, bearing the words Egypt. The sistrum was a musical instrument
—
aedili ri.EB. CEBIAL. A denarius of Cri- sacred to Isis, in whose worship it was used,
tonius, who was a Cereal Edile, in the year of and national to Egypt. [See the word.] The
Rome 710 (b. c. 44), has for the type of its ob- canistrum, or basket of wheat, signifies the fruit-
verse (like Fannin above), the head of Ceres. fulness of the country, which is caused by the
“ And appropriately too” says Eckhcl, “ for we inundation of the Nile.
learn from Cicero, that the care of providing In reference to the sacred Ibis, a bird so pecu-
annona, and of preparing the Cerealian games, culiar to Egypt, that it was said to die, if taken
belonged not less to the plebeian than to the to other countries, Cicero has observed, “ the
curule ediles. The eminent author of Doctrina Egyptians, whom we are apt to ridicule so much,
num. vet. then makes an apposite quotation from conferred honours upon animals only in propor-
Livy, shewing expressly that on one of those tion to the advantage derived from them. Thus
occasions, when L. Valerius and M. lloratius their reason for worshipping the Ibis, was be-
were consuls (b. c. 449), the sacred ceremonies cause it destroyed the serpent.”
in the temple of Ceres were, by a senates con- A large brass of Hadrian, the reverse with-
sult um, placed under the jurisdiction and ma- out legend, but with s. c. in the field, “ ex-
nagement of the Plebeian Ediles.” See ceke- — hibits a majestic figure of the Emperor, with
ai.es. his left foot on a crocodile he is in armour,
:

The Edilcship was continued uuder the Em- with the paludamentum at his back, his right
perors, and it was not until the reign of Con- hand is supported by a spear, with the point
stautine the Great that the institution itself was peacefully downwards, and his left holds a
abolished. — Pitiscus. parazonium. This was probably minted in re-
/EGYPT VS; Egypt. — Augustus, having taken membrance of his visit to Egypt, and its date
possession of Alexandria, the capital city of the may therefore be nearly approximated for —
Delta, in the 724th year of Rome (b. c. 30), Hadrian, having passed through Jud;ea and
formed the whole country into a Roman province, Arabia, arrived at Pclusium a. d. 130, where he
and entrusted the government to some individual repaired the tomb of Pompey.” —
Smyth, Descr.
member of the equestrian order ;
prohibiting sill Cat. p. 103.
senators from going to Egypt, without special
permission. Egypt
distinguished on coins
is
bv the crocodile, the sistrum, the ibis, the lotus,
and cars of corn. The Nile, Jupiter, the Sun,
the Moon, Apis, Osiris, Isis, Scrapis, as objects
of worship with the Egyptians, arc also amongst
the numismatic recognitions of that country.
Egypt received no colony, after Julius Caesar’s
time but, as a province, was governed by an
;

imperial prefect (preefectus augustalis) to whom,

however, the privilege of the fasces was not AEGYPTO CAPTA.— This historical legend
assigned. appears on gold and silver of Augustus. The
—
AEGYPTOS. Egypt personified under the obverse presents the head of that emperor, with-
image of a woman seated on the ground, holding out laurel, behind which is the augural lituus,
in her right hand the sistrum, resting her left and around is read caf.sar. cos. vi. On the —
arm on the canistrum, or basket filled with reverse are the foregoing words, accompanied
fruits, and having on her right foot the Ibis with the figure of a crocodile, to the right.
standing. The sixth consulate being inscribed on this
denarius, shews it to have been struck in the
year of Rome 720 (b. c. 28), under Augustus,
to renew the memory of the capture of Alex-
andria, and thereby the conquest of Egypt, by
his great uncle, and father by adoption, Julius
Ca:sar. [The original silver coin is neither
rare nor high priced, but the same type restored
by Trajan is valued by Miouuet at 100 francs.]
—
iEGIS. This, according to the Greek ety-
mology of the word, was the skin of a goat;
some authors affirming it to be that of the goat

Amalthsea, others pretending it to have been

the skin of a destructive monster, iEgis, whom
Minerva fought and slew — after which she is
This reverse which appears on coins of Had- said to have placed its skin over her breast,
rian, in all the three [metals, was struck on the partly to serve as a garment, partly as a pro-
occasion of that Emperor’s visit to Egypt, after tection against dangers, but also as a lasting evi-
having been in Judaea and Arabia, probably dence of her bravery in the sequel she placed on
:

about the year u. c. 883, a.d. 130. (Eckhel, it the snake-haired head of Medusa. Roman Em-

vi., 488.) The type is elegant, on gold and perors often appear, in their statues and on their
first brass, and is peculiarly appropriate to coins, with tlieir chests covered with the /Egis
 — —, — —

14 AEMILIA. AEMILIANTS.
as with a cuirass and several coins of Domitiau
; Acnarii, a crown of oakleaves, the honour con-
and of Trajan exhibit those Emperors, with the ferred on him who saved a citizen, is added in
head of Medusa affixed to the bust, as part of the field of the coin behind the woman’s head.
the body armour. —
Sec Lorica —
also Domitianns. —
AEMILIA gens. There is a denarius of this
AEMILIA gens (origiually Aimilia), a patri- family engraved in Morcll’s Thesaurus, which
cian family of great antiquity, as both writers and bears on its obverse roma, and a female head.
coins serve fully to attest. It was famous for On its reverse M. aemilio, and an equestrian
the exploits and public services of its members, statue on a bridge ; referring to the building of
insomuch that they filled office, as chief pontiffs, the Pons Snblicius, of stone, at Rome, between
dictators, governors, senators, consuls, masters 6C0-688 u. c. (94-04 b. c.)
of the horse, military tribunes with consular
power, and triumvirs reipubtiae const it uenda
together with all the other magisterial and sa-
cerdotal functions. Buca, Lepidus, Paulus, and
Scauras appear as surnames on the medals of
this gens, and there are 43 numismatic varie-
ties. Gold, of the highest rarity Silver com- ;

mon, except scarce reverses. There arc silver

restored by Trajan. The brass are colonial. Por
the cognomen of Buca, see aimilia [Basilica]
ltKP ecit S. C. —
For that of Bantus see ter
—
Pavlvs. For Scaurus see rex aretas. The — AEMILIAXUS (Marcus or Cains Julius -Emi-
following relates to lius), was born in Mauretania, of an obscure
Lepidus. The coins of the Lcpidi are re- family, about the year of the Christian era 208.
markable for their commemoration of warlike A good soldier, and of an enterprising character,
achievements performed by persons belonging to he arrived at the highest dignities, and was
that branch of the Aemilia gens. There is a — honoured with the consulate. Appointed gover-
denarius belonging to this family, which bears on nor of Maosia and Pannonia, he repulsed with
its obverse, a female head with a diadem. On its great slaughter an invasion of the Goths, whom
reverse, an equestrian figure with a trophy on he also drove out of Illyria and Thrace. In ad-
his shoulder; around the type an. xv. pr. miration of his valour and firmness, as con-
li. o. c. s. on the exergue m. lepidvs.
;
trasted with the timid and yielding policy of
Trcbonianus Gallus, the Macsian and l’annouian
legious proclaimed him Emperor, a. d. 253,
he being then forty-six years of age. Ad-
vancing, after his election, into Italy, he de-
feated Gallus and Volusianus in a pitched battle ;

and those two princes having been slain by their

own troops, yEmilianus was acknowledged by the
Senate, who confirmed him in all the imperial
titles a. D. 254. Shortly after, being com-
The meaning of this abbreviated legend on pelled to march against Valcrianus, who liu^
a well known and interesting silver coin is been elected Emperor by the legions of Rhctiu
M. LEPIDVS A y norum xv. l’l Vetextatus. and Noricum, lie was killed by his own soldiers,
lost cm Occidit deem Servavit.
1 Tims inform- — near Spolctum, in Umbria, on a bridge after-
ing us that M. Lepidus at the age of fifteen, still wards called “ the bloody bridge,” in August of
Pnelextatus (that is, wearing the robe peculiar the same year. On his coins (which are of
to a patrician boy) killed an enemy [in battle] highest rarity in gold, rare in silver, and very
and saved [the life of] a Roman citizen. Vale- — rare in 1st and 2nd brass), he is styled imp. m.
rius Maximus (1. iii. c. i. n. i.) relates this fact —
AEM. AEMILLANVS AVG. IMP. CAES. C. IVL.
in almost the same words Aemitius Lepidus
:
AEMILI ANVS PIVS. FEL. AVG.
pner etiam turn progressus in aciem tiostem The above engraving is from a large brass
intermit, cicem seroacit. Cnjus turn memo- coin, of the legends and types on which the fol-
rabi/is (he adds) open's index est, in Capito/io lowing is descriptive :

statua buttata et incincta preetexta S. C. posita. Obv. IMP. AEM1LIANVS PIVS FF.L. AVG.
— According to the above-named Roman histo- (Imperator, iEmilianus, Pius, Felix, Augustus)
rian, a statue of Lepidus, dressed in the costume Laurelled head of iEmilian.
appropriated to the male children of noblemen Bee. paci. avo. —
(To the Peace of the Em-
till 17 years of age, was placed in the Capitol, peror.) —
Peace holding the olive branch and the
by order of the Seuate, as an honom-ablc record liasta, and leaning ou a cippus, or short column.

of this precocious act of valour and patriotism. AEM ILIAN" VS (Alexander), au usurper of
After further citing a passage from Macrobius, the purple, in ./Egypt, during the reign of Gal-
to shew that, in the times of the Kings, a similar lienus. — No authentic coins. — Akerman, vol. i.

deed, under similar circumstances as to age and p. 81.

bravery, had been performed, and had met with AELIA and ALLIA. Plebeian gens. The —
—
a like recompense Eckhel calls to mind (vol. surnames of this family, as they appear on its
v. 123) that on the obverse of another of these coins, arc Bala, Lama, Partus, Sejnuus. Twenty-
 — —— — ——

AELIA. AELIAN. 15
four varieties. and first brass common.
Silver legion to which they belonged is not marked on
The brass were struck by the monetal triumvirs the standard.” Melange, i. 242.
of Augustus, or are colonial of Bilbili3, iu Spain. Thetotal expulsion of the Jews, the desecra-
The following denarius is the least common : tion of their capital by the extinction of its
Obverse, head of Pallas, behind it X. Re- ancient name, and the profanation of its Zion
verse, f. paf.tvs, below, roma. The dioscuri to heathen idolatries, arc events shadowed forth
(Castor and Pollux! ou horseback. The word — in a rare middle brass, engraved in Vaillant’s
roma shows the coin to have been struck valuable work on the Colonics (vol. i. p. 152.
at Rome. The on horseback, with
dioscuri On the obverse is
spears in their hands, and the pileus on then- IMP. CAES. THAI.
heads, with stars over them, arc frequent and HADRIAN, with the
accustomed types of the ancient denarii. It re- laureated head of that
fers to Publius JElius Pattis, who was consul with emperor. The reverse
Cornelius Lentulus, a.u.c. 553 (b.c. 201). name of
exhibits the
AELIA CAPITOLINA. — Under this name of his new colony,
was distinguished the colony established by the col. ael. cap. aiid
Emperor Aelius Iladrianus, in the very capi- a temple of two co-
tal of which, under its ancient and
Judica, lumns, within which
sacred appellation of Jerusalem (Hiet osolyma), arc three figures, viz.
was, a. D. 135, destroyed by Titus. Ha- Jupiter seated, between Pallas and the Genius of
drian having suppressed the city, standing.
a great rebellion of the The types adopted by the moncyers of this
Jews against the Roman imperial colony, besides the legionary eagle, the
government, proceeded trophy, and the victory, comprise Romulus and
to expel them from Jeru- Remus with the wolf, Bacchus with his thyrsus,
salem and, after des-
;
the Dioscuri, Astartc, “ the abomination of the
troying the once Holy Tyrians and Sidouians also Isis and Serapis,
City, which he prohi- “ the abomination of the Egyptians.” A coin
bited the Jews from ap- of JElia Capitolina, struck under Antoninus
proaching on pain of death, he built on its site Pius, has on its reverse a hog walking (“ an
a new city, and called it after his family name abomination” to the Jews). Whilst Capito-
AELIA. lie afterwards sent a colony there to line Jove figures predominantly, with the eagle
people it, having commanded a temple of at his feet, and in one instance (Hostilianus),
Jupiter Capitolinus to be erected on the spot with a human head iu his hand. In short, it
where the Temple dedicated to the worship of would seem to have been the study of the Roman
the True God had stood, lienee the colonial government in Juda:a to insult, and horrify, as
title of the place, col. ael. cap. Co/onia Aelia well as to oppress, the once-favourcd people of
Capitolina. Jehovah.
The coins of this colony bear none but Latin ASUAN BRIDGE. — On the reverse of a
legends, and are brass of the three modules. firstbrass coin of Hadrian, without legend, is
Extending from Hadrian down to Hostilianus, the type of a structure, which is designatad by
they comprise the intermediate reigns of Anto- some as the ./Elian Bridge, at Rome, built by
ninus Pius, M. Aurelius, L. Verus, S. Sevcrus, that emperor over the Tiber, a structure which
Diadumeniauus, Elagabalus, Trajanus Decius, still remains, under the name of the Ponte di

and Hcreuuius Etruscus. San Angelo, communicating with the castle of

Pellerin gives a middle brass of this colony, that name; the mausoleum of Hadrian, and
which is of material historic importance, inas- one of his many great architectural works.
much as its legend does what no other ancient “ The medallion with the Pons AE/ius (observes
monument appears to have done, viz. it cor- Air. Akerman), quoted by early numismatic
roborates the truth of the fact asserted by different writers, is a modern fabrication.”
writers, that Hadrian was the founder of the —
AELIANA PINCENSIA. Within a garland
colony built on the rains of Jerusalem. It is of laurel. —
This legend on a second and third
described as follows : brass of Hadrian, has been supposed by Froelich
Obv. IMP. CAES. TRAIANO. HADRIAN'. LaU- and others to indicate certain public games cele-
reated head of Hadrian. brated at Pincum, in Mocsia, to the honour of
Rev. col. ael. capit. cond. A priest driving -Elius Hadrian. But Eckhel (vi. p. 445) regards
two oxen at plough, to the right ;
in the field, a it as one of the numi metallorum, or coins of
military ensign. — (See the engraving above.)
Here we see the title of founder given to
the mines, which are found inscribed with the
name of Trajan and of Hadrian. By supplying
Hadrian, by the term cond itor. “ Probably the omission of the word metallum, he considers
(says Pellerin), it is one of the first of the me- the meaning to be clearly elucidated metalla
;

dals that were struck at /Elia Capitolina, as it aelia. PINCENSIA. That is to say, JEliana,
exhibits the type of a plough conducted by a (so called, from its institutor, Allies Iladrianus)
minister of religion, who wears the sacerdotal and Pincensia from Pincum, near which city
dress. shews by the representation of
It also [on the Danube, in the neighbourhood of what
a military ensign, that Hadrian began by form- is now the town of Gradisca] these mines, or
ing this colony of veteran soldiers ;
but the metalla were worked.
 — — : —

-^vwu* w’-
fjfj
-it. *}/>)/-//»
4 ^ v* 8a%iI*c& .

16 AELIl'S. I
TINEAS.
AELIANUS (Quintus Valcns) ; one of the throne. Alluding to the approaching apotheosis
so-calleil tyranni, or pretenders to imperial aud of the sickening Ctcsar, the Emperor exclaimed
augustal rank and authority, during the reign of — * Ego Dirum adoptavi , non filinir.' And the
Gallicnus. The Museum Thenpoli contains the event verified the prediction.” (Descr. Cat. p.
following description of a 3rd brass coin, which 114.) —
The type above described is evidently
Eckhel supposes to belong to this usurper, but taken from fortuxa spes on an aureus of
its authenticity is doubted by Mionnct. Obv. Hadrian. —
See Caylus, Sunns. Aurea Lapp.
IMP. C. Q. VALENS AELIANVS. P. AVO. And on Rom., No. 350.
its reverse iovi. conser. avgg. with type of /ENEAS, a Trojan prince, the fabled son of
Jupiter, standing; the thunderbolt in the right Venus by Anchises. —
Arrived at manhood, he
and the liasta in the left hand. On the exergue accompanied Baris, the seducer of Helen, to
s. M. i. Troy, where he married Creusa, daughter of
—
AELIUS C/ESA R (Lucius Aurelius Ccjo- Priam, by whom he had a son named Ascauius.
nius Commodus Verus) was the son of Cejonius After taking that city, the Greeks proclaimed
Commodus, a man of consular rank, descended that every free man might carry aw ay some por-
from an illustrious Etrurian family. The date tion of his goods. /Eneas, in consequence, bore
of his birth is unknown. On the death of otf his household gods (Penates.) The Greeks
Sabina, he was adopted by Hadrian, A. U. c. were so touched by this action, that they gave
888 or 889 (a. d. 135 or 36), and destined to him the same permission a second time. /Eneas
the succession of the empire declared Cicsar
;
immediately took his father on his shoulders.
under the name of Lucius /Elius Verus, made They then liberated all his family, and left him
Prsctor and Tribune of the people ; and ap- to take whatever belonged to him at the same ;

pointed prefect of Pannonia, which province he time assisting him with means for quitting the
governed with wisdom and courage; created, for country’. After a variety of adventures, the
the first time, Consul, a. d. 137, and elected to incidents of which are immortalised by the Muse
his second consulate the following year. He was of Mantua, /Eneas arrived in Italy, with the
brother of Annins Verus and of Faustiua the remnant of his Trojans; gained frequent vic-
elder; married Domitia Lucilla. Of a hand- tories over the native tribes and states and at ,

some figure, dignified in physiognomy, and length, having killed Turnus in single combat,
he possessed a highly cul-
stately in carriage, obtained of King Iatinus his daughter Lavinia
was learned, eloquent, and
tivated understanding, in marriage. It was in honour of that lady that,
wrote with elegance in both prose and verse. according to the Roman legend, he built a city
Refined in his tastes, but effeminate in his habits, called Lavinium : and the further result was the
he fell an early victim to the inroads made on a union of the aborigines with the Trojans, under
weak constitution by voluptuousness and dissipa- the common appellation of Latins, ft is added,
tion. .Elius returned from Pannonia to Rome that he died in battle with the Rututi, on the
a. d. 138, and died on the very day appointed banks of the Numicus. From .Eneas Sylvius,
for him to deliver a florid eulogium in honour of his son by Lavinia, are said to have descended
Hadrian’s kindness to him. His body was de- all the kings of Alba Longa and lastly Romu-
;

posited in the tomb which Hadrian had built lus and Remus, founders of the city of Rome.
at Rome for his own mausoleum, now the castle (Pitiscus, Lexicon Antiq. Rom. Millin, Die- —
of St. Angelo, aud that emperor caused several tionnaire de la Fable.)
temples and statues to be raised to his memory.
On his coins he is styled
I,, caesar. They
aei.ivs.
are more or less scarce, in
all the three metals. His
brass medallions are of the
highest degree of rarity.
/Elius is represented on all
his coins with bare head,
curly hair and beard, aud a majestic countenaucc.
liavcrcainp (in Masco Christina , p. 69) has
engraved, and Capt. Smyth cites from his own
collection, a large brass of this prince, which with
no other legend on its reverse than tr. pot cos.
ii.ends. c. on the exergue, typifies “Fortune yEnea Pi etas The filial piety of /Eneas
with her rudder and cornucophc, meeting Hope, This hero is represented, on many imperial coins,
who advances in light vestments and bears the in the act of carrying the aged Anchises on his
blossom before her. This elegant device alludes shoulders, and the Trojan palladium (image of
to the fortunate exaltation of /Elius, and the Pallas) Ascnnius following
in his right hand,
expectation of his becoming Emperor. But the him. Sometimes the palladium is omitted, and
hope was vain; and Hadrian, who had cele- the boy has hold of /Eneas’s hand. This son of
brated the adoption with magnificent games, a /Eneas was also called lulus, and the members
public largess, and a donative to the soldiers, of the Julia family pretended to derive their
could not conceal his chagrin on perceiving that origiu from him a claim which is frequently
;

/Elins was passing to a sepulchre rather than a indicated on the coins of Julius Cicsar. An-
 —— ;: :

A5NEAS. AEQUITAS. 17
theme of national
oilier allusion to so favourite a markably fine portrait of that Emperor. The re-
flattery, with the Romans, is seen on a very rare verse, which is without epigraph, depictures /Eneas
denarius of the Livineia gens, struck by Livi- and Ascanius, disembarking from a vessel an-
neius Regulns, monetary triumvir under Augus- chored close to shore, on the coast, as may be
tus. Amongst the splendid and interesting series supposed, of Latium. Opposite to this group lies
of bronze medallions, struck at Rome under a sow suckling its young, under a tree above :

Antoninus Pius, is oue (of which the above is a which are to be discerned the walls of a city.
copy after Mionnet’s plate), with the legend p. M. Here, in the first place, we are reminded of
TR. P. cos. hi. and the type of .Eneas bearing the Trojan’s dream, in which, while “ laid on
Anchises from Troy, and leading Ascauius by the Tiber’s banks, oppress’d with grief,” he was
hand. The old man, covered with a robe, holds addressed by “ the Father of the Roman flood,”
a casket; the youth wears a Phrygian bonnet. in these words :

The reference on this medallion to the piety of Jamque ne vana pntes haec fingere somuuni,
tibi,
the Trojan chief (says Havercamp), is to be re- Littoieis ingens invents sub ilicibus sus,
garded as connecting itself with the surname of Triginta capitum foetus euixa, jacebit,
Pius, which Antoninus bore, and as conveying Alba, solo recubans, albi circum ubera nati.
an euloginm on the filial virtues of that Em- Hie locus urbis erit, requies ea certa laborum :

peror. —
Capitolinas, speaking of the afl'ection Ex quo ter denis urbem redeuntibus aunis
Ascauius clari conilet cognoiniuis Albam.
which Antoninus evinced towards his parents,
AZneid, viii. 42.
states that the name of Pius had been conferred
on him, because, in the presence of the assem- And that this nightly vision may not seem
bled Senate, he had given his arm to his father-
Th’ elfect of fancy, or an idle dream,
in-law, who was broken down by old age, and
A sow beneath au oak shall lie along,
All white herself, and white her thirty young.
thus assisted him in walking.
When thirty rolliug years have run their race,
There is a very rare first brass, with a similar Thy son, Ascanius, on this empty space
type, minted between the third and fourth con- Shall build a royal town, of lasting fame ;
sulates of Antoninus (a. d. 140 —45), and both Which from this omen shall receive the name.
were probably designed as a compliment to the Drydcn's translation.
good Emperor, whose dutiful attachments as a
son were further shewn by the statues which he Next, we have the fulfilment of the sign given
dedicated to the memory of his father and to ./Eneas, according to the promise of Tiberinus,
mother, as well as to others of his defunct rela- as described a little further on, in the same im-
tions. —
See Havercamp, Medailles de Christine, mortal poem :

pi. xvi. p. 77- Ecce autem subitum, atque oculis mirabile moustrum.
Amongst the contorniate medals, which have Candide per silvam cum foetu concolor albo
on their obverses the respective heads of Nero Frocubuit, viridique in littore conspicitur sus.
and Trajan, is one with aeneas for legend of
reverse,and for type the group of .Eneas, An-
Now on the shore the fatal swine is found
Wondrous to tell she lay along the ground
;
chiscs,and Ascanius that well-known subject
:
Her well-ted offspring at her udders hung
having been copied from earlier coins, Greek as She white herself, and white her thirty young.
well as Latin.
The city delineated on the above medallion is
JEnere Adventus. Arrival of ./Eneas in
Italy. —
In his celebrated work “ De la rarete
clearly Laviuium.

AEQVI. or AEQVIT. AVG. —

-Equitas Au-
des Medailles Romaines,” Mionnet has given
a beautiful engraving (whence the subjoined is gusts — (The Equity of the Emperor).
carefully copied) of a brass medallion, which AEQVITAS. —The Equity, referred to on
on its reverse, with remarkable minuteness of Roinau eoius, signifies that virtue so much to be
graphic illustration, typifies the description, desired in sovereign princes, which prompts
given by Virgil, of this aboriginal legend of Rome. them to administer the affairs of the public
(especially in re monetarid), with impartial de-
votedness to the interests of the people. Aequi-
las is almost always represented under the figure
of a woman, clothed in the stola, generally
standing, sometimes but not often seated, with
a pair of scales, or (but very rarely) a patera,
in the right hand, and in the left a cornucopia;,
or the hast a pura, or a sceptre.
“ The scales, that natural emblem of Equity,
are used by Persius to express the decision of
right and wrong —
the cornucopia; signifies the
good which results from examining into the real
merits of cases.” Smyth. —
The epigraph of aeqvitas (or aeqvitati)
avg. or avgvsti, belongs to the mints of Vitel-
lius, Titus, Domitian, Antoninus Pius, Pertiuax,
On the obverse, we read antoninvs avg. pivs S. Severus, Alex. Severus,Macrinus, Maximinus,
p.p. th. p. cos. vi. and are presented with a re- Gordianus Pius, Volusianus, Macrianus, Quietus.
D
 — —

18 AEQU1TATI. .ERA.
AEQVITAS PVBUCA, Of AEQV1TATI PVBLICAE females standing in full robes, with the attributes
presents itself on medals of S. Sevcrus, Julia of Fortune (i. e. “This
cornucopia: and rudder).
Domna, Caracalla, Gcta, Elagabalus, Gallienus. (observes Capt.Smyth) is an uncommon device
AEQVITAS AVG.— Equity with scales and for medals in honour of females and is only
horn of plenty. Silver. — See Voi.lsia.vvs. known upon this and one of Julia Paida so that
;

—
AEQVITAS AVGVSTI. — A woman holding it may be
taken for an allusion to the high for-
in her right hand a pair of scales, in her left a tune to which Elagabalus elevated those ladies.
cornucopia;. The inscription of Aequitas, in- But in this sense the device has little relation to
appropriately stamped on the medals of Vitellius, the legend.’’ —
Havereamp, in Mus. Christina,
of Domitian, of Commodus, of Sevcrus, of Cara- has given an engraving of this reverse.
calla, of Elagabalus, and such like tyrants, is —
ERA. Era, or Epoch, is the poiut of com-
with no more than strict justice engraven on mencement, from which years are reckoned, as
coins, struck under the reigns of a Titus, a taken from the date of some memorable event.
Nerva, and a Pertinax, by whom that quality Thus in Cliristeudom, especially Christian Eu-
appears to have been strictly and sincerely che- rope, we compute the number of years, from the
rished. It is indeed a virtue worthy of an em- era of Our Lord’s incarnation. The different
peror, as the bridle and rule of liis sovereign citiesand peoples of antiquity by whom the Greek
—
power a virtue which Ammianus calls the de- language was used, began the year from the
spised mother and the nurse of the Koman world; season of autumn, namely, about the autumnal
Mquitate calcata parente nutrieeque Orbit Ro- equinox, or from the calends of September
mani. — Spanheim. although, after the correction of the calendar,
—
AEQVITAS II. A woman standing with ba- promulgated under Julius Cirsar, the beginning
lance and horn of plenty. A silver medal of S. of the year was taken from the calends of
Sevcrus (struck a.d. 194) with this unprecedented January, in some Greek cities influenced by
feature in the legend of its reverse, was first pub- Rome. The commencement of numbering
lished by Eckhcl in his Sglloge, i. p. 103. lie is expressed both in the Varronian years
observes that in the mark a. it presents Equity from the foundation of Rome, and in the vulgar
and Liberality divided into numbers ; a cir- era from the birth of Christ. The year u. c.
cumstance noticed neither by Mediobarbi, nor (Urbis Condita), according to Tercutius Varro,
by Vaillaut. But the meaning of this Equitas began 753 years before the Christian era.
Duplicata he cannot make out. There is a coin According to Cato, Rome was founded in b. c.
of Julia Domna with the same reverse. Vol. 751 according to Polybius in B.C. 750; accord-
—
;

vii. 167-190. ing to Fabius Pictor in 747. Visconti (Icouo -

AEQVITATI PVBLICAE. S. C.— The three graphic Romaine, i. p. 14, 8vo. edit.) says
Moneta standing ;
each holds a balance in the “ Jc preferc, avec la plupart des chronologistcs,
right and a cornucopia: in the left hand ;
at the le calcul dc Varrou, qui fut lc plus suivi par
foot of each is a vase. On first brass of Sept. les ancicns, depuis lc sieclc d’Auguste.”
Sevcrus. From amongst the more illustrious epochs of
cities,and those of more frequent occurrence,
the following are selected, as bearing relation to
Roman History:
—
/Era Pompeiana the period when Cn. Pom-
pey, surnamed the Great, having made peace
with Tigraucs, King of Armenia, and driven
Mithridatcs, King of l’ontus, out of his domi-
nions, assumes the government of affairs in
Syria as a Roman province, subdues Phamicia,
—
and takes Jerusalem began about the year of
Rome 691 (b. c. 63.)
JEra Casariana, so honour of Julius
called in
Ciesar, the conqueror of Pompev, began with
the battle of Pharsalia, a. u. C. 706 (n. c. 48).
The three female personifications of the Roman The mnrder of Ciesar took place B. c. 44, Mur.
mint, each holding balances and cornueopiic, 15, in his 4lh Dictatorship.
with vases, or with conical heaps representing /Era Artiaca, derived from the defeat of
the three metals, at tlicir feet, occur continually Mark Antony and Cleopatra, by Octavianus
on coins of the imperial series, from Pcrtinax (afterwards Ciesar Augustus), at the battle of
and S. Severus downwards, especially on me- Actium, dates from a. u. C. 723 (b. c. 31.)
dallions ;
but these are for the most part accom- [But this mra, in Egypt and in some cities, takes
panied by the legend monetae avq. or avgg. its commencement from the following year, viz.
and serve to shew, that the princes of the lower U. c. 724 (b. c. 30) ; in autumn amongst the
empire assumed to themselves the supreme power Greeks.]
of coining money, in every metal, as signified by /Era Angvs/a/is, in which Octavinnus Ciesar
these imagines monetarnm. —
Sec Monkta. accepted the title of Augustus, is taken from
There is a first brass coin of Aquilia Severn, the year of Rome 727 (b. c. 30), or from the
with the legend of aeqvitas pvbi.ica. s. c. on follow ing year.
its reverse, the type of which exhibits three ERAR1UM. The Exchequer or Public
 — —

ASRARIUM. iESCULAPIUS. 19

Treasury the place where the annual revenues

;
the most ordinary acquaintance with numis-
of the republic were deposited, and which de- matics, inasmuch as it greatly surpasses the
rived its name from the metal of the money of colour so easily obtained from vinegar and am-
the Romans, viz. ties (brass). It was in the moniac. The true aruyo is in general decidedly
temple of Saturn and thence were drawn the
;
green, and at the same time forms a very thin
funds to defray all needful expenses, as well in covering, insinuating itself over the surface of
peace as in war. This JErartum was generally the coin in the most delicate manner, without
filled with immense riches ; and rarely, indeed, obliterating anything somewhat in the way of
;

did it happen, that the state laboured under any an enamel. This, however, as already observed,
want of money. The custody of it was confided solely applies to brass coins : for viror and rust
to officers, selected from the people, and who corrode silver coins, and for that reason it is
were called Tribuni JErar'u ; they were required proper to rub it off from them, with juice of
to be men in high repute for great riches, pro- iemons. —
Johert, Science de Med. i. p. 335.
bity, aud disinterestedness. Resides this ordin- AERUGO NOBILIS; the perfection of pa-
ary treasure, there was another, which bore the tina, which is the smooth, coloured varnish of
appellation of Sanctius /Erarium, because it was time. —Smyth.
in the interior of the temple, or perhaps because —
AES. llrass and copper were the metals first
itwas not allowed to he resorted to except in used as money by the Romans. Hence the word
pressing emergencies. Julius Caesar, wanting served afterwards, with them, to designate every
money for his own purposes, during tire civil kind of money, whether gold, silver, or brass.
war, took forcible possession of this deposit of And even at that period when the wealth of the
public wealth, anil carried away vast sums, Republic was at its highest pitch, every species
as is acknowledged by all the historians, although of current coin continued to be denominated
they do not agree as to the quantity. — In addi- Aes. —
The aes grave, it is evident from the de-
tion to these two treasuries, there was likewise scriptions of their writers, was brass (or copper)
the jErarium Mililare , formed by Augustus, for in bars, of the weight of a pound (ponclus
the maintenance of the Roman troops, the an- libralis) used as money, before the introduction
cient funds proving insufficient to furnish pay of a silver coinage. Eckhel, in support of this
for all the legions. —
See l’itiscus. opinion, cites Ecstus, who says Grave aes dic-
On
gold and silver coins struck by L. vini- tum a pondere, quia deni asses, singu/i pondo
ctvs. l. f. one of the moneyers of Augustus, libra, efficiebant denarium, ab hoc ipso numero
we read the following inscription, which, as dictum. The collecting of such heavy masses,
containing the initial letter of the word JEra- to any great amount of value, became so ex-
rium, may, with propriety, be cited in this tremely inconvenient that, according to Livy,
place viz. s. r. Q. u. imp. caf.. qvod. v. m. s.
: the aes grave was obliged to be conveyed to the
ex. ea. P. Q. is. ad. A. DE. Senalus 1‘ojml us- treasury in waggons. Subsequently, in order to
que Romanus, Imperatori Casari, Quotl Via obviate this objection, pieces of copper, of less
Munita Sint Ex Ea Pecunia, Quam Is Ad aera- weight, but without any mark, were roughly
rium Letulisset. A monument this of public cut; and these, on accoimt of their uncouth
gratitude to the Emperor above named, who by form, were called aes rude. This improvement
making and repairing great had contri- roads, is by some ancient writers ascribed to Numa.

buted to the public safety and who did this ;

Rut it was not until the reign of Servius Tul-
so far at his own cost, that he had caused to lius, that the Romans are, with any due degree
be conveyed to the Treasury of the State, that of authority, affirmed to have begun striking
money which was the fruit of his victories, and round coins of brass, with the type of a bull,
of the advantages he had gained over the foreign &c. to which they gave the name (according to
enemies of his country. —
See Eckhel’s remarks Pliny) of Aes signatum. —
See Brass also As. —
on a coin of the Neria family, corroborative of AES CYPRIUM; the copper on which the
the fact that the JErarium, or public treasury, Roman dupondii or second brass were minted.
at Rome, was in the temple of Saturn. — See See Smyth, xv.
also the word Saturnvs. /ESCULAPIUS, in the more general opinion
jERUGO. Rust of a peculiar kind in- of mytliographers, was regarded by the ancients,
creases the price of brass coins, being an or- as the son of Apollo and of Coronis, daughter of
nament imparted by nature alone, which the Plilcgius, King of Thessaly. According to the
utmost rivalship of art has not yet been able same fabulous authority, his reputed father con-
successfully to imitate. There is, indeed, some fided his education to the centaur Chiron, who
particular earth that communicates to the metal instructed him in medicine and other sciences,
in question a coating and a colour, which in its comprehending a thorough knowledge of plants.
hue of blue jasper, or turquois, sometimes even Conformably to the custom of those early ages,
excels the gem of that name. The crimson or he combined the practice of surgery with the
ruby, which adheres to other coins, is a sign of faculty of a physician and with so high a
;

genuineness. Others are covered with a natural degree of success was his career attended, that
vernis, or varnish, of shining and splendid vio- to him was superstitiously ascribed the power of
let or purple, leaving far behiud, in point of curing, by words alone, all kinds of wounds,
brilliancy and of exquisite smoothness, that brass contusions, fevers, &c. It was even alleged that
out of which statues are cast a quality which — he had raised many persons from the dead. So
never fails to be recognised by those possessing great, in short, was the celebrity he acquired,

D 2
20 jESCULAPIUS. jESCULAPIUS.
that divine honours were paid to him after his pious stream. Near it are several buildings and
decease and he was venerated as the tutelary
;
a tree, situate on a rock. The word aescv-
god of the healing art. jEsculapius had tem- LAPivs is on the exergue.
ples in many parts of Greece, Asia Minor, &e. The inscription and type of this reverse bear
lie was especially the object of worship at Epi- reference to the curious legendary narrative— one
daurus (a city of Agria, in the Peloponnesus), third probable fact and two thirds superstitious
the place of his birth. fable —
concerning tbc arrival of jEsculapius at
This pagan divinity is usually portrayed, under Rome which Ovid describes in his Metamor-
;

the figure of a sedate-looking, middle-aged phoses (lib. xv.) and which Valerius Maxi-
;

man, standing or (but rarely) sitting wholly

;
mus and other old writers have taken the pains
or partly covered with a cloak ; and holding in to give, in substance as follows: In the 463rd —
his right hand a staff, round which a serpent is year from the foundation of the city (b.c. 291) the
entwined. —
A denarius of the Homan family plague made great ravages within its walls. The
Acilia exhibits, on its obverse, the head of jEs- pontiffs appointed to consult the Sybilline books,
culapius laurcated, and on its reverse a serpent found that the only means of restoring health in
coiled round a staff. (Morell). —
On a 1st brass of Rome was to cause jEsculapius to visit it, from
Galba, the God of medicine is represented stand- Epidaurns. Accordingly, a deputation of ten
ing, naked, with right hand extended, and the principal citizens was sent there, with Q. Ogid-
left resting on his staff, round which the ser- nius at their head. Whilst these persons, on
pentine attribute is enfolded. —
A brass medal- entering the temple of the demi-god, were ad-
lion of L. Vcrus presents him on the same re- miring the beauty of the statue, the serpent,
verse with Hygeia, flic goddess of health and which the inhabitants of Epidaurns seldom saw,
;

on other medals he is seen attended by the and which they honoured as jEsculapius himself,
little Telesphorns, who appears to have his ori- made its appearance in the most frequented parts
gin in Egyptian mythology, and to be identical of the town, moving slowly about, and mildly
with Ilarpocrates, the god of silence. In de- looking around. After having thus shewn him-
scribing a middle brass of Caraealla, on which self, during three days to the people, he pro-

gEsculapius stands between Tclesphoms and a ceeded to the harbour entered the Roman gal-;

small globe, Pat in observes, that the Romans as ley, and ensconced himself snugly in Ogulnius’s
well as the Greeks, worshipped him, as the cabin, where he peaceably remained coiled up.
author of the health of Augustus, and after- The ambassadors having made themselves ac-
wards of every reigning emperor, for which rea- quainted with the manner in which the serpent
son he often appeal's on their coins especially
;
was to be honoured, immediately set sail and
on those of Caraealla, Albinus, and Gallicnns. landed at Antium. There the serpent left the
—
AESCVLAPI VS. The only production of the vessel, and entered the vestibule of the temple
Roman mint, on which the name itself of iEscu- of jEsculapius. After remaining there three
lapius appears, is a fine medallion, in bronze, days, it re-entered the ship, in order to he con-
struck under Antoninus Pius —
specimens of veyed to Rome and whilst the deputation were
;

which very great numismatic rarity are con- disembarking on the banks of the Tiber, the ser-
tained in the cabinet of (he Bibliotheqve Ra- pent swam across to the island, where afterwards
tionale, at Paris, and in that of the Imperial the temple of jEsculapius was built. 1 1 is arri-

—
Museum at Vienna. The obverse exhibits a val, it is gravely added by the Roman historiun,
laurcated bust of the emperor, wearing the paln- dispelled the contagious disease, for which his
damentum, around it is read ANTON IN VS avg. presence had been sought as the remedy.
i*l vs. p. P. tkp. cos. mi. —
The reverse has “ On the medallion of Antoninc (observes
for its type a serpent darting from a galley, Millin in his Dictionnaire Mythohgique), the
under a bridge of two arches. Before it is the Tiber appears tinder the usual figure of per-
Tiber personified, sitting in the midst of the sonified rivers. Near him is the isle of the
water. The right hand of this river-god is ex- Tiber, called Mesopotamia, because it is in the
middle of that river. It has the form of a
galley, as indeed was the case; and to this day
there still remain some fragments of it, which
have escaped the injuries of time and the inun-
dations. I pen fhc to]) of the prow of the ship,

which the isle in question is made to resemble,

is represented a serpent, in tortuous folds, ad-
vancing its head, in a contrary direction to the
current of the water. The temple of jEsculapius
built on the isle had a high reputation. The
privtor Lucretius contributed greatly to its em-
bellishment. It is now the Church of S. Rar-
tholomeo net iso/a, which is still one of the
most celebrated churches in Rome.”
On n denarius of CarncaUa, bearing for its
legend of reverse r. m. tk p. win. cos. mi. p. r.
tended towards the serpent ; fhc left holds a (Sovereign Pontiff, invested with the trihnnitinn
reed, and rests on an urn, whence flows a co- dignity for the 18th time, consul for the 4th
 —- — ;

/ESCULAPIUS. AETERNA. 21
time), -Escidapius is designated by his insepar- AETERN. AVG. Augustoimm. — Quadriga of
able attribute, and by liis side, lions, with Cybele on a car.— Silver of Julia
or rather at his feet, we see Domna, mother of Caracalla and Geta, who is

his dwarfish companion Tc- here represented as Cybele, as though she had
lesphorus. The fratricide brought forth eternal sons. Vaillant, Pr. ii. —
son and successor of the mer- 233.
ciless Severus, who caused AETERN. AVG. N. Augusti Noslri. — On
this silver coin to be struck, a coin of Maxentius.
is said by Herodianus to have AETERNA. — Rome is so called, either to
visited Pcrgamos, about a. d. 215, “in order to distinguish her from other cities, or on account
place himself under the tutelary care and heal- of the ancient opinion of the Romans that their
iug influence of iEsculapius,” to whom, amidst citv would be (Raschc.)— See Roma.
eternal.
combined tortures of mind and body, the fero- AETERNA EELICITAS AVG. Wolf with —
cious tyrant was profuse in prayers and sacri- the twins, on 2nd brass of Maxentius Banduri, —
fices. Under the frenzied illusions of a guilty ii. 157.
conscience, he saw his brother constantly before AETERNA MEMORIA. A circular temple, —
him, brandishing a naked sword, and launching with front of six columns, resembling a mauso-
the most terrible threats against him. Often leum, one of the doors half open ; an eagle
did he invoke the manes of the dead, and chiefly on the top of its dome in the exergue, most p.
;

those of his father, who appeared always accom- or most q. or most s. The obverse lias the
panied by Geta. He had already implored veiled head of Coustantius Chlorus with legend ;

Apollo in vain to restore him; and now he IMP. MAXENTIVS DIVO CONSTANTIO ADFINI
sought jEsculapius, who, having no respect for (or COGN.) —
Second brass, engraved in Bandiui,
murderers, was also deaf to his remorseful sup- ii. p. 90.
plications. This immortal memory (remarks Spanheim,
On silver and second brass of Albinus (the in reference to the above described coin of
latter with cos. n. for legend of reverse), iEs- Constantius I., father of Constantine the Great),
culapius appears, upright, resting his right arm this /Eterna Memoria was the great object, and
on his serpent twisted staff, lie also is found, esteemed the most glorious recompense, of a
with his usual attributes, on silver and third conqueror’s exploits. From this strong senti-
brass of Gallienus, sharing, as conservator ment of warlike ambition, and from the no less
avg Hsti (the Emperor’s preserver), those sacri- strong desire to be remembered by posterity,
ficial honours which that rash and reckless have proceeded not only the above inscription,
prince, amidst a world of calamities, physical, but also those of Memoria Perpeiua and Memo-
social, and political, was at the same time in ria Felix, which arc found on the coins of some
the habit of paying to Apollo, to Hercules, to of the Roman Emperors, struck after their deaths,
Jupiter, to a whole Olympus of other false and which clearly shew what must naturally
gods, whom he vainly invoked to save him and have been the true sense and meaning of their
his distracted empire from impending destruc- consecration. For the same reason, such in-
tion. scriptions are accompanied with representations
2ESCULAPIUS and his BOG, on a brass me- of temples, lighted altars, eagles, or of cars
dallion of Antoninus Pius. — Sec Bog of /Escu destined for public processions, which consti-
lapius. tuted the ordinary marks of these apotheoses. —
For a representation of -Eseulapius, as a young (See Cicsars of Julian, 211.) From the legend—
man, making his first essay in the healing art, of the obverse we learu that this coin was struck
on the wounded foot of an ox, see DEO aesc. by order of Maxentius, in honour of his deceased
SUB. or subven, on a coin of Parium. relation Constantius. — See Adfinis.
Types of /Eseulapius also appear on Latin AETERNA PIETAS. — A soldier standing, in
colonial coins of Babba, Corinth, Damascus, helmet, military dress, and cloak, a spear in his
Dcultiun, and Patrne. But it is on the Greek right hand, and a globe in his left, surmounted
imperial that we find the effigy and the vari- by a cross and monogram of Christ. — Eckliel
ous attributes of this demi-god, most fully de- 92), authenticates this as a 3rd brass of
(viii.

veloped. And on the medallions, in parti- Constantinus Magnus, in the imperial cabinet
cular, this object is accomplished, with great and Begcr gives a print of it in vol. ii. p. 805,
beauty of design and display of artistic skill : Thesaurus Brandenbitrgicus.
the figure of -Esculapius being, in these in- The obverse of this coin affixes, in its legend,
stances, generally grouped with that of some to the name of the Emperor, whose head is
princely petitioner for his tutelary favours, and veiled, the old mark of heathen consecration,
also with the goddess Hygeia viz. diws: it must have been struck
consequently
—
AET. JEterna. vict. aet. avg. Victory after his The mixture, how ever, of
death. r

walking. —
Billon of Gallienus. —
Banduri, i. 180. Christian emblems with Pagan observances, in
. —
AET. JEternitas See aet. avg. of Trajan. the inscriptions, is in perfect keeping with the

—
AET. ASlernitas. See gold of Vespasian. character and conduct of this able but most un-
AFTER. AVG. JEternitas Augusti of Hadrian. scrupulous prince a merciless conqueror, a cruel
Mtemo. — d.
;

AETER. n. diocletiano ae- father, and an unjust judge, a man whose —

ter. avg. — On second brass of Diocletian. “ piety'' even after his openly professed conver-
Vaillant, Pr. i. 252. sion to the religion of that Cross, through the
 — —

2 2 AETERNITAS. AETERNITAS.
sign of which (in hoc signo) he boasted of having ing a sceptre, or the hasta pura, in her left
“ overcome” his rivals, and attained the purple hand, and a globe surmounted by the Phoenix
(a. d. 311), would seem from coins, and other (see that word) in her right.
monuments, to have been much more of the
l’agan than of the Christian sort, and whose
whole tenor, shews that things, not
policy, in its
“ Eternal” but, temporal and secular, were those
which he sought and prized.

Amougst the attributes (says Eckhel, viii.

p. 457) borrowed by the emperors from the
deities of their mythology, that of Eternity
seems to have claimed the foremost place. The
AETERNAE MEMORIAE.—A round-formed Romans called that eternal which had no end ;

temple, one of the doors of which is half opened. which stood opposed to, because emancipated
On the top of its dome stands an eagle, with from, the conditions and restrictions inseparable
expanded wings on the exergue, post. This
; — —
from mortality in a word, something divine.
legend and type appear on the reverse of an But the term eternal was also applied to that
unique gold medallion, which Maxentins, a. d. which from its nature might admit of comparison
309, caused to be struck to the everlasting remem- therewith —
inasmuch as it was considered capable
brance of his son Romulus Cmsar, whose youth- of long duration. For this reason the Phirnix
ful bust, clothed in the toga, and with bare head, (itself a fabulous bird) was a recognised symbol

appears on the other side, with the legend mvo of eternity, because its life was, according to

romvlo nvuis. cons. The above cut is accu- popular belief, circumscribed not by years but
rately copied from the engraving in t. ii. p. 202, by whole centuries on which account Claudian
;

of the MedaiUes liomaines of Mionnet, by calls it (sterna avis ;

and the elephant, from its
whom this fine mcdallic relic of the lower em- reputed longevity, was likewise figured to signify
pire (15 lignes, French measure, in diameter), eternity. There were other things which the
is valued at 1200
fr. —
See some remarks on the law deemed eternal, as the fire of Vesta, the ex-
words nvbis. cons, in their place. tinguishment of which demanded great atone-
A legend in the same dedicatory form appears ment, and was viewed as a fearful omen.
on two second brass coins of (Jalerius Maximi- Some derived this attribute from public opi-
anus, one with the circular temple and eagle on nion, as koma aetekna, a common legend on
its summit, and the other with a square altar coins ; others from a vow, although an useless
lighted, and a branch placed in the middle, on one, as AETERNITAS
iMPK.nii, on a coin of
which stands an eagle, with a crown in its beak. Caracalla and as aeternitatibvs, on a coin
;

— Banduri, ii. p. 133. of Alexander Severus. The word eternity was

AETERNITAS.— Eternity, to whom the Ro- appropriated not only to deceased and consecrated
mans paid honours, although neither
divine emperors, but also to living ones and that not ;

temples nor altars were dedicated by them to solely on coins and marbles, but likewise by the
her worship, is represented on coins of the im- pens of ancient writers. Of this latter class of
perial series, under the personification of a authorities, one instance may suffice to be ad-
matronly woman, clothed in the stola some- ;
duced —
namely, that of the younger Pliny, w ho,
times veiled, at other times without a veil, some- in his letters, frequently addresses Trajan as
times seated, sometimes standing, in various ee/ernilas tua.But, in the case of living princes,
attitudes and with various emblems and attri- the use of such an appellation might be allow-
butes. She makes her monetal appear-
first able, because there was scarcely any other that
ance, under the reign of Vespasian. It is on could be employed with respect to them, except
gold and silver of that emperor that she stands the votuni diutemi imperii ; at least it is thus
near an altar, supporting in one outstretched only that one can understand and explain the
hand the radiated head of the Sun, and in the following allusion of Horace to Augustus :

other the crescented head of the Moon. Next Serus in coclum redens, diuque
she is seen on one of those first brass coins, Latins intersis populo Quirini.
which were struck a. d. 141, and following “Oh ! late return to hcav’n, and may thy reign
year, by order of the Senate, in memory of the “With lengthened blessings fillthy wide domain.”
elder Faustina, whose supposed immortality, her AETERN1T VS. — This legend i- commented
“ not wisely but too well” loving husband, the upon by Eckhel appearing on a brass me-
as
worthy Antoninns, delighted to honour with the dallion, in the Imperial collection at Vienna.
title of diva, and with the symbols of aeter- Struck under Pcrtinax, about a. i>. 193, it is de-
nitas. The type is here a seated female, hold- scribed to have for the type of its reverse the
 — —

AETERNITAS. AETERNITAS. 23

statue of tliat emperor seated in a quadriga of on a car drawn by two lions; signifying (as

elephants. The epigraph of the obverse is Havereamp observes), that the Empress, thus
divvs. peiit. pivs. pater, with the bare head compared to the Magna Mater Drum, and placed
of the emperor. amongst the divinities, is no longer subject to
A passage in the historian Victor explains the the accidents of mortality. —
On another large
legend of the obverse, namely, that in which brass coin, struck in memory of the same
he says, that at the consecration of Pertinax by princess, the same legend accompanies the type
Sept. Scverus, the people shouted till their voices of two, and even four, elephants (with their
failed pertinace imperante securi virimus ne- drivers), drawing a canopied chariot, in which

minem timuimus; patri pio, Patri senatus, Patri is the seated statue of the consecrated Faustina.

—
omnium bonorum. In reference to the type of AETERNITAS AVG. — AVGVST.— AVGVS-
the reverse, Eckhel cites the following short but Tl. —
AVGVSTA. —
AVGVSTA E. A\ GG.—
AVGVSTORVM. — (The Eternity of the Em-
—
elucidatory passage from Dion Pracepit Severus,
:

ut statua ejus aurea curru elephantorum vehe- peror, of the Empress, or of the Emperors.
retur in Circum. It was it appears, therefore, When any of these inscriptions are combined
by Severus’s order, that the golden statue of the with the title of the reigning prince, or with
murdered Pertinax was carried round the Circus that of the wife, son, or other branch of the
Maximus at Rome, in a chariot drawn by four imperial family, the accompanying types repre-
elephants. [This coin is not described in either sent, amongst other devices, sometimes a female

Mionnet’s or Akerman’s catalogues.] veiled, seated on a stag, and holding a torch in

AETERNITAS. P. R.— Victory approaching her left hand, as on a brass medallion of Faus-
the Emperor (who is clothed in the paluda- tina, junior ;
sometimes a crescent and seven
mentum, and holds a spear in his left hand), stars, as on gold of Pesccuuius N iger ; some-

offers him the Palladium. times an equestrian statue, as on first brass of

A large brass coin of Vespasian, with this Gordianus Pius or an elephant, with driver on
;

legend and type, was first published by Eckhel its back, as on silver and first brass of Philip,

(in his Syl/oge i.) and he observes that, although senior, and on brass of Val. Maximianus. Three
;

the expression jEtemitas Augusti is common on radiated heads, the centre full-faced, accompany
medals from the time of Vespasian, yet that of the same legend on gold of l’ostumus. A —
Eternitas Populi Romani was till then unknown. temple with image in the adytum ; or a woman
Victory here holds out to the Emperor the palla- resting one arm on a column, and holding a
dium, or figure of Minerva armed a super-
;
globe in the other hand, as on first brass of
stition derived from Troy, the safety and eternity Faustina senior. Two hands joined, on billon
of which city was believed to be dependent on of Gallienus.— A tliensa, with the Empress’s
its possession of that symbol. The same palla- statue on it, drawn by two elephants, as in first
dium, by whatever means brought to Rome, was brass of Faustina, the elder.— A female stands
supposed to bestow' the same protection and good holding a globe, surmounted by a phoenix, on sil-
fortune on the Trojan exiles and their descend- ver medallion of Treboniauus Gallus, and 1st brass
ants, wherever they went. This coin, Eckhel of jEmilianus, and 2nd brass of Carinus. The —
adds, was struck in the same year (u. c. 823, sun, with right hand raised, and holding a globe
a. d. 70) that Vespasian (having just before re- in the left,on small brass of Valerianus. Ro- —
ceived the empire, whilst at a distance from mulus and Remus, suckled by the wolf, allusive
Rome) first entered the city. Accordingly Vic- to the eternity of Rome, on billon of Gallienus,
tory offers to him the above-named precious and on second brass of Maxeutius. The Em-
pledge of the stability of the Roman coinmon- peror crowned by Victory, on second brass of
wealth. Tacitus, &c. &c.
AETERNITAS. S. C.-On a first brass, AETERNITAS, symbolized by the images of
which bears on its obverse the veiled portrait of the —
Sun and Moon. Allusion has already been
Faustina senior (diva avgvsta), we see this made to gold aud silver of Vespasian, on which
legend associated, on its reverse, with the image a female figure, in the stola, holds in her hands
of Cybelc, who, resting the right hand on her the heads of the Sun and Moon. The same
type appears on a middle brass of Domitian, as
given in Morell. The reason why we see types
of these planets, exhibited
on imperial coins, in asso-
ciation with the legend of
Eternity, is that Sol and
Luna were believed by the
Romans, in common with
the rest of the heathen
world, to be eternal ; and
eternity was cither feigned
to he an attribute of, or prayed for (vota) as a
blessing on, the Emperors. Thus, in the famous
inscription, published by Grater, is read soli
AETERNO. LVNAE. PRO. AETERNITATE. IMPERII.
customary attribute of the tympanum, is seated ET. SALVTE. IMP. CA. ... SEFTIMII. SEVERI. &C.
 — — ;; — —

24 AETERNITAS. AETERNITAS.
And iu another, lvnae. aeter. sack, pro presented, with a sceptre in her right hand,
SALVTE. IMP. CAES. L. SEPTIMI. SEV. &C. Oil “ like another Juno” (as Spauhcim expresses it).
these inarliles we see eternity ascribed to the
Sun and to the Moon, together with health
promised, by vow, to the Emperors. These
symbols were doubtless borrowed by the Romans
from the Egyptians. According to the authority
of Homs Apolliuus, the two great lights con-
stituted, in the glyphic language of Ancient
Egypt, the element, which indicates sieculum,
uevurn, cetemitas. This point of the subject is
further illustrated by the author of Doctrina,
tjfc. (vi. 23), in a coin of Trajan, which has for

the legend of its reverse as follows :

—
A ET. AVG. Aeternitas Augusti. A woman —
standing with the head of the Sun in her right sealed between two gracefid young females, who,
hand. Eekhel thus describes, as from a specimen lightly treadiug, hold her chair uplifted from the
iu the Vienna cabinet, under his own eye, a ground, as if on the point of currying her hea-
silver coin of Trajan, struck in that emperor’s ven-ward. Each of these nymphs holds a scarf
7th consulate. It furnishes, in conjunction with a of gossamer drapery, floating in an arch-like
similar legend and type on gold of Vespasian, one form above her head. —
Eekhel describes this
of the earlier among numerous proofs, that the Ro- beautiful coin, from a specimen in the imperial
mans assigned eternity to their Emperors, as a cabinet, at Vienna.
certain mark of divinity. The eternity of Trajan is
here typified by those two “ eternal stars” the
AETERNITAS AVGG. Apollo, or the Sun —
in a quadriga, elevating the right hand towards
Sun and Moon. That prince affords a particular a globe, which appears in the air, and bolding
example of this custom in allowing His Eternity
to be recognised not only on his coins, but in
in the left a sceptre or a whip.
—
[This legend
and type are exhibited on a large brass of Tctri-
his most confidential correspondence (see Pliny’s cus, jim. a
fac-similc engraving of which is
Letters, 1. x. cpist. 87). Amongst the ancients, published by the author of Lefous ite Humis-
Eternity was symbolized by the Sun and the matique llomaine, from that excellent writer’s
Moon because, says Mamertinus, Quulquid
; own collection. It is not noticed by, aud most
immortale est stare nescit , ceternoque motu probably was not known, at the time, to Mion-
se servat ceternitas. (Whatever is immortal net. —
Sec Tetricus, jun.
knows uo and eternity maintains itself by
rest ; AETERNITAS IMPERii. — Figure of the
eternal motion). “ His throne” (says the Royal Sun walking, his right hand lifted up, and a
Psalmist) “ is as the Sun before me, and as the whip in the left on silver of Philip scuior.
;

—
Moou eternally.” Eekhel also quotes Diodorus For Eekhcl’s remarks respecting the Sun, as
Siculus, to shew that the most ancient Egyptians, connected with the mouctal legend of aeterm-
iu contemplating with astonishment and admira- tas, sec the AET. Avo. of Trajan, iu the left
tion the universe above them, were led to think, hand column of this page.
that there were two eternal and principal deities, AETERNITAS AVG. N. (Augusti Host re)
viz., the Sun and the Moon, of which they called Castor and Pollux standing, the former on the
the former Osiris, and the latter Isis. Tristan — right side, the latter on the left. They hold
(vol. i. 381) describes a coin of Trajan with this spears in their right hands, and their horses’
legend, and as having for its reverse type, the bridles iu their left hands between each are the
;

figure of a woman, who holds the effigies of the wolf suckling Romulus aud Remus. On silver
Sun and Moon qui en soul (says he) el comme it and 2nd brass of Maientius.— See Angcloui,
est assez eogneu, les vrais sgmboles. Sec Doct. — p. 298, and Banduri, ii. 150, 151.
Hum. 181, for a commentary on
vet. vol. vii. p. AETERNITo* IMPER/7. — Laurcated heads
a coin of Sept. Severus, struck about a. d. 202, of Sept. Severus and Cnrncalla face to face.
on the reverse of which is inscribed concor- Silver. On another coin, in gold and silver,
diae aeternae, wherein further light is with the same legend, the heads of Caracalla
thrown on the subject of the Solar and Lunar and Gcta face to face the one lamented, the
:

types, appropriated to their coins by the other bare. —Caylus, Hum. Aur. Impp. No. 682.
Roman emperors and empresses, as symbols of The eternity of the Roman Empire, to pro-
their own deified immortality. — It is to be ob- pitiate the realization of which, according to
served, that no mention is made of the above Suetonius (c. xi.), games had been established
coin in either Mionnet or Akerman. by Nero, is here typified by the |>ortmitures of
AETERNITAS. S. C. — Among other coins, the sons and successors of Severus, whose race
which M. Aurelius caused to be minted A. l>. 140 became extinct in a single generation afterwards.
whilst he was himself engaged iu the infatuated AETERNITAS. S. C. The type which ac-—
employment of rendering “ the divine honours” eompanics this legend, on the reverse of a lnrge
of the apotheosis to his, “ aud every man’s,” brass coin, struck under M. Aurelius to record
Faustina, viz. the younger of that name the consecration of FAVStina PlA represents —
there is one in large brass, on which the her, “ wafted through the skies,” upborne on
Empress, or rather her “ deified spirit,” is re- the shoulders of a winged female, who bolds a
 ; —; — — — —

AETERNITATI. AFRANIA. 25

large torch in her hands. —-The airy figure last man’s “ Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes,”
described,from its light p. 108, No. 3, pi. xi. Deo. avgvsto. Ilispania
aud flowing- drapery, and Tarraconeusis.
the office it is perform- ADF1NIS or Afjinis. Cousin. — By this term
ing, might be at once of relationship Constantius Chlorus is called, on
pronounced to represent second and third brass of Consecration and Re-
a celestial genius, or an- membrance, struck under Maxcntius viz. imp. —
gel. But Occo styles it MAXENTIVS DIVO CONSTANTIO. ADFINI. The
Victoria volans Agos- term cogx. or cognat. (Cognato), is also used
tini, a winged Eternity on other coius dedicated by Maxcntius to the
it simply
Oisclius terms —
memory of his kinsman. See Aeterna Memoria.
a Victory and it accords with that described in
;
AFFINITY and Kindred. The titles of
the dream of Alexander Severus. Tristan treats father and mother ; of grandmother, son, daugh-
the typification with merited sarcasm
" Here ter, grandson, and great grandson cousin and ;

(says he) we behold the wife of Aurelius, carried kinsman ; are marked on Roman coins. Thus
aloft on the wings of Victory, or of Minerva, we find, Caius Cicsar, Did Julii Filins (son of
snrnamcd the Victorious. Aud this is done for the Divine Julius.) Caius and Lucius Cirsarcs,
her wise and virtuous conduct, and for her hav- August i Filii (sons of Augustus). Drusus Cicsar,
ing been victorious over vice and incontinence, Tiberii Avgusti Filins (son of Tiberius Augus-
of which that goddess was the declared enemy.” tus). Germanicus Ca'sar, Tiberii Augusli Filins,
— Capt. Smyth. Did Augusli Nepos (sou of Tiberius Augustus,
AETERNITAS AVGG (/Etcrnitas Augusto- grandson of the Divine Augustus). Caius Caesar,
rum). — On silver and first brass of Philip senior, D. Augusli Fro-nepos (great grand child of the
the reverse presents a caparisoned elephant, with Divine Augustus). Divo Maximiniano Paid
a naked rider, who holds a goad in his right (to the Divine Maximinian, the father). In —
hand, and sits on 'the animal’s back. (For an another instance, the coin is dedicated Divo
engraving of the silver type see philippvs avg). Maximiniano socero (father in law). Divo llo-
AETERNITATI AVGG. A bearded man, — mulo Ft! to (to the son of the Emperor Maxen-
hooded, and in the toga, standing with a harpa tius.) Divus Constantins Adfinis or Cognalus
or sickle in his left hand. (See Harpa). (cousin or kinsman perhaps) of Maxcntius. —
Banduri gives an engraving of this from silver Agrippina Mater Caii Ctesaris Augusli (mother
of Valcrianus, vol. i. p. 103. —
Eekhcl (vol. vii. of Caius Cicsar [Caligula] Augustus). Agrip-
383) observes, that the type, which also appears pina Aug. Did Claudii Casaris Neronis Mater
on silver of Gallieuus, is a new one, and of re- (wife of the Divine Claudius, mother of Nero
condite interpretation. After alluding to the Caesar). Domitella Divi Vespasiani Filia (daugh-
conflicting opinions of Banduri aud Tanini re- ter of the Divine Vespasian). —
See Jobert, par
specting it, he argues, with his usual ability, Bimard, vol. i. p. 256.
acuteness, aud judicious discrimination, chiefly AFR. Africanus. The African. Africani.
resting on the appearance of the harpa in the The two elder Gordians were thus surnamed.
hand of the figure, that it must be that of AFRANIA gens plebeia. —
There are eight
Saturn. He then extends his inquiry, as to the varieties in its coius. The silver are rare. The
connexion existing between the type of Saturn brass are As, or some of its parts (see As).
and the inscription of AETERNITAS. It has Tbc following is the rarest denarius of this
already been seen that the Sun was the most family :

usual symbol of Eternity. Now, Macrobius Obv. Galeated head of Pallas, with X (mark
affirms that Saturn was identical with the Sun, of the denarius.)
and he also shews, that Saturn was the same as Rev. Victory in a biga, at full speed ;
below,
Time. Euripides calls Time the Son of Saturn. S. AFRA. ROMA.
“ Therefore as Eternity consists of a perpetual The letter S. of the prenomen is generally
succession of Time, so we see Saturn very pro- read Spurius, but it also may be meant (says
perly serving to represent it. And truly the Eckhcl, v. p. 132) for Sextus; as on marbles
selection of such a type is the more appropriate Sextus as well as Spurius is found prefixed to
in this instance,inasmuch as he, who is said to the family name of Afranius. Ursin, who con-
have established the Golden Age in Latium, was fidently adopts the former, admits that of Spu-
also best enabled to furnish forth a Golden rius Afranius no mention is made on any ancient
Eternity.” —
See Satumus. monument.
AETERNITATIBUS. —A woman stands with —
AFRICA. The region, which the Roman
a globe in her right hand, her left arm resting on geographers comprehended under this name, was
a column. Silver of Alex. Severus. limited to the northern part of that vast conti-
The epigraph of this reverse is to be placed nent, extending along the shores of the Medi-
among those acclamations, which it was cus- terranean, from about the present pashalic of
tomary to make to the Emperors, and of which Tunis, to the furthest extremity of the modern
great plenty arc to be found (some applicable to kingdom of Fez and Morocco. As a Roman
the present inscription), in the life of Alexander province, it was one of great dignity and im-
Severus, bv Lampridius. —
See acclamationes. portance. It fell to Mark Antony’s share, after
AETERNITATIS AVGVSTAE CVTT.— the battle of Philippi. —
The annexed wood cut,
Colonia Victrix Togala Tarraco. — See Akcr- from a large brass of Hadrian, exhibits some of
E
 : — — — -

26 AFRICA. AFRICA.
th# numismatic symbols of Africa, all of which with great favour, coins of his (bearing the legend
|

are well described by Addison personified as a : of indvlgentia in cakth.) plainly testify. Ou

which account (as Spartianus states), lie was
|

worshipped as a God by the Africans, —

but
then it was under Roman domination. Doct.
Num. Vet. vii. p. 171.]

woman, the province “ is always quoifed with

the head of an elephant, to shew that this ani-
mal is the breed of that country, as for the
same reason she has a dragon [or serpent], lying
at her feet The lion on another medal, marks
.

her out for the Leona m

arida nutrix. The AFRICA. S. C. —A woman standing, holds
scorpion, on a third reverse, is another of her a cornucopia: in the left hand, and in her ex-
productions. Lucan meutions it in particidar, tended right hand a large crown, or garland.
iu the long catalogue of her venomous animals. First brass of Antoninus Pius; struck a. n. 139.
Ou other first brass, a dragon lies before the feet
quis fata putaret
of the province, and behind her are three corn
Scorpion, ant vires ma/une mortis habere ?
Ilte minax noilis, el recto verbere saves. cars. (Medaittes de Christine, tab. xv.)
[Lib. 9.] As in the mint of Hadrian, so in that of
Who that the Scorpion’s insect-form surveys, Antoninus, personifications of various provinces
Would think that ready death his call obeys, of the empire are exhibited, of which this is
As fierce be rears his knotty tail on high ? one, —
namely, that granary of Rome, Africa .

This part of the world has always, on medals, Eckhel coiisidcrs the object which the female
something to denote her wonderful fruitfidness, figure has in her stretchcd-ont hand is meant for
as it was indeed the great granary of Italy. the aurum coronarium, or garland-like crown of
Hence we see the genius of Roman Africa hold- gold, which it was a custom among the Greeks,
ing a handful of corn cars, or a cornucopia;, and afterwards copied by provinces, conquered by
resting her elbow on a basket of wheat, or fruits. the Romans, to offer to those who were held in
These are all emblems of her great fertility, and honour, or whose favour jvas sought. At first
signify what Horace alludes to in the words it was a voluntary gift; but afterwards
it became
an oppressive exaction by tyrant emperors, on
Frumenti quantum me/it Africa. — [Sat. 3. lib. 2.]
the more distant quarters of their dominions
Africa is personified, on a denarius struck under vast sums of money being at length required
the republic, by the head of a woman, covered
with the skin, tusks, and trunk of au elephant’s
instead of golden coronets. In— Bartoli’s en-
graving of the coin (MedaiUes
head. — Sec engraving in Cestia gens. tab. xv.) the African province is
de Christine,
eagerly step-
—
AFRICA. Gold, silver, and first and second ping forward to present a crown of the’ largest
brass coins, with this legend (the brass bearing size, as a gratefid dedication to the really good
s. c. in the exergue), struck under Hadrian,
represent the Province seated, with attributes
Antoninus. — Sec Aurenm Coronarium, in this
Dictionary.
of elephant’s head, scorpion, cornucopia;, and AFRICAE (ADYENTVT AVG.)—Sec p. 9.
canistrum; in others with those of lion, and
—
AGir. SI’E. FESEVS. The naked figure
corn ears. —
[Hadrian, according to Spartianus, of Theseus, helmetcd, standing with spear and
bestowed many benefits on that province.
HESTITVTORI AFItlCAE.]
Sec — shield, compels a Centaur, who holds a lyre,
and on whose neck his hand is laid, to fall down
AFRICA. S.G'. —
A robed woman, whose head- ou his knees. This type appeal's on a contor-
dress distinguished by au elephant’s proboscis,
is
niatc medal, given in Morcll's Emperors, with
stands holding out corn ears in her tunic. At the head of Nero on its obverse, bearing the
her feet is a lion. —
First brass of Sept. Scverus, above legend. — See Thesaurus Impp. Rom. t. ii.
engraved iu Havercamp’s Medailles de Christine, tab. viii. fig. 15.
tab. xriv. Spartianus supplies the explanation The group has evidently reference to Theseus
of this coin (struck a. d. 194), when he relates at the nuptials of his friend Pirithous; on which
that Scverus, on his first arrival, as Emperor, occasion, as Ovid’s fable [Metam. xii.
227] re-
at Rome, sent soldiers into Africa, lest, if lates, Eurytus offered violence to the bride
Pcsccnnius Niger should have iuvaded that pro- Hippodamia, and with the rest of his fellow
vince, there would have been a deficiency of centuurs, was severely punished for their insult-
corn-provision iu Rome. Besides, ns Africa was
the birth-place of Scverus, he doubtless bestowed
ing conduct, by the Lnpithic. —
Of the words
inscribed on the reverse no satisfactory attempt
many benefits upon it. That he treated Carthage has yet been made to elucidate the meaning. By
 — — ; ; —

AGRIPPA. AGRIPPA. 27
the lyre, iu the hand of the Centaur, it would that country. Agrippa marrieddaughter Julia,
seem that, after the example of Chiron, this bi- of Augustus, after the death of Marcellus, her
membered race cultivated the musical art. first husband, 733 (b. c. 21) —
was invested in
[Eckhel, viii. p. 288.] 736, with the Tribunitian power, which was
AGNOMEN. — Pitiscus explains this word by- continued to him for five more consecutive
saying, that the syupnyme of the cognomen
it is years, —
viz., to 741 (b. c. 13). Being sent ns —
(or surname) conferred by the act of Adoption. governor into Syria, he reduced Jitdiea, and
Eckhel appears to entertain a similar opinion. offered in the temple of Jerusalem a sacrifice of
The adopted Roman took the name, the pre- a hundred oxen. —
This great general and con-
ncmen, and the surname of the adopting party, summate statesman died in Campania, on his
keeping only the name of his own family. P. return from Paunonia, 742 (b. c. 12) aged 51
Cornelius Seipio, for example, being adopted by years, having been governor of Rome, three times

Q. Cmcilius Mctellus, quitted his prenotnen and consul, and destined by Augustus to succeed him
his name, calling himself Q. Metellus Seipio iu the empire. The remains of Agrippa were
thus he retained only the agnomen , the name he interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus. He
derived from his father, and was indebted to the adorned Rome with many magnificent edifices,
adoption for the three other names. See nomen, — amongst others the celebrated temple of the
cognomen, prenomeu (in suis locis). See also — Pantheon, which still exists. His coins are,
Adoptio. iu gold (if genuine), of the highest rarity
AGRIGENTUM — a sca-port of Sicily, situate in silver, —
very rare in middle brass, common;
between the rivers Agraga and Camicus, formerly ditto, restored by Titus and Domitian, rare.

celebrated for its commercial importance, and On the obverses of the gold and silver appear
rauking next to Syracuse. It is now called his head, with the legend M. AGRIPPA COS.
Girgenti. Its Latin coins consist of autonomes ( Consul) and that of Augustus on the reverse.
in silver and brass, and of colonial Imperial, The following describes one of his second brass,
struck under Augustus, who made it a Roman a well-known historical coin struck between;

colong. The colonial exhibit on their obverse the 30th and 28th year before the birth of
the triquetra and three corn ears and on their ;
Christ.
reverse the Latin inscription agrigentvm, on AGRIPPA (M) L. F. COS III. (Marais
two lines, within a crown of laurel. Prince Agrippa, son of Lucius, Consul for the third
Torremuzza, amongst other coins of this city, time). Head of Agrippa, ornamented with a
has given the following Colonial of Augustas: rostral crown. Reverse. S. C. (Senates Consulto)
avgvsto P. P. AGRIGENTI. Bare head of the Neptune stands
Emperor. Rev. h. clod io kvfo. puocos, iu holding in his right
three lines, in the midst of a circular legend hand a dolphin, and
salasso. comitiae. sex. UEO. livin'. See — in his left a trident.
Mionnet, Suppl. t. i. 368. The majestic figure
AGRIPPA (MARCUS VIPSANIUS), a re- of the Sea-sove-
nowned commander both by sea and land, chosen reign is finely de-
by Augustus to be signed, and a pal-
amongst the most lium, or a paluda-
familiar and inti- mentum, is grace-
mate of his friends, fully thrown over
and afterwards to the right arm and
become his son-in- left shoulder. The types on each side of flic
law. Bom in the above coin, bear allusion solely to the naval
year of Rome 691 victories gained by Agrippa. The image of
(63 before Christ), Neptune is appropriately introduced on the
of a family not reverse, inasmuch as Agrippa, by his success
highly distinguish- at sea, had signally humbled the pride of Sextus
ed, Agrippa was Pompcius, who had passed himself off for the son
raised, by his military talents and by his personal of that god. Thecrown (see Corona) on
rostral
merits, to the first dignities of the State. A hismanly but austere brows, points to his office
brave, sensible, honest, prudent, and labori- of Prafectus Classis, or high admiral. It was
ously active man, he was made Praetor in his a circlet of gold, relieved with figures of the
23rd year; appointed to the government of prow-s and stems of ships and this mark of
;

Transalpine Gaul at 25 and next to the com-

; distinction was presented to him by Octavianus
mand in chief of the Roman fleet. lie tilled (afterwards Augustus) Caesar, alter the fight he
these several posts with equal honour and suc- won near Mylce, together with the cceru.leum
cess. He defeated Sextus Pompcius in a naval vexillum (a blue, or sea-wave coloured flag), in-
engagement, and compelled him to abandon dicative of warlike triumphs on the domains of
Sicily. lie shared in the Victory at Philippi Neptune. “ Agrippa, it would seem, like an-
defeated Mark Antony at Actium, a. u. c .723 other Nelson, wore this identical naval crown, at
(b. c. 31) ; and afterwards effected the complete the battle of Actium ;” but unlike our own hero,
submission of Spain to the Roman arms, by escaping the fatal catastrophe to which so con-
vanquishing the Cantabrians and Asturians, so spicuous a decoration must have exposed him,
long the champions of national independence iu |
the Roman commander survived many years, to

E 2
 — : —— ;

28 AGRIPPINA, AGRIPPINA.
receive fresh honours at the hands of the man, attaches to her character. lu the year u. c.
whom his prowess, wisdom, and strategic skill 770 she joined her husbaud in Syria,
(a. d. 17),
had raised to the sovereignty of the world. only to see him perish there by poison adminis-
and the
Virgil alludes to this last decisive action, tered by the agents of Tiberius. Her fortitude
important share which Agrippa took in it, in rose superior to this calamity, though it was the
the 8th Book of the jEncid, v. G78 : source of almost all those other afflictions, w hich
at length overwhelmed her. Accompanied by
llinc Augustus agens Italos in pradia Cttsar,
her child, she brought the ashes of Gennanicus
Cum patribus, popaloque, Penatibus, et magnis Dls,
Stans cclsa in puppi ; geniinas cui tempora flam mas to Rome, at the gates of which they were re-
Laeta vomunt, patrinmque aperitur vertice sidus. ceived by the Senate, followed by the whole
Parte alia ventis et Bis Agrippa secundis, body of the population, and deposited in the
Arduus, agmen agens; cui, belli iusigne superbu in, tomb of Augustus, amidst the united lamenta-
Tempora navali fulgent rostrala corona. tions of the army and the people. Nevertheless,
Young Caesar, on the stern, in armour bright, by the command of that cruel emperor, w ho was
Here leads the Romans and their gods to fight her chief caliunuiator and persecutor, she was
His beamy temples shoot their flames afar, sent in banishment to the island of Pandataria,
And o’er his head is hung the Julian star. where Tiberius suffered her, after three years’
Agrippa seconds him, with prosperous gales ; privation and misery, to die of hunger, in 786
And, with propitious gods, his foes assails.
(a. d. 33). Her son Caius (Caligula), at the
A naval crown, that binds his manly brows,
commencement of his reign, brought back to
The happy fortune of the fight forc-shews.
Drij f!cn 3 Translation. Rome the ashes of his mother from the place of
her exile paid her the honours of the Circensis
;

AGRIPPA (M). PLATO RIN VS I11VR. and Carpentum caused the remains to be laid in
Bare head of Agrippa. the magnificent tomb of Augustus and coins of ;

lieu, caesar avgvstvs. Bare head of fine fabric to be struck to her memory. Those
Augustus. —
Silver. —
See Akerman, 1, plate iv. of Roman die arc very rare in gold and silver in ;

No. 2, ]). 142. large brass, common. The portraits of this

AGRIPPA (M). COS TER. COSSVS LEN- princess, in gold and silver, are on the reverse
TVLVS. — Head of Agrippa, with the mural and of Caligula’s coius, struck after her death, aud
rostral crown. of which the subjoined is an example.
Rco. avgvstvs cos xi. Laurcatcd head of
Augustus. —
Gold and silver. Also restored by
Trojan.
These effigies of Augustus and his son-in law
were struck on the same respective coius, by the
monetal triumvir Platorinus, on the occasion of
their serving the cousidate together, in the year
of Rome 727 (b.c. 27) the same year in which
;

Octavianus Caesar took the title of Augustus .

Sec platorinvs, and Su/picia gens. See also Agrippina MATer c aii r.\ES aris wousti
Corona muralis et ruslrata. GEVManici. —The head of Agrippina.
—
AGRIPPA, the younger, sumarued Postumvs
third and last son of M. Agrippa and Julia,
C. CAESAR AVG. GERM. P. M. Til. POT. The —
head of Caligula, laureated.
born in the year of Rome 742 (b. c. 12), after The large brass coins, minted by a decree of
the death of his father. Adopted by Augustus the Senate, in honour of Agrippina, present her
757 (a. d. 4), he was styled agrippa caesar, head on their obverse, and have on the reverse
after the decease of his brothers Caius and Lucius. the carpentum, or car drawn by mules, indicating
But, for subsequent misconduct was banished her apotheosis. The legend is, s. p. q. it. .me-
to Sorentum, in Campania, a. u. c. 7(>0 (a. d. 7), moriae agrippinae. (The Senate and the Ro-
and put to death by order of Tiberius, at the man People to the memory of Agrippina.)
age of 26. The only coin known of this young Ou the obverse she is styled agrippina m. r.
prince is a small brass of the colony of Corinth, mat. c. caesaris avovsti (Agrippina, daughter
bearing on its obverse the legend agrippa cae- of Marcus, mother of Caius Ciesar Augustus.)
sar corinthi. with the bare head of Agrippa Her titles on other medals arc agrippina m. f.
—
Postumus. Engraved in Vuillant’s Colonia, vol. germ anici CAESARIS (by implication, uxor —
i. p. 62. meaning wife of Gcrmanicus.) Sec Memorise —
AGRIPPINA, senior — daughter of Marcus Agrippinas.
Agrippa and of Julia, grand daughter of Au- AGRIPPINA. PRVSILLA. IVLIA. S.C.—
gustus, was born in the year of Rome 739 (b. c. Three women standing, with a cornueopiie, of
15). Married to Gcrmanicus, nephew of Au- whom the one on the right rests her right hand
gustus, she proved, by her conjugal fidelity, by on a little pillar, and with her left touches the
her feminine modesty, and by her more than middle figure, who holds in her right hand a
feminine intrepidity of mind, how signally de- patera, while the woman on the left has the
serving she was of that hero’s choice. Beautiful helm of a vessel in her right hand. First brass.
as virtuous, a little too much haughtiness of — Patin has giveu a similar coin, but in middle
temper and demeanour was the only reproach brass. — Schlcgel quotes coins with this type,
that the vindicatory and eulogistic pen of history and the legend tie pot. hi. iiii. (Morel), Impp.
 . —— —

AGRIPPINA. AGRIPPINA. 29

doubted by AGRIP. AVG. DIVI CLAVD. NERONIS. CAES. MATER.

vol. i. 622), but their genuineness is

Eekhcl

— There arc silver medallions of hers struck in

Asia, on one of which is a statue of the Ephe-
sian Diana, within a temple. All her coins, in
every metal, arc rare ; silver medallions in the
highest degree.
—“ — Of the large brass, Capt. Smyth
says have never been able to procure a
I

On this coin arc represented the three sisters single specimen nor is there one even in the
;

of Caligula. At tin; commencement of his reign, British Museum. Vaillant has figured two of
when he was affecting a regard for the members this magnitude, with reverses of Ceres and a
of his family, in order to gain popularity,
own triumphal arch but there arc no Latin brass of
;

Caligula advanced them to the highest posts of the other sizes. Agrippina was the first of the
dignity. He went so far as to give orders, that in wives of the Augnsti whose effigies appeared ou
all oaths the names of his sisters should be joined gold and silver coins of the Roman mint.”
with his own, and to assign them all the honours AGRIPP. (or AGRIPPINA) AVG. DIVI.
of Vestals but ending by seducing them all
;
CLAVD. NERONIS. CAES. MATER. EX.
three. When his passion was cooled, he banished S. C. —
(Agrippina, wife [by implication] of the
them all to distant islands, with the exception Divine Claudius, Mother of Nero Cicsar, by a
of Brasilia, who escaped that fate by death. It decree of the Senate [this medal, was ordered to
was, then, during the ardour of his attachment be minted.])
to them, that the coins in question were struck, Reverse type. Two figures, the one male the
on which the three sisters arc represented under other female, both seated on a quadriga of ele-
the forms of Securitas, Pielas, and Fortune. phants. —
The obverse presents the jugated heads
AGRIPPINA, junior- (Julia), the daughter of of Nero and Agrippina, around which is in-
Gennanicus and Agrippina the elder, born in a scribed NERO CLAVD. DIVI. F. CAES. AVG. GERM.
town on the Rhine, subsequently called after her imp. tr. p. cos. —
See Akerman, Descrip. Cat. i.
Colonia Agrippinensis, now Cologne, in the year p. 159, plate iv. No. 6. Gold. —
of Rome 709 (a. d. 10), was the grand daughter Vaillant, in explanation of the reverse, cites
of Antonia, sister of Caligula, and the mother the following passage from Suetonius (c. 11)
of Nero, by her first husband, Cn. Domitius Claudius procured a decree of divine honours to
Ahcnobarbus, a senator, whom she married 781, his grandmother Livia, and of a car drawn by
(a. d. 28). After his death, she was espoused elephants, in a Circensian procession, similar to
to her uncle, the Emperor Claudius, 802 (a. d. that of Augustus. —
Nero and Agrippina caused
49), and obtained the title of Augusta. She this coin to be struck (in gold and silver), in
was a woman of great beauty, but of the most order that the images of both Augustus and
profligate disposition ;
of lofty and penetrating Livia should thereby be exhibited to the honour
genius; of a proud imperious nature; of cruelly of their memories. Nero also dedicated statues
vindictive temper, and of insatiable ambition. to them, which are represented on one of his
When her vile ungrateful son, for whose ad- coins, with the epigraph of avgvstvs. avgvsta.
vancement she had acted most criminally, found —See the words.
himself uuablc to restrain her immoderate thirst AGRIPPINA, &c. Same legend as preced-
for power, he caused her to be put to death, —The type
ing. of the obverse exhibits the heads
812 (a. d. 59). She was the first of the Au- of Agrippina and Nero, face to face. The re- —
gustes, who obtained brass medals from the verse is NERONI. CLAVD. DIVI. F. CAES. AVG.
Senate. One exhibits
a female seated, another —
germ. imp. tr. p. The letters EX. s. c. within
a triumphal arch. She is represented, as is shewn an oaken garland. — See Caylus’ plates of Roman
in the above cut, on a coin of Caligula, in Gold coins, in the Cabinet de France, fig. 102.
company with her sisters Drusilla and Julia; Of this coin, Rome, in gold and
minted at
the word aghippina being inscribed near her silver, Agrippina occupies the most distinguished
image. The head of this princess, ornamented place, namely the obverse side. She styles her-
with a wheaten crown, appears on the reverse of self (by implication) the wife of Claudius, and,
gold and silver coins of Claudius. in direct terms, the mother of Nero as though ;

In the following denarius, we see, on one side, the government of the empire had been in her
the words agrippinae avgvstaf., with her head; hands, and her son only Ca;sar. It is on this
and on the other, ti. clavd ius caesar avg. account that Tacitus (Ann. 23), asks Vhat help —
germ. p. m. trib. pot. p. p. with the head of is there in him, who is governed by a woman? It

the Emperor Claudius. —

On other coins, minted is not to be wondered at therefore, adds Vaillant,

under Claudius and under Nero, she is also if the oaken garland was decreed to this woman

styled agrippina avgvsta mater avgvsti. and to her son, as it had already been to Cali-
 — — —

30 AHALA. AHENOBARBVS.
gula and to Claudius, ob rives servatos, by the tifies with the yoiuigcr Brutus.
it For, as on
Senate, whom she assembled in the palace, the father’s side, he was believed to be de-
where she sat discreetly veiled. Priest. Nun. scended from Lucius Brutus, so on that of his
hupp. ii. 60. mother, Servi/ia, it is certain that he had among
AGRIPPINA COLONIA, a city of Gallia his ancestors, Servilius Ahala, who, according
Bclgica, now Cologne on the Rhine. To this to Plutarch, under the dictatorship of Cinein-
oppidum Ubiorum, uatus, a. u. c. 315 (b. c. 439), slew with his
which, according to own hand, Spurius Melius, for aiming at the
Tacitus (Annal. lib. sovereignty. —Eckhel, with his usual felicity of
xii. c.27), was the citation, quotes a passage from Cicero, as throw-
birth-place of Agrip- ing light (which it does in a remarkable man-
pina junior, mother ner), on this denarius, in the following words
—
:

of Nero, aud last Brutos ego impellerem, quorum uterqve L.

wife of Claudius, that Bruti imaginem qnotidie videret, alter etiarn,
clever, assuming, and AhaL/E? [Should I (asks the great Orator) in-
uusenipidous wo- cite the Bruti, both of whom daily gaze on the
man, sent a colony and one of them
portrait (or effigy) of L. Brutus,
of veterans, in the tenth year of her imperial hus- on that of Ahala also ?] —
Sec Junia gens.
band’s reign, about u. c. 804 (a.d. 51), and gave Visconti, who, iu his Iconographie Romaine
it her owu name. It was to this town, as Sueto- (8vo. edit. t. ii. No. 6), gives an engraving of
nius relates, that Vitellius sent the dagger with this denarius, makes, inter alia, the following
which Otho killed himself, for the purpose of its remarks (p. 51) :
—
“ On the coins which Marcus
dedication to Mars. —
Goltzius has recorded some Brutus, or his partisans, caused to be struck
medals of Co/onia Agrippina ; but they were during the civil war, the head of Servilius
suspected by later numismatists, and particularly Ahala was placed on the reverse of that of Lucius
by Vaillant, who has made no mention of them Brutus, whom the murderer of Ca?sar affected
in his work on Colonial mintages. The annexed to rcckou among his ancestors. He doubtless
coin (in base silver or billon), registered by thought, that those domestic examples would
Banduri (i. 311) and of which an engraving as form an excuse for his homicidal outrage in the
well as a description is given by llaym (Thes. eyes of the Romans. This portrait of Servilius
Brit. ii. ta b. xxvi. p. 283, No. 5), as from the Ahala had probably been taken, like many
Duke of Devonshire’s cabinet, is considered, others, from one of those images which the
however, to be indubitably genuine. llaym families of the nobility gloried in preserving.
notes it as of good workmanship and well pre- The legend aiiala designates the personage re-
served. Mionnet also (in Ro-
his Sledailles presented on this side of the coin. —
Cicero re-
mainesj, recognises the following legends and marks that this surname of Ahala had becu
types, as those of a Latin imperial coin of Postu- formed by the suppression of the r, and by pro-
mus, minted in the above named Roman colony, nouncing the word asri/la (arm-pit), a nickname
viz. : given to one of the ancestors of Servilius, in
Obv. POSTVirvs p. f. avo. Radiated head of allusion to some particularities relative to this
Postumus. part of his bodily frame. The Fasti Ctjiilolini
Rev. col. cl. agkip. cos. mi. A woman exhibit the name of sometimes with
Servilius,

standing, with balance and cornucopia:. the surname of Ahala, sometimes with that of
Mionnet describes the type of the reverse as Axilla in consequence of which Pighius has at-
;

L’Equite debout, avec ses attribute. The let- tempted to distinguish one from the other, con-
ters cl. serve to shew that the place now so trary to the opinion of Cicero, who, in conver-
well known under the name of Cologne (for- sation with Marcus Brutus, respecting this same
merly the City of the Ubii), teas made a colony Servilius, gives him both surnames, without dis-

under Claudius, as Tacitus has affirmed. tinction. The Fasti Capitolini prove that these
AHALA. Accompanying this surname, surnames existed in the Servilia family before
which is that of the Scrvilia family, the the time of the Ahala who was general of
bare head of C. Servilius Ahala appears on a cavalry to Cincinnatus.”
denarius minted by Marcus Brutus, who assas-
sinated Julius Ciesar. On the obverse of the
same silver coin, is the bare head of L. Brutus,
one of the first two Consuls of the Roman Re-
public.

—
AHENOBARBVS. This surname, which
appears on a denarius of the Domitia gens, has
reference to one of the most popular legends of
early Rome. — The news of the importaut victory
The circumstance
of these two portraits being achieved by Postumius, over the Latins, near
included on the same medal, conclusively iden- lake Regillus (b. c. 498) reached and sprrad
 — —

AHENOBAR. AIMILIA. 31
through 'the city, with a rapidity, which, not- Neptune, which is the type, and in all proba-
withstanding the short distance between the bility was designed to represent, that edifice
two places, was regarded by the credulous and which Cneus Domitius Alienobarbus, one of the
over-joyed populace as a prodigy. Two young ancestors of the personage in question, had built
soldiers, as the story goes, had met Lucius in the circus of Flaminius at Rome, in honour
Domitius, a distinguished citizen, who was on of the god of the sea, and which he had filled
his return from the country. Announcing to with sculptural chefs d’ceuvre from the chisel
him the news of the battle and the success of the of Scopas. Cneus Alienobarbus seems thus to
Romans, they charged him to make it known to ascribe to the zeal of his progenitors for the
his fellow-citizens and in order to win his con-
; worship of Neptune, the constant safety and
fidence by a miracle, they touched his checks, success of his own vessels on the stormy waves
the black beard of which instantly became red. of the Adriatic.” — p. 221-22. — See also Morell
(Suetonius, in Nerone, c. i. Plutarch, Vita Thesaur. Fam. Domitia gens.
Pauli JEmilei, § 25). — It is said to have been AIMILIA (Basilica) RE Veda. S. C.— This
for this reason that Domitius was afterwards legend, with the name of m. lepidvs below', ap-
called Alienobarbus, red beard, or beard of the pears on the reverse of a denarius of the Aemilia
colour of brass ;
a sobriquet which attached family, the accompanying type of which repre-
itself, for many ages, to one of the most illus- sents a building, with two stories of columns,
trious families of the republic. —
The Domitii, and shields inserted between them, commonly
doubtless, were in the habit of exposing to view, called the Basilica Aemilia, or Basilica Pauli .

in the vestibule of their house, the waxen image On the obverse of the same denarius is the veiled
of that man, towhose eyes Castor and Pollux head of a woman on one side of which is a
;

had condescended to make themselves visible, garland, and on the other the simpulum. [By a
and whom they had chosen to be the bearer graphic mistake the legend auiilia is not made
of such good news. —
(Visconti, Iconographie -
to appeal at the top of the reverse.]
—
Romtdne tome ii. p 48.) At the period of the
,

civil war waged against Cassius and Brutus, a

member of the family above named, Cueus
Domitius Alienobarbus, had allied himself to
their party, and was placed in command of a
formidable fleet, which, crossing the Iouian sea,
blockaded the ports of Italy. This indivi-
dual, to defray the expenses of his expedition,
caused money to be minted, on which were
stamped the head of his ancestor, the Lucius It bears allusion to L. iEmilius Paulus, who
Domitius of the early republic, designated by served the consulship in the year of Rome 704
his surname ahlnobakbvs. The reverse type (b. c. 50), and to whom the merit is ascribed by
is a trophy raised on the prow of a galley, allu- old writers of having begun the reconstruction
sive to the victory gained by Cneus Domitius and adornment (b. c. 54) at his own expense, of
Imperator (Emperor, that is to say Commandcr- the above-named public edifice, in the Eorum at
in-Chief. —The battle alluded to was fought on Rome. Being, however, left in an unfinished state
the Ionian sea, between the port of Brundusium, by the founder, it was at length completed, and
whence the fleet of Octavius Caesar (afterwards dedicated, by Paulus Acinilius Lcpidus, in the
Augustus) had sailed, and Epirus, towards which year U. c. 720 (b. C. 34), according to Dion
it had steered. The event took place the same Cassius. The chief ornaments of the edifice were
day that Cassius and Brutus were defeated at its columns of Phrygian marble, of which Pliny
Philippi, in the year 42 before the Christian era. speaks in admiration. The zEmilian Basilica
(Appian Alex, de be/lo civili , cited by Viscouti was twice repaired, after damage by fire. The
in his work above-named.) first time in 740 (b. c. 14), when the temple of
AHENOBAR. — The denarius on which this Vesta was also destroyed, and it was then re-
abbreviated word appears is a numismatic monu- stored (refecta) by Augustus and the friends of
ment of the greatest rarity. Of this the eru- Paulus. The second time was during the reign ,

dite antiquary above-meutioned, has given an of Tiberius, on which occasion Lepidus, with
engraving in his Roman Iconography (tab. v.*) consent of the Senate, rebuilt and adorned it at
and he presents it as preserving the portrait his owti cost. —Eckhel agrees with Havercamp
of Cneus Alienobarbus. It is (says Visconti) a in considering this denarius to have been coined
piece of gold money, which was probably struck under Augustus not under Tiberius and points —
at the period when this Roman
admiral received to the head on the obverse as doubtless that of
intelligence of the death of Cassius and of Brutus, Vesta, allusive to the temple of that goddess,
and regarded himself as the head of the repub- destroyed in the same conflagration, which con-
lican party. The head, entirely shaved, is seen sumed the Basilica, and was restored by Au-
on one side of the coin, of which the surname gustus. The archaism too of aimilia (the an-
AIIENOBARia* forms the legend. On the re- cient spelling of aemilia), bespeaks it to be of
verse we see his other names, and his title, CN. the age of Augustus, rather than that of Tiberius.
DOMrrrvs. I., f. imp. (Cneus Domitius, sou of — Doct. Nina. Vet. v. 127.
Lucius, imperator). The letters NEPT. stamped This coin is valued bv Mionnet at 18 fr. The
in the field of the reverse, point to the temple of same, restored by Trajan, he prices at 100 fr.
 — ; —

32 ALAMANNI. ALBINUS.
ALACRITATl. —To Alacrity with figure of . relates haring defeated Maxentius,
that, after
—The foregoing
;

Pegasus. legend occurs for the Constantine passed into Gaul, and directed his
first, and indeed the only time, in the imperial
|
march against the Celtic tribes. With respect to
scries of coins, on a very rare middle brass of Francia, other writers make mention of the
Gallienus. The type also is found on one of the bridge which lie caused to be thrown over the
billon pieces minted under the same emperor, Rhine, in the territory of the Ubians, now the
but with a different legend [leg. i. &c.] diocese of Cologne, iu order to attack the Fraud,
Respecting this singular reverse, and its ap- or people of Westphalia, and towards the Isscl.”
propriate device of a winged horse (previously There is nlso a similar legend aud type on a gold
noticed aud engraved by Angeloni and Banduri), coin of Crispus, to whose ill-requited valour his
Eckhcl says, “ I do not remember any altar, de- father was mainly indebted for this triumph.
dicated by the Romans to Alacrity. It seems ALAMa««ia ET FRANCia. See Francia —
probable that this virtue, or good quality, in a A L A M AN N I A D E V I CT A.—Victory, at
sovereign, to have been here commended in Gal- whose feet is a captive bound, holding a trophy
lienus, in consequence of his having, imme- aud palm branch. This legeud and type appear
diately on his accession to the empire, and dur- on third brass of Crispus,
ing his first consulate, prepared an army in Ger- natural son of Coustautine
mauy, with great expedition, and sent it forth the Great. They constitute
against the revolted Gauls.” —
See Peyasns. another proof of the lead-
ALAMANNI, or ALEMANNI. — Under this ing share taken by that
title are to be considered as included the Ubii, heroic but ill-fated young
the Sicambri, the Tenctcri, the Usipetes, the prince, in vanquishing a
Catti, the Chcrusces that is to say, the inha-
;
most powerfid coalition of
bitants of the upper and lower Rhine, aud those enemies, and compelling
beyond that great such as the Westpha- them to acknowledge for awhile the asceudenev
lians, the Hessians,
river,
and the Saxons, as far as of Rome.
—
“ Placed (says Banduri, who pub-
the Elbe and the Wcser, on the bauks of which, lishes the coin) in command of the Legions in
as well as on the Rhine and the Meuse, Drusus, Gaul, Crispus fulfilled the hopes and objects of
in the time of Augustus, built forts and esta- his imperial father, by suppressing a formidable
blished garrisons, to hold the natives in check rebellion of the Fraud and Alamanni.” Spau- —
at the same time that he opened a road for his heira has given this reverse to a coin of Con-
troops through the llyrcanian forest. The vic- stantines, juu. but it is not included in thnt
;

tories of Drusus (brother of Tiberius) over the emperor’s mint by either Eekhel, Mionuet, or
Alamanni, are commemorated ou medals, under Akcrman.
the inscription de gi;um axis (see the word.) ALB. ALBINVS. Albinas — surname of the
But those exploits were not followed by the en- Postumia family.
tire subjugation of the Germanic nations, nor —
ALBA. Ou a brass medallion of Antoninus
was their country reduced to the form of a pro- Pius, without legend of reverse, arc represented
vince, in the same effectual manner as Augustus the fortified walls of that city. Within are the
succeeded in doing with regard to Gaul, .Spain, sow aud young above is /Eneas carrying his
its ;

Illyria, Egypt, aud other regions, over which father ;

behind him the fig tree, and before a
the Roman arms had been victorious. At a later circular temple stands an aitar. — See Scrofa.
period, however, of the empire, the Alamanni, ALBOGALERUS, a sort of cap of white
inhabiting that part of Germany, which is situ- wool, which the Flamen Dialis, or priest of
ated between the Danube, the Upper Rhine and Jupiter, alone had the privilege of wearing. It
the Mayne, were subdued, first by CaracaUa, aud was made from the llcece, or skin, of some white
afterwards by Proculus, in the reign of Aure- animal sacrificed to Jupiter, and was surmounted
liau. Afterwards Constautius Chlorus, whilst with a small sprig of olive. Iu the coins of
Cirsar, overthrew them with great slaughter. Julius Crcsar, this albogalcrus is seen to indicate
They continued, nevertheless, from time to time, the office of pontifex maximus. See Apex. —
to wage war against subsequent emperors, from ALBINAS (Jbecimus Clodius Sept unius)
Constantiuc tbc Great to Gratiauus and down- born at Hadrumctum, in Africa, had for his
wards. Nor were they finally brought to sub- father Cejonius Poslumus, and for his mother
jection until a. n. 4'J(5, when they met with a Aurelia Messalina. Highly educated, especially
decisive defeat by Clodovauis, king of the Franks. in geographical aud
strategical knowledge, he
—
ALAMANNIA. The reverse of one of Con- became, from a captain of Illyrian cavalry, one
stautinc’s gold coins has for its type, a woman of the first and most successful generals of his
seated at the foot of a trophy, supporting her j
time, in the chief charge and couduet of armies
head ou her arm, as if lamenting her captivity. |
under Marcus Aurelius and Commodus, being at
Round the field appears gavdivm romanouvm ; length placed in command of the legions iu
aud on the exergue is alamannia. Engraved — Bithynia, a. u. 175. Tall and portly iu statiue,
iu Caylus, Anrea Nmnis. Rom. Impp. No. 108. with round visage, frizzled beard, large mouth,
“ This medal (says Spanbeim, iu his Ciesars but with a very feeble voice, he was said to be
of Julian), refers to the victories of Constan- retiring and melancholy in disposition, severe
tine over the Alamanni, aud nlso over the in matters of discipline, and of a repulsive
Fraud, a nation between the Rhine and the hnmour ;
but his bravery and skill as a soldier,
Wcser. — With regard to Alamannia, Zozimus I his love of justice, nnd his respect for senatorial

%
 — ——

'
ALBINUS. ALEXANDER. 33

rights and popular privileges, gained for him all kinds of deferential attentions ; and the
the attachment of all classes in the state. He types on the reverses of his earlier coins bear
was manly in his habits, free from enervating testimony to his being influenced by this policy.
luxury, and, except his being a prodigious eater, But in the subsequent passages of his career,
without intemperance. Governor of Britain and being forced to enter into an open struggle with
Gaul, at the time of Pertinax’s death, he made his subtle rival, he declared himself Augustus
pretensions to the sovereignty, and was elected as well as Cicsar. And from that period, the
Emperor by the legions he commanded, in the medals in which he takes this title, no longer
year of Rome 940 (A- u 193). He succeeded in
-
evince the same character of caution and mo-
causing himself to be declared Cicsar, by Sep- deration. It is, however, necessary to observe,

timius Severus, the same year that merciless

:
that the latter (with the titles of imp. and avg.)
but artful man being at the time sufficiently are not to be found in gold aud silver whilst
;

occupied in subduing the eastern provinces of the bronze coins were still minted exclusively at
the empire. In the following year (194), Al- Rome, and could not accord to him a title which
binus served his second consulship with Severus the Emperor (Severus) aud the Senate refused to
himself for his colleague. But no sooner was grant him.
Pescennius destroyed, than Severus led his army In reference to this question, Mr. Akerman
against his rival in the west. “ The British also observes, that those coins of Albinus, which
legions under Albinas were opposed to those of bear the title of “ Caisar” are considered to have
IUyricum and the troops on each side combated
;
been struck at Rome, Severus having consented
with such bravery, that the result was long to his assuming that title and that those which
:

doubtful.” But, after many sanguinary engage- have the styles “ Impcrator” and “ Augustus,”
ments, fought with alternate success, Albinus was were struck in Gaul, after the entry of Albinus
defeated by his competitor in a decisive battle, on into that country. —A coin in the Vienna
the plain of Tinurtium (now Trevoux), between cabinet has Pater Patr'ue ou the reverse, the
the Rhone and Saone, near Lugdunum (Lyon), bead side bearing the title of Caisar. Another
in France. Aud under circumstances of gra- is described as having p. p. on it and avg. on

tuitously brutal triumph on the part of the con- the obverse. —lienee Mionnct supposes that
Albinus had a Council or Senate, in Gaul, who
queror, Albinus lost his
950 (a. d. 197).
life,

He was much
in the year u. c.
looked up to by conferred on him the honourable title.
—“ How-
many and, indeed, was as much beloved by the
;
ever (adds the judicious compiler of the “ De-
Senate, as they hated Severus, on account of his scriptive Catalogue of Roman Coins,”) its as-
fearfully vindictive cruelty. On his coins, sumption by Albiuus without license, must not
which are found in the three metals, and of all be wondered at in an age w hen Emperors aspired
sizes except small brass, this prince is styled d. even to divine origin.”
CLODIVS AI.B1NVS CAESAR IMP. also D. CLOD. On the same point, Captain Smyth says,
SEPT. ALBIN. AVO. —
and IMP. CAES. CL. SEPT. “ such medals of Albiuus as bear the title of
albin. avo. (on reverse P. p.) His gold and — Augustus, arc without the s. c. and are pro-
brass medallions are of the highest rarity. Silver, bably from the officina of Lugdunum since —
and firstand second brass, are also rare. those minted by consent of Severus, were issued
The large brass, from which the subjoined cut before Albinus had assumed that title.”
is engraved, was struck a. d. 194, as the mark ALCE, or Alces, an animal of the cervine
of his second consulate attests. species. —
A representation of this remarkable
quadruped is found on one of the saecvlares
—
avgg. 1st brass of Philippus senior. See Me-
dai/les de Christine, tab. xxxv. No. 18.
—
ALE. Alexandria casus (struck at Alex-
andria.) It is read on the exergue of second
brass coins of the lower empire, as in Diocle-
tianus, Gal. Maximianus, &c.
—
ALEX. Alexander. imp. caes. m. avr.
sev. alex. pivs. avg. —
The Emperor and Cicsar,
Marcus Aurelius Severus Alexander, the Pious,
the August.
Obi;. d. clod. sept, albin. caes. — Bare
head of Albinus.
Rev. FELiciTASCOS.n. s. c. Felicity stand- —
ing with caducous and hasta put a. See Felicitas. —
Khell, in his supplement to Vaillant (p. 10G),
has given an engraving of a most rare and ele-
gant gold coin of Albinus, from the Vienna
cabinet, with provid. avg. cos. for legend, and
Providentia, with her attributes, for type of its
reverse. ALEXANDER SEVERUS (Bassianus Alex-
Albinus (remarks the author of
intelligent ianus), born at Area (Cicsarca Libani), in Phoe-
Lemons de Numismatique Romaine) hopiug to keep nicia, was the son of Gessius Mar-
a. d. 205,
on an amicable footing with Severus, paid him cianus and Julia Mamsea. The care which bis
F
 — ) —

34 ALEXANDER, ALEXANDER.
mother bestowed on his education, amply com- (Quod tibi fieri non vis, atteri non feceris.J —
pensated for his early loss of a father and from
;
Alexander Severus had three wives. The name
his infancy he gave promise of those qualities of the first is not known the second was called
;

and excellent which distinguished him

abilities Memmia the last Barbia Orbiana, of w horn
;

through life, became a favourite with

lie soon only there are coins. He does not appear to
the best as well as noblest society in Rome. —
have left any children. The monies of Alexan-
Through the sagacious policy and persuasion of der Severus arc very numerous. Some pieces
Mresa, his grandmother, he was adopted by Ela- represent him with Jidia Mamma, and with Or-
gabalus. — Declared C:esar a.ii. 221, he took the hiana. His gold and silver coins (usual size)
names of Marcus Aurelius Alexander; served his arc common first and second brass also com-
;

first consulate the following year ;

and after the mon ;
gold, silver, and brass medallions, arc of
frightful reign of his execrable cousin, the the highest rarity. Ou these he is styled m. avr.
Romans beheld a youth of scarcely fourteen —
ALEXANDER. IMP. C. XI. SEVERVS ALEXAND.
years of age, on the throne of their emperors, nvs avgvstvs (sometimes P. P.) The cut at
possessed of talcuts, courage, correct morals the head of this biographical notice is from a
every human virtue and eveiy personal accom- silver coin. On the obverse, imp. ALEXANDER
plishment. His goodness as an individual, and pivs ayg. Laureatcd head of the Emperor. The
his wisdom as a rider, recalled to their remem- legend of the reverse, iovi puopvgnatoki (to
brance the happier times of the empire, and Jupiter the defender, whose image stands bran-
formed a striking contrast to the hideous vices dishing a thunderbolt), frequently occurs in the
and misgovernment of his immediate predecessor. mint of Alexander, which also has Ju/jiter Con-
On the death of Elagabalus, being saluted servator, Stator, and Ultor, among its types.
Augustus and Imperator (a. d. 222), by the en- Alexander occupied himself sedulously in re-
raptured Senate, he at the same time received forming the abuses which prevailed in the state
the titles of Augustus, Pater Patri®, with all of the Roman mint. Hence the legend rf.sti-
the marks of imperial dignity and from that
; tvtoh monetae on some of his medals, he be-
period uuited to his other names that of Sevc- ing the only one of the Augnsti who was styled
rus. —
In 229, lie proceeded consul for the 3rd on coins a restorer of money, lie also used
time, having for his colleague that year Dion electrum. “ About his time the sestertii (or
Cassius, the celebrated historian ofRome. It large brass) diminish in magnitude, public events
was during the reign of this emperor, that Ar- are given in less detail on the reverses ; and the
tabancs IV. King of the Parthians, was killed deitiesand moral virtues appear more frequently.
by Artaxerxcs, who re-established the Persian The coins arc however mostly common, and arc
monarchy, and caused himself to be declared retained in choice collections, only according to
king. In consequence of the hostile progress of their perfection or individual interest.” See —
this prince against the Romans, Alexander Scvc- Captain Smyth’s remarks on this prince’s cha-
rus led a formidable army into the east, (about racter and reign. Descr. Cat. 22G.
a. d. 231, according to Eekhel;) and having in
a great battle defeated Artaxerxes, whom he
drove back from the frontiers of the empire, re-
turned to Rome, where he received triumphal
honours for his victory over the Persians. The
same year he accepted the title of Pivs. In 235,
he engaged in another successful campaign. It
was against the Germans, who had taken advant-
age of his absence in the East, to ravage the Gal-
lic provinces. This was his last achievement. A ALEXANDER (commonly sumamed Tyran-
band of factious soldiers (instigated by the nus an usurper during the reign of Maientius.
Thracian savage, Maximinus, at that time ad- Born of Paunonian peasants, or, according to
vanced to be one of his generals), slew him and !
some writers, sprung from an equally ohsenre
his mother (Mamma), in the year of Our Lord origin in Phrygia, he entered the army, and
235, and the 27th of his age, after his having though of no great military talent, nor of any
bravely commanded the Roman armies, with very distinguished valour, became in his old age,
as consummate generalship and as much glory pro-pncfcct of Africa. In consequence of the ex-
as any of his predecessors, for 13 years, llis treme severity of Maxentins towards him, he
death was universally deplored, as that of the threw oil' his allegiance to that arbitrary prince,
father of his country, the friend of his subjects, and drawing into his revolt the soldiers who had
and one of the most just and generous of princes. invested him w ith the purple, caused himself to
The honours of consecration were awarded to be proclaimed emperor, a. d. 308. For three
him by the Senate, and a festival was instituted years Alexander maintained his usurped power
to his honour, which continued to be celebrated at Carthage but was at length defeated by
—
;

down to the reign of Constautinc. Alexander the troops of Maxentius, taken prisoner, and put
was the first Emperor who positively favoured to death, A. D. 311. llis coins, with Izitin
the Christians, with whose moral precepts he legends, in silver and brass, are of the highest
scents to have been acquainted ; for he caused to rarity. They were minted in Africa probably ;

be inscribed over the palace gate, the golden ride at Carthage. On these he is styled mr. Alex-
of the Gosjicl
—
“ Do as you would be done by.” —
ander p. F. avo. The above engraving from a
 — — ; —

ALEXANDRIA. ALEXANDRIA. 35
second brass, presents the laureatcd head of this her feet also are three ears of wheat, indicative
a<red usurper, whilst the reverse bears the type of the generally abundant harvests of Egypt.
of Victory, and the legend Victoria a lex and ri On the reverse of another brass coin, with the
avo. n. —
Relow p. k. On the reverse of a third same legend, and minted under the same empe-
brass, given with his portrait, in Banduri, ii. ror, Alexandria sits with corn-ears in her right
p.
161, we read ixvicta roma. felix kakthago — hand and cornucopia; in her left: her arm resting
the type being a woman holding corn cars in on the canislrum . — See Oiselius, tab. xxxiv.
each hand. ALEXANDRIA TROAS (Colonia). —A city
ALEXANDRia AEGYP'IV. Alexandria, the — so called from beiug situated on that part of
its
capital of lower Egypt, an emporium of most the coast of Mysia, called the Troad, or plain
opu-
lent commerce. It was called Rome, by M. An- of Troy, eternized by the Iliad of Homer.
tony, when he held his third consulship (b. c. 61) According to Strabo, it received the appellation
therein. —
There is a coin of that triumvir, bear- of Alexandria, from Alexander the Great, yvho
ing the foregoing inscription, which has for its was the first to elevate it to the rank of a free
type a palm tree, with fruit pendent beneath its city from that period it continued increasing
:

branches, and round it is the corona hcderacea, until the invasion and occupation of Asia Minor
or ivy crown. The palm abounded beyond all by the Romans, yvho unceasingly added to its
other trees in Egypt, and was the usual symbol splendour. and
Julius Caisar greatly improved
of Alexandria. And perhaps, says Oiselius, who ornamented His example was folloyved by
it.
gives an engraving of this coin (tab. xxxiv. Augustus, who made it a Roman Colony and
No. 3, p. 149) the crown of ivy being a symbol Hadrian (says Justin) adorned it with baths and
of Bacchus, it is here conjoined with the palm aqueducts. It yvas from Augustus, that the city
tree, by M. Antony, who had already ordered took the name of Augusta. But it yvas not
himself to be called Bacchus. called Alexandria on coins before the reign of
ALEXANDRIA. —On the reverse of a silver Caracalla and then it re-assumed the name,
;

Hadrian (engraved in Oiselius, tab. xxxiv. p. either to flatter that prince’s affected fondness
149), the type of a female standing, clothed in for the memory of Alexander the Great, or iu
a^ tunic supposed to represent the genius of
I
acknowledgment of upon it by
benefits conferred
k-.vpt] She holds in her right hand the sistrum, him as the eldest sonand expectant successor of
in connexion with the worship of Isis [the move- Septimius Severus. The era of Alexander Troas
ment of that instrument signifying the rise of is fixed by .Miouuet (Supplmt. t. v. 508) at 454
the Nile.] In her left hand she holds a bucket years from the foundation of Rome, 300 b. c.
or waterpot (situla) by which is indicated the Its ruins still exist, and are called by the Turks
flow of canals or watercourses. Rasche.
The genius of Alexandria, or of Egypt in
— Eski-Stambul or Old Constantinople.
',

Among the Latin colonial autonomes (de-

general, is figured on a brass medal of Hadrian scribed by Miounet, vol. ii. p. 639) is the fol-
(struck in Egypt), as a man, wearing on his own loyving singular one, viz. Obv. co. alex.
:

head the skiu ol an elephant’s, and holdiug in his tro. Turreted head of a woman. Rev. A pea-
right hand a bundle of corn ears. He takes with sant or shepherd, holdiug in his right hand the
the hand that of the emperor, and lifts it to
left pedum ; he stands by the side of a cave, on
his lips, as if to kiss it, in acknowledgment of yvhich the Sybil llerophile rests herself: behind
Hadrians benefits to the city and country-.
Round the coin is engraved alexandrea, and
the shepherd is a ram. —
The other types of this
period of the colony’s mint, are apol. zminthe.
in the field lie (year xv).— Zoega, Rum.
AEgypt. Apollo Sminthius (sec Apollo) standing a fawn —
vii.

a
—
[Air. Akcrman, some time ago, referring to
specimen
of this very interesting coin, then in
— the vcxillum —
an eagle yvith a bull’s head.
The colonial imperial coins extend in nearly
his own had remarked that the
possession, an unbroken succession of reigns from Trajan to
numeral 1 5 denotes the year of Hadrian’s ar- Gallieuus and Saloniua. They are numerous,
rival at Alexandria.] aud some few yvorthy of notice. On these yve
ALEXANDRIA. S. C. — On
first and second read col. avg. (troa or troad.) col. avo. —
brass of Hadrian, the
of Alexandria is
city tro. alex. Colonia Augusta Troas, (or Troa-
personified by a xvomau seated on the densis) Alexandria, or col. av-g. tro. or tr.
ground,
holdiug ears of corn in her right hand. Near her There is, on a second brass dedicated by the
city of Troas to Caracalla, the type of a horse
dcpasccut, behind which
is a tree and by its side ;

isthe figure of a rustic,

yvho bears the pedum in
his right hand. — Of this
reverse the annexed cut
is a copy, after a speci-
men in the British Mu-
seum. — Vaillant, yvho (in
Coloniis, i. 46), describes the figure, as simply
that of a shepherd holding the crook, usually
left arm rises a vine branch, and her elbow rests employed in his pastoral vocation, considers this
on a vase, near which is a bunch of grapes. At device of man, horse, and tree, to indicate the

F 2
 — ; ; — — — —— —

36 ALEXANDRIA. ALEXANDRIA.
confirmation of privileges ami immunities, grant- who is carried to the skies between the wings of
ed to the Troadensians by Caraealla. a griffin, holding his right hand on his head,
Among the imperial and a lyre in his left. (Scstini.) Another coin —
series, all with Latin of the same emperor, with col. av. troa. on its
legends, struck in this reverse, presents nine figures seated on a circular
Roman colony, one, estrade. (Cabinet de Rollin a Paris.)
which is dedicated to In the selection of ancient coins from the
the honour of Crispins, eminently rare and choice cabinet of M. Allier
wife of Commodus, is of dc llautcroche, described and engraved by M.
good design, and curious Du Mcrsan, is one (pi. xiii. fig. 3) dedicated by
in its typification. tills colony to Cararalla.
Obv. CRISPINA AV- On the obverse is m.
gvsta.— Head of the Empress. avrel. ANTONIN, and the
Reo. col. avg. troad. (The August Colony laurelled head of that em-
of Troas.) —
A figure standing in a military dress, peror. — The reverse (as
sacrificing at a tripod, in front of the statue of will be seen by the annex-
Apollo, which stands on a cippus or pedestal. ed cut) bears for legend
Above the tripod is an eagle with expanded COL. ALEXAND. D. AVG.
wings, holding in its talons the head of a bull. and for type an equestrian
Vnillant, in coloniis, i. p. 223. figure, with right hand raised, riding at speed,
[Pcllerin (in his Melange de Med. T. i. pi. xvii. before, what M. Du Mersan calls, the statue of
No. 15), gives a coin of this colony, dedicated Minerva but which, by the turreted crown,
to Commodus himself, from which the above and from other numismatic analogies, Mr. Akcr-
wood-cut is taken. The type differs a little from man appears fully warranted in pronouncing to
Ihat on Crispina’s above described, inasmuch as, be the Genius of the Colony.
for the tripod is substituted a lighted altar and ;
The other types of this colony consist of the
the sacrificcr wears a cloak over his military head of a turreted woman and the vexillum; also
dress, and holds a sceptre, instead of a spear, in Apollo Smiuthius (see the word), as in Hadrian
his left hand.] and in Commodus. —
Victory marching; and
“ This
medal (says Vaillant), refers to the Eagle with head of an ox ; struck under Anto-
augury which was taken when the foundations ninus Fins. —
A satyr, with wine-skin on his
of New Troy (Alexandria Troas), were about shoulder; a horse feeding, under M. Aurelias; a
to be laid. Strabo relates (Lib. xiii.) that tripod and a crow beside it a turreted woman
;

the city was built where now is, from

it the carrying the palladium and vexillum ; Hercules
ruins of ancient Troy, by command of the standing in repose like that (says Mionnet) of the
Oracle. Now' all this me very clearly
appears to Palais Earnese; minted under Commodus. Her-
expressed in the medal before us. For indeed, cules strangling Anticus Si ten us, supjiorted by
;

whilst the founder of New Troy is performing two Bacchants, and a satyr before him, minted
sacrifice at the tripod of Apollo (who was the under Caraealla. Remus and Romulus with the
guardian deity of Old Troy), with a view to wolf, struck under Elagabalus. Equestrian figure
learn what place he ought to upon for the
fix before a statue of Apollo, as in Miesa. Emperor
city which he designed to an eagle is seen
build, on horseback, with paludamentum, right hand
in the air, holding in his claws the head of an raised, before him a statue of Apollo, placed on
immolated bull ;
thereby signifying to him who a cippus, dedicated to Alexander Severua. Bust
sacrificed it, that he should lay the foundations of a woman, behind w hich is the vexillum, on
of his new town onthe spot, where the eagle is which is av. co. struck under Gallienus. An
;

going to portion of the victim.

carry' that For eagle on a cippus, as in Saloniua, Ac., Ac.
this reason, the inhabitants of the colony, in re- See Mionnet, vol. ii. p. C53. Do. Sujtplml. v.
membrance of the foundation of their city, caused p. 508, et seq.
to be represented on their coins, sometimes a ALIM. ITAL. AUmenta Italia This le- . —
single eagle, away with a bull’s head;
which flies gend, of which the general meaning is nourish-
at other times the same bird and caput bovis, ment, food, provisions in corn, and other re-
with their founder offering sacrifice to Apollo.” sources furnished by Trajan to Italy, has par-
Mionnet gives a coin of this colony, dedicated ticular reference to the subsistence given by
to Commodus, having for its obverse legend, him to children of both sexes out of the public
—
gkx. co.v. col. avg. troad. The genius of the funds.
colony is half naked, and stands holding in her On a rare gold coin of the above-named em-
right hand a small figure of Apollo, and in her peror (in the cabinet de France), inscribed
left a cornucopia?. — On the reverse of a coin of ai.im. ital. ; on the exergue, the figure of Trajan,
Crispina, the type is a mountain, on which is clothed in the toga, stands
Apollo, clothed in the female habiliment of the with bis right hand extended
stota. 'Die bow and patera arc in his hands. A over the heads of two children,
herdsman, or shepherd, is before the god, hold- who appear with uplifted
ing the pedum, and in a suppliant posture hands before him. Abound
behind him is a ram. —
A coin of Alexandria the field we read cos. v. P.
Troas, struck in honour of Trcboniamts Callus, S. P. Q. it. OPTIMO PRINC.
exhibits as the type of its reverse, Apollo, naked, Another aureus, minted under
 — . —

ALIM. ITAL. ALIM. ITAL. 37

the same reign, with the same legend, has for memorative of Trajan’s unceasing care for the
its type a woman standing. wants of the people, is a brazen tablet, 10£
This good emperor, desirous to favour the Italian feet wide, 51 in height, and covered with
population of Italy, which had suffered much an inscription in several columns, dug up in
during the civil wars, assigned to his subjects 1747, near Piacenza, and at a short distance
certain landed estates, the produce of which was from the Via .Emilia. This relic has been ex-
appropriated to the maintenance of a great num- plained by Muratori, Maffei, and others, and
ber of children, otherwise destitute and unpro- copied in extenso by Eckhel (vol. vi. 424),
vided for —an excellent trait of his, and worthy who remarks, that the title Dacici, applied in it

of great praise, although he owed the example of to the Emperor, shews that it was completed
it by adoption.
to Ncrva, his father immediately after the year u. c. 856 (a.d. 103).
Theattention which Trajan bestowed, says the It is by this inscription, contemporaneous with
author of Doctrina, on the nurture of the young the date of the coin (to adopt the appropriate lan-
Italians, is attested as well by ancient authors guage of Dr. Cardwell), an inscription as remark-
as on marbles and coins. Dion alludes to this able as any one which has ever fallen under the
munificence, when he tells us, that on his re- notice of Antiquaries, that the case in question
turn to Rome, u. c. 852 (a. d.99), the Em- is strikingly illustrated. It records the bounty

peror applied himself immediately to improve conferred by Trajan upon the obscure town of
the condition of the commonwealth and this ;
Veleia, a town almost unknown in ancient his-
he did with such extensive liberality, as to ex- tory it specifies the monthly allowance granted
:

pend large sums on the provinces even for the to 281 children belonging to this town ; and
—
education of children. -Pliny, too, in his pane- describes, with the greatest exactness, the pro-
gyric, testifies that infants were diligently looked prietors in the neighbourhood, with the reports
after and registered, in order to be brought up made by them of the value of their property,
at the expense of the state. “ There were very and the sums which they received on mortgage ;

nearly 5000 free-born children, whom the liber- binding themselves in return to pay the mode-
ality of our prince (says he), sought out and rate interest of five per cent, for the support of
adopted. A reserve in case of war, and an orna- the institution. —
[Lecture ix. p. 222.]
Trajan’s efforts directed towards the improve-
ment in peaceful times, they are nourished at
the public cost ; and learn to love their country, ment of the condition of his subjects, are re-
not as their country only, but also as their nurs- corded also by Spartianus. Whilst the fact is
ing mother. From the ranks of these will our proved by numerous coins, struck not only dur-
camps, our tribes, be filled,” &c. —
This pane- ing his 5th consulship, but even later in his 6th,
gyric was spoken in the year u. c. 853 (a. d. and which present elegant types allusive to that
100), and it shews that from his first accession subject. We see, therefore, the liberality of
to the empire, Trajan applied his thoughts to Trajan designated and eulogised on public monu-
these public plans of benevolence. ments, throughout his five last consulates, or
On
a first brass of the same Emperor, a simi- from a. d. 99, to at least a. d. 112. Span-
lar legend of reverse is to be found, accompa- heim affords a variety of information respecting
nied with an allegorical type of elegantly simple the alimenta distributed by Trajan ; and Reini-
design, as the subjoined engraving faithfully sius has collected, from inscribed marbles, a

displays : numerous list of Quastores (paymasters) ali-

mentorum, or as they are elsewhere called, Quas-
tores pecuniae alimentarice —
[Eckhel, vi. 424.]
It is pleasing to regard these monuments of
Trajan’s humane care of the families of the des-
titute poor but it is not to be overlooked that
;

the operation of this benevolent measure gave

constant rise to fresh claims on the public trea-
sury.
—
“ By these and other prodigal largesses,
frequently renewed, the Emperor is said to have
supported nearly two millions of his people.
But in excuse for such wholesale pauperism, it
must be remembered, that in Trajan’s reign,
most of the provinces suffered greatly by earth-
In this we see the figure of a womau, clothed quakes ; and many places were grievously afflict-
in a long robe. She bears a horn of plenty in ed with plague, famine, floods, and frequent
her left hand and in her right a bunch of corn conflagrations.” —
Smyth, Cat. 81.
—
;

ears, which she holds over the head of a small ALIM. ITAL. S. C. The following is en-
togated figure. graved from another large brass medal of Tra-
Between the years u. c. 854 and 856 (a. d. jan, bearing on its obverse, the legend which
101 and 103), a stone was ereeted, as is shewn records his system of providing food for the in-
by its having his 4th consulate inscribed on it, habitants of Italy. The Emperor is here re-
the language on which (as published by Mura- presented enthroned on a curule scat, with his
tori), extols the same example of Trajan’s bene- feet on a footstool ;
he is crowned with laurel,
ficence. attired in the toga, and supports his left arm
The monument next in the order of time, com- on a spear Before him is a matron, clothed in
 — — ; —

38 ALLECTUS. ALLECTUS.
a long robe, presenting two of the Ulpiau chil •
tain during three years. It was in consequence
dren, one of which she holds on her arm, whilst of this victory, gaiued by his lieutenant, that
Constantins was enabled to re-establish the supre-
macy of Imperial Rome in Britain, a. d. 296, ten
years after the government of that island had been
separated from it. —
Ou his coins he is styled imp.
(or imp. c.) allectvs P. f. avo. or only P. AVO. —
or AI.LF.CTVS P. AVG.
F. — or IMP C. ALLECTVS
p. f. i. avg. : where the is to be
i. occurs, it
read Invictus —
The gold and silver (the latter
.

generally of a very base quality), are of the

highest rarity. The brass (small; arc also many
of them rare. They bear a well-executed bust,
giviug AUectus the appearance of a man of
50 or thereabouts. The head on the gold is
the other stands beside her, and both of whom laurcatcd ou the silver and brass, radiated.
;

extend their little hands, in token of gratitude. Altogether the portrait is of marked character,
In commenting on this interesting type, Cap-
tain Smyth says
—“This is struck upon an occa-
aud may be regarded as a good likeness of the man.

sion similar to that described with reference to

preceding coins; and corroborates history, by
shewing that the public magazines were well
filled for instead of supplying the city by op-
;

pressing the Roman provinces, Trajan took off

all restrictions, and laid the tratfic in provisions
open. This, and punctual payment, inspired
confidence and the provinces sent their corn to
;

Italy in such abundance, that Rome was in a The annexed executed from a remark-
cut is
condition to relieve Egypt, the granary of the ably covered with
well-preserved third brass,
world, when distressed by famine. This fact is dark brown patina, stated to have been found
admirably detailed in the panegyric; and was within the area of the Roman camp at Caistcr
so remarkable a return for former obligations, (Vcuta Icenorum), near Norwich. (The coin —
that the encomiast dwells upon it with manifest is now in the possession of Mr. W. Bensly).
delight.’’ Descr. Cat. p. 82. Obv. imp. c. allectvs P. F. avg. Radiated
ALLECTUS, one of the Usurpers during the head of Allcctus.
reigns of Diocletian and Maximum. —
llis family, Rev. temporvm felicitas. Felicity stand-
country, and time of birth remain unknowu. ing with caduceus and horn of plenty.
Following the fortunes of Carausius, he be- —
Iu the field s. a. On the exergue M. s. L.
came his I’rretorian Praffcct, and took part in Eckhel observes, that whilst the coins of
the administration of his government in Britain. Carausius have their merit on account of the
Although skilled in war, and held in repute by various legends and types which they exhibit,
the soldiers, yet whatever good qualities he pos- the coins of Allcctus recommend themselves, in
sessed were darkened by his avarice, and sullied no other respect, thau for their greater rarity.
by his ambition. Manywere the acts of in- The same illustrious teacher in numismatics, nlso
justice which he is to have committed,
said speaks of the reverses as eoqimon and trite, enu-
under the influence of these tw o-fold vices ; and
r
merating such only as Pax, Providcutin, Oricns,
fearing the resentment of Carausius, he came to Salus —but he could not have been aware of the
the base and treacherous resolution of assassin- numerous other varieties that exist, and which
ating his benefactor and companion in arms. swell the catalogue in Mr. Akcrman’s work, such
Having pcqietrated this fold crime, he employed as the Adventus Aug. —
.Equitas Aug. Comes —
his ill-gotten wealth iu corrupting the legion- Aug. —
Diamc Rcduci Felicitas Seculi Fidcs —
aries as well They declared
as the sea forces. Militum-Hilaritus Jovi —
Conscrvatori Moneta —
him Imperator and Augustus, and he became Aug. —
Pictas Aug.-r-Ronuc .Eterna; Spcs Pub- —
the successor of Carausius, a. d. 293. Coustan- lics— —
Tcinporum Felicitas Victoria Aug. &c.
tius Chlorus being then iu Gaul, resolved to ter- Referring to the valuable treatise “ on the Coins
minate the usurpation of Allcctus: he prepared of the Romans relating to Britain,” by the well-
a fleet, which he divided into two squadrons, ou known and esteemed author above uamed, for an
board one of which he embarked himself, giviug ampler inonetal notice of Allcctus, we shall
the command of the other to his prefect Ascle- take this occasion to quote one more new variety
piodotus. That commander made, iu a skilful iu the list of reverses on this usurper’s coins, dis-
manner, his descent upon the British shores covered (amongst others of Roman mintage), nt
aud instantly marched against Allcctus, who had Lillvhorn, near Onkridge common, and communi-
prepared for this expedition against him from cated, through Mr. Roach Smith, F.S.A. to the
the commencement of his rcigu. A battle en- British Archieological Association, by Mr. T.
sued, which ended in favour of Constautius’s Baker. It reads ..ictoki. oer. Victoria Ger-
general. The usurper was slain on the field of manica. In the exergue c. iu the field, s. p.
;

battle, after having held the sovereignty of Bri- trophy and captives.
 C — — — A —

ALLIANCE. ALPHABET. 39
" This reverse (observes Mr. Smith), although Rev. —
A ulus aluenvs procowsk/. —
naked
common on coins of the period, had not been man, holding a small cloak folded round his left
previously noticed on those of Allcctus. Doubts arm. In his right hand he holds the triquetra,
have been thrown on the historical importance —
or symbol of three cornered Sicily his right
of some of the coins of Carausius and Allectus, foot on the prow of a vessel. —
Morell Thesaurus,
from their close resemblance in type to those of Alliena, tab. iii. fig. I, p. 15.
t heir predecessors, of which it is therefore al- This Aulus Allienus (says Ilavercamp), was
leged, they arc mere imitations. There are, the lieutenant of Q. Cicero, in Asia, during the
however, many which certainly cannot be placed civil war. When he became Prictor, he attached
in this category, as they afford types both novel himself to the party of Julius Cirsar, under
aud appropriate.” And Air. Smith suggests whom he obtained the proconsulship of Sicily,
that the coin uow first published, may have been which this coin attests, having been minted in
struck to record a victory gained bv Allectus the year of Rome 706 (b. c 48). —
See sicilia
over some of the German or Saxon pirates, in- — also TRIQVETRA.
festing the British coast. —
ALPHABET. It is not uncommon to see
single letters of the alphabet in the field of Ro-
ALLIANCE,
cities
or Concord,
was a frequent usage
between different
in ancient times.
—
man family coins. Eckhel enumerates a few of
them ;
observing that these letters sometimes
Alliances found to have existed between
are
appear on the obverse, at other times on the re-
neighbouring cities, and also between cities situ-
verse with this regulation, that whichever side
;
ated at a distance from each other, sometimes to
the moneyer once fixes on, he constantly adheres
the number of more than two. Under the power
to it. The denarii of Hercnnius, and of Antonius
of the Romans, alliance with them is expressly
Baibas, present exceptions to this rule they :

noted on some coins. This state of political

vary the stations of these letters. In some, when
concord is itself recorded in the legend, aud even
the letters arc on the obverse, the same rc-ap-
personified in the type. In other instances, the
pear on the reverse. In others, Latin letters
citizens of a town declare themselves allied to
arc mixed with Greek characters. Others again
each other. (Henuin, Manuel, vol. ii. p. 70
exhibit different letters occupying the obverse
In connection with this subject, it may be no-
side, whilst arithmetical signs appear on the re-
ticed, that there is a rare family denarius (see
Velaria gens), on the reverse of which is a Fe-
verse. —Some of the richer cabinets have the
whole alphabet in their scries of family coins.
cialis, or sacred herald, in a kneeling attitude,
In the imperial museum at Vienna, the number
holding a sow, which is touched with their wands
of letters is complete on denarii of Aclius Bala,
by a Roman soldier and by a man, who, from
Antonius Balbus, Cornelius Scipio Asiagenes
his dress, appears to belong to a foreign nation.
— It was by such a ceremonial that the Roman
Hercunius, Junius Silanus, and Thorius. For —
further information on this subject, the reader
people, in the earlier periods of their history,
is referred to Rod. Num. Vet. v. 75, et seq.
contracted alliances. AVhen the two deputies
ALTAR.— Sec Ara.
touched the sow, the priest invoked Jupiter to
ALTERED MEDALS.—The Italian fabri-
treat the violators of the compact with the same
cators of counterfeit coins, by ingeniously alter-
degree of rigour as he was himself about to ex-
ing and retouching with their graving tools, the
ercise upon that animal and he forthwith killed
;

portraits, the reverses, and even the legends of

it with a flint-stone. This solemnity, according
ancient coins, have often succeeded in deceiving
to Livy, was as ancient as the reign of Tullus
not only the tyro in numismatics, but also the
Hostilius, third king of Rome. —
most practised connoisseurs. “ Of a Claudius
On a coin in silver of the Antistia gens, two
(says Pinkerton) struck at Antioch, they make
figures arc seen holding a victim over au altar,
an Otho; of a Faustina a Titiana of a Julia;
evidently in conclusion of some treaty of alli-
Scvcri a Didia Clara of a Macrinus a Pes-
ance and amity between the Romans and another
;

cennius; of an Orbiana an Annia Faustina; of a

stale, as is indicated by the accompanying legend,
Mamsea a Tranqnillina of a Philip an -F.miliau.
FOF.nvs, &c. —
For instances of municipal alli-
;

Give them a Marcus Aurelius, he starts up a

ances, see Akerman’s “ Ancient Coius of Cities j

—
and Princes” Hispania; Gades, & c. An ar- — (
Pertinax, by thickening the beard a little and
enlarging the nose. In short, wherever there is
ticle, headed foederat.e civitates, in Dr. W.
the least resemblance, an artist of this class can,
Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and Roman Anti-
from a trivial medal, generate a most scarce
quities throws much historical light on this sub-
J

and valuable one.” Essag on Medals, ii. 218.

ject. j

No one, however, who has a taste for the

ALLIENUS. —This is doubtless a surname. I study of antique coins and medallions, ought to
Its name, as Ursinus thinks, derived from
is !
be deterred from collecting, under the appre-
Allius, in the same manner as from Nasidius, hension of being imposed upon by counterfeits.
we have Nasidicuni, and from Satrius, Satri <?«//.?. Such deceptions are to be guarded against by
But the name of the family to which the .VI- ready access to cabinets of genuine specimens ;

lieuus belonged, whose name appears on the fol- and the judicious exercise of that discriminative
lowing very rare denarius, is not known. It is faculty,which experience is sure to give the eye,
the only type, viz. :
when aided by “ a little handling,” and by
Obv. —aius caes. imp erator consul iterk?«.
|

attentively perusing a few standard works of

Head of Venus. I
—
modern numismatists not omitting due refer-
 — — — —

40 AMALTIIEA. AMMON.
cncc to Beauvais's essay on ttiis subject, especially on the obverse ; with vf.nvs avg. and the
through the late Mr. Brockett’s annotated trans- goddess standing, on the reverse, clothed in the
lation. stola, holding an apple in the right hand, and
after all, “ the most shameless forgeries,
But the hasta in her left. — Both these arc cited by
(as Capt. Smyth observes), have been rather Eekhel, without any doubt expressed by him
inventions than imitations, and would scarcely as to their authenticity. But Mr. Akerman, as
deceive a novice such were medals bearing the
;
as well as Mionnet, states them to be strongly
heads of Priam, Plato, Aeneas, Hannibal, Scipio, suspected. Indeed, from their discrepancy in
Marius, Crassus, Cicero, and Virgil ; giving new the prenomen, one of them must be false.
reverses to known heads as Veni Vidi, Vici
; ,
AME de la MedaiHe. This expression is
to Cscsar ;
Festiua lente, with an anchor and ingeniously enough applied by some French
dolphin, or a terminus on a thunderbolt, ex- numismatists, of the elder school, to the Legend,
pressive of stability to Augustus; the Pantheon; which they profess to regard as the “ soul
on a coin of Agrippa; and the Pons /Eli us, and of the coin,” whilst they designate the type,
Expeditio Judaica on those of Hadrian. Yet or figures, as the body. “ For example (says
gross as these attempts were, Paul IV. purchased Pure Jobcrt), we see on a (silver) medal of
several of them from Pietro Galileo at exorbitant Augustus, two hands joined, holding a cadu-
prices.” ceits, between two horns of Amalthea this is
AMALTIIEA : the name of the goat, to the body. —
The word Pax, which is engraved on
which fable assigns the honour of having suckled the medal, marks the peace which this prince
Jupiter. Out of gratitude for this good office, had restored to the common-wealth of Rome, in
the king of gods and of men placed her, with her reconciling himself with Mark Antony, which
two kids, as a constellation in the heavens and ;
had brought back happiuess and abundance to
gave one of her horns to the nymphs who had the people this is the soul. And on a medal
the care of his infancy, accompanied with the of Ncrva, by means of the word Concordia
virtue of producing whatever they desired. This EXEBCrrwM, the same two hands joined [hold-
is what is called the horn of plenty (see Cornu- ing a military ensign on the prow of a vessel],
copia), so often represented on Greek and Ro- served to mark the fidelity of the soldiers, both
man coins. Allusive to Amalthea, as Nutria by sea and land, to their new Emperor.”
Jovis infantis (the nurse of the infant Jupiter), Science des Medailles, i. 216.
gold and silver coins of Domitiau bear on their re- AMBIANI, now Amicus, in France. AMB. —
verse the figure of a goat, within a laiu'el garland, Ducange and Bimard dc la Bastie both conjec-
and the legend Princeps Jueentutis On a second ture that the coin of Magnentius, on the exer-
brass of Hadrian with s. c. the infant Jupiter gue of which they read the above letters, was
is typified, under the goat Amalthea :
struck at Amiens (Ambianis). Whilst Yafllant
Stat qnoqne capra si inul (says Ovid) fPra.it. iYinn. i. 360), interprets it A. M. B. An-
Infant! lac dedit ilia Jovi. tiochia moneta officina secunda (money of the
In the Farnese collection (v. lf>9), there second mint of Antioch.) — See Rasche.
is a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, without AM —
ICTUS. This word chiefly refers to the
legend of reverse, which exhibits the infant clothing or covering of the head, with crown,
Jove sitting naked on the back of a goat, before diadem, helmet, spoils of the lion, proboscis of
an altar, with an eagle apparently sculptured on the elephant, &c.
it, placed close to the trunk of a tree. AMMON, a surname of Jupiter. —
Alexander
On
the reverse of a billon coin of Gallienus, the Great styled himself the son of Jupiter
inscribed Jovi Con servatori August i, there is, Ammon and his successors, the kings of Syria,
;

instead of the usual majestic figure of the king and those of Cyrenaiea have, on coins, their
of “ gods and men,” a goat, representing heads adorned with the horns of n ram, or of
Amalthea. This piece of mythology is still more Ammon, the symbol of their dominion over
clearly alluded to, on a billon of Gallienus, and Lybia. This deity appears ou a great number
on gold and billon of his son Saloniuus, which of coins, and of engraved marbles. ITie Egyp-
coins have, each for their type of reverse, a naked tians, whose popular divinity he was, regarded
—
boy riding on a goat. See tovi CRESCEXTI. him as the author of fecundity and generation.
A M AN DUS (Cneus Silvius), an usurper, in The same superstition afterwards introduced it-
the joint reign of Dioclctiauus and Maximianus self among the Romans, who worshipped Ammon
Hercules, assumed the title of Augustus, in ns the preserver of nature. —In the consular
collcagurship with /Elianus, a Gaulish chief, series of the Roman mint, the head of Ammon
a. n. 285. But both were slain a. d. 207, in is found on coins of the Cornuficia, Lollia,
battle with the armies which had been sent Piunria, Papin, and other families, and in the
against them by Maximianus. Of Amaudus no — Imperial, on those of Augustus, Trajan, Hadrian,
gold nor silver coins are extant. There is, how- Aurelius, Sevcrus, and Treb. Gnllus. —The head
ever, a third brass assigned to him by Banduri of Jupiter Ammon exhibits itself on a denarius
(ii. p. 87), on which, with radiated head, he is of Augustus, (sec Pembroke Collection, p. iii.
styled imp. c. c. amaxdvs; reverse legend srKs. —
tab. 9). Eekhel (vi. p. 87) referring to this,
PVBUCA ;
type Minerva standing with
and observes, that it is a type of an unusual kind
spear and shield. Besides which, in the Pem- in the mint of that prince (then simply Octa-
broke collection is engraved, as a third brass, vianus), but he accounts for it from the circum-
imp. s. amaxdvs p. f avo. and radiated head, stance of its having been struck iu Africa, by
 — —; ; —

AMPIIINOMUS. AMPHITHEATRE. 41

Pinarius Searpus, one of his Lieutenants. On — silver coin restored by Trajan, valued by Mion-
a denarius of the Antonia family, given in net at 300 fr. (£11 17s. lOd.)
Morel!. Thesaur. we read M. an to. (Mark An- AMPHITHEATRE. This is a word
tony) cos. in. imp. mi. The type is Jupiter which, even by its compound formation, desig-
Ammon, as designated by the attribute of a nates an edifice consisting of two theatres facing
ram’s horn, on the side of a bearded head. each other, and leaving between a void space,
For this device see Cornuficia gens. called the arena wherein different kinds of
,
public
AMOR.— This legend is found inscribed above games and spectacles were exhibited, especially
the figure of a horse, on a rare contorniate combats of gladiators and wild beasts. The
medal, published by Havercamp (Hum Contom. . nature of these contests, which obliged the com-
fig. 10), and which he considers as either de- batants alternately to pursue and be pursued,
rived from the love, or attachment, which a necessarily required an elongation of ground
master bears towards a horse that has carried from the centre, and resulted in producing an
olf the palm of victory at the Circensiau games oval instead of a circular form. Amphitheatres
or is used to denote the noble nature of that were peculiar to the Romans they were un-
:

animal. known to the Greeks. These buildings were not

AMORES. —Two Loves, or Cupids, drawing covered in but during grand displays, an
;

Venus in a chariot, appear on a denarius of the awning was occasionally stretched across from
Julia family — engraved in Morel], (tb. i. fig 4.) the top to screen the spectators from the intense
AMOR MVTVVS AVGG. (A uyustorum) .
heat of the sun’s rays. The arena was sur-
Mutual affection of the Emperors.— Two right rounded with dens (carceres), in which were
hands joined. This legend and type appear on confined the ferocious animals destined for the
large sized silver of Balbinus and of Pupienus, different fights. Immediately above these dens,
who were the first two emperors elected to reign there was a gallery running round the whole
with precisely equal rights. —
For an example of arena, and in which the most distinguished per-
two right hands joined, see Mussidia gens, and sons took their respective places. Rehind this
—
HERENNivs etrvscvs. See also Hands joined. gallery, the scats or steps rose in gradation to
AMPIIINOMUS and ANAPIS (or Anapias), the summit. The lower tiers were for people of
two brothers, of Sicily, respecting whom it is rank the others were appropriated
;
to the lower
related that they saved their parents, at the classes. The exterior of an amphitheatre was
peril of theirown lives, from the flames of Etna, divided into stories, each ornamented with
at the moment when an eruption of that volcano arcades, columns, and pilasters, in greater or
threatened their immediate destruction. This less number, and sometimes with statues. Be-
was a favourite subject with the ancients, in sides the circular rows of steps which served for
symbolising filial piety; and is often represented scats, inside, there were also some which, in the
on Greek coins of Catana (Catania), where this form and for the purposes of staircases, inter-
noble actioii is alleged to have been performed. sected the others from the ground to the highest
Of these tw o Sicilian brothers, types of that
T
part of the structure. These formed the baltei,
devoted love, which is ever cherished by good or belts. The portals of the vaulted avenues,
children towards the earthly authors of their through which the amphitheatre was entered,
being, Cornelius Severtis, alluding to Mount were called vomilaria. The successive rows,
Etna, thus expresses himself :
comprised within two staircases, bore the name
of cunei because the most elevated steps were
Amphiuomus fraterque pares sub munere fortes.
broader than those which were nearer the arena,
Cum jam viciuis streperent incendia tectis,
Accipiunt pigrumque pattern, matremque sentient. the whole presenting the form of a wedge.
AMPHITHEATRUM Flaviamim, eel Titi.
“
Amphiuomus and his brother, both equally — Of the four amphitheatres of Rome, whose
courageous in the performance of a duty, whilst ruins arc still to be seen, or whose memory is
the flames murmured their threats against the at all preserved, that of Titus, denominated
neighbouring houses, rescue their decrepid father, in his days the Colossscum, now called the
and their aged mother.” Coliseum, is the most remarkable. This build-
On a wel l knowrn denarius of Pompeius Mag- ing, of superb architectural design and of vast
nus, struck in reference to his dimensions, was commenced a. n. 77, by Ves-
naval command, and to his pasian and was finished and dedicated by his
;

I
victoi ies over the pirates on son and successor Titus, during a. u. c. 823
I
the coasts of Sicily and of (a. n. 80). The same year a coin was minted,
Italy, this popular legend is in large brass, having for the legend of its ob-
clearly alluded to, by a typiii- verse — IMP erator Titus CAESar VESP««««w
cation, in which Neptune AV Gustus Vontifex Maximus TRI bunicia Tot es-
forms the centre of a group; whilst on each side tate Yater Yatria COmSk/ VIII. (The Emperor
of him is a naked young man, carrying on his Titus Ciesar Vespasian, the August, Sovereign
shoulders an aged figure, clothed. It is thus Pontiff, enjoying the Tribunitian power. Father
that on Roman coins, after the example of the of the country. Consul for the eighth time.)
Greek, Amphiuomus and Anapis arc, seen res- Head of Titus laureated.
elling their father and mother from the perils of On the reverse (without epigraph) is the
the burning mountain. —
Sec praef. clas. f.t Flavian Amphitheatre, originally so called in
—
okae. MAitrr. The above is engraved from the honour of Vespasian’s family name.
G
 , — !

42 AMPHITHEATRUM. AMPHITHEATRUM.
The type marked with its proper number of
is To commemorate the building of this stu-
stories or areades and from the open top it is
;
pendous monument, the Senate, it appears,
caused two coins to be struck, namely, the one
above described, which was minted in Titus’s
life-time and another first brass, a short time
;

after his death (a. it. 81), with the following

legend on the obverse: viz., divo. avg. t. divi.
Vespasian, s. c. on the exergue. Titus seat-
ed on spoils of war.— On the reverse, without
epigraph, the amphitheatre, ornamented with
statues.
'1’he same reverse occurs again on a large
brass of Domitian, with s. c. —
The legend on
the side of the head, is caes. divi. vesp. f.
—
domitianys. cos. vii. Vespasian, indeed, as
has already been observed, began the construction
seen to be filled with people, whose heads appear of this amphitheatre, but his eldest son Titus
in the uppermost rows. On the right and left finished and dedicated it. It was on the opening
of the amphitheatre, as represented on this very of the Colossicuui, that besides more than the
rare coin, are what were meant for “ the
usual display of gladiatorial homicides, he gave
Meta Sudens and the Domus Aiirea, as it
shews of wild beasts of every kind. Of these
was actually situated,” observes Capt. Smyth, in one day 5000, according to Suetonius, (9000
in some instructive remarks on his own speci- according to l)iou) were slaughtered to please the
men of this most interesting reverse. The carnage-loving populace of Rome. After this
edifice itself is of an elliptical form covers ; a “pratimn navalc” was given in the old nav-
nearly six acres of ground and it was said to ; machia (or place for representing sea fights)
he capable of containing 70,000 spectators; hut where water was conducted into the interior of
(adds the accurate writer above-named) “ in a the building, and the extraordinary sight of (no
troublesome process of admeasurement, I could sham but) a real engagement exhibited between
not make it contain more than 50,000.” opposing squadrons of gallies, took place, at
Martial, who w itnessed it in the integrity of its great cost of human life and of the public money,
vast dimensions, thus encomiast ically speaks this cruel and extravagant sacrifice having been
of it. allowed to occupy the protracted space of one
Omnis Ccesareo cadat labor Ampkitheatro hundred days
Union pro cuiictis Tama loquatur opus. “ To say nothing of so demoralizing a loss of
[“ Let every laborious enterprize yield the palm time, these unintellectual pleasures of a half-
to this Amphitheatre of Ciesar; and Fame, neg- starved mob must have cost more than three
lecting all others, blazon henceforth this one millions sterling, including the structure. When
achievement.”] (observes Capt. Smyth) I wandered over this
Of this colossal structure such is the solidity, scene of guilt, could not but regard it as a
I

that it would, even to this period, have re- costly monument of prodigal folly and savage
mained almost entire, if the spoliative barbarism sensuality. Moreover, from the haste with
of more modern times had not, to a great extent, which it was run up, there arc numerous archi-
despoiled of materials for the purpose of build-
it tectural eye-sores, which with its cumbrous attic,
ing therewith both public and private edifices. render it very inferior in design to the elegant
(Kolb, i. 133).
—
“In using the expression, that amphitheatre at I’ola, in Istria.”
to build this work Titus ‘ turned from their Several other emperors were careful to bestow
course rivers of gold,’ Cassiodorus (observes restorations on this most magnificent of all
Eckhel) must not be considered to have spoken public structures. Antoninus repaired it. Ela-
hyperbolically for Barthelemy and P. Jacquicr,
;
gabalus set about re-establishing it after the in-
after taking the admeasurement, and making juries which it had sustained from the violence
their calculations, concluded that the walls of its of a tempest, in the reign of Mauritius. What
enclosure alone would cost, in our days, nearly Elagabalus began was completed by his successor,
seventeen millions of francs (about £673,000 Alexander Severus on which account the type
;

sterling.) of the same building appears ou the reverse of a

So important was it (adds the illustrious first brass (engraved in Havereamp, Medailles

author of Doctrina) to lavish immense wealth, de Christine, tau. xxxiii.), also a silver coin with
in order that a people, already athirst for the amphitheatre and five figures, all struck
monstrous pleasures, should be supplied with a under the latter prince, with the epigraph of
fitting theatre, in which (as Arnobius complains) p. m. Tit. P. n. cos. P. p. —
One of the brass
they might look on at human beings, delivered medallions of Gordianus Pius also bears a re-
up to and torn in pieces by wild beasts; and kill- presentation of the Colosstvum, with columns
ing each other for no other reason than the and statues, and a legend apparently denoting
gratification of the spectators ; and where they that the edifice had undergone reparations under
might spend in gencrul dissipation, and festal his reign. In the arena is seen a hull nnd an
hilarity, those very days on which such atrocities elephant fighting, the emperor being in the midst
were perpetrated. — (vi. 358.) of the spectators.— See XUNIFICEKTIA gokdiasi.
 — — ;

AMPLIATORI. ANASTASIUS. 43
Many coins with Vespasian’s name and por- and in those of the colony
as far as x. occurs ;

trait and this amphitheatre for the reverse type of Viminacium, an. i. to xvi. are read, &c.
“ are exposed for sale now a days (says Eckhel), See Rasche’s Lexicon.
but they are all spurious.” AN. XV. PR. II. 0. C. S. A horseman, or —
AMPLIATORI CIVIVM. (To the augmentor equestrian statue, with spear and trophy on his
[or enlarger] of citizens.) S. P. Q. R. within a shoulder. On
the exergue, m. lepidvs. See —
laurel garland. Respecting this unique appella- jEiiii.ia gens, p. 14 of this work.
tion, and the coin on which it appears, some ANADE.M A, a fillet worn as part of the head-
difference of opinion has been expressed. Span- — dress by Roman ladies. On coins of Sabina
heim, who was the first to publish it, in a note Hadriani, we see the portrait of that empress
to his translation of the Cscsars of Julian, and bound by an anadema, and hanging at the back
who gives an engraving of it, pronounces it to be of her neck. This club-fashioned coiffure also
of genuine antiquity, and unhesitatingly ascribes appears in the medallic portraitures of Antonia,
it to Antoninus Pius. The legend of the head, and the Agrippinas. Smyth. —
it is to observed, is antoninvs avg. rivs. p. p. ANASTASIUS I. Emperor of the East, was
tr. p. cos. hi. It was found some years pre- born at Dyrrhachium, in Illyria, of obscure
vious to 1683, with several other Roman coins, parentage, (a.d. 430.) Simply an officer of the
by workmen employed on the fortifications of imperial household, he succeeded, after the Em-
Bonn, near Cologne and the eminent author of
;
peror Zeno’s death, to the Byzantine throne
“
Dissertalion.es de usu numism.” atlinns that he and married Ariadne, the widow of his patron
“ had seen it with his own eyes.” Spanheim — and predecessor, (a. d. 491). Anastasius died
moreover observes, that Antoninus Pius was suddenly, having, as it was affirmed, been struck
worthy above all others to be denomiuated Am- by lightning, a. d. 518.
pliator Civium, inasmuch as he had granted the On his coins, which are in general common
right of citizenship (jus civitatis) to all the in gold, brass medallions, and 1st, 2nd, and
inhabitants of the Roman empire. Eckhel — 3rd brass, he is styled d. n. anastasivs p.
(vii. p. 12) on the other hand treats the argu- P. AVG. or IMP. ANASTASIVS P. P. AVG. His —
ment of Spanheim as one more erudite than silver arc rare, especially those in which his
lucid, and remarks that “ other writers, influ- name is associated on the same coin with that of
enced doubtless by a passage from Dion, have Theodoricus, King of the Ostrogoths, and with
with great semblance of truth, ascribed to Cara- the name of Baduila, the king of some other
calla, the act of conferring this privilege on the barbarous nation. —
See Akerman, ii. p. 386.
whole Roman world, seeing that he also bore the AN. B. or ANT. B. Antiochus officina
appellation of Antoninus.” Nevertheless, after secunda. —
Coinage of the second monctal office,
referring to the compendium and Fa-
of Valesius or mint, at Antioch, in Syria where there —
bricius, for a note on these words of Dion, Eckhel were very many offices belonging to the mint-
concludes with making the following admission : masters, who superintended the striking of the
“But after all, Antoninus Pius might, on various money, or were otherwise employed in the public
accounts, have been styled Ampliatori Civium, mint.
especially since, after the munificent example of ANAGNIA, a city in Latium, now Anagna,
Trajan, he made provision for the children of in the States of the Church. — Mark Antony,
Italy.” (vii. 12.) —
The coin being universally during his triumvirate, had a mint for striking
allowed to be genuine, it may indeed seem coins in his own name, at this place. —See Eck-
strange that any question should have been hel’s remarks on coins of Roman die, minted
raised as to which Autoninus this singular epi- extra TJrbem, vol. v. 68.
graph belongs. Certainly, the mind revolts at ANCHISES, a Trojan prince, of the family
the bare idea of transferring such an honourable of Priam, according to the poets and
who,
designation from the mild and beueficent suc- mythologists, secretly married Venus and she ;

cessor of Hadrian to the tyrant son of Scvcrus. bore to him /Eneas, on the banks of the Simois.
Still, it is not to be overlooked, that the same After the siege of Troy, his escape from that
mendacious spirit of servile adulation, which devoted city is described to have been attended
pret ended to another Autonine the
recognise with great (lifficidty, on account of his extreme
Pious, in the person of Caraealla the fratricide, old age. The representation of Auehises car-
was not likely to deem it too great a stretch of ried on the shoulders of his son, appears on de-
monctal flattery, if it complimented this trucu- narii of the C'wcilia Herennia, and Julia fami-
,

lent despot, on his having enlarged the number lies: also on coins of Julius Ckesar, when Dicta-
of Roman citizens. —
It only remains to add, as tor.— See AEnea Pietas, p. 27 of this work.
sufficiently conclusive on the point of accurate —
ANCIENT COINS. By the term ancient
appropriation, that Mionnet and Akerman concur are meant all coins preceding the 9th century,
in placing ampliatori crvrvM among the legends or the age of Charlemagne and by modern all

—
;

of brass medallions, minted under Antoninus posterior that period.

to (Pinkerton.) The
Pius ( not Caraealla.) most ancient coins of the Romans are those
—
AN. Annus. The Latin letters AN. with stamped with the image of the ox, the sow, and
the numeral letter or letters added, on certain the sheep the double-headed Jauus, the ros-
;

colonial coins, denote the year in which the trum or beak of a ship, or the foremost half of
colony was planted or sent out (deducta.) — a ship, rat is. Hence the coin was called ratitus.
Thus in the coins of the Dacian province an. i. — Rasche.
G 2
 — — — — — N

44 ANGUS.— A. N. F. F. ANNUS.
ANCHOR (Aiicora). —This well-known nau- ation are to be interpreted. Good wishes for
tical instrument, with which the personification the well-being of a prince were customarily ex-
of Hope is now-a-days painted, is not fouud to pressed at the beginning of the year, namely, ou
be amongst her attributes on ancient coins. the third of the nones of January. [Sec the
But the type of Annona has it on a medal of treatise De Numis votobum, in Dor/. Num.
—
Alexander Scverus. The figure of Asia bears it The other new year was a day
Vet. vol. viii.]
on a large brass of Antoninus [see the engrav- held sacred by the Emperors, as the one on
ing.] —
A river god, seated on the ground, holds which they commenced their reigns, being also
it in the right hand, on gold and silver of Ha- called the natal day of the empire (dies natal is
drian. betitia sustains it in the same manner, imperii). And indeed,
in this sense that
it is
as probably indicating stability, on coins of Seneca, in his satirical work entitled Apoco/o-
Gallieuus, Tetricus father and son, Florianus, cyntosis, calls the third of the ides of October,
Garausius, and others. —
The goddess of health on which Claudius died, and Nero began to
(Sal us) also appears with it, as in the instance reign, “the new year, and the beginning of a
of Tetricus senior and junior. —
The anchor is most happy period” (annum novum, indium
likewise seen behind the helmeted head of Rome, secu/i felicissimi).As, however, ou the return
on denarii of the Julia and Mussidia families, of both these new years, prayers were offered for
as given in Morel and these so united denote
;
the welfare of the Emperor, it is difficult to
(says Havereamp) that such coins were struck decide which of the two should be understood ou
at the expense of [the commander of] some ex- these coins; nor would the decision avail towards
peditionary fleet. —
There is a naval trophy, with their illustration.”
anchor and trident, on a denarius of the Pompeia Thus leaving this point asmuch in doubt as he
family, and ou a coin of the Salpicia family is found it, Eckhcl 509) next refers to Haver-
(vi.
another naval trophy, with oar, anchor, acros- camp ;
but it is only to expose the absurdity of
tolium, prow, and two captives. (See Morell. that w'riter’s attempt to explain the legend of
Thesauri) —
An anchor with a dolphin wound this coin, viz., S. F. Q. R. Anno N atali (i. e.
round it, forms the reverse type of a denarius of Ur his) Vieri Yecit OPTIMO principi. — ow what
the Emperor Titus. —
See Dolphin —
also Pompeia was the natal dag of the city ? Surely uo
gens. other than that ou which Romulus is said to hav e
ANCUS MARCIUS, fourth King of Rome; founded it. To accept the interpretation of
grandson of Nuina Pompilius, and immediate Havereamp, would be to concur in
therefore,
successor to Tullus Hostilius. Ancus was the supposing that these coins were dedicated by
son of Marcius, chief pontiff under Numa, and the Senate to Hadrian nearly nine hundred years
of Pompilia, Numa’s daughter. He was a brave before “ No doubt,” adds the author of Doc-
!

and victorious warrior ; revived the ceremonies trina, “ this writer on many subjects this poly- —
for sacred worship which Numa instituted, but —
graph so learned on all other points, has in the
which had been neglected, aud did much for the present instance met the fate of those who eat
embellishment, the health, and the security of of many dishes (polyphaga), and digest imper-
Rome. His reign is said to have lasted 24 years, fectly.” —
It is with this sarcasm on the con-
during which the town of Ostia, at the month jectural propensities of his erudite, but not al-
of the Tiber, was founded, aud became the sea- ways judicious, predecessor in the devious paths
port of Rome. of numismatic criticism, that Eckhcl concludes
ANGUS, and ANGUS MARGI. — Sec Marcia his own ///conclusive remarks on the [mint in
gens — also Nama. question —
a point on which, from what Gapt.
ANDRISCUS, King of the Macedonians, con- Smyth aptly calls “ the vexatious ambiguity of
—
quered by Mctellus. -See Ctecilia. abbreviations,” doubt is still left as to the new
A. N. F. F. Annum Novum, Faustina Feli- year in this instance meant whether from the —
—
cem. The w ish of a happy and prosperous new founding of the city, the birth-day of the Em-
year tendered for the Emperor. —
On a large peror or that of the kalends of January. The —
brass of Hadrian we read s. p. q. r. a. n. f. f. s. c. is omitted from this large brass medal, the
OPTIMO PKINCIPI (or HADRIANO AVG. P. P.), s. P. Q. r. being equally the stamp of senatorial
within a laurel garland. Sena l us Popn/usijae authority.
Romanes, Annum Novum Faustina Felicem Op- ANNUS NOVUS. — The famous marble of
timo Principi [i. e. adprecatur.'] Narbonnc confirms the from at least
fact, that
This legend is the acclamation, by which the the age of Augustus, the ceremony of benedic-
Roman Senate and people presaged for Hadrian tion, or of well wishing (bene prerandi), took
a prosperous and happy new year. “ But there place ou the commencement of a new year.
was in the case of the Emperors a double new Aud wc learn, that during the kalends of Janu-
year annually. The first of these was the one ary, there was the greatest eagerness, among
common to all classes, viz., on the Calends of the Romans, in proffering mutual good wishes
January, on which small presents called si rente for each other’s health and prosperity, with the
were usunlly sent from one house to another, most studied forms of expression. Nothiug was
often inscribed with these words in full more the object of solicitude with them, than,
anptvm. nowm. favstvm. felicem. as wc are on that good day, to say and do kind things,
told by Fabretti. And this form of inscription and to avoid all untoward speeches aud actions.
furnishes us with the manner in which the Accordingly Ovid (Fas/orum, lib. i.) thus sings,
initial letters on the coins now under consider- as out of the mouth of Janus :
 — —

ANCILIA. ANCILIA. 45
Omina principiis, inquit, incsse sotent, antoni.nvs avgvstvs pivs, and the laureated
Templa patent, auresque Deiim, nec lingua caducas head of the emperor. Struck A. D. 140.
Concipit nlla preces, dictaqne putidns habent. The fonns of these “ sacred bucklers,” as
[Omens, says he, arc wont to shew them- represented on coins, and also on gems, do not
selves at the beginning of a new year. The exactly correspond either with each other, or
temples arc open, and so are the cars of the with, the descriptions which are given of them
god3 nor does any tongue utter prayers, which
;
in ancient writers. It
are likely to fail, but every thing uttered has its will be observed that
weight.] the ancile, delineated
Since, then (observes Rasche), at the begin- on the denarius of P.
ning of a year-, every one wished and endea- stolo (see foregoing
voured to promote happiness to himself and cut), is an oblong
friends it is surely not surprising to find the
;
shield, divided into
Roman people at large invoking prosperity and three smaller shields,
happiness for the reigning prince, on marble the central an oval
tablets aud on medals. one, which has a thun-
and narrower than
ANCILIA — Bucklers, or shields, so deno-
der-bolt figured on
the other two ;
it, it is

so that each of the ends projects

minated because they were cut sloping on each
beyond the middle compartment. An inspection
side. The Romans pre-
of this type renders intelligible the expression
tended that one had fallen
of Festus (in Mamnrius), that the buckler in
from heaven during a pla-
question “was cut out on both sides, so that the
gue which had desolated
top and bottom spread out from the centre and ;
their city, in the reign of
also agrees with Plutarch’s remark, that “ it was
Nimia and this miracul-
;
partly cut out in a curved line like an escallop
ous present having stayed
shell, and did not present a continuous circum-
the pestilence, the arus-
ference like the shield called pelta.” On the other
pices declared that the em-
hand, the central bucklers of the two ancilia
pire of the world was destined for the people,
typified on the coin of Antoninus Pius, are
by whom this buckler should be preserved.
nearly as broad as those at the upper and lower
Numa, who so well knew the art of making
ends, each buckler appearing to resemble an
superstition conduce to political advantages, or-
oval shield in the centre, with very small rods,
dered several other shields to be made in exact
radiating at each extremity, aud terminating in a
resemblance to Ibis heaven-descended one, lest
semi-circular form.
so precious a gift should be purloined and he ;
It must not be omitted to be noticed, that
deposited the whole in the temple of Mars.
there is a gem in the Museum Florentinum,
From that sanctuary they were taken when war
which represents two of the Salii veiled in the
was declared. And twelve priests, called Salii,
Gabinian fashion, aud bearing, on their shoul-
to whose care they were confided, bore them, on
stated days, in procession about the public places
ders, six bucklers suspended from a pole. In —
the Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiqui-
and streets of Rome. It is this which they
ties, edited by Dr. W. Smith, an engraving from
called movere ancilia, and it was a bad augury
this ancient relic is given (p. 47), to which the
to go into the country before they were replaced,
reader is referred. And, if the form of the
as Suetonius explains by these words :
Seel et
shields, as copied from the antique gem, be com-
mot is, necdurn conditis ancilibvs
pared with what appears on either of the two
On denarii of P. Stolo, of the Licinia
family —one of the moneyers of Augustus, is a
coins of Augustus and Antoninus (cuts of
which are here respectively presented), it will
reverse type of the ancilia, between which is
be seen that, whilst a general resemblance to
the apex, or cap, of one of the Salii, with the
each other prevails in the shields on the coins,
inscription p. stolo. hi. vir. (an engraving of

which is given above). -The obverse of this — the shields represented on the gem, and de-
scribed as six ancilia borne by Salii, are, in their
silver coin bears the legend of avgvstvs tr.
contour and adornments, equally dissimilar to
pot. and an equestrian statue of that emperor,
those associated with the word ancilia, aud to
to whose honour (about A. D. 23), the statue was
those which form so conspicuous a feature in
erected. It was in the month of March, when
the reverse type of the denarius, struck by the
the twelve Salian priests celebrated their rites,
which consisted chiefly in carrying the sacred
monetary III. vir. p. (Licinius) stolo. Yet, —
knowing the superior degree of attention paid
bucklers in the left hand, leaping, and striking
by the Roman mint of the early and middle
in cadence on them, with a javelin, or rod, which
empire, to matters of delineative likeness, where
they held in their right. This ceremony always
is the numismatist, that would not, as evidence
finished with superb banquets, called Saliares
Cccnce .
—
See Apex.
to accuracy, prefer the die-sinker’s type to the
lapidary’s design ? —
See Clipeus.
ANCILIA. IMPERATOR. II. S. C.— On Since the history of Antoninus supplies no in-
the reverse middle brass of Antoninus
of a formation, it is left to be conjectured, that this
Pius, we
legend, accompanied by a
see this type, from its connection with the word ancilia,
type, which represents two of the Ancilian was selected by the mint-masters, to gratify Aure-
shields. The legend and type of the obverse arc lius Ca;sar, his adopted son. On this point, Capi-
 — —— — — —

46 ANN. DCCCLXXIIII. ANN. DCCCLXXIIII.

tolinus says, “ Hadrian caused him to be ad- type of both represents a female seated at the
mitted of the Saliau college in his eighth year. base of three obelisks, or mehe, (the gold coin
While enjoying this sacerdotal dignity, he was exhibits only one) which she embraces with her
favoured with the omen of sovereignty. When left arm, whilst she holds a wheel resting on

the assembled people, as was customary, threw her right knee. —

The legend of the obverse is
garlands upon the banquetting couches, some IMP. CAES. HADRIAN VS. AVG. COS. III. The —
fell in one place, some in another; while, on year 874 from the foundation of Rome agrees
the head of Aurelius, one was fixed as by the with the year 121 of the Christian sera.
hand of Mars. In the Salian priesthood, he
was president (prresul), seer (vates), and master
(magister) he performed frequently the cere-
:

mony of inauguration into office, aud also that

of deprivation without a prompter, as he had
himself learned by heart all the forms.”
It was the duty of the Salii (as has already
been stated), both to remove the ancilia, and to
restore them to their place of safety. To ac-
count for this type, we may perhaps conclude,
that some peculiar solemnity connected with the
ancilia, was going forward about this time, the
honour of which was directed to both the Anto- Had it not been for the inconvenient practice,
nincs —
to Marcus, as the President of the Order, adopted by the Romans in the inscriptions of
and to Pius Augustus, as the Pontifex Maximus. their marbles, as well as in the legends of their
Besides, another reason for placing, on the coin coins, of abbreviating a whole word into a
of Antoninus, the very name as well as the form single initial, there would be scarcely a pre-
of these sacred bucklers, is to be found in the tence, and certainly no reasonable ground, for
well-known attachment aud veneration of that the coullicting interpretations so pertinaciously
emperor for the antiquities aud traditions of the given to the legend, on this interesting coin, in
city. — See Eckhel, vii. p. 13. consequence of the very opposite meanings at-
ANIMA —the or spirit.
soul, —
On a large tached, by different learned writers, to the let-
brass of Autouiuus Pius, with reverse legend of ter P. —
But on the contrary, what surrouuds
consf.cratio. s. c., a cowering eagle is stand- the device would have been as free from per-
ing on a globe, emblematical of the a/iima of that plexity or doubt as is the device itself; which
prince soaring to take its seat in the celestial evidently serves to record a particular anniver-
regions. Conformably to the professed belief, sary of Rome’s foundation day, celebrate! with
involved in the Roman ceremony of consecra- more than usual splendour by the addition of
tion, the spirit of Marcus Aurelius is typified circensian chariot-raccs.
on a coin (large brass) of that emperor, as Vaillant renders the P. by populo; and reads,
carried on an eagle to its place amongst the Anno 874, natali urbis Populo Circenses con-
stars. —
An eagle is also seen on a consecration cesssil. That is to say, Hadrian had given to
medal of the younger Faustina, conveying the the People the spectacle of Games in the Circus
soul of that empress to heaven.
—
“ It was the at Rome, on the 87 tth anniversary of the City’s
custom of the Romans, says Spanheiin (v. Ctesars foiuidation. —
In this reading he is followed by
dc Julien, 17), to represent the emperors,
p. Ilavcrcamp, who nevertheless, strange to say,
and their wives, borne to the skies, on eagles, has allowed Bartoli, in cugraving from Queen
or on peacocks, or on the wings of Victory.” Christina’s specimen, to leave out the ques-
ANIMALS figured on. Military Ensigns. — tionable letter, when copying the legend of the
It was the practice of the Romans to distinguish large brass . —
Plebei is adopted by Hardouin.
the different Legions of their armies, not only — Fogginus confidently suggests Pub/ici. On —
by their number, but also by the representation the other hand, rejecting these interpretations.
of various animals, on their standards. Thus, Billiard de la Bastie, in his notes on Jobert,
on coins of Gallicnus, besides the images of Nep- (vol. ii ., p. 181), affirms the initial P. to stand
tune, Minerva, Mars, and other divinities, we for Primum. And, as usual with that truly judi-
see the figure of a wild boar appropriated to cious numismatist of the elder school, he sup-
Leg. i. Ital. vi. p. vi. f. The wolf and the ports his views on the point in dispute, with
two infants to Leo. ll. A crane to Leg. hi. — so much acuteness and force, that we arc in-
A lion to Leo. iiii. An eagle to Leo. v. and duced to subjoin the principal passage of his
vi. A bull or ox to Leo. vii., viii., and x. argument, clothed in an English dress :

Also, among a Capri-

other fabulous animals, “ To me it appears evident that by these
corn (or sea goat) is the distinctive figure on the medals of Hadrian, it was intended to preserve
ensigns of the 1st, 14th, and 22ud Legions: a the remembrance of a new Institution formed
Pegasus and a Centaur, on those of the 2nd during his reign, in honour of the Birth of the
Legion, &c. — Rascbe. City of Rome, and to mark its precise epocha.
ANN. DCCCLXXIIII. NAT. VRB. P. C1R. Before this Emperor’s time, the people had neg-
—
CON. This unique historical legend is found lected to celebrate aunnally the foundation of
on the reverse of a gold coin, and also of a large Rome, with the solemnities which the day seem-
brass, of Hadrian (the latter with S. C.) The ed to merit. It was honoured only as the fes-
 ; — — —

ANN. DCCCLXXIIII. ANN. DCCCLXXIIII. 47

tivalof the Goddess Pales, and was known celebrated in honour of the foundation of Rome.
under no other name than Parilia, or Palilia . It has been shewn that there were no circcn-
Nothing distinguished from the most common
it sian games marked against the day of the city’s
festivals. In an ancient calendar (published by foundation, in the Roman calendars anterior to
Gruter, cxxxiii.) we read, on the 21st April, the reign of Hadrian but after him attention
;

par. N.P. Parilia Nefastus Primo that is to was paid to that point, and they are seen marked
say, tliat it was only during the first part of the in that published by the Jesuit Fathers Petau
day, that the Tribunal of the Pnetor was shut, and Bucher, under the designation of these
and that he began again to administer justice in abridged words N. vrb c. m. xxim. that is to
the afternoon. Ovid, in his Fasti (l. iv. v. say, Natali urbis Circenses Missus, 24. It
721 to 802), gives a long description of the is the epocha of the first institution of these
sacrifices performed by the people in honour of annual games, or contests, the recollection of
Pales, on the day of her festival, lie after- which the medals before us were designed to
wards speaks of the anniversary of the founda- preserve.” And for this reason (says Bimard,
tion of Rome, which would occur on the same in conclusion), “ I think that the legend ought to
day but he does not tell us that solemn sacri-
; be read thus :

fices were made, and still less that public games AN No DCCCLXXIIII NAT<z/£ VRBw. Pri-
were celebrated, on that occasion. In a word, mum. CIR censes. CONslituti. S enatus Cousullo.
up to the time of Hadrian, no monument, no — [In the year eight hundred and seventy-four,
author, is found to make mention of any games the Games
of the Circus were for the first time
of the Circus, as celebrated to honour the instituted (to be given or celebrated) on the an-
anniversary of the foundation of Rome.” The — niversary day of the city’s foundation —
the day
Baron Bimard then undertakes to expose the on which the festival of Parilia was held.] —
The
false, and to shew the true, reading of a passage letter P. which I explain by Primum, can make
in Dion Cassius; and from the facts so corrected, no difficulty in this case for the same letter
;

combined with the uegativc evidence of Ovid, is found standing by itself for Prima, on the
who wrote under Augustus, and of Gruter’s [Latin] colonial medals of Ciesarca, in Palestine,
calendar engraved in the time of Caligula and struck under Hadrian, Marcus Aurelius, Diadu-
Claudius, he regards it as certain, that until menianus, Elagabalus, Alex. Sevcrus, and Tra-
the reign of Hadrian, the anniversary of Rome’s jan Decius. (See Vaillant, Colon, i. and ii.)
foundation was marked, neither by a solemn And the sense in which this legend is to be
festival, nor by public games. But this Prince, taken, according to my explanation, seems to
considering it to be a worthy and suitable act, me sufficiently shewn, by every thing which I
to distinguish so remarkable a day, by public have adduced respecting the institution of the
testimonies of veneration and rejoicing, caused a Games of the Circus by Hadrian.”
temple to be built in Rome itself, dedicated to Eckhel, in his commentary on this legend,
the City of Rome, as had already been done observes, that Bimard’s interpretation of it, if
in the provinces. He moreover changed the not clearly the correct one (plant: certa), ap-
name of Parilia, which had been given to the pears preferable to the others. But still, he ob-
foundation-day, to that of Romana : and ordered serves, “ the controversy cannot be pronounced
that, for the future, it should be accompanied by as set at rest, untilwe shall become surer of the
public feasts and entertainments [as one of the true signification of the letter P. which is sus-
principal Ferite or holidays of the Romans.] This ceptible of such various explanations.”
fact, adds Bimard, we learn from Athenscus, Dr. Cardwell regards the interpretation of the
who on a subsequent celebration of this
says, that word Primum as plausible but adds, “ to me
;

anniversary, whilst his Dipnosopliists were at it appears the best method to retain the word
table, the whole city resounded on a sudden Populo, as suggested by Vaillant a word which
;

w ith the music of flutes and of cymbals, mingled is constantly denoted on coins by the single
with the voices of singers. letter P. anil to make the inscription refer in the
“ It appears, therefore, that Hadrian created same restricted manner to the Circenses granted
a new establishment for the better celebration to the people, for the first time, on that occa-
of an event no less interesting than that of sion of holding the Parilia.’' But the Learned
founding the capital of the world. Buona- — Doctor’s previously avowed impression seems to
rotti, whose notice the passage in Athenams be the better founded of the two, viz., that in
had not escaped, is of opinion, that the superb which he treats the conjecture of Vaillant (populo
temple which the same emperor raised to the circenses concessi) as “ opposed to the well-
Genius of the City, and of which Spartianus known fact, that the games of the circus had
makes mention, is represented on one of his long been familiar to the Romans, and could not,
medallions. (See Osserv. Sopr. Medagl. Ant. without extreme absurdity, be said to have been
p. 17.) —
Besides building this temple, Hadrian established by Hadrian.” Indeed, so frequent
instituted public shews and banquets. Nor, as was the celebration of those games, that, as
Juvenal concisely but expressly assures us, was Bimard says, on ne se persnadera pas aisement,
there anything which the Roman people then que le souvenir d’un evenement si ordinaire,
more eagerly desired than (pancm ct circenscs) ait merits d'etre conserve sur la Moanoye pub-
the doles of bread and the courses of the circus. lique.
Hadrian took care to ordain that this spectacle These two coins (Aar. et AE. i.) are, says
should always make part of the festival annually Eckhel (vi. 511), the only ones on which is
 Q
, —
: : —

48 ANNIA. ANNONA.
inscribed the cpocha from the building of Rome, Corinth, which Morel classes with this family,
an cpocha so sacred and so venerated throughout and which exhibits on its reverse Venus Marina,
the empire, and which Latin writers frequently in a car, drawn by a triton and a nereid. It is —
used in dating years. But neither, he adds, did noticed also by Variant. See Corinth. —
it oftener appear on marbles. Only one is men- —
ANNIVERSARY the 1000th of Rome.
tioned by Fabretti, viz, excessit. anno vrbis. See MILLIARIVM SAECVI.VM.
CONDITAE. DCCCXCVII. ANNO 1. II. &c. —
It was under Justinus the
ANN. P. M. TR. P. X. IMP. VII. COS. IIII. First (a. d. 518), that the custom began of in-
P. P. —
A woman standing, with a little image scribing the years of an Emperor’s reign on his
in her right and a cornucopisc in her left hand brass coinage, especially those of the largest
at her feet on one side a madias, with corn ears, size. (See Kckhel’s Treatise on Coins of the
and on the other a ship, with two rowers. The Lower Empire, vol. viii.) — On the reverse of
ann. in this legend is an abbreviation of An- a first brass of Justinus I. Emperor of the
no >in, the type personifying the Goddess, with East, we read anno pkimo, and in the midst of
her attributes of the galley and the corn mea- the field x. p. —(Banduri.) On — a brass medal-
sure. In giving this, as a silver coin of Coui- lion of Justinus 11. (a. d. 505) the reverse pre-
modus, Khcll (p. 94) observes that, “ though sents — a f
historians assign the great famine to the year of N X K
Rome 941 188), yet the ship represented
(a. j>.

on the present reverse, shews a similar calamity

to have happened in 937 (184), that being a B.
sign of annona, or importations of corn, from On a second brass of the seme Emperor we
some quarter, for the relief of the population.” read — a f v
See below, Annona.
ANN QUATI OR TEMPESTATES.—The
I

four Seasons of the year. See Seasons also — — o s

FELICIA TEMPORA. On a second brass of Mauricius (declared Em-
ANNIA gens jdebeia known to be so from peror a. d. 582), we read on the reverse anno
some of its members having held the tribune- Q uinto. a large M
in the middle, surmounted by
ship of the people. There are 28 varieties. a small cross, below the M is an E, and at the
The silver rare. The brass coins of this family bottom RAVEN.
belong to the mint-masters of Augustus, and are On the 1st and 2nd brass of Phocas (a. I).
common. The following is the rarest denarius 002), the reverse bearing anno, with numbers
added, mark the years of that usurping mur-
derer’s reign up to VIII. Hcraclius I. and II.
Constans II. Constantinus Pogonatus, and so
downwards to Theophilus (a. n. 829), exhibit on
their 1st and 2nd brass, as well as on their me-
dallions of that metal, the same mode of noting
that year of their respective reigns in which the
coin was minted.
ANNO 111 I. —
A woman standing, holds
Obv. —
Cains ANN
l vs, T iti Filins, T iti Nc- cars of corn. In the field, A. In the exergue,
pos, PRO. ConStife EX S enatus Consu/to .
a star between two palm branches. Miounet —
Female head, with necklace, ear-rings, and head- gives this from the Catalogue d’Enncry, as a
dress, and accompanied sometimes with the silver quiuarius of llonorius, and Mr. Akennan
balance. adopts it, with acknowledgment, into his Des-
Rev. — L. FABI.
L. F. IIISP. Lucius FA- criptive Catalogue (ii. 343). Eckhcl does not
Bltfj Lucii HISP««//7.
Fi/ins Victory in a — notice the coin.
quadriga, at speed, a long palm branch in her ANNONA, a provision of victuals for one
right hand. year. This word particularly applies to corn.
On other reverses,
Publii Yi/ius.
—
ninlns TARQVIT/w.?
Victory, with palm, in a biga.
Annona civilis, the corn which was every year
reserved, and put into magazines for the sub-
See Tarquitia gens. sistence of the people. Annona mi/i/aris, the
Several numismatic antiquaries have expressed com appropriated to the nsc of an army, during
their opinion that the C. Annins named on this a campaign. This word also signifies the price
silver coin,was the same to whom Plutarch re- which the Edilcs put on marketable commodi-
fers, as having been sentby Sulla into Spain ties for individuals, among the Romans, were
;

against Scrtorius and that L. Fabius and Q.

; not allowed to sell their merchandise, according
Tarquitius, whose names appear on the reverses, to what each thought proper ; but the seller was
were his qmestors. But Eckhcl takes strong obliged to abide by the value, which the nrngis-
ground in regarding the above allegation as in- t rates assigned as the price of an article. Anno-
volved in much doubt. The female head, on the nam macetti, says Tacitus, Senatus arbitral u,
obverse, especially when designated by the qnotannis temperari votnit By the code J)e . —
balance, the same writer considers to be that of Navicutariis, the mariners appointed to carry
AOguitas, or of Moneta. (v. 135.) — com from Egypt were capitally punished if they
There is a colonial brass of Nero, struck at did not keep the proper course and if they did ;
 — —
—

ANNONA. ANNONA. 49
not the proper season, the master of the
sail in ing a veil, which she partly turns over her left
vessel was banished. arm, sometimes seated, sometimes standing, the
“Anuona was anciently worshipped as the god- goddess is seen holding ears of corn before a
dess who prospered the year’s increase. She was measure with the right hand, and a cornucopise
represented on an altar in the capitol, with the in theleft. The first emperor by whose mint
inscription “ Annona: Sanctac Aclius Yitalio,” Annona is represented under the appearance of
&c. (Gruter, p. 8, n. 10), as a female, with a woman, is Nero. Previously, six corn ears
the right arm and shoulder bare, and the rest of tied together, served to symbolize, what Mangcart
the body clothed, holding ears of corn in her calls, “ this deity of provisions for the mouth,”
right hand, and the cornucopia; in her left.” and to indicate a supply of corn abundantly pro-
Diet, of Gr. and Horn. Antiquities, p. 50. cured for the people, as on a coin of Augustus.
The duty of the Ediles to secure for the After Nero, she appears on reverses of Titus,
people an abundance of provisions (annorue co- Nerva, iElius Caesar, Commodus (see ann. p. m.
piam), is plainly indicated on the coins of the &c. p. 48), Sept. Severus, Caracalla, Macriuus,
Republic, in which the curule chair, ears of corn, Alexander Severus, Mamma, Gordianus Pius,
and sometimes a cornucopia;, are seen ; as on Philip senior, Trebonianus Gallus, Gallienus,
denarii of the Flaminia, Lollia, Papina, Quinc- Salonina, Tacitus, down to Constantine. With
tia, Rutilia, and Valeria families ; some of which one exception (viz. that of Annona Augusta,
are inscribed with the abbreviated words aed. coupled with Ceres, and in that case, if genuine,
cvr. the mark of the Curule zEdileship or ; referring to the two goddesses themselves), the
with the modius, between two ears of corn, as legends are Annona Aug. or Augusti, or Augg.
on a denarius of the Lioineia gens. —
See JEdilis, “to shew (says Mangeart), that it was through
p. 12 of this work. the care, and by the gcucrosity of the Emperors,
Besides the Ediles, both curule and plebeian, that tills deity had become propitious that she ;

there were sometimes prafecti annorue, or ex- had spread her gifts, and shed her blessings on
traordinary commissioners for affairs of pro- the subjects of those princes, and was therefore
visions, appointed, who were furnished with the a fit object of adoration.”
funds requisite to purchase and import wheat
from those three principal granaries of Rome,
the Sicilian, the Egyptian, and the African pro-
vinces, for the general consumption of the
citizens. Memorials of this watchful care, taken
by the Senate, to guard against, or at least to
abate, the evils of scarcity, occur on denarii of the
Catpurnia and Servilia families. The purchase
and importation of provisions by the state, is also
signified on certain consular coins. For example,
we find in Morel, amongst the incerta, but sup-
posed to be of the Host ilia family, a denarius,
the obverse of which exhibits the head of Ceres,
adorned with a crown of corn cars. On the re-
verse we read, C. MANCINaj, A uli Tilius — ANNONA AVGVSTI CERES. S. C.—
SKXria ATILw Mara Yilius SERRANVS. Ceres veiled, sitting with corn cars in her right
The type figures two men seated, before the right hand, and a torch in her left. Opposite to her
hand of one of whom is a modius, filled with stands the Goddess of Plenty, or Annona, hold-
ears of wheat and behind the other is an ear of ing a cornucopia; in her left hand. Between
—
;

corn. It is clear, that this denarius was struck the two figures is an altar or cippus, on which
in honour of the Plebeian Ediles, Sextus Attilius stands the modius. In the back ground is a
Serranus, and C. Mancintis, through whose care ship’s prow. —
This legend and type appear on
and exertions a great plenty of corn and other first and second brass of Nero ; also on a brass
prolusions, at a cheap rate, were supplied to the medallion of the same emperor, in the imperial
inhabitants of Rome. Their edileship is referred cabinet at Vienna.
to the year u. C.
saurus Numi
609 (b. c. 145).
Consulares, tab.
— [See
xviii. fig.16.]
The- Nero often ingratiated himself with the com-
mon people, by the profuse liberality of his
however, until we come
It is not, to the im- largesses to them —
a fact proved by the coins
and then not before the 4th reign,
perial series, struck under that prince, bearing the legend
that Annona appears on Roman coins personi- congiah. or congiarivm. This trait of conduct
fied as a divinity. Her habiliments, and
traits, looks fair enough but the one recorded by Sue-
;

attributes are nearly the same as those of Abun- tonius is most disgracefid, viz., that during a
dantia, or to speak more in chronological general scarcity at Rome, an Alexandrine ship
order, Abundantia nearly resembles Annona. brought a freight, not of wheat for the suffering
But there was this distinction between them, that inhabitants, but of dust for the Court wrestlers.
the latter name was limited to express the sup- It was at the critical time, when the revolt of
ply for the current year, and like Copia, seems to Vindex in Gaul, had become openly known and ;

have been applied to provisions, whereas Abun- Nero was loaded with the most insulting re-
dantia was a prodigal distributor of all kinds of proaches from the populace (Eck. vi. 268.)
things. Clothed in a long robe, and wear- There is a second brass of S. Severus, aud a
11
 ; — ;

50 ANNONA. A WON A.
contomiate medal of Constantine, with the same inanity, and beneficence towards all classes of
legend and a similar tvpe. his subjects.
ANNONA AVGVSTA CERES.— Tliis legend, This first brass bears no mark of senatorial
with a type similar to the above, is given, as authority ;
but the same omission is to be no-
from a brass medallion of Nero (7 ncusej, in ticed on the well-authenticated coin, which bears
Thesaur. Morell. Impp. tab. vi. fig. 8, and as a the type of the amphitheatre, struck under the
contorniatc, in the same work, tab. vii. fig. 19. same emperor. — Sec p. 42.
In the latter, an ear of corn is placed in the
left hand of Ceres instead of the torch.
ANNONA —
AVG. In Morel’s Thesaurus (t.
ii. tab. v. figure 32), there is a gold, and in
Mcdiobarbus a silver coin, given as struck under
Vespasian, with this legend, and the type of a
sedent female. —
In the Numism. 'Musei Theupoli,
a silver coin the same prince is described
of
annona avq. Female figure seated, with com
cars in right hand and laurel branch in left. ANNONA AVG. —A female seated, holding
It might indeed have been expected that the cars of corn and a cornucopia:, a modius at her
name and attributes of the goddess would appear feet. On silver of Mncrinus. —
There are also
on some generally recognized medal of that re- first and second brass of this brief reign, with
nowned emperor, were it only in grateful refer- the same legend and type.
ence to the prompt and liberal supply of corn It seems that Macrinus was sufficiently liberal
which by his provident care (as mentioned by and although congiaria were not usually given
Tacitus) was sent in ships to the port of Rome, unless the donor was in the city, we have medallic
during a period of great scarcity. But to judge proof that this restriction was waived, that he
from the silence of Eekhel, Mionuct, and Aker- might ingratiate himself with the people. But
man on this point, there is no annona on any the indulgence of Scverus, aud the prodigality of
of the three metals, in the coinage of Vespa- Caracalla, to the army, shackled the means of
sian. their suceessors, and indeed debilitated the whole
ANNONA AUGUST*. S. C. —A similar type empire till the days of Diocletian. With a
to that of Nero’s coin. treasury at low water, and guards at least
This reference to the discharge of a most im- quadrupled since Ciesar’s time, Macrinus was
portant duty in a Roman Emperor appears ap- obliged, on proclaiming his son (Diadumcnianus)
propriately on a first brass of Nerva. That good Augustus, to promise the old donative of 5000
prince, among other acts of provident attention denarii per man, of which he gave them each
to the welfare of his subjects, took care to furnish 1000 in hand. While the soldiers who had —
the city of Rome, and the whole of Italy, with already pocketed the Emperor’s first gift of 750
victuals necessary for the subsistence of the denarii —enjoyed these substantial pickings, the
people. people of Rome were promised a eougiary of 150
ANNONA AVG. —
A modius, out of which denarii each. Such was the state of the empire,
spring four ears of corn, on a denarius of -Eli us a. i). 218. —
Smyth.
Caesar. ANNONA AVG. — A woman standing before
It sccm3 strange and unaccountable, that a modius, with corn cars in her right hand and
whilst a coin with the above reverse should have cornucopia- in her left. On an elegant quinarius
been minted at Rome honour of this indolent
in of Alexander Severus. — Other quinnrii of the
prince, who did not live loug enough to become same reign give to Annona the appropriate at-
emperor, there appears to have been no similar tributes of the anchor, the rudder, and the
legend struck on coins of such men as Antoninus prow.
Fins and M. Aurelius, of whom history attests These reverses arc commemorative of the care-
their vigilant care for the public sustenance. ful aud vigorous attention, which characterised
ANNONA —
AVG. A robed female standing, the proceedings of that excellent emperor, with
holding a cornucopia! at her feet the modius
; respect to the purveyorship of wheat to the
in her right hand a small figure ; behind is the people, brought to Rome, at his own expense,
prow of a galley. On a first brass of Titus, iu from abroad the frumentarinn fuuds having been
;

Capt. Smyth’s cabinet. left exhausted by his infamous predecessor.

Neither in Eekhel nor Mionnet, nor in the Vaillant, Pr<rst, Nnm. Impp. Rom. p. 2S0.
later work of Akerman, is any coin of the above- ANNONA AUGG. (Augustorum). With
named emperor to be found with the legend of the usual type. On gold of Philip senior.
Annona. In the possession, and with the autho- Roman emperors, sub nuspiria imperii, were
rity for its genuineuess, of so intelligent a writer accustomed to seek popularity, by providing
and so practised a numismatist, this acquisition annona. To this Philip, ns a matter of pecu-
therefore becomes doubly valuable not only ns
: liarly urgent policy with him, was, it appears,
an interesting specimen of the mint to which it promptly and abundantly attentive.
belongs, but also ns serving to supply a reverse, ANNONA —
AVG. A woman with corn cars
which it was natural to look for amongst the J
and eornucopite (on other coins an anchor), nnd
medals of a prince, who was distinguished be- a modius at her feet. On silver aud third brass
yond any of his predecessors for liberality, hu- I of Salouiua, wife of Gnllicnus.
 — ——

ANTJEl'S. ANTESTIA. 51

Banduri, who gives the above, remarks that posed to represent this fabulous personage. The
it bears a reverse, which does not occur on the figure is sitting, his head covered with a lion’s
mintage of any other empress. But Khell, who skin ;
a spear in his right hand, his left elbow
published his Supplement to Vaillant nearly 50 resting on a shield, on which is a human coun-
years afterwards, has cited a silver coin of Julia tenance, conjectured to be that of Hercules. The
Mamtea, from the Cabinet d’Ariosti, with the flatterers of Antony and his own vanity encou-
same legend and type. But perhaps it may be raged him to claim descent from the demi-god.
retorted that Mannca was not an empress she : — See Morcll. Thesaur. Livineia gens, tab. ii.
was, however, the mother of an emperor, and
bore the title of Augusta, under which, on some
of her numerous coins, she exhibits her portrait
fig. 5.

ANTESTIA
consider these
— ANTISTIA.— Some
names to belong to two
writers
different
face to face with that of her sou Alexander. families. But Eckhel unites them, as belonging
AY i tli respect to the Annoua Aug. of Salonina, to one and the same gens, which was of the ple-
it is admitted that it may rightfully belong to beian order. The above named writer observes,
this beneficent princess, since there are medals however, that the name of Antestia is certainly
of her’s dedicated to Abundantia and to Bea older than that of Antistia, since the coins bear-
Segetia, a deity associated with Annona. — See ing the latter name were struck under Augustus :

Abundantia Temporum, p. 2 of this work. whereas the denarii, as well as the brass coins,
bearing the word Antestia, argue from their
—
ANNONA. Besides this word, the meaning type and their fabric, the mintage of a more re-
of which has already been explained, there are
mote age. The surnames of this gens arc Re-
other legends of imperial coins, which refer
ginas and Fetus. There are twelve varieties in
nearly to the same thing such as the Pro- — the types. —
Gold, very rare —
Silver, common.
vident ia Aug., with galley and sail spread, of
The brass coins of this family arc the As, or
Commodus the Sacu/o Frugifero of Albinus,
;
some of its parts.
and Dpi Bioin. of Fertinax, with figures holding
The subjoined is a rare denarius struck by
ears of corn also the Felicitas Temporum of S.
;
Reginus Antistius, in his capacity of mouctal
Severus, with cornucopia; and spica. The legend
triumvir, under Augustus. This Rcgiuus had
annona aktekna, ascribed by Mediobarbus
been one of Julius Crcsar’s legates in Gaul; and
(p. 268) to the silver mint of S. Severus, is not
appears, about 49 years b. c., to have had the
noticed by Eckhel, nor is it to be found in
command of the coast of the lower sea. (See
either Mionuet or Akerman.
Dr. Smith, Bid. Rom. Biog. iii. p. 642.)
ANT. P. Antiochue Percussa, money struck Obv. —
caesar avgvstvs. Bare head of Au-
at Antioch. gustus.
ANT. H. Antiochia octava o/Jicina — Money Rev. — c. antistivs. reginvs. ill. viR. Pon-
struck at Antioch, in the eighth office, or mint. tifical instruments.
[Some of the principal cities of the empire,
had the privilege of a Roman coinage. Antioch
was one of these, and had in it several mint
offices.] — See Raschc.
ANT. S. Antiochia Signata. — Coined at
Antioch.
ANT/EUS, a famous, or rather infamous,
giant of Lvbia, sou of Neptune and Terra, and
This is one of those coins of the Antistia gens,
king of Irasa. lie murdered all strangers that
which have given much learned disputa-
rise to
came Hercules fought this giant,
to his court.
tion, as to the date when they were minted but
and “floored” him three times, but in vain; ;

from the reverse legends of two coins struck by

for Mother Earth restored to her child new
Vetus Antistius, iii. vir., it may undoubtedly
strength whenever he touched her. Hercules
be inferred that this, as well as the two others,
therefore lifted him off the ground, and thus
was placed under the hammer of the mint, dur-
succeeded in squeezing to death this “ prince of
ing the viiith Tribunate and the xith Consulate
Many ancient monuments repre-
cut-throats.”
sent this combat ; among others a gold coin of
of Augustus. (Eckhel, v. p. 137.) —
The instru-
menta pontificalia, which form, in this example,
l’osttunus,with the type of a man holding up
the type of the reverse, consist of the simpulum,
another in his arms, and rigidly compressing
lituus, tripod, aud patera, an explanation of
him. A Latin colonial of Antioch in Pisidia, which words will be found in their respective
struck uuder Caracalla, and a brass medal, with
Greek inscription of Antoninus Pius, both ex-
places. —
See Morell. Antistia, fig. 3 and fig. 4.
But among the types, with which the sur-
manner the great Alcides in the act
hibit in like
names of this family connect themselves on coins,
of hoisting up and stifling the African tyrant.
there is one peculiarly deserving of attention, on
See Caylns, Aurea Numismata, fig 1)50 See — account of its assisting graphically to illustrate
also UERCVLI LYBICO.
certain ancient ceremonies performed at the rati-
ANTEON, son of Hercules. There is a very — fication of international treaties. The denarius
rare gold coin of M. Antony, having on its re- described as follows, was struck by Vetus Antis-
verse the name of one of his moncyers l. reov- tius, one of the moneyers of Augustus :

jlvs tniviR. a. p. r. the type of which is sup- Obv. —

Head of Augustus.
H 2
$'s
')[Y7rtF.'\l\IS. ffitfvrtr .
Cf p- (r
 —— — : : —.

52 ANTIOCIIIA. ANTIOCIIIA.
Rev. —
ANTISTIVS VETVS FOED. (or FOEDYS)
C. of this city consist of
p. r. cvm gabinis. —
Two men standing, clothed Latin autonomes (small
in the toga, and with heads veiled, hold, for size), and of Latin im-
sacrifice, a pig over a lighted altar. perial, both in brass.
For an engraving and explanatory notice of The former have on their
tills denarius, see foedvs, &c. obverse side, for legend,
ANTI A, gens plebeia. Its cognomen on ant. and antiocu, and
coins is Reslio. —
This family came from Antium. for type the head of the
It furnished, amongst others, C. Antius Restio, God Lunus, with Phry-
who, in the time of Cicero, was a tribune of the gian cap, on a crescent.
people, and the author of a sumptuary law. — Their reverses arc inscribed colon, or col.
The coins of this yens appear only in silver ant. antio. or antiocu, and the accompanying
they have three varieties, and arc rare. For an types are a cock, and a buffalo, or wild ox.
engraving of oue of these, which though not the The imperial coins of this colony begin under
rarest is, from its legend and type, the most in- Tiberius, after whose reign a cessation of coinage
teresting, sec dei penates. Also, sec restio. seems to have taken place, and continued until
ANTIGONUS, King of Judaea, beheaded by Titus came to the throne to whom, however,
—
;

order of Mark Antony. See Sosia gens. the colonists appear to have dedicated only two
ANTIUM, a city of the Volscians, so called coins. Another gap then occurs iu the scries,
from Anton or Antcon, son of Hercules. extending to the reigns of Antoninus Pius and
Ascanius, son of Jiueas, is said to have founded Marcus Aurelius. to the
They thence, according
it. remains are still visible, situated on a
Its descriptive lists of Miounct, proceed in more
promontory bordering on the sea, in the Cam- regular succession, but still with occasional
prtgna di Roma, under the modern name of omissions, as far as Gallieuns and Yalrrianus
Antio rovinato. Nero caused a line port to be junior the last recorded dedication of the
;

built there, after having, according to Suetonius, Antiochian mint of Pisidia being to Claudius
sent thither a colony of old Pnctorians. Antium — Gothieus. By far the more numerous portion was
was celebrated for its temple of Fortune. See — struck under Caracalla and Gordianus III. The —
Ant eon, p. 51. following arc the various legends to he found on
—
ANTIAT. Antiatina See Fortuna: Antiat. reverses of the imperial colonial, viz.
See also Ruslia. COL. ANT. COLON. ANTIOCH. COL. CAES. —
ANTICA, or pars adversa. That side of a ANTI, or ANTIOCH. —
CO. ANTIOCHE, or ANTI-
coin, which contains the portrait, or other prin- OCUEN. ANTIOCHENI COL. ANTIOCHAF.AE
cipal figure. See Obverse. —
COLONIAE. GEN. or GENIVS COL. or COLONIAL
ANTI NOUS. Hadriani catamites: a young —
ANTIOCH. COL. ANTIOCH MENSIS. FORTVNA —
Bithynian, who died about the 130th year of COL. ANTIOCU. —
ANTIOCHI. ANTIOCIIIA. S. R.—
our sera, having been drowned in the Nile. (Senates Romanes). ANTIO. CA. CL. CAES. —
Hadrian, so wise and meritorious in his ge- —
ANTIOCH. COL. ANTIOCIIIA COLONIA. CAES ARIA
—
neral public conduct, but iu tliis wretched in- or CAESARI. —
COL. ANTIOCHI. AN. COI.ONI.
stance of personal criminality, one of the most The types colonist, or a
arc as follows :
—A
infatuated, as well as most depraved, of human priest, atplough with two oxen, and with one
beings —had scarcely by this accident lost his or two military ensigns behind them ; also a
unhappy favourite, than he caused the most cx- high priest, carrying a vexUlum, tracing the
travagaut distinctions to be rendered to his me- limits of the settlement with a plough and
mory. A temple and even a city were dedicated two oxen — as in Tiberius, Titus, S. Sevcrus,
to his name and worship I Nor were the Greeks, Caracalla, Alex. Gordianus Pius, and
Sevcrus,
always ready to flatter the most disgraceful Gallicnus. [These types are symbols of a colony
propensities of their imperial masters, ashamed established.]
to stamp his image on their coins. To the Cybele or Rhea seated between two lions as ;

credit of, and in justice to, the Roman mint, be in Aurelius, Alex. Sevcrus, and Gordianus III.
M.
it added, there exist no medals of Antinous Diana, the huntress, taking with her right
with Latin legends, nor any whatever with the hand an arrow from her quiver, and holding the
mark of Senatorial authority. bow in her left as in Caracalla.
ANTIOCIIIA. —Under this name, ancient Emperor standing
;

veiled, sacrificing at a
writers conuncmorntc the existence, in their lighted altar before three miltary ensigns— also
times, of a great many cities in Asia. The fol- on horseback, with right hand elevated and in a ;

lowing are the two most remarkable : viz., triumphal quadriga; as in Gordianus 111. and in
Antioch in Pisidia, and Antioch in Syria — both Philip sen.
being Roman colonies. Fortune of the colony, personified by the usual
ANTIOCIIIA Colonia)
('Pisidia situate type ns in M. Aurelius, and S. Sevcms.
;

on the borders of Phrygia, not far from the Genius of Antioch, personified by a female
river Meander (and now called Ak-Sciehere, in figure in the stola, stauding with brnucli and
—
Karamau, Asiatic Turkey.) It was, for at least cornucopia. The colony is also represented by
270 years, the seat of a Roman colony, founded by a turreted woman, holding a caducous; also by a
Augustus, and invested with the jus Italians, under female figure standing near an altar, holding a
the name of COLONIA ANTIOCH KN’SIS, or patera and horn of plenty —
likewise by the type
COL. CAESuWd ANTIOCIIIA. The coins of Fortune seated, holding a rudder and cornu-
 a : — ; —

ANTIOCHIA. ANTIOCHIA. 53
copite, a wheel being under her chair. The 1.Obv. IMP. CAES. P. SEPT'. GETA. AVG.
legend to all these types is colonia caesaria. ; Laurelled head of Gcta.
as in Gordianus and in Julia Domna. Rev. VIRT. AVG. COL. ANTIOCH. S. R. A
Hope walking; as in Saloninns. And Ilygeia, horseman riding at full speed, thrusts his lance
standing, clothed in the stola, koldiug a serpent at a prostrate enemy.
over a lighted altar, with the kasta pura in her
left hand, as in Antoninus Pius.
Jupiter standing with an eagle in his right
hand, and the hasta in his left, as in Caracalla.
Limits (or Men sis) wearing the Phrygian cap,
and with a crescent behind the back, holds the
hast and a small figure of Victory : a cock is
at his feet; as in Antoninus Pius, S. Scvcrus,
Caracalla, Domna, and Philip senior. [See the
word Limits (in its place) for a further notice of
this deity, who was worshipped with great vener-
ation at Antiochia Pisidia .]
Mars walking; as in Gordianus 111. Military
ensigns, three together as in Elagabalus.
;

Fallas, holding a small figure, and the hasta The Antiochians (says Vaillant), devoted to the
a trophy and an altar, in the field, as in Volu- family of Severus, dedicated this medal to Geta,
sianus. (about a. D. 209), when, by his father’s will, it
River God. Pellerin gives the engraving of a was arranged for him to preside over the civil
second brass of Volusianus struck in this colony, administration in that part of Britain subject
on the reverse of which, with the legend antiocii to the Romans, whilst Caracalla was to accom-
col. is the figure of a man seated, symbolising a pany the old emperor in his expedition against
river (probably the Meander), who holds a reed the Caledonians. But Severus dying at York,
in his right hand, and in his left a horn of the two brothers, in their joint imperial capacity,
plenty, resting his left arm on an urn whence concluded a peace with those northern inhabit-
water flows. In the exergue s. r.
plate xxii. No. 1, from which the above cut
—
[M elange, i. ants of the island. Hence the name of Bntanni-
cus was conferred by the Roman Senate on both
is copied.] — Another river deity, with female Caracalla aud Geta; and the legend VIRTVS
countenance aud dress, seated on the ground AVG ustorum (the valour of the Emperors) was
with a reed and cornucopia;, appears on a coin placed ou the coins minted to their honour, in
of this colony, dedicated to Alexander Severus. this eastern colony. —
(i. 53.)

Victory. Two Victories holding a buckler 2. Obv. Same legend and type as on pre-
attached to a palm tree, at the foot of which sit ceding coin.
two captives; as in Gordianus Pius. Rev. VICT. DD. NN. COL. ANTIOCH. S. R.
Vexillum between two military ensigns as in Victoria Dominorum Noslrorum, Colonia An-
Claudius Gothicus.
;

tiochensis (Senalus Romanus). — Victory walk-

Wolf suckling the twins, under a tree; as in ing, carrying a trophy in both hands before her.
M. Aurelius, repeated in Caracalla, Alexander This (says Vaillant, i. p. 53), is a Victoria
Severus, Gordian III., Philip senior, Gallienus. Britannica, recorded in honour of Caracalla and
— [The Antiockians of Pisidia, says Vaillant, Geta, as joint Augvsti, by the colonists of
placed this type on their coins as Roman colonists, Antioch, after their father’s death.
whose usual symbol it was to shew their national [The appellation of Dominus, employed in
origin from Romulus and Remus.] the present instance by the mint of this colony,
Faun, or Satyr, standing with a wine-skin on instead of the usual word Iniperator, is worthy
his shoulder; as in M. Aurelius. of notice. The title of Dominus, first used by
Eagle with expanded wings, and legend of Caligula, who (as Spanhcim says), endeavoured
coloniae antiochiae as in M. Aurelius.
;
to make the people of Rome call him so, w as re-
r

Eagle standing on a thunderbolt Two Eagles vived by Domitian, although he never succeeded
— aud Eagle with crown in its beak. in obtaining that designation on the public
Legionary Eagle, on a banner between two money. It w as at length fully recognised at
r

ensigns, a crown above with coloniae anti-

;
Rome, under Aurelian, about A. d. 270.]
ochiae; as on coins struck under M. Aurelius, As the large brass coins of Antioch in Pisi-
L. Verus, Gordian III., Philip jun., Volusi- dia are esteemed rare, Pellerin has described
anus, Valerianus, and Claudius Gothicus. [The
eagle with expanded wings was the indication of
— no less than eight of that size, from his own
collection, struck under Gordianus Pius, and
power. The legionary eagle above the vexilhun, which differ, for the most part, from the five
between two military standards, refers to the which Vaillant published, as having been dedi-
transmission of Roman veterans into Pisidia by cated by the colony in question to that young
Augustus. —(Vaillant, in Col. rol. i.) prince. Five of these are engraved, in Melange, i.
and to judge from their appearance ou the plates,
The two following coins, struck at this An-
tioch, have, besides their rarity, an historical they present remarkably fine specimens of colonial
interest, as referring to the victories of Severus mintage. — See pi. xx. Nos. 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
and his sons in Britain, viz. The following type on the reverse of a Gordian
 — ; — — — —

54 ANTIOCHIA. ANTONIA.
III. struck by the colony of Pisidian Antioch, Rev.
—
s. c. and same type. — See Mionnet.
is unlike any other on the various coins of Vespasian
that city. It exhibits, as Mionnet describes it, IMP. CAESAB VESPASIAN AVG.
Un Guerrier assis sur un monfeau d’armes, Head of the Emperor, lau-
soutenant de la main droite sa tele qni est /vC, rcated. — Rev. antiociiia,
penchee; devant ltd, une trophee militaire ; dans Ifo \j female head turreted. (Vail-
le champ s. 11 .
Ja
>' ' lent, Col. p. 131). — Similar
ANTIOCHIA, Syria;, or ad Orontem a
[
reverses appear on coins of
y'l Jj
celebrated town on the banks of that river, at Titus and Domitian.
t—Jy The
the foot of Mount Silpius, and at one period Antiocheaus of Syria were
ranking third in the world. It is recognised at the first to adhere to the
the present day, only by the ruins of its walls, cause of Vespasian, and were zealously attached
and by some inscriptions. Situate about 15 to the Flavian family.
leagues from the Mediterranean, between Aleppo Caracalla —
and Tarsus, it is now called by the Turks, Antak, M. avb. antoninvs. Head of Emperor.
or Antalcie. This Antioch on the Orontes is Rev col. met. ant. antinonian. (Colon ia
.

said to have been built by Selcucus Nicator, Metropolis Antiociiia Antoniniana). A female
founder of the empire of Syria, and was called head, turreted aud veiled, before which is a
after the name of his father Antiochus a name — cornucopia;.
which it preserves to this day. Under its kings [Mionnet includes all the coins of Antiociiia ad
it flourished for a long time as a capital but :
Orontem, dedicated to Caracalla, amongst those
after their expulsion by Pompcius Magnus, with Greek legends. —
The above Latin, how-
and the occupation of Syria as a ltoman pro- ever, are published in the colonial scries of the
vince (about 64 b. c.), it became aulonomos —
Museum Thevpoli. Eckhel also gives a third
(i. e. governed by laws of its own), and ob- brass of Hadrian, of Roman mintage, on the re-
tained from him the right of coining money. verse of which is the legend cos. ill. s. c. and
— Julius Csesar and Augustus both bestowed the figure of a woman, with turreted head, sitting
benefits upon the city. And, under succeed- on a rock, holding coni cars in her right hand ;

ing emperors, it arrived at the distinction of a river god is emerging at her feet. This he con-
being acknowledged as Metropolis totius Orien- siders to be a type of Antioch on the Orontes.]
iis, still, however, subject to Homan domina- —
ANTIQYAE. This appellation of a legion is
tion; and was the scat and residence of the found on a denarius of M. Antony. leg. xii.
governor of Syria. It was here that the disci- ANTIQVAE.
ples of Our Lord were first called Christians. —
ANTONIA gens. This family, says Yaillant,
After the death of Pcrtinax (a. d. 192), Syrian ranks amongst the noblest of those, who derive
Antioch declared in favour of Peseennius Niger their origin from the first senators of the ancient
against Septimius Sevenis, who in the fury of his stock, under the kings of Home. According to
displeasure, stripped the city of all its privileges, Plutarch, it pretended to a descent from Anton,
and transferred them to Laodicca. At the inter- or Anteon (see the word, page 51) the son, or
vention however of Caracalla, who made it a companion of Hercules. Such was the vanity of
Roman colony, it was restored to its former the Romans, that they ascribed the origin of
rights and municipal consequence, in every re- their great men to their deities, or to the sons of
spect but that of exemption from tribute, pay- their deities. The most celebrated personage
ment of which continued to be exacted from its of the Antonia family was Marcus Antonius, t lie
inhabitants. Triumvir. Its surnames arc Bed bits and Naso.
The coins of this city are very numerous, in The minting of the subjoined denarius is re-
brass, silver, and potin. The autonomes em- ferred by Yaillant and Ilavercamp, with whom
brace not only the earlier ter a of the Sclencidtc, Pigghius concurs, to Q. Antonius Balbns, who
and of Alex. Bala, king of Syria, but also the was Prector in Sardinia, afterwards ejected thence
Aetiac cpoclia (or of Augustus and Tiberius), and by Sulla, and slain in the year of Rome, 672
the immediately subsequent period, comprising (b. c. 82). But Eckhel, pointing to the cir-
Claudius, Nero, and Galba. But both Imperial, cumstance that the medal is serrated, shews it
and Colonial Imperial, from Galba down toYolu- to be likely to have been coined by a more an-
sianus and Yalcrianus senior, exhibit, with few cient Q. Halims, when he was Urban Praetor,
exceptions, only Greek legends and inscriptions. although his name does not appear in the Ro-
— [See a full classification of them in Mionnet, man annals.
vol. v. p. 148, et seq. and Supplmt. vol. vii. p.
139.]
The following brass colonial imperial, bearing
solely Latin inscriptions, are selected as examples
from among the only extaut coins of this An-
tioch, that come within the plan of the present
work to notice, viz. :

Augustus —
avgvst. Tit. pot. —
Lour, head of Augustus.
Rev. s. c. in crown of laurel. Obv. Head of Jupiter laurcated, behind is s. c.
imp. avgvst. tb. pot. Laurcated. Rev. Q. A(N)TO. BA(L)B. PRa/or.— Victor)-
 — —

ANTONIA. ANTONINUS. 55

in a quadriga, at full speed, holds up the laurel L. Domitius Ahcnobarbus, the grandfather of
in her right hand ; and a long palm branch Nero.
together with the reins in her lefti

Morel gives a hundred and thirty-eight varieties

in the coins of the Antonia family. This ex-
traordinary number arises from the medals of M.
Antonius, without his portrait, being classed
under that head. —
See augur and legio (suis
locisj. —Thegold coins are rare in the highest
degree. The silver arc from common to the
lowest degree of rarity.
ANTONIA Augusta daughter of Marcus An-
,

tonius and of Octavia, married to Drusus senior,

was the mother of Gennanicus, Livilla, and (the
afterwards emperor) Claudius. She was born in
the year of Rome, 715 or 716 (b. c. 39 or 38),
and died 791 (a. d. 38), being the second year of
her grandson Caligula’s reign, who according to ANTONINUS PIUS (Titus Aurelius Fulvius
Suetonius, was suspected to have caused her to Bojonius Arrius) whose paternal race came
be poisoned. She is spoken of, by historians, originally from Nismes, was born at Lanuviuin
as a sensible, amiable woman of a handsome (a city of Latium) in the year of Rome 839 (a. d.
;

countenance and of graceful manners a noble 86.) He was the son of Aurelius Fulvius —
a man
;

exemplar of conjugal fidelity, and of honourable of consular rank —and of Anna Padilla. Hav-
widowhood a character which remains unstdlied
;
ing passed through the offices of Quaestor and
by the vague allegations of those who male- Praetor, with approved liberality, he served his
volently imputed a want of proper feeling to one, first Consulship in the year u. c. 873, (a. d.

whose tenderness as a wife had proved itself 120) being then 33 years of age, in a magnifi-
too sincere to be associated, in the same breast, cent style. The emperor Hadrian afterwards
with maternal insensibility. appointed him one of the four ex-consuls, to
Her coins, in gold and silver, are very rare. whom the administration of affairs in Italy, was
The subjoined cut is engraved from one of her committed. Sent next as Pro-consul to Asia,
denarii : he governed that extensive and most important
province, with great wisdom and integrity in- ;

somuch as to have exceeded in repute all his

predecessors. On his return, a seat was as-
signed to him in Iladriau’s council of state and, ;

after the death of Aelius his brother-in-law, he

was invested with the title of Caesar, and with
the Tribunitian Power, in 891, (a. n. 138.)
Hadrian at the same time adopted him, on the
condition, that he should himself adopt M.
Oho. ANTONIA avgvsta. Laurelled head of Aurelius, the son of his wife’s (Faustina’s) bro-
Antonia. ther, and L. Verus, the son of Aelius Caesar.
Rev. constantiae avgvsti. (To the con- It was then that he took the names of T. Aelius
stancy of the emperor —
meaning Claudius.) Sec — lladrianus Antoninus. The same year, Hadrian
Constantia. dying, Antoninus received from the Senate the
The second brass of Antonia are scarce. One title of Augustus, and the surname of Pius. In
of these presents on one side the head of Antonia, the year u. c. 892 (a. d. 139) he accepted the
“ with her hair twisted to the back of the neck, title of Pater Patna. In 894 (a. d. 41) the
and a countenance expressive of sense and mild- third year of his reign, his wife Annia Galena
ness,” and with the legend antonia avgvsta. Faustina died. In a. d. 145, he served his
The legend of the reverse is ti. clavdivs avg. 14th consulship, with Marcus Aurelius Cmsar
l*. m. tr. p. imp. and the type a figure clothed in for his colleague. Antoninus gave the toga virilis
a long robe, and veiled, standing with a simpuliun to L. Verus ; dedicated a temple to his father
in the right hand. by adoption, lladrianus and bestowed a congia-
;

Antonia was invested with the title of Augusta rium on the people, a. u. c. 899 (a. d. 146)
by her grandson (Caius) Caligida, who also he celebrated with secular games, the 900th year
caused the dignity of a Vestal to be granted to of the city; and in 901 (A. D. 148) paid the
her. (See saceudos divi. avgvsti). But his vows due (solvit vota) for the first ten years of
filial attachment having been turned to hatred, his reign (Pnmi. Decenua/es.) From this pe-
no brass coins witli her name and portraiture riod to the year of Rome 913 (a. d. 160,) an-
were struck during her life-time, though the cient annals are cither silent, or afford only
coin above described, and another, were after- vague and uncertain information, on the subject
wards dedicated to her memory by her son of events connected with the imperial govern-
Claudius. —
Antonia was called minor, to dis- ment of Antoninus although during that inter-
;

tinguish her from her eldest sister, whose name val of 14 years, a great variety of coins, bearing
was likewise Antonia, and who was married to reverses of geographical, historical, and mylho-
 — — —

56 ANTONINUS. ANTONINUS.
i logically religions interest, arc extant ;
shewing, peror at his own
capital. Through his lieutenants
! by their legends and types, that emperor
this and deputies, he subdued and kept in awe the
had restored several public ediliees, and erected Britons, the Mauretanians, the Dacians, and the
others, besides having concluded many important different Germanic tribes he also suppressed a
;

transactions, and given many public spectacles revolt of the Jews, and put down rebellions in the
and largesses to the people. After a reign of provinces of Actinia and Egypt. Under this sig-
(

23 years, which the gratitude of his contempo- nally mild and tolerant prince, the Christians en-
raries has handed down to the veneration of joyed comparative freedom from persecution, until
mankind, he died in his palace at Lorium in about the 12th year of hisreigu (A.n. 151.) And
Etruria, universally regretted, on the 7th of even then he issued no edicts agaiust them. But
March, a. u. c. 914 (a. d. 161) in the 75th in consequence of bishaving been induced, rashly
year of his age. and unadvisedly, to withdraw his protection,
Antoninus richly merited the titles and dis- many virtuous followers of Christianity were put
tinctions conferred upon him, as well before as to death under laws of former emperors. After-
after his accession to the throne ; not only by wards, however, his own sense of humanity and
his many and rare virtues as an individual, but justice again prevailed with him to grant certain
also because the welfare and happiness of his indulgences to the Christians, who generally re-
people were the constant objects of his care and mained in peace and security throughout the re-
occupation. Sagacious, learned, eloquent, benign, maining period of his life. In his matrimonial
compassionate, and affable, he was peculiarly union he bad been unfortunate, his consort being
endowed with calmness and equanimity, well a woman of dissolute life. But judging from the
sustained, however, on all political occasions, by honourable character of the man, there is every
the requisite display of energy and firmness. reason to believe, that he deeply felt the disgrace
Kindly disposed towards everybody, and free which his wife’s misconduct had brought upon
from vindictiveness, he anticipated, by acts of his family and court, although the impolicy of
liberality and beneficence, the utmost wishes of bringing her to public shame probably operated,
his subjects. Distinguished for probity of cha- with other motives, in inducing him to be lenient,
racter and he delighted
for dignity of conduct, and even affectiouate towards her to the last.
in rural retiremement and innocent recreation. Still, nothing could justify the bestowal of
Well formed in person, mildly expressive in “divine honours,” by the Senate, at his own
physiognomy, active in disposition, exhibiting gratuitous solicitation, on the faithless Faus-
an air which commanded respect, and a deport- tina.
ment which conciliated the most favourable opi- The funeral of Antoninus was distinguished
nion ; he was plain in his dress, simple in his by all imposing ceremonies of Consecra-
the
establishments, frugal at his table. Living tion ; and his ashes were deposited in the mau-
w ithin the limits of his patrimonial revenues, of soleum of Hadrian. To shew how much he was
which a portion was always spared for the relief beloved by those whom he governed, each Roman
and solace of the wretched; he treated his friends family was accustomed to have a statue of him
as if he had been their host or their guest in their houses. “ No wonder, therefore, that,”
rather than their sovereign master. Ilis private as Spanhcim observes, “there should have come
habits were decorous and regular, though he even to our days so many visible anil durable
was not altogether proof against the allurements monuments of his reign, some of which also
of women. As a prince and a rider, his maxim remain to us, and not falsely, on his coins ."
was to administer strict justice equally to rich These indeed arc abundant, in each metal and ;

and poor, to high and low', to the weak and it is surprising, how many fine and interesting

humble, as well as to the proud and powerfid. brass medallions there mintage.
are of his
In attention to the sacred ceremonies and re- Gold, common (except some in the third degree
ligious institutions of his country, his inclina- of rarity) Silver, common (except some in the
tions seem to have assimilated with the policy of sixth degree of rarity) Brass, common (ex-
Noma, whom he was said to resemble, lie cept some in the eighth degree of rarity). lle is —
caused his adopted son, Marcus Aurelius, to thereon styled ANTONINVS XX Gust us PIVS.
serve all the state offices, and instructed him
in P. P. (Pater Pat rim) —
also IMP eraior CAESor
the science of government, with a view to qualify T. AELIVS. HADRLANVS. ANTONINVS
him for the succession. Circumspect in his —
PIVS. AVG. The names of Aetins lladriunus
choice of ministers ; vigilant, wise, and for- (as has been already mentioned) were those of
tunate, in the management of public affairs, his his adoption. —
Some rare pieces, struck midcr
sole aim was to rule the empire well, and to this emperor, represent him with Hadrian,
leave it in prosperity and peace to his suc- Faustina senior, Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius
cessor. Chosen as an arbitrator by kings Feras.
and peoples, at the most remote distauccs [The portrait at the head of this notice is
from Rome, he made a moral conquest of the engraved after the obverse type of a brass me-
world by his well-earned influence and pre-emi -
dallion, one of the finest in the Cabinet de
nent reputation. Among other nations, the Ilvr- France ; for the reverse of which sec Bacchus
canians, and the Bactrians, sent embassies of sub- and Ariadne .]
mission to him. Sovereign princes from Meso- ANTONINE Coliimu at Rome. This monu-
potamia and from the further East, jicrsoually ment is delineated on a large brass of Anto-
paid the homage of their admiration to the cm- ninus Pius. — Sec Divo pio.
 — — ;

ANTONIUS. ANTONIUS. 57
ANTONIUS (MARCUS.)— The celebrated of that artful woman, as to take the fatal step of
Triumvir, born about the year of Rome 671 follow ing her to Alexandria, -where he secretly
was the son of M. Antonins Crcticus,
(b. c. 83), married her. —
In 714 (b. c. 42) irritated by
and grandson of Antonius the orator, killed his wife Fulvia against Octavianus, Antonius
returned to Italy, and affairs looked warlike
but Fulvia dying, peace was restored between
the two rival triumvirs. A division of territorial
possessions took place (b. c. 40) Antonius
kept the east for his portion, whilst Octavianus
retained the west, and moreover gave liis
sister Octavia in marriage to his colleague.
[See octavia.] Marcus then sent Ventidius
against the Parthians, who, under the refugee
Labienus had been laying waste
(see the word),
in the time of Marius; whence he is called, the Roman province of Asia. In 715 (b. c.
on his coins, M
arci Filiut, arci Nejios M .
39), Ventidius routed the Parthians with great
Created Tribune of the people in the year u. c. slaughter, and Labienus w as slain. r
At the
704 (b. c. 50) at the age of 34, he soon re- close of the same year, Antonius set out with
vealed his hostility to the Senate and Republic, his wife Octavia from Rome and wintered at
by leaving Rome for Gaul aud joining Julius Athens. In 716 (b. c. 38) by his Legates, C.
Ciesar, whom he instigated to declare war against Sosius [the same who, as one of the triumvir’s
Pompeius a. u. c. 705 (b. c. 49). It was as monevers, struck the coin engraved above], be
Prefect that he commanded, with great dis- overcame Antigonus, King of Judica, w hom, after
wing of Cicsar’s army at the bat-
tinction, the left scourging, he beheaded, aud then bestowed the
tleof Pharsalia (b. c. 48). In the year following, kingdom on Herod the Great. At the close of
Julius made him Gcueral of his cavalry (magister that year, Ventidius having again beaten the
equitum). He
passed through the different Parthians, and Pacorus, son of King Orodes
grades of under the Commonwealth but
office ;
being slain in battle, Antonius took his first Par-
these civil functions did not hinder him from thian triumph. In the year u. c. 717 (b. c. 37) he
following the Dictator, to whose conquests he returned to Rome, ostensibly to assist Octavianus
lent his powerful aid in Egypt and in Asia. against Sextus Pompeius. [See Eckhel, vi. 45.]
Consul in the year B. c. 44, lie caused the The following year, after making a disgraceful
murdered Julius to be placed in the ranks of shew of going into Parthia and Media, he revi-
the Gods, delivered Cmsar’s funeral oration, sited Egypt, and (to the great displeasure of the
read his will, and exposed his dead body, to Romans), distributed various cities and terri-
the people. Antonius opposed, by every means tories amongst the children borne to him by
within his reach, though eventually without Cleopatra.
success, the claim of Octavius to the heirship In 719 (b. c. 35), Sextus Pompeius, having, in
of his uncle and endeavoured to render himself
; the preceding year, been defeated by Octavianus
master of the government. 1 n the year of Rome Ciesar, and become a wanderer through Asia,
711 (B. c. 43), the Senate, at the suggestion of Antonius caused him to be decapitated on the
Cicero, declared him enemy of the country. He banks of the river Sangaris in Phrygia. Same
thereupon assumed the government of Cisalpine year, proceeding from Egypt towage war against
Gaul. Caisar Oetaviauus (afterwards Augustus) the King of Armenia, he learnt that his wife
with the consuls Hirtius and I’ansa, was scut Octavia was on her way to join him. At the
against him at the head of a great army, and de- importunate entreaties of the seductive Cleopatra,
feated him in the neighbourhood of Bologna. he sent orders to Athens that she should go back
But both consuls were slain in the battle; and to Rome soon after which, leaving the affairs
:

Octavianus became commander in chief of the of his military expedition unaccomplished, lie
victorious legions, at the early age of 21. returned to the embraces of the Egyptian Queen.
Antonius now joined Lcpidus in Gallia Narbon- — a. u. c. 720 (b. c. 34). In the spring of
ensis ;
and Octavianus seeing the policy of a this year, being in Armenia, he, by a fraudulent
reconciliation, entered with those two men into manoeuvre, captured King Artavasdes, and carried
that infamous treaty of proscription, mis-callcd that unfortunate monarch, with his wife aud
Triumviratus causa reipnblicce constituendce, children, in triumph to Alexandria. He then
by which, in reality, wholesale murder and con- bestowed the finest provinces of Asia and Africa
fiscation were organised, and the slavery of the on his own children by Cleopatra, a. u. c. 721,
Romans was finally consummated. In the year 722 (b. c. 33-32). It was from
after returning
712 (b. c. 42), Antonius, united to Octavianus, his inglorious campaign and Armenia,
in Parthia
vanquished Brutus and Cassius at Philippi. In that lie divorced his wife Octavia, and insult-
713 (b. c. 41) at the head of his legions he ingly sent her to Rome. The following year
overran Greece, Cappadocia, and Cilicia, display- 723 (b. c. 31), in contempt of the law, he
ing a more than Asiatic pomp, whilst lie arbi- assumed the consulate (for the third time, as bis
trated on the fate, or adjusted the differences, coins shew). The marriage of Antonius with
of kings. It was during this luxurious expedi- Cleopatra having drawn upon him the hatred of
tion of his, that, Cleopatra having given him bis countrymen, Ciesar took advantage of it, not
the meeting at Tarsus, he became so enamoured less to serve his own ambitious designs, than to
I
58 ANTONIUS. ANTONIUS.

in Asia, with the eftigics of Antonius and of to connect them with his well-known love of
Cleopatra, either joined, or on separate sides.— —
parade and ostentation.” (Lecture vii. 181.)
On the reverse of one of these is the head of Plutarch informs us, that in the trimming of
a ristus between
Cleopatra (or of Octavia) on two his beard, the breadth of forehead, and the
serpents; on another the figure of llucchus on aquiline nose, Antony resembled the statue of
 — —

ANTONIUS. ANTONIUS. 59
Hercules; aiul a tradition existed that the 2.— ANTONIUS (M.) IMP. COS. DESIG.
Antonii derived their origin from that demi-god —
ITER. ET, TERT. Head of Mark Antony
through his son Anton, or Anteon. Acconding crowned with ivy.
to Appian, Octavianus intimated to Antony, that Rev iiivir. r.
. p. c. —The mystic chest or
Julius Crcsar had deliberated whether he should basket of Bacchus, between two serpents, and
name him his successor, and that the sole surmounted by the bare head of a woman. On —
obstacle in the way was the doubt, whether his a silver medallion of Antony, struck in Asia.
pride would brook the change from the family of
Hercules to that of rEucas. It was, doubtless,
his exultation in this idea of high descent that
led to his being exhibited,in the dress of Her-
cules,ou Alexandrine coins, and on coutorniatc
medals. That this lion of Antony should be re-
presented clasping a dagger in his paw, does not
appear susceptible of explanation ; but it is re-
markable, (says Eckliel, vi. 44), that there was
precisely the same device, on a ring of Pompey
the Great; for Plutarch says, that there was
engraven on it “ a lion holding a sword.” It will be borne in mind that the crown of
ANT. (M.) IMPER. COS. DESIGN. ITER. ivy was one of the attributes of Bacchus. An-
ET. TER. IIIVIR. R. P. C.— Two heads joined, tony, who as a Roman claimed lineage with
viz., the bare head of Marcus Autonius, and a Hercules, wishing to pass himself off for Bacchus,
female head (that of Cleopatra, says Ilaver- in his oriental expeditions, the Asiatics, with
camp), adorned with the diadem. whom these Cistophori originated, sought to ren-
'Rev. M. OPPIVS CAPITO. PKOPR. PRAEF. der themselves agreeable to him by restoring
ci.assi. f. c. —
(Pro Prcetore Prafectus Classi this Bacchanalian type on the coins which they
Fieri Curavit.) —
Two clothed figures, standing minted in honour of the Triumvir. It was for
on a quadriga of sea horses. the same reason that the types of the coins of
The above legends and types appear on what the great Mithridates, King of Pontus, were in-
is given in Morel and Vaillant under the Oppia cluded in similar crowns. The people of Asia
family, as a middle brass coin. Although, among Minor regarded that prince as a god sent from
the prefects of Antony, whose names arc en- heaven to emancipate them from the Roman
graven on his coins, that of M. Oppius Capito yoke, and they likened him to Bacchus, by a
occurs on no less than seven, yet ancient history sort of superstitious adulation which was pecu-
supplies nothing respecting him. —
See Thesaur. liar to them.
Oppia, fig. d. p. 305. And now the same Antony, who on a coi n of
The two following pieces belong to a class of the year u. c. 715 (b. c. 39), is seen playing
medals called Cistophori (see the word). the part of Hercules, is here to he recognised as
1.—ANTONI VS (M.) IMP. COS. DESIG. Bacchus by his crown of ivy, whilst abundant
ITER. ET TERT. (Marcus Antonins, Imperator, testimony of ancient writers goes to confirm the
Consul Desiynatus, Iterum et Tertium). The — present record of his apotheosis. Dion Cassius
head of Mark Antony jugated with that of a and Seneca both relate, that Antony, ou his re-
woman: the former is wreathed with ivy, the turn from Italy into Greece, in the year above-
latter is bare. named, styled himself a second Bacchus, this
Rev. —
niviR. r. P. c. (Triumvir Reipublica title being even inscribed ou his statues; and that
Constituendrc.)— Bacchus, clothed in the stola, he insisted on its being accorded to him by
holding in his right hand the cantharus (a flagon) others. And when the Athenians went out to
and in his left the thyrsus, stands on the cista meet him, they saluted him as Bacchus (an
mystica, between two serpents. honour which, according to Diogenes Laertius,
The whole legend, that of the obverse followed they had already conferred on Alexander the
by that of the reverse, reads Mark Antony, — Great), and begged that he would not disdain to
Imperator (i. c. General in chief), Consid Elect accept their Minerva in'marriage. To this he
for the second and third time. Triumvir to replied that he approved of the arrangement, but
form (or reform) the Republic. Engraved in — —
demanded as dowry 40,000 sestertii. Seneca
adds, that this appearing too hard a condition, one
llavercamp, Medailles de Christine, tab. xlii.
fig. 13. — Silver medallion, struck in Asia. of the Greeks present said to Antony,
—
“ My
The woman’s head jugated with that of the Lord, Jupiter took thy mother Semele without
Triumvir on the above two coins, has given rise a dowry.” Socrates, the Rhodian, in Athenams,
to much controversial argument ; some learned tells us that Antony himself, during a Bacchic
numismatists regarding it as that of Queen Cleo- procession, commanded that he should be pro-
patra, whilst others
consider it to represent claimed as Bacchus by the voice of the herald.
Octavia, sister of Octavianus, and the lawful What Plutarch records to the same effect, oc-
wife of Antony. —For the pros and cons of this curred two years previously. For he says, that
question, see Eckhel’s commentary, vol. vi. p. 58, having gone into Asia after the defeat of Brutus,
et seq. — For an explauation of the legends, see and entered Ephesus, he was received hy the
IMPER. — COS. DESIG.— and PROPR. PRAEF. &C. women attired as Bacchanals, and by the men
in their places. and boys, as satyrs and pans, aud was saluted
I 2
 — — — — ;

60 ANTONIUS. ANTONIUS.
openly as Bacchus, the benignant anil genial, ther of Marcus. The other, the C. Antonins who
and that the whole city was tilled with ivy, was Cicero’s colleague in the consulship, and
thyrsi , psalteries, pipes, and flutes. This record who was the Triumvir’s cousin -gertnau. Eck- —
respecting Ephesus has the greater weight, be- hcl, who places the coin in question amongst

cause these coins, which present to us Antony in those of Mark Antony’s,

struck in the year u. c.
the character of Bacchus, were struck iu the pro- 718 42) gives some apparently good rea-
(n. c.

vince of Asia, where it is ascertained beyond a sons for adhering himself to the opinion more
doubt that all the Cistophori first saw the light. generally prevailing amongst numismatic anti-
But it is also well-known, that Antony was not quaries, and which assigns the coin to the bro-
the first nor the only one upon whom the same ther of Mark Antony. This Cuius Antonins
Asiatics conferred all the honours due to Bacchus. fought against Catiline. On the death of Julius
(Phis is shewn iu the instances of Alexander Ciesar he was sent as Pro-Consul into Mace-
the Great, and Mithridates, already cited.) donia, and was there defeated by Brutus, who
Nor indeed did this infatuation of Mark An- took him prisoner, and put him to death, 44 or
tony’s give place to time; for Velleius informs 43 years before the Christian icra. The pileus —
us, that he, “ with a crown of ivy and gold, and on the woman’s head is, doubtless, the broad
holding a thyrsus, and with buskins ou his legs, shallow hat, worn by the Macedonians, but
was carried into Alexandria on a car, as Liber whether it was meant (as Ilavcrcamp contests),
” to allude to Macedonia, of which C. Antonins
Paler and this piece of madness may be seen
confirmed by an enduring monument, iu the coin- had. the government, is not so certain. He is
age of Balanea in Syria. That his favourite called on this coin PONTIFEX — a dignity, which
Cleopatra might not he wanting iu her own he seems to have obtained from Julius, w hen that
celestial honours, he called himself, while iu ruler augmented the priesthood. Doctrina, vi.

Egypt, Osiris and Liber Pater, and her Luna and 41.
Isis. —
Of the date of both these coins nothing ANTONIUS (LUCIUS) another brother of
cau be said, than they were struck before the Mark Antony. The follow ing coin, in gold and
year u. c. 720 (b. c. 34), as we learn from the silver (unique in the former) is extaut, and at-
eousulate inscribed upon them. —
See Eckhcl, vi. tributed to him : — viz.

64, et seq.

ANTONIUS (Marcus the younger) son of the

Triumvir, by Fulvia his second wife. Invested —
with the toga virilis, after the
fatal day of Actium, he was,
subsequently to his father’s
suicide, put to death, by or-
der of Ootavianus, at the foot
of Cicsar’s statue in Egypt, L. ANTONIVS. COS. Bare head of Lucius
Antonius.
on the 30th of April, in the
Rev . M. ANT. IMP. AVO. 1I1VIR. R. P. C. M.
year of Koine 723 (is. c. 31.)
NEUVA froq. p. ( Marcus Antonius Imperator
The above coin, in gold, of the usual size, is

young man, minted at Koine,

as
Augur Triumvir Reipub/icis Const it vendee.
ascribed to this
Marcus Nerva Proquastor Provincial is (by whom
M. ANTONIVS. M. F. Bare head of
viz.,
Antonv the son.
the coin was struck.) Bare head of Mark—
RES Antony.
Rev. ANTON. AYGar. IMP. III. COS.
Declared in the year of Rome protector of the
III. II1VIK. R. P. C. Bare head of the Father.
thirty tribes, he was appointed Consul in 713,
Mionuet gives this aureus, as one of the first
rarity, valuing it at 1000 francs. According to — (b. c. 41.) —
During the absence of Mark Antony
in Asia, Lucius originated what historians call
Eckhel there are two specimens of it extaut :

the Pcrusinian war (helium Penuinum) by ex-

the one is in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna ;
citing the people of Etruria against Octavianns
the other, formerly in Peter Seguin’s collection,
is now in the French Cabinet at Paris. See — Ctesar, who had divided their lands amongst his
veteran legionaries. The Consul defended him-
Seguiu, Select a Nuviismata, p. 112.
|
self in Penisia against the besieging forces of
ANTONIUS (CAIUS) brother of the Trium- Augustus and Agrippa, by whom he was taken
vir. There are neither gold nor brass coins of prisoner but he afterwards made his peace with
:

this person, but a very rare silver coin of the Ciesar, who gave him the governorship of Spain.
Antonia gens, without portrait, is considered to The time of his death, like that of his birth,
bear his name and title, as the legend of its remains unkuown.
obverse :
— viz. ANVBIS, one of the monster-gods of Egypt.
C. ANTONIVS Mum Yilius. PRO-CO»S«/. — See his dog-headed figure on a brass coin of
Bust of a woman with a broad shallow-lint. Rev. Julianus II. with lcgcud vota tvblica.
PONTIFEX. The securis (or axe) and two ANXUR, a city of Latium, in the country of
simpnvia (or sacrificial vessels). Eugraved in — the Volseiaus, afterwards made a Roman colony
Morcll. Antonia gens, tab. i. fig. v. now Terracina, the episcopal see of the Cum-
It has been made matter of controversy ns to pagna di Roma. Virgil makes mention of this
which of the two Antouii this denarius is rightly ancient place ns connected with the worship of
assignable to. One of them is C. Antonins, bro- Jupiter. — Sec axvb.
 — — ; ;\ — — ;
:

APAMEA. APAMEA. 61
APAMEA (Bithyniae) co/onia, now Merla bunch of grapes to a panther, and holding the
niah-Mudagna, in Asiatic Turkey. There were thyrsus in the other ;
as in Geta, and Trajanus
several Greek cities of this name (Apameia) but Decius.
that situated in Bithynia, on the southern shores On a coin of Volusianus, the Indian Bacchus,
of the Propontis (Sea of Marmora) near the stands clothed in a long robe, and bearded, a
mouth of the river anciently called Khyndacus, chlamgs falling from the top of his shoulders
was the only Apamea, on which the Homans he holds in his right hand the cantharus,
bestowed the rank and privileges of a colony and carries the left hand to his head at his :

and as such it is mentioned by Pliny (l. v. c. 32.) feet is a panther, (Mionnet, Suppl, t. v. p. 12,
It was at first called Myrlea, and afterwards re- et seq.)
ceived the appellation of Apamea from King Colonist, or Priest, ploughing with two oxen;
Prusias, in honour of his wife Apame. In the as in Nero, Antoninus, and Gallienus.
civil wars, the Apameanians took the side of Diana Lucifera w'alking, with a torch in each
Juliu^Csesar agaiust Pompcy and it was under ;
hand; as in M. Aurelius, and J. Donma.
Augustus that their city became colonial. Its sera Fortune, with her usual attributes as in An- ;

is 457 of the foundation of Rome (297 B. c.) toninus Pius, Philip sen., and Gallienus.
The Latin coins of Apamea (besides a few Au- Galley, with three rowers as in Commodus,
;

tonomes) consist of colonial imperial, in brass Gordianus Pius, Tranquilliua, Otacilia, Philip
These commence with Julius Caesar and Augus- jun., Trcbonianus Gallus, and Gallienus.
tus: a cessation of coining theu apparently oc- Genius Populi Romani, c. I. c. A. Half naked
curred (with the exception of a Germanicus male figure, stands with rudder in right hand,
Caesar and of an Agrippina, jun., struck under and cornucopia: in the left as iu Antoninus Pius.
;

Caligula) till the reign of —

Nero Then no more Genius of Apamea, represented under the
are to be found till we come to Titus, whence same personification and attributes as the pre-
there a skip to Trajan, and again to Antoni-
is ceding reverse, struck under Gallienus.
nus Pius, and M. Aurelius ; thence the list in Jupiter, seated, holding the patera and the
Mionnet displays a dedicatory scries of coins to hasta, as in Caracalla or standing, with the
;

consecutive emperors, with comparatively few lower extremities covered with the pallium, the
omissions, as far down as Gallienus. The legends right hand raised, the hasta para in the left.
of their reverses are ns follow : A lighted altar, aud the letters d. d. in the field,
C. C. A. D.
I. D.—and C. I. C. A. P. A. D. D. as in Gallienus.
(Abbreviations for, Co/onia Julia Concordia Military Ensigns. —The legionary eagle be-
Apamea, Decreto Decnrionum.) CONC. tween two standards (or 3, 4, and 5 ensigns on
;

A PAM.— C. I. C. A. GENIO P. R. D. D.—

APOLLINI CLARfwi. C. I. C. A.— I. A. A. P. A.
a reverse), as iu Nero and Caracalla. [These
says Vaillant, are insignia of the veteran legion-
—
j

COL. IVL. A PAM.— COL. IVL. CONC. AV- aries originally placed iu the colony either by
—
G usla APAM. COL. A PAM. AVGw^a.— Julius or Augustus, and doubtless intended to
IVL. CONCORD. APAM. AVG. D. D.— CO- shew the antiquity of its establishment under
LON1A. IVL. CONC. AVG. APAM. the Romans ; but none of the coins yet disco-
A second brass of vered exhibit the name of the legion, which was
this colony (given in sent to Apamea. Col. ii. 228.]
Pellerin, Melange, i. pi. Romulus, Remus, and the Wolf; as in VI.
xxii. No. 4) presents on Aurelius, Caracalla, Maximus, aud Philip the
its obverse imp. c. p. younger.
I.IC. VALERI ANUS. AVG. Soldier, standing on a trireme ;
as in Trajan,
with the radiated head and in Antoninus.
of Valerianus senior. Venus, seated on a dolphin, a rudder in her
On the reverse, (as on right hand aud the aplustrum in her left as in ;

the annexed engraving) Commodus ; or carrying a Cupid in her right

are for legend col. ivl. conc. avg. apam; and hand or standing as the goddess of beauty, on a
;

for type, the Indian Bacchus, naked to the coin of Julia Domna. — [The
reverse venvs. c.
latter exhibits for
i. c. a. avg.
waist ; he stands holding the cant haras (or the legend of its
wine-pitcher) in his right hand, and supporting d. D. and for type the Venus Pudica M. Du —
himself with his left hand resting on a pole, Mersan, in his description of select coins in the
round which is entwined a vine-branch with Allier de llautcroche cabinet (pi. x. No. 19) has
grapes. At his feet a panther. In the field of given, as usual with him, a beautiful engraving
the coin the letters d. d. of this elegant colonial imperial.] See venus
There arc various other types of reverses, as pudica.
the subjoined alphabetical classification of them Victory, walking, with a buckler in one hand
serves to shew :
and an oar in the other, as in Julius Csesar or ;

Apollo C/arius (see the word) standing with w alking with lawcl crown and palm branch, as in
patera, aud bow, as in M. Aurelius. Gallienus.
AEneas, Anchises, and Ascanius in the usual Woman, turreted, with right hand raised,
inode of representing that family group as in ; standing before a lighted altar, as in Gallienus
Caracalla, (sec Pellerin Melange, pi. xviii. No. or lielmctcd, standing with patera and cornu-
7, p. 290), Macrinus, and Alex. Severus. copia:, as in Titus; or seated on a dolphin, a
Bacchus stands, presenting with one hand a small figure of Victory in the right, and the
 — — R

G2 APEX, APLUSTRUM.
acrostolium in the left; as in Julia Domna. A. P. F. Argento Publico Feriundo. On —
Woman seated on a dolphin, which is swimming gold and silver of the Livincia and Mussidia
on the waves she has her right hand extended
;
families, the legend of the reverse reads l.
over the head of the fish, and with her left hand REGVLVS iiiivir. a. P. f. —
to the eferring
she covers herself with a light drapery ;
as in Triumvir, or as in this case, Quatuorvir, one of
Geta. — Vaillant. the principal officers of the Roman mint, ap-
Amongst the numerous instances in which pointed to superintend the gold and silver coin-
Pellerin supplies descriptions and engravings of age of the Republic.
colonial coins, not given in Vaillant’s work, is an —
APIS. The sacred bull, which the ancient
elegant one minted in this colony, under M. Egyptians worshipped under this name at Mem-
Aurelius, having the young head of the emperor, phis, was consecrated to the moon (Isis); as
and for legend and type of reverse dianae another bull, at Heliopolis was, under the name
lvcif, c. l. c. a. Diana walking, with a lighted of Mnecis, dedicated to the sun (Osiris). Ac-
torch in each hand. Melange, i. pi. xvii. p. 279- cording to the belief which the Egyptian yriests
In a communication from Mr. Borrell, of took care to inculcate, Apis was the offspring of
Smyrna, addressed to the Editor of the Numis- a cow, rendered fertile by a ray of the moon
matic Chronicle (Mr. Akerinan), and inserted coming over her in a supernatural manner. Ilis
in No. xix. Jan. 1843, p. 190) of that
(for appearance was that of a bull with black and
periodical, are given three (till then) unedited white spots. IVhcu the animal died, search was
coins of this colony, viz., a Caligula with reverse made for another bull of the same pseudo-
of Germanicus, a Julia Domna, and a Cara- miraculous origin and if perchance his life was
;

calla. terminated before the appointed time, all Egypt

A PART II. RECVPER. A Parthis Recu- put on mourning until he was replaced. His
peratis. — Recovered from the Parthians. This successor was chosen with great care, as to
alludes to military ensigns, re-captured from, or the same bodily marks, being honoured with
restored by, those formidable enemies of both equal veneration in his sanctuary. He served
Consular and Imperial Rome. On gold and as an oracle both to Egyptians and to foreigners.
silver of Augustus. —
See civib. et sig. mii, it. Julius Cicsar, Germanicus, Vespasian, and many
—
APER. See Boar. other Romans of eminence, travelled to Memphis
APEX, a covering for the head, somewhat re- to see and adore this “ divine” quadruped.
sembling a bishop’s mitre, for which its form pro- Several Alexandrine coins exhibit Apis with
bably in after ages furnished a pattern. On the the attributes that characterise him, and a great
to]) was a pointed piece of wood, the base of which number of other monuments likewise preserve
was surrounded by a little woollen tuft. Two his image —
including certain coins of Jnlianus II.
filaments of the same material, hanging from the in second brass. —
Sec secvritas reipvbmcae
bottom of it, served to fasten it under the aud ISIS FARIA.
chin. The derivation of this word is not satis- APLUSTRUM, or Aplnstre, the ornament of
factorily explained by learned writers. But its the poop, or stern, of vessels, amongst the Ro-
sometimes round — sometimes conical shape — and mans, thus differing from the acrostolium (see the
the pointed tassel on the top (Apes-) most pro- word, p. 5), which decorated the prow. It was
bably gave the name to the cap itself. It seems composed of curved planks curiously carved, aud
to have been first used by the Salian priests, and painted with various colours. Probably some of
was afterwards worn by the Pontifex Maximus the decorations of the aplustrum served the pur-
and the F/amines generally. [The various forms pose of a vane, on board the ships of the
of the Apex, and its appearance on the head ancients.
of one of the Roman priests, are shewn and ex- [From made hv numismatic writers
references,
plained in the Dirtionary of G. and It. Anti- in general, would appear to be one of the con-
it

quities, edited by Dr. IV. Smith.] ventionalities of the science, to apply the term
The Apex is found on a denarius of the acrostolium to that object or symbol, which,
Quinctia gens, as indicating the connection of whether seen in the hand of Neptune, or at the
Quinctius Flaminius with the priesthood of stern of a galley, seems, from its peculiar form
Jupiter. As a symbol of Valerius Flaccus being and position, designed rather to represent the
a Salian, or priest of Mare, it appears on a Aplustrum. For examples of this species of naval
coin of the Valeria gens. The same is also adornment, as agreeing with the descriptions
seen between two ancii.ia, on a silver coin of given by ancient authors, the reader’s attention
P. stolo, of the Licinia family, a monetary tri- may be directed to coins of the Fonteia and Cassia
umvir of Augustus. These apices, or head families— to the Nep. Red. of Vespasian, and to the
gear, worn by the members of the sacerdotal Praetorian trireme (FelicUati Any.) of Hadrian,
order, whilst performing religious ceremonies, &c. But a monctal specimen, ou the larger
are to be seen on other family and consular scale, is to be found on a brass medidlion of
coins, especially on those of the Julia gens. On Agrippa, given by Vaillant fPnrst. Nam. hupp.
many of these it is also exhibited, in combination Rom. iii. 104), who, having in his work on the
with the securis (or slaughtering axe), the prrt- Colonies, defined acrostolium to be " Navis
fericulum (vnse for wine, &t\), and the asper- Rostrum ” (the beak of a ship), here designates
gillum (water-sprinkler), all which sacrificial the wing-like figure, on the reverse of the coin
instruments serve to mark the Pontificate of in question, not as acrostolium, but as “ Navis
Julius Cicsar. —
Sec ancii.ia, p. 45 of this work. Aplustrum.’' —
See mvnicipi. parf.ns.]
 ;

APOLLO. APOLLO. 63
APOLLO. —According to the mythology of the tamarind. At his altars were sacrificed
the Greeks, from which the Romans almost ex- lambs, black bulls, sheep, and horses. The
clusivelyborrowed their own objects of religion? hymns sung to his praise were Pceans and
worship, Apollo was the son of Jupiter and of Homes and Io Pean is considered to be an
acclamation of Victory referring to Python.
Apollo is depictured on ancient paintings,
sculptures, and coins, in divers ways : with a
juvenile countenance, a bare, a laurcated, or a
radiated head — the hair some times adjusted and
turned up at others, hanging down long and
;

curled. Sometimes with bow and arrow as the

archer and the dart-lliugcr; sometimes near a
tripod as the rates or poet; with a serpent,
either in allusion to Python, or as the inventor
of medicine with the lyre or the harp as the
;

patron of music ; with the pedum, or pastoral

Latona, and came into the world with his twin crook, as the tutelary god of shepherds driving a ;

sister Diana, in the island of Delos. The god of quadriga and holding a whip in his right hand,
health, of literature, and of the fine arts, it was as the charioteer of the Sun. On a large brass
chiefly under the youthful grace, the noble form, of Alexander Severus, struck a. d. 231, during
the handsome lineaments of Apollo, that manly that Emperor’s campaigns in the East, Apollo
beauty personified itself in the classic periods of stands in an easy attitude, his right hand point-
antiquity. He it was, whom as “the god of all ing upwards, and his left holding a whip, indi-
versemen,” poets of old, in their “ fine frenzy” cative of his power to promote rapidity, in allu-
invoked, to imbue them with his divine inspira- sion to his horses. With the
exception of a
tions. As the patron of music, the instrument mantle on the shoulder, the figure is naked, and
on which he delighted to exercise his heaven- the head radiated. (Smyth, 232.) Most fre-
born genius, was the lyra, or cithara, presented quently he is represented naked or half-naked,
to him by Mercury. This most attractive and but sometimes clothed in a woman’s robe. Now,
accomplished, but at the same time most cruel, standing with elbow resting on a column, now
licentious, and vindictive, of those male deities, seated on the tripod, or a conical vase, as if pre-
who held superior rank in the celestial realms of pared for divination. On the generality of coins
ancient fable, was moreover regarded as a skil- he appears as a beardless youth, aud even with
ful charioteer, guiding steeds no less fleet and feminine features, though there are instances
fiery than those of the Sun. An unerring archer, cited of a bearded Apollo.
too, it was an arrow from his bow, that delivered Apo/lo’s head laurcated, with the lyre before
the earth from the serpent Python; —
which hav- it, the whole within a laurel crown, appears on
ing sprung from the slimy mud of the deluge, a second brass of Augustus, as represented in
spread its ravages around the sacred district of the wood-cut at the head of this article.
mount Parnassus. He afterwards covered with Apollinis Vejovis Caput —
The head of Apollo
.

that monster’s skin the tripod, on which the Ve-juppiter, occurs on a denarius of the Cassia
priestess of his temple seated herself when de- —
gens sec the word.
livering her oracles. Allusion to all these inci- Apollo's laurcated head appears on denarii of
dents and attributes of Apollo are to be found the following Roman families, viz. Aquilia, :

on Roman coins. His votaries distinguished him llocbia, Cacilia, Carvilia, Calpurnia, Cassia,
by a confused and inconsistent variety of names, Claudia, Coponia (diademed), Crepusia, Egna-
epithets, and assigned functions. Under the tuleia, Fonteia, Juiia, Licinia, Lollia, Marcia,
titleof Helios, Phcebtis, or Sol, as charged with Meminia, Ogulnia, Opeimia, Papia, Pedania,
the office of daily illuminating the world, he is Poblicia, Fomponia, Postumia, Servilia, Sulpi-
represented on coins and other monuments, with
his head radiated,and a whip iu his hand, either
cia, Vibia, &e.
—
[Those in italics are illustrated
in their respective places.]
standing on the ground, or riding in a car drawn Apollo's head, adorned with curled hair, and
by four horses. Numerous edifices were dedi- with a star above, occurs on coins of the Valeria
cated to his worship, throughout Greece. And gens; with the diadem in the Marcia; encircled
one of the richest and most superb of his temples with the fillet and a sceptre behind, in the Cassia,
was that built at Rome, by Augustus. Various Claudia, aud Postumia families. [The sceptre
games were celebrated The py-
to his honour. so placed serves, according to Pigghius, to de-
thiau, in many placesthe deliquia iu Delos;
;
note that the Romans, in their sacred rites,
and at Nicea in Bithynia the secular (ludi
; worshipped, as sovereign of all animated bodies,
sieculares Apollinares) at Rome, &c. As pre- the deity, whom, after the example of the
siding over the Muses, mount Helicon in Bncotia Greeks, they identified with the N««.]
was held sacred to him ; and numerous other Apollo’s head radiated is accordingly seen or-
places owned the superstitious influence of his namented with the crown of rays, on coins of
godship. Among the animals consecrated to the Aquilia, Cacsia, Claudia, Lucrctia, Mussidia,
Apollo, were the wolf, the cock, the raven , the Valeria, and other families. The same head,
vulture, besides the fabulous Griffin Among — forming the obverse type of so many denarii,
plants and fruits were the laurel, the olive, and refers to the Apollinarian games.
 — — —

04 APOLLO. APOLLO.
Apollo’s head with the lyre, cither before or Apollo and Bacchus, drawn by a goat and a
behind it, is exhibited on family medals of the panther, with Cupid riding on the goat, form the
Claudii, Flavii, &c., and as that of a female, reverse type, without legend, of a brass medallion
crowned with on coins of the Volteia gens.
laurel of Hadrian. —See Bacchus.
Apollo's and Diana’s heads present themselves Apollini sacer Coreas. Pedrusi gives, from
together, on denarii of the i'outeia, and other the Farnese cabinet, the reverse type of a brass
families, allusive to the secular games. medallion of Antouiuus Pius, which represents
Apollo and Diana , both standing, the one Apollo, nearly naked in front, a long cloak
with laurel branch and lyre, the other, with bow
and quiver, arc found on the reverse of a silver
coin of Valerianus, with legend of consf.kvat.
avgg. contained in the imperial cabinet at Vienna.
[Eckhel observes, that the association of Apollo
with his sister Diana, under the title of joint
preservers of the Emperor, occurs in this in-
stance for the first time. —
Khell remarks re-
specting this type, that as in the tragical case
of Niobe and her children, the idolatrous illusions
of pagan belief were prone to ascribe that dire
continuance of the plague, which was destroying
thousands on thousands, to the wrath of both
those vengeful deities —
Apollo and Diana.
vol. vii, 383.]
Apollo naked, with garland on his head, in a hanging down his back —
standing with a bow
quadriga at full speed, holding a branch in the
in his left hand, before a tripod, ou which a dead
serpent (Python) is suspended. On Apollo’s right
right hand, and a bow and arrow with the horses’
reins in the left, appears on a coin of the Bahia
hand is a sort of table with a vase on it, behind
gens.— For engraved specimens of the above which rises a tree, ou one of whose branches a
—
crow or raven is perched. The learned Jesuit
types sec Morell. Thesaurus, and Yaillant’s
—
Tam. Rom. Numis. See also Bahia. takes no little pains in citing the reasons given
by old writers, both in poetry and prose, for
Apollo's name and image are also of continual
consecrating the corvus to Apollo. But whether
recurrence throughout the imperial series, from
it has reference to the god’s vindictive change of
Julius Cicsar to Julian the Apostate; among
the crow’s plumage from white to black, for be-
which the following are examples viz. :

traying his secret amour with the nymph Co-

Apollo, the favourite divinity of Augustus .

ronis, or whether it relates to the croaking of

There is a silver coin of this emperor, the re-
this bird being more favourable than the singing
verse of which displays Apollo, seated on a rock,
of others to the pious frauds of augural divina-
playing on the lyre, and having beliind his
shoulders what Spauheim (in Julian’s Cmsars,
tion, is by no means clearly decided. —
Sec vol. v.

p. 304), calls a buckler, as a mark of security

p. 1‘JO.— [The legend tii. pot. im. cos. u.
shews that this beautiful product of the Anto-
and peace after the battle of Actium, but which
ninian mint was struck about A. d. 13‘J.]
Mionuet terms the pi/eus. In the field of the
coin is the inscription causae, divi. f. ( Casaris
APOLLINI. ACTIO, or Artiaco. (To the
—
Divi Filins son of the Divine Cicsar.) Actiac Apollo.) —In a female dress he stands,
This denarius, which Eckhel regards as having holding the lyre in his right hand and the plec-
been minted at Rome between a. u. C. 71 9, —
trum in his left. Sec act. imp. p. 8, of this
work.
(b. c. 35) and 726 (28) forms another of the
many testimonies, afforded by coins and in- Ou a denarius of Augustus, who, as his
scribed marbles, of the seemingly intense devo-
patron in the day of Actium, and afterwards as
the reformer of his life and manners, affected
tion paid by Augustus to Apollo, before as well
as after the battle of Actiiun. — On this point
(as Spauheim says) to resemble that god, at his
festivals, in his statues, and ou his medals.
Suetonius (c. 70) refers to letters from M. Au-
who Apollo Actius, striking the lyre with an ivory
touius, the secret banquet, com-
satirises
plectrum, is alluded to in the following line of
monly called that of the “twelve” deities, at
the epic poet Albinovauus, a friend and contem-
which the guests sat down, dressed in the
habits of gods and goddesses, Octaviauus (i. e. porary of Ovid :

“ Actius ipse tyram plectra perensait ehumo."

Augustus) himself personating Apollo. See D.
—
N. V. vol. vi. 107-8. The sister of the same On another dcuarius of Augustus
is the
deity, was an object of worship with Au-
also figure of Apollo, in standing on a
the stota,
gustus ; for he ascribed his good fortune to both, substructure, ornamented with anchors and beaks
acknowledging the tutelary aid of the Sicilian of ships, before an altar, he holds a patern in
Diana (Diana Simla) for bis victory over Sextus the right, nud the lyre in his left hand, round
Pompcins, as well as that of Apollo for his deci- the upper part of which we read c. antisti.
sive success at Actium. —
See sicil,. imp. VETVS. IV lit.
1 1

Apollo seated, with his lyre, and the legend Struck a. u. c. 738, (n. c. 16), by one of
IMP. VII. cos. III. ou a brass medallion of M. bis monetary triumvirs, Antistius Vetus, this
Aurelius. coiu adds nnothcr proof of the great devotion
 — — —

APOLLO. APOLLO, 65
professed by Augustus towards Apollo, to whom, — also APOLLINI CONSERVATOR!, on a
in fulfilment of his vow, he had built a temple brass medallion, and APOLLINI coxserva. on
at Actium, after his crowning victory over his first brass, of Valerianus and Gallienus. Apollo —
competitor for the empire of the world. The standing, either with his right hand laid over his
legend of the head is imp. CAESAR, avgvs. tr. head, or [as in the preceding cut] holding a
pot. iix. — Eckhel assigns this and other coins laurel branch; with his left resting on a lyre,
with similar types and legends to the year of
Rome 742 (b.c. 12), in the mint of Augustus.
placed on a pedestal. — (Struck between a. d. 254
and 266.)
Sec Thesaur. Morell. Tam. Rom. Antistia gens, Not only Augustus but his successors had
—
fig. iii. and Impp. Rom. vol. iii. tab. xiv. fig. 36. always paid especial honours to Apollo, whose
APOLLINI AVGVSTO. S. C.—Apollo Ly- temple at Actium commanded a view of the bay
ristes standing in a female dress, holding the where the combat took place. The name and
lyre and a patera. —
On a first brass of Antoninus image of the god had frequently figured on the
Pius, struck a. u. c. 893, (a. d. 140). coins of Rome. But at the period, when
It was in memory of the veneration rendered paganism was on the point of expiring, its
by Augustus to Apollo, that this coin was divinities were more than ever invoked by the
struck, in which the name itself of Augustus is emperors, who endeavoured to stem the progress
given to that deity, who is represented in the of itsfall. Apollo, in particular, was the object
same costume and attitude, and with the same of their homage, in those dreadful times, when
attributes as in the denarii minted by Augustus, the plague spread itself to depopulate t he empire.
and bearing the legend of act. imp. x. and xii. — — Logons Numismatiques, p. 239. The same —
Apollo Augustus, says Eckhel, is the same as legend and similar type appear on gold of Vale-
Apollo Ac tins. — See p. 8 of this work. rianus.
There is a silver coin of S. Severus, with a APOL. CONS. — Mionnct gives
a gold Aurc-
similar legend and type, which Rasehe says was lian with this legend, and Apollo seated.
struck to commemorate the sacrifices which that Vaillaut publishes (Tr. i. 213) an aureus of the
emperor made to Apollo, on the occasion of same emperor, on which a male figure, naked,
Pcscennius Niger’s defeat and death. —
The same stands with radiated head, right hand extended,
legend .and type occur on silver and gold of and the left holding a globe a captive on the —
Albinus. ground sitting near his feet.
AVOL lint CONSERVATOR I. S. C.— Here we find the name of Apollo identified,
Apollo, naked, beardless, and with flowing hair, on the same coin, with the symbol of the Sun,
stands holding a laurel branch in the right hand, and evidently referring to Aurclian’s v ictories in
his left restingon the lyre, placed on a rock. the East.
On and firat brass of .Emilianus.
gold, silver,
APOLLINI CONSERVATORI.— This dedi-
The plague which raged through the length catory legend at full length, with a temple, in
and breadth of the empire, at the period (about
which appeai-s the statue of Apollo, is given in
a n. 253) when these coins were struck, was
the Museum Theupoli, as from a brass medallion
the special occasion of this devotiou to Apollo
of Quintillus, Aurelian’s immediate predecessor,
medians, in other words to him as the god of
health.
— “ Apollo (observes Capt. Smyth, de-
who reigned after Claudius II. only during a few
months of a. d. 270.
scribing this coin, in large brass), was a most
popular deity, though Lucian stigmatised him as APOLLINI CONS. AVG—
A Centaur, hold-
a vain and lying fortune-teller, ing a globe in one hand, and a rudder in the
lie appears on
the medals, of all sizes and metals, of this reign;
other or a Centaur about to shoot an arrow.
,

not in the feminine apparel of the Palatine On billon and 3rd brass of Gallienus.
statue, but as a noble youth, delicate yet vigor-
Why the figure of a centaur is here employed
ous, with limbs free, and sometimes in an alti-
in association with the legend of Apollo, “the
Emperor’s preserver,” it is difficult if not im-
tude not very dissimilar from that finest statue
in the world, the Apollo Venator” (commonly
possible to discover; unless allusion be meant to
called the Belviderc Apollo). Descr. Cat. 292.
the Centaur Chiron, to whom the myth assigns the
tutorship of Apollo, and who was said to have
been the first to teach the medicinal use of herbs.
The signification of the globe and rudder is still
—
more obscure. There is a coin of Tetricus junior,
with a centaur for its type, and the epigraph of
soli conserv. On another base silver coin of
Gallienus, with the same legend, the type is a
gryphon, or griffin. —
According to Philostratu=,
that monster was sacred to Apollo, or Sol ; thus
a fabulous animal is seen appositely consecrated
to a fabulous deity. — On coins of Aureliopolis,
inLydia (says Eckhel), griffins are represented
drawing the chariot of the Sun.
APOL. MONET, (on Silver.)— APOL.
APOLLINI CONS. A VO. (To Apollo, pre- MONETAE P. M. TR. P. XV. IMP. VIII.
server of the Emperor.) On — billon of Gallienus COS. VI. S. C. (on 2nd Brass.) — Apollo naked,
K
 — ; — — — ;

r.o APOLLO. APOLLO.

stands with his right hand lifted up to the top APOLLINI PAL. or APOL. PALATINO.
of his head, his left elbow resting on a column. Apollo attired in the stola, (sec act. imp. p. 5),
stands holding the plectrum in his right hand,
and resting his left on the which surmounts
lyre,
a short column. On and first brass of
silver
Commodus. —A brass medallion of the same
emperor, has for legend of reverse apoi.. pa la-
tino. P. M. TE. P. XVI. IMP. VIII. COS. VI. P. P.
and the type exhibits Apollo, in the same effe-
minate dress assigned to him in the Aetiac de-
narii of Augustus, holding with his left hand a
lyre conjointly with Victory, who stands by his
side. Sec Se/ec/a Numismata, in Mas. l)e
Camps, per D. Vaillant, p. 53.
Respecting this singular legend, found on
coins of Commodus, minted in his sixth con-
sulate — viz., a. u. c. 943,
—
(a. d. 190) Eckhcl
makes the following remarks: “Although we
find Juno Moneta, on coins of the Carisia fa-
mily, and have the testimony of ancient authors
to the appropriation of the title to that goddess,
and even the reason why it was given, yet such
is not the case with the inscription Apollo
—
Moneta a characteristic by which Apollo is
distinguished only on the coins of Commodus.
Unable to account for this circumstance, I will
not spread my sails to the winds of conjecture
for in the same Emperor’s mint, appellations are
ascribed to deities, which were the offspring
solely of the fertile brain of Commodus, who (as
These coins have reference to the temple,
Lampridius says) made his alterations and addi-
which Augustus, whilst as yet bearing no other
tions in religious matters, rather from caprice
name than that of Octavianus, erected at Rome,
than from a serious feeling.” (vii. 123.)
in honour of his guardian divinity in the I’ala-
Among the larger brass of the following year,
tium, attaching to it, according to Suetonius,
we see the same Apollo Moneta repeated.
Vic have the testimony of
a public library.
Apollo’s Oracle is named on a coin of Philip
Dion Cassius, that the date of this event was
the elder. —
See ex ohacvlo apolldos.
a. u. c. 718 (b.c. 36.) In alluding to this tem-
APOLLINI PROPV Gnatori. (To Apollo
and
the Defender.) — Apollo in the act of discharging
ple, Propertius describes the idol,
position, in these words:
its dress,

an arrow.
“ God Deinde, inter matrem deus ipse, interque sororem
Apollo, of the silver how,” ns the
Pythius in long!! carmina vestc canit.
supposed inflictcr of sudden death (especially if
[And next, between his mother and twin sister,
the deceased was “sun smitten”), as well as
lo the l’ytbian
! God himself, in flowing mantle,
the stayer of pestilence, was at the period
sings his lays.]
when was struck regarded with more
this coin
than on account of the in-
usual veneration, The fact of his building this temple (says
creasing desolation of the plague. This malady Eckhcl, vii. 124, 125,) is further continued by
seems to have travelled from Ethiopia, and is the statement of Augustus himself, on the mar-
said to have raged 15 years, destroying incredible ble of Ancyra. (TAD. iv. V. 1.) TEMPLVMQVE.
numbers of people. —
Mionnet gives this among apollinis. in. palatio feci. The re-—
the first brass of Valerianus (about a. I). 254) ; nown of this Apollo Palatinns subsequently re-
and Akennan among the billon coins of Gallic- ceived augmentation, on the occasion of the vic-
nus but Eckhcl omits to notice it. tory gained a.u.c. 723 (b.c. 31), over Antony,
;

APOLLINI SANCTO. —
Apollo naked, stands at Actium, near the temple of Apollo Actius
Ovid himself ascribing that piece of good fortune
holding a branch in the right hand, and leaning
on a column. to the intervention of this deity, in the following

Eckhcl and Mionnet both give this as from a lines :

“ Visitc laurigero sacrata l’alatia riiccbo.

silver coin of Pcsccnnius Niger. The former “ Ille Panetouias mersit in alta rales.”
pronouuccs it to have been struck at Antioch,
Odd. Art. amor. iii. v. 389.
referring as the ground of his opinion to a
[“ Go see the Palatia sacred to the laurel-bearing
second brass of Julianas II. which exhibits Phoebus.
on one side apoi.i.oni sancto. (type of
(sic) He was, who sank in the deep the Parmtonian
it
Apollo in the stola, with patera and lyTe), and barks.”]
on the other, of.nio antioxeni. Apollo is The poet uses the word Paratonias for
known to have been ranked amongst the prin- Aigyptias, from Panetoriiun a town of Mnr-
cipal divinities worshipped by the people of Anti- marica, which had been added to the dominion
ochia in Syria. of Egypt, and Cleopatra. —
And this is the rea-
 , — — : ; — — ——

APOLLO. APOLLO. 67

son whyApollo Palatinus appears in the same 475,) sitting with laurel in right hand, aud the
garb, viz., the slola, as does Apollo Actius on cithara in his left —
see Raschc. Also on an —
numerous coins of Augustus, the mintage of Apamean colonial, struck under M. Aurelius.
which comes within the year u. c. 733 (b.c. 21), See Apamea.
and also on denarii of the Antistia family, which —
Apollo Salutaris. The healing or healthful
arc found with the legend, apollini. actio.
— Apollo. — On a denarius of Caracalla, having
On a marble, published by Murat ori, (p. 1119, for the legend of its reverse, P. m. tr. p. xviii.

i.) appears the following: SACERDOS. DIA- — cos. mi. p. p. (i. e. Sove-
NAE. VICTR. ET. APOLLINIS. PALATmh. reign Pontiff, invested with
Zosimus also makes meution of the Palatine tem- tribunitian authority for the
ple of Apollo and Ainmiauus Marcellinus re-
;
18th time, Consul for the
lates, that during the reign of Julian the Apos- 4th time.) Apollo is seated,
tate it was destroyed by lire, when the Carmina he holds up a branch of laurel
Cumana had a narrow escape of sharing its fate. in his right hand, and rests
APOL. SALVTA1US or APOLLm
SALV- the left arm on his lyre,

TARI. S. C. — Apollo, naked, stands holding in which is placed on a tripod.

the right hand a branch of laurel, and in his left This is one among several coins which were
the lyre ; or rests his left on a tripod. On large struck during the reign of Caracalla, and which
brass, and in other metal and forms, of Trebo- bear direct allusion to the then precarious state
nianus Gallus, and Volusiauus. of that execrable tyrant’s health ; racked as his
To the misfortunes of preceding reigns, to guilty mind was with the pangs and terrors of
the internal convulsions of the empire, to the remorse, at the remembrauce of his fratricidal
invasions of barbarians, was added the scourge crime. Finding no repose for his affrighted con-
of a terrible pestilence, which ravaged the ltomau science, after the murder of his brother Geta,
world, during the reigns of Trebouianus aud some he bethought himself of imploring the tutelary
of his immediate successors. These princes, divinities of health, and accordingly addressed
tottering on their thrones, invoked in vain, aud in himself to Esculapius and to Apollo. A similar —
succession, those false deities to whom, under the type of Apollo on a third brass of the same em-
illusions of paganism, they ascribed a power over peror, the legend corresponds also, except in the
the health of mortals. The epithet dedicatory to tr. P. which is xvii.
Apollo on this reverse, evidently points to those Apollo Sminthins. Amongst his various
prayers and vows. Lefons Numismatiques, 231. surnames, and distinctive appellations, that ot
Referring to the above coins, Eckhcl (vii. 356), Sminthius was assigned to Apollo, (according
also observes, that they were struck about a. d. to some writers) from the fact of his having de-
254, amidst the raging of that dreadful pestilence, stroyed, or driven away, the mice, by which,
which filled the world with mourning, and when before his benevolent interposition, the town of
Apollo, as the god presiding over health ( salutis Sminthc, or Sinintliium, on the coast of the
prases) was invoked by the emperors, and pub- Troad, had been over-run, and where, out of gra-
licly implored by the whole community, for the titude, atemple was built to his worship. Types —
removal of so universal and destructive a scourge. of the Smiuthian Apollo appear ou colonial im-
During this grievous mortality, as Victor ex- perial coins of Alexandria Troas, not far from
presses “ Gallus and Volusiauus won the
it, which place Sminthium was situated. — For some
favour of Apollo, by the auxious and sedulous notice (quite as much
as the subject deserves) of
attention which they paid to the burials of the what is eonflictingly stated by ancient authors,
most humble individuals.” Appropriately to the— respecting the origin of this epithet as applied to
legend which propitiates the healing influences of Apollo, by the inhabitants of Asia Minor, see
Apollo, a branch of laurel, or of olive, is con- Boat. Num. Vet. vol. ii. 480.
secrated to this divinity ;
for both one and the Apollo, standing with his lyre, his right hand
other were used by the ancients in the ceremony holding ears of com, appears on second brass
of lustration. Thus Juvenal of Claudius Gothicus, with legend salvs avg.

Cnperent lustrari si foret humida laurus.

The following types of Apollo occur on colo-
(Sat. nial imperial coins, with Latin legends :

ii. 157-J
And Virgil Besides those of Alexandria Troas and Apamea,
Idem ter socios punt circumtulit unda, above noticed, Apollo appears on coins struck in
Spargens rore levi, et ramo felicis olivae the colony of Cmsarea Palestinai, under Hadrian,
Lnstravitque viros, dixitque novissima verba. —
Antoniue, and Aurelius of Corinth, under Com-
(Abteid, vi. v. 229.J rnodus —
of Patrse, under Nero, Domitian, M.
“ Old Chorinaens compass’d thrice the crew, Aurelius, and Commodus —
of Deultum, under
And dipp’d an olive branch in holy dew; Maximus and under Gonlianus Fins of
Caesar, —
Which thrice he sprinkled round, and thrice aloud Tyre, under Trebouianus Gallus, and Gallienus.
Invok’d the dead, and tlieu dismiss’d the crowd.”
On a third brass of Maximus (son of Maximi-
Apollo Apollo had an oracle
Clarius. nus) struck at Deultum, Apollo stands holding a
at hence the name Clarius,
Claros iu Ionia; laurel branch in the right hand, aud placing with
under which he was worshipped by the people of his left a lyre on a tripod. Before his feet is a
Colophon, aud by the inhabitants of Smyrna. lighted altar. —
[“Apollo (says Vaillant, ii. 145,)
The image of this Apollo appears ou a coin of bears the laurel, as consecrated to him on ac-
Gordianus Pius, (in l’atin’s col. Impp. Rom. p. count of his reputed gift of foretelling events

K 2
 ; E — — —

68 APOTHEOSIS, A POP. FRVG. AC.

the laurel tree, according to the Greets, confer- in, what Tacitus termed *
the epidemic spirit of
ring the afflatus, or divine inspiration.”] The — (

|
adulation,’ long before the Samian was born.
* * *
tripod was the ordinary symbol of his oracidar Neither the veil, nor the portrait, which
power but Apollo’s distinguishing tokens were
;
was the distinctive mark of deification among
the lyre and the laurel. the Romans, nor the other symbols of the Apo-
“ Whilst thus I sang, inflam’d with nobler fire, theosis, were done away from medals, till after
I heard the great Apollo’s tuncfnl lyre Constantine, when a hand from the clouds be-
His baud a branch of spreading laurel bore, stowing a crown, was substituted.” (p. 297.)
And on his head a laurel wreath lie wore.” See CONSECKATIO.
(Ovid, Art of Love. Yalden’s translation.) APPELLATION (or Title).—In the most
On a second brass of Antoninus Pius, minted flourishing times of the Empire, nothing was
by the colonists of Paine, Apollo is represented, esteemed more dignified, or more venerable, than
naked, standing ;
in his right hand lie holds a the titles of hnperator, Cresar, and Augustus.
patera, and rests his left on a lyre, placed on a Uut as the power of the state decreased, the
Roman
cippus. —
[Apollo leaning on his lyre, embodies
the harmony of the celestial spheres, on which
power of names became augmented.
princes wished to be called Domini, seeing that
account he was called Musicus and Citharoedus. the Imperator was head of the empire only, where-
Vaillant, i, 72.] —
In the last named character as the Dominus was head of the world, llcucc in

(the lyre-striking Apollo) Nero appears on one the lower series, when, with less real strength of
of his first brass coins, habited, as Suetonius government, they aimed at appearing to govern
observes, like the statues of the God, with the all, they assumed the title of n. Dominus
cithara in Iris left hand, and playing it with —
Nosier or dd NN. Domini Nostri. There —
his right. was also a period in Home’s decline when, as
On a second brass of Coinmodus, struck in their coins shew. Emperors appropriated to
the colony of Patnc, Apollo stands in a female themselves titles or surnames borrowed from
dress, with his bow in the right hand, opposite those of heathen deities, and which, conceded
to him stands Venus, holding up a shield with to them by the rile adulation of their contempo-

both hands. [Apollo and Venus were, in fabu- raries, have been handed dowu to modern ages.

lous history, the offspring of Jupiter, the former Thus we read hekcvlivs, iovivs, &c. See —
by Latona* the latter by the nymph Dioue. Rasche, vol. i., p. 73.

Vaillant, i. 216.] APPLE. — An attribute of Venus, allusive to

APOLLONIA 1LLYRICI, ouc of the places, the prize obtained from the Trojan Paris. See
extra urbem, where Roman coins were appointed the veneki genet it ici, of Sabina. Several —
to be minted, under the government of the Re- coins of Faustina, junior, also bear Venus with
public. — See I). -V. V. voL v. p. 68. the apple in her hand among other attributes,

APOLLODO ltl’S of Damascus, the architect on their reverses.

of Trajan’s bridge over the Danube, and of Tra- APPULEIA, or Apuleia, a family of the ple-
jan’s —
Forum. Sec forvm. tkaiani. ckhel, — beian order, but of Consular rank, w hence sprang
vol vi, p. 432. the turbulent L. Appuleius Saturninus. Its

Al’. N. Appii Nrpos —

APPIVS, the name of which are rare, present three va-
(brass) coins,

a highly illustrious Roman race, of Sabine origin and arc the as or parts of the as.
rieties,

— the stock of the Claudia family, whence sprang A.P.R. A Popu/o Romano or Aiictorita/e —
the famous Censor, Appius Claudius, who con- Populi Romani. —
By authority of the Homan
structed the celebrated public road, called, after People.
him, the Via Appia. A POP. FRVG. AC. These abbreviated —
A. POST, Aulus Posluiiiius prcuomen and — words, preceded by those of cos. xml. l.vo.
—
name of a mam sec Postumia. saec. appear oil the reverse of a first brass coin
APOTHEOSIS, that grand ceremony of Pa- of Domitian. The type represents the emperor
ganism, by which its votaries pretended to place habited in the toga, seated on a suggest urn.
a man, or a woman, amongst the number of their Before him stand two (or, to speak after more
deities. It was so named by the Greeks, who minuteness of inspection, three) togated figures,
first practised the rite, and from whom the Ho-
mans, especially under the Emperors, largely
borrowed it, as is testified by their coins. Called —
by the Latins Consecratio, it is symbolised on
coins under a triple variety of types, viz., either
by an eagle with expanded wings, or by a lighted
altar, or by the rogus, or funeral pile. It is

singular that an example of these three modes of

typifying an Apotheosis is exhibited on the coins
of an otherwise unknown young prince. The
funeral pile appears on gold struck in memory of
Nigriuiauus, the eagle on his silver, and the
altar on his 3rd brass.
“ The farce of the Apotheosis has been ascribed
(remarks Captain Smyth) to a taint of the Py- one of whom holds in both hands, a sort of
thagorean doctrines; but it obviously originated small sack, out of which he is in the act of pour-
 —

A POP. FRVG. AC. AQU.E DUCTUS. f.9

in" grain or fruits. Behind is a temple. On alluded to was conferred upon, and not by, the
the exergue s. c. people.”
This coin forms one of a set, minted under [And yet it is worthy of notice, though
the prince above-named, a. u. c. 841 (a. n. 88), seemingly overlooked by the great scrutinizer
to commemorate his celebration of the Secular and critic of numismatic monuments, that in the
Games. The legend, chiefly owing to the ancient very type which he has himself described and
practice of verbal abbreviations, presents a commented upou (and which is here faithfully
difficulty of no ordinary kind. Spauheim con-— copied from a well-preserved specimen in the
siders that it is to be explained thus A. :
— British Museum) one of the figures personifying
POPulo FRVGei ACcepta, and that these words the Populus Romanics (the entire Roman people)
are to be referred to the first offerings of fruit, is in the attitude of pouring out a contribution

wheat, barley, and beans, which it was customary of FRYGes, at the base of the raised platform,
for the entire people to dedicate, at the com- on which the Emperor, with his right hand
mencement of these (the Secular) Games, to the outstretched, is seated. Now, with all due
deities who presided over the solemnities, and willingness to acquiesce generally in what our
which on their termination were, as Zosimus illustrious guide and master himself defers to, as
observes, distributed amongst the citizens. Ac- an explica t to recepta, let it nevertheless be per-
cording, therefore, to the opinion of Spanheim mitted us in this instance to hazard a conjecture :

and other writers, it was the people, who re- viz. that the fruits here evidently offered, were

ceived the fruits, or, to adhere to the phraseology possibly meant to represent those accepted by the
of the coins, by whom the fruits were received emperor on such occasions, at the hands of
(“ fruges accepta sunt.”) An author of great togated citizens (i. e. men of substance), for the
learning, Steph. Antonins Morcellus has ad- purpose of their being first dedicated to the gods,
vanced another mode of explaining the abbre- and afterwards distributed amongst the common
viations, viz., COS. XII II. LV IX,? SAECa- people —that “fruges consumere nati” class, who
laribus VO? ulo FRYG«? AC cepit, and expresses were content to be the slaves of every imperial
it should not have occurred to
his surprise, that tyrant, so that they were allowed to enjoy the
Spauheim, when that eminent writer, with his “ circus and the dole.” Be this, however, as it
usual erudition, has pointed out the allusion to may, we have here, at any rate, on the reverse
the offering of the first fruits by the Poutifex of a genuine and well-known coin, the tvpifica-
—
Maximus to the Gods. “ Perhaps (says Eckhel, tion of fruges brought to Domitian.]
vi. 387) Morcellus may have been induced to A. PY. or ARG. PVB. —
These abbreviations,
adopt his reading by the structure of the legend. found ou coins of the Lucilia, Sentia, and Titu-
For in it are expressed only the words COS. — ria families, are read by som cAryento Piero; by
Xllir. LVD. SAEC. without the FECiV, which others. —
Acre Publico. Eckhel shews Argento
invariably appears ou other coins of this mint- Publico to be their right interpretation — signi-
age. But it might possibly happen, that the fying public money, aud allusive to the monetal
word fecit was omitted to make room for the triumvir, or the edile, or other officer to whom ;

rest of the inscription, though it is still neces- the money, or the expenditure of it, was en-
sary to supply (or understand) it ; just as on trusted. —
See EX. A. PV. also Sentia yens.
;

coins of Augustus, struck a. u. c. 737 (n c. APRONIA gens. — Of plebeian origin, but of

17), and of the Sanquinia family, we read consular dignity, the third brass coins of this
only AYGYST. DIY1. F. I, YD OS. SAE. family, struck by the moneyers of Augustus, are
where fecit, though omitted, must neverthe- common, having for their legend gaj.lvs mes-
less be supplied. A more probable reason [for SALA IIIVIR. SISF.NXA APRONIVS. A. A. A. P. F.
Morcellus entertaining his opinion] may have or something similar. There is a first brass of
been, that the natural law of the inscription colonial fabric, with the head of Drusus, son of
seems to dictate its own proper interpretation. Tiberius, which exhibits for legend fermissv.
For, as it commences with the nominative case l.apronii. pkocos. in. and for type the head
COS. XI I II. the sentence could not terminate of Mercury.
with the word AC cepta, but AC cepit. I am AQ. O. B. F. Aquileia Officina Secunda
(adds Eckhel) far from denying, that ou Mor- Fabrica. —These abbreviations and the two sub-
cellus’s plan of interpretation the legend presents joined are found chiefly ou coins, in the age from
greater elegance and terseness of expression, Diocletian to the Constantines, aud are inter-
though I strongly doubt whether it be equally in preted as denoting them to have been struck at
accordance with truth and facts. For, if we so Aquileia, in the b or second mint or struck
—
;

read the recipients of the fruits will be not

it, (generally) in the city of Aquileia. Rasche.
the people, but Domitian himself, and at the AQ. P. S. Aquileia Pecunia Siynata. —
hands of the people. AVhereas, we have no —
AQ. P. Aquileia: pecunia or Aquileia: percussa.
ancieut record of presents made by the people to AQ. S. Aquileia Siynata. Money struck at—
their princes during the Games in question, but Aquileia.
rather of the reverse. As, therefore, such a AQU.E DUCTUS — Aqueduct or water conduit.
fact cannot be established, and the very author It signifies a canal or channel, built of stone, or in
of the new reading docs not attempt to prove it brickwork, for the purpose of conveying across
by the slightest argument, we may for the pre- an uueven country a certain quantity of water,
sent adhere to the generally received interpreta- and of giving it a regulated declivity. This
tion of the legend, and conclude that the benefit species of canal proceeds sometimes underground,
 — —; —
;

70 AQVA MAR. AQUATIC ANIMALS.

sometimes along the surface of the soil, ami oc- AQVA. TRAIANA. S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO
casionally upon one or more ranges of arcades. PRINCIPI. S. C. —The genius of a river re-
The latter even in their ruins exhibit the most clined within a cavern, or arched vault, holding
striking features of picturesque grandeur such
;
in his right hand an aquatic reed, and resting
as are seen in t he Campagna di Roma, and his left arm on au urn, whence there is a flow of
in that noble remains of Roman architecture waters. —
On a first and middle brass of Trajan,
the Pont da Gard, at Nisrncs, iu France. struck about a.u.c. 864 [a.d. Ill],
The inhabitants of Rome, for a long time, con-
tented themselves with the stream of the Tiber
but the remoteness of that river from consider-
able portions of the city, when it was so greatly
increased in size, rendered the conveyance of
water inconveniently difficult. In the year u. c.
4 1 1 (b.c. 313), conduits were plauucd for bring-
ing a purer as well as a more plentiful supply of
this indispensable element, from distant sources.
Aqueducts of every kind, visible and subterraneous,
were greatly multiplied, and constituted at length
one of the wonders of “the Eternal City.” In
the emperor Nerva’s time there were nine Aque-
ducts, which had 13,594 tunnels or pipes, of an
inch in diameter. Subsequently there were 14 The rivulet to which this coin refers, after
channels carried by 9 aqueducts. These struc- having been long lost, from want of care, was
tures served to convey water from places 30, restored by Trajan, aud conducted over Mount
40, and even 60 miles distant from Rome. Aventine, not only for the use of his own baths,
Aqueducts were generally distinguished by the but also to supply the wants, to promote the
name of the place whence the water came, or salubrity, aud to increase the embellishments of
by that of the person who caused them to be his capital. — Sextus Julius Frontiuus, the Con-
built, joined to the word aqua. —For many ex- sid, who wrote a treatise on aqueducts, supplies
planatory and instructive particulars on the sub- abundant testimony of the sedulous attention
ject of aqueducts, as well modern as ancient, see bestowed by this emperor on the repair aud im-
Millin, Diclionnaire des Beaux Arts. — Reference provement of those at Rome. “ It was not
may also with advantage be had to an article on (he says) the object of our Prince, merely to
this subject, in Dr. W. Smith’s Did. of Greek restore the volume of water most bcucficially to
and Roman Antiquities. the other streams but he also was the |ierson
AQVA MAR. —Aqua
;

—
Marcia. This legend to perceive that the deleterious properties of the
appears on a silver coin of the gens Marcia, and Auio Nonas might be cut off.” And after de-
alludes to water conveyed to the city of Rome, scribing the plan by which the Emperor pro-
by the care and liberality of the Praetor Quintus posed to correct this fault, lie concludes —This
Marcius, a public-spirited citizen. This aqueduct, fortunate excellence of the water, bidding fair in
one of the noblest in Rome, both as to splendour quality to equal that of (aqua) Marcia, and in
and durability, was constructed under the autho- quantity to surpass it, supplied the place of that
rity of the Senate, in the time of the Republic. unseemly and turbid stream (the New Anio),
Some authors arc disposed to regard the aqua under the auspices of the “Imperator, Ctrsar
Marcia, as the most ancient aqueduct, inasmuch Nerva Trajanus Augustus,” as the title informs
as it was ascribed to Ancus Marcius. Whereas us. This bcueficial measure is recorded on
the honour is due to the above-named Quintus ; coins, as early as Trajan’s sixth consulate.
or, according to Pliny, it was perfected by him, Eckhcl, vi. 425-26.
between a.u.c. 575 and 585 (n.c. 179 and 169), Capt. Smyth, R.N., in describing a specimen
on the foundation of a work commenced by the of this medal, in his own collection, observes
reputed grandson of Numa. It was afterwards that the type “ is opposed to the notion of
repaired, and enlarged, successively by M. Vaillant, that a recumbent F/urius denotes a
Agrippa, Augustus, Titus, Trajan, and Caraealla. river which receives other streams, and that
— There still exist remains of this great water wadiug figures mean
those which are tributary.
course, both withiu and without the Esquiliue presume that river to be a na-
Ollier antiquaries
gate. — See ancys and Marcia gens (suis locis). vigable one, where the gods have beards yet —
The aqua Appia is the oldest aqueduct, aud here at a mere spring, we have a regular long
owes its construction to the censor Appius Clau- beard — whilst a reverse of the Emperor Philip
dius. The aqua Marcia comes next. The other shews the deity of the Meander without that ap-
principal aqueducts at Rome were aqua Teputa, pendage.” p. 86.
aqua Julia, aqua Virgo, Auio Vctus, aqua AQUATIC ANIMALS figured on coins .

Alsietina (or Augusta), aqua Caira (or Dara- The crocodile or aligator; the dolphin; the hippo-
nata), aqua Trajana, aqua Alexandrian, aqua potamus, (or river horse); the palnmys, (a fish
Antinoniana. The finest of all was that called of the tunny kind); the polypus (or many feet)
aqua Claudia, built under the Emperor Claudius. the pompilos, (or nautilus) ; the sepia, (or cuttle
— Sec Milliu’s and Dr. Smith’s Dictionaries, fish); &c„ respecting all which sec Sponheim
botli above referred to. Dissert, de Pnrs. Nam. Vet.
 — —

AQUILIA SEVERA. AQUILIFER. 71

AQUILA — and Aquila legionaria. See fact, that Manius Aquilius (of the patrician
Eagle. stock)was consul in the year u.c. 054, (b.c. 101)
AQTJILEIA, a once famous near the
city, and with his colleague C. Marius (cos. v.) was
Adriatic sea, and the barrier of Italy on that sent to Sicily, during the war of the Italian fu-
side. In the lower empire it was the capital of gitives. That war he succeeded in bringing to a
the Venetian territory, but was destroyed by the victorious termination, and having peacefully
IIuus, under Attila, in a.d. 453. It is now governed the province for two years, returned
only a mass of ruins and hovels, the resort of in triumph to Rome. See the word sicil.
fishermen. —
It was at the siege of this town, There are other types of the Aquilia family,
by the ferocious Thracian, Maximinus, that the struck by L. Aquilius Florns (who was of its
women of Aquileia afforded a memorable in- plebeian stock) as a monctal triumvir of Augus-
stance of courage and devotion ; for the cordage tus, about the year of Rome 734 (b.c. 20)
belonging to the machines of war being worn as for example the following
out, they all cut off their tresses to supply the
defect. —
The initial letters of the name as a mint
mark frequently occurs on the exergue of Roman
coins from Diocletian downwards. See AQ. &c.

Obv. —
caesar avgvstvs. Rare head of
Augustus.
Rev. L — AQVILI.IVS FLORA'S IIIVIR.
. A
flower.
By elegant type of an opened flower,
this
(probably, from
its form, the Cyanus), Lucius
Aqnillius alludes to the origin of the surname
AQUILIA SEVERA, second wife of Elaga- which he had derived from his ancestors.
balus. —This who
is described to have
princess, Havercamp, in Morell.
possessed great personal attractions, was the Two other denarii, struck by the same Floras,
daughter of Quintus Aquilius, who had been possess historical interest;
viz., such as bear the
twice Consul, during the reign of Caracalla. symbols of Armenia Capta, and of the Military
Elagabalus, after repudiating Julia Paula, took Ensigns recovered from the Parthians. See —
Aquilia from the sacred community of the Vestals, ARMENIA CAPT. and SIGNIS RECEPfw.
and married her, in the year A. D, 220, to the The coins of this family are in silver only,
great consternation of both priests and people at and of a low degree of rarity.
—
Rome. In a few days, she also was divorced AQUILIFER Eagle bearer. — It was he, as
by that wretch of an Emperor, who then took the word imports, who carried the Eagle, in
Annia Faustina to wife, and afterwards two the midst of the hastati, in each Legion. The
other ladies. Tired of the three last, Ela- aquiliferi were different from those who were
gabalus expelled them, each in their turn, from called signiferi, and who bore the other stand-
his palace and profaned afresh the rites of
;
ards of the Roman army. (See Signa Mili-
matrimony by again espousing Aquilia Severn. tariaj Among other reverses, which, with the
She continued with him till the termination of legends of Adlocutio, Profectio, Imperator, &c.,
his monstrous life and most execrable reign, frequently appear on coins of the Imperial
a. i) 222. —
The prenomen of Julia is added on series, chiefly in large brass, there is one of
her coins, she being thereon styled ivlia aqvi- Trajan’s described by Captain Smyth, p. 89,
1IA sev. (or severa) Avo. The Senate en- — where “ the Emperor, wearing a lorica (or breast
slaved to the imperial will, confirmed to this plate)is seated on an X shaped curule chair,
empress, the title of Augusta, which Elagabalus upon a high suggestum. He is addressing his
—
had given her. All her coins, in each metal army, which is represented by an officer, three
and size, are of more or less rarity in gold of : aquiliferi, an infantry soldier, and one of ca-
the highest degree. —
Some pieces represent her valry— some whom hold up
— of coin hands their in
with Elagabalus. applause. was struck a.d. 115.”
'The
—
AQUILIA gens. This Roman house had ARA. —This word, and the word Altare (whence
two branches, one Patrician, the other Plebeian. the French awtel, and our English Altar), were
Amongst the 12 varieties given in Viorel, there used by the Romans, to signify respectively certain
arc some curious types on the denarii of this fa- structures, elevated above the ground, at the
mily take the following reverse for example:
; former of which prayers, with libations, were
MAN. aqyii,. man. F. MAN. N. (Manixis Aquilius, offered up, and at the latter of which victims
Manii Manii Nepos.J The type, a soldier
Filius, were immolated, to their Gods.
standing, armed with a buckler, lifting up, or As regards pagan antiquity, the first inventor
holding up, a kneeling woman below is the
: of Altars is unknown
but the custom of raising
—
;

word sicil, (Siciliac). Eckhel, v. 142. them for purposes evidently passed
religious
In this silver coin, and in another with the from the Greeks to the Romans. The Greeks
same type, reference is made to the historical had probably borrowed it from the Egyptians,
 —

ARiE. AR.E.
72
original adop- Mionuet, was struck in Asia.] The myrtle aud
to whom Herodotus ascribes the
I

the pop-
images in the dove revealed the Altar of \cuus;
tion of Altars, and the dedication of |

connected
deities. Holy Writ here steps lar, the club, or some representation
honour of their peculiar to
aud teaches ns with the story of his labours, arc
in to the aid of historical truth ;
the pine-
True God, altars at which Hercules was adored
that Noah, a worshipper of the Only
;

tree is given to l’au; and a bacchanal

to Silcnus.
was the first who built an altar. corn-
ARiE —ALTARS, among the ancients, dif- The altars of Ceres were known by their
their uses, their forms, their adorn- ears and poppies, also by the image of the
fered in
biga of dra-
[

and the situations in which they were goddess, holding two torches, in a
incuts, Serapis;
gons. The lotus bespake the devotee of
placed. They were sometimes round, hut the
and the cypress tells us that Roman
superstition
I heir fonns
square more generally prevailed. the in-
he dictated propitiatory sacrifices even to
varied again according to their material.
I

the tri- fernal gods whose altars, however, were as-

metallic ones were for the most part of
;

those, signed t o subterraneous places. See Dictionaries

angular shape. The greater portion of
,

which have escaped the ravages ot of Millin and Smith, article ara.
however, that in
I heir Moreover, it was before Altars,
time are of marble, or of other stone. both kings
some did not exceed two touching and sacrificing upon them,
height varied much ;
of peace,
feet; others were about as high
again, lhosc .
and peoples swore to keep treaties
took oaths
amitv, and alliance; that magistrates
intended to receive the libations, as well as those pledged tliem-
of fidelity, and that individuals
designed to hold the blood of victims, were
hol-
their reconciliations and their mar-
lowed out at the top, and a moveable stove, or
in
— See foedus cvm. gabims — vota pi b-
]
selves,

pan, served occasionally to contain

the lire for riages.

—
burning incense. On festivals, when prepared LICA, &C.
Within the temples, the principal
.
Ara was
.

they were dressed with festoons of

for sacrifice, the foot of
fruits, and grasses, called verbena; placed in the most sacred recess, at
flowers, I ns
the statue of the deity worshipped
there.
such trees
also with the leaves, or branches of called
the different was the most elevated, and for that reason
or plants as were sacred to each of were
—
Nor was the sculptor’s art omitted Allare: on this incense and perfumes
divinities.
enrichment burnt and libations made. The second was
to he employed in the more durable portal of the
We sec on them basso relievos, re- placed on the outside before the
of Altars. in which blood
figures edifice, and was used for sacrifices
presenting the heads of sacrificed animals, named
instru- was shed. The third was a portable altar,
of patcras, vases, aud other sacrificial the viscera
Anclabris, on which were deposited
ments, mingled with those of garlands (corona) llaruspiees to
woollen of slaughtered animals for the
that decorated the victim, and with of immo-
inspect, together with the instruments
|

fillets, and other accessories of

the same kind.
There was vet another class ol altars,
Not a few arc seen charged with inscriptions that lation.
I

from any
mark the epocha and motives of their consccra- which stood bv themselves, apart
the name, and
temple, and were distinguished by
j

tion, added to the names of those who caused genius

to he erected,aud of the god, goddess, sometimes by the figure, of the nutnen or
them
to whom it was consecrated.
j

to be
genius, or deified mortal, who happened
the object of this devotional act. lhe finest ot
attributes
these arc embellished with figures and
worship.
of the particular object of idolatrous
of a
Indeed, from the sculptural ornaments
Roman altar, may almost invariably be ascer-
tained, what deity it had been intended to
honour. For example, the eagle and the thun-
der bolt (
aquila el fulmen), designated Ara
Jovis. A trident and two dolphins marked
an altar to Ncntuuc. A Bacchante with the
leaves, On Roman coins, we find Altars dedicated to
thyrsus, a panther, or a foliage of ivy
.Eternity, Don ns Erentns, Concord, Fecundity,
shewed the Daec/ii Ara. Olive leaves and some- Genius,
Fortune, (see fort. red. of Augustus,)
times the Owl were carved on those of Minerva. pf.up.
Health, Liberty, Piety, Peace, (sec paci.
The raven, the stag, the lyre, or a tripod, Tranquillity,
to Apollo, on whose of Tiberius,) Providence, Security,
indicated a consecration Domitinn,
were also distinctive
branches Youth, (as in Prinrrps Juventutis of
altars laurel on
(sec No. 226 of Caylns).—
They appear also
insignia. A serpent entwined round a staff, Pomponm,
Hygeia, coins of the Antin, Cornelia. Oppia,
or a tripod, points to Eseulapius, or As tor
over Postumia, Rnbria. and Yibia families.
or other divinities supposed to preside represented
emperors and empresses, they are
health. Diana’s altar is to he known by the
the Attars throughout nearly the entire
sacrificing at
goddess’s own image, or by her attributes
the scries, from Augustus to Licinius.
bow, arrow, and quiver, sometimes with — Altars of Consecration;
accompaniments of the stag and the dog. A Ara Consecrationis.
rising
of some round, others square, with flame
square altar, ornamented with the figures
1

which we
from the top, are seen on coins, round
two stags, aud with festoons of ribbands, ap- Also an altar over which
bearing read consf.cRATIO.
pears 011^ a silver medallion of Augustus, designating the
inscribed divo. no. Ac.,
the lcgcud of avgvstvs. [This medallion, says is
 i

AR.;E ARrE. 73

apotheosis of Antoninus Pius. A consecration Ara Maxima Herculis. The great altar of
medal of Aurelius, in silver and large brass, Hercules. —
A very rare denarius of the Antia
exhibits an eagle with expanded wings, standing gens has for the legend of its reverse, restio,
—
on a small square structure, Capt. Smyth thinks and for type, a lighted, or ignited, altar. Its

this “probably represents the casket in which obverse exhibits the name of c. antius, and the
the ashes of Aurelius were transported from head of a bull, ornamented with the sacrificial
Germany to Rome. It is often, he adds, not- infulce. Comparing this coin with another of
withstanding its shape, called an altar— but, as the same family, on which a naked Hercules is
with the Allure Viaticum of Roman Catholic carrying his club uplifted in one hand, and a
saints, it may have served both purposes.” On — trophy in the other, Eckhcl is of opinion, that
other consecration coins a branch is placed in lie I the altar called Maxima at Rome, dedicated
middle of the altar, on which an eagle sits to the above-named demigod is here represented.
with a garland in its beak or, an eagle stands
;
The C. Antius Restio, whose appellations are in-
on a thunderbolt, accompanied by the words scribed on this coin, was, according to Eckhcl,
aeternae memoriae, as on coins of Gal. Maxi- not the Restio, who carried a sumptuary law,
—
mianus or two eagles standing on each side of before Sulla’s death, a. u. c. 670 (b. c. 84), but
a lighted altar, with memoria felix, as in Con- the son of that legislator, who after his father’s
stantins Chlorus. — See Memoria Felix. death took occasion, by this denarius, to honour
[The above wood-cut is from the reverse of a the memory of a man so thoroughly attached to
middle brass of Faustina senior, minted after her the spirit of the ancient commonwealth. Sec —
death and consecration, as is designated by the Antia in Morell. T/iesaur. fig 2 and 3.
veiled portrait and the diva of the obverse —
Ara Providentia. The altar of Providence
legend.] is found on many coins of Augustus, and his
Arte Ignitte. — Lighted some square, but
altars, successors in the empire, with the letters pro-
more frequently round some simply by them-
;
—
vident. s. c. The Romans dedicated temples
selves others, before which the Emperor stands to Providence as a divinity, and raised altars to
her worship. — See providentia.
;

opposite the genius of a province or city, are

found on coins of Hadrian. —
See adventvi avg. Ara August — Altar
Sa/ulis the Emperor’s
for
aciiaiae, bithyniae, &c., &c. Also, before — health and — This
safety. seen on very
type, a
which a female veiled, and in the stola, stands rare large brass of Tiberius, with the inscription
dropping incense into the flame, as on a gold salus augusti, was struck on the occasion of
coin of Sabina, and a pietas avg. of Faustina prayers being put up for the health of that em-
senior, in first brass. —
See Acerra, p. 4. peror, especially at the commencement of his
—
Ara Lugdunensis Altar of Lyon. Numer-
. — reign, when numerous altars smoked for the
ous medals were struck, of which many varieties same purposes both at Rome and in the pro-
are extant, in large and middle brass, dedicated vinces. — See sai.uti augusti.
to the honour of Augustus, about the year of ARA PACIS. (or ARA PAC.) S. C— On
Rome 741 and afterwards to that of
(b. c. 13), the reverse of a middle brass of Nero, is this
Tiberius, the reverses of which represent an altar, inscription, with the type of a lighted altar, de-
stated to have been raised to “ Rome and to Au- dicated to Peace, which that emperor affected
gustus” by sixty Gaulish nations, at the conflu- to cherish. Similar altars had been erected by
ence of the Rhone and the Saonc. —
This altar is a decree of the senate, in the reign of Augustus.

“It is (says Eckhcl), a fact incontrovertible,

that Nero preferred peace to the tumultuous
typified as standing between two columns, sur- scenes of war from no love, on his part, how-
;

mounted by and palm branches. On

Victories, ever, of the blessings which peace bestow s, but
the face of the altar, two Genii support a crown because it enabled him, with greater security,
placed between two pine-trees— or on other spe- to pass his leisure in the amusements of the
cimens of the same coin (as in the above cut), a circus, and to have money in his treasury where-
laurel crown flanked with palm branches. Below with to join sea to sea, excavate mountains, and
is the inscription ROMrte ET AV Gusto. The lay down monstrous foundations beneath the
columns of have been sawn in two
this altar waters. We have accurate testimony, that,
(says Millin in his Gal. Mythologique) ; and at when hard pressed by the revolt of Vindex in
this time form the pillars, which support the Gaul, and at a time of the greatest necessity for
vaulting of the choir, in the church of Aisnay, levying troops, to be sent against the rebels,
near Lyon. —
See kom. et avg. iu this Dictionary. certain senators, after a hasty consultation, on

L
 — — — :

74 AR.E. ARABIA.
the business for which he had summoned them, husband, thus expresses himself:
—
"You have
passed the rest of the day, in discussing the gained a wife, who will prove your ornament
merits of some hydraulic engines of a novel con- and glory. For what can be more sacred than
struction, [the form of one of these is consi- her character? AVhat more of the old school?
dered to be shown on a contorniate medal of How quiet is she in her attire! How moderate
Nero, having for legend of reverse i.aviif.nti in her retinue How homely in her deport-
!

nika.] And that the Emperor declared his in- ment 1” This culogiuin, by such a writer, on
tention to introduce these novelties at the theatre, the purity of her life, shews the appropriateness
‘
if Viudex would let him,’ (si per Vindicem of the legcud, Ara Pudicitia, joined to the name
liceret). The calendars of Amiternum and of Plotina. Yet it appears from Dion Cassius,
I’neneste, as well as the poet Ovid, respec- that even this virtuous characteristic of the em-
tively allude to the ara pacis, as first raised, press was subjected to aspersions, in consequence
by senatorial authority, under Augustus, and of her intimacy with Hadrian.
dedicated four years afterwards.” vi. 268. — [It is to the kindness of its present possessor,
ARA PVDIC. (Ara Pudicitia —The altar the Rev. Win. Grigson, rector of Whinbnrgh,
of Modesty or Chastity.) — This legend and type Norfolk, that the compiler of this Dictionary is
appear on gold and silver coins of the highest indebted for being enabled to exhibit here the
rarity, struck in Trajan’s sixth consulate (about fac simile engraving of a most rare and elegant
the beginning of a. d. 113), in honour of his denarius; found amongst a mass of about 300
wife Plotina. other Roman Imperial coins, in silver and brass,
ranging from Marcus Antonius to Marcus Aure-
lius. This discovery was made in the month of
November, 1820, by some labourers who were
employed in forming a clay pit, on an estate
belonging to the Rev. B. Barker, in the village
of Caston, three miles south-east of Watton, in
the above named county. Full particidars rela-
tive to this “find” were communicated in March
of the following year to the Society of Antiqua-
Obv. PLOTINA. AVG. IMP. TRAIANI. Plotina ries and the coins themselves at the same time
;

Augusta (by implication Uxor) Imperatoris Tra- submitted to the inspection of tbe then Director,
jani. Head of the Empress Plotina. Taylor Combe, Esq. for the information of that
Rev. CAES. AVG. GERMA. DAC. COS. VI. P.P. learned Body, by Goddard Johnson, Esq. now'
(Trajan’s Imperial and Consular titles.) An ob- of Norwich, at that period residing at Little Dun-
long square on which is sculptured a sto-
altar, —
ham. Mr. Combe, in his official report to the
lated figure, standing on an oval base, which society,says : " The Plotina is perhaps the only
rests on three feet. At the bottom of the altar denarius of that Empress, with the legend of
is inscribed aka pvdic. ara. pvdic., which has been found in England.
In the earliest ages of Rome there stood in The coin is not indeed uew ; but it is one of
the city two shrines with an altar in each, one considerable rarity, and has never, 1 believe,
consecrated to Pudicitia Patricia, in the Forum been accurately engraved.” — Sec Archaologia,
Boarium, or ox market, the other to Pudicitia vol. March 15, 1821, whence this account
20,
Plebeia, erected by Virginia, in the Vicus Longus, has been drawn up.
or high street. At these, it seems, none had The only already published engraving of this
the privilege of sacrificing, except a matron of denarius appears, in Vaillant, Prast. Bum. hupp.
thoroughly approved character for the peculiarly (p. 135, Paris edition, 1604, and T. ii. 130,
feminine qualities, and conjugal virtues, of chas- Rome edition, 1743). The reverse in these ex-
tity and modesty, and had been married but to hibits a square altar, without any figure, or
one man. The name and antiquity of one of ornament, on its face, and in other respects un-
these altars are mentioned by Juvenal :
like the type in Mr. Grigson ’s specimen.]
Maura PUDICITIAE veterem cum praiterit ARAM. ARABIA, one of the largest regions of Asia,
(Sat. vi.) between Egypt and India, divided nominally
[When Maura passes the ancient Altar of Pudi- into three parts Felix, Deserta, and Petraa
citia.~\ bounded by Syria and Mesopotamia on the north ;
or, to give the purport of the allusion more bv the Persian Gulf on the cast by the Ara-
;

amply from Gifford’s free translation. bian Gulf or Red Sea on the west and by
;

Flushed in her cups, “ as Tullia homeward goes, tbe Indian Ocean (Ergthraum Mare), on the
With what contempt she tosses up her nose south.
— “ Arabv the Blest,” the most exten-
At Chastity’s hoar fane What impious jeers
!
sive of three divisions, derived its name
the
Collatia pours in Maura’s tiugling ears.”
from its great fertility. —
Arabia the desert, the
The altar dedicated to Patrician modesty was smallest and northernmost district, was inha-
the more ancient of the two, and probably the bited by the Idumn-aus, the Moabites, the Mi-
scene of that nocturnal impurity, to which the dianites, and the Amalekites. It includes "that

Roman satirist adverts. great aud terrible wilderness,” in which the

Of Plotina, whose name and appear
portrait Israelites held their wandering abode for a pe-
on the coins which bear this unique legend, riod of forty years after their exodus from Egypt.
Pliny the younger, addressing himself to her The Romans appear to have been unacquainted
 — ;

ARAB. ARATRUM. 75
with that district. — Arabia the Rocky, which of Arabia, however, which was occupied by the
lies centrally,running from north-west to south- Romans, bore but a small proportion to the im-
east, towards its northern extremity sterile
is mense tract of territory above named. It was,
and scantily populated, but, in approaching the in fact, that portion which bordered on Jiuhca,
southern portion, plains are found to be fertile and called Petrcea, as some say, from its princi-
and cultivated. The Romans, under Augustus, pal city Petra.
sent troops into this last-named part of Arabia, With regard to the figure of an animal at the
but failed in their attempt to make a conquest of foot of the personified province, as in the above cut
it, at that period ; and the Arabs remained un- (from a first brass coin in the British Museum),
subdued till the time of Trajan. it is evident from coins of the Aemilia and
Spanheim in his annotated translation of the Plautia families, and also from Greek coins in-
Caesars of Julian (pr. 88), cites and delineates a scribed with the word apaisia, that it is the
very rare first brass of Trajan, in the French —
camel an animal common in Arabia, and there-
king’s cabinet, on the reverse of which the bust fore an appropriate symbol of that region. The
of a woman is represented, with towers on her ostrich is no less evidently represented on an-
head, and two infant children in her arms, other coin of Trajan, bearing the same legend,
which he considers to designate respectively Ara- and is also a bird indigenous to the same country.
bia Felix and Arabia Petnea. The legend gives Tristan conjectures that what the woman holds
the name and titles of Trajan in Greek and ,
in her right baud is branch of frankincense
a
below' is the word ARABIA in Latin characters; and in her left a reed, or sweet cane, called cala-
“doubtless (adds Spanheim), to mark the fact, mus odoratus (or aromaticus), both which, ac-
that this emperor, after having subdued the cording to ancient writers, were products of Ara-
country, had made it a Roman province, as ap- bia. In this opinion, Spanheim concurs, whose
pears from other well-known medals.” See — instructive remarks on this point deserve perusal
Arab. Adquisita, &c. by the students of natural history. See also —
ARAB. ADQ. S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO PRIN- Eckhel, vi. 420.
CIPI. — A woman standing, with a branch in .
—
ARAB. ADIAB (Arabia's, Adiabenicus.)
the right hand, a reed in the left at her feet
;
cos. ii. p.p. —
Victory marching —
appears on a
a diminutive camel (on other coins an ostrich.) gold coin of Septimius Sevcrus. akab. adia-
On a denarius of Trajan. benic. Same type, on a denarius of that Em-
ARAB. ADQVIS. S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO peror.
PRINCIPI. S. C. — Same type — on first and The above inscriptions serve to record the re-
second brass, of the same Emperor. duction of the Arabs once more to the Roman
yoke, by the warlike prince on whose coins they
occur. In adding a new territory to Arabia,
Sevcrus rendered it a province of considerable
extent, and thereon founded his pretensions to
the surname of Arabicus. So says Ruffus, in
his abridged History of the Roman Empire.
“ Septimius Sevcrus, acerrimus Iinperator, Arabas
interiores obtinuit, et Arabiani Provinciam fecit P
In adverting to the titles of Arabicus and Adia-
benicus, conferred on Severus, for his successes
a.d. 195, and to their introduction also on his
coins, Eckhel, (vii. 172) says
—
“ As far as my
Coins with the above types and inscriptions, information goes, they are found only on coins
bear the date, on their obverse, of Trajan’s fifth of the third Tribuneship (tr. p. iii.) but ancient
consulship, contemporaneous with a. u. c. 858 marbles blazon them later and more frequently
(a. d. 105.) It was up to that period, from the and in one inscription published by Muratori,
age of Augustus, who (n.C. 24), by his lieutenant they are joined with the words imp. iiii.” In
Aelius Gallus, unsuccessfully attempted the con- reference to the two nations above-named, Spar-
quest of Arabia, that it remained undisturbed by tianus affirms, that “ he received the submission
the Roman Arms. The same enterprize, how- of the Arabians, and compelled the Adiabeni to
ever, was undertaken with a more fortunate re- —
become tributary.” See part. arab. part,
sult, bv Trajan, who, according to Eutropius, adiab.
reduced it to the state of a province. —
It appears ARATRUM. The Plough. This w'cll-known
that A. Cornelius Palma, governor of Syria, implement of agriculture appears on numerous
was the commander of this expedition. Dion Roman coins, as indicating the fertility and cid-
fixes the time: viz. that when the Emperor went tivatiou of the soil. Ceres being, as the an-
out to the second Dacian war. And the Chronicle cients believed and as Ovid sang, the first qua
of Eusebius, as well as the Alexandrine Chronicle, unco terram demovit aratro, is depicted with
more definitely teaches us, that the Petrcean Arabs the plough and with similar instruments of
and the people of Bostra, computed their sera husbandry. Thus the aratrum Cereris is seen on
from the year of Rome 858. The coins in ques- coins of the Vibia family ; it also occurs over
tion, therefore, as records of
Arabia Arlquisita, the head of Africa, in the Cacilia and Eppia
arc ascribed to the above-mentioned year, but gentes. The plough was a distinguishing sym.
without excluding the following one. That part — bol of Roman colonies, in allusion to the cere.
L 2
 —

7fi ARCADIUS. ARCHITECTURE.

mony of making therewith the circuit of a city, “ In the 31st year of his age, after a reign (if,
or settlement, about to be founded, in order says Gibbon, we may abuse that word) of thirteen
that its locality or boundaries might be precisely years, three months, and fifteen days, Arcadius
marked out. Hence we sec on colonial coins, expired in the palace of Constantinople.”
the labourer, or the priest, guiding a plough, The name and titles of this Emperor ou his
drawn by a yoke of oxen. coins (which in every metal, of the ordinary
—
ARBORES. Trees, peculiar to certain coun- inodidc, are common) always read, D. N. akca-
tries, serve on medals as the respective symbols, divs. p.avg. (very rarely avgvstvs)
F. his —
or insignia, of those countries. For example, head encircled with a diadem of pearls. The —
the pa/m, of Judsca, Damascus, Tyre, Alexan- bust is also seen clothed in the paludamentum.
dria, and of the Phoenician colonies in Sicily On a medallion of pure gold, and of the largest
and Spain. The frankincense and the balsam size, published by Vaillant, from the French
shrubs denoted Arabia. —
On coins of the Pom- cabinet, Arcadius is so represented, holding in
ponia family we see the fig- tree. —
The olive
“ inter duos lapidcs Tvri” appears on colonial
his left hand a globe surmounted by the small
figure of Victory, extending a wreath towards
medals of Gordianus Pius and Valerianus. In the Emperor. —
On the reverse of this splendid
like manner, a tree behind the figure of Diana piece, Arcadius is represented full-faced, and
signifies that she is the goddess of forests and julorned with the nimbus, standing with globe
groves. Three nymphs changed into larch trees in his left hand, and the right hand elevated, in a
arc exhibited ou a coin of the Accolcia gens. triumphal car, drawn by six horses. The legend
(Sec p. 3.) —
For the type of a tree on which hang Gloria ROM ANOKVM. lu the field, the mono-
the spoils of the Nemsean lion —
see herc. com- gram of Christ. Ou the exergue CO. ob. See —
—
MODIANO. Two trees are seen on a medal of Prast. Impp. Rom. hi. 262.
Vespasian. —
And on many coins, chiefly colonial, ARCHITECTURE. —The Romans, who are
of the emperors, from Nero to Gallienus, trees considered to have imbibed from the Etruscans
form in part, or wholly, the types of their re- their first notions of the science of building,
verses.— See Rasche, Lex. Num. were in point of taste very inferior to the Greeks.
ARCADIUS (Flavius), son of Theodosius the They had however the merit of cultivating, w ith
Great, and of Flacilla, was bom in Spain about a high degree of success, the ornamental branch
a. d. 377 —
declared Augustus by his father (a. d. of the art, and also of realising plans for publicly
383), whom he succeeded, as Emperor of the useful structures, which were neglected by their
more inventive contemporaries. Under the kiugs,
especially the last two or three, several works
of essential importance to the salubrity and con-
venience of their city, such as the cloaca or
common sewers, were begun and completed.
During the republic, Rome was embellished with
many temples, aqueducts, and other buildings,
some of them on a large scale. And, at a later
period of the commonwealth, Greek architects
East (395), he abandoning all claims to the em- were employed there, in designing, and direct-
pire of the West, in favour of his brother ing the progress of, magnificent edifices, both
Honorius. Arcadius died at Constantinople a. d. public and private. —
Poinpey raised the first
408. Ilimsclf of an equally weak and con- Theatre of stone, at Rome, which w as about the
temptible character, his government was quite same time indebted to Julius Cicsar for some
as disgraceful, and nearly as calamitous, as that fine specimens of architectural skill. Under the —
of his brother. An odious favourite of his long aud pacific reign of Augustus, gnat im-
father’s named Rufinus, early exercised an provements took place. It was he who built

absolute authority over the effeminate person and the portico to which was given the name of his
imbecile mind of Arcadius. - It was under the sister Octavia; the Fonun Novum, aiul the
administration of this avaricious traitor, that the temple of Mars Ultor the basilica in honour of
;

provinces were oppressed with exactions, and Caius aud Lucius; the temple of Apollo; the
laid waste by barbarian invaders. But he met splendid mausoleum destined to receive his own
his death (a. d. 395) under horrible circum- ashes and the theatre of Marecllus also, were
;

stances, in the presence of the emperor, from successively reared by his direction. Augustus
the troops of Gainas the Goth, whom Stilico, likewise caused several harbours to be formed in
the general of Honorius, had charged with the Italy and various other parts of the Roman
plan of his destruction. Eutropins and Eudoxia dominions besides restoring the Flaminian way,
—
;

afterwards held divided sway over the indolent ami other public roads. The edifices raised by
and feeble Arcadius ; until the audacious eunuch relatives and friends of this celebrated Prince
fell a victim to the revenge of the empress. The were, a temple of Hercules Musagctcs, by Mar-
unsuccessful revolt of Gainas, whose conspiracy cias Philippus [sec MARCIA gens] a temple of ;

cost him and Eudoxia’s cruel

his life (a. d. 401) Diana by L. Cornuficius [see corn vficla gens];
persecution of the venerable Chrysostom, soon a temple of Saturn, by Munatius Plancus ; the
followed by her own decease, form the only re- Atrium Libertatis, by Asinius Pollio [see asinia
j

maining incidents of importance in the dis- I

gens] ; the temples of Concord, and Castor and
astrous annals of this most incapable prince. [
Pollux, by Tiberius aud au amphitheatre by
;
 ARCHITECTURE. ARCIIITECTURE. 77
Statilius Taurus.Agrippa, the son-in-law of peror. — Marcus Aureliuscaused several temples
Augustus, adorned the city, with new aque- and other public buildings to be erected in Rome,
ducts, fountains, basins, baths, and above all and many more iu the provincial districts of his
—
with the Pantheon. After the great conflagra- —
wide dominions. After this period, namely that
tion at Rome, Nero, in whose reign it took of the Antonines, “ Architecture, (as Millin ob-
place, and to whose spirit of incendiarism it has serves) like the empire, declined. Of tliis we
been ascribed, engaged the services of the ablest have proof in the triumphal arch of Septimius
architects, to rebuild many edifices and those of
;
Severus, yet that prince loved and encouraged
the Grecian School were principally employed in the art. Under Alexander Severus, skilful
crectiug his golden palace, described as an object builders — —
men of genius met with patronage,
of JBpassing richness, both in materials and and many edifices were constructed or restored.
in decorations. On Nero we sen
a first brass of But the science had deteriorated, and the in-
a representation, not unworthy of that beautiful creasing troubles of the empire prevented it from
arch, adorned with statues and surmounted by a regaining any portion of its former purity. At
triumphal quadriga, accompanied with symbols of length, when Constantine established the seat of
Victory, which Tacitus affirms to have been de- government at Byzantium, and when the hordes
creed a.u.c. 811 (a.d. 58) to that Emperor, and of the north poured themselves, in perpetual
raised on the mount of the Capitol, in honour of incursions, over the finest portions of the Roman
the pretended successes, but real defeats, of then architecture, properly so called,
territories,
Pietus, Nero’s general in Armenia, employed became extinct ; and instead of ornamenting and
improving cities, nothing was thought of but
the construction of fortresses.”
Coins, both consular and imperial, have pre-
served to us the memory of many public edifices
which and some of which still exist, in
existed,
Rome. —TheBasilica Aimilia (see. p. 31) is
represented on a denarius of that family. The
Macctlum , or market-place, of Augustus, re-

against the Parthians. This was ordered by the

Senate whilst the war was still pending; nor,
adds the Roman historian (Ann. xv. 18) was the
work discontinued when the disastrous event
—
became known. The chief architectural under-
taking of Vespasian, was his truly magnificent
Amphitheatre, the first of that kind constructed
of stone, but left for the elder and worthier of his built by Nero, forms the reverse of one type of
sons to finish. — Amongst the works of his suc- that emperor’s large brass coins, from which the
cessors were—the triumphal arch of Titus; the annexed cut is copied. The colosstsum, or am-
naumachia and forum, commenced by Domitian, phitheatre, begun by Vespasian, is figured on a
and finished by Nerva, who himself caused much large brass of Titus, and repeated on medals of
to be accomplished in the department of aque- succeeding emperors (see p. 42). —
The Basilica
ducts. — Trajan’s reign was distinguished by the U/pia, the Forum Trajani, and the Colmnna
Trajana, appear on gold, silver, and brass of that
grandeur and elegance of the structures built
under his auspices. Of these the basilica, the prince. The temple dedicated to Faustina senior
forum, the column, and the triumphal arch, that and Antoninus Pius, and the Antonine Pillar are
bear his name, were the most remarkable, and also typified on contemporaneous coins. (See
they form types on his coins. —
divo pio.) It is, indeed, through the medium
But of Hadrian it is, on all hands, admitted of numismatic monuments that we arc made ac-
that no Emperor, more extensively or more muni- quainted with the exterior forms of heathen
ficently than he, devoted attention, authority, temples; the princes, peoples, and cities of the
and means, to the construction of public build- ancient world, being accustomed frequently to
ings. Not to speak of the restoration and em- adopt representations of these, their sacred,
bellishment of numerous cities iu the provinces edifices, as types for their money. —
See the words
and colonies of the empire, the Mausoleum Ila- Arcus. Aeries, Basilica, Columna, Forum, Tern-
driani and the Pons Aelius at Rome, (still extant plum, and the woodcuts which respectively illus-
under the names of the castle and the bridge of trate them.
St. Angelo, though unrepresented on any coin of Arcus, the bow, a weapon of the chase, and a
genuine antiquity,) together with the ruins of his symbol of Diana, which as the goddess of hunting,
extra-urban villa, arc works that attest the splen- she sometimes holds in her right, at other times
did triumph of architecture in that prince’s reign. in her left hand. This is shewn on coins of the
Under Antoninus Pius are to bo noted his tem- Imperial series, as in Titus, Nerva, Crispina,
ple of Faustina, and also the column of that Em- Trebonianus Gallus, Aeinilianus, Valeriauus,
 —

78 ARCUS. ARCUS TRIUMPIIALIS.

Postnmus, Ac. The bow and quiver behind the of this work, in 1851, by Mr. Doubledav, of
head of Diana appear on a medal of Antoninus the British Museum, soon after he had made a
Pius. purchase of the original for the medal depart-
—
Arcus Apo/linis. The bow is frequently one ment of that Institution.
of the insignia of Apollo, whence that deity was
called by the poets [see Ovid, i„ i. Metem.~\
Arcitenens. The bow as an attribute of Apollo
isseen on coins of M. Aurelius, Gallus, Volusia*
nus, Valerianus.
—
Arcus Herculis. The bow of Hercules, with
his club,and arrow, occurs on coins of the Curt ia
—
and Domitia families also in the hands of the
demigod, as in the Poblicia and Antonia families. Ohv. — sf.vf.rvs PITS. avg. laureatcd head of
It appears likewise on Imperial coins, as in the Emperor.
Antoninus, L. Verus, Commodus, S. Scvcrus, Rev. — cos. nt. p.p.— Triumphal arch.
Aemiliauus, Postumus, Dioclctiauus, Maximia- —
Arches of Augustus. A silver coin of Augus-
nus, Val. Scverus. tus, the reverse of which bears the legend L.
Arcus Triumpha/is. The triumphal arch. vinicivs (one of his mouetal triumvirs) has for
This kind of monument consists of grand por- its type a triumphal arch of a peculiar form. It
ticoes, erected at the entrance of cities, or across consists of a grand arcade, tlauked by two
streets, or upon bridges, and public roads, either columns, which support au entablature, sur-
to the honour of a conqueror, or in remembrance mounted by an attic, on which is inscribed
of some important event. Most of these are S. p. Q. r. imp. caes. and on the top is the im-

charged with inscriptions dedicated to the indi- perial quadriga. On cither side of the central
vidual who had been decreed to deserve the pre- arch are two square portals of smaller size,
eminently high distinctions of the Roman tri- with a pediment, and a column at the two ex-
umph. As an architectural invention if indeed— tremities, each surmounted by a statue.
the appropriation of such isolated objects to the In Moretl. Thesaur, under the head of the
glory of individuals, may be termed an inven- Pomponia family, we see a second eolouial brass
tion — the merit of designing and constructing struck at Corinth and dedicated to Augustus, on
triumphal arches belongs exclusively to the ge- the reverse of which is a most elegant arch, with
nius of ancient Rome. The first that were built, a large portal in the centre and two smaller ones
in the time of the Republic had, however, nothing on each side of it, surmounted by a triumphal
of the magnificent or of the decorative about quadriga and victories crowning the Emperor.
them. And for a long time they exhibited the Havercamp considers this to represent the arch
simple form of the half circle, on the top of erected at Corinth, cither on the occasion of his
which were placed trophies aud the statues of entry into that city, or on account of the victory
the victorious generals. Afterwards the dimen- at Actium.
sions of these arches were greatly increased; and But amongst other triumphal arches repre-
they were more or less covered with ornaments sented on coins of Augustus, the most remark-
of every description. The mass of their con- able, perhaps, as well for its incription as its
struction formed a square pierced with three ar- type, is that which was raised in memory of
cades, which received not only inscriptions but the victory gained over the Parthians, from
bas reliefs, and which supported equestrian whom he received back the military ensigns,
statues, chariots and horses, with other objects which they had captured from Crassus and Mark
of a kind assimilated to the character and design Antony. The arch has three portals, and on its
of the memorial itself. summit we sec the emperor in a quadriga one ;

The arch of Constantine is the most consi- Parthian presenting to him a standard, and
derable aud the best preserved of all the existing —
another a legionary eagle See civmx's. See. a
—
monuments of that kind at Rome. The arch of PARTJI1S RECEP.
Septimus Secerus resembles that of Constan- Claudius. —
There are both silver and gold
tine, or rather, it should be said, the latter re- coins of Claudius, which exhibit the arch raised
sembles the former. The arch of Titus, much to commemorate the victories obtained in Britain,
earlier in date, and more historically interesting, during the reign of Claudius. —
See britan. (de)
is of inferior architectural consideration compared Drusus, senior. —The arch of marble, which
with the two preceding ones. But though the the Senate caused to be built in honour of Drusns
three structures above named arc still to be seen senior, brother of Tiberius, as conqueror in an
in a more or less satisfactory state of preserva- expedition against the Germans (in consequence
tion, yet only one of them, namely that of Se- of which he was called germanicvs), is typified
verus, is represented on any coin, whilst on the on gold and silver coins, bearing the portrait of
other hand, the types of many triumphal arches that hero on their obverse. The same subject is
destroyed ages back, appear (like that of Nero more architecturally displayed with Drusus on
above engraved) on genuine products of the horseback, and with trophies surmounting it, on
Roman mint. the reverse of a large brass, struck under Clau-
—
Arch of Septimius Secerns. The annexed dius. Sec NERO CI.AVDIVS DRVSVS, &C.
cut is eugraved from the cast of a very rare de- Trajanus. —
A large brass of his (a copy of
narius, obligingly transmitted to the author which Mlows this), presents an arch of stately
 ;

ARCUS TRIUMPIIALIS. ARGENTUM. 79

proportions, rich in statuary and other orna- in honour of Scverus and his sons, after their
ments, surmounted with trophies of Germa- victories over the Parthians, the Arabs, and the

nic arms, and on an attique (inscribed with Adiabeni. There is a remarkable circumstance
the three letters, which shew it to have been connected with the inscription above alluded to,
dedicated to Jupiter —
viz. loci Optimo Maximo,) viz. that the name of Geta following those of

we see the image of the emperor in a triumphal Secerus and Caraealla (ex p septimio getae
chariot, crowned by two figures of Victory. nobilissimo caesari) was erased from the
marble (the words P. P. Optimis Fortissimisque
Principibus being inserted in their place.) This
was done by his inhuman brother’s orders as ;

indeed the same name and titles were also re-

moved, in obedieuee to the same commands, from
all other contemporaneous public edifices aud
memorials.

Smyth observes,
—
In reference to this interesting reverse, Capt.
“ One of the dupondii, in-
scribed arcvs avgg. represents the triumphal
arch of Severus, at the foot of the Capitoline
hill, exactly as it appears, now that the rubbish
is removed in which it was half hidden” (p. 192.)
This decorated structure was erected in honour
AREA, the field or surface of a coin.
of Trajan. “ It was probably the vestibulum, or
ARELATE, a city in Gallia Narbonensis, now
porch of the capitol, mentioned in the panegyric.
called Arles, aud to day a considerable town
this
Pedrusi following Xiphilinus, thinks it stood in
in Provence, being the see of an archbishopric.
the Forum. Aulus Gellius tells us that it was
Ausonius calls it Gallula Roma.
inscribed ex manvbiis. (Smyth, Bes. Cat. 85.)
Gatba . —
There is on a large brass of Galba an Pande duplex, Arelate, tuos blanda hospita Portus
Gallula Kotna
arch formed of a single portal, to which there is
[Open wide, Arelate, thy ports with friendly
an ascent by a flight of five small steps, and on the welcome, thou little Gallicised Rome.]
summit is the figure of the emperor in a quadriga.
It was one of the six cities, to which the
This, however, as Millin observes, is of the num-
right of coining money was conceded,
in the
ber of those, which ought to be excluded from
the class of triumphal arches, properly so called, lower empire ; whence coins of Constantine and
as may be perceived from the inscription. See — others have for their mint-mark arl. p. Are-
latcnsium Prima, &c. —
See Pitiscus and Raschc,
qVADRAGENS. KEMISSAK.
Bomitianus . — On a large brass
the arch of
is
who call Arelate a
ever, not included,
Roman colony ; it
as such, in the respective
is, how-
that emperor, which he, the most pusillanimous
catalogues of Eckhel or Mionnet.
of tyrants, had the effrontery to claim from the
Senate, for a victory, which he never obtained, ARETAS, a King of Arabia, who, according
over the Germans and Dacians. It is curiously to Josephus, gave 300 talents to Scaurus, to

represented, as formed of two stories, two arched withdraw his army from that country. This
portals occupying the lower one; the whole sur- prince is depicted, on a denarius of the Aemilia
gens, kneeling, asif in the act of supplicating
mounted by two quadriga of elephants, with a
triumpher in each, one facing to the right and the peace at the hands of the Romans. See rex —
other to the left. —
Engraved in King’s Plates. ARETAS.
— Sec
—
ARCUS AUGG. S. C. A triumphal arch of ARGENTEI Romanorum
coins of the Romans.
Numi. Silver

three portals, decorated on the top with statues.

On brass of Caraealla.
ARGENTUM, Silver, was a word employed
by the Latins to denote money in general,
although silver money was not the first intro-
duced into Rome (see As.) —
“Argentum, Aurum,
et Aes, signatum, factum, infectum.” Isidorus
cited by Eckhel (vol. v. 41) thus explains the
signification of these words, as applied to the
three metals —
silver, gold, and brass, viz. sig-
natum is that which has been coined into money
factum is tbat which has been converted into
vases and images; infectum, that which is in the
lump, or as we should now call it, ingots, or
bullion.
ARGENTEUS, or the silver piece, is the
The period when, and the particular occasion name given to the large denarius of Caraealla
on which, this arcvs avgvstorvm was erected, and his successors, by the writers of the Augustan
is shewn by the inscription still remaining on its History, and in rescripts of the period. It was
front. Eckhel (vii. 205) has given the words also called Argenteus Philippus, or the Silver
entire, as received by Barthclemy from the Philip, the word Philip having, during the lower
actual copyist. They teach us, that the arch age of the imperial government, become a fami-
was built in the year of Rome 056 (a. d. 203), liar appellation for any coin. The common de-
 , ; A

ARIADNE, ARMENIA.
gO
ARMENIA— a region of Asia, now forming
narii now first begin,
adds Pinkerton, to be
in the
philippi minuti to part of the Diar Bckir and Kourdistan
termed minuti, and argentei ,,

into
the other. I he Turkish empire. It was anciently divided
express their being smaller than Armenia
worth one shilling sterling. two provinces, Major and Minor .

firstargenteus is
Major was on the eastern bank of the Euphrates,
— Sec Essay, vol. i. 167-
dog ot
. .
bounded on the north by Colchis and Ibcna ;

AltGUS, the name of the faithful Minor

master returning on the south by Mesopotamia. Armenia
Ulysses, that alone kucw liis Euphrates,
twenty years’ absence. [Homer. was on the western bank of the
home after
bounded on the west by Cappadocia, of which
it
Odyss. 1. xvii.] Afamily denarius represents
his dog originally formed part on the south by the
disguised as a mendicant, and
;
Ulysses, Armenia, as a country,
in 'the attitude of fawning
on him.— See Ma- chain of the Taurus.
was distinguished nationally by the bow,
quiver
”U shape of a
said to have been the of arrows, and oblong mitre in the
\RIADNE, or Ariane, is
was com-
Minos the second, and of Pasiphae ; hood (a covering for the head, which
daughter of
and°to have become enamoured of
1 hcscus, when mon to its inhabitants of both sexes). Lucullus
under
Athenians arrived in her was the first of the Roman generals, who,
that favourite hero of the c. 69). lie
with other youths to the republic, invaded Armenia (b.
father’s kingdom of Crete, of
Fable proceeds vanquished its king, Tigranes II. son-in-law
be delivered up to the Minotaur.
Mithridatcs Eupator, and took Tigrauocerta
its
Theseus the way to
to relate that she shewed This king
she gave him a capital Sert in Kourdistan).
(now
vanquish that monster, and that Pompey, the _
was enabled afterwards surrendered his crown to
ball ofthread, by the aid of which he who, after
labyrinth. 1 he sequel successor of Lucullus (b. c. 06), and
to find his way out of the permitted
generally adopted by poets,
s'torv, as
having despoiled him of Mesopotamia,
of Ariadne’s dead,
is, that she was de- him to reign in Armenia—Tigranes being
artists, and mythologists, absolute masters
and ungrateful man- the Romans became almost the
serted in the most faithless filched its crown
had given herself up to of the kingdom— M. Antonius
ner, by Theseus; and the
Artavasdes the lawful sovereign, about
despair, when Bacchus came and consoled her from
Augustus gave
year u.c. 720 and 21 (b.c. 33).—
in the isle of Naxos. of Artaxias it
a king to it, when at the death
by the
was recepta, or taken into possession,
and suc-
Romans, a.u.c. 725 or 20, (b.c. 28.)
exercise an op-
ceeding emperors continued to
At length
pressive power over its government.
the empire
Trajan united it as a province to
bestowed
Antoninus (see REX. armf.NIS datvs.)
a king upon it and Armenia remained for ages
;

afterwards the slave of Imperial Rome.

Mionnct authenticates a medallion of Antoni-

appear Bac-
nus Pius, on the reverse of which
chus and Ariadne, in a car drawn
by a Satyr
and a Panther. ARME. or ARMEN, or ARMENIA CAP.—
trom a
[The above is engraved after a cast Crrsar Did Armenia Capla. Armenia
Filins,
France.—
genuine specimen in the Cabinet de taken or subdued.—This legend
appears on a
Cabinet at
There is another in the Imperial denarius of I.. AquiUius Florus,
one of Augus-
Vienna. —
On the obverse is a fine portrait of
r.M. tus’s monetal triumvirs. The province
is per-

Antoninus. The inscription on the exergue sonified, under the figure

of a female, in a long
Til. pot. cos. ii. shews
the date of its mintage high cap, in the kneel-
dress, wearing a tiara, or
to be a.d. 139] , t. u ing posture of a suppliant. The inscription Ar-
delaralile
Millin, in his Dictionnaire VortaUf menia recept. &c. occurs on silver of Au-
medallion of Alexander Sevcrus, Armenian,
speaks of a fine
gustus, with upright figure of an
Paris, anil which he describes
in the Museum at in the habit of his
country, holding a spear
naked, holding Ariadne,
ns representing Bacchus, and bow.— ARMENIA CAPTA
at full length is
asleep, round' him are
three satyrs, whose ges- Emperor, having for type
an seen on gold of that
tures express astonishment,
and near him is
globe, and cornucopia;,
of reverse a capricorn,
cloak, and leaning on a
old man dressed in a knot her aureus, with the same
words on its re-
_Of this medallion no mention is made It was struck, on the
gtaff
verse, bears a sphinx.
Mionnct or in Akerman’s descriptive having been made
cither in occasion of a son of Tigranes
Roman coins.
notices of — Sec Bacchus. king of the greater Armenia,
by Augustus.—
—
ARIES. See Bam. denarius of the same Emperor
has also the epi-
ARM. Armeniacus All ME. Armenian its type the
of Amieuia graph of Armenia Capta, and for
surnames derived from the conquest royal tiara, together with a
bow, and quiver lull
by the Romans.
 — — —

ARMENIA. ARMENIA. 81

of arrows, the two latter illustrating what is also recorded that, of his own children by Cleo-
said of Armenia, by the poet Lucan : patra, he bestowed Syria, on Ptolemy, with all

Armeniosque arcus Geticis intendite nervis. the territories bordering on the Hellespont ; on
[And bend Armenian bows with Getic strength.] Cleopatra the district of Cyrene and on Alex- ;

Nor must notice he omitted of the elegant re- ander, Armenia and whatever countries lie might
verse type on a gold coin, which was minted under subdue beyond the Euphrates. See Cleo-
the same reign, and which, as an accompaniment patra.
to Armenia capta, represents a winged Victory ARMENIAC. — On the reverse of a quinarius
holding down a bull by the horns apt emblem — of Nero, is this legend, and a figure of Victory

of a conqueror reducing a formidable enemy to walking with garland elevated iu the right hand,
subjection by force of arms. — For engravings and a long palm branch carried on the left
of these, see Morel/. Thesatir. Impp. Rom. shoulder. —
Engraved in Vaillant, Prast. Impp.
t. ii. tab. xvii. fig. 4 ;
aud TAB.xi. figures 23, Rom. p. 66, Palis edition, 1694.
25, 26. That this coin was minted iuJhe year of Rome
ARMEnta CAPTa. CAESARS Yiliut.— Ar- 811 (a. D. 58), there appears to be no doubt;
menia on her knees up her hands in suppli-
lifts for, in his life of that Emperor, Tacitus informs

cation. On a denarius of Augustus. Dion and — us that Nero was declared Imperator, on ac-
Tacitus (cited by Eckhcl, vi. 98) cursorily men- count of great successes in Armenia and that ;

tion, that Tiberius was, a. u. c. 734 (b. c. 20), statues and arches were erected to his honour, &c.
sent by Augustus from Syria, on an expedition into It cannot, however, with the same degree of
Armenia, in order that by defeating Artavasdes, confidence, be pronounced, whether the word
he might confirm the possession of that country armeniac. stands for the title of Armeniacus,
to his brother Tigrancs. Velleius is more to decreed perhaps to Nero, and temporarily as-
the purpose of the coin in question, for he says, sumed ;
or for Victoria ARMENIAC®. —The
“Tiberius entering Armenia with his legions, former supposition is favoured by similar coins of
and reducing it under the power of the Roman S. Severus, on the reverse of which are found

people, bestowed its government on Tigrancs. the words arab. aiiiabenic. (with the type of
ARMENIA DEVICTA. (M. ANTONI™.) Victory walking) which are certainly to be ex-
Armenia vanquished or subdued. A denarius of — plained thus ARABeV™ ADIABENIC™, it
:

being well known, that Severus had those titles

Mark Antony’s has on its obverse the bare head
of the Triumvir, with the tiara, or crown of the conferred on him. Poet. Num. Vet. vi. 263.
Armenian kings behind the neck, and the words ARMENIA ET MESOPOTAMIA IN PO-
antoni. Armenia devicta. On the reverse — TESTATEM Popnli Romani REDACT AE.
is to be read, cleopatrae reginae regvm, In the field S. C. —On first brass of Trajan.
PILTORVM regym. (by implication Matri.) The The type exhibits the Emperor, attired in mili-

type presents the head of Cleopatra, the liluus tary vestments, with a spear in his right hand
before it, in allusion to Antony’s augurship. and the parazonium (see the word) in his left.
He stands in the attitude of a conqueror, having
his left foot planted on a vanquished foe. On
each side is a river deity reclining on an urn,
whence water flows.

This very rave coin serves, by what it exhi-

bits on both sides of it, to commemorate events
which took place in the year of Rome 720 (b. c.
34), confirmatory of the accounts given respecting
them by historians. The obverse legend describes
Armenia as subdued (devicta) and accordingly
a tiara, symbolizing the Armenian monarchy, is
placed on that side, behind the portrait of An-
tony, who, so far from having, in fair aud open Armenia is represented by the woman, on
warfare, vanquished Artavasdes, had only suc- whose head is a mitre-formed covering, the
ceeded, by a base stratagem, in drawing that national cap of that country; just as on coins of
unfortunate prince within his power, and then Augustus inscribed Armenia Capta. Mesopo- —
despoiling him of his dominions. The legend tamia is two personifications of
indicated by the
of the reverse is pompous in the extreme, though rivers, as, bounded on one side by the Tigris,
historically correct, calling Cleopatra the Queen and on the other by the Euphrates, it took its
of Kings, and (the word matri being understood) name from its situation between those two mighty
the Mother of Kings’ Sons. The testimony of streams of the East, which almost at their con-
Dion supports the fact, that in a speech to the fluence fall into the Persian Gulf. Ovid, when —
people of Alexandria, Mark Antony commanded predicting with unsuccessful augury, the victory
that Cleopatra should be styled Queen of Kings, over the Parthians by Caius Ctcsar, son of
with right and title to Egypt and Cyprus. It is Agrippa, and the consequent display of the
M
 ; — ; ; —
;

82 ARMENIA, ARN. ASI.

symbols of vanquished nations and cities, intro- I “Tothe best of my knowledge (adds the
duces the following lines, which are singularly author of Doctrina) these coins are the only
descriptive of the type above given :
ones which place the titles imp. ii. aud Tribu-
Hie est Euphrates precinctus arumline frontem, nates m. in juxta-position.”
Cui coma dependet cjcrula, Tigris erit. Alt MENIS. To the Armenians. Sec rex —
IIos facito Armenios, lime est I)aua;ia Persis, armenis datvs. on coins of Antouiuus Pius aud
Urbs in Acbaemeniis vallibus ista fuit. Lucius Vcrus.
[This is Euphrates, with his brow crowned with ARN. ASI. or ARN. AZI. —There is a brass
reeds medallion of Trcbonianus Gallus, which on its
That form, with flowing blue hair, is Tigris reverse exhibits the figure of Apollo with radi-
These suppose Armenians this is Dameian Persis
;
ated head, standing on rocks, raised into the
That, a city in the rallies of Achacmenia.]
form of a mountain, holding in one hand a large
Of this well-known historical reverse, in which branch of olive or laurel, and in the other a bow
so much design is comprehended within so narrow unstrung. 1 n the field of this coin is inscribed to
a space, little further requires to be said, than the right ARN. and to the left ASI., or as it reads
that the coin itself was struck A. U. c. 869 (a. d. on a second brass of Volusianus arn. azi.
116), and that it relates to events of that and Vaillant, and after him Bauduri, allude to a
the preceding y’ear. —
Trajan, towards the close similar medallion, but neither of them seem to
of his reign, actuated too much, for his own notice the type.
real glory and his empire’s welfare, by a spirit of Mediobarbus, who
appears to follow the author
aggressive ambition, declared war against the of the catalogue Mas. Theupoh, has, without
Parthians, whom, after overrunning Syria, mentioning the size, classed it amongst the colo-
Mesopotamia and Armenia, he defeated in every nial medals, as if arn. and asi. were the name
encounter, nominating fresh kings, establishing of a colony. —
Pcrc llardouin in endeavouring to
several governments, and thereby gaining from explain it, wanders away, according to his usual
the RomanSenate the title of Parl/iicus. This —
manner. Pelleriu interprets these words as the
fine and two others, form the respective
coin, abbreviated names of two towns in Umbria,
numismatic records of these conquests. Sec — namely Arna and Asisum. These were neigh-
PAKTHIA CAPTA, and REX PARTIIIS DATVS. bours, and at their joint expense caused the
ARMEN. (ArmeniaJ. TR. P. III. COS. II. figure of Apollo to be raisedon an elevated spot,
&c. —
The province personified, seated on the in order that might be seen afar off, and in-
it

ground, amidst the arms of her country, sup- voked by all the people of the surrounding dis-
porting her head with the right hand, her left trict, on account of a dreadful pestilence which
resting on the prow of a ship. raged in Italy during the reign of Trcbonianus
The legend and type appear on a denarius of Gallus, between a. d. 252 and 254. That em-
L. Vcrus, minted a. d. 163. There is also a — peror had, in consequence, ordered propitiatory
brass medallion of the same emperor, the reverse sacrifices to be oll'crcd to all the gods, in every
of which has tr. Till. imp. hi. cos. hi. for its province of the empire and it is easily to be sup-
:

legend —
the type representing Yerus on horse- posed that they would above all implore the aid
back, followed by two soldiers; beneath the of Apollo, who was partieidarly regarded as the
horse a prostrate enemy. In the exergue healing and succouring deity, in cases of mala-
ARMENia. Engraved in Millin, Galerie dies. There arc other medals of the same Em-
Mythotogique, t. i. pi. lxxxviii. No. 368 and in — peror, bearing, on their reverses, the legend
Oisclius, Num. Sel. xix. No. 7. a pollin' I salvtari, and having for their type a
This voluptuous aud indolent prince, without representation of Apollo, with only this differ-
any personal risk or exertion of his own, but ence, that the health-restorer is placed in the
solely through the valour of the legions under above medallion, on the summit of a rocky hill,
his brave and able general Statius Priscus, and seems to have been colossal. It was, adds
had regained Armenia froqi the occupation of Pelleriu, most probably regarded as a monument
Vologacscs II. King of the Parthians; who had of sufficient importance to merit being numis-
himself ejected Soaemos, a prince sprung from matieally recorded, iu honour of the cities Arna
the race of the Arsacidic. On this account the and Asisum, by whose inhabitants it had been
titleof Armeniacus, or the Armenian (originally jointly erected. These two places exist to this
conferred on Nero), was assumed as a cognomen very day, the one under the name of Oivitella
by L. Vcrus, and also by his senior associate in d’Arno, and the other uuder that of Assise .

the empire, M. Aurelius. For an engraving of the coin, sec Reeueit, t. iii.
From these coins (says Eckhel, vii. 90) which p. 52.
attribute the title of Armeniacus to Yerus as Eeklicl evidently inclines to treat Pcllerin’s
early as his third tribuneship, we learn that this conjecture as iu all probability the right one
emperor adopted the appellation sooner than M. but thinks the question still open, as to whether
Aurelius; for the latter is not called Armeniacus, these coins were struck at Rome, or in the towns
on coins, till his 18th tribuneship, which cor- themselves. Iu the times of the Emperors there
responds with the fourth of Yerus. The vessel were no monetal offices (or mints) in Italy, out
apparently refers to some uaval victory gained of Rome. “ Now (he adds), had they been struck
over the Armenians ou the Eupliratcs. iu the city I do not believe that the mark
The type of Armenia, seated ou the ground, is s. c. would have been left out, even ou second
also seen on the coins of Aurelius. brass coins. Nevertheless, ensy as it may be to
 — ; ,

ASCANIUS. AS. 83
moot an opinion adverse to that of so eminent a brated at Rome. Of these gymnastic sports he
man as Pellerin, it is very difficult to advance was the reputed founder ( AEneid L. v.), and the
anything better, or of greater validity.”/ (vii. youth of Italy took an exclusive part in them.
357). There are coins of Gcta, of a similar de- The stripling who presided on these occasions
scription, bearing for legend sta. bov. Sec the — was called Princeps Juventutis (Chief or Prince
word. of Youth) whence that title came afterwards to
:

—
ARRIA, gens plcbcia. A family which, de- be bestowed on the heirs and Cresars of the em-
scended from Q. Arrius, tribune of the people, pire, who are thus designated on a long suc-
produced men serviceable to the republic, but it cession of reverses, in the imperial series of
became still better known under the emperors. Roman coins. Ascanius was the assumed pro-
Its cognomen is Secundus, on coins, of which it genitor of the Julia gens, to which Julius Caesar
presents seven varieties. Both gold and silver, belonged. Accordingly, the images of his father
very rare. The brass pieces are colonial (of Co- and grandfather (.Eneas and Anchises), together
rinth) and rare. —
The following legend and type with his own as a little boy, form a group on
appear on gold and silver minted by this family : denarii, struck under Augustus, and on medal-
lions of Antoninus Pius. —
See Aeneas, pp. 10
and 17.
ARUSPICES. — See Haruspices.
—
AS, Assis, and Assarius. These were the
w ords used by the Romans, in connection with
r

the subject of money, to denominate an integer,

or entire quantity of weight (congeries ponderis,
as Eckhel expresses it), divided into twelve parts

called uncire.And as they commenced their coin-

Obv. —
M. aiirivs secvndvs. Male head, — age with brass, so the as was their most ancient
with youthful beard. money. The synonymes of as or assis wxre libra,
Rev. —
Without legend. A spear between a libella, and pondo the weight of the as money
garland, and an altar lighted. being the same as that of the pound of twelve
There is another denarius with the same re- ounces and numerous coins arc extant not ouly
;

verse, and the same family name on the obverse, of the entire as, but also of the parts into which,
but with a female head, and above it the letters for monetary purposes, it was divided.
F. P. R. Declining to touch upon numerous details of
Much tedious and fruitless disputation has discussion, contained in the copious pages of
been held by certain inouetal antiquaries, of the controversial antiquaries; and simply referring,
elder school, on the question as to who this for further particulars, to what will be found
M. Arrius Secundus was ? With respect to the given in this dictionary, uuder the head of Brass
letters f. i>. r. according to Ilavcrcainp’s opiuion, Coinage, it shall here suffice to assume as
it signifies Fortuna Populi Romani; but Vaillant certain, that money consisting of brass only
reads, Forlitudo Populi Romani; and Patin sug- began to be fabricated at Rome, if not actually
gests, Fecia/is Populi Romani. Eckhel (vol. v.) under Servius Tullius, at least soon after that
isdecidedly in favour of the first interpretation, king’s death. The principal piece was the as,
Fortitude not being recognised as a deity by the w'hich constituted the primitive unit of the
Romans, whilst they were peculiarly addicted to Roman mint. The earliest kuown specimens
the worship of Fortune. In the Sicinia family of it are of bulky dimensions; but they were
there is a similar female head, round which we nevertheless unquestionably money. That portion
read fort. p. r. of them, however, which, from their form, size,
ARTAVASDES King of Armenia, whom
II. and weight, come under our acceptation of the
Mark Antony took prisoner by stratagem, 34 word coin, must evidently have been introduced
years before the Christian rera, and led him at a much later period. —
The brass coinage of
away captive, with his children, in triumph to Rome first established between the years 550
Alexandria. Hence, on a coin of Antony’s, we and 555 before the Christian sera, (or to take
sec a trophy, allusive to the fate of Artavasdes ;
the computed duration of the reign of Servius
and on another, minted under the same Triumvir, Tullius, between 578 and 534 years B. c.), con-
appears the oriental Tiara, designed to sym- sisted, as above stated, of the as, the primary
bolize the event of the Armenian crown falling unit,weighing 12 uncire (or ounces), and worth
into the hands of that Roman General. See — 12 uncire in money. Its multiples and its parts
ARMENIA DEVICTA. See also M. Antonins. were as follow :

ARTAXIAS, King of Armenia, by whose Multiples.

death the government of that country devolved to Dupondius (two as).
the Itomaus under Augustus. See Armenia. — Tripondius (three as).
ASCANIUS, son of .Eneas, by Creusa, Quadrussis (four as).
daughter of Priam, lie was afterwards called Decussis (ten as).
Iu/us, allusive to the first down of the beard. Parts.
(Virg. Ain. r.. i.) Drivenfrom Troy with his Semis (half of the as, or six uncire).
father, he after many wanderings, arrived with Quincunx (five uncire).
him in Latiimi. It was in memory of Ascanius Triens (third of the as, or four uncire).
that the Trojan Games (Troire Ludi) were celc- Quadrans (fourth of the as, or three uncire).
M 2
 —

84 AS. AS.
Sextans (sixth of the as, or two unci®). of its obverse, the head of Minerva; on
Uncia (twelfth of the as, or one ounce). the reverse the prow of a vessel.
is
The quincussis (five as, or a quinarius) ;
the 2. The Quadriissis exhibits various types, the
Deunx (eleven uncia:) Dcxtans (nine uncia:) Bes
; ;
most common of which is a bull walking.
(eight uncia:) ;
Septunx (seven uncia:) were ; [These pieces have the form of a long square.
monetary fractions, (as M. llenuin observes), The specimens in the British Museum Ci
which were occasionally used in calculation, but inches by 3£ inches. The heaviest weighs
which had no existence as real money. 3 lbs. 1 2 oz. — Sec Akcrman’s Descr. Cat.,

1.
Some of the above-named brass coins, of early vol. 1.]
Roman fabric, bear marks, and inscriptions, as 3. The Tripontlius, marked III. bears on one
well as types, from which a system has been side the head of Minerva ;
ou the reverse a
formed for fixing their legal values and their ship’s prow.
denominations. The following is a descriptive 4. The Dupondius is marked II. [Some of
list compiled from Eckliel, Mionnet,
of them, these pieces arc of Italian origiu, and bear
Akerman, and Ilennin : the word felatiiri, in retrograde Etruscan
Marks and Types on the Roman As, its character.] The type of the obverse is Mi-
mci.tipi.es and parts. uerva’s head, and of the reverse a ship’s prow.
The Decussis, marked X. has for the type 5. The As (primitive monetary' unit).

«////..
 — : —

AS. AS. 85
Obo.— Head of Janus. brass [for money] ;
was in the reign
and that it

Rev — Prow
. of a vessel. of Servius Tullius that brass was first stamped.
The mark of this money is the sign So that the coined as [as rnonela ] would be of
—
|

But it is not always found on it. Such the same weight as the as libralis. But this
pieces mostly exhibit the word roma on law-did not continue. IVe arc made acquainted
the reverse side, and many of them hear with the fact of its violation, in the following
the names of Roman families. words of Plinv. (Natural History, l. xxxiii.
G. The Semis, exhibits several types the ; § 13.)
larger sized ones have a hog, a vase, a Pe- “ The Roman people did not use even silver
gasus, a bull, or a wheel, on the obverse side. stamped, before the period when King Pyrrhus
m —The smaller sized and later Semis bears was vanquished. The as weighed a libra, whence
the head of Jupiter laurcated. But its dis- the present term libella, and dupondius (two
tinctive mark is the letter S, or six glo- libra). Thence also the penalty (or fine) called
bules, thus See the word in S. aes grave (heavy brass). . Servius Rex
. .

7. The Quincunx, has generally a cross on each primus signavit as. King Servius first stamped
side, the distinctive mark five globules brass. Before him, as Timams relates, the
and the letter V. — See the word Romans used it in the rough state (rude). It
in Q was stamped with the figures of cattle (nota
8. The Tricns, bears the head of Minerva, and pecudum) from which circumstance it was called
has four globules .... See the word in T. pecunia. Silver was coined in the year of the
9. The Quadratic, presents on its obverse the city 485 (b.c. 269), dining the consulship of Q.
head of Hercules, and three globules . . . Fabius, and five years before the first Puuic war.
[Some of these pieces have for their ob- And a denarius passed for ten pounds of brass
verse types, a dog, a bull and serpent, (decern libris aris) ; a quinarius for five ; a ses-
with the word roma, a man’s hand, tertius, for tw o pounds and a half (pro dupondio
r

and a strigil.] See the word in Q. et semisse). This pound weight of brass (libra
10. The Sextans has the head of Mercury, and pondvs aeris) was, however, diminished during
its mark is two globules . . * See the word the first Punic war, when the resources of the
in S. Commonwealth were inadequate to meet its
11. The Uncia, has the mark of a single glo- expenditure; and it wr as decreed that asses should
bule . be struck, of the w'eight of two ounces (sex-
[Its type is a pentagon, in the centre of tantario pondere). So five parts of it (facta
which the globule is placed, or a stri- lucri) were thus gained, and the public debt was
gil, or a spear head.] See U. cancelled. The distinctive type (iota) on brass
The reverse type of all the above, except the coins was on one side a double-beaded Janus, on
Quincunx and the Uncia, is the prow of a ship. the other the beak of a ship on the triens and
;

But it appears that the as, or libra, among quadratic, entire vessels. The Quadrans was
the Romans, was the principle, or basis, of calcu- originally called Teruncius from ires uncia .

lation not only in the matter of weight and of

;
Subsequently, when the state was pressed upon
money, but also in measuring liquids, distances, by the war with Hannibal, and during the dicta-
and even in designating the claims of hereditary torship of Q. Fabius Maximus, asses of an ounce
succession, with regard to those laws which re- weight (unciales) were minted and a denarius :

gulated testamentary dispositions. (See Eckhel, was made exchangeable for sixteen asses, a
lie Asse et ejus partibus, v. p. 4, el seq. for quinarius for eight, a sestertius for four. Thus
examples of each.) a profit of one half was realized by the republic.
Assis diminutio. —
It is under this head that In military pay, however, a denarius was always
the author of Doc/rina numorum veterum has given for ten asses. —
The types of the silver
furnished a series of observations and arguments, were Inga and quadriga (chariots drawn by tw o r

at once interesting in themselves, and peculiarly and four horses respectively) and were therefore
valuable to the numismatic student, as the called bigati and quadrigati. Soon aftenvards
means of arriviug at something like a right un- by the Papirian law, half-ounce asses were struck.
derstanding, on the chief practical poiuts of the (Mox, lege Papiriana Semunciales asses facti.)"
difficult subject in question. Allusion is here From these w’ords of Pliny, with whom may
had to the second chapter of Eckliel’s treatise be conjoined Vitruvius, Msccianus, and Pom-
on Consular coins (vol v. p. 6, § ii.) wherein he peius F’estus, it is clearly to be gathered, that
has given the whole of that passage from Pliny, the standard of the Roman brass money under-
which forms the foundation of whatever is known went many changes, even down to the age of
respecting the diminution of the as, and its the Emperors. And, of the data thus afforded
parts a passage to which reference is always
;
by the celebrated old writer above quoted, Eckhel
made by such of the learned as apply their atten- goes on to present the following analysis
tion to this branch of the Roman mint. It is I. The As Libralis, was 12 unci® (or ounces)
hoped, therefore, that the subjoined attempt to in weight. This lasted from Servius Tullius,
present it in an English dress, will prove not about the a. xj. c. 107 (555 b. c.), as far as
unacceptable to those for whose use and inform- the time of the first Punic war, which com-
ation the present work is principally designed. menced in the year of Rome 490 (b. c.
It is to be borne in mind, that, at the very 264).— The Denarius, a silver coin, began
earliest period, the Romans used unwrought to be struck five years before this war, and
8G AS. AS.
was valued at 10 asses lib rales, whence struck at that time when
the as libralis was still
its name. in use, was of greater weight. [After com-
II. The As Sextantarius was of the weight of batting with conclusive effect the visionary con-
two ouuces. This standard began whilst jectures of Savot and others of the elder school
the first Punic war was at its height, and of numismatists on this point, Eckhel next ob-
continued till the dictatorship of Q. Fabius serves :]
Maximus, upon which he entered A. U. c. “ Fourthly, the most astonishing fact is this.
537 (b. c. 217, 2nd year 2nd Punic war.) The denarius, which at first was equivalent to
III. The As Uncialis, weighed one ounce; from 10 asses librales, or 120 uncia, within a com-
the dictatorship of Q. Fabius until the in- paratively few years, was worth 16 semi-uncial
troduction of the Lex Papiria ; respecting asses, or 8 unci®. I do not (adds our author)
which law, it is not precisely ascertained impugn this last proportion, which indeed docs
at what time or by which Papirius it was not exceed the bounds of moderation- -namely
carried. The word mox, used by Pliny, that, for a denarius, which was one-seventh of
shews that this form of the as did not last au uncia, were exchanged 8 uncia of brass
long. From that time the value of the money. But who cau easily digest the notion,
denarius was authoritatively fixed at 16 that in so short a space of time, silver, from
asses. being the most costly metal, was reduced to such
IV. The As Semiuncialis, or of the half-ounce cheapness P”
(undo.). This commenced with the Lex So far the Author of “ Doclrina," on Pliny’s
Papiria. account of the early history of the Roman coinage,
Such are the sum and substance of the indi- aud of the diminution of the as. —
Dr. Cardwell
cations given by Pliny. But there are not a few in one of his lectures, treating of the same sub-
circumstances which appear to be at variance ject, offers remarks, of which the tenor perfectly
with them. And these Eckhcl proceeds to point coincides with the above cited views and rcason-
out in the following manner : iugs of the great Numismatist of Vienna, as to the
“ Firstly, they are contradicted by experience doubtful correctness of Pliny’s account. “ But,”
itself. For in many museums there arc numer- adds the Learned Principal of St. Alban’s Hall,
ous specimens of the as, and those undoubtedly “ the strongest objection against the statement
Roman, which weigh 11, 10, and 8 ounces, &c. of Pliuy still remains. If his account were cor-
Also semisses of 5, 4, &e. —
And in the same rect, no as could ever have been minted of a
ratio the triens, quadrans, sextans, and uncialis. weight between the libralis of the earliest period,
Hence it is evident that the as could by no and the Sextantarius of the Punic war nor, in ;

means have been (as Pliny appears to assert) re- like manner, any Semissis between the full weight
duced suddenly without any intermediate dimi- of six onuces, and the reduction to one single
nution, to the weight of 2 unci®. ounce; whereas the fact is, that we meet with
“ Secondly, as the commonwealth, on the re- both these coins, in all the several stages of
daction of the as to 2 uncite, gained a profit of degradation, proving incontestably that the
5-6ths for the liquidation of the public debt; so, change was gradual. That such changes were
to private individuals, the loss was proportionate. actually made, aud that the common currency
Then came the half of tljs when the sextanta-
;
of Rome underwent repeated, and at last extreme
rius was diminished to one uncia. Aud lastly, variations in its standard, is a fact that might
the half of this again, on the introduction of the certainly be anticipated from the unscientific
scmiuncial as. Therefore he, who, in the year character of the times, from the demands of a
U. c. 490, had 60,000 asses, put out to interest, constant state of warfare, and even from the
found himself suddenly reduced to 10,000 in ;
universal prevalence of debt; but this fact is fully
forty-seven years afterwards to 5,000 and not ;
established, as to the mode and extent of its
long after that, by the Papirian law, to 2,500. operation, not by what we gather from history,
Now, if as this money decreased in weight, the but by what is clearly laid before us in a series
rich, by the concomitant rise in the price of of coins.” —vi. p. 140.

articles, must have been reduced to poverty, [As to the voluminous opinions which have
and the poor to utter destitution, could any been founded on the statements of the old writers,
other result have happened than the entire ruin by a host of modern ones, as well respecting the
of the state ? real weight of the ancient Roinau libra (or
“ Thirdly, since the denarius was worth 10 pound) ns with regard to the reductions suc-
asses librales, and there were 34 denarii in the cessively made in the weight of the as —
neither
libra, (on Pliny’s testimony concurred in by arc they clear enough in themselves, nor arc they
that of Celsus and Scribonius Largus,) it neces- sufficiently accordant with each other, nor (what
sarily follows, that silver was to brass at that is most important) arc they, with the requisite

period, as 1 to 840, in value. Now, how much degree of correspondence, borne out by the coins
soever we may be inclined to regard the ancient themselves to which they refer, to furnish a clue
Romans as poor, and deficient in the more by which any positive decision can be arrived at,
precious metals, can such an extreme dispropor- on those respective points of discussion whilst ;

tion between silver and brass be considered pro- they equally fall short of establishing any well-
bable ? But though to the great majority this digested scale, by which to measure those sud-
opinion must appear repugnant to all truth, yet den and extraordinary diminutions in the size
to many it was matter of belief that the denarius and weight of the Roman brass coinage, that
 ] —

AS. AS. 87
Pliny and others affirm to have taken place. If first Roman money was of brass. —2 . That the
indeed a Froelich declared himself incompetent first unit of the Roman mint was a value named
to the task of disentangling this question from its as, which was likewise the unit of weight
great ambiguities and difficulties —
if even an —
and measures. 3. That the first as money
Eckhel, with all his vigour of industrious re- existed from the establishment of a coinage at
search, but in the same spirit of modesty in- Rome, under Scrvius Tullius, to the first Punic
separable from true genius, has ventured to do war. 4 That five years before that period,
.

little more, in this instance, than to adduce the namely, a. u. c. 408 (b. c 269 ), silver money
.

varying opinions of others, and then “ leave the —

was first struck at Rome. 5. That, at this
reader to select that which appears to him most epocha, an alteration took place in the monetal
reasonable.” And though last not least entitled unit. The as, which had become of less and less
to consideration, if, after the acquirements and value, ceased to serve the purpose of numbering
exertions of such eminent antiquaries as Cardinal sums, and the Sestertius took its place as the
Zclada, and other Italian investigators of Uncial unit of money. —
6. That the module and weight,
coins— men who had such superior advantages and consequently the metallic value of the as,
for evolving the truth, from the genuine pieces having experienced these successive reductions
before them —
(we say) after all these ad-
if up to the sera of the imperial government of
vantages and efforts, so comparatively trifling an Rome, brass money then became fixed at a
advance has been made in practical knowledge, lower value, in the ratio of its weight and this ;

on a question which has been most assiduously value preserved a greater degree of steadiness
—
and obstinately disputed we may well be ex- than it had previously possessed. See Manuel—
cused for dwelling no longer upon it, than whilst de Numismatiquc Ancienne, t. i. passim.
summing-up the amount of the information fur- [It has already been observed, that the as has
nished to us from the sources above-mentioned. for its types, on one side the head of Janus,
And this cannot perhaps be better done than by called bifrons, having two faces, with an oblong
here concentrating the remarks of M. Hennin, sign |, placed at the top of the head, as the dis-
on this subject :

—
“The notices given by Pliny on the diminution
tinguishing nota, or mark ; and on the other
side, the prow of a ship, with a similar note or
of the as, and of weights, are neither free from sign.
the features of improbability, nor are they con- At the beginning of this article, on the subject
firmed by the data furnished, on a comparison of the as, placed an engraving in wood, to the
is
of the weights with the coins themselves. It is exact size, from a cast, of which the original is,
indeed to believe that, in so short a
difficult with others of the same class, in the cabinet of
space of time, the as should have been reduced the British Museum. 4 dwts.
It weighs 8 ozs.
from twelve to two ounces. The differences, 20 grains, aud measures two inches and a half
which must have resulted from such large re- in diameter.
ductions, would have caused too great a destruc- This well preserved and rare specimen of its
tion of property, to have admitted of such circular brass coinage is assigned, by numismatic
—
enormous changes. On the other hand, there antiquaries, to a very early, though not the ear-
exist as, or parts of the as, whose size and liest,period of the Roman mint. Nevertheless,
weight indicate a still lower reduction than that looking to its style of fabric —
its free design its —
to the as semi-uncialis that is to say, a re-
:
—
high and bold relief and particularly to the
duction from the half-ounce to the quarter-ounce features of the bifrons, so decidedly analogous as
as; whence it follows that the as was successively they are with the characteristics of Etruscan art,
diminished to the forty-eighth part of its original it seems scarcely possible to avoid associating
weight. And whatever may have been these this noble relic of antiquity with an age of mo-
successive reductions, the fact remains that there netal workmanship anterior to that of Rome.
exist as and fractions of the as, of different But then there is the fact to encounter, that
weights, and which may be classed according to even this cast piece of rounded copper, from the
their respective weights.” die-sinker’s matrix, with all its breadth, thick-
In conclusion, amidst much that is vague, ness, and weight, is itself an instance of great
confused, aud improbable, thus much may be diminution from the original as, which from a
looked upon as matter of fact, devoid altoge- pound of 12 ounces, gradually dwindled down
ther of doubt aud uncertainty, viz. —
1. That the to the weight of hardly half an ounce So un- !
 — — —;

88 AS. ASIA.
satisfactory, even to repulsiveness, are as yet It is by the
to be observed, however, that
|

the results’ of research and argument, on points |

elder school of numismatic antiquaries, sutiicient
of essential importance, couuectcd with this par- distinction was not made, between the as minted
j

ticular branch of Roman Numismatics. at Rome, and that of the other Italian cities.
In the preceding example of the smaller sized More attention was paid to this subject by deeply
as, without the names of families, the word ROMA learned men of a subsequent period and the re-
;

on the reverse required to indi-

is certainly not sult of their recondite, studies has established the
cate either the place, or the later date, of its fact, that certain nations of Italy (such as the
mintage. The arc/iaics of Etruria had clearly Yolaterrani, the Tudertcs, the Iguvini, the 11a-
nothing to do with coins of this description, drinni,) had each their own coinage of the as
which are stamped, as to legend and fabric, with and that these were of the proper weight, as is
the indubitable impress of republican Rome. shewn by the name of the respective cities in-
This specimen is selected from a plate in Kolb’s scribed on their coins. —
Livy, in more than one
Trade Elementaire, on ac-
(t. i. pi. 1), chiclly passage, relates, that the inhabitants of Italy,
count of the winged thunderbolt accompany- conquered at different periods by the Romans,
ing the prow, a symbol rarely seen on this class were despoiled, by the victors, of their brass
of coins. money. “ Therefore,” says Eckhel, “ we must
The twofollowing are proofs of the still fur- not reckon amongst the coinage of Rome, all
ther reduction of the as, audr each is inscribed pieces of that kind, which, being without in-
w ith the name of a Roman family, viz. :
scriptions, do not declare the locality in which
they were struck. It is the types which furnish
the dearest evidence of the Roman die. For
the as presents on its obverse a head of Janus ;

the semis, of Jupiter; the trims, of Pallas; the

quadrant, of Hercules; the sextans, of Mer-
cury; the uncia, also of Pallas; whilst all of them
exhibit the prow of a vessel on their reverse.
And that these types were peculiar to the Roman
coins is proved by the asses, and their constituent
parts, which, afterwards diminished in size, bear
the names of Roman families, with roma in-
The name of c. fabi. c. f. appears on the re- I

scribed near them and which continued to be

;

verse of this second brass, struck by one (but distinguished by the same types on both sides
j

there is no clue to ascertain which) of the mem- respectively, to the latest period of the Republic.
bers of this most ancient patrician house. Sec — j
For there are brass coins even of Sextus, which
Fabia gens. display on one side the head of Janus, and on
the other the prow of a vessel.” —
The erudite
and sagacious author of Dodrina, then goes
on to caution his readers against considering,
indiscriminately, coins which bear the very
name of the Romau people to have been all of
Roman fabric, many of them having been
ascertained to belong to Panormus (Palermo,
in Ptcstum (in Southern Italy), and
Sicily),
other places. —
Moreover there are extant, brass
Cornelia gens . — A second brass on which wc coins of the Clovia, Oppia, and other Roman
read cin.e, above the ship’s prow, and roma. families, which present every indication of a

below it. It was Cn. Cornelius Magnus, grand-

j

foreign mint. —
If therefore all these are (and
they ought to be) excluded, there would re-
|

sou of Pompeius Magnus, whose name thus ap-

—Sec
i

pears under the form of Cina . Diet, of main but an insignificantly small number of
Greek and Roman Biography, 8fe., 1, 755.] those which form exceptions to the rule, and
As libra/is — In
reference to this appellation,
. respecting which any doubt could be enter-
given by Latin authors, to the most ancient brass tained,as to whether they should be classed

money of Rome, and as also indicating a weight amongst the coins of Rome.” Since then (adds
of twelve uncim, Eckhcl says, “ Up to the pre- Eckhel) " it may be regarded as a rule, failing
sent time, no Roman as libra/is has ever been only in a verv few instances out of a vast num-
discovered and of the parts of the as, Passcri ber" that those arc Roman coins, which are dis-
;

cites but one instance of a triens, which weighed tinguished by the above-mentioned types, so I
four uncut.” should scarcely hesitate to pronounce, that the
As It aliens . — Several cities of Magna Gracia, exceptions belong, in almost every case, to n
and of other districts of Italy, adopted in the foreign people, though an unknown one.”
j

earlier times, for their monetary unit, the Roman For some further notices, incidental to this
as : their brass coinage was divided in confor- subject,see Brass coinage of the Romans.
—
I

mity to that system and bore its marks. To ASI. Asia. Sec com. or comm. asi. Com-
these pieces have been given the name of the munitas Asue.
Italian as. And the explanations, which relate ASIA. — The name given, together with the
of Orient, or the East, as a general term
|

to the as, also apply to them. title

 —

ASIA. ASIA. 89
by the ancients, to one of the three parts of the more germane to probability, viz., that the im-
world known to them, and which equalled, if perial coins, whose legends refer to Asia, give to
not exceeded in extent, the other two. Accord- her personification maritime attributes, because
ing to the old geographers, it was divided from many of her provinces are situated on the sea
Europe on the west, by the river Tanais (or Don) coast. —
The preceding engraving is from a rare
and by the Euxine and Egcan seas. From Africa, denarius of Hadrian, bearing ASIA for its sole
its line of demarcation was the Nile, according to legend of reverse the type is that of a w-oman
:

Pliny; the Arabian Gulph according to Ptolemy. clothed in the tunic, standing with her right foot
Occupying the most fertile and delicious quarter on the prow of a ship, holding in her right hand
of the habitable globe, its inhabitants have ever a garland, and in her left a rudder reversed.
been noted for their indolent habits, their luxuri- By the word Asia thus inscribed, is to be
ous tastes, their voluptuous propensities, their understood, not that great geographical divi-
effeminate manners in other words, for dispo-
;
sion of the world, whose general extent has
sitionsand characteristics apparently rendering already been noticed ; but Proconsular Asia,
them fitter to obey than to command. Of Asia, through which the Imperial traveller made his
Cicero says, that “ for the productiveness of its tour a well established fact, which that prince
;

soil, the variety of its fruits, the wide extent of caused to be recorded, not only on this silver
its pasturages, and the multitude of its exports, coiu, but also on two first brass, viz. adventvi
it vastly exceeds all others.” —
Tt was from Asia, avg. asiae. s. c. the Emperor togated, and
(both Major and Minor) that luxury, through a woman sacrificing and restitvtoki asiae
;

the medium of the armies of the republic, in- s. c. with type of the Emperor raising a female

troduced itself into Rome, where it exercised a figure with radiated head, holding a sceptre in
fatal influence on the morals of the people, as her left hand. — On another coin (second brass)
it had done on the discipline of the soldiers. with same legend, a woman, with bended knee,
In the year n. c. 191, Antiochus, king of Syria, bears a rudder over her shoulder, and is raised
declared war against the Romans, who sent by the emperor, who stands clothed in the toga.
against him the consul Glabrio, by whom he Both the first brass are engraved in Haver-
was vanquished, near Thermopyke, and driven camp’s Medaittes de Christine.
from Greece. The following year, the consul L. Spartian informs us, that while journeying
Scipio, brother of Scipio Africanus, also defeated through this region, Hadrian erected temples in
the same monarch at the battle of Magnesia. his own name. And cities also are mentioned,
This victory put an end to the war, and Scipio which were so much enlarged by him, that their
enjoyed the honours of a triumph for Antiochus inhabitants hesitated not to proclaim him their
and for Asia. Dut peace was not ratified with second founder, and to appropriate his name.
Antiochus till the year b. c. 188. After the — Amongst these were Cyzicus, Smyrna, Stra-
death of King Eumenes, his son obtained “ from tonica in Carin, and many others. What vast
the generosity of the Roman Senate,” the throne sums of money he expended on the embellish-
of Syria, and that prince dying a. u. c. 621 ment of Smyrna alone, may be gathered from
(b. c. 133), appointed the Roman people his Philostratus. The services conferred by him
heirs. But Aristonicus, natural son of Eumenes, upon Cyzicus, where a magnificent temple was
shortly afterwards invaded those Asiatic pro- erected io his honour, and games instituted, are
vinces which he claimed as his patrimony, and indicated in the coinage of that city, whose in-
overcame the consul CraSsus Mneianus, whom habitants styled him the thirteenth god. See —
he made prisoner, and put to death, b. c. 1 30. Eckhel, vi. 492.
Aristonicus, however, was in his turn defeated Asia Minor. The region so named com-
and captured by the consul Perpenna, whose prised the provinces between the Euxine and
successor the consul Aqnillius, bv overcoming Mediterranean seas consequently it included
;

and slaying Aristonicus, terminated the second Bithyuia, Paphlagonia, Pontus, Galatia, Mysia
Asiatic war. And thus was the Lesser Asia (sec Troas), Lydia, Caria, jEolia, Ionia, Lycia,
brought into subjection to Rome, and governed Patnphilia, Phrygia, Cappadocia, Cilicia, and
by pro-consuls. Of its riches, in Sidla’s time, Lycaonia.
—
“ The country (observes the late
some idea may
be formed from the tax of 20,000 Bishop Butler in his admirable sketch of Ancient
talents which he imposed on it. Mark Antony, and Modern Geography) which we call Asia
in one year of his government there, is said to
Minor (a term not. in use among the ancients,
have acquired an equal sum. who called it simply Asia) is now called Anatolia,
ASIA is symbolised on Roman coins by the or rather Anadoli, from acaroAij, the East.”
serpent; (see the cislophori of M. Antonins)
also by the ship’s prow, and rudder the — ASIA RECEPTA. Victory with expanded —
wings, and holdiug a crown, stands on a cylin-
latter “to shew (says Jobert) that it

country which cannot be ar-

is a
drical basket between two serpents. On a quina- —
rius of Augustus (of which the subjoined cut is
rived at from Rome without
going by sea”
— —
an odd reason
“curious if true.” —
Eckhel
alludes to, w ithout discounte-
nancing, the French Jesuit’s
conjecture but at the same
;

time assigns another reason,

N
 —
:; — ;

'10 ASIA. ASINIA.

to be afterwards
making therewith a crown,
an exact copy as to size and type, lrom the of
Museum). consecrated at the shrine of Jupiter Gapitolinus.
original in the British
The mystical cista, or basket, of Bacchus was — See durum Coronarium.
the symbol of proconsular Asia, which this coin AS1AE. — See Civitatibus Asiw Reslitulis.
ASIAO. Asiapenes: surname of L. Cornelius
declares to be recepta, that is, taken possession
Scipio (brother of Scipio Afrieanus), who as the
of by Cicsar. All silver coins, which were struck
same a similar
district of Asia, present conqueror of Antiochus the Great, and for his
in the
representation of the cista, and arc for that Asiatic victories, was so called. —
Sec Cornelia.

reason called cistophori. (Sec the word.) Victory ASINA. — A contorniatc medal of great rarity

in the presents on obverse d. N. honorivs. p. avg.

its
is placed on the cista, simply because,
Roman mint, that figure was the perpetual type and a laureated head on the reverse is inscribed
;

of the quinarius. —
Augustus received Asia, the word asina, accompanied with the figure
an ass suckling a foal.
of

within the sphere of his dominions when, in the

year u. c. 724 (b. c. 30), cither on his expedi- For an account of the attempts made by learned
Egypt, or on his return to Asia, he men to explain this medal— attempts as conflict-
i ion into

ing and inconclusive as the. subject of them

is
tarried there, to arrange public affairs, and also
wintered in the country, as Dion affirms. It is curious and extraordinary —
the reader is referred
to vol. viii. p. 173, of Boot. Num. I el.
Suffice
likewise stated, by Suetonius, that he went to
it here to notice, that the coin in question is
Asia during his fourth consulate, and in his fifth
leftSamos for Rome. Looking, therefore, to the allowed to be as old as the time of llonorius,
eon-
above epigraph, Asia uecepta, as well as to the during whose reign a great portion of the
torniati were struck— that Tanini, of
whose
IMlVroforVII. inscribed on the obverse, we
title
re-
collection it once formed a part, decidedly
come (says Eckhel, vi. 82) pretty near at the age and
garded it as one of a satirical character,
of this coin. Indeed, placing the event recorded,
between the years u. c. 724 and 725, it is evi- struck by the idolators in contempt of the Chris-
dent that iii the latter year, when Augustus tians— that Eckhel, on the contrary, thinks
that the legend and type of its reverse may
have
Cicsar proceeded to his fifth consulate, he was
Imperator for the seventh time. This is shown been one of the symbolical modes of expressing
religion,
their faith in the Divine Author of their
by the famous marble published by Pighius, viz
“ signifying something understood by themselves
8ENATVS POFVLVSQYE ROMANY’S. IMP. CAE-
though' hidden from us.” After adverting in
SABI. DIVI IVLI. F. COS. QVINCT. COS. 11ES1G.
SEX. IMP. SEPT. REPVBLICA. CONSERVATA. support of his opinion to the following contor-
niate, published by Victorius, viz. Alexander
Prom t hese dates it is clear, that this quinarius
could not have been minted earlier than the year
aud a head covered with lion’s skin, on the obverse
of Home 724, nor later than 720 (b. C. 28)
and x. D. IV. I. H. S. X. P. s. DEI. Finns, aud
because in the following year Cicsar Octavianus an ass with head erect suckling a foal, for tho
began to use the name of Augustus. See Boot. — legend and type of its reverse Eckhel adds, —
Ntnn. vi. 82. “But I am bestowing too much time upon a
ASIA COS. IT. S. C. — A woman,
with tnr- single coin, which no public authority
will

reted head, stands with a crown in her extended attempt to defend, aud which any one w ill readily
lav aside among the herd of pseudo
motuta .”
right hand, and her left hand is placed on an
anchor. On a large brass of Antoninus Pius. —
'ASINI CAPUT a symbol of Dacia.—The
in
head of an ass, on the top of a walking staff,
coins of
the hand of a female figure, appears on
Trajanus Decius. —
See dacia. dacia felix. —
An ass, according to Clemens Alcxandrinus, was
sacrificed by the Scythians to Apollo.
ASINIA, a plebeian, but a consular family.

Whether it name from Asians, ns

derived its
It w as
Porcia from Parens, may be questioned.
divided into many branches of which
two sur-
names only are extant on coins, viz. the one
Gulins
Callus, the other Fo/lio— The name of
as a monetary triumvir (thus: c. asinivs
gali.vs
iiivir. A. a. a. F. F.) is found on large and
middle
or
this coin was struck (a.h. consular brass, with the head, or inscription,
It would appear that
symbol of Augustus. This Asiuius Gulins, tho
139), in memory of those towns in Asia, which,
sou of C. Asinius Pollio, was a man eminent
having been overthrown by an earthquake, were and on
restored by Antoninus —
an act of beneficeucc re- alike in the arts of war and of peace
lie
;

that account a great favourite of Augustus,

corded by Capitoliuus, in his life of that prince. Casar
wrote the history of the civil war between
The crown in the right hand of the figure, is
considered to represent an durum coronnrium
. and l’ompcy, and is said to have been the first
to have opened his library to the public
use at
And this refers to the circumstance, that the
Roman governors of provinces, when they Rome. It was the same Gallus, who served the
consulate in the year u. c. 746 (b. C. 8) and,
quitted their respective presidencies, demanded
;

administration what more redounded to his honour, when Tibc-

of the cities included under their Agrippina,
rius divorced himself from \ipsania
|

purpose
a supply of pure gold, for the ostensible !
 1 — — ; —

ASTARTE. ASTARTE. «1
daughter of Agrippa, he took her to wife, and under the image of a young woman, wearing a
by that marriage became the father of a numer- tutulatcd, or tuft -like, head dress and clothed
;

ous progeny. The name of Pollii appears on a , in a tunic, high in the neck —
sometimes (as in
denarius published in Morel's Thesaurus and ,
the annexed engraving from a Tyrian coin), not
in Vaillant’s Pam. Horn, as follows: reaching hwer than the knees ; sometimes with
Ohv .— Radiated head of Apollo.
l'Oi.Lio. a longer dress, but with the right knee ex-
Rev. — ( Cams Asinius Cnei
c. asini. c. N. F. posed, and the foot planted on a ship’s prow.
Filins) Crescent moon and seven stars. This object of gross idolatry had a tiue
For the above types see Lucretia gens. temple at Bostra and on a large brass, struck
;

A. SISC. Officina Prima Siscia*. Coin there and dedicated to Julia Mamaea, the idol,
struck in the first mint-office at Siscia, in as above described, stands within a portico of
Pannonia. six columns, holding a cruciform staff in the
ASPERGILLUM, or as otherwise called right hand, and a cornucopiaE in the left.
Adspersorium, a sprinkler or holy-water stick, Of Berytus also she was a great tutelary god-
having ends of long horse-hair, which the Ro- dess ; for which reason Nonnus calls that city
mans made use of, to besprinkle those who as- “ the habitation of Venus.” —
The Tyrians also
sisted the sacrifices, aud also to throw the
at paid supreme adoration to Astarte, and their
1 astral water over the altar and the victims. city contained a superb temple erected to her
See Pontifical Instruments. honour. The fact that this deity was the Venus
—
ASPIRATE. This is wanting in the ortho- of the Tyrians is corroborated by that passage
graphy of the more ancient Roman coins. Ac- of Cicero 0>1>. iii. Be Nat. Bear.) in which lie
cordingly, we find written without the aspirate affirms, that the goddess, whom the Tyrians
(h) the names cilo. —
graccvs. pilippvs. — — worshipped under the name of Astarte, was the
— —
TAMPILVS. T1UVMPVS. YPSAF.VS. for Cllilo, — Syrian Venus, who was said to have been mar-
Gracchus, Philippus, Tamphilus, Triumphus, ried to Adonis. —
Josephus records the building
llypsceus. —
See Rasche’s Lexicon. of a magnificent temple by Hiram, King of Tyre",
ASSERTOR.— See Hercules. in honour of Ashtaroth (Astarte). Coincident
—
ASTA. licet ica: colonia (Mispania), now Mesa with which, we find a second brass of Elaga-
d' Asta, situated on the river lla-tis, ojiposite balus, exhibiting the goddess, with her usual
Gadcs (Cadiz, in Andalusia). Its coins are bilin- attributes, standing within a temple. — As the
gual aud Latin autonomes, in first and second chief local deity of Tyre, she sometimes appears
brass. The former exhibit on their obverse on Roman coins of that colony, standing toge-
asta. and the bare head of a man on their re- ;
ther with the figure of Angerona, Goddess of
verse a Celtiberian inscription and a winged Silence.—The Sidouians, like their Tyrian neigh-
sphinx. —
The latter have for obverse M. POPLLLI. bours and rivals, were blind votaries to this
M. f. Laureated head of Apollo. Reverse, p. — “ abomination” of Assyria and their city also
—
;

col. asta. he. f.

“
A bull standing. Sec Mr. had a fine temple of Astarte. —
Amongst the
Akermau’s Ancient Coins of Cities,” &c. p. 22. numerous monetal dedications made by the Ro-
—
ASTARTE called in Scripture “Ashtaroth” man colonists at Sidon, to Elagabalus and the
— was the favourite goddess of the Sidouians, female members of his family, are first and
Tyrians, Philistines, and Syro-Phrcniciaus gene- second brass coins, which exhibit the effigy of
rally. She appears to have been identical with Astarte standing (see the annexed woodcut) with
the Greek Aphrodite, and the Roman Venus her right hand placed on a trophy, whilst she
Genelrix, being believed by the aucients to be carries in her left the hasta crosswise. At her
the goddess of generation, as well as of beauty. left hand a figure of Victory, placed on a column,
— By Milton, in his Paradise Regained, a place presents to her a crown. At her left foot is
is assigned to her among the fallen angels : the conchylium, or shell fish, from whose blood
With
these in troop the famous purple was said to have been made.
Came Astoretli, whom the Phoenicians called The palm tree is a symbol common to Phoenicia
Astarte, queen of Heaven, with crescent horns ; and Palestine. This reverse is repeated on other
To whose bright image nightly by the moon colonial medals of Tyre and of Sidon, with the
Sidonian virgins paid their vows and songs. addition of representing the idol within its
_

Among the imperial colonies in the east, the temple.

cities of Berytus, Bostra, Sidon, and Tyre, are In Vaillant’s Colonies are given a coin of Sep-
those in which Astarte was chiefly worshipped ; timius Severus, and another of Diadiuneniauus,
aud on the respective coins of which she appears. the former bearing the following legend and
type on the reverse, viz. col. af.lia capit.
(established by Hadrian on the ruins of Jeru-
—
salem) On this reverse Astarte, or Venus,
holds, in one hand, the head of Scrapis, and in
the other the hasta her right loot being placed
on the crouching figure of a river-god. In
the coin dedicated to the youthful son of
Macrinus, two winged Victories are added, stand-
ing at her feet on each side. —
The same learned
writer, in describing the w cll-known type which
r

I
accompanies Indutgentia Augg. in Carth. on a
 "

ATHLETiE.
92 ASTRA.
twelve signs of
have for their reverse types the
denarius of the Emperor Sevcrus, says of Cybele
This goddess is the the Zodiac.— See Capricorn. „
vecta leone currente—
Astarte of Carthage.”— See Aelia
Capitolina — ASTU RES, a people of Spain, subdued by i
Their
.

— —
Bostra Benjtus Sidon, and Tyrus, in
their Carisius, pro-prietor under
capital
Augustus.
Asturica, now Astorya,
was the king- m
respective places.
Astarte is also typified on many Greek coins dom —Sec Akerinau’s
of Leou.
Corns of t itles,

Likewise on some Greek &c. p. 65.

ASTURICA. —
.
of cities and people. Vaillant (i« Col. l, p. 10) gives
Elaga-
Imperial, struck under Caracalla, Geta, obverse legend of
Pius, &c. a second brass coin with the
balus, Alexander Severus, Gordianus
Woystvs divi F. and bare head of Augustus,
—
ASTRA. Stars, either alone, or with other
on many and which presents ou its reverse a colonist
signs added to them, are exhibited legend col.
family and consular coins. —
On a denanus of ploughing with two oxen, with the
ast. avgvsta, which he renders
Colonui Astu-
of Apollo
the Asiuia gens, the radiated head Astures, a terri-
one side, rica Augusta, or colony of the
(symbolising the Sun), appears on Eckhel, how-
seven tory of Ilispania Tarraeonensis.—
and a crescent moon, surrounded by AST. the name
appear over the ever, rccoguises in the abbreviation
stars, on the other.—Stars And Mionnet
of no colony but Asta of Bietica.—
caps of the Dioscuri, whom fable
has placed
mcdaillc peut aussi men
amongst the heavenly host . —
Castor and 1 o//u.r (s. i. 53) says, “cette

appartenir it Asta, ou Astapa, ou

Astigi, cities
naviga-
were, on this account, worshipped by
tors. —
On a denarius of the Rustia family, a star
because the ycai
lie hi Bieliqtie."
AT1IALARICUS, the grandson of llicodon-
.

is put before the head of Mars, the Goths, iu Italy,

cus, ascended the throne of
to begin with the month
Martins, _
was reckoned a.d. o-6. He
name from that god.— on the death of bis grandfather,
(March) which takes its
534. lie is styled ou corns (which
the divi- died a.d.
Stars above a curule chair, indicating atalaricvs
are rare) d. n. athalaricvs or ;

silver coin ot
nity of Julius Ctcsar, appear on a atalaricvs rex. On silver qmuani
or star also d. N.
the Aelia family— The astrum crinitum, emperors of the east,
gold and of Justinus and Justiniauus,
with “ tail of fire,” ou the reverse of that of rex or rix.
in memory of his name appears followed by
silver, struck under Augustus,
Julius Cicsar, is regarded as allusive
to the great — Akerman, Descr. Cat. ii. 396.
brass,
Banduri
(vol. ii. 643,) gives a third
p.
comet, which, appearing soon after the Dicta- galeated head ot a
common peo- with JNVICTA ROMA, and the
tor’s death, was looked ou by the N.
and translation woman on the obverse, and ou the reverse u.
pic as denotiug his immortality,
to the skies.— Of this popular
credulity Augustus
—
athalaricvs with the type ot that
prince,
face to the
with dcihca- standing, helmcted and paludatcd,
availed himself to honour his uncle on a spear, and his
left, his right hand resting
t ion.— (Sec Comet
A
.)— star is sometimes placed, ground. In the
Julius Cicsar, left on a shield placed ou the
on coins, above or near the head of
“ which (says Eckhel, vi. 11), perhaps indicates
the star of Venus, mother of /Eueas,
or more likely
field s. c. & X.
ATUEXODORUS VABALATIIUS. — Sec

brought, vvrth VABAI.ATHUS.

the year when the calendar was the most celebrated
the Sun. lhe ATllEN'-E.— Athens,
greater exactness, to the course of part of Achaiu,
also seen near the city of Greece, situate iu that
figure of the crescent moon, —
There is a tctradrachm inscribed
is of uncertain
called Attica.
portrait of the same emperor, Minerva standing;
cos. ill. with the figure of
unless that likewise has reference
signification, ii. 140) is of
(vi. 19.)— A star is with regard to which Vaillant (Pr.
to' corrected year.”
the this coin, in
opinion, that the Athenians struck
found on many coins of Elagabalus, both those Hadrian had
colonial fabric. memory of the benefits which
struck at Rome and those of bestowed ou their city, in which,
ac-
Sun, in whose liberally
This symbol has reference to the the winter ot
was initiated cording to Spartiauus, he passed
Syrian worship and priesthood he Rome 875 (b. c. 122).
the empire. A the vear of
before his baneful accession to
star over a ship’s prow appears on
the reverse ol
—
ATIlLETzE. This appellation was
prizes at public
given to

of cos. vm. those who contended for the

a denarius of Vespasian, with legend the Greeks,
coin or games. And under this name, among
and the same iigure occurs on some of five different
were comprised the professors
other, throughout the greater part of the im exercises, viz.
kinds of gymuastics, or bodily
perial series. ... the discus, leaping,
those of tiie race, and of
Two under which Cupid sits bestriding who
and pugilism— The Romans,
*81111*9,
b. appear wrestling,
a dolphin, with the inscription s. p. Q. generally as the object
Seguin un- took the Grecian model
on a rare silver coin of Augustus. appropriated the name of
the star of of their imitation,
derstands it to mean, on one side wrestlers, and to
as indi- Athteta almost exclusively to
Venus, ou the other the star of Julius, whilst those
those who fought with their
fists :

the first
cating the assumed family origin of other feats of streugtli and acti-
who
Cicsar. —
Sec Mionnet, i. 105.
practised
had distinct and peculiar
appellations.
ASTROLOGICAL and ASTRONOMICAL vity
Spauhcim, m
illustrating his translation
of
as in the
symbols arc found on Roman coins, " =gives, the, figures
Augustus and thec ouwua
Ciesars w* “
of Julian 'I" 142),
(p. T l*
Capricorn, double and single, of Athlete, holding
moon and seven stars of two naked wrestlers, or
of Vespasian ; the crescent in the act ol
The Greek imperial each other by the arms, as
of Hadrian audof Faustina.— They form the type of a com
which ••
trying a fall.”
scries present several fine medals,
also
 .

ATILIA. ATTALUS. 93

struck at iu Syria, under Caracalla,

Laoilicsca,
ou the occasion of some public games celebrated
in that city, with the legend laodicaea, a
Roman colony, and which, on another rare
coin dedicated to the same emperor, exhibits,
in abbreviation, all its titles, viz. COL
onia SEP-
timia A l relia LAOD iecea, M
El' Kop o f is Vail- —
lant furnishes a similar reverse ol Elagabalus.
The same author (in Co/. vol. ii. p. 105) makes
a biga. — The pieces, in bronze, of this gens, are
the two following references to the contests ot
the Athletes —
Ou the reverse of an Annia
:
'
—
by the mint -masters of Augustus. See Dioscuri.
ATLAS, according to some mythographers,
Faustina, colony of Sidon, ceii. sac. peh.
was chief of the Titans that made war against
oecvme. isela. Certamina, Sacra, Periodonica,
Jupiter, who, to punish, sentenced him to sup-
Oecumenica, Iselaslica within a laurel crown.
;
The accouut of him, divested
— On the reverse of a colonial coin, struck at
port the heavens.
of fable, is that Atlas was a philosopher of royal
Tyre (col. tyro. metbop.) under Trebouiauus
rank, whose territories lay in north-western
Gallus, are two naked Athletic, standing with a
Africa, and who, having been accustomed to make
vase between them eacli holding in his hands a
;
astronomical observations on a high mountain of
discus, out of which issues a palm branch.
Mauritania, gave his name to it, and also to the
(VaiUant, Col. ii. 217)— Sec Heliopolis and
sidon and tyrvs (suis locis). See also sac.
—
ocean (Atlantic), on which it borders. Vaillaut

cap. OEC. isel. and Victors at Games. — In con- (Pr. iii. p. 124) gives a brass medallion of Anto-
ninus Pius, the epigraph on the reverse of which
nection with this subject, reference may be made
is tr. pot. xx. cos. mi.; and the type, Jupiter-
to Circus Maximus —
a representation of which
standing with hasta and fulrnen, an eagle at his
is given on a brass medallion of Gordiauus Pius,
feet, aud Atlas bearing a globe ou his shoulders.
in which wrestlers and other Athletic appear in
There is in the French Cabinet another brass
the foreground.
medallion, mounted in a large circle, struck
ATI A, gens plcbeia which writers have
under the above-named emperor, the reverse
divided into two families, whose respective sur-
legend of which is the same as that already
names, as they appear on coins, were Batins
quoted ; but the type differs from it. Jupiter,
and Labienus. The Alii, or Atti take their
in the latter instance, stands before an altar;
fabulous origin from the Trojan Atys Virgil :

and this altar is ornamented with a bas-relief,

says
representing Jupiter striking the Titaus with
Alter Atys, genus unde Atti dixere Latiui.
his thunderbolts. On the altar is an eagle with
Perhaps, says Pitiscus, the poet spake thus,
expanded wings. Behind Jupiter is Atlas on
to flatter Augustus, whose mother was of the
plebeian stock —
a stock so obscure as never to
his kuees sustaining the globe. —
See Jupiter.

—
Atius Balias
ATTALUS PlllSCUS, an usurper in the
have risen above the pnetorship.
reign of Honorius, first in Italy, afterwards in
is named on a rare second brass, for an accurate
Gaul. Born of au Ionian family, he was ap-
engraving of which see Visconti, Iconographie
pointed Prefect of Rome. And King Alaric,
Romaine, part i. pi. v. fig. 1.
—
Oiv. M. ativs balbvs. pk. —Bare head of
Balbus.
Reo. — sard, pater. — Head a man strangely
of
attired.
The above coin shews that Atius Balbus was
sent to Sardinia as Prsetor, and that Augustus
having already obtained submission to his rule
from the Sardinians, this coin was struck with
the head of Atius, in acknowledgment of their
obligations to him.
—“ Its barbarous workman- when he took that city (a. t). 409), proclaimed
ship,” adds Eckhel, “savours strongly of Sardinia, him emperor. Deprived of that title by the
always inhospitable to the elegaut arts.” Sard«j — same gothic conqueror who had given it to him,
Pater, whom the reverse exhibits, was said to he subsequently resumed it in Gaul, a. d. 410.
be the son of Hercules, who haying landed on Taken prisoner in 416, he had his right hand
the Sardinian coast, gave his name to that cut off, and was banished by Honorius to the
island. —For a coin and some account of a mem- island of Lipari, where he died. On his coius
ber of this family bearing its second surname, (which are very rare in gold, silver, and small
and who figures historically iu the annals of the brass) he is styled prjsc (or priscvs) attalvs
later republic, see Laiienus. p. p. —
avg. also imp. priscvs attalvs p. f.
ATILIA, gens patricia et plebcia. — Ou the avg. These pieces were probably minted at
coins of this family, one Saranus is commemor- Rome. There is a silver medallion with his
ated. The obverse of the denarius has for legend diademed portrait, of extraordinary size and
sar, or saran. and for type a winged and hel- highest rarity, in the British Museum. Mr.
meted head of Pallas. The reverse bears m. Akerman has given an engraving of this coin,
atil. and the figures of the Dioscuri on horse- in vol. ii. p. 358 of his Descriptive Catalogue.
back, with roma at the bottom or Victory in — Vaillaut (Pr. iii. 264) had given a similar one
 — r — —

94 ATYS. AUFIDIA.
from the Vatican collection. The legend and before an altar, holding a patera in her right
type of the reverse are invicta roma aeterna; hand, and the acerra in her left. Struck about
Itome hclmetcd and palndatcd, sits fronting, in A. D. 184. —
See Acerra, p. 4.
a chair ornamented on each side with lions’ Commodus, on whose coins this legend ap-
heads ; her right hand holds a vicloriola, her pears, may be supposed to have earned the title
left hand rests on the end of a spear reversed. of Auctor Piet at is, whilst bestowing marked at-
In the exergue bmps. tention on religious matters. But in this, as in
ATTILA, or AtUa, or Ateula, King of the all other things, he conducted himself like a
lhtns, Goths, and Danes, was called the “ dread madman, aud iu a manner derogatory to the
of the world” —
the “ scourge of God.” lie majesty of the empire. For, in celebrating the
succeeded to the government of these “ North- rites of Isis, he shaved his head, and carried
men,” a. D. 434. After ravaging the provinces the dog-beaded god Anubis, during which cere-
of the cast, and compelling the Emperor Theo- mony he wantonly belaboured the heads of the
dosius the Second to pay him tribute, he re- worshippers with the face of the heavy image,
turned to his own dominions, having triumphed lie even attired himself as a sacrifiecr, and with
both in the Italian aud in the Illyrian wars. He his own hand immolated the victims. Nay, he
was contemplating the invasion of Asia and went on so far as to supply fresh material for
Africa, at the moment when, enslaved by lust the piety of an enslaved and superstitious people,
and debauchery, he lost his reason, amidst feast- by assuming the titles devs aud HERCVLES,
ing and concubinage, aud died of a flow of during the year of Rome 914 (a. I). 191).
blood from the nostrils, a. u. c. 1207 (n.c. 454). “ Aeneas is styled by Ovid pietatis idoneus
The pieces attributed to this extraordinary man, auctor, the true promoter of piety, doubtless on
inscribed atevla, or ativla, aud also atil. account of his attachment to the gods, and to
are said by Eckhcl, llcnnin, and others, not to his father, being in the mouths of all therefore ;

be his,but coins of Gaulish chiefs. fitly (klonee) so styled whence, adds Eckhel, ;

—
ATYS, or Attys. Except in association with you may draw the distinction between that
types relating to Cybele, on many Roman as ancient Auctor Pietatis, and the one with whom
well as Greek coins, it would be scarcely' worth we are here dealing.” vol. vii. p. 118. —
while to notice the worse than absurd myths AVCT A KART. — See Sal vis Augg.
of Atys ; who, according to one of several AVERSA. —The reverse side of a coin. —Sec
stories concerning him, was a handsome young Reverse.
shepherd of Phrygia, of whom the Mother of AUFIDIAgens. —
That this family was ple-
the Gods (Magna Mater Defiui), became greatly beian shewn by the t rib uni p/ebis, who were
is
enamoured. She entrusted him with the care chosen from it. “ Perhaps, says Vaillant, the
of her temple, having made him promise that river celebrated on account of the
Aufidius,
he would always live in chaste celibacy In slaughter of the Romans at Canine, gave the
violation of this vow, however, he fell in love original name to this family which however
with the nymph Sangaris, whom Cybele, in her was not known until about the period of the
jealous anger, caused to die. And Atys, in the republic’s decline. Its coins consist of only two
frenzy of his grief, inflicted a nameless injury varieties, one of these, a rare denarius, has
upon himself. But the goddess, who found this
punishment too cruel, as well to her own feel-
ings as to those of her beloved, physically re-
stored him and took him again into her sendee.
;

The act of self-mutilation was, however, after-

wards performed by the sacerdotal successors of
Atys, as a condition attached to the priesthood
of Cybele. On a coutorniate medal of Vespa-
sian, engraved in Morel’s Thesaurus , this part Obv rvs. The winged head of Pallas, with
of the subject is illustrated.
—
“ Atys, sive polius XVI. behind
.

it.

Gallus (as the priest of Cybele was called) se ip- Re . m. avf. Jupiter in a quadriga at full
sum castrans.” —
See Cybele. speed —below roma.
AV. and O. were indiscriminately used by Vaillant considers ltvs. to be meant for Rus-
the Romans, as is instanced in some denarii, ticus, as a cognomen of the Aulidia family
whereon we read fostvlvs for favstvlvs. — Morel aud Pcrizoni explain it Ruso. Eckhel
;

pi.otivs for PLAVTIVS. prefers the former interpretation, because in the

—
AV. Augur. c. caldvs. imp. av. x. Cains most perfect specimen iu the Imperial Cabinet,
Cnidus Imperalor, Augur, Decemvir. rvs. ulonc is read, without a vestige of the o,
—
AV. Augusta or Augustus. which Morel thought was added.
AV. Aurelius.— As AV. COMMODVS AVG. —
AVG. Augur This abbreviation is of fre-
.

on coins of Commodus. —
M. A Xrelius ANTO- quent occurrence on the coius of Mark Antony,
NINVS PI\'S AXgust us, on coins of Cnracalla. ucrompauicd by the augural symbols.
—A Xrelius S. ALEXAND. AVG. of Scverus —
AVG. On gold aud silver coins of Vespasian,
Alexander. — AV. ANTONINVS, of Elagabalus. included by Eckhel (vi. 320) amongst those
AVCT. PIET, (on silver) and AVCTOR which bear testimony to the conquest of Judiva
PIETAT. (on first brass) p. m. tb. p. xii. tr. p. by that Em|icror, and to his triumph on that
viil. cos. v. p. p. —A stolatcd woman standing account, iu the year u. c. 824 (a. d. 71) the
 —— ; — — — —

AUGURES. AUGURES. 95
abbreviation avo. appears on the reverse, within i Etrurian rite9 and ceremonies of divination. In
a crown of oak leaves, in others of olive, and [
such high authority and reverence wa 9 this dis-
in others inscribed on a shield, surrounded by tinct branch of the priesthood held, that the
an olive wreath. This avg. is by some supposed early Romans never conducted anything, either
to mean AVG nr. But Eckhel, who refers to within or beyond the walls of their city, until
one in the Vienna Cabinet, agrees with Licbc the auspices had been taken, in the observance
(Goth Nam.) in thinking it more probable that, of supernatural signs, which were publicly an-
as there is no attribute of the augurship on these nounced, by the Augurs. A mass of fraud and
coins, the letters avg. in this instance, should folly more puerile and absurd was never made
be read AX Gusto and that the crown, or the subject of scientific organization and of
shield, should be considered to typify the solemn practice. Yet it was this “ vain myste-
corona or clypats, offered and dedicated to
, rious art,” which the Romans dignified with the
Vespasian, as was customary on such triumphal highest privileges, next to those of the supreme
occasions. pontificate. And patricians of the first rank
—
AVG. Augurinus one of the three surnames —
nay Emperors themselves, deemed it an honour
of the Minucia gens, derived from the augural and an advantage to he received into member-
priesthood. ship by the Augural college. This collegium,
AVG. —
Augustus or Augusta. The usual — at its institution, for which the policy of Ro-
designation of an Emperor or of an Empress. mulus has the credit, was composed of three
AVG. Augusta. —The
ordinary epithet of Augurs, taken from the three tribes, into which,
Roman colonies derived from Julius Caesar and as we are told, that Prince at first divided the
Augustus, as avg. rvr,. Augusta Julia, or ivl. subjects of his infant state. Numa is recorded
avg. Julia Augusta, on many of their colonial to have added two more. These five were all
coins. patricians, the year u. c. 454, (b. c. 300)
till
AVG. — Sec concordia avg.
Augusta. when, by the Lex Ogulnia, it was enacted, that
FECVND1TAS AVG. — PIETAS AVG. &C. &C. five of the Augurs should be plebeians. Up to this
—
AVG. Augusti. See apollo conservator period, the college appears to have exercised the
AVGVSTI, &C. free and independent right of electing its own
AVG. F. or FIL. Augusti Films, or Filia — members. Sulla, when, in a. u. c. 672, (b.c.
son or daughter of the August or Emperor. 82) created perpetual dictator, amongst other
AV G. D. F. or AVG. DIVI. F. Augustus new laws and appointments, passed one to in-
—
Did Films. Augustus, son of the Divine, i. c. crease this number to fifteen. The first and
son of Julius Caesar). oldest of the Augurs was called Magister collegii.
A\ G. N. Augusti Nepos. Grandson of Au- They were originally chosen, as the other priests,
gustus. e. GERMANICVS CAESAR Tl. F. DIVI. by the patricians in their comitia curiata. Next,
avg. n. — (g.Gcrmanicus
Ctesar Tiberii Augusti they were allowed to elect themselves. But after
Filins, Divi Augusti Nepos.J. the introduction of plebeian members into the
AVG. N. Augusti Nepos. —
Great grandchild college, a somewhat more popular mode of filling
of Augustus, as in Cains Caligula, c. caesar up vacancies for a time prevailed. “The priests
DIVI. AVG. PEON. AVG. of the college of Augurs, for a long time arro-
A\ G. N. Augusti Nostri. Of our Emperor. — gated to themselves the sole privilege of suppli-
— Sec Abundantia avg. N. felix adventvs — cating the gods for the health of every individual,
avg. N. &c. —
and of the whole state, as if any one could not
AVGG. Duorum Augusforum, —Two Gs after ask it for himself. Yet nothing was more pro-
AV signify two Augusti or Emperors reiguing fitable. Pliny mentions several physicians who
together. —
For examples of GG. sec coins of were pensioned at about £2000 per annum; and
Scvcrus and Caracalla also of Cams and Cari-
; in the reign of Claudius, one Doctor Sterninus
nus, Oarinus and Numcrianus, Dioclctianus and coinplaiuing of the smallness of his income, it
Maximianus Hercules, Constantins and Maxi- was doubled for him.” (Capt. Smyth, p. 195.)
—
miarms also Philippus senior and junior, &c. During the civil wars, the Augurs became ready
AVGGG. Triurn Augustorum. — Where this instruments for furthering the designs of both
abbreviation occurs it indicates that three Au- the contending factions. In the reign of Augus-
gusti, or Emperors, reigned together. For ex- tus they underwent the same changes as the
amples of this rare reading on Imperial coins see Pontiffs, namely election by the Plcbs, subject
the virtvs avggg. of Carinus quoted by Eckhel, however to the approval or veto of the prince.
and the victoria avggg. of Valentinianus I. At length the Emperors reserved to themselves
cited by Mionnet. —
Vaillant ascribes a virtvs the right of nominating the Augurs, which con-
avggg. to Nnmcrian, but is not confirmed by tinued to be exercised until the reign of Theodo-
either Eckhel or Mionnet. See Augusti.— sins the Great (a.d. 379). Christianity being
AVGV. Augusta, Augusta, Augustus, or then fully established throughout both divisions
Augusti. of the empire, the augural, in common with
AUGURES, Augurs. —This sacerdotal order every other, order of the heathen priesthood, was
was so called, because it professed to predict by law abolished. But the (ire of this most an-
future events by signs anil prodigies. Their cient and most popular of Roman superstitions,
discipline and religion were probably of Sabine smouldered amidst the ruins of paganism, long
origin, introduced into Rome at the earliest pe- after the revenues which supported the augurship
riod of her foundation, but blcudcd with the had been appropriated to the public treasury.
 ; A

AUGUR.
96 auguration. or
full,
bv the word itself inscribed at
—
AUGURATION. The augural function was
also
abridged; avgvr. or avo. —
denarius of Q.
evil, in observing the
to prognosticate good or cassivs,has for the type of its reverse
an eagle
flight, the warbling, and
the screams of birds; the lituus
or their refusal standing on a thunderbolt, between
the avidity of fowls in eating, and the prtt/ericufum. Jupiter
was the tute-
various phenomena
to take food; also to note the college.— On a silver
The actual inspec- lary god of the augural
that appear in the heavens. legends and
devolved to an in- coin of the Antonia family, the
tion of" slaughtered animals to indicate
[see the word], types of which 1 lavcrcamp considers
ferior order called llaruspices when it was struck, be-
the en- tiie concord, subsisting
who reported to the Augurs, whether tween Mark Antony and Lepidus, we
sec on one
trails of such animals
were in a healthy or an cut)
side (as in the annexed
As the chief expounders and ANTONtw* IMPe*
unsound state.
the ceremonial
M arcus Du
interpreters of all that related to rat or, with a raven, or as
religious observances,
law and to the regulation of Clioul describes it “one
of the
kings, and afterwards
the Augurs, under the sacred chickens,” relating
to
republic, were con-
during the early ages of the the pullispicium, or augury
by
ot waging war,
sulted always on the question fowls; the prafericulum
aud
other matter of great public
import-
and on any Antony’s augiirship.
consi- the lituus, arc symbols of
ance. 'striking proof of the peculiar
A UEPlDw I-l j-
of men, exhibits On the other side is
deration attached to this order the apex (or sacerdotal cap), the
respecting its priestly erator with
itself in what is stated the stmpulum (or
to be taken away securis (or sacrificial axe),
rank, which was not allowed and the aspergillum (or sprinkler)
chalice),
from’ any one on whom it had once been con- Maximus, which
system insignia of the office of Pontifex
ferred, the secrets of the pagan
iest
Lepidus had usurped.
AUGUR PONT. MAX. —This
Pliny the
should be revealed to the multitude. designation
(sacer-
younger calls the augursliip a priesthood augural and ponti-
institution and of two distinct offices, with
dotinm), not only of ancient together, namely, the
sacred and dis- fical instruments mingled
holy character, but also evidently with the aspergi -
it is never taken
lituus and the prcefericulum
tinguished, from the fact, that the legend and
time (quod him, apex, and securis, form
away from a person during Ins life tvpc of denarii of Julius Caisar,
struck about
Accordingly, as we
non adimitur vivenli). A c. 708 (b. c. 46).
They serve to shew
learn from Plutarch,
whatever might be the ll.
tune united the
that the Dictator had at this
crime committed byan Augur, lie was secure of the chief pontificate
lest the pretended title of Augur to that of
retainin'* his office for life, his return
worship might have and to his other titles. It was after
mysteries of an idolatrous Julius caused his
sensible per- from "Egypt and Asia, that
become exposed to the ridicule of name to be inscribed in the college of
Augurs,
corporations.
lay on an as well as is in the other sacerdotal
place for taking the augury
The and the
distance beyond The lituus marks the augural office,
elevated site, generally at a short on lus
same instrument is sometimes placed
officiating priest pro-
the walls of the city. The
long robe which coins behind his head.
ceeded to the spot, clothed in a Augurate of Mark Antony.— There arc
gold
covered the head like a veil,
and reached down
and silver of Mark Antony’s on which
the official
to the feet, called Idea or
trabea. Then taking
title, accompanied by the robe
and crook, of the
lituus, a short wand,
in his right hand the On the
traced upon the
j

augursliip, is conspicuously represented.

curved at the upper end, he Marcus
After obverse (ns in the annexed rut) we read
ground the tempi um or tabernacnlum. Mara Yilius, Mnro N epos,
into four parts with V NT ON I VS,
this he divided the heavens AVGVR. M Peru/or TER-
I

the ’same lituus, marking

on the earth, as well
I

fium. A figure, in the

male
quarters, east, west, north,
as in the air, the four trabea, walking, holds the
examined with great
and south. The Augur then lituus. On the other side is
in what man-
|

attention, what birds appeared ;

1

the radiated head of the Sun,

sounds issued from
i
ncr they flew ; and what surrounded by the abridged
Those signs which displayed
; their throats. inscription of Antony s other
ones,
|
themselves to the left passed for favourable titles, viz. Triumvir
lleipub-
the right side
auj those which were seen on Consul Designates, Iterum
|
lics ConstituendiT,
pronounced to be of bad augury. In short,
were
priestcraft with et Tertium. The veiled and robed figure, hold-
the whole was a combination of M. Antony as Augur.
ing the lituus, represents
state policy, invested with
extraordinary powers
to increase AUGUR. Till. P. <>r TRI. POT. —
lhis in-
and privileges, and cultivated chiefly on the reverse of a silver coin,
authorities over n scription nppears
the influence of the leading sacerdotal instru-
minted by Vespasian, with
credulous and ignorant people.
:

ments for its type. On_ the obverse of the

On denarius of the Corunfina gens, and on
a (-pa-iau
Mark dcunrius, struck A.U.C. 8i’ > (a. d. i-),
coins of Pompey the Great, Julius Cicsar,
calls himself Imperntor,
Augustus, and Pontilex
the figure ol
Antony, Augustus, and others, takes the
of the oflicc, nre Maximus, whilst on the reverse he
an Augur, and the dignity before the
designated, not only title of Augur, giving it precedence
found represented and of the
veil, but by the Tribunitia Potestus. This conjunction
by the sacerdotal robe and augural title and symbols with the
highest marks
lituus, praferieulvm, and other symbols;
the I
 — —

AUGUR. AVGVSTA. 97
of Imperial power, plainly indicates the con- appear), neither legends nor types bear any re-
sideration in which the dignity and functions of ference to the institution or to its priesthood.
the former office continued down to this reign, AUGUR NAVIUS.— See xavius.
and also that of Titus, to be held by the Ro- AVGVST. Augusta or Angusti.
mans. On a marble, transcribed from Muratori, AVGVSTA. This epithet is of frequent
Tiberius not only termed poxt. max. but also
is occurrence on Roman coins of the Imperial
AVGVR. XVYIR. S. F. VIIVIR. EPVLONVM; and SO series. It wT as a title decreed to the wives of
is Caligida, ou his coins, called both poxt. Emperors the quality of Augusta, as regarded
—
;

max. and avgvr. Eckhel, vi. 332. the first empresses, being indeed the only dis-
Amongst the denarii struck under the re- tinctive appellation, which served (as it were) to
public, aud which llavcrcamp, in the Thesaurus consecrate their rank. These princesses, how-
of Morel, classes as numi ihcerti (the uncer- ever, though declared Augusta, were not ou
tainty beiug as to the particular gens to which that account less subject to the laws which
they ought respectively to be assigned), there governed private individuals. Nor does it seem
is one, which evidently bears allusion to the that they were admitted to the privilege of hav-
earliest traditions of Rome. The coin in ing their title and effigy borne on coins, except
question is a well-known one. It has for the by degrees and under certain restrictions. At
type of its obverse the usual the commencement, these honours were dedi-
head of Pallas, with the mark cated to them only on coins struck in the pro-
of the denarius X, aud the vinces. Afterwards, when their portraits were
word roma below. The reverse, engraved ou those actually minted at Rome, it
without epigraph, exhibits a was done under the personifications, or symbols,
helmeted female, seated on a of certain divinities, or of certain deified virtues.
heap of shields, her right hand But the custom, once introduced by Augustus,
resting on her knee, whilst the perpetuated itself and almost all his successors
;

left hand is supponed by a spear. Ou each caused, or at least permitted, the likenesses of
side of the figure is a bird dying towards her at : their wives (and occasionally other near relations,
her feet is the common symbol of the wolf as well female as male), to be placed on a por-
suckling the twins. tion of their coinage. Accordingly, when not
Here then we have before us, the personified found on Roman coins, properly so called, they
genius of the Roman people, or the representa- are usually seen on those of some provincial city
tion of deified Rome herself. She is seated ou of the empire.
—
“ These medals of empresses,
bucklers —
it may perhaps be supposed —
on those however (as the author of Lemons Numismatiques
sacred bucklers (see Aneilia, p. 45), in the pos- observes), are generally less abundant than those
session and custody of which, as of a heaven- of the princes w ho really held the sceptre. And
r

descended gift, that people had gone forth from although for that reason much sought after by
conquest to conquest. The genius, or goddess, is the curious, and also on account of their gene-
looking downwards, as if absorbed in reflection alogical reference to imperial families, if the ex-
upon the rise of “ the eternal
city,” from a hum- pression may be allowed yet they are, for the
;

ble origin, uuder marvellously nurtured first

its most part, less interesting in point of chronology
king, to the palmy state of extended power and and of connection with national events, which
dominion, at which it had arrived as a consular they seldom trace in the same striking mauner
common-wealth. The two birds were doubtless as do the coins of the emperors themselves.”
meant to adumbrate that part of the ancient This remark equally applies to medals struck in
legend, which describes the two intrepid brothers, honour of young princes (Casares) who did not
become no longer mere leaders of pastoral com- reign.
rades, but the acknowledged scions of royalty, and Pliny calls avgvsta the marriage name (l. xv.
fierce rivals, the one against the other, for civic c. 30). And therein he borne out by suc-
is
honours, and for supremacy of power. It was cessive examples in the mintage of Imperial
agreed that the question at issue between them, Rome. Thus on a gold coin, struck under
namely, where the city should be built, and Domitian, his wife is styled domitia avgvsta
after whose name it should be called as that of nip. domit. (by implication uxor). —
Faustina
its founder, should be decided by augury. Remus senior, wife of Antoninus Pius, is called favstina
was the first to sec vultures, six in number. avgvsta, and favstixa avg. antoxini avg.
Romulus soon afterwards saw twelve. Each (by implication uxor). In like manner also, on
claimed the augury in his own favour. The coins of the youuger Faustina, wife of M. Aure-
sequel of the story requires not to be related in lius, we read favstina avgvsta avg. antonini
this place. pii. fil. (Daughter of Antonine). —
Livia, wife of
Considering the conspicuous part performed Augustus, exchanging the name of Livia for that
by those invested with the augural office, both of Julia, on her adoption into that family, is
during the time of the republic, and under the styled on coins struck after her husband’s death,
earlier succession of emperors, it seems calculated —
IVLIA AVGVSTA AVGVSTA MATER PATRIAE
to excite surprise, that so few even of the family and after her death, diva ivlia avgvsta.
coins of the Romans
exhibit any allusions to Lucilla, the wife of L. Veras, is designated on her
Augury, aud that after the reigns of, what are medals as lvcii.la avgvsta, or lvcilla avg. m.
called, the Twelve Cmsars (on whose mintages antonini avg. f. (Daughter of M. Aurelius).
the symbols and name of an Augur but seldom Messalina was not distinguished by this imperial
O
 —

98 AUGUSTS. AUGUSTS.
a late period of her infamous career, as
title, till Juno; that of Lima Lucifera. But not content
the wife of Claudius. Indeed, according to Dion, with having robbed those goddesses of their
that Emperor refused to allow her such an ho- appellations and qualities, some of the Roman
nour hut the Senate granted it, perhaps after
;
princesses, such as the Faustinas, Crispina,
the Britannic expedition. Some Greek medals, Lueilla, Julia Domna, &c. elevated themselves
struck in Egypt exhibit, around her portrait, at once into divinities, as is shewn by the
Valeria Messalina Augusta. And on some legends on their coins, viz. Dea, Diva, Mater
Latin colonial coins (for there were none of hers Deiim, Genetrix Orbis, Ceres Frugifcra Diana ;

minted at Rome), she is called Valeria messa- Augusta, Juno Regina. To some of them these
i.i.vv avg. —
Sabina, wife of Hadrian, is entitled, titles were given during their life-time; to others
on her coins, sabina avgvsta imp. hadkiani after their death. There are, however, not a few
avg. (by implication uxor). who were honouAd with these recognitions of
There are four imperial matrons of the divinity both while living and when dead.
lower empire, each of whom on her coins is (See Introduction a la Science des Medailles,
denominated avgvsta. Yet ancient historians p. 534 et seq.)
have made no mention of them. These are : Augusta, who were the wives of emperors
Barhia Orbiana, third wife of Alexander Severus; (as will have been seen from preceding observa-
Cornelia Supera, wife of iEmilianus ; Sevcrina, tions) are neither on their own coins nor on
wife of Aurelianus ;
and Magnia Orbica, wife of those of their husbands, ever called uxores, but
Carinus. And it is only by the subsequent always avg. or avgvstae. It is, therefore,
researches, discoveries, and assignments of khcll, from the title bestowed upon them in the im-
Eckhcl, and other eminently learned and saga- perial medals, that a valid argument may be
cious numismatists, that the respective husbands drawn as to the fact of their having shared the
of the ladies in question have become known at augustal bed.
this period of time. Vaillant (Pr. t. ii. 235), in alluding to the
The title of Augusta was conferred, not only silver coin of Julia Domna, on which that
on the wives of emperors, and of the Caesars, ambitious woman is exhibited with the epigraph,
hut also on their mothers, grand-mothers, and under the image, of Juno, observes, “ that in
sisters, daughters, grand-daughters, and other order to surround the persons of empresses, with
female relations. For example Antonia, grand-
: greater dignity and reverence, it had become the
mother of Caligula Julia Miesa, grand-mother
; custom to assimilate them with the forms and
of Elagabalus ; Julia Soaemias, mother of the attributes of goddesses, and to present them in
same emperor ; Julia Mamma, mother of Alex- their names to the people.” —
Empresses, in
ander Severus; have on Roman coins the append- analogy with the examples of their cousorts,
age of Augusta inscribed after their names. — The were called Moires Palria (mothers of the coun-
same honour was bestowed, though it hut seldom try), Metres Senatus (mothers of the Senate),
occurs, on the daughters of emperors, simply as &c. On colonial coins the countenances of the
—
such in proof of which see the instance of Augusta were, out of adulation, often repre-
Julia Titi, daughter of Titus, and of Didia Clara, sented, as Genii Urbium, apparently to indicate
daughter of Didius Julianus. With respect to that such colonies held their cities uuder the
sisters of emperors, and other women of Augus- protection and patronage of those empresses.
tal rank, but not married either to reigning Augusta had also the privilege of having
princes or to heirs of those princes, we find (to their consecrated imngcs carried in the carpenta
say nothing of the revolting example of Drusilla (or covered chariots) on those public occasions,
and Julia, sisters of Caligula), the graceful com- when the statues of the emperors werg conveyed
pliment paid to Marciana, sister of Trajan, and in the thensa, or cars of state. —The inscriptions
to her daughter Matidia, consequently niece to of pietas, pvdiciti a, virtvs, &c. followed by
that emperor, each decorated on their coins with avg. are often seen on the coins of Augusta,
the surname of Augusta. accompanied by appropriate types. “ Thus
The Augusta or empresses and other princesses there is female of the Augustal
scarcely' a
of the Roman empire (says Mangeart), manifested house, who, though she might not possess a
no less ambition than the potentates whom they true claim to character for being a pious,
espoused, or were related to. At first they had modest, and good woman, yet failed to make an
hut one name, to which they soon added a pre- I ostentation of her piety, chastity, and virtue.
nomcn and a cognomen, united with titles as For this cause it was a favourite practice with
vain as they were ostentatious. In the flatter- them to have the figure of Vesta engraved on
ing assumption, that they resembled the god- their coins, under whose image, ns under the
desses, as the emperors did the gods, they wished peculiar type of chastity, they thought fit to be
to hold the same super-human rauk ;
and there- represented before the public.”
fore caused themselves to be portrayed like the The Augusta, whose names and por-
scries of
images of those female divinities, whom they traits arefound on Roman coins (though not of
themselves respectively held in peculiar venera- every metal), from the reign of Augustus, who
tion. Accordingly after a time, we find them died 14 years after the birth of our Saviour, to
on their medals borrowing their very names and Basiliscus, brother-in-law of Leo 1. who rcigued
titles —
their attributes, symbols, and statuary' a. I). 476, is as follows; —
forms. One empress called herself Ceres an-
;
Livia, wife of Augustus. Born 57 years before
other Diana. This Augusta took the name of Christ ;
died A. D. 29.
 — — :

AUGUST.®. AVGVSTA. 99
Antonia, wife of Drusus senior. Born 39 Mariniaua, supposed second wife of Valcri-
years before Christ; died a.d. 38. anus senior, who was proclaimed Emperor a. d.
Agrippina senior, wife of Gcrmanicus. Born 253.
15 rears before Christ died a. d. 33.
;
Salonina, wife of Gallienus. Died a. d. 268.
Messalina, third wife of Claudius. Died Severina, wife of Aurelianus, Emperor a. d.
a. D. 48. 270.
Agrippina junior, fourth wife of Claudius, Magnia Urbica, wife of Carinus, Emperor
sister of Caligula. Born
16; died a. d. 50.
a. d. a. D. 283. Known only by her coins.
Octavia, first Died a. d. 62.
wife of Nero. Helena, first wife of Constautius Chlorus.
I’oppica, second wife of Nero. Died a. d. 62. Boru a. D. 248 divorced by her husband died
; ;

Flavia Domitilia, wife of Vespasian. Died 328.

a. t). 68, the year previous to her husband’s Theodora, second wife of Chlorus, married to
accession to the empire. that prince a. d. 292.
Julia, daughter of Titus. Died in the reign Valeria (Galcria), second wife of Maxitnianus.
of Domitian, viz. between a. d. 81 and 96. Died a. D. 315.
Domitia, wife of Domitian. Died in the Fausta, wife of Constantine the Great. Died
reign of Antoninus Pius, viz. about a.d. 140. A. d. 326.
Plotina, wife of Trajan. Died a. d. 129. Fausta, married to Constantius II. between
Marciana, sister of Trajan. Died about a.d. a. d. 335 and 250.
114. Helena, supposed wife of Crispus Cmsar, a.d.
Matidia, daughter of Marciana. Died in the 317, son of Constantine the Great.
reign of Antoninus. Helena, wife of Julianus II. Died a. d. 360.
Sabina, wife of Hadrian. Died a. d. 137. Flaceilla, wife of Theodosius the Great. Died
Faustina senior, wife of Antoninus Pius. a.d. 388.
Born a. d. 105 died 141.
; Galla Placidia, wife of Constantius III.
Faustina junior, wife and cousin german of Died a. d. 450.
M. Aurelius. Died A. D. 175. Aelia Eudoxia, or Eudocia, wife of Theodo-
Luciila, daughter of M. Aurelius, and wife of sius the younger. Born a. d. 393; died 460.
L. Veras. Born a.d. 147 died about 183.;
Licinia Eudoxia, wife of Valeutinian III.
Crispins, wife of Commodus. Died a. d. 183. Born a. d. 423.
Manlia Scantilla, wife of Didius Juliauus, Ilonoria, sister of Valeutinian III. Born
Emperor in a. d. 193. A. d. 417.
Didia Clara, daughter of Didius Julianus aud Pulcheria, sister of Theodosius II. wife of
of Scantilla. Born A.D. 153. Marcianus. Born a.d. 399; Augusta 414;
Jidia Domna, wife of Septimius Severus. died 453.
Died a. d. 21 7. Verina, wife of Leo I. Died a. d. 484.
Plautilla (Fulvia), wife of Caracalla. Died Euphemia, wife of Anthemius, Emperor in
a. d. 212. a. d. 467.
J ulia Paula, first wife of Elagabalus, to whom Aelia, wife of Basiliscus, brother in law of
she was married about a. d. 219. Leo I. Died a. d. 477, the year after the de-
Julia Aquilia Severn, vestal, second wife of thronement of Romulus Augustus by Odoacer,
Elagabalus survived her infamous husband, who
; which put an end to the Roman empire in the
was slain a. d. 222. west.
Aunia Faustina, third wife of Elagabalus. [The above are further noticed under their
Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus. Died respective heads.]
a. d. 222.
Julia M:csa, sister of Julia Domna, grand-
mother of Elagabalus. Died a. d. 223.
Julia Mamma, daughter of Mmsa, sister of
Soaemias, and mother of Alexander Severus.
Died a. d. 235.
Orbiana (Salustia Barbia), third wife of Alex-
ander Severus, a. d. 226. Known only by her
coins.
Paulina, wife of Maximinus, who reigned
a. d. 235 to 238. Known only by her coins.
Tranquillina (Furia Sabina), third wife of
Goriliauus Pius survived her husband, who died
—This legend appears on a
;

a. d. 244. AVGVSTA. S. C.
Marcia Otacilia Severa, wife of Philip senior, large brass of Faustina senior, struck after her
survived her husband, who died A. D. 249. death (a.d. 141). The obverse bears the legend
Herennia Etruscilla, known only by her coins diva favstina, with her portrait. The re- —
and an inscription, was the wife of Trajanus verse (as in the above cut), has for its type
Decius, who died a. d. 251. the deceased empress standing, under the figure
Cornelia Supera, wife of Aemiliauus, who and with the attributes of Ceres, namely
usurped the purple a. d. 253. Known only by holding a torch, and ears of corn. The same —
her coins. epigraph is repeated on the coins of Faustina
O 2
 — ;

100 AVGVSTA. AVGVSTA.

senior, in every metal and and with types
size, coin of Gallieuus is rarissimus, that in question
of this and other goddesses, with whom the of Salonina iscommon. And it is quite possible
j

flattery of the old superstition, ministering to ! for this legend of avgvsta in pace to admit of
a husband’s fond weakness, was wont to assimi- an interpretation not injurious to the honour of
late the unworthy consort of Antoninus Pius.
]

the wife of Gallieuus. (vol. vii. 418.) Capt. —

—
AVGVSTA, S. C. This legend appears on Smyth in still stronger and more decided terms
the reverse of a large brass of Galba, having for scouts the absurd idea of this being a satyrical
its type a veiled woman seated, with patera and legend.
hast a pura. Galba had received many favours AVGVSTA MATER PATRIAE.— A woman
from Livia August!, for which reason, accord- veiled, seated with patera in her right hand, and
ing to Havercarap, he decorated the sitting the hast a in her left. Engraved in Morell. Thus.
statue of Livia. —The coin minted a. d. 68 This legend and type appear on a first brass,
is engraved in Slorell. Thesaur. Imp. Rom. bearing the laurelled head of Augustus on its
—
AVGVSTA. This epithet was applied to a obverse (with imp. caes. avg), and which,
colony, whose settlers had originally been sent although the name of the colony is not recorded,
thither by Augustus. That prince founded a must evidently be of colonial fabric (probably
great many colonies, both in and beyond Italy Spanish), and not, as Vaillant and Morel have
plebeian or civil colonics, so long as he only thought, of Roman mintage. On this coiu
shared the empire with his colleagues in the Livia (afterwards named Julia, second w ile of Au-
triumvirate ;
but afterwards military colonies, gustus) is called Augusta Mater Fatria. Now,
when, Pompey the sou being driven from Sicily, we learn from Diou Cassius, that the Senate had
Lepidus retiring into private life, Mark Antony decreed the above adulatory title, together with
dead, the wars in Spain, Dalmatia, and Gennany the still more impiously fulsome one of Genetrix
finished, he sent legions of veteran soldiers to orhis, to this abandoned princess. But, accord-
—
occupy them. Accordingly we fiud the muni- ing to Suetonius, her son Tiberius, from hatred
cipium Bilbilis, in Ilispania Tarraconcnsis, called to his family rather than from a better sense of
after its founder Augustus, nv. avgvsta bilbil. propriety, refused his permission that she should
or mv. avg. bilbilis. In the same province of be so named, or that she should be the object of
Spain, the colony of caesaravgvsta, or c. ca. any extraordinary public honour whatever. The
avgvsta and that of Llici designated on its
;
titles however which Tiberius affected to deny
coins c. I. il. a. Colonia Immunis llici Augusta. bis mother at Rome, he connived at being
In like manner, col. avgvsta emerita, or awarded her in the provinces and this coin
;

avgvsta emerita, in Lusitania ; and col. avg. forms an example of the inconsistency although —
p ATHENS, or c. a. a. P. Colonia Aroc Augusta the probability is, that it was not struck, even
Patrcnsis, &c. But when ivl. avg. Julia and extra urbem, until after the death of Augustus.
Augusta, occur as a joint name, it shews that — The figure of the veiled woman, seated with
the foundation of those colonies was the ori- patera and hast a, Eckhel shews to represent
ginal act of Julius Cresar, but that they were Livia in this instance under the form of Vesta,
re-established by Augustus with fresh supplies as on other coins she appears in the similitude
of Roman settlers. As c. ivl. avg. d. Colonia of the Goddess Pietas. There is auothcr first
Julia Augusta Dertosa.
“
—
See Colonia. —
Refer brass, given in Mus. Theupoli, with a similar
also to Aucicnt Coins of Cities and Princes,” reverse legend and type, but which bears on its
by J. Y. Akcnnan, F. and Sec. S. A. obverse the image and superscription, not of
—
AVGVSTAE PACI. On a denarius of Titus, Augustus, but of Tiberius himself.
with Victory walking, and at the bottom epue. AVGVSTA EMERITA. — See Emerita.
in monogram. Augustarum Capitis Cultus. —The following
It is, says Khell (Suppt. 39), very unusual remarks in refercucc to the head-dresses of the
thus to see the symbol of Victory joiued to the Roman Empresses, as represented on coins, are
above legend. The epigraph of Pax Augusti from vol. viii. p. 364 of Doclrina Num. ret.
(the Peace of the Emperor), is of frequent oc- “ At the commencement of the empire, when
currence but that of Augusta Foci (to August
;
as yet it would appear not to have been the

Peace), one reads on no other coin. Perhaps, usage to strike money with the names of women,
it relates to the statue of Victory dedicated by it pleased the authorities to exhibit them, re-

Titus, in the temple of Peace, which his father spectively under the figures of Vesta, Pietas,
built. — See paci avovstae. Justitia, Sal us, Ceres, &c. It is in this way,
AVGVSTA MARCIANA. See Marciana. — that we sec Livia Augusti, Antonia Drusi,
AVG. or AVGVST. IN PACE. A woman — Agrippina Claudii, personifying these divinities.
sitting, with olive branch and transversed hast a. This liberty is much more indulged on medals of
On silver and small brass of Salonina. See — foreign die, as may be seen on those of each of
Vaillant, Bauduri, Miounct, and Akerman. the above princesses. During a subsequent
Although this epigraph, says Eckhel, is un- period, however, when the Flavin family occu-
usual, I am not disposed to join with Vaillant pied the imperial throne, and when monetary
in affirming that these coins of Salonina were honours began to be fully extended to females of
struck by some usurper, to cast a slight on that Augustal rank, the mint-masters returned to the
—
empress in the same way as another coin, in- representation of the human figure and prin- ;

scribed vbiqve pax, is considered to have been cesses arc portrayed on coins, not with any
designed to ridicule Gnllienus. For whereas the indication of power or authority, but in the
 , — :— ; —

AUGUSTUS. AUGUSTUS. 101

head-dress usually worn by ladies of their time, wliich he had rendered to his country'. This
and which, as is the case in our own day, was epithet, which signifies “ revered” or “ worthy
open to the change and caprice of fashion, and of veneration,” aud which, up to that time,
susceptible of an infinite variety of form.” had been appropriated solely to sacred persons
On their consecration medals, the heads of and things, he ever afterwards bore, and it is
the Augusta are covered with a veil : examples that under which he is habitually designated.
of which appear in both the Faustina? ; also in After him it became the title of sovereignty',
Domna, Mmsa, Paulina, Mariniana. On coins which all the other emperors took, as well out
of Roman die. Domua was the first whose of respect for the memory of him on whom it
head (placed over a crescent moon), was joined to was first bestowed, as for a mark of their right
the radiated head of Severus, her husband, as (whether valid or merely assumed), to succeed
seen in the mint of that emperor (in the year him. The appellation of Augustus was placed
u. c. 955 a. d. 202). The same custom was by his successors in the empire after their own
contiuued to the reign of Diocletian, and thence name; and characterising, as it did, the supreme
downwards to a much lower period of the power of the state, it was invariably adopted,
empire. not only by legitimate princes, but even by those
Augustalia, holidays instituted by the Senate who in after times usurped the imperial purple.
and People, to celebrate the return of Augustus The title of Augustus was, however, at first con-
to Rome. — See FORT««<e RED«« CAES. fined to such as were actually invested with the
AVG. sovereignty. The sons, or adopted sons, of em-
Auguslal laurels, or the Emperor’s wreath. perors, previously to their being associated with
Sec Corona Laurea. them in the government, were each called sim-
—
AVGVSTI COS. On gold, silver, aud mid- ply Casar and this last, originally a proper
dle brass of Caracalla, this legend is accom- name, became a dignity, which served to dis-
panied by the type of that prince aud the em- tinguish the heirs presumptive to the Augustal
peror Severus, sitting together on an estrade, throne.
both clothed iu the toga on one side is a lictor
;
Having offered this general and brief explana-
with a rod on the other a togated figure.
;
word Augustus, used as a title aud a
tion of the
This coin (of which Khell, in his Supplement surname, we cannot, on a point which, from its
to Yaillant, lias given an engraving), preserves constant recurrence, is so requisite to be fully
the memory of the consulship, which Caracalla understood by the student of Roman numis-
served as the colleague of his father, a. d. 202. matics, do better (as it seems to us) than to sub-
Invested with this dignity, the two emperors join the substance of Eckhel’s learned citations
went into Egypt, and thence returning to Rome, aud illustrative remarks on the subject, contained
the sou took Plautilla to wife. There is a simi- in the 8th volume of Doctrina, pp. 355, 356, et
lar legendaud type, but on middle brass, in the seq .

mint of Severus. 1. Augustus, origin and occasion of the

AVGVSTI F. Filia. Daughter of the Em-— title . — Dion Cassius, in his history of the Roman
peror. — Sec Julia Till. Emperors 16) remarks, that Caesar
(l. liii. §
AVGVSTI F. Filius. — Son of the Emperor. Octavianus, “after the fulfilment of the promises
— See Tiberius, Caligula. &c. he had made, assumed the name of Augustus, at
AVGVSTI PII l'VLia. —This appears on the the desire of the Senate and the People. For, as
silveraud brass medals of Faustina junior, she they had determined on distinguishing him by
being the daughter of Antouiuus Pius. some peculiar appellation, and were comparing
kVGVSTT POR. OST. S. C. On a first the merits of several, Caesar, though himself
brass of Nero, bearing this legend, the reverse very ambitious of the name of Romulus, still,
type represents a maritime port. The Emperor on finding that he was from that circumstance
Claudius had caused some immense works to be suspected of aiming at kingly dignity, gave it
constructed at Ostia, a town situate at the mouth up, and was styled Augustus, as if he were a
of the Tiber; but Nero appears, by this medal, being superior to the mortal race. For all
to have assumed all the honour of having exe- things [auioug the Romans] which are con-
cuted them. — See for. ost. sidered most honourable and most sacred, are
AVGVSTI PROVINCIA. —-By this title called August (Augusta) and on this account ;

Arabia, wellas Dacia, as denominated on is the Greeks rendered the word AUGUSTUS by
coins of Trajan. — Rasche. 2EBA2T02, or revered (quasi venerandum
AVGVSTO. OB. C. within a crown of oak
S. dicas).” The same event is thus recorded by
leaves, on second brass Augustus. — Sec Ob.
of Suetonius “ He then assumed the name of C.
:

Civcs Scrvatos. Cicsar, and afterwards the cognomen of Au-

AVGVSTOR. Augustoruni. Of the Emperors. gustus the one in accordance with the will of
;

As Adlocutio, or Advenlus, or Concordia,

in his uncle ; the other at the suggestion of Muna-
Augustorum, &c. tius Plancus. For, whilst some were of opinion
—
AUGUSTUS. This was the surname which, that he should be called Romulus, as though
in the year u. c. 727 (27 before the Christian himself the founder of the city, it was determined
rera), the Senate of own name and
Rome, iu its that the title of Augustus should in preference
on Octavius, or
in that of the people, conferred be given him —a title not only novel, but also
Octaviauus, the adopted son and heir of Julius more dignified, inasmuch a.s places dedicated to
Cscsar, as an acknowledgment of the services religious purposes, aud in which anything is
 ; — :

102 AUGUSTUS. AUGUSTUS.

consecrated by divination, are called Augusta. followed by all For not merely
his successors.
* * * Vcllcins also slightly alludes to the did immediately on their accession, assume
all,

subject “ The Roman standards were sent

: the title (Yitcllius alone shewing a temporary
back by the Parthian King to Augustus, a title disinclination to it), but they in like maimer
conferred on him by the universal consent of the dignified their wives. (See the article AUGUSTA,
Scuate and People of Rome, on the motion of |
97).
]). Claudius was the first (though tardily
Plancus.” And lastly Censorinus “ From : and reluctantly), to allow of its being conferred
|

the day before the 16th. of the calends of on Messalina. And a still more surprising cir-
2.
February, Casar Imperator Divi Filius (l. e. son |
cumstance subsequently occurred, viz. the be-
of the Divine Julius), on the motion of L. stowal of the title of Augusta on Domitclla,
Munatius Plancus, was called Augustus by the |
wife of Vespasian, though she died before her
Senate and rest of the citizens, in his own husband became Emperor (Vespasian himself, or
seventh consulate, and the third consulate of M. his son Titus, acting in the matter), in order
Vipsanius Agrippa. —
From these testimonies, that neither the nor the mother, of a
wife,
may be gathered the origin and cause of the reigning prince might be compelled to pass her
“
title of Augustus. time among the manes of private individuals.”
—Augustus; signification and etymology Seeing then, even under Caligula, that the
|

of the word. —
From the authors above quoted, quality of the title Augustus was changed, the
the explanation of the epithet is obtained, both remark of Alexander Sevcrus, quoted by Lam-
in the Latin form, AUGUSTUS, and in that of pridius, is a just one Augustus primus, primus
:

the Greek 2EBA2T02. And to them may be est auctor imperii, et in ejus nomen omnes
added the testimony of Ovid (Fast l. v. 609). velyt quadam adoptione, aut jure hereditario
succedimus. —“ The first Augustus is the first!
Sancta vocant augusta patres, angusta vocantur
founder (or first incrcascr) of the empire ; and]
Templa, sacerdotum ritii dicata manu.
as if by a kind of adoption, or hereditary right,)
[The Fathers (i. e. the Senate) call all sacred we all succeed to his name.”
3.
things August temples too, if duly consecrated 4. Augustus, the title of, conferred honour
by sacerdotal hands, are styled August. but no power. —
One of the other characteristics
Also Pompeius Festus (in Augusto). Pau- of the above title was, that it imparted to him
sanias likewise (l. iii. c. 2), says, “ Ilis name on whom it was conferred, the most exalted
was Augustus, which in the Greek language honour, but no accession of power. Dion (l.
is equivalent to 2EBA2T02 (venerabilis). — iii. ^ 16), again learnedly explains this point

At a later period it was erroneously supposed, “For the appellations Cwsar and Augustus added | i
that the name Augustus was derived from nothing to the intrinsic power of the emperors.)
another root, namely, augere, auctus, to in- It was by the former that their descent from a i

crease. As regards the character of this appella- certain race was indicated by the latter, their *"
; J

tion, it is sufficiently evident from the testi- illustrious rauk.” And the reason of this cir-
monies adduced, that it was conferred upon cumstance is, that the offices of Imperator and
Oetavianus for no other reason than that which Pontifex Maximus, joined to, and merged in,
operated in giving the name Turquatus to Man- the Tribunate and the Proconsulate, gave them
lius, Magnus to Cu. Pompeius, Pins to Metellus, possession, in effect, of universal power, while i

&c. namely, on account of their eminent ser- the supreme title of Augustus shewed, that this
|
vices.” accumulated authority was vested in one inilivi-
—Augustus the title of, transmitted to dual. The consequence of this was, that look-
)

descendants. —
As the posterity of Maulius and ing to general estimation, and the majesty of
others, adopted as of hereditary right, the same the empire, we find that the world itself had
respective appellations, so the family of Octa- not the title to exhibit, which could vie in gran-
vianus acquired a claim to the name of Augustus. deur and dignity with that of Augustus; and I

With propriety, therefore, not only did Tiberius that until it was bestowed, the pinnacle of great- 1

assume the name of Augustus after his adoptative ness was yet unattaiued. There were emperors
father’s death; but his widow Livia, also adopted who conferred the title of Cwsar, and also of
by the will of her deceased husband, succeeded Imperator, on their sons ; as did Vespasian on
to the titles Julia and Augusta; and Caius too Titus, aud Hadrian on Antoninus. They were,
(called Caligula) being by adoption the grandson however, esteemed as of the second rank. But
of Tiberius. And it was for this reason, that in cases where princes conferred upon others the
Suetonius has not hesitated to designate the title title of Augustus, ns M. Aurelius did on his
of Augustus as hereditary. brother L. Verus, aud afterwards on his son
Not long afterwards, this name was appro- Comniodus, those persons were considered to
priated to those who had no hereditary right have attained the highest dignity, and to have be-
to it :and Caligula was the first to set the come sharers and colleagues of the government,
example, by giving the title of Augusta to his in honour little inferior to those who thus ele-
grandmother Antonia, who was neither by blood vated them and that too in consequence of the
;

nor by adoption, connected with the Cicsariau source w hence the distinction was derived. Never-
family. Claudius likewise, with as little pre- theless, that the title of Augustus added dig-
tension, on his elevation to the empire, after the nity without power to its possessor, is plain
death of Caligula, assumed the title not only of from the very fact, that the emperors hesitated
Cicsar, but of Augustus ;
and this example was not to confer a similar nominal distinction on
 . i : —

AUGUSTI. AUGUSTI. 103

their wives, and other females connected, or firstreceived the title; and the like usage pre-
pretended to be connected, with the house of vailed in the case of a Csesar. It is on this
5.
Csesar, overlooking all those who enjoyed real principle, that Diocletian is styled, in Eusebius,
power, because it was the policy of ancient “he who both in honour and in position held the
Rome, at all times, to exclude women from any first Constantine is stated, by the same
place.”
participation in the conduct of public affairs. author, to have stood superior to M. Liciuius,
— —
Augusti the first example of two reign- “both in honour and in rank.” Numerous
ing together. —
From the earliest period of the instances may be found within that period of
empire, a single individual only had been dis- disputes arising from this mode of taking pre-
tinguished at one and the same time, by the cedence. When Constantine the Great informed
title of Augustus but the middle of the second
; Maximianus, that, on the death of his father
imperial age, saw two raised simultaneously [Constantius Chloms, a. d. 306] he had received
to this eminence viz. —
M. Aurelius and L. the title of Augustus from the army, the latter
Vcrus aud shortly afterwards (on the death of
; felt aggrieved, and according to Lactantius (de
Vcrus) M. Aurelius and his son Commodus. mont. perfec. c. 25) “ determined on naming
Not much later, Severus followed this precedent, (FI. \ al.) Severus, the elder by birth, Augustus ;
associating with himself his son Antoninus, com- whilst he commanded that Constantine should not
monly called Caracalla ; and towards the end of be styled Imperator (which he had been created)
his life, his other son, Gcta. So that, Rome but Ccesar, in conjunction with Maximinus
had at that time (about A. I). 209) its three (Daza) in order to degrade Constantine from the
Augusti, a circumstance which had never before second post of honour to the fourth.” [For
happened. At a subsequent period, many ex- other instances of the jealousy and dissension
amples of this extension of the honour were wit- caused by this clashing of claims to dignity and
nessed. But it will be asked, what was the re- pre-eminence, reference may with great ad-
lative power or (lignite of the respective bearers vantage
8. be had to Eckhcl’s dissertation on the
of the title? These (answers Eckhel), varied with imperial coins of the lower empire, and also to
circumstances. It is not to be doubted, that he, the intelligent observations of Bimard de la
who attached to himself a colleague, whether his Bastie on the same subject.]
son, or his brother, or one not related to him, 7 —A
plurality of Augusti, how indicated .

had the pre-eminence in rank, and in most As already shewn in p. 95 of this dictionary
instances in authority also. It is equally certain when there were two emperors at the same time,
that iu both these particulars, fathers were supe- the fact was pointed out by the inscription
rior to sons as Severus to Caracalla and Geta.
; avgg. a custom which, on coins at least, com-
;

Greater
6.
honour was also paid to Aurelius than menced under S. Severus, it being usual, in that
to his adopted brother, L. Verus, whom he emperor’s mint, after he had associated Cara-
elevated to a share in the government and for ; calla with himself in the supreme government,
the like reason Diocletian held a higher rank to use the legends anxonae avgg. vict. avgg. —
than —
Maximian. Caracalla enjoyed greater &c. Aud by a similar multiplication of the
dignity than his younger brother Gcta, notwith- same letter, avggg. denoted a collcagueship of
standing the wish of their father, Severus, that three Augusti.
they should reign with equal power. For Cara- —
Augusti, by association. It is to be ob-—
calla had the advantage in point of age, and like- served, however, that even the son of an em-
wise on account of the number of years, during peror, though only Cicsar, was by association
which he had borne the title of Augustus he : with his father who was Augustus, also called
was besides alone distingushed by the Pontificate. by that title ns in the case of Maximus Ccesar,
;

In the case of Balbinus and Pupienns none there i3 on a large brass coin, maximinvs et
of these reasons prevailed for they were both
;

called to the head of affairs by the Senate, in

max mvs avgvsti germanici. And this cir- —
cumstance is still more clearly illustrated on a
consequence of the difficulties of the State. That marble published by Spon, bearing the follow-
body, therefore, conferred upon both equal dig- ing inscription —
pko salvte imp. et caesar.
nity and authority, and, departing from the PHILIPPORUM AVGG. ET OTAC1LIAE SEVERAE
hitherto invariable custom, gave to both the avg. matris caes. et castror. This marble
office of Pontifex Maximus, lest the envy of was erected in the year u.c. 989 (a.d. 236), as ap-
cither should be excited towards the other. pears from the addition of PhilippoAug. et Tiliano
— Of two or more Augusti, at the same Cos. (Philippus senior and Junius Titian us
time, which held the higher rank From the
. — being consuls), in which year, however, the
reign of Diocletian there were constantly more younger Philip was certainly not yet Augustus ;
than one Augustus at the same time. And the and yet the monument exhibits the letters avgg.
Ctcsars, connected with each other by no ties of That is to say there were two Augusti, by asso-
consanguinity, ruled, each over his own pro- ciation. The prevalence of this custom is ex-
vince, on such terms that neither depended on the emplified on the respective coins of Diadumeni-
other. Although they possessed equal power, anus, Maximus, Tetricus the younger, Carinus,
yet in they were distinct from each
dignity and others. It is much more
surprising that
other, as this was imparted by the length of time the title was in the same manner
of Imperator
during which each of those titles had been held shared by the wife of a reigning prince. But
by an individual. That individual Augustus, such an extraordinary feature of the cevnm
therefore, enjoyed the first position, who had inferius is given to us by Maffci, from an African
 — ) ;

104 AUGUSTUS. AUGUSTUS.

marble inscribed thus salvis dominis nostris mitted into the college of Pontiffs. In a. d. c. 709
CHRISTIANISSIM19 IMPERATORIBVS 1VSTINO ET (b. c. 45), returning to Rome with his grand

SOFIA, &c. —
On coins of the lower empire may uncle, whom he had joined in Spain, on a
frequently be seen avggggg, imposing an ardu- victorious expedition against the Pompeians, he
ous task in the identification of so many of the was sent to Apollonia, in Illyricum, cither to
Augusti. complete his civil education, or to receive prac-
—
Augustus Perpetuus. Not unfrcqucntly some tical instruction in the art of war amongst the
epithet is found united with the title of Au- legions there, or probably for both those pur-
gustus, as perpetvvs avgvstvs. Spanbeiin— poses. The following year, being still at Apol-
quotes a coin of Trajan, on which he is called lonia, the tidings reached him of Julius Ctcsar’s
avg. perp. to trace the first use of the addition murder; which caused him to return imme-
to that emperor. But the genuineness of the diately from Illyricum to Rome. There, find-
coin in question rests solely on the statement of ing himself, by the will of Julius, adopted as the
Mediobarbus and Eckhel is not inclined, there- sou of that celebrated man, he took the names
fore,
;

to adopt the opinion.

— “ The word Per- of C. Julius Cicsar Octavianus. But ou claim-
peluns, often written with only the letters pp. I ing the succession, he had to defend his rights as
find (says he) first added to the Emperors’ titles heir, against the opposition of M. Antouius, and

under Probus: perpetvo imp. probo. avg. succeeded only after a turbulent struggle. —
Octa-
From the time of the sous of Constantine the vianus was but twenty years old, when he obtained
Great, the inscription perp. avg. is very fre- the consulate a. u. c. 711 (b.c. 43), contrary
quent on coins. The origin of this piece of to law, which required a much maturcr age to
flattery belongs to a remote period, as on the be first reached. Then, pursuing with vengeance
coins of the earliest emperors their eternity was the assassins of his uncle, he was not long in
vauntingly put forward. But the legend per- uniting himself with Lepidus and M. Antouius,
petvitati. avg. became more frequent from the to form that triumvirate which, under pretence
time of Alexander Severus, in whose mint alone of re-constituting the republic (Reipublica Con-
we read potestas perpetva. Semper Au- — stituenda), became a reign of wholesale cruelty
gustus, so frequently observed now-a-days, and of proscriptive horrors. In A.u.c. 612 (b.c.
amongst the imperial titles, Spanheim could not 42) supported by M. Antouius, he defeated Brutus
find among ancient inscriptions, before Diocle- and Cassius on the Thessalian field of Philippi.
tian’s time. — See perp. avg. and semper The next year he vanquished Lucius Antonius
avgvstvs. at Perusia". In 714 (b. c. 40), he gained a
decisive naval victory over Sextus Pompeius,
whom he compelled to abandon Sicily. In
719 (b. C. 35), Octavianus quarrelled with M.
Antonius, who had indeed given him cause, by
divorcing his sister Octavia and marrying Cleo-
patra. The next three years were passed by
Octavianus in concerting his measures against
that iufatnated triumvir. And having assembled
around his own banner all the legions of the
East, he attacked, and totally defeated his
former colleague, and only formidable rival, in
a sea fight near Actium, on the coast of Epirus,
on the second of September, in the vear of
AUGUSTUS C/ESAR, first Emperor of the Rome 723 (b.c. 31.) In 724 (b.c. 30), he
—
Romans. Caius Octavius Ccrpius, afterwards proceeded with an army to Egypt, and captured
surnamed Augustus, was the son of the Prictor Alexandria. — Mark Autony and Cleopatra, de-
C. Octavius Rufus and of Atia, niece of Julius serted on all hands, brought their own hopeless
Cicsar. He was horn at Vclitri Volscorum (now affairs to a close, by each committing suicide

Vetletri, in theCampagna di Roma in October, whilst Lepidus, indolently satisfied with descend-
in the of Rome 691 (63 years before
year ing again to n private station, left Octavianus
Christ), uuder the consulship of Cicero. Wien sole master of the enslaved republic. Next year
only four years old, he lost his father but his ;
(b. c. 29) having rendered Egypt a tributary

education experienced no neglect on that ac- province, he returned to Rome, and enjoyed
count for in his tenth year he proved himself among other honours and distinctions, those of
callable
;

of making an oration to the people. a three days’ triumph —

viz. for Dnlmatia, for

This prince united first-rate talents to striking Actium, and for Alexandria. It was then, that

advantages of person and address. Ilis relation- this fortunate despot caused thetemple of Janus
ship, too, to the illustrious Dictator, of whom to be shut, which had remained open for 205
he was from the very first a great favourite, years before and having, by these crowning
;

secured to him an early training for public life, victories, brought the whole world under the
and introduced him whilst as yet a mere stripling power, or within the influence of Rome, lie re-
into the highest society. In the year of Julius ceived from the Senate and People the designa-
Csesar’s second consulate, u. c. 706 (b. c. 48), tion of Imperntor ; not however in the former
he received the toga viri/is, being then in his acceptation of the term as merely the general-
sixteenth year, and was soon afterwards ad- in-chief of armies, but as a title indicative of
 .

AUGUSTUS. AUGUSTUS. 105

—
supreme government followed two years after- lius, bearing on one side a radiated head, which,
wards, from the same authority, by the surname if not that of Augustus (to whose physiognomy
of a vgystvs (see notice on that word, p. 101 it has a palpable resemblance), was probably
of this dictionary). meant for that of the Sun, as allusive to the
East; and on the other CAESAR AVGVSTVS
SIGN/.v RECEyifij. The type a Parthian on his
knees, offering a military ensign.

In the year of Rome 720 (b. c. 28) he was

Consul for the sixth time, with his son in law,
Marcus Agrippa, for his colleague. A denarius
which presents a tine head of Agrippa on its The same y
r
ear Tiberius was sent from Syria
obverse, with the head of Augustus on the other into Armenia, which, with its king Tigranes, he
side, was struck on that occasion, by Platorinus. brought under the Roman yoke and his suc-
;

The legend of the obverse is platoiunvs limit, cesses are recorded on Augustus’s coins of this
it. agrippa. That of the reverse is caesar date, which bear the epigraph of Armenia
—
avgvstvs. The above cut is copied from an —
capta. See p. 80.
unusually well-preserved specimen of a coin, no 735 (b. c. 19). Augustus returned from
less valuable for its historical interest than as a Asia to Rome, on which occasion the feasts
—
numismatic rarity. See Agrippa, p. 27. called after him Avgustalia, were celebrated to
The same year he caused the quinquennial his honour. The same year, his son in law
ceremony of Lustral sacrifices and purgations to Agrippa suppressed rebellions in Gaul, Germany,
be performed; carried many laws; adorned the and Spain.
eity with buildings ; and repaired the public 737 (b. c. 17)- In this year lie adopted
roads. This year also the Consuls took the cen- Caius aud Lucius, sons of Agrippa; and cele-
sus, at which the citizens numbered 4,164,000. brated the Secidar Games (Lueli Srecalares)
—
727 (b.c. 27). Being the year of Augustus’s 738. (b. c. 16). —The insurrectionary hostili-
expedition into Spain, against the Cantabrians ties of the Germani, w ho had obtained
r
some
and Asturians, the gates of the Temple of Janus successes over detachments of the Roman army
were re-opened. under Lollius, induced Augustus to make a journey
—
730 (b. c. 24). From Spain he returned to into Gaul. And about the autumn of the same
Rome. And it is to the succeeding year that year, Agrippa set out for the East. The two
the coins are assigned, on which we read the following years saw the emperor occupied with
date of the 'l'ribunitian l’ower (tribvnitia the personal administration of affairs in Gaul;
potestas) awarded to him by the Senate “ a — w'hcrc, and in Spain, he founded several colonies;
dignity,” says Millin, “ that recalled to mind the whilst Tiberius and Drusus brought the German
high consideration in which the Tribunes of the and Rhaetian tribes into subjection and Agrippa;

People ( Tribuni Plebis) were formerly held, quelled insurrections in the kingdom of the
under the republic, and which, although not an Bosphorus.
honour of the first order, was also assumed by —
741 (b. c. 13). Augustus returned from
the successors of Augustus, because it would have Gaul, and Agrippa from Asia, to Rome; aud
given too much authority to simple citizens.” the Ara Pads was erected in that city ; but not
This title serves, with certain exceptions, to dedicated till b. c. 9. —
See p. 73.
mark the years of their reigns. — See Tribitnilia —
742 (b. c. 12). The title of Pontifex Maxi-
Potestas. mus begins with this year to appear on the coins
—
733 (b. c. 21). During the absence of Au- of Augustus, the death of Lepidus the preceding
gustus in Sicily, frightful tumults arose on ac- year having left that office vacant. He sustained
count of the elections of Consuls, lie there- a great anil irreparable loss in the decease of the
fore sent for Agrippa from the east, and, re- —
brave Agrippa. The following year, on account
quiring him to divorce his wife, gave him liis of the disturbed state of affairs in territories
own daughter J ulia, the widow of Marcellus, in bordering on the Gallic provinces, Augustus
marriage. The presence of Agrippa quelled the again took up his residence in them. But, in the
disturbances at Rome. From Sicily, Augustus year b. c. 10, peace being restored in Germania,
visitedGreece ; thence he proceeded to Samos, Dalmatia, and Pannouia, he, with his lieutenants,
w here he passed the winter. Tiberius and Drusus, returned to Rome. The
734 (b. c. 20). — From Samos he went into last named able and valiant commander was sent,
the pro-considar province of Asia, and thence b. c. 9, to renew war against the Germans.
visited Syria received from Phraates, king of
; —
746 (b. c. 8). Augustus, who, the year pre-
Parthia, the military ensigns lost under Crassus, ceding, in consequence of the death of Drusus on
and the prisoners who had survived the slaughter the banks of the Lower Rhine, followed by a
of the legions in that fatal expedition on which
; fresh insurrection of the Germans in that quarter,
occasion, the following denarius was struck by had once more, and for the last time, quitted
one of bis monetary triumvirs, Florus Aquil- |
I
Rome for Gaul, still remained there. This year
P
 — ;

IOC AUGUSTUS. AUGUSTUS.

Mie month Sej/i/is had its name changed to taken, when the citizens were 4,197,000. And
Augustus, in honour of the Emperor. Aud as notwithstanding his old age, he made a jour-
the saviour of the citizens (ob cives seiivatos) ney into Campania. But, at Nola, on his re-
the oaken crown (corona quercca) was often after, turn towards Rome from Naples, he was seized
as well as before, this period, decreed to him, with a disorder, which proved fatal. He died
and typified on his coins. on the 19th day of August. His remains were
interred in the mausoleum, which he had caused
to be built in the Campus Martins at Rome,
after his having (in conjunction with M. Anto-
nius) ruled the republic for twelve, and governed
alone as Emperor for 44 years.
An instrument in the hands of an over ruling
Providence, for laying the foundation of manifold
and decisive changes in the religious as well as
in the social condition of the human race this —
747(b.c. 7) —
Tiberius again sent to command extraordinary man, from the rank of a private
in the German war. Tn his absence, Caius citizen, had succeeded, by the soundness of his
Ctesar celebrated the ludi votivi for the return
policy, taking advantage of every favourable
of Augustus. opportunity, and without being a great military
—
752 (b.c. 2). Augustus, at Rome, exhibited commander, in becoming the head and chief of
a naumachia, or representation of a naval en- an universal monarchy. No sooner placed in
gagement, and other magnificent public spec- this unexampled position of supremacy, the
tacles. He dedicated the temple of Mars Ultor; world at peace, aud his government firmly
whilst the Senate capped the climax of their
grounded, than he thought, or seemed to
adulatory homage, by bestowing on him the think, only of effacing the memory of his past
titleof pater patriae. —
Ovid, with the adroit- crimes bv reigning ou the general principles of
ness of a courtier, and with more than the justice, wisdom, and clemency. Rome was in-
usual tact of a poet, alludes to the event, and
creased and embellished by his munificence, and
addresses the Sovereign as the Sure of the by that of the rich and illustrious citizens, who
Romans :

like Maecenas and Agrippa, emulated his ex-

Sancte Pater Patriae, tibi I’lebs, tibi Curia nomen ample, both iu architectural improvements and
Hoc dedit, &c.
in the establishment of useful institutions. It
753 (b.c. 1). — Eckhcl,
according to the cal- must be admitted that his adoption by Julius
culation of Dionysius Exiguus, names this year Caesar the spiritless temperament of Lcpidus
; ;

of Rome as the one on which took place the most the mad folly of Antony, victim to his own
memorable and ever blessed event of Our Lord profligate habits and the treachery of Cleopatra,
and Saviour JESUS CHRIST’S Nativity, were more than cither manly courage, or true
in Bethlehem of Judaa. virtue of character on his part, the stepping
[%* Usher and other eminent chronologists stones and auxiliaries, by whose aid Augustus
reckon it to have been iu the 749tli year of arrived at the highest summit of power. Yet
Rome.] favoured as he was by circumstances, and
762. (a. d. 9). —
The time for celebrating the crowned by every species of terrestrial glory
triumphal honours decreed to Tiberius for his beloved by his subjects, endeared to his intimate
victories over the Dalmatians and Pannonians friends, and prosperous in a reign of unpre-
deferred, on account of tidings received that cedented duration, he was far from finding
Quinctilius Varus, with three legions, had been happiness iu the bosom of his family. His wife
slain by the Germans under their chief Armi- Livia stood generally accused of having shortened
nius. The Romans, by this overwhelming mis- the days of this great Prince, who having no
fortune, lost all their possessions in Germany posterity of his own, appointed Tiberius, his
east of the Rhine. The grief of Rome, and that son in law, heir to the empire.
of Augustus in particular, was very great indeed As Augustus was the founder of the imperial
at this nationally humiliating disaster, a. d. government of Rome, it may here be proper to
10, Tiberius and Germanicus, to avenge the recapitulate the epochas of the different digni-
slaughter, made an attack on the Germans, but ties successively bestowed on him, and which
returned to Rome the same year. constituted the united prerogatives of that
766 (a. d. 13). —
Now sinking under the monarchical sovereignty which was transmitted
triple burthen of advauccd years, bodily in- by him to his successors. These dates will serve
firmities, and domestic infelicities, (his daughter to class the coins of this emperor, and arc ns
Julia, convicted of manifold adulteries, had been follow : —
As heir to the name of Caesar iu 710
banished to the island of Paudataria, b. c. 2), (b. c. 44), he caused himself to be nominated
Augustus associated Tiberius with him in the Consul. —
In 711 (B. c. 43), Triumvir [ Reipub -
Tribunitian power, in order that the latter, hrre Const it ttenda] with Antony and Lcpidus.
whom he had been so ill-advised as to adopt as (His etfigy from that time appears on the gold
his son and successor, might share with him the and silver coinage of Rome, but later on that
government of the provinces. of brass.) This triumvirate, though it lasted
—
767 (a. d. 14). Having attained his 76th no longer than U. c. 716 (b.c. 38), continued
year, Augustus caused the census to be again to be recorded on his cuius till B c. 35. After
 — M ——

AUGUSTUS. AUGUSTUS. 107

the defeat, followed by the death, of M. Auto- star. A
middle brass, minted to his posthu-
nius, b. c. 29, he took as a prenomeo the title mous honour, by the Seuate, exhibits on its re-
of Imperator; accepted the title of Augustus verse the figure of Livia as Ceres, with 'legend
in 727 caused the Tribunitia Potes-
(b. c. 27) ; of diva avgvsta. We see him also holding a
tas to be inscribed on
his money, and to be cal- patera, and in a temple. Ilis portrait was after-
culated from the date of June, 731 (b. c. 23); wards restored on coins struck by order of Cali-
was invested with the Chief Pontificate in 742 gula, Claudius, and other emperors. The colo-
(b. c. 12) and finally was honoured by the im-
; nial coins of Augustus, all bearing his “ image
posing appellation of Pater Patrue (Father of and superscription,” are numerous and generally
the Country), by the Senate and people, in 752 common, but many of them very interesting.
(b. c. 2). See divvs avgvstvs and divvs avgvstvs
[It may be regarded as near the last mentioned pater.
date, that the rare first brass coin was struck, AVGVST. CAESAR PONT. MAX. TRI-
of which an engraving of the portrait side is BVNIC. POT. Ccesar Augustus, Pontifex
placed at the head of this biographical notice. Maximus, Tribunicid Potestale. (The August
The legend is CAESAR AVGVSTVS DIVI Ciesar, Sovereign Pontiff, invested with the
Pitins, PATER PATRIAE. The type presents Tribunitian Power). Laureated head of Augus-
the laureated head of the Emperor. The altar tus, crowned by Victory from behind.
of Lyon forms its type of reverse. — See Jra Rev. —
arcus MAECILIVS II1VIR. A uro
Lugdunensis,
The
p. 73.]
coins of Augustus are very numerous.
Argento Acre F lando Yeriundo (See p. 1.)
.
—
On the earliest of them we read the title of
mvin. but on those of later date, its place is
supplied by the names of Caius Ctesar, Impera-
tor, Augustus, Pontifex Maximus, Did Films,
Pater Patrue. —
Golu and silver of ordinary size
(with exceptions) are common. A gold medal-
lion (sec sicii..) fouud at Herculaneum, unique.
Silver and brass medallions of foreign die, rare.
First and second brass common (with reverse of
Agrippa, rare in the 7th degree). Restored
second brass by Emperors, from Claudius to
Trajan, from 2nd to 6th degree of rarity. Sec — These legends and types appear on large brass,
Akerman, who observes, “ towards the end of struck by one of the monetary triumvirs of
this emperor’s reign, the gold and silver coins Octavianus Ciesar, after that prince had accept-
arc very beautiful, and the standard is of great ed the title of Augustus, a. u. c. 727 (b. c. 27),
purity.” —
Numismatic Manual, p. 179.
“ The medals of this politic ruler (says Capt.
but before he received the appellation of Pater
Patrue, in 752 (b. c. 2.)
Smyth), are easily obtainable, and at a moderate Lepidus having surrendered up his dignity as
price. Large brass ones, indeed, with the por- Triumvir, and M. Antonius not having long
trait, arc difficult to procure, and are high survived his ruinous defeat at Actium, Ciesar
priced according to their condition but those ;
Octavianus remained in sole possession of the
of middle brass and silver are extremely com- sovereign power. For this reason the goddess
mon for of the latter metal alone I have seen
;
of Victory is here represented standing behind
at least two hundred different reverses.”
Amongst the most curious types, in the
p. 5. — Augustus, with her right hand placing a crown
of laurel on his head. —
“ In fact (says Haver-
fertile mint of Augustus, are those which re- camp), this man had then attained so high
present the Temple of Janus shut (ian. ci.v.) ; a degree of fortune and prosperity, that he
the civic crown between the talons of the Roman seemed to be elevated above the common destiny
eagle the emperor himself in a quadriga on the
;
of human nature. It was under these circum-
top of a triumphal arch the crocodile and ;
stances that the Seuate decided that some mark
legend of egypto capta, indicating the defeat of honour and pre-eminence should be awarded
of Antony and Cleopatra; Apollo Cytharoedus, to him and they chose the surname of Augus-
;

and Diana, in memory of the battle of Actinm, tus, by which he was thenceforward called.”
where those deities were worshipped the Par- ;
—
AVGVstus CAESar. An altar, with legend
thians restoring
the legionary ensigns ; the fort. red. This silver coin was struck in re-
Zodiac sign of Capricorn, under which Augustus membrance of an altar having been erected, on
was born ; the Apex between the Ancilia the the return of the emperor to Rome, to Fortuna
—
;

Roman eagles the portrait of his daughter Livia Redux. (Vaillant, Pr. vol. ii. p. 27.)
—A Sphinx
;

between the heads of Lucius and Caius, his AVGVSTVS. (symbol of Egypt.)
adopted sons the inscriptive tribute to his con-
;
In memory of the seal of Augustus, on which
struction of public roads his equestrian statue, the figure of that fabulous animal, according to
&c. —
The medals struck after his death and
;

Suetonius, was engraved. —

This silver medallion,
apotheosis, bear the title of divvs avgvstvs, says Miounct, was struck in Asia. —
See Sphinx.
and of divvs avgvstvs pater. The radiated AVGVSTVS. — Capricorn and horn of plenty,
head is the sign of his deification it is some- : some with globe and rudder, others without.
times accompanied with a thunderbolt and a Silver medallion ;
also denarii. There is another
P 2
 - ,

AUGUSTUS. AUGUSTUS.
108
legend, the Jupiter Optiiuus Maximus, si respublica <n
denarius of this emperor, with same
above meliorem statum vertisset (Suet. Aug. 23.)—
reverse type representing a Capricorn, edited
Ecklicl, cited ill Did. of Romau Riog. &c.
which is 'a female with lloating drapery.— Au-
gustus was born under the constellation Capri
by Dr. W. Smith.
that AVGVSTVS, within a rostral crown.— A brass
coruus hence the frequent occurrence of
:

See Capricorn us. mcdnlliou.

sign on his coins. Akerman.
“ Such were the advantages (observes ( 1 laver-
A YG VST VS Tit. l’OT. An equestrian
hi - deci-
j
carnp) which Octaviauus gained from
1

sive naval victory at Actium, that the

Senate
the
This sculptural honour was decreed by
caused a medal to be struck, which, by
repre-
Senate to Augustus, iu commemoration
of his i

senting prows of galleys, interlaced with a

crown
munilicence, in repairing the Via tlaminia, I

the
he also accepted of laiu-el, should present continually before
a. u. c. 731 (b. c. 23), when a
lhese eveuts aic re- public eye, in every province of the empire,
the perpetual Tribunate,
monument recalling the rcmcmbrauce of that
corded on silver coins bearing the above
legend
great, and to him, glorious event.
His new
and type. -
name of avgvstvs is also seen enclosed within
.
T ,

AVGVSTVS TR. TOT. VIII.—Head of

bears
the crown; for the obverse of this coin
Augustus.
simply the head of Augustus, bare, and without
—
pev A cippns, or milliary column, with this
CAESari, QVOD. legend. — See Corona llostrata.
inscription: S. P. Q. R. IMP.
Vue M
unil* Sunt EX. EA. Vecunia uam IS. Q
i!

AVGVSTVS. S. C. —
An cngle holds in his
\TN1C1\S, L. r. talons an oaken crown, behind him arc two
AL). kerarium DE lu/il: L. i

On the reverse of an aureus

branches of laurel
MR (The Senate and the Roman
people
j

111 presents the

of Augustus, the obverse of which
|
1

to the Emperor, Crcsar, for his having caused

following
money, with bare head of that prince, with the
the highways to be repaired w ith the
legend caesar cos. vii. civibvs servatis.
had replenished the public treasury.)
:
which lie
highest Augustus having by his successes abroad,
This coin (rare in silver, but of the
the repairs of guaranteed the repose of the empire, and having
rarity in gold) has reference to
protected the lives of the citizens of Rome
by
I

empire, on
the public roads throughout the
the rc-establisliment of internal peace and
tran-
and con-
which Augustus had bestowed great
:

that purpose quillity, the Senate ordered that laurel trees

tinued care, in appropriating to with a
should be planted in front of his palace,
pecuniary contributions which he had
levied 1

the and
particular view to recall his victories to remembrance;
on conquered nations. It has also should
the Flamiman
1

that in the midst a crown of oak leaves

allusion to his having restored which
be placed, as a symbol of the preservation
1

own expense. simplicity of

The
way, at his
the emperor had secured to the Roman
people.
remarkably striking; whilst
this inscription is
without being — Sec Eagle, an engraving of this reverse.
for
its meaning is perfectly
pompous or affected— a merit seldom
clear,
to be AVGVSTVS AVGVSTA. —
On gold aud silver
reverse re-
coins, minted by Nero, the type of
ascribed to modern legends.
There an presents the togated figure of
AXGXstus COMM. CONS. is
Augustus, with head radiated,
tact and
equally interesting specimen of Roman
exhibited standing with patera in right
simplicity in dedicatory inscriptions,
Rufus hand, aud the hasta pura in
on a denarius minted by L. Mescinius KS Near him stands
Cicero his left.
the same individual who was Quaestor to
Livia Augusta, in the stola,
in Cilicia B. c. 51;and who, from coins, appears
triumvir uuder with veil thrown back, a patera
to have held the office of mouctal
iu right hand, aud a cornu-
Augustus, in the years b. c. 17 and 16.
copia; iu her left.
his life of Claudius (c. 11),
Suetonius, in
relates of that Emperor, that having turned his
lie instituted an
attention to otliccs of Piety,
binding upon,
oath than which uoue was more
himself, viz. by
nor more frequently used by
honours
Augustus;” and that he caused divine
to be also decreed to his
graudmother Livia
(wife of Augustus).—This coin
of Nero shews
On the obverse is a cippns with IMP. caes.
(Pr. ii. p. 62), that
he in
savs Vaillant,
avgv. comm. cons, that is, Imperator Caesar
us,
emulation of Claudius, consecrated statues to
Augustus comm uni consensu, and round the cip- memoriam he
Augustus and Livia, which in ret
pus l MtsciNivs rvpvs in. vik. s. c.: on the re-
.
mintage. Eck-
o. M. 8. recorded ou his gold and silver
verse, inclosed ill a chaplet of oak leaves, I. readers, on Uns
PR. S. IMP. CAES. QVOD PER KV. R.
hcl (vol. vi. 260) reminds his
P. Q. R. V. S. arc figured on
TRAN. S. E. that is, loti Optimo point, that Augustus and Livia
p. IN AMP. ATQ. dress m
P. Q. R. votnm susceptum pro sat ale other coins of Nero, not very dissimilar
Maximo S.
but sitting
Imperatoris Caesaris, qtiorl per eum res pubtica and attributes to the above example,
in ampliore ah/ue tranqnilliore statu
est. This iu a quadriga of Elcphauts.
Sec Agrippina—
after Clnudii.
interpretation is confirmed by the fact that, , .

the defeat of Varus some years

afterwards, we AVGVSTVS S. C. — An .

eagle with expanded

Augustus to wings, resting on a crowu of oak leaves, on each

rend that games were vowed by
 — — — ;

AUGUSTUS. AUGUSTUS. 109

side a laurel branch.
is —Engraved in Caylus’s by the Senate and the Roman people. (Dion,
aiirei of Augustus. quoted by Vaillant.) A gold coin of the same
In Dion Cassius (t. liii. $ 1G) there is a passage, reign, with the same legend, and Victory in a
which lucidly explains this reverse. A decree, biga, refers to the Circcnsian games given by
says that historian, was made year (u. c.
this Augustus. —
See Morel’s, King’s, aud Caylus’s
727, B. c. 27) “ that laurels should he planted plates.
in front of Augustus’s house on the Palatine, AVGVSTVS PATER PATRIAE.— Sec Pater
aud a crown of oak suspended from the top of Patria.
the house, as though he had been the ‘ perpe- AVGVSTVS GERMANICVS. — On an aureus
tual conqueror of the enemies (of Rome)’ and of Nero, bearing this legend 011 its reverse, the
‘the preserver of citizens (Civium Servator).”’ type represents a male figure standing, habited
— The letters s. c. observes Ecklvel (vol. vi. in the toga, his head surrounded with rays,
p. 88), were added on this gold coin to shew holding in his right hand a branch, aud in liis
that Caesar had, in the above mentioned year, left a small victory on a globe. The obverse
been called Augustus by a decree of the Senate, exhibits nero Caesar, and a laureated head.
aud also that the oaken crown, and the laurels This gold coin has given
were voted to him by the same lawful authority. rise to very opposite inter-

The expression of Pliny (l. xvi. § 3), likewise pretations amongst numis-
throws light on this legend and type, viz. that matic antiquaries. Occo con-
Augustus, after putting an end to the civil siders this figure to represent
wars, accepted for himself a civic crown in re- the Emperor Claudius, by
compense from the whole race of mankind whom, to the prejudice of
(genere humauo.) —
See Eagle. was adopt-
Britannicus, Nero
—
SS Gust us D1VI. F. A crescent with seveu ed. Vaillant (Pr. 63) concurs in this sup-
ii. p.
stars imp. X. in the field. position, and points to the radiated bead as in-
This rare denariu., minted under Augustus dicating the apotheosis of Claudius. Tristan —
relates to the war which Tiberius brought to a (vol. i p. 211) who has copiously treated of this

triumphant conclusion in Pannonia On this coin, differs from the above writers. After judi-
—
Augustus is called Impcrator X. Vaillaut sub- ciously observing, that the legends on both sides
mits whether it was not in that year that Augus- of this aureus arc to be taken in connection w ith
tus regulated the days of the year, to which each other viz. nero caesar — avgvstvs
ger-
these stars seem to allude. —
Engraved in Morel ma xi evs — and that the surname of
epithet, or
aud King. Germanicus, both in history and on coins, w as
AYG usliis SVF. (Suffiutenla, Populo.) Gold — given to Nero as well as Claudius, he decidedly
of Augustus. —
The emperor seated on au cstrade, pronounces that the radiated image is meant for
distributing the prizes of the secular games to that of Nero himself. Tristan is moreover of
two figures, standing before him. On the ground opinion that Nero w'as distinguished by the
isa basket. On the estrade we read lvd. s. (Liidi corona radiata, because he was ambitious to
Seculares) celebrated i). c. 17.
.
See the svf. rival Apollo and indeed even Seneca, in his
;

P. D. (Suffimentum Populo Datum) of Domitiau, Apocolocyntosis, compares him to that deity,

minted on a like occasion. both in form, as of the rising sun, and in his
Of by L. mescinivs,
this gold coin, struck vocal powers. After such gross flattery on the
one of the mint masters of Augustus, Mioimet, part of his preceptor, it seems but a natural con-
who has valued it at 300 fr. has given a beautiful sequence that this spoiled child of a prince shoidd
engraving. —
Sec Ilarete des Medaitles Ptomaines ,
have appointed five thousand praetorian soldiers
to accompany him to the theatre, and who used,
&c. T. i. p. 110.
AVGVSTVS D1VI F. Equestrian statue of —
when he sang, to shout “ 0 beautiful Casar —
Augustus. Rev. p. stolo. iiivir. The apex — —
0 Apollo 0 thou Pythias, See.”
between two bucklers. —
Sec Anci/ia, p. 43. Eckhcl (vi. p. 269), expresses his agree-
This rare and beautiful denarius refers (says ment with Tristan, as to the type in question
Yaillant, Pr. hupp. Rom. ii. 25), to the statue being an indication that a statue of similar cha-
erected in honour of Augustus, in the month of racter had been erected in honour of Nero
March, when the Salian solemnities were cele- aud he remarks, that it is the first instance of a
brated. radiated crown appearing on the head of a living
On various coins of Augustus, both silver and emperor, though from that time it very fre-
gold, he is styled CAESAR divi. f. (Caesar sou quently occurs on the obverses of Nero’s coius,
of the Divine Julius.) One of these reverses in second brass. —
The learned author of Doctrina
bears the type of an equestrian statue. Accord- — goes on, however, to say that he does not re-
ing to Dion (quoted by Yaillant) Augustus, after gard this distinction of crowning with rays, as
his return from Syria, in the year u. c. 735, conferred upon Nero, either from an admiration
(b. c. 19,) entered Rome on horseback, taking of his person, or through the extravagant lan-
the honours of the ovation, for Roman successes. guage of the theatres.
—
“ For why (he asks),
Another with the same legend, has for its de- does not the radiated crown appear on those
vice a triumphal quadriga. On his bringing to coins, on which Nero is typified as moving in
a termination the Sicilian war, arche3, statues, the full costume of Apollo the harp-player
and triumphal cars were, by universal and cu- (Cilharoedus) ? Arc we to imagine that Ves-
j

Augustus Caesar,
thusiastic consent, decreed to |
pasian also, and Antoninus Pius, and M. Aurc-
 ’ —A ; ——

110 AUGUSTUS. AVITUS.

lius, were desirous of being thought beautiful, AVIS. —A was assigned to cer-
particular bird
and good musicians, because they too appear tain gods —
and goddesses as the eagle to Jupiter,
with radiated heads ? or that those renowned, the cock to Mars, the owl to Minerva, the pea-
and honourable princes coveted for themselves cock to J uno. Thus also the dove was the sym-
an honour, which Nero, whose memory they bol of conjugal concord, as the stork was of filial
abhorred, had acquired with so unworthy a mo- piety.
tive? We must conclude then, that it was the AVES. —
Birds appear on coins of Julius
pleasure of Nero, the vainest of men, to be con- Caesar, Augustus, Mark Antony, Titus, both
sidered as a deity —
of which honour, or at any the Faustinas, Commodus, and Volusianus, &c.
rate of a divine lineage, the radiated crown was A bird, with the hclmcted head of a woman,
the invariable symbol, as well amongst the Ro- haring a shield at its left side, and armed with
mans as the Greeks. —
To Julius Caesar, after his two spears, is found on a denarius of the Valeria
victory over the Pompeys iu Spain, a radiated gens.
crown was (according to Flavus) decreed in the A. or AVL. VITELL .
— A ulus Vitellius.
theatre, amongst other honours obviously of a AVITUS (Marcus Mcecilius). —A native of
divine character. —
Augustus is represented, with that part of southern Gaul now called Aquitaine,
radiated head, on many coins, struck after his descended from a noble family, and reckoning
death. And long before that period, Antiochus Patricians and Senators amongst his ancestors,
IV., king of Syria, was exhibited with this or- he became, in consequence of his military ex-
nament indeed he went so far as to cause him-
;
ploits and high reputation, Praetorian prefect in
self to be reverenced as a deity, by the inscrip- Gaul under Valcntinian III. (a. d. 425), and af-
tion, on his coins, of the word 0EOT. The — terwards general of cavalry', under Petronius
emperors who succeeded Nero, cannot be said, —
Maximus. He was proclaimed Augustus at
so much to have sought divine honours, as to Arles, and his election confirmed by the senate
have shewn no repugnance, when any distinction, aud people of Rome, a.u.c. 1208 (a.d. 455).
above the lot of man, was conferred upon them, His title of Emperor of the West was at the
by which they might inspire the people with same time recognised by Marcianos, who be-
veneration, and a kind of superstitious awe. — came Emperor of the East, in marrying Pulche-
convincing proof of this is to be found in the ria, sister of Theodosius II. —
After a reign of
fact, that the heads of the Augusts, in the gold 14 months he was taken prisoner by Ricimer,
and silver coinage, (which was under the direc- a.d. 436, one of his own generals; and being
tion of the Emperors) are without exception des- compelled to abdicate the government, he enter-
titute of the radiated crown, up to the time of ed into ecclesiastical orders, and receiving con-
Caraealla, who first introduced it, more fre- secration as Bishop of Placentia, died soon after-
quently and promiscuously' on his silver coins. wards. His coins of each metal are very rare.
On the other hand, this radiated type constantly
occurs on brass coins, especially of the second
size but, as it is well known, the care of this
;

coinage devolved on the senate, whose flattery

of the Emperors was thoroughly appreciated
and acquiesced iu by them. Eckhel’s remarks —
on the divinity ascribed to Nero are admirably
illustrated from the following passage, which he
cites from Tacitus (Ann. xv. 74): “Ccrealis
—
Anicius, the consul elect, moved a resolution,
that a temple be erected as soon as possible, at A gold coin of Avitus, in the British Museum,
the public cost, in honour of divvs nero.” exhibits on the obverse the head of the emperor,
Although, as he afterwards adds, “ the honours wearing the diadem ornamented with pearls, and
of the Gods are not bestowed on a prince, till surrounded with the legend D. N. avitvs perp.
he has ceased to live amongst mortals.” See — f. avg. —
and on the reverse, victoria avggg.
Corona radiata. A military figure, his left foot planted on a pros-
—
Augustus Divus. The emperor Augustus had trate captive a cross in his right hand, and a
;

divine honours paid him during his life time, in globe surmouutcd by a victoriola in his left. In
the provinces but not at Rome, nor in any
;
the field a. r. —
In the exergue comob. Mion- —
other part of Italy. —
See divvs avgvstvs. nct gives from the cabinet of M. Gosselin,
—
Augustus Iterum. Hadrian is thus called on another aureus of this prince, which as well as
a coin of Mcsembria in Thrace, preserved in the the one published by Banduri, has for the legend
Imperial Museum at Vienna. — See Bocl. Num. of reverse vrbis (sic)ItIsona, the type Roma
I'd.VoL v 339.i i i .
Victrix seated. —
On other coins he is styled D.N.
Augustus Semper. — Isidorus
has Ilispalcnsis avitiivs. p. f. avg. and m. maf.cll avitvs (or
remarked that “ Augustus' was, among the AVITIIVS P. F. AVG.
Romans, a title designative of Empire, because AVR. Aurelius, name of the Aurelia family,
the Emperors, in the earlier times, were accus- and of several of the Emperors.
tomed to “ increase the extent of the common- —
AVR. Aureum, See saec. avr. Seculum
wealth.” From this circumstance no doubt (adds Aureum, on a gold coin of Hadrian.
Eckhel) arose the title of Semper Augustus. AURELIA gens plebeia of Sabine origin,
Augustus Perpetuus See perp. avg.
. — noted for having produced very eminent men
 — — ;

AURELIANUS. AURELIANUS. Ill

men on whom were conferred the highest offices peace with the vanquished barbarians. He also
of the State. According to Festus, this family recovered Gaul and Spain out of the hands of
was from the Sun because the Roman
so called : the elder Tetricus. Scarcely, however, had he
people publicly granted it a place, in which sacri- placed Rome in a state of security by repairing
fices might be performed to the Sun. It was dis- and fortifying the walls (one of which, com-
tinguished by the prenomina of Cains, Lucius, menced A. D. 271, bears his name and exists to
Marcus; and by the cognomina of Cotta, Rufus, this day), when the war against Zenobia called
Scaurus, both on coins and by ancient writers. him into the East and that ambitious and
;

The Aurelia gens often enjoyed the honours heroic Queen, widow of Odenathus, Prince of
of the Consulate, of the Censorship, and of the Palmyra, defended her dominions with a coiu'age
Triumph, in the times of the Commonwealth, and conduct truly masculine. At length her
and was afterwards associated with monarchical magnificent capital, after a long siege, reduced
dignity in the persons of several of the Emperors. to extremities by famine, surrendered to the
Mionnet, out of 17 varieties (from Morel) gives Roman arms a. u. c. 1025 (a. d. 272). And
the following as a rarity, in silver : Zenobia, after a fruitless attempt to escape, was
brought as a prisoner to Rome, where she, toge-
ther with Tetricus, graced the triumph of the
victorious emperor, a. n. 273. — Palmyra de-
stroyed and Egypt subdued, Aurelian endeavoured
at Rome to gain the affections of a lazy and
insolent populace, by his liberalities, which were
of the most prodigal kind. But, in caressing
the multitude, he still maintained order and
justice, and was inexorable against crime, his
cota. Winged head of Pallas: behind X punishment of which was sometimes carried to
(mark of the denarius.) a dreadful extreme, as in the case of the monetal
Rev m. avreli.
.
Hercules in a car drawn forgers, u. c. 1027 (a.d. 274.) His prudence
by two centaurs, each holding a branch of a dictated to him the abandonment of Dacia (the
tree ; below roma. conquest of Trajan), situated beyond the Danube,
Eckhel says, “ I prefer confessing my ignor- which river then became the barrier of the
ance of the meaning of the singular type ex- empire. On his march against the Persians,
hibited on the reverse of this coin, rather than whose King, Sapor, had begun the hostilities,
avail myself of such irrelevant matter, as that he was assassinated between Byzantium and
with which some learned men have endeavoured Heraclea, a. d. 275, by some of his generals
to explain it; an instance of which may be found (deceived by the treachery of his freedman and
in Spauheim. One circumstance only, am I secretary Mnesteus), after reigning four years
inclined to bring forward; viz. that a similar type and nine months.
exists on a Greek medal, with the inscription
orpE. (which I ascribe to Horreus of Epirus)
on which we see on one side the head of Her-
cules, and on the other a centaur running, bear-
ing a branch covered with berries. Rod. Num.
Vet. vol. v. p. 147.) —
See Centaur also Mars.—
AURELIANA, or Aurelianorum Civitas,
now Orleans in France. A coin attributed to
this colony is engraved in the Pembroke col-
lection (iii. tab. 91, fig. 5), with bare head of a Aurelian is represented on his coins, some-
woman, and metal, avrelianvs, within a times laureated, sometimes radiated, after the
crown. —Rasche. usual manner of the Roman Emperors at other
;

AURELIANUS (Lucius Claudius Romitius), times crowned with the diadem, according to
born of an obscure family, at Sirmium, in the fashion of eastern kings. —
Victor says of
Pannonia, or in Dacia Ripensis, about the year him, “ Primus apud Romanos diadematem capiti
of Rome 960 (a. d.
207). A
man of sagacity, innexuit ” —
and Jornandcs (quoted by Oisclius),
valour, and talent, severe even to cruelty, he says, “ Is primus gemmas vestibus, calceamen-
distinguished himself in Gaul, under Gordianus tisque inseruit, diadematemque in capite.”
Pius (a. d. 241), agaiust the Sarmatians. He On the Latin coins of this emperor he is
army of
rose to be gcucral of the cavalry, in the styled, avrelianvs avg. —
imp. c. avrelianvs
Claudius Gothicus and, with the consent of all
; —
AVG. IMP. C. L. DOJI. AVRELIANVS AVG. IMP.
the legions, was proclaimed Emperor in Pan- CAES. DOM. AVRELIANVS AVG. —
IJIP. C. AVRE-
nonia, after the death of that prince 1023 —
LIANVS INVICTVS AVG. DEO ET DOMINO NATO
(a. d. 270). He
embellished Rome; and re-built
the temple of the Sun, of which his wife was
—
AVRELIANO AVG. DEO £t DOMINO NOSTRO, &C.
Thus we see, by the last of these titles, that
priestess. The Goths, Germans, and other “ humble Pannonian peasant was the first
this
northern tribes who assailed the empire, having of the Roman princes who openly assumed the
deluged Italy with their myriads, defeated Aure- regal diadem,and now for the first time we read
lian at Placentia. But he avenged himself on medals struck [at Rome] during the life time
promptly by three victories, and the result was of an emperor, the arrogant and impious titles
 — — —— — —

AURELIUS, AURELIUS.
112
of Domin' vs et Devs.” —
See Dictionary of father (who was brother to the wife of Anto-
ninus Pius), he received from Hadrian the ap-
Greek and Homan Biography and Mythology, At the
pellation of M. Annius Vcrissimus.
vol. i. 436. .

The gold is early age of 15 years, he was permitted to as-

Aurelian’s money is numerous.
Base sume the toga virilis. Adopted by Antoninus
of the second and fourth degree of rarity.
The brass, with exceptional in- Pius at the time when Hadrian adopted Anto-
silver also rare.
common. Some pieces represent ninus, he was named in the year U. c. 891 (a.d.
stances, is very
138), Cirsar aud Consul aud from that period
him with Ulpia Sevcrina, his wife; and others ;

was called M. -Elius Aurelius. After having

with Vahalathvs Athenodoms. On some of his
been declared Consid for the second time, he
medals, the entire host appears, and shews this
married (a. d. 145) Annia Faustina, daughter
warlike prince with spear on right shoulder and
of Antoninus Pius and of Faustina senior, a
shield on left arm.
Amongst the rarest types of reverse are the
woman infamous for her adulteries, but a skillul
dissembler with her husband. In A. V. c. 900
following :

Emperor (a. d. 147), he was invested with the Tribuni-

Gold Medallions,advent vs avg.
[This, by tiau power.At the death of Antoninus, u. c.
on horseback, with lance reversed.
914 161), he succeeded to the empire,
(a. d.
far the rarest medallion of the Aurelian mint,
being proclaimed by the Senators, in conjunction
and in extremely fine preservation, brought £20
Thomas collection, in 1844. with Verus, his adopted brother, whom he
at the sale of "the
generously took for his colleague. Aud thus,
The same type is engraved in Akcrman, Descr.
for the time, Rome saw herself governed
Cat. ii. pi. i. p. 91].— Gold. p. m. tr. p. vn.
first

[See the by two Angusti Imperalores, sharing with

et
cos. ii. pp. Mars carrying a trophy.
Awell-preserved specimen of this each other the supreme authority of the state,
preceding cut.
to exercise it iu common. It was then (a. d.
fine type, at the Thomas sale, brought £5 7s.
6d.] — providenti a DEORVM. Providence and 161) that lie took the names M. Aurelius An-
toninus, thereby markiug his transit from the
the Sun. Third Brass, pietas avg. Two
—
restitvt okbis. The Em- Annia to the Aurelia family. From a. d. 162
figures sacrificing.
to 165, he defeated and brought to submission
peror crowned by a female figure ; with invic-
—
tvs on the obverse. deo et domino nato
the Parthians, the Medes, and the Armenians.
In a. d. 166, he participated with Verus, in the
avreliano avg. Head of Aurelian. Rev. re-
honours of the triumph, at Home, for these
stitvt. ORRIS.
victories. From A. u C. 920 (a. l). 1 67), 1°
AVRELIANVS AVG. CONS. (Angusti Con-
servator). —A rare second brass. 927 174), Aurelius was engaged in re-
The Emperor (a. d.
pelling the destructive inroads of the Marco-
in a military habit, before a lighted altar, holding
manui, the Quadi, the Sarmatians, aud almost
a patera in his right, and a sceptre in his left
hand. —There is a fine brass medallion, minted all
banded
the nations inhabiting the north of Europe,
together during that period iu a formid-
under the same Augustus, corresponding in le-
able league against the Romans. Making bind
gend and type with the above, except that the
imperial sacrificcr is habited in the toga. Sec — against this furious storm, he saved the empire
by the firmness of his character and the w isdom
it engraved in the Mas. Pisani, tad. Lxxii.
of his measures, by his indefatigable zeal and
Aurelian testified in various ways his par-
undaunted courage in the midst of dangers.
ticular devotion to the Sun, to whom on this
medal he is represented in the act of sacrificing;
About a. ii. 177, he received the title of p. p.
(Pater Pat rite.) Meanwhile the whole of Italy
and upon whose deityship he here bestows the
title of his preserver. —
See Spanheim’s Cicsars, and nearly all the provinces, were desolated by
a most ilrendfid pestilence, which the troops of
p. 189— see also sol., dominvs
imperi. romani,
the rarest secoud brass of Verus had brought with them from the east.
aud sou. invicto.
That debauched young prince himself fell n vic-
this Emperor.
tim to his excesses iu a. d. 169. After subdu-
ing a rebellion in Germany, suppressing a re-
j

volt of the Britons, qnelliug the insurrection of

Avidius Cassius in Italy, and triumphing over
most of his enemies, this renowned emperor
terminated his eventful career, iu a renewed war
with the Marcomunni and their barbaric allies;
dying at Vindobona, in Panuonin (now Vienna,
in Austria), according to some or at Sirmiuin;

j
(now Sirmich, Austria), according to others, in
the year of Rome 933 (a.d. 180), in the 59th

j
of liis age, and 19th of his reign. He had by —
Faustina the younger, Commodus and Lncilla,
also four sons and three daughters who died in
their infancy.
AURELIUS (Marcus Axxius Veres) sou Aurelius, no less celebrated for his literary

of Anuius Vents, the p net or, and of Doinitia accomplishments, than for his military exploits,
Calvilla, born at Rome, in the year of the city is usually distinguished by the name of ‘‘the

S74 aud of Christ 121. After "the death of his I

Philosopher,” in consequence of his attachment
 —
——— — — — — — — —————— —

AURELIUS. AURELIUS. 113

to the system of the Stoics. Bat neither coins NVS PIVS. —Thus itappears that on several of
nor marbles hand down any inscriptions that his coins the name of Aurelius is omitted.
assign to him this particular .addition, however AVRELIVS CAESAR, ANTONINI AVG.
due to his learning and to his gravity of deport- PII Yi/ius. (Aurelius Caesar, son of Antoninus,
ment. In public spirited disinterestedness and the August and the Pius.)
for irreproachable morals, he equalled, perhaps
excelled, the best of his imperial predecessors,
and successors 'When, in a calamitous
too.
struggle with invading myriads from the northern
hive of nations, the public treasury became emp-
tied, and fresh supplies of money were required
to carry on the war, this illustrious prince
brought to auction in the Forum Trajani all the ,

ornaments and furniture of his palace, generously

parting with his private fortune rather than in-
crease the pressure of provincial taxation. But
Marcus Aurelius, wise and honest as he was,
had nevertheless his weaknesses and his faults, On the obverse of a large brass, bearing the
amongst which must be noticed the dignities above legend, appears the bare head of the
which he lavished on an openly abandoned youthful Marcus Aurelius, with curly hair, ado-
wife, and the premature honours which he con- lescent beard, and a countenance of which the
ferred on his monster of a son. The most expression (as the above engraving testifies) is
grievous blot, however, which his just and mer- open and pleasing. This com was struck a
ciful characteristics sustained, was in the cruel- short time previous to the year a. n. 140, in
ties, which, he did not actually encourage, he
if which Antoninus, having giveu Aurelius his
too readily permitted, to be exercised against daughter Faustina in marriage, advanced the
the Christians, and which w cre carried to such
r
young Cscsar to the consulate.
a height, that under his reign are chronologi- Amongst the rarest and most remarkable
cally placed the horrors of the fourth persecu- legends and types, on reverses in the coinage of
tion. Yet “taking Mm for all in all” —looking this emperor, are the following, viz.
—
:

to the correctness of his habits, the simplicity Gold and Silver. commodvs c.esar. Young
of his manners, the liberality of his natural head. —
coxsecratio. Funeral pile. cos. n.
disposition, as evinced in his written medita- Emperor in a quadriga. DE germ. Heap
tions, and practically exemplified in his conduct of arms. DE sarm. Do. imp. vi. cos. hi.
through life, it is not to be wondered at that Emperor on horseback. imp. vii. cos. Do.
his memory was long revered by posterity, or imp. vi. cos. hi. Emperor crowned by Victory.
that more than a century after his death, many — PIET AS avg. Sacrificial instruments. reltg.
persons preserved his image amongst those of avg. Mercury. tr. pot. xv. cos. hi. Em-
their tutelary deities. peror in quadriga — (Cabinet de Gosselin). —
vie.
[The wood cut, at the head of this notice, is par. Victory is inscribing on a buckler. vota
from the obverse of a brass medallion iu the pubmca. Two figures standing with joined
French cabinet. With the legend M. axtoxi- hands, Concord in the midst.
xvs avg. tb. p. xxviii. it exhibits a striking —
Brass Medallions. adlocvtio. One of the
portrait, of finished workmanship. In mature figures holds a horse by the bridle. ad vent vs
age, the emperor" retains a full head of hair, to avg. Emperor walking towards a triumphal
which the laurel crown is a conspicuous orna- arch. imp. vii. cos. in. Jupiter Tonans and a
ment the beard is luxuriant, even to shaggi-
; Titan. imp. viii. cos. iii. Aurelius and Verus
ness his shoulders arc covered with the impe-
; in a triumphal car. profectio avg. s. c. Two
rial laticlavum, clasped with a tibula to the right horsemen and two foot soldiers. profectio
shoulder.] avg. cos. hi. Emperor on horseback, and four
The coins of Aurelius are very numerous. The foot soldiers. temporvm felicitas. Hercules
gold common, except some of second degree of in a car drawn by four centaurs. TR. P. xxn.
rarity. —
Silver common, except some of fifth Jupiter, standing, between two small figures
degree of rarity. —
Brass common, except some of clothed in the toga.— vict. parthicae. On a
eighth degree of rarity. —
There are pieces which shield supported by two Victories. vota pvb
represent him with Antoninus, Faustina junior, lica. A grand sacrificial group. —
Without le-
Lucius Verus, and Commodus.— On these medals gend. Minerva and Vulcan. —
Without legend.
he is styled AVRELIYS CAESAR.—AYRE- —
Neptune and Ceres. Without legend. Impe-
LIYS CAESAR AVG usti PII YlLius (with rator eques.
the voung head).— M. AVRELIYS ANTONI- First Brass. — cong. avg.iii. Aurelius and
N VS— IMP. CAES. M. AVREL. ANTONI- Verus distributing their third congiarium.
NVS. —
M. ANTONINVS AYGVSTYS.— Also coxsecratio. Carpentum and four elephants.
with the surnames of ARMENIAGVS, PAR- diva favstixa. Head of the Empress. nivvs —
THICVS, MAXIMVS—MEDICVS (the Me- vervs. Bare head of Verus. piiopvgxatori
dian); GERMANICVS, and SARMATICVS. imp. viii. cos. iii. Jupiter hurling the fulmen
— On h's consecration medals appear, DIVVS at a prostrated figure. providextia avg.
M. ANTONINVS, and DIVVS M. ANTONI- Type of an Allocution. relig. avg. A figure
 — —— — ——— —

114 AUREOLUS. AURORA.

within a temple. hex. armenis datvs. The in Rhictia, or in Upper Italy, or probably in
Emperor and three other figures. restitvtoui Milan.”
itali.e. The Emperor raising up a kneeling Al'RIG.E — Charioteers— those who drove the
woman. tr. pot. xx. Aurelius and Vcrus in a cars at the games of the Circus, and contended
triumphal car. virtvs avg. The Emperor on for the prize in the races. It is the auriga
a bridge with soldiers. whom we sec, on coins, guiding so many biga,
Second Brass. divo avg. pabenti. Em- triga, and quadriga, tinder the form of Jupiter,
peror on horseback. tr. p. xiii. Figure of a of Victory, &c. or in the person of the Consul
winged sphinx. proceeding, or the Emperor triumphing. With
—
AURELIUS. In the imperial scries, the regard to chariot racing on public occasions, at
name of Aurelius occurs no less than 13 times, first, a Roman citizen disdained to exercise him-

as will appear on consulting Mionnet’s M

('dailies self in such a competitorsbip but afterwards, as
;

Romaines, or Akermau’s Descriptive Catalogue corruption introduced itself into the manners of
of Roman Coins, viz.: —
1. Marcus Aurelius the people, persons of the first distinction, and
Vcrus, successor of Antoninus Pius. 2. Corn- — some even of the Augusti, were not ashamed to
modus, his son, was called L. Aurelius and M. practice the science of the whip. Nero and
Aurelius Antoninus. —
3. Caracalla, eldest son Domitiau were passionately addicted to these
of Septimius Scvcrus, when created Cicsar, took, sports and the former frequently took a per-
;

or rather usurped, the name of M. Aurelius sonal share in them.

—
Antoninus. 4. Elngabalus, under pretence of The vanity of Nero (according to Dion Cassius)
being the son of Caracalla, assumed the names led him to attempt equalling the Sun in cha-
of M. Aurelius Antoninus. —
5. Severus Alexan- rioteering; and accordingly, with truly ridiculous
der, successor of Elagabalus, took, by adoption, acclamations (see avgvstvs germanicvs) the
the name of Marcus Aurelius Alexander. 0. — populace greeted him as victor at all the Cir-
Marius, an usurper in the reign of Gallienus, censian contests, with the titles of Casar
bears on his coins the prenomina of Marcus Au- Apollo, or Nero Apollo. Hence also on a
relius. [The coins described by Mediobarbus Corinthian coin of that conceited tyrant, en-
and Bandnri, with the legends marcvs avrf,- graved by Vaillaut (in Col. i. 117), we sec the
i.ivs victorinvs (says Akerman) are doubted ] figure of the Sun (distinguished by the rays that
— 7. Claudius Gothicus, a great prince, though adorn his head) standing in a quadriga, and
of an obscure family, is styled on his coins holding a whip in his right hand. Havcrcamp, —
—
Marcus Aurelius. 8. Ilis brother and succes- in his dissertation on coutorniatc medals, fur-

sor Quintillus, had for his prenomina Marcus nishes many designs of charioteers, in the act
Aurelius Claudius. —
9. Then we have Marcus of driving four horses, decorated with palm
Aurelius Probus. —
10. Marcus Aurelius Cams. branches, &c. —
See Circus Maximus.
— 11. Marcus Aurelius Valcrianus Maximiauus. —
AURORA. The daughter of Titan, and har-
— 12. Marcus Aurelius Valerius Maxcntius. binger of the Sun, appears as a winged figure,
And 13. M. Aurelius Romulus, son of Maxcn- between four horses, whose reins she holds, on
tius. The first, however, of aU these, Marcus a coin of L. Planeus. —
Sec Plaulia gens.
Aurelius, surnamed the Philosopher, is the There is also another image of “ the rosy
one who is usually, par excellence, designated fingered” demi-goddess, on a brass medallion of
by that name.
AUREOLUS —
(Marcus Acilius) one of the
many tyranni or usurpers, that sprang up in
various parts of the empire, during the reign of
Gallienus. A Dacian by birth, and (if Zouams
is to be credited) in his youthful days a shep-
herd, he rose in the army, and at length be-
came governor of Illyria under Gallienus, whom
he rescued out of the rebellious hands of Ma-
crianus and his son, only, ns it would seem, to
revolt afterwards against his own sovereign.
He was proclaimed emperor by the legions in
Illyria, or rather in Rhictia, about the year of
Our Lord 267. Defeated by Gallienus, shortly
afterwards, he shut himself up in Mediolanum Trajan. —
The obverse bears the head of tha*
(Milan) ;
but was delivered from his besiegers emperor, and is inscribed divo nervae traiano
by the assassination of Gallienus to be slain —
avg. The legend of the reverse is s. p. q. u.
—
;

by the troops of Claudius Gothicus, a. d. 268. divo traiano partiiico. The type represents
On his coins, which consist of gold (if genuine) Aurora holding in her right hand a lighted
and small brass (no silver) of the highest rarity, torch, and in her left a palm branch. She
he is styled, IMP. c. avreolvs avg. —
imp. m. stands in a chariot drawn conjointly by a lion
acil. avreolvs p. p. Avo. —
Reverses are, provi- and a wild boar. A Hercules precedes, holding
dentia avg. (Providence standing). concor- a club on his right shoulder. —
See Tristan, who
dia eqvit. (woman with rudder). concord, gives an engraving of this reverse in T. i. p. 404
mil. (two hands joined).
—
“ These pieces, which of his Commentaires, of which an accurate copy
are of Roman die, were (says lleuuin), stnick is furnished in the foregoing cut.
 — —
; — —

AURORA. AUSP1CIUM. 115

On this very remarkable relic of monetal an- AURUM. — Sec Gold.
tiquity, the author of Doctrina makes the fol- AURUM CORONARIUM.—This term is
lowing explanatory animadversions, in the 442nd used in the code of Theodosius, as synonimous
page of his sixth volume, where he classes it with extremely pure gold. It originally signi-
amongst those, which were undoubtedly minted fied the very line and brilliant gold of which
on the occasion of the triumphal honours decreed crowns were made, or rather the precious metal
to Trajan after his decease : itself, which was For
offered to the conqueror.
“ This beautiful coin (vi. 442), on account of although, at was customary to present
first, it
its singular type, I have determined by no means him with golden crowns of honour, yet the
to overlook, although aware that by some it is more convenient practice of giving him a sum
reckoned amongst the contomiati. The appro- of money' was afterwards introduced. Aurum
priate management of the allegory, and the cou- Coronarium, says Servius, quod hodie a viclis
nexion between the obverse and the reverse, which gentibus datur. But it was not the vanquished
is scarcely ever observable in the whole batch of alone who paid this costly homage. Even the
contorniates, induce me without hesitation to allies and friends of the Romans, when a con-
concur with Ilavcrcamp, in rescuing it from sul or a pro-consul entered their territories,
that inferior class of medals. Rut I am not at found it expedient to conciliate his favour with
all satisfied with the interpretations, far-fetched the tender of a large amount in gold. Under
and beside the purpose, which have been applied the imperial government, gifts of this sort soon
to it, as well by Erizzo as by Tristan, and lastly began to be offered, on the occasion of some, so
by Ilavcrcamp himself. Eor, in the design of called, happy event such as a birth or an adop-
;

this precious medallion (says Eckhcl) I recognize tion for example, or when a prince ascended
the triumph of Aurora, brought about under the the throne. —
Speaking of Antoninus Pius, it is
auspices of Trajan, a second Hercules, with the affirmed by Capitolinus Italicis totum , medium
vanquished barbarians reduced like wild beasts Provincialibus reddidit. Thus it would appear
to her yoke. It is easy, indeed, to prove, that that the Aurum Coronarium was in process of
the figure in the chariot represents Aurora; and time a mere tribute in gold or in silver, which
not, as others have thought. Victory, or a winged the Roman potentate received from those placed
Diana. By common consent, the wings and the under his government. And although, during
torch belong to Aurora alone. You see her the republic, it might have been a voluntary act
winged on denarii of the Plautia family. She of gratefid acknowledgment on the part of the
bears a torch on a famous Alexandrine coin, with different provinces and nations subjected to the
a head of L. Verus. It was, in fact, a long sway of Rome yet under the emperors it be-
;

established custom, to denote countries situate came an expected contribution, to replenish the
towards the cast, by a figure of the Sun, or of coffers of a reigning prince. —
See some further
Aurora. Thus on gold coins of Trajan, struck particulars on this subject, extracted from Eck-
after he had set out on the Parthian campaign, hel’s remarks (vii. pp. 6 and 7), under the
you may frequently perceive a head of the Sun legend scythia. Also, for a symbolic allu-
and at the time that Lucius Verus was engaged sion on an imperial coin to the Coronarium of
in a war with the Parthians, a coin was struck gold, sec the type of Asia cos. ii. of Antoninus
at Alexandria, with the type of Aurora, and the Pius, p. 90.
inscription Htt, the Greek word for Aurora . AUREUS NUMUS.— Sec Gold coinage of
And lastly, oriens avg. with a type of the the Homans.
Sun, constantly occurs on coins from the time AUSPICIUM. —This and Augurium are com-
of Aurelian. So then, on all these monuments, monly used as convertible terms. But they are
either the Sun, or Aurora, indicates that quarter sometimes distinguished the one from the other.
of the globe, which furnished the emperors with Auspicitan was, strictly speaking, the foretelling
occasions both of war and of glory. On this of future events (avem specere) from inspection
principle too, Virgil calls the eastern coiuitries of birds, that is to say, from observing the
Aurora populos, or vires Orientis. With equal living, singiug, and other actions of the feathered
elegance of idea, the Ncnucan lion and the boar tribes. Augurium w as the r
science of prediction,
of Erymanthus, yoked to a chariot, serve to or of expounding the will of the gods from all
signify the Parthians vanquished by the New kinds of omens and prodigies. One very pro-
Ilercides, like monsters pernicious to the Roman minent feature in the discipline of the Roman
world, and just brought to submission. Thus superstition, was, (hat nothing of importance
we read, that Sesostris was carried in public was ever done either in public or iu private life,
procession, on a triumphal car, drawn by the without the auspices having first been taken.
kings whom he had conquered in battle. The The presence of an aruspex, or of an augur, w as r

present coin, then, allegorizes, in a felicitous not more necessary in deciding on peace to be
manner, the Roman provinces of the east deli- preserved, or on war to be waged —
the comitia to
vered from the Parthians; the latter people re- —
be held or broken off a battle to be fought or
duced to the condition of servitude and Trajan ; —
shunned than iu determining the question
himself the avenger it being for this reason
; whether a journey should he undertaken, and
that, omitting his other titles of Germanicus, whether a marriage should be solemnized. Quo
and Dacictu, he is here styled only Purthiciis." ex more, says Cicero, nuptiis etiam nunc
Al. . RUE. — Aurelius Rufus; name and sur- auspices interponuntur. So fond, indeed, was
name of a man. — Sec Aurelia gens. the predilection entertained for such whimsical

Q 2
 — — — —

116 AUTONOMIA. AUTONOMI.

ceremonies, as those connected with these au-
spices and auguries, by the early Romans, that
homa. — In later (eras, the portraits of princes
were placed on the money issued under their au-
some of their generals are recorded to have thority. Indeed, with those who acquired the
quitted the army, in the most sudden and supreme power, one of the first objects was to
abrupt manner, for the purpose, or under the have coins stamped with their clfigics. Even
pretext, of performing them. Papinas Dic- those ambitious aspirants to the purple, who, in
tator, says Livy, a Pullario monitus, cum ad different provinces, from time to time, raised
auspiciendum repetendum Domain proficeretur. the standard of revolt and usurpation against
lint on the other hand, individuals were to be the reigning emperors, hastened, if they had
found amongst them, who made no scruple of sufficient time and means, to cirndntc some
manifesting all the contempt they felt for such pieces bearing their likenesses, names, and as-
wretched absurdities. Take Claudius Pulcher,
for example, who caused “ the
—
sumed titles. See the remarks of M. llenuin
sacred chickens” (i. 25), sur le droit de frapper monuaie.
thatwould not cat, to be thrown into the sea
add to which the instance of the Consul Fla-
AL TONOM I
(ambuopoi) —
Autonomous —
The name given to certain coins, minted by such
minius, who fought the enemy, in spite of Greek and other cities as were governed by their
augury, and beat the foes of his country under own laws. The right of coinage, as the crite-
the most inauspicious signs ever interpreted by rion of an independent state, free from subjec-
grave soothsayers, in prognostication of defeat tion to any foreign power, caused this appella-
to the Roman arms. — See Haruspex. tion to be given generally to coins of such peo-
At SPIC. FEL. (Auspici —To
Fe/ici happy ples and cities as possessed the character. That
auspices). — Felicity standing, holds a tessera the monctal privilege was cherished with a high
and a caduceus. At her feet is a small suppliant degree of appreciation and pride by those cities
figure of a man, lifting up his hand. to whom it was granted, is sufficiently evident
This legend appears, for the first time on any from the fact of its being recorded on their coins
Roman coin whatever, on a third brass of
Diocletian.
— as for example on the money of Antioch and
belongs to the commencement of
It of Halicarnassus, which after their own names
that Emperor’s reign (about a. d. 284) which as cities, bear the autonomous designation.
he was desirous to have welcomed by the praise According as different countries (says M. llen-
of his subjects, for some act of liberality, and at nin), then in a state of civilization, were con-
the same time it iudicatcs his wish to secure quered by the Romans, or yielded themselves
happiness to his government by the vota suscepta. to the domination of that people, the authori-
— Eckhel, viii. p. 5. ties at Rome, in reconstituting those states
AYSPIC1 [i. Auspicibus. — Sec uis avspi- under an apparently independent form, left to
cibvs. them nearly the whole of their political rights.
AUTONOMIA — (aiiroropia) — Autonomy The privilege of striking money was continued
the power, right, or liberty, possessed by any to those cities which had previously enjoyed
people, of living in their own accustomed way, it. Rut soon, when Rome became imperial, the
and according to their own laws. It was a pri- Greek cities, whether out of adulation, or whe-
vilege of this kind which many cities, though ther in consequence of ordinances formally
tributary to Rome, still enjoyed, and by which made, adopted the custom of placing on their
they were authorised to elect their own* magis- money the portraitures not only of the masters
trates, who administered justice to them, in of the world, but also of their relations.
exclusion of theRoman judges. Antioch in
Syria purchased this mark of honour from
— Autonomous coins were no longer fabricated.
Rome also took away, from almost
the Greekall
—
Pompeius Magnus. Augustus granted the same cities,the right of issuing silver money, and
permission to the inhabitants of Patrac ; Nero, confined the permission to exercise that right to
to all Achaia. The Arabians and Armenians, a small number of the more considerable cities,
whom Trajan had subdued, recovered this token such as Alexandria in Egypt, Antioch in Syria,
of independence, under Hadrian. The Athe- Ciesarca in Cappadocia, Tarsus, &c. All coins
nians, the Lacedaemonians, even the Carthagi- minted by different cities and peoples, with im-
nians, were thus allowed to preserve at least a perial Roman effigies, take the generic uainc of
shadow of ostensible self-government. It would Imperial Greek. The Roman colonies obtained
appear, in short, that throughout the vast extent the privilege of striking money, sometimes w ith
of territories comprised within the limits of the their own local legends and types ;
but usually
empire, there were few communities entirely they placed on them imperial portraits, and
subjected to the Roman form of laws. Autono- inscribed the permission of the Emperor, or of
mia was also identified with, aud distinguished the Pro-consul. These pieces take the name of
by, that right of coining money, the exercise of Colonial money, and are divided into Colonial
" hich every nation of antiquity considered to be
an act of sovereignty. The
antonomes, and Colonial Imperial coins. See —
d’ifTerent cities and Manuel de Nuniismatique Ancienne, voL i. pp.
states of Greece, who were the first
coinage, inscribed their respective names on their
to have a —
26-27. See also Colonnr Romame.
[It will not, it is presumed, be deemed
medals, to establish their autonomous privileges,
irrelevant, in a work dedicated solely to Roman
and likewise to impart a legalised value to such coins, that the two preceding articles should
money. The Romans followed this example, ap|>ear, in brief explanation of what is meant by
and some of their earliest coins bear the word autonomous mintages. For the word is perpe-
 —— — : — .

AXIA. ANTHYLLUS. 117

tually used by Mionnet and others and there;
Circcumque jugum, queis Juppiter Anxurus arvis

well as Greek autonomrs~\ Praesidet

are Latin as
And the Circaean heights, the fields over which
AUTRON1A. A
consular family, but of
Jupiter Anxur holds sway.]
uncertain order. It has only one coin ascribed
to it —(silver, rare) having the head of Pallas, The denarius most probably presents
precise copy from the image of the Anxurian
to us a
and the mark of the denarius on the obverse.
On the reverse is avtro in monogram, meaning Jove, who from his radiated head and beardless
Autronius, with the type of the Dioscuri on face, seems to be identical with Apollo, or the

horseback ; below roma. Sun, like Ve Juppiter (see Ccesia gens), and
—
AUTUMNUS. On a brass medallion of Corn- Jupiter Heliopolitanus, whose figure appears on
modus inscribed felicitas temporvm, and also coins of Heliopolis, in Cede Syria. —
See Eckhel,
on gold and silver coins of Caracalla and Geta, v. p. 340.
with legend of FELICIA temfora, Autumn, in —
AXE. See Securis, and Pontifical Instru-
the group of the four seasons, is typified by the ments, on a denarius of Marcus Antonius and
figure of a naked boy, carrying in his right hand Lepidus.
a hare, and in his left a basket filled with fruit. ANTHYLLUS, a surname given to Mark
— In Captain Smyth’s Descriptive Catalogue, Antony, the younger, eldest of the Triumvir’s
Autumn in this group on a first brass of Com- children, by Fulvia his third wife [not his second,
modus, is described as “ displaying a eg at hits as inserted by mistake in p. 60], —
Born in the
for wine in one hand, and placing his other upon year of Rome, 708, (n c. 46) lie was, by his
a hound.” —
(p. 163.)
father’s command, brought to Alexandria,
“ where (says Visconti) it is probable that the
A. X. Augur, Decemvir. C. CALDVS, IMP.
a. x. Caius Caldus, Imperator, Augur, Decemvir. inhabitants, who were Greeks, designated him
AXIA or AXSIA, gens plebeia. Received — Anthyllus, or little Antony.” The noble and
the surname of Naso Appianus, because the first generous traits of his character, according to
of the name had a large nose. In its coins there Plutarch, soon developed themselves at the
are eight varieties. The silver common. The Egyptian court. But the son, participating in
pieces in brass are As, or parts of the As . the father’s ruin, fell a victim to the vengeful
Eckhel gives the following denarius of this policy of Octavianus Caesar, in the sixteenth
family : year of his age.
The erudite author of Iconographie Romaine,
adds as follows :
—
“ The coins which present to
us the effigy of Anthyllus on the reverse of that
of his father, are of gold, and extremely rare.
They were struck 32 or 33 years before the
vulgar icra, Anthyllus being then about thirteen
years old. Ilis father probably had just called
the youth to his side. The legend which accom-
Mark Antony,
q ])0 naso. s. c. A female head covered panies the head of places this
epocha beyond doubt ant. avg. imp. iii. cos.
with a helmet, which is adorned with two small
:

ill. iliviit. r.p.c. (Antonius, Augur, proclaimed

sprigs of laurel or palm. In the field of the coin
imperator and elected consul, for the third time,
are arithmetical marks xvn.
—
pev l. axsivs. L. F. Diana, in a short triumvir for the arrangement of the republic).
Round the head of Anthyllus we read M. anton.
dress, as Venatrix, holding
a spear in her right
hand,' stands in a car drawn by two stags— m. F. (Marcus Antonius, son of Marcus). It —
was in the year n.c. 34, that Mark Antony was
a dog runs before the goddess, and two others
Eckhel treats the remarks of Vaillant, consul for the second time and in the year b.c.
;
follow .

this coin, 31, he took his third consulate at Alexandria.

on the somewhat remarkable types of
This coin, therefore, must have been struck
with a certain degree of ridicule; but omits to
of his own. within the two intermediate years; and we know
offer any explanations
VXVit. Imberbis, or Ve- Jupiter. See the — from Plutarch (loc. cit. § 57) that, in the year
32, Anthyllus was no longer at Rome.”
ne
N Seguin was the first to publish this coin (Num
AXm IOVIS.— C. VIBIVS. C. F. C.
right hand Select, p. 112, edit. 1684). And Morel after-
Jupiter Axnr, or Amur, seated, his
hand holds a wards gave it afresh in his Thesaur. famil. An-
rests on the hasta para, his left
patera. .
—
tonia, pi. xi.. No. 3. Eckhel (vi. p. 68) had
On denarius of the
a doubts respecting its authenticity, arising frqm,
Vibia gens, bearing this what he considered, circumstances of suspicion,
legend on its reverse, is affecting two similar coins in the Vienna Mu-
an elegant and unique type, seum. Visconti, nevertheless, supports the ge-
as represented in the an- nuineness numismatic monument, by
of this
nexed engraving. iovis referring to two specimens of it, in the cabinet
is used for the nominative de la Bibliotheque da Roi (now once more
case, as on coins of Domi- National e), at Paris, and out of which he se-
tian inscribed iovis cvs- lected, for his draughtsman to copy, that which
tos. — Virgil has made mention of Jupiter Anxur is best preserved. —
Mionnet includes this aureus
{.Eneid, vii. 790-) in the mint of Mark Antony, confirming its
 ——— —
— —— — —— — — — ——— — — —— ———— . —

118 ANTONINI MON ETA. ALPHA—OMEGA.

rarity and value at a very high rate of apprecia- I Same legend. Jupiter, Juno, aud Pallas. The —
tion. (t. i. p. 95.) following are without legend: The Sun pre- —
The inferiority of its workmanship, compared
\

ceded by Phosphorus. —
Diana Lucifera seated on
with that of the chief portion of Mark Antony’s a horse at speed. —
Prometheus and Minerva.
mintages, affords good reason to think, that the —
Vulcau and Minerva. /Eneas and Ascanius iu
coin engraved in Visconti’s work was struck at Latium. —
Hercules Bibax. —
Hercules combatting
Alexandria, “ where (as he observes) the inone- the Centaurs. — Bacchus and Ariadne seated (see
tary art was not very flourishing at the period in
j

p. 121). —
Bacchus in a temple, before which is
question. The coius of Antony aud Cleopatra a sacrificial group. —
Hercules in the Garden of
are a sufficient proof of that fact.” See Ico/io- — the Ilcsperidcs, &c. &c.
graphic Romaine, Milan edit. 8vo. 1818, t. i. First Brass. AFRICA ALEXANDRIA BRI-— —
pi. vi.* No. 3, pp. 253 et seq. —
TANNIA Cappadocia. All with types of per-
[Our portrait of the vonnger Antonius (p. 60) sonified provinces. concordia congiarivm. —
was copied from Seguin’s plate, which certainly cos. hi. Four children, representing the four
bears no resemblance to Visconti’s. It must how- Seasons. disciplina. The Emperor and four
ever be admitted that the latter assimilates closely soldiers. favstina avgvsta. Head of Faus-
to the style and fabric of consular coius struck in tina senior. — —
HISPAN1A. liberalitas tr. pot.
Egypt. Aud
both refer to the same original,
if
ii. Emperor and six figures. rex armenis
it serves as another instauce amongst many, to
datvs. Two figures standing; at their feet a
shew how much more reliance is to be placed on river-god. rex qvadis datvs. The Emperor
mcdallic engravings of the present day, than crowning a figure, iu the toga. romvlo av-
on those of the artists who were employed to gvsto. llomulus, with trophy and spear. s. c. —
illustrate numismatic works of the cider school.] —
Rape of the Sabines. s. c. Emperor in a quad-
riga. —
s. c. Do. two quadriga of Elephants.
ANTONINI PI I .1 foneta. —A list of the most
s. c. /Eneas carrying Anehises scythia —
remarkable, as well as most rare, coins aud medal- SICILIA. Both personifications of provinces.
lions of this emperor’s mint, not having been secvnd decennalf.s. cos. hi. within a crown.
inserted in its proper place (viz. at the bottom —
Second Brass. Britannia cos. iiii. Female
of p. 56), the omission is supplied here :
figure, seatedon a rock. coxsecratio. Fune-
Gold. —
avbeliys caesar. Head of Aure- ral pile .
—
FAVSTINAE AVG. PII. AVG. fil. Head
lius. britan. Victory on a globe. cos. hi. — of Faustiua junior. iiaiirianvs avgvstvs.
Bare head of Iladriau. victoria avg. Victory
Emperor and his two children in a triumphal
car . —
primi decenxales (within a garland) in a quadriga. vota. Three figures, iu the
TEIB. pot. cos. hi. Mars descending to (Uhea) toga, standing before a temple. vervs et favs-
Silvia . —
TEMPLVJt DIVI. AVG. rest. cos. iiii. tina. Heads of Verus aud Faustina the younger.
A temple. temporvm feu cit as. Two cornua- A. X2. Alpha — Omega. — The reverse of a
copiie, ou each. vota vigen-
a child’s head
flue aud rare silver medallion of Constans 1. iu the
nalia. The Emperor sacrificing. laetitia collection of the Imperial Museum Vienna,
at
cos. iiii. Two females (Ceres and Proserpine). exhibits for its legend virtvs exercitvm (sic.J,
liberalitas avg. ii. or in. or iiii. The Em- nnd for its type four military ensigns, one of
peror and several figures. which is inscribed with the first letter, aud
Silver. —aed. divi. avg. rest. Two figures another with the last letter, of the Greek alpha-
seated in a temple. — cos. m. Jupiter seated on bet. Above them is the monogram of Christ.
arms. divvs antoninvs et diva favstina.
In these initial letters, we have an obvious
Heads of Emperor and Empress. lib. vi. cos.
reference to the declaration more than once re-
iiii. Woman standing. liberalitas avg. ii. peated iu the Apocalypse,
Emperor distributing gifts. opi. avg. Ops “ 1 am alpha and omega,
seated . —
pietas cos. iv. Piety at an altar.
the beginning nnd the
Pont. max. Figure standing with a bow and
ending, the first and the
au arrow. tranq. tii. pot. xiii. &c. A female
standing with rudder aud ears of corn.
last” —
a symbol used on
this occasion to indicate
Brass Medallions. aescvi.apivs. (See p. Emperor’s professed
the
20.) cocles. Horatius Codes swimming one true God,
belief iu the
across the Tiber. coxsecratio. Emperor on and “ in Jesus Christ His
an Eagle. — cos. mi. Hercules sacrificing before only Son our Lord.” From
a temple. — cos. mi. Emperor and the Goddess the time when the coin iu question was struck,
Rome. xavivs. The Augur before Tarquin. (viz. between a. d. 337 and 350), the same
pm. tr. P. cos. ill. /Eneas, Anehises, aud As- Greek initials arc not unfrequently found toge-
canius. (Sec p. 16.) pm. tr. p. cos. ii. Bac- ther, both with and without the monogram of
chus and Ariadne drawn by Satyr and Panther. Christ, on money of the lower empire. See —
(See p. 80.) —
tiberis. The Tiber recumbent. Dccentius, Magucntius, and Vetranio, in this
tr. pot. xx. Jupiter Tonans aud a Titan. Dictionary. — Sec also Monogramma Christi.
 —— : — ;

BABBA. BACCHUS. 119

Ptolemy, son of Juba, having been put to death
B. |
by order of the execrable Caligula. The palm
'
tree here denotes that the people of Babba de-
B. —
This letter is a numeral, and equivalent rived their origin from the Phoenicians, who
with the number 2. took their name, it is said, from the Greek word
B. B
alius. —
Q. B. Qusestor Bit-bins. See — for a palm (phoinix), with which species of
Balia gens. tree that country abounds. —
Vaillant, Col. i.]

—
B. The mark of the second mint in any city C. Pictorg, marching with crown and palm
— er.gr. B. SIEM. Money struck in secundd branch, struck under Galba. [The death of
officind monetarid Sirmii (in Pannonia, now Nero, welcomed by all, excited the feelings of
Sinuich, in Sclavonia). B. sis. In secundd various minds in favour of Galba, especially
officind Siscia (a city of Croatia, now Sisserc.) among the legions. It was, indeed, an event
BABBA (Mauritania:) colonia. The city of — which revealed a great state secret namely, —
Babba, in Mauritania Tiugitana (now Fes aud that an emperor might be made elsewhere than
Morocco, North Africa), situate on the river at Rome, thus furnishing an important principle

Lixus (El llaratel), was made a colony by for a new state of affairs. Iu Africa, Clodius
Julius Caesar, as its name Julia imports. It was Maeer; in Germany, Eonteius Capito; had
also called Campestris. The decuriones of Babba made some attempts to acquire the supreme
caused coins to be minted, in middle and small power. At length both the Mauritanian pro-
brass, under Claudius, under Nero, and under vinces gave in their adhesion to the election of
Galba. Pellerin regards the short suite struck Galba. The colonists of Babba soon adopted
in this colony as commencing under Augustus ;
the same course ; and in testimony of their ap-
but Mionnet shews this to be a mistake. “ It proval, they struck on coins dedicated to his
is, says Bimard p. 230), to M.
(ad Jobert, ii. honour, the figure of Victory, bearing the laurel
Vaillant, that the honour belongs of having first crown, to commemorate the fall of Clodius
pointed out the method of reading the [designa- Maeer, slain in battle by the Procurator Garu-
on the] coins of Babba.” viz. c. c.
tive legend — sianus.— Vaill. Col. i. p. 227.]

I. DD. pvbl.
B. Colonia Campestris Julia Bal- The remaining types are, a figure seated on a
—
ia Decreio Decnrionum Pul/ico or, ex coxs. rock, holding an anchor aud cornucopia;, on a
And a bridge of three arches,
d. (Ex Consensu Decnrionum.) coin of Claudius.
The types arc as follow : on coins struck under Nero.
1. Bull swimming, represented on a coin of BACC1IIVS IVDAEVS. This legend ap-
Nero. pears on a well-known consular denarius. The
By this device the co- type is that of a man kneeling, who holds a
lonists of Babba exhibit camel by the bridle with his left hand, and in
J upiter, as under the figure his right a —
branch of olive. For an explanation
of a Bull he carried away of the event, which is typified on this rare sil-
Europa, daughter of Age- ver coin, though left unrecorded by historians.
nor, King of the Phoeni- See Plantia gens.
cians. Hence they indi- BACCHUS. Of this fabled divinity, the
cated that the swimming poets differ much respecting the names of his
Bull was an object of tlicir parents nor are they better agreed iu relating
;

idolatry, in like manner as the Bull Apis was the circumstances connected with his nativity.
worshipped by theKgyptians. —
[The above wood- The more usual custom of mytliologists, is to
him as the son of Jupiter, by Semcle,
cut is after a small brass in the British Museum.] describe
On another coin of the same Emperor, the the daughter of Cadmus. And Ovid, in his
type of reverse is a Bull butting with his horns. Metamorphoses, details the wondrous incidents
— Vaill. in Col. i. 106. of his fiery birth. Bacchus is said to have been
2. Bearded head, with a serpent before it, brought up by the daughters of Atlas, and to
on a coin of Nero. have afterwards had Sileuus for his preceptor.
[This is a representation of Aesculapius, as He became at length a celebrated warrior
shewn by the serpent, the symbol of health. fought valiantly for Jupiter, against the Titans;
And his effigy, placed on this coin, shews that and made the conquest of India. It was on his
divine honours were paid him at Babba. En- — return from that famous expedition, that he is
graved in Vaill. Col. i. 115.] related to have found Ariadne, whom Theseus
3. Li via Augusti. —
col. i. ba. dd. Livia — had abandoned, iu the isle of Naxos, and by the
represented under the image of a goddess, seated, warmth of his attachment made her forget the
with head veiled, holding in her right hand a ingratitude of her former lover. —
See Ariadne.
patera, and supporting her left hand on a hasta. Bacchus “ ever fair and ever young,” is gene-
Engraved in Pellerin, Melange, i. pi. xvi. fig. 2. rally represented in sculpture and on coins, with-
4. Oaken crown, with the abbreviated names out beard, crowned with vine leaves, lie holds
of the colony within it. the thgrsus (see the word) in one hand, aud a
5. Palm tree. — [The Romau colonists of Babba bunch of grapes in the other. Sometimes he is
struck this and the preceding coin under Claudius, depicted naked at others, and as the Indian
;

in congratulation of his victory over the revolted Bacchus, he wears a long dress ( Apamea co-
—
Mauritanians a revolt against Roman cruelty lonia, p. 61). The panther, as the nurse
and oppression, as exemplified in their king of Bacchus, was consecrated to him, and ap-
 — — — ;

120 BACCHUS. BACCHUS.

pears, on coins and bas-reliefs, as his almost Bacchus constantly to be recognised by his
is
j

inseparable companion. The image of this attribute of the thyrsus, but by no means so
readily by the arrows. Nevertheless, by an apt
citation from Nonnus, Eckhel shews, that the
those of the imperial scries. There is indeed a latter as well as the former were attributes of
large brass of Sept. Severns, with the legend of Liber Rater. Pallas addressing him, says
COS. 111. LVDoj. SAECa/aJW l'EC«7, inscribed “ Ubi tui validi thyrsi, et vitea: sagittal'
on a cippus, on each side of which Bacchus and
Hercules stand with their respective attributes ;
He is crowned by the Goddess of Wisdom
[Minerva] on account of his victory over the
and to the legend dis avspicibvs reference may
Titans, and of his warlike glory, spread forth
be made, as accompanied by another iustance of
to the ends of the world. That the associated
those two deities being grouped together, on a
worship of these two deities prevailed both at
large brass of the same emperor. But on me-
Borne and in Greece, is shewn by an onyx gem,
dallions of Hadrian and Antoninus Pins, de-
in the imperial museum at Vienna, and which
scribed below, the God of Wine, as the com-
exhibits Bacchus armed in a similar manner,
panion of Apollo, and as the lover of Ariadne,
with thyrsus and arrow, Pallas, as on the coin
is elegantly depictured :

minted by Blasio, crowning him. “ Who the

I other female figure in this group may be,” says
Eckhel (v. 180), “ ignoro.”
j

Bacchus was worshipped, as amongst the

superior deities, by Gallicnus. This is indicated
by a coin of that emperor’s, in billon, exhibiting
on its reverse the epigraph of libero p. coxs.
avg. ( Libero Patri Conservatori Augusti), with
a panther for its type.
Bacchus, with his attributes, is more fre-
quently found on colonial imperial coins; espe-
cially on those struck in Syria and Phoenicia, by
most cities of which regions he was worshipped,
The above cut is copied from an outline en- on account of his traditionary expeditions to the
graving in the Ga/erie Mylhologique, vol. i. East. The following are amongst the colonies
pi. lxxxviii. by Millin, who is himself indebted whose coins bear Latin legends and on their
;

for it to a plate in Vcnuti, Mus. Faticanum, xiii. reverses types of this deity :

— This reverse of Hadrian’s medallion represents Besides Apamea, in whose mintages the In-
Bacchus seated on a thensa (or sacred car), dian Bacchus appears (see p. 61), the God of
drawn by a panther and a goat, on the latter of Wine is seen on several coins of Berytus, mostly
which sits a Cupid playing on a double flute. dedicated to Gordianus Pius. “ It is a type (says
Bacchus, with graceful case, rests his right arm Yaillant), which dcuotcs the abundance and good-
on the side of the chariot, and holds the ness of the grapes grown in the immediate
thyrsus in his left hand. Apollo sits by his neighbourhood of that city. On one of these,
side, playing on the lyre. —
For another spe- lie stands unclothed, between two vine-shoots

cimen of the grotesque fancy of ancient artists, whilst with his right hand he places a garland
in harnessing a sulky panther with some animal, on his own head, ‘ as the first discoverer of the
real or fabulous, of a more lively and less fero- use of the grape.’ On his left hand is a satyr,
cious disposition, sec the wood-cut from a brass whose love for wine was said to be very great.
medallion of Antoninus Pius, under the head of Squatting at his feet is a leopard, by ancient
Ariadne and Bacchus, p. 80. report equally fond of the inebriating juice.”
Bacchus was called by the name of Dionysus, On a second brass, dedicated at Damascus, to
(from Nysa, the reputed place of his education) ;
Trcbonianus Gallus, Bacchus, under the figure
and often by that of Liber Pater, whose young of a young man, stands, naked, on n plinth,
head crowned with ivy, is also seen on coins of holding a vine tendril in each hand, llis image
the Titia and Voltcia families. on this coin shews that he was worshipped by
In the list of coins struck under the republic, the inhabitants of Damascus, in whose territory
we find the head of Bacchus on a denarius of he was said to have originally planted the vine.
the Cassia gens, it is crowned with ivy leaves (Engraved in Yaillant, Col. ii. 214.)
and berries, and behind it is the thyrsus. On The colony of Deu/tum, on a second brass of
a denarius of Blasio, of the patrician branch of Macrinns, honours this deity with an image,
the Cornelia family, the figure of Bacchus naked, designated by his attributes of the cantharus (or
appears standing, with the thyrsus in his right wine vase), the thyrsus, and the panther not —
hand in his left the strophium (sec the word),
;
an inappropriate reverse for the mint of a ter-
and a sheaf of arrows. Pallas stauds on his ritory, whose abundance in vineyards is a cir-
left, and crowns him. On the right hand of cumstance noticed by Athcmcns. (Ibid. ii. 64.)
Bacchus stands a woman, holding a wand, or the Olba, a colony in Pamphilia, also contributes
liasta pura. Engraved in Morel!. Thesaur. Fain. a type of Bacchus —
who likewise appears on a
—
Rom. tab. i. fig 1 also under Cornelia gens, small brass coin, consecrated to Alexander Seve-
in this dictionary. rus, by the pantheistic people of Sidon.
 ; — — ) — ;;

BACCHUS. B.EBIA. 121

Bacchus and Ariadne. There is, in the cup. Silcnus it will, on inspection, be seen,
French Cabinet, a brass medallion of Antoninus also holds a half-inverted wine cup. Besides
Pius — the obverse of which presents a noble these, there arc a satyr behind Ariadne, a faun
portrait of that emperor (see p. 55) ; and the blowing a long flute and to the right the figure
;

reverse, without legend, is charged with a of a young woman, clothed in long but light dra-
Bacchanalian group, not less classic in design pery, and with raised right arm striking the
than bold in relief, and beautiful in fabric. tympanum or tambour, as if dancing to its
To this numismatic gem, Scguin (in his Selec. sound. The form and attitude of the principal
Nam. p. 127), has the merit of being one of the female figure arc symmetrical and graceful she
first— if not the very first —
to call attention, by points with her left hand towards the terminus,
:

an engraving in outline, and also by verbal whilst sitting close beside her lover, whom the
description neither of which, however, have
; thyrsus serves clearly to identify and the vine
;

the requisite degree of accuracy to recommend tendril on each side fills up every feature of the
them. With respect to the type, for example design needfid to its appropriation, as a scene
;

in the principal figures in the foreground, to the of revelry connected with the fable of Bacchus
left, he recognises two females, and in the centre and Ariadne.
a woman holding an infant in swaddling clothes. Two other brass medallions of the above men-
Under this false impression, he pronounces the tioned emperor display on their respective re-
subject represented, to be the accouchement of verses, without legend, typifications of Bacchus.
Rhea in other words, the birth of Jupiter.
; They arc noticed in Akenuan, Bescr. Cat. i.
Eckhel points out the mistake thus made by the 265, as follows :

learned French antiquary of the elder school. 1. Bacchus sleeping: before him is a female
But, whilst he justly remarks, that the surround- figure, standing near a statue, which is full
ing chorus of nymphs and satyrs unquestion- faced and placed on a pedestal.
ably indicates Bacchus, the great numismatist of 2. Bacchus standing in a temple, which has
Vienna himself falls into the same error of re- two circular galleries on the exterior before it
;
garding the elevated figure in the background of is a man holding a goat.
the group, as “ an infant wrapped in swaddling
clothes, held aloft” by one of the nymphs
Bacchanalia, on Contorniate medals.
one of these pseudo-monetw, bearing the head
On —
(vii. p. 10). of Trajan, Bacchus stands holding a bunch of
Mionuct rectifies, in great measure, the wrong grapes to a panther with the right hand, and a
views, and consequently fallacious descriptions, thyrsus in the left; near him on one side dance
of both his eminent predecessors, by the fol- a flute player and a woman bearing a thyrsus
lowing notice of this interesting reverse :
on the other side is a boy with a crook in the
“ Bacchus and Ariadne seated at their feet right hand and a branch in the left.
(This is in
a panther ;
opposite to them is an old man —
the Imperial cabinet.)- llavercamp gives a con-
crouching, and several bacchants arc carrying a toruiate with the head of Caracalla, on the re-
terminus, and playing on divers instruments.” verse of which is Bacchus drawn in a biga of
But even Mionnct’s description is faulty, as to the panthers, preceded by a satyr, and accompanied
terminus being “ carried.” —
Mr. Fairholt’s en- by flute players. For engravings of these and
graving of this wonderfully fine antique exhibits other medals of the same class, with bacchanalian
these points in quite a different and a truer light. types, having the heads of Nero, Trajan, and
other emperors, on their obverses —
see llavcr-
camp and Morell. Thesaur.
Bacchi Cista —
The mystic basket of Bacchus
.

—
a numismatic symbol of pro-consular Asia.
See Asia Recepta, p. 89 —
also see Cistophori.
B.EBIA gens. A
plebeian but consular
family. Taraphilus, or, as it is written Tampilus,
(an archaism, or old way of spelling, in like
manner as Trium/w* for Trium ph/is, is the
only surname that appears on its coins. Nepos
in his life of Atticus mentions the Lomus Tam -
phUiana, which stood on the Quiriual, at Rome.
Morel, in Thesaur. Fam. Rom. gives eight varie-
ties. The brass pieces are As, or parts of the As
or they are colonial. The two following are
The woman, supposed by Scguin, and by Eckhel, —
rare in silver the latter much the rarer, though
to be holding a swaddled infant, turns out to he a
satyr, who raises his right arm above his head,
and in his left holds a crook (the pedum). The
termiual figure is not carried, but stands on a
pillar, or base. The legs of the old man (who
is doubtless meant for Silcnus) are hidden by the

panther. The terminus, like one in the Town-

ley Gallery', British Museum, is wrapped up in
a mantle, and holds something like a wine
R
 A ; i

122 BALB1NUS. BALB1NUS.

not bearing so remarkable a reverse type as the ness of bis administration. He had also been
former. twice Consul. Although liis great riches had
tampil.— inged head of Pallas before X.
t ; it given him a turn for pleasure, yet he had kept
Rev .
— ii.koma. Apollo
HAKiii. q. p. in a himself within the bouuds of moderation, and
quadriga— (Sec Apollo.) acquired no common repute for forensic acquire-
Obv. — Head of Jupiter. ments and Pursuant to a
for poetical talents.
Rev. — tam monogram. Victory crowning
in senatorial his colleague, a bold and
decree,
a trophy below soma. ; experienced warrior, was sent to command the
Q. Bashing Tamphilus, about the year u. c. annv levied to repel the invasion of Maximiuus j

535 (b. c. 219), was twice sent as Ambassador whilst Balbinus, naturally timid, and holding ill
to the Carthaginians, for the purpose of ex- awe the very name of the Thracian savage, who
postulating with them on the subject of their had instigated the assassination of Alexander
attack on Saguntum and at length declared
; Scverus, remained at Rome his task, scarcely
—
war against them. Cn. Baffiius Tamphilus was
;

a less difficult one, being to keep down the

the first member of this family who served the spirit of sedition and tumult prevailing between
office Consid 572 (b. c. 182).
of Marcus tlic soldiery and the people, whose quarrels filled
BeebitxsTamphilus, the son, by whom this de-
narius was struck, proceeded Consul in the year
the capital with bloodshed. —
Further to win the
popular favour, the new emperors were obliged
u. c. 573 (b. c. 181.) to name the younger Gordian as Ciesar, on the
BA LA U ST1U M — the flower of the pome- very day of their own election. —
Pupicnus who
granate tree —
appears on a denarius of the was at Ravenna when Maximinus and his son,
Cossutia gens also with the crab, and the Maximus, were slain before Aquilcia (a.d. 238)
aplustrurn, on a coin of the Servilia gens. returned to Rome where he met with the most
—
BALISTA one of the ephemeral usurpers in
;

joyous reception from Balbinus, the Senators,

the reign of Gallienus proclaimed Emperor in ; and the people at large. Both emperors then
Syria, a. d. 262 ; slain 264. The coins, pub- devoted themselves to the duties of their joint
lished as his, are false. government and, notwithstanding mutual jea-
BASILISCUS —
brother of Vcrina, wife of
;

lousies occasionally displayed by the one towards

Leo proclaimed Emperor of the East, A. D.
I. the other, they conducted public affairs toge-
476 dethroned by Zeno, and suffered to die of
; ther, upon the whole, in a wise, disinterested,
—
hunger a. d. 477. His coins in each metal are and manner. This state of things how-
efficient
rare. Some of them represent him with his son ever did not last long. Balbinus was prepariug
Marcus. to commence hostilities against the insurgent
—
BALB. Bulbus. C. Balbus of the Antonia — Goths, and Pupienus had already marched to
gens, was duumvir of the Colony of Leptis in repel an invasion of the Persians. \t this
Africa —
see Morel!. Thesaur. Tam. Rom. critical juncture, the venal and sanguinary
—
BALBUS. A surname of the Cornelia gens. Prietorians, bearing a grudge against the two
BALBUS L. THORIUS. See Thoria gens. — Augusti for having been chosen, not by them-
Also see Juno Sospita. selves but, by the Senate, and moreover not less
BALBINI S (Decimus Ceelius.) Emperor displeased at their endeavours to restore military
with Pupicnus, a.d. 238. As soon as the tid- — discipline —
took advantage of the Capitoline
ings had reached Rome from Africa, that the two games absorbing public attention, to assail the
Gordians were dead, and that Maximinus was palace, and murder them both under circum-
stances of the most revolting and outrageous
cruelty. Thus was the imperial career of Bal-
biuus and his brave colleague terminated, after
three mouths of stale-service deserving of a
better reward.
The style and titles of Balbinus on his coins
(which are all rare, especially those in gold) arc
IMP. C. (or CAES.) D. CAEL. BALBINVS. AVG.
Some with radiated, others with laurelled heads.
approaching Italy, with a powerful army, the See Pupienus.
affrighted senate hastily assembled in the temple “The medals of Balbinus (says Capt. Smyth,
of Jupiter C'apitolinus, and by a new institution p. 251), whether Latin, Greek, or Egyptian,
created two August (see p. 103) in the respective are all rare and of a high price —
the dcuarii
persons of the above-named Balbinus, and Maxi- and sestertii being the most common nor are ;

mus Pupicnus, on the 9th of July, in the year any colonial, or small brass, known. Although
above-named. And so equal was the degree of the arts were now on the decline, moncycrs still
power entrusted to each, that it exteuded to a possessed the power of executing accurate like-
division between them of the supreme pontifi- nesses; for a comparison of the beads of
cate. — Balbinus, descended from a very' noble Balbinus and Pupienus, throughout all the
family, was born a. d. 178. At the period of metals and sizes, affords interual evidence of the
his elevation to Augustal rank and authority, fidelity of their resemblance.”
he had attained 60 years of age previously to ;
'1
he large-sized silver of this emperor has the
which be bad governed several provinces, with —
head with radiated crown the smaller sized has
a high character for the justice and the mild- the head laurcated. —
Akcrmuu, i. 462.
 — — — ;;

BARBA. BARBA. 123

The following are the rarest reverses under which represent Caesar, Triumvir for the 2nd
this short reign, viz. : time, {With a beard, are testimonies that cannot

Gold. —
v.oris decennalibvs, within a gar-
deceive.
fers that
To reconcile Dion’s account, which re-
event to the year 715, with the fact
land (valued by Mionuet at 600 £r.)
Silver. — amor mvtws avgg. Two hands
of Octavian’s wearing a beard in 717, as evi-
denced by the miutageof that year, Eckhel finds
joined (large size).
an explanation in the practice above alluded to,
First Brass. —
fides pvbi.ica. Two hands of the Roman youth wearing their beards up to
holding caduccus. liberalitas avgvstorvm. a certain age, that is to say, to the 21st year
Six figures. and considers it probable that having once laid
Second Brass. concordia avgg. iovi his first beard aside, in accordance with the usual

conservators Jupiter standing. votis de- custom, Cicsar shortly afterwards allowed it to
cennalibvs. grow again on account of some occasion of public
mourning. In support of this view of the sub-
BARBATIA. This gens, whose name is
ject in question, the author of Dodrina cites
given neither in Morel, nor Eckhel, nor Mion-
the expression of Suetonius respecting Julius
net, is added to the list of plebeian families, by
Caesar— “ When news was brought of the
Riccio, who assigns to it two coins one with— Tilurian slaughter, [a legion and live cohorts
head of M. Antonias on the obverse, and that
under Titurius Sabinus, destroyed by the Gauls
of Octavianus Cicsar on the reverse. The other
under Ambiorix], he let his hair and beard grow
with the same obverse, but with the head of L.
Antonius on the reverse. Both bear the name
till he had taken his revenge.” And of Octa-
vianus, but after his accession to the empire,
of C. Marcus BARBATttu (Philippas), who
Suetonius also remarks, “ For they say, that
was Qu<eslor P rovincia/is and moueycr under
he was so overwhelmed (by the news of the
the Triumvir, and who coined them between
slaughter under Varus) that for months he al-
713 (b. c. 41) and the following year. See — lowed his beard and hair to grow, and some-
Munete delle Famiglie di Roma, &c. p. 35.
times used to dash his head against the doors.”
BARBARR. Barbararum. Sec Debellatori — According to Plutarch, Mark Antony also let
Gentium Barbararum. —
Victor Gentium Barba- his beard grow after his entire defeat by Octa-
rarum, &c. of Constantinus Magnus. vius Caesar and the consuls Pansa and Hirtius,
—
BARBA. The beard. The Romans of the early in the year 711, (b.c. 43) at the battle of Mu-
ages were usually represented with a liberal garni- tina. There is a numismatic testimony of this
ture of beard. “ That there were formerly (says fact, on the obverse of a very rare deuarius,
Varro) no barbers among them, is to be inferred minted by that brave general, Veutidius Bassos,
from the appearance of ancient statues, which, for whose eminent services to the subsequent Trium-
the most part, have much hair on their heads, and vir met with no better requital from him than
a great beard.” Even at the time of the capture the privilege of stamping his name (P. VEXT1-
of their city by the Gauls, they had not adopted Dhts) and the titles of PONTf/kr and IMPe-
the practice of shaving the beard: this is evident rator, on the reverse of a coin, the obverse of
from the insult which Livy relates to have been which presents a full bearded head of Mark
offered, by one of the invading army, to Marcus Antony (with legend M. ANT. HI. v. it. p. c.) as
Papirius (in the year of Rome 364, b.c. 390). in the subjoined cut.
It was not till a. u. c. 454 (b. c. 300) that bar-
bers were employed at Rome and these were at
;

first sent for from Sicily.

Pliny states that the
first Roman who was shaved every day was Sei-
pio Africanus. From the period iast mentioned,
young men began to remove their beards. They
commenced the operation at 20 or 21 and this ;

practice continued till the age of 49, after which

no shaving was allowed. One reason for wear-
ing a beard was extreme youth, which according In addition to the cause above alluded to,
to Roman custom did not admit of
being yetits scarcely a single reason can be adduced, why the
cut. Another reason was some occasion of head of Mark Antony should exhibit a beard on
mourning. An example of both kinds is fur- his early coins, except that he was mourning
nished on the coins of Octavianus. On this the death of Julius, whose life was of such im-
point. Eckhel observes, (vi. 76,) that under his portance to himself, and of whose murder he
coinage of the year u.C. 717 (b.c. 37), the por- professed .to be the avenger.
traitures exhibit a beard of some growth. This Cato likewise repudiated the use of the razor,
appears to be at variance with the expression of on hearing of the discomfiture of his partizans
Dion Cassius, who, speaking of the year 715,
— at Thapsus, (b. c. 46.) —
Eckhel thinks the rea-
says “ Indeed, Caesar, then for the first time son for the public mourning in the case of Octa-
shaving off his beard, not only spent that festal vianus Caisar, may have been the formidable sys-
day sumptuously himself, but to all the rest tem of hostilities pursued by Sextus Pompeius,
gave a public banquet. From that time, he (b. c. 38.) — not so much towards himself as
kept his cheeks smooth, as other people used to towards the state supplies being, at that junc-
;

do.” Nevertheless, coins of the period, all of ture, cut off, whilst famine extended its ravages

R 2
 : — :
;

124 BARBA. BARBARI.

then, when it came to a trial of arms, severe the beard which his uncle had been the first
;
j

and repeated losses ;

and in addition to these |
emperor to lay aside after an interval of more
public disasters, the disgrace attending them. than 240 years. But Julian, it seems, did not
|

When, however, on the defeat of Sextus, a. u. c. make this innovation with impunity. He was
718 (b. c. 36), this state of things was put an |
openly ridiculed by the Antiochiaus, for wearing,
end to, he returned to the accustomed fashion. !
as they said, the beard of a goat, with hairs so
Of Caligula, Suetonius tells us that, at the thick aud coarse, that ropes might be spoil of
age of twenty, he assumed the toga, and laid it. By way of retort, the emperor replied
aside his beard and of Nero, that he did the
: ‘ yon may do so, if you please, for aught I care
same at a more advanced age, viz. 22, aud but I doubt, whether you would be able to
when he was already Emperor, (a. d. 68), a fact pluck them out for the purpose, and am afraid
conclusively proved by his coins, although on their roughness will hurt your soft and delicate
”
his early mint he is represented with a slight hands.’
beard. —
After that period his beard was laid From the time of Jovianus, (Julian’s succes-
aside, and thus all the Emperors are found to sor a. i). 363) all the emperors again exhibited
exhibit smooth chins, on their coins, from the smooth faces. The usurper Phocas (a.d. 602)
time of Augustus to that of Hadrian. was the first, after this long interval, to revive
Juvenal shews, that the day on which the the beard and it continued in fashion till the
first cutting off of the bear'd took place, was
;

fall of the empire.

—
“ On the strength of coins
sacred to rejoicings (says Eckhel) I confidently pronounce that all
Emperors, after Phocas, wore the beard. Nor
Illemetit barbam, crinem hie deponit amati,
Plena domus libis venahbus. is itsurprising, that the emperors of that age,
most of them of Greek extraction, should have
[Here one reaps his crop of beard there — gradually done away with the Latin practice of
another lays aside the hail' of his favourite ; the abstaining from beards, and returned to the cus-
house is tilled with good cheer.] —
tom of their own nation.” See l). N. v. vi. 36,
The celebration of this event by princes was 76. — Also the Treatise on Coins of the lower
accompanied by various ceremonies aud public Empire, viii. $ ii. 132.
The same sort of feeling respecting
solemnities.
the tender beard of the young heirs to empire
BARBARUS NTJMTJS. — This
term is ap-
plied to whether of gold,
such ancient coins,
was probably entertained, which is expressed in

— “ those downy—youths of ours.”

silver, or brass, as, from their bad representa-
the words of Cicero Nostri isti barbatuli
tions of the human countenance, and from the
juvenes
general obscurity of their legends, appear to be
It was Hadrian (Emperor A. D. 117), who,
having publicly assumed the character of a phi-
of barbaric origiu. — Rasche.
losopher, allowed his beard to grow as we see BARBARI. — Barbarians. —
It is thus that the

from his statues aud coins, llis example was fol- Greeks called other people
all and the Romans
;

lowed by a long line of successors, who, whenever afterwards used the same expression, to desig-
their age admitted of it, cherished this badge of nate whomsoever were neither Greeks nor Latins.
manhood. According to Dion, indeed, Elaga- The Emperor Antoninus Pius, haviug, by an
balus adopted the shaving practice. An excep- edict abolished all distinctions between citizens
tion, this, however, unworthy to be quoted. throughout the empire, the foreigner as well as
At length Constantine, A. D. 311, doubtless pre- the native of Rome and of Italy, took part in
ferring asmooth chin, restored the fashion of all civil and military employments. During the
the Emperors, and eschewed the beard.
first republic, and early iu the imperial government,
His example was followed by his sons, and all it was a very rare thing to see any one, except

the members of his family, with the exception a Roman by birth, occupying any post of high
of Julian called the apostate, “ the greater part of importance. The case of Vcutidius indeed,
whose wisdom (says Eckhel) for he was a philo- forms au exceptional instance. A native of
sopher, lay in his beard.” It appears that this Pisenum, aud a manumitted prisoner, he became
prince, whilst yet a private citizen, wore a one of Mark Antony’s best lega/i, during the
beard; but having been ordered to remove it civil wars, and served the office of cousid. But
when called to the dignity of Cicsar, he does not after the Antouines, foreigners are fouud to
exhibit that appendage, on the coins which give have been, from time to time, appointed to the
him that title. Those struck, after he had be- consulate. The famous Stilicho, son of a Van-
come Emperor, represent him, cither without a dal captain, governed the empire, in the nominal
beard, or, as most frequently the case, liber-
is reigu of Honoiius, and was twice consul. The
ally furnished with that article. There can be no same change took place with regard to the
doubt, but that the coins of the former kind arc troops. Auxiliaries were drafted into the Roman
to be referred to thecommencement of Julian’s legions, and eventually formed legions of them-
reign ; when his fortunes being still in uncer- selves. — Sec Pitiscus, Lex. Ant. Rom.
tainty, and all hope of reconciliation with Cou- BARE HEAD. — The bare or naked head, as
stantius not having been relinquished, he
II. contradistinguished from thejaureated or radiated
still adhered to the old custom. And this indeed head, on imperial coins, is generally indicative
was the reason why he at that time continued to of a Cicsar, or son, either real or adopted, of an
take part in the religious rites of Christianity. emperor or reignimr prince. — See Caput Nutlum.
Becoming gradually more secure, he resumed BARBIA ORBIANA. — Sec Orbiaua.
 ; — ——

BASILICA. BELLEROPHON. 125

BASSIANUS, the father of Julia Domna, wife umphal ornaments. In the area of the building
of Scptiwius Scverus. It was also the name of was the equestrian statue of Trajan. The large —
—See Eckhcl’s pedigree of Elagabalus,
Caracalla. brass bears on its reverse the following legend :

202.
viii. p. s. p. q. li. optimo pkincipj, on the exergue

BASILICA. —This word, which properly sig- —

basilica vlpia, s. c. On the obverse we read
nifiesa Royal House, designated at Rome a sump- IMP. CAES. NEItVAE TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC.
tuous edifice, under the roof of which the magis- P. M. T. R. P. COS. VI. P. P.

trates administered justice ; aud so far it was This magnificent and useful edifice, was by
distinguished from the forum, where the sessions order of the Senate typified on the coins of
were held in the open air. The form of these Trajan, in the year of Rome 867 (u. c. 114),
basilica was that of a long square, with a portico when the Basilica was dedicated.
at each extremity. They had a lofty nave, with Eekhcl cites Lampridius as alluding to this
two side aisles, separated by two rows of pillars, sumptuous structure, in mentioning that Commo-
and each formed a structure, which, adorned dus, afterwards emperor, when he assumed the
with columns, military ensigns, and trophies, toga viritis, went to preside (as magistrate) in the
administered to a taste for regal majesty and Basilica Trajani; and Vaillant quotes Nicephorus,
magnificence and therefore might well be
;
wherein he says, “the Senate, moreover, held a
classed amongst the ades regia of the State. convocation in the Basilica called Ulpia.”
The walls of the side aisles were furnished with BATHS of the Romans see Therma. —
shops, in which goods of all kinds were dis- BB. indicates a duplicate plural. Thus
played for sale, and the centre hall served as a crispvs et constant. 1VN. are called nobu.
resort where merchants, aud other men of busi- Caess. Nobi/issimi Casares.
ness were wont to congregate. Thus were these BEAT1TUDO PUBLICA. — A woman sitting
buildings dedicated at once to the purposes of with right hand raised, and left hand holding
commerce and of judicature. the hasta. On a third brass of Magnentius,
The simplicity of the early republic seems not struck between a. d, 350 to 353.
to have indulged in the luxury of building. A new reverse known to Banduri and later to
According to Livy (lxxvii. c. 27), there were no Tanini. Besides this coin a marble dedicated to
basilica in Rome till the year 514 (b. c. 210.) Constantins II. shews by the following that
Subsequently to that period, the wealth of the Beal Undo, or 1 happiness, was held at that
city having greatly increased, Cato built the period in the highest estimation pro beati- :

Basilica to which he himself gave the name of TVDINE TEMFORVM 1). D. CONSTANTII ET CON-
Porcia ; others followed, amongst the most stantis, &c. (D. N. V. viii. p. 122.)
superb of which was that called by the name of BEATA URBS ROMA. — On a large brass
JEmilia, or of Paulus, of which a representa- of Constaus. — See TJrbs Roma
Beata.
tion is preserved on a denarius of the /Emilia BEATA TRAN QUILLITAS. (Blessed or
gens. [See Aimilia Refecta, p. 31] Flutarch — Happy Tranquillity.) A celestial globe, placed
states, that the tribunes of the plebs were on a cippus, inscribed votis xx. stars above.—
accustomed to convoke public assemblies in the Banduri gives this from a third brass of
Basilica Porcia and Seneca speaks of these Licinius the younger, as
basilica resounding with the roar of law verdicts struck between a. d. 317
aud judgments (fremila judiciorum). For archi- and 323. It would seem
tectural details relative to edifices of this descrip- to be the first occurrence
tion, see Dr. Smith’s Dictionary of Greek and of this legend, which after-
Roman Antiquities, p. 130. wards appears in the mint
of Crispus, and others of
the Family of Constantine
the Great, to whose go-
vernment the tranquil state of the empire is
ascribed.
BELLEROPHON—The story of this
favourite hero of the Corinthians is so mixed up
with fable as to render the whole a matter of
doubt amongst the writers of antiquity. On
imperial colonial coins of Corinth, with Latin
legends, (struck under Augustus. M. Aurelius,
L. Verus, S. Scverus, Geta, and Alex. Sevcrus),
Bellerophon appears, sometimes mounted on
BASILICA ULPIA. — An elegant portico, Pegasus, in the act of fighting with an enig-
with lofty steps, and adorned with statues. matical non-descript, v’clept Chimara some- —
This legend and type on gold aud first brass times on the same winged horse of Apollo, with-
of Trajan, designates and represents the re- out the Chiimera being of the party. On other
markable which that emperor caused to
edifice, reverses of the fertile Corinthian mint, this
be built at Rome, and to which he gave his intrepid horse-tamer is represented on foot hold-
family name. Its portico was supported by ing Pegasus by the bridle. “ The legendary
sixteen columns, adorned with numerous statues, conqueror of the triple monster (says Vaillant),
and, according to the coins, crowned with tri- seems introduced on these coins of Corinth
 ; ; ; — ; ; — :

12C BERYTUS. BERYTUS.

under her Roman masters, to indicate the great Julia Domna and Caracalla. — Berytus is called
antiquity of that city.” — See Corinthus Colonia. Felix, because (says Yaillant) citieswere accus-
BELLONA. — A goddess created to share the tomed to proclaim themselves happy, or for-
fatigues and sanguinary
glories of Mars; but tunate, when they were admitted to the rank
whether as wife, sister, or companion, is not and privileges of Roman colonics. Amongst the
said. The figure of this female tutelary of war- types which present themselves on Latin imperial
riors is considered, by some, to appear on a large colonial of Berytensiau mintage are the following
brass of Gordianus Pius, bearing on its reverse 1 jEneas, Anchises, aud Ascanius.
. On a —
the legend of viktvs avgg. (Virtus Augusto- I reverse of Elagabalus.
rumj standing with a spear in one hand, and 2. Astarte . —This object of oriental idol-
resting the other on a shield upon the ground. which has already been noticed under its
atry,
The galcated Amazon is generally distinguished own name, was the chief tutelary goddess of
from Minerva, by holding a parazonium ; and Berytus. Accordingly we find her frequently
from Roma, by not bearing an idol of Victory and variously represented on its coinage. In
and, excepting the right breast and the left foot, p. 91, a Tyrian specimen of her image, clothed
her limbs are covered with drapery. Captain — in a short dress has been given. The anucxed
Smyth, p. 247. cut shews Astarte with tutulatcd, or tufted head-
BERYTUS Phcenicite
colonia (Baruti, ,
dress, and in a long robe, by which the entire
Bejrut, Begrout, Syria), one of the most an- person is covered, with the exception of the
cient cities in Asia, situate on the sea coast. ieft knee, which is bare, whilst the foot is
The old geographers speak of Berytus as terra
atnana (a pleasant land) ;
and modern travel-
lers confirm all that ha3 been said, in former
days, of the salubrity of its climate and the fer-
tility of its soil to which the latter add
; what —
seldom employs the pen of either Greek or
—
Roman prose writers a warm panegyric on the
mountain grandeurs and picturesque beauties of
its favoured locality. By whom it was founded,
as a Roman colony, has been matter of contro-
versy, which seems to be thus settled namely, — |

that Berytus was colonized by Julius Caesar, and |

thence derived its name of Julia that Augus- planted on the prow of a vessel. In her left
tus next scut to it a part of the veterans taken hand is the ap/ustrum and her right hand holds
from two legions, viz. v. Macedonica, and viii. a staff as tall as the figure, and terminating in a
Augusta, as a reinforcement to the first military cross, her peculiar symbol. A column close to
settlers on which account the name Augusta
; her left hand is surmounted by a figure of Vic-
was added. From Augustus also the city re- tory, which
offers to her a garland or crown. Her
ceived the Jus Italicum and afterwards, accord- left footplaced on the ship’s prow. On another —
ing to Josephus (i,. xix. c. 7), it was honoured reverse she appears with turreted head, standing
with peculiar benefits from Agrippa, king of in a temple of four columns, holding a trident
Judaea, at whose expense the Berytcnsian colony in her right hand. The attributes arc both
was embellished with a fine theatre, and a mag- allusive to the maritime locality of Berytus,
nificent amphitheatre, besides baths, porticoes, which she was supposed to have under her
and other architectural works, of equal utility guardianship. It is thus that this idol of the
aud elegance. It is now called Begrout; and Berytcnsians appears, on coins struck under
the gallant exploits of the British navy have, Trajan, Hadrian, Commodus, S. Severus, Julia
in our day, brought it again into European |
Domna, Caracalla, Macrinus, &c.
notice. Vaillaut (ii. 142) has engraved the bust of
The coins of this city arc numerous. They Astarte, presenting a front face, between two
are classed by Mionnct into Phoenician auto- legionary eagles, dedicated by this colony to
nomes in silver; Greek and bilingual in silver Gordiauus III. and Ecklicl describes the same
;

and brass; Latin colonial autonomes; aud Latin type under Gallirnus. There is also a temple
imperial colonial, in small, middle, and large of four columns, of which the frontispiece is
brass. adorned with statues, aud before the steps of
The Latin autonomous coins of Berytus, have which is a lion, on coins of Berytus, struck
for legend col. ber. and for types Silenus walk- with the portrait of the younger Gordianus.
ing — the prow of a ship —
the turreted and veiled Scstini gives a coin of llostiliauus and an-
—
head of a woman a galley a partridge, cornn- — other of Valerianus, on which Astarte, with
copiic, and dolphin. the modius on her head, stands holdiug in the
The Latin imperial colonial, commence under right hand her usual attribute of a cross-headed
Julius Ciesar, and extend with scarcely a break, hasta, and in her left hand a cornucopia? ; her
down to the reign of Gallieuus. The legends of re- right foot is on a prow, aud a r ictorio/a on a
verse are col. ber. —
col. ivl. ber. as in Julius cippus extends a crown towards her head, [<w in
and Augustus ; col. ivl. ber. aud col. ivl. avo.
— I the tgpe above engraved .] —
Pellerin has given
ber. as Augustus; c. I. f. avg.
in col. ber. a beautiful little coiu bearing the portrait of
— COL. IVL. ANT. —
COL. IVL. AVG. FEL. BER. US ill j
Sabiuia Tranquillina, and on which Astarte is
 — — ; —

BERYTUS. BERYTUS. 127

represented, an infant Silenus dancing
with the with which the plates of coins
fidelity
at her feet. —Melange, vol. i. plate xx.
See in his Recueil des Medailles, arc for the most
fig. 13. —
Mionnet cites from the cabinet Cou- part executed. See Melange, i. pi. xix. fig. 4,
sinery, a Beryteusian coin of Treb. Gallus, p. 299, in which he contents himself with
wliich exhibits Venus, standing
this Syrian merely adding, “ On lie rapporte cette Mcdaille
between two small Victories, each on a column. precedente que par rapport a la singularity de sa
She holds up above her head a scarf filled by type, qui ne sc trouve point dans Vaillant.”
the wind. To publish a coin from his own collection
On a second brass dedicated by this city to “qui ue se trouve point dans Vaillaut,”
was
Salonina, as a mode of complimenting her hus- (unfortunately for thenumismatic
cause of
band Gallienus, Astartc under the figure of a science) more often the aim of Pellcrin than to
woman, in a long dress, crowned with towers, exercise his great erudition and experienced
stands on the acrostolium (or beak of a galley) : sagacity, in assisting to interpret a puzzling
she holds the cruciform attribute in her right type even of his own editing as if it became—
hand, and gathers the skirt of her robe in her one eminent antiquary to make somewhat of a
left. Behind her is a viclorio/a, on a column, parade iu supplying the omissions, or exposing
with garland aud palm branch. See Vaillaut — the deficiencies, of another equally eminent
in Col. ii. 215. man, yet without either taking the same pains
3. Bacchus. —
The image of a god so popularly as his predecessor had done, to unravel a numis-
adored as Liber Pater, in the wine-producing matic enigma, or having the candour to ac-
district where Berytus flourished, could not fail knowledge his ignorance of its meaning.
to make its appearance on her coins. Accord- On turning from writers of the elder school,
ingly, cither unclothed, between two shoots of to Mionnet, who, for years iu charge of the
viuc, holding in one hand the rhgton, and in grandest of cabinets, and surrounded by some
the left the thyrsus —
sometimes with a faun or of the best antiquaries in Europe,- was himself a
satyr by his side —
sometimes holding a bunch of model of industry, we find his notice of the coin
grapes over the head of his inseparable friend in question comprised in these words, “ Unit
the panther; or iu a long dress, with the can figures assises, et formant un cercle.” That is all.
tharus, and a staff entwined with foliage and Not a word more, in the shape of note or comment
fruit, as the Indian Bacchus we see him re-
presented ou mintages of this colony, under
; respecting this very remarkable
reverse, which
perhaps unique
worthy the attention of Eng-
is
—
Hadrian, Gordiauus Pius, and other emperors.
[These types probably indicate that the people
lish numismatologists. —
And, indeed, to elicit
from their learning, research, and ingenuity,
of Berytus worshipped him, as the reputed first some clue, at
least, to the solution of tliis
planter of vineyards, iu the regions of Phoenicia riddle, is principal motive which has led
the
and especially on the spurs of the mountain* to its included amongst the graphic
being
chain of Libanus, in the vicinity of which the illustrations of the present work, as a genuine,
more ancient Beroes was built. Vaill. in Col. rare, and curious relic of the Roman colonial
ii. 140f] mint. —
The figures are not those of the Dii
Colonus.
4. —
A colonist, or a priest veiled, Majores, for they are not sufficiently numer-
guiding two oxen, or an ox and a cow, the ous, and arc without distinctive attributes.
common numismatic symbol of an established Appearing, as they do, to be all of the male sex,
colony, is a very frequeut type on the coins of it may be no great piece of presumption to
Berytus. It successively appears under Julius hazard a conjecture, that this circular group was
Cicsar, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, intended to represent a council, not of gods
Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Nerva, Trajan, but, of men —
quere if of the duumviri, decurioues,
Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius. and other governing authorities of the city of
5. Circle of figures. —
On a coin of Berytus, Berytus ? j
struck under Elagabalus, are eight togated figures, 6. Hercules, naked, standing between two
seated in a round, forming a kind of circular
group, in the centre of which is the abbreviated
serpents, upright on their tails. Elagabalus.' —
Engraved in Vaillant, ii. 76.
name of the city, bf.r. Below is a galley. 7. Jupiter. — His image within a tetrastyle
temple, is represented on a first brass of Trajan,
engraved in Havercamp’s Medailles de Christine,
p. 54.
8. Lion walking. Valerianus. —
9. Legionary Eagles and Military Ensigns,
sometimes within a laurel crown, in other
instances with col. ber. and the numerals
v. vui. (meaning Colonia Berytus, Quinta et
Octava, i. e. Legio.) These appear on coins
struck at Berytus under the following Emperors,
viz. Augustus, Tiberius, Claudius, Nerva, Ha-

[The above cut is from a well preserved speci- drian, Commodus, Julia Domna, Caracalla, Gor-
men the British Museum, on comparing
in dianus Pius.
which with Pellcrin’s engraving of the same re- Such military symbols refer to the original
verse, we have another instauce among many of formation of the colony by Julius Cicsar, or
 — —

128 BERYTUS. BERYTL’S.

rather to the transmission of the two legions Engraved by Pcllerin, iu Melange, i. pi. xix.
(fifth and eighth) above mentioned, to Bervtus by No. 12.
Augustus. The exhibition of Legionary Eagles 1-1. Venus Marina, naked, seated on a rock.

on colonial coins of Domna, alludes probably (as — Hadrian.

Yaillant observes) to the Senate having repre- 15. Victory, marching, with right hand raised,
sented her, on their own mint at Rome, sacri- and carrying a labarum on the left shoulder
ficing before the Roman standards, in record before her is a galley with two sailors, each
10. title which they had conferred on that
of the —
holding a labarum large brass of Elagabalus.
ambitious Princess, of Muter Castrorum, in Engraved in Pellerin, Melange, i. pi. xix. fig 5,
imitation of a similar honour bestowed by Mar- p. 299.
cus Aurelius, with like impropriety, on his
• 16. Temple of Astarte . —
The subjoined is
Empress Faustina. engraved from a first brass (in the British
Neptune. —
Berytus, being maritime, Museum), dedicated by this colony to Diadu-
built a temple to Neptune, whom its inhabitants mcnianus, sou of the Emperor Macrinus. The
worshiped as one of their tutelary deities. Local legend col. ivl. avg. pel. ber. identifies the coin
traditions, indeed, whilst.naming Saturn as the with the mint of Berytus. As to the type, it
11.
founder of Berytus, add that lie gave that city to is one of the most remarkable in the colonial

the God of the Sea. It is not surprising, there- scries; constituting, as it does, a multum in pareo
fore, that his image frequently occurs on coins of allusion to local traditions and ancient idola-
of this colony. These are found to have been tries. Vaillant having published nocoiu of Diadu-

minted under Augustus, Trajan, Hadrian, Anto- meuianus, struck at Berytus, Pellerin has supplied
ninus Pins, Commodus, S. Scvcrus, Caracalla, the omission, by giving an exact delineation,
Macrinus, Elagabalus, Gordiauus Pius. See — accompanied with a minute description of the
Neptune. type, in his Melange, i. pi. xix. No. 12, p. 303:
—
Neptune and Beroe. A large brass,
struck at Berytus, bears on its obverse the head
of Elagabalus ; and on the other side, col. ivl.
avg. PEL. ber. with the remarkable type, which,
from a specimen in the British Museum, is
faithfully copied in the subjoined cut.

A temple of four columns, in which Astarte

isrepresented, clothed in a long dress, wirto face
to the front, and tutulated head-gear, holding
in the right hand the hast a terminated iu form
of a and iu her left a cornucopia-. A
cross,
Victory placed on a column close to the left side
of Astarte offers to crown her. On each side of
Vaillant {in Coloniis, ii. 75) was the first to the goddess, a winged cupid, standing on a
give an engraving of this elegant reverse, which plinth, lifts its hands with a garland in them
he describes and explains as follows : “ Neptune, towards her. On the summit of the temple,
as distinguished by the trident in his left hand, Neptune with a trident iu one hand, raises up
lays hold, with his right, on a woman who is in a with the other the nymph Beroe, (forming a
kneeling posture, and has a vase, or pitcher, in similar group to that delineated in the wood-cut
her right hand.” —
Berytus, if Nonuus is to be which illustrates reverse number 11.) On the
credited, took its first name of Beroes from the entablature, on each side of the pediment, a
nymph Beroe, the fabled daughter of Venus and Victory holds in both its hands a crown above
Adouis, whom Neptune demanded in marriage, its head. Below the temple to the right and left
but who was given to Bacchus. But here the of the steps, two other cupids arc seen, each
nymph appears unwilling to be dragged away by seated on a dolphin, nml holding a trident.
Neptune; ‘‘because (adds Vaillant’s authority) Beneath both dolphins is a vase with a foot
the God of Wine was more pleasing to her than to it.
the God of the Sea.” Mionnct adds a large brass coin of Macrinus
12. Sileniu. —A type of this “ witty” pre- minted at Bervtus, similar in lcgcud and type
ceptor of Bacchus, appears on coins of the to those of Diadnmcninnus above described.
Bcrytensians, minted under Elagabalus. See — —
BETIL1ENUS. This is the surname of a man,
Si ten us. not the appellation of a Roman family. In this
13. Temple. —On a coin of this colony, dedi- case, the name of the gens seems (says Eckhel, v.
cated to Julia Miesa, is a tetrastyle temple, in 150) to have become extinct; and the surnames
which are the figures of three females, the middle only to have been preserved. A third brass,
one of whom is seated, the other two standing. struck under Augustus, has on its obverse p.
 — — —
— — —

BICIPITES. — BILLON. BIGATI. — BILBILIS. 129

betilienvs bassvs aiul s. c. in the middle of BIG/E (from bis jugum). —
A car or chariot,
the field. Rev. niviR. a. a. a. f. f. (incuse.) drawn by two horses, or other animals. On
That Bassus Bctilicmis was one of Augustus’s Roman coins, botli consular and imperial, are
moneycrs is shewn by this coin but no further ;
sceu biyce of horses, elephants, mules, lions,
mention of the man is to be found. It is only bulls or oxen, stags (Diana), panthers (Bacchus),
conjectured that he may he the same person, to serpents (Ceres) ; besides centaurs, dragons,
whom Scucca alludes as having been scourged to Griffins, &c. —
See Car.
death, by order of Caligula, A. D. 40. On a —
BIGATI. A class of Roman silver coins,
very ancient marble, cited bv Patin, in refer- so called from their bearing on the reverse side,
ence to this small brass coin is inscribed L. the type of a chariot drawn by two horses.
BETI1.IEXVS L. F. VAAKVS. The subjoined cut, from a denarius of the Sau-
BIBULUS, —A cognomen of the Calpurnia feia gens, serves as a specimen (otherwise with-
family. out interest) of this common device :

BICEPS, or double headed. Sec Janus. —

—
BICIPITES. Coins are so called, which have
heads on both sides ;
aud they are highly prized
by collectors. But many of these bicipitous rari-
ties have been formed by the artifice of splitting
a coin in two, and then joining the opposite parts
of two coins together, so as to apply the reverse
of one to the obverse of another. Thus Faustina
senior’s head has been impacted to an Antoninus
Pius her daughter’s to that of Marcus Aurelius
; ;
Pliny (l. xxxiii. § 13) says, “
Notam argenti
Crispinn to Commodus; and Otacilia to Philip fuissc bigas atquc quadrigas, ct indc bigatos et
unwary purchaser supposes that he
so that the quadrigatos dictos.” And Roman
has a man and
his wife on the same piece. “ I — silver coins,
it is true, that
with big® on their reverses, were
had specimens of all these (adds Capt. Smyth, called bigati, and with quadrigae, were called
from the preface of whose valuable work the quadriyati ; but a great many denarii had other
foregoing is extracted), so excellently finished as types. Tacitus incidentally alludes to these coins,
to require very' minute inspection to detect the saying, that the Germani, who generally traded in
fraud ; but the best forgery that has fallen in my the way of were still ready to take in
barter,
way was an Alexander [Severus], with the rare le- payment oldand well-known money such as ;

gend ‘ Potcstas perpetua’ round a seated Security, bigati ; and Livy frequently uses the term when
which I purchased as a true coin, though it had he enumerates the amount of Spanish aud Cis-
a shade of stiffness about it ; nor was its falsity alpine booty. It was a long period before the
quite manifest until the graver was applied.” portraits of living personages were placed on
lill'ROXS. — See Janus. Roman coins and for centuries the denarii of
BILLON. —This term is applied, by French
;

the republic presented on one side only the head

numismatists, to coins of silver mixed with much of the goddess Roma, or of Pallas, and on the
alloy, or to copper with a small alloy of silver. other a figure of Victory, with garland aud palm
From the reign of Gallienns to that of Claudius branch, standing on a car drawn by two or by
Gothicus (viz. from a. d. 253 to 270), scarcely four horses. Hence they were called bigati,
any but these so named coins of billon are to be quadriyati, and victoriati. The type of the
found. Some of them have been first struck on latter, however, combined itself with the other
the copper alone, and afterwards covered with a two appellations. The engraving above given,
thin silvery coating, and in that case they arc represents a Victoria in bigis. —
For Victoria in
called saucees, or washed coins; others have had quadrigis, see Quadriyati.
a leaf of silver struck dexterously on the copper ;
BILANX — the balance, or pair of scales.
and these bear the name of fourrees, or plated A symbol of Justice aud Equity. It is seen on
coins. several family coins; and in the imperial mint-
On this subject M. Ilennin makes the follow- ages from Galba far downwards. The balance,
ing remarks From and after the reign of
:
at the same time, formed one of the insignia of
Claudius Gothicus, coinages of billon arc no the Praetors, who administered justice at Rome.
longer found. The standard of silver having — On coins of the Flaminia, Fidvia, and Cmcilia
been successively lowered, the money, which re- families, engraved from, in Morell. Thesaur. it
placed that of this metal, proves under the above is seen over the sella curulis, indicating that
mentioned emperor, to be of silvered copper. Curule Edilcs were likewise invested with ma-
In almost all such pieces, the effects of friction, gisterial power. On a denarius of the Annia
and of time, have removed this covering, which gens, the balance placed before a female head,
appears only on those in the best state of pre- shews the latter to represent .Equitas or Moneta.
servation. The coins of Claudius Gothicus, aud BILBILIS, Tarraconensis (Hispanim) muni-
of the subsequent reigns, as far as Diocletian, cipium ; now Calatayud, in Arragon. On coins —
which have been published as of billon, arc but it is styled Augusta, from Augustus, by whom,
pieces of washed copper. Those of the same and afterwards by Tiberius and Caligula, muni-
reigns described as being of silver are false. cipal and other privileges were conferred upon
Manuel —Nomenclature, ii. 440. — See the word it. Hence the legend mv. avgvsta hii.kii.is
Potin. on its mintages, which are colonial imperial, in

S
 — — — : —

130 BLUNDERED COINS, BON. EVENT.

small anil middle brass. Of the following ob- animal, amongst various other quadrupeds (such
verse and reverse an engraving is given in Mr. as the goat, bull, stag, lion, panther, &c.) are
Akennan’s Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes, typified ou the smaller coins of Gallieuus. These
pi. viii. fig. 3, p. 68 :
were all sacred to the tutelary deities, at whose
avgvstvs. Bare head of Augustus. altars that eccentric prince offered up so many
bilbilis. A horseman bearing a lance and supplications, that he obtained the title of Con-
galloping. .* 8» R 2. (British Museum). servator Pietatis.
Ou
other coins of this llispano- Roman city, BOCCHUS a King of Mauritania and
with legends of mv. bilbilis, and bilbilis Gictulia, whose name occurs frequently in the
avgysta, struck in honour of Augustus and of most infamous transactions of the Jugurthiue
Tiberius, laurel as well as oaken garlands appear, war. An obsequious ally of the Romans, and a
(the names of Duumviri within). The laurels on treacherous friend to his Numidian neighbours,
account of victories ; the oak leaves on pretence this unprincipled time-server, after various
of “ citizens preserved.” To flatter even Cali- intrigues and manoeuvres, with both the con-
gula, the inhabitants of Bilbilis dedicated a flicting parties, basely delivered up to Sulla,
reverse, with a crown of laurel, to that pusil- then a quaestor of Marius, King Jugurtha, who
lanimous tyrant, with whose reign the coinage had sought an asylum in the territories of
of this inunicipium appears to have ceased. Bocchus, after an unsuccessful contest with the
Vaillant (in Cot. i. 12) has engraved a coin of Roman legions, b. c. 106. There are denarii
Bilbilis and Italica in alliance. On the obverse of Eaustus Cornelius Sulla, son of the Dictator,
is bilbili. A beardless male head. Rev. allusive to this historical incident. —
See Cornelia
italica. A horseman with couched lance, yens ; also the words favstvs felix.
charging. —
Sec Mionnct, Supp/t. i. 55. also — BAETICA (llispania) — a Roman province of
Akerman (p. 66), who says, “ Bilbilis, the —
Spain comprehending what is now Granada,
capital of the Celtibcri, was celebrated for its and Andalusia.
waters, which were supposed to possess the BON. EVENT. Bonus Eventus. Good
quality of imparting an excellent temper to success was honoured at Rome
with a peculiar
steel.” worship. On a denarius of the Scribonia gens,
BIT. Bithynia. — COM. BIT. Commune occur these abbreviated words, owing no doubt
Bithynia. (says Eckhel, v. 303) to the Roman practice of
BITHYNIA, a region of Asia Minor (deriving consecrating every thing capable of producing
its name fromthe river Bithya), now Natolia, good or evil, as Fortune, Hope, Genius, &c.
Turkey in Asia. It was one of ten provinces And thus with Eventus; just as Lucretius
established by Augustus. Hadrian shewed enumerates among events, Slavery, Liberty,
great favour to it. (It was the birth-place of Riches, Poverty, War, Peace (l. i. v. 456.)
Antinous). —
On large brass of that emperor, we Eventus, according to Cicero’s definition (De In-
see adventviand bestitytoki bithyniae, vent. Rhet. i. c. 28), is “ the issue of any matter
with the usual types of an imperial arrival at, respecting which we generally inquire, what has
and restoration of, a Roman
province ; in this resulted, or may result, or will ultimately result,
instance marking the bestowed, by
liberalities from such circumstances.” Thus if anything
the above named prince, in re-establishing those turned out well it was attributed to Bonus
Bithyuian cities, which had been overthrown by Eventus that it was considered to be of the
earthquakes; principally Nicomedia and Nicea. same nature as Felicitas, is proved by a denarius
Bimard ad Jobert, i. 404. engraved in Morel!. Thesaur. amongst the incerti,
BLUNDERED COINS.—This is a term used tab ii. a. ou which near a female head is in-
in reference to “ those Roman medals in which scribed bon. event et fei.icitas. Eckbcl ex- —
mistakes have been made by the engraver. presses his own opinion to be that “ this Genius
Some, for their rarity (Piukerton observes), are of the Romans is the same as the 'Avroyaria of
undeservedly valued by certain connoisseurs.” the Greeks and he quotes what Plutarch says
Froelich and Moualdini have each treated of of Timolcon
;
—
“ Having built in his house a
these instances of monetal fallibility. Thus on shrine to 'Avroyaria, he sacrificed to her; but
a reverse of Trajan the inscription is con- the house itself he dedicated to the sacred
sencavtio for consecratio. Ou a Gordian III. Aaiyuv (Genius.) Aud Ncpos also, in his life,
MLETARM PROPVGNATOREM for MAUTEU. Of corroborates the fact of that great reverence,
Alex. Sevcrus des. nos. for cos. Of Nero which Timolcon paid to the above named deifica-
l an vii clvsti for CLVSIT. &c. (Essay, vol. ii. tion of chance or fortunate events. The reason
190.) for this conduct was, that w hatever he undertook
BOAR. —The figure of a wild boar transfixed prospered. Consequently, 'Avroyaria. is neither
by on a denarius of Dunnius,
a spear, is exhibited more nor less than the spontaneous agency of
one of the monetal triumvirs of Augustus. On Fortune, that is to say Eventus, and Bonus
a coin of the Egnatia gens, is a lion seizing upon Eventus, because thanks were returned to it;
a stag. —
Eckhcl remarks, that these effigies of and it was believed to be presided over by a
the boar and the lion, bear allusion to the good or sacred Genius, by the Greeks styled
splendid huntings, in which Augustus took such ayaOus, or Upos Salywv.”
great delight, as narrated by Dion Cassius and Bonus Eventus, according to Publius Victor,
by Suetonius. On a coin of the Voltcia gens, had a temple in the ninth quarter of Rome; aud
the Ervmanlhian boar is represented. This —
Ammiauus also meulionsit. On consular denarii
 ; - —

BONUS EVENTUS. BONAE SPEI. 131

the female sex is assigned to Evenlus. (Sec of this emperor, and of his son Caraealla, is
Scribonia gens) ; as also on an autonomous, or represented by a naked male figure standing at
family denarius of Gallia. But on those of other an altar, over which he holds with his right hand
emperors down to the time of Gallienus, this the sacrificial patera, and a bunch of corn-ears
deity is represented as of the male sex. An ex- in his left, as in the engraved type of Antoninus
ample of this occurs ou a second brass of An- Pius, above given.
toninus Pius, whence the subjoined cut is copied, On coins of Roman die, struck in honour of
and which bears on its reverse the full legend, provinces, as in the instance of Jllyricum, &c.
in the dedicatory form. under Trajanus Decius ; or by some colony dedi -
cated to the reigning emperor, we see a male
figure, unclothed, except his having the chlamys
over his shoulders, standing with cornucopiic and
patera, and a modius on his head. “ This repre-
sents the provincial or colonial genius, and was
(says Capt. Smyth) equivalent to Bonus Even-
tus, or good success, a deity who presided over
agriculture, and great actions and as such he
;

was complimented ou coins by Titus and other

princes.” (p. 276 )
BONAE FORTUNAE. Fortune standing
with rudder and cornucopias, on silver of V alcria-
BONO EVENTUI. S. C.—The naked Ggureof nus, given by Yaillant, (Erast. Num. Impp. Rom.
a man, standing beside an altar, and holding ii. 343), and on a third brass, described by Eek-

in his right hand a patera in his left, cars of

; hel from the Imperial Cabinet.
com. In the exergue cos. n. shewing the coin Bona Fortunes, the hyaOrt of the
to have been struck a. d. 139. Greeks, worshipped by the Romans as the wife
This impersonation is graphically described by or sister of Bonus Eventus —
had tw o temples at
r

riiny (xxxiv p. G55) when he eulogizes “ the Rome; one in the F'orum Boarium, built (ac-
statue of Bonus Evenlus, holding a patera in cordingto Dionysius Ilalicar.) by Scrvius Tullius;
its right hand, and an ear of corn and a poppy the other in the Curia Hostilia, erected (as Dion
in its left” —
the workmanship of Enphranor. — affirms), by M. Lepidus, in honour of Julius
Varro, (de R. R. i. ch. 1.) has indeed reckoned Crcsar (Eckhel, 383).
vii. —
See Fortuna.
Bonus Eventus among the rural deities, because
“ without success, and Bonus Eventus, there is
BONAE SPEI. —Afemale figure standing,
holds a flower in the right hand, and lifts her
hut disappointment, and no produce.” And — robe with the left. —
On silver of Pcscennius
Festus also says “ They used to fasten rolls of Niger, published by Yaillant (Erast. Num. ii.
bread (Panes) round the head of a slaughtered 201) ; and, in correction of his own error, allow-
horse, on the ides of October, in the Campus ed by Eckhel (vii. 150) to be (and not bona spes)
Martius, the sacrifice being offered for an abun the true reading of the legend of a geuuine and
dant crop of fruit.” most rare coin. But, lie adds, bona spes and
One of the pavements of the Roman villa, bonae spei arc legends often occurring on coins
at Woodchcster, is inscribed bonvm kventvm, struck under S. Severus at the same time, viz.
whence it may be iuferred, that the owner had a. d. 193-194). —It is indeed quite certain, that
invoked the protection of this deity for his Severus and Niger frequently used the same type
building. —
Sec Lysons’ Account of Homan An- in their respective mints and this not by chance,
;

tiquities at Woodchester, in Gloucestershire, but by design for they mutually adopted legends
;

pi. xix. on their money, which are not to be found on

—
BONI EVENTUS. This legend is accom- the coins of other emperors. Each enudated the
panied by the type of a naked male figure, with other : — the spurn of Pcscennius was met by the
patera in the right hand, and corn cars and a spei of Scptimius Eventus competed with Even-
—
poppy flower in the left, on silver of Galba.
;

tui, in a manner difficult to account for. —

Cicero
History sufficiently shows that the principal opposed bona spes to despondency in all human
reason with Galba for worshipping this deifica- affairs and at Rome there was an altar raised
;

tion, was liis happy escape from the dangers to Fortuna Bona Spes, as Plutarch records.
which impended over him, in the crisis between Grater has published a stone monument, dedi-
his revolt from Nero and his accession to the catedbonae spei avg. (vii. 170). See Spes. —
empire (a. ». 68). BONO GENIO IMPERATORIS, or PII
BONUS EVENTUS AUGUSTUS.—Young IMPERATORIS. — The genius stands, holding
naked male figure standing ;
in his right hand —
a patera and cornucopia: below is ai.e. On a —
three javelins. — Silver of Titus. — Akerman. second brass of Maximinus Daza ; struck be-
BONI EVENTUS, with type of a youthful tween a. d. 308 and 313.
figure, standing, appears on a denarius of Pesccn- The Good Genius, called by the Greeks
nius Niger (of course rare). —
S. Severus, also dedi- A yaOos Aaipaiv, and especially by those of
cated a portion of his mint, in the first and most Alexandria, where this and other coins of Daza
perturbed years of his reign, to acknowledge the were struck, received public worship there,
salutary influence, and to propitiate the fm-ther under the form of a serpent, as appears from
protection, of Bonus Evenlus which, on silver Alexandrine medals with the head of Nero.
 — —— — — —

132 BONONIA OCEANEN. BONO REIPUBLICAE.

Banduri, who describes this coin, calls into grave from the subscription of the Lex V. of the Codex
examination, the right of him to proclaim himself Theodosius (lib. xi lit. 16), viz. “data viii.
“ a pious emperor,” who trampled on all laws, Kal. Febr. Bononia, Placido et Romulo Coss.”
divine and human. But Licinius afterwards These men having entered on their Consulship
dared to do the same thing, (as is proved by a
second brass of his, in the Imperial Museum,
a. r>. 343. —
[Most of the above remarks, cited
by Eckhel, are in llucange. Dissert, de Num.
unknown to Banduri) although the legend may inf. avi. $ 58].
more truly be ascribed to the base flattery of the In valuing this medallion at 200 fr. Mionnct
Alexandrians. (D. N. F. viii. p. 54.) observes, that the more remarkable, inas-
it is

BONONIA, a maritimetown of Gallia Bcl- much as it appears to be the only ancient numis-
giea, now called by the French Boulogne-sur- matic mouument which has transmitted to us
mer (Picardy). According to Pcutinger’s table the memory of this historical event, and the
or map, its more ancient name was Gcssoria- name of Bononia.
cum by which, however, historians do not men- [The cast from which the above cut has been
,

tion it, till after the time of Constantine. engraved was taken from the original in the
Their testimonies are given by Ccllarius. But Cabinet de France.]
the most trustworthy record |(says Eckhel, viii. BONO REIPUBLICAE.— Justa Grata IIo-
noria, daughter of Constantius 111. and of Galla
110), is that adduced from some anonymous
biographer of Constantius Magnus, by D’Anville. Placidia, born about the year 417, having co-
— “ Hastening towards his father (Constantius habited with Eugenius the procurator, and be-
Chlorus), lie arrived at Bononia, which the come pregnant by him, was turned out of the
Gauls used formerly to call Gessoriacum.” It was palace by her brother Yalentinian, and went to
a place of great importance in a military point Theodosius II. at Constantinople, a. n. 434.
.She soon after secretly stirred up Attila to in-
of view, because the transit thence to Britain
across the straits is very short. According to vade the Western Empire and was on the point ;

Suetonius it was from this place that the Emperor of being married to him, when lie died from
Claudius passed over into Britain, a. d. 43. vomiting blood. The following is one of her
coins
BONONIA OCEANEN. — A
:

brass medallion
Obe. n. N. i vst. chat, honoria, p. f. avg.
of Constans, bears the foregoing legend and,
Head of llouoria, crowned by a
;
hand appearing
for its type, presents a galley, with rowers the ;
above it.
emperor, in a military dress, and with a buckler Rev. bono ueipvblicae. A Victory standing
and a lance, stands on the deck, in the attitude with along cross in the right hand; beneath,
of hurling his missile weapon downwards, as if comob. (av. Mus. Imp.)
at a figure swimming in the sea. On the prow Andthus, she who was the pest and bane of
of the galley is Victory, with garland and palm
the empire, ostentatiously boasts herself as born
branch at the stern arc two ensigns.
;
On the for the good of the state. There is a similar
shore is seen a light -house or some other edifice. legend on a coin of FI. Victor, who was the son
of Magnus Maximus.
BONO REIPUBLICE (sic.) NATI.—Two
figures, seated, pal udamen-
and clothed in the
turn, of which the one to the right is the taller;
the left hand figure is that of a boy. They to-
gether support a globe above is a Victory. :

On gold of FI. Victor (Banduri), on silver

(Taniui.)
This and other coins of Victor, however false
in their declaration, arc remarkable both for
their legends and for their rarity. Constantine,
on one of his coins, is styled in abbreviation n.
it. P. NAT. (Bono Reipiib/ica Xatus.J Taniui,
This extremely rare medallion relates to an ex- in illustration of his silver specimen of Flavius
pedition to Britain, undertaken by Constans, in Victor’s coin, cites the following inscription
the winter of a. d. 342-3, to repress the incur- from Sigonius:
sions of the Piets, who were desolating the lloman 1). D. N. N. MAG. CL. MAXIMO ET
province. The meaning of the type is well eluci- PL. VICTOKI. PUS FELICIBVS
dated by Ducange, from Julius Firmieus, who, in SEMPER AVGVSTIS
a style of flattery sufficiently bombastic, thus ad- BONO R. P. NATIS.
dresses Constaus
—
“In the season of winter This flattering compliment is often found in
thou hast trodden the swelling and raging waves inscriptions to the Constantine family; and now
of the ocean —
a deed never before accomplished, and then it appears alone without any designa-
nor ever again to happen :
—
under your oars hath tion of the Emperor or Ciesar, to whom it was
trembled the flood of a sea almost unknown to applied on the stone found at Wroxcter.
;
as
us and the Briton has gazed, appalled, at the
; The above legend and inscription of Bono
unexpected sight of an emperor.”- Libanius — Jleipublica Nati, together with the same, on a
(in Basilico) has given a similar account. third brass of Priscus Attains, serve to shew
Light is thrown on the date of this expedition how true is the reading of B. k. p. N. instead of
 — : —

BOS. BOSTRA. 133

B. A. p. N. ;
and to fortify, beyond all dispute, The Romans were accustomed, at triumphal

the interpretation of Bono Beipublica Nato, sacrifices, to adorn the horns of the victim with

instead of bap. nat. or Baptizatus Nalus, as gold, whilst its backwas clothed with the richest
erroneously assigned to the legend of a brass and most brilliaut silks. Amidst such luxury
eoin of Constantiuus Magnus. and magnificence, the poor bedizened animals,
—
BOS. Bull, Ox, or Heifer. This animal is — (on some grand occasions paying the tribute of
figured on numerous coins, in various postures, their blood at the shrines of superstition, by the
and with various indications for example, some- : hundred at a time), marched along in the pro-
cession, with gay “ blindness to the future
times standing, walking, butting with his horns,
or rushing forward —
sometimes adorned in pre- kindly given” —
some so tame and quiet as per-
paration for the sacrifice; sometimes on his haps to “lick the hand” of the victimarius
knees, about to be immolated at the altar of a who led them — all unconscious of being near the
deity. the usual monetary
The Bull or Ox, securis, so soon afterwards raised to fell them,

type of colonies and municipal towns, bore re- and equally unaware of the culter just whetted
ference to the culture of the soil, as well as to to cut their decorated throats !

the security afforded by the protection of the Bos et Stella. —A standing with two
bull,

emperor. The well-known type of a man stars over its head, is seen on middle brass of

ploughing with two oxen symbolizes the Roman Julianas II. which has for legend of reverse
ceremony of founding a city or a colony. Bulls’ secvritas BEiPVBUCyE. It bears testimony to
heads sometimes have au allusion to sacrifices, that emperor’s relapse into Pagan idolatry, and
at other times to games. denotes the restoration, made by the same saty-
The bull, like the horse Pegasus, was con- rical and “philosophic” prince, of ruminating ani-

secrated to the Sun. The figure of a bull forms mals for victims on the altars of false gods,
the reverse type of silver, and third brass, of whereas all such sacrifices had been prohibited
Gallienus bearing the legend of SOLI CON-
;
by his immediate predecessors, the professed
Servatori AYG usti. Christian members of the Constantine family.
—
Bus Vittatus a Bull, whose head is orna- According to Aminianus (l. xxii.) Julian fre-
mented with an infula, or flock ot white and quently offered up a hundred bulls, selecting
red wool, forming a kind white ones in honour of Jupiter. The stars over
of mitre or turban of the head of the bull designate it to be Apis,
triangidar shape, and which the Egyptians, and this Roman emperor
dressed with the villa, in his “ wisdom,” worshipped as a god.
(a sort of garland), be- —
Bos Cornupeta. This term (from cornu
tween its horns, in ho- petere) is used by the elder numismatic writers
nour of some religious to describe a bull, or steer, in the attitude of
ceremony, as the animal butting with its horns, and stamping with one
is led to the sacrificial of his fore feet, as on coins of Augustus and
altar. In family de- Vespasian.
narii this figure is frequently exhibited ;
because A denarius of the first
the consuls, in ascending to the Capitol, were named emperor, exhibits
accustomed there to immolate young unyoked on its reverse, with legend
steers to Jupiter. On a coin of Julius Cscsar, of aygvstvs Dm r. a
having for its legend of reverse, IOYt OPT bno specimen of the Taurus
MAXj'otc SACRhot, the accompanying type ex- or Bos Cornupeta. The
hibits the Bos vittatus et infulatus, wearing the lowered horns and mena-
dorsuale, or ornamented cloth for the back, cing posture of the animal
standing before an altar which has a flame on it. at once correspond with,
The bull, or rather the juvencus, in this ex- and illustrate, the line in Virgil, so spiritedly
ample [see wood cut above] represents a victim rendered by Drydcn
about to be sacrificed to Jupiter. Thus Virgil, Jam cornu petat, et pedibus qui spargat arenam.
instructively to us on this point, puts into the
“ Butts with his threatening brows, and bellowing
mouth of Ascauius :

stands,
Jupiter omnipotens, audacibus annue emptis. “ And dares the fight, and spurns the yellow sands.”
Ipse tibi ad tua templa feram solcnnia dona,
Et statuam ante aras aurata irovAe juvencum The reason on this
of its adoption as a type
Candentem pariterque caput cum matre ferentem.
,
coin is There can hardly, however,
doubtful.
JEneid, L. ix after what is adduced from ancient writers, in
My attempt, great Jupiter, succeed ;
first Morel (Thesaur. t. ii.) be much hesitation both
Au annual offering in thy grove shall bleed: mere allusion to the
in rejecting the idea of its
A snow white steer before thy altar led, Zodiacal sign of that name, and in expressly re-
Who like his mother bears aloft his head. ferring it to some of those public shews, when
Bnjdens translation.
horsemen combatted with bulls in the Circensiau
On a denarius of the Postumia gens, a bull arena, and at which Augustus and the members
stands as a victim, on a rock (supposed to be of his family, often took their scats, as amongst
meant for Mount Aventine), close to a lighted the most ardent of the spectators. —
See Taurus.
altar over the horns of the beast a priest cx-
; BOSTRA, Colonia now Boszra,
(Arabia,) —
tcuds his right hand. in the southern part of the Turkish pashalic
 — —— , ]

134 BOSTRA. BRASS COINAGE.

of Damascus. The sera of this Arabian city
dates from the 85 8th year of Rome (a. d.
of the infant Silenus, dancing. — Engraved in
Melange i. pi. xxi. fig. 7, p. 320.
105). Its coins are imperial, in brass, with
Greek inscriptions, from the reign of Antoninus
3. Co/onus boves agens. Pellerin gives a —
coin with this type as struck under Elagabalus.
Pius to that of Elagabalus; and in the same “ This medal (he observes) shews that the city
metal, with Latin legends, from Alexander of Bostra had been a colony before the reign
Sevcrus to Trajanus Decius and Ilerennius of Sevcrus Alexander, contrary to the opinion of
Etruscus. — Onimperial coins in large, middle, Spanheim and of Vaillant.” See Melange, i. —
and small brass, the colony is called col. 300.
bostr. —
co i, ox ia bostra. Also on a large On a coin dedicated to Alexander Sevcru3, is
brass of Julia Maimea, is read n. tr. alexan- the same type of a Colonist at plough added to ;

drian'ae col. bostr. (Novce Trajante Alexan- which well-known group is an edifice, with stair-
drian# Co/onue Bostra). According to Vaillant, case of ascent to the upper part, where three
Bostra took the name of Trajan, on account of vases are placed. [Described in .Mionuct, Me-
benefits (such as the building of bridges and dailles llomaines .
other public structures,) received by it from 4. Serapis, head of, surmounted by the
that Emperor and the appellation of Alexan-
; madias, or the calathus, on a coin of Alexander
drians! was added in honour of Alexander Scve- Sevcrus, quoted by Mionuct, from the Mas.
rus. On coins of Philip senior, and of Trajanus San. Clem. It is described and engraved in
Decius, this city is styled col. metropolis Vaillant {Col. ii. 129.) The bust of the prin-
bostra, meaning the chief city of the Roman cipal deity of Egypt, on a coin struck at Bostra,
province, formed under the name of Arabia. shews that the god, whom Nonnus calls the
On a coin of Caracalla, in the Museum San. Egyptian Jupiter, was amougst the objects of
Clem, the legend of reverse is metro, antoni- idolatrous worship in this Roman colony.
niana avr. B. (that is, says Mionnct, Sapp. 5. Silenus, standing, with right hand raised,
viii.384, Aurelia Bostra.) and a wine skin on his left shoulder. Engraved —
The types of this colony are as follows :
in Vaillant (Col. ii.)
1. Ammon (Jupiter). —
Head with ram’s horn, In the second volume (p. 200) of Collectanea
surmounted by a globe, or by the mo dins on — Antigua — a work replete with the literary fruits
small brass of Alex. Sevcrus, engraved in Vaillant of antiquarian research, and copiously adorned
{Col. ii. 114) —
and of Philip senior, engraved in with etchings, illustrative of the habits, customs,
Pcllerin {Melange, i.) and history of past ages —
the names arc given,
2. Aslarle. — N. TR. ALEXANDRIAN AE COL. of such heathen divinities as occur in dedicatory
—
bostr. An upright figure of this divinity, in a inscriptions, foundon the line of that Roman
four columned temple, holding an oval-headed wall which formerly exteuded from the Tyne to
staff, and a cornucopia:. On each side at her the Solway. Amongst these appears the name
feet is the figure of a centaur blowing a horn. of Astarte. —This discovery is the more remark-
This singular type appears on a large brass of able, because, whilst what is considered to be
Julia Mamma. Scstini, —quoted by Mionnet, her image so frequently and so variously typi-
is
{Sapp. viii. 284. —
Engraved in Vaillant {Col. ii. fied on colonial coins of Phoenicia, Syria, Pales-
130.) tine, —
and Arabia her name forms no part of
the monctal legend her ctHgv and attributes be-
:

ing the only clue to the identity of the goddess.

BRASS, the material of brass coins. In
dividing coins according to metals, for the
different scries of a mcdallic collection, all copper
comes under the classification of brass. This
metal properly so called, is not malleable, and
requires to be mixed with another metal before
it can be applicable to the purposes of coinage.

It is to be borne in mind, that what English

numismatists call brass is by the French de-
nominated bronze.

Astarte, or Venus, was worshipped, and had

BRASS COINAGE
of the Romans. It has —
already been shewn (seep. 83 ct scq. of this dic-
a fine temple, at Bostra. The fertility and tionary), that all the records left us by ancient
plcntcousness of whose territory is designated by writers, respecting the antiquity, or the original
the cornucopia-. But why the two centaurs arc types of the Roman mint, tend to establish the
introduced into the type is a question which re- same fact, viz. that the oldest money of that
mains unexplained. nation was Brass, and such testimony is con-
Pcllcriu supplies an omission of Vaillant’s, by
giving an elegant little coin of this colony,
firmed by extant coins. —
On the same evidence
derived from ancient authors it has also been
struck under Trajanus Decius, with col. metro- shewn, that brass coins were first struck of a
pol. bostron, for its legend of reverse; and pound weight. The words of Pliny arc expressly
with the type of Astarte, who stands, in a long
dress, presenting a front face, holding the cross-
to this effect (sec As). —
Aldus Gellius, speaking
of the time when the Twelve Tables were insti-
topped hast a and having at her feet a figure
; tuted, soys, “ For at that period the Roman
 )
; ; ;;; —
;

BRASS COINAGE. BRASS COINAGE. 135

people used Asses of a pound weight.” So — “
matter of inquiry (adds the author of
It is a
Festus “The heavy brass (as grave) was so Doctrina), whether some extant coins of heavy
called from its weight ; for ten asses, each brass (as grave) cannot with some semblance of
weighing a pound, made up a denarius, which truth, be referred even to the period of Servius
derived its name from that fact.
— —
Also Dionysius Tullius. For were we to regard their remote an-
of Halicarnassus “ Now, the as was a brass
:
tiquity only, this would not be repugnant to pro-
coin weighing a pound.” —
Hence in ancient bability. The death of Servius is fixed at the year
writers “ the mulct, or forfeit of heavy brass,” u. c. 218. —
AVe have coins of lthegium and Mcs-
is an expression frequently met with. Livy, — sana, minted about the year u. c. 276 (b. c. 478).
speaking of Camillus, says, “ In his absence he And even these are surpassed in antiquity by
was fined in 15 thousands of heavy brass by coins inscribed with the name of Zauclc ; not to
which terms asses are always to be understood. mention the coins of Caulonia Bruttiorum, and
From these facts, the inconvenient weight of others of neighbouring states, which coins have
the Roman money, even in moderate sums, may been known from the remotest antiquity. But
easily be conjectured. Not only was it needful the supposition is opposed to the authority of
to convey any considerable quantity of the as Pliny and other writers, who assert, that the
grave in waggons to its place of public deposit first money of the Romans bore the figures of
but, according to Livy, as from its bulk it could cattle ;
notwithstanding, the oldest coins we
not be placed in a chest, it was stowed away possess, and those certainly of Roman origin,
(stipabalur) in some store-house, that it might exhibit no such mark, with one exception, ancl
not take up room less conveniently to be spared that one (classified with the as) not of the most
from which circumstance it was called slips, remote antiquity. Again, were any to be found
whence the word stipendia. of that period, they ought to be librales, if they
From Pondo the synonyme of the as was are asses; or if parts of the as, of a weight
derived the word dupondium. Varro says, bearing a certain proportion to the as libralis.
“ Dupondium is derived from duo pondera (two But, up to the present time [as stated in p. 88],
poiuuls weight) ; for one pound was called there is no extant specimen of a Roman as
assipondinm and this again because the as libralis and with respect to parts of the as, only
—
was of a pound weight.” From the as were a trie ns, weighing four unciee, has ever been
composed the tressis, or three asses; oclussis, cited.” —
See moneta prima romana.
and octus, eight ditto ;
decussis, vicessis, cen- Brass coins of the Romans arc so numerous,
tussis, 10, 20, and 100 asses respectively. especially those of the Imperial series, that they
From decussis was derived decussare, that is, —
have been divided into tlirce classes large, mid-
according to Columella, to draw transverse lines dle, and small —
or first, second, and third sizes.
in the form of the figure X and Cicero speaks
; The class to which each brass piece belongs
of planting trees in a quincunx, that is to say, (says M. Hennin), is determined by reference to
in the form of the figure V. So long as the as its volume, which at once includes the breadth
maintained its pound weight, it follows that the and thickness of the coin, and the size and relief
parts of the as preserved a proportional weight of the head. Thus a particular medal shall have
thus for example, the semis would weigh six the thickness of large brass and yet shall be
;

solid uncial the sextans two, &c.

— —
[Eckhel, v. ranked with the middle brass, if it has only the
p. 3, et seq.] —
Sec Libra and Pecunia. portrait of the middle form. Whilst auothcr,
In his observations on the distinctive marks which shall not be so thick, will be classed with
(characleres of the brass consular mint, Eckhel the large brass, on account of the size of the
says, “ It is an old doctrine, and one confirmed head. To the above must be added, as a sepa-
by both authority and experience, that asses, and rate arrangement — 1st. Those pieces of the
tbeir component parts, are the more ancient, in largest module, commonly called brass medal-
proportion as they arc more weighty. —
Guided by lions,of which but an inconsiderable number is
this rule, the learned Passcri, with great labour, known, and which in all probability were not
framed his Chronicon Numarium, in which he current coin. —
2ndly. Pieces of various sizes
has described the weight of Italian coins, from called Contorniati, of which, like the preceding,
the heaviest to the lightest. —
And, as by this but few' are extant, and which certainly were not
criterion, it is readily understood, what coins money. Manuel de Numismatique, ii. 355.
(at least such as arc of undoubted Roman origin) This classification, though sanctioned and
surpass others in antiquity so, concerning their
; adopted by numismatic antiquaries, is yet some-
actual age, nothiug can be established with what arbitrary; or at least may be termed a con-
certainty, uuless the diminutions of weight be ventional arrangement rather than a perfectly
referred to, as stated by Pliny [see p. 85 of this exact plan. For the want of a better, however,
dictionary] ; in attending to which epoch, it it must be followed.
will be perceived that the Asses Sextantarii The imperial series of coins, struck in brass,
cannot have made their appearance earlier than at Rome, by order of the Senate, affords more
about the year u. c. 495 (b. c. 259) ; the positive and authentic evidence in illustration of
Uncia/es before u. c. 539 (b. c. 217) and that ; historical facts, than those of silver or gold,
the Semi-unciales, which were introduced by which were fabricated under the exclusive autho-
the Lex Papiria, took their date from some rity of the sovereign. Both the latter coinages,
subsequent year, which cauuot be accurately de- indeed, were executed, sometimes when the
fined.” prince was in the provinces, either making a
 — — —— —

13G BRASS COINAGE, BRITANNIA.

journey or personally directing armies, conse- put to death. The soundest antiquaries, there-
quently less care was taken iu their mintage fore, look upon the divided privilege of coinage
and having moreover been counterfeited by for- to be satisfactorily established. —
Capt. Smyth,
gers, they frequently exhibit types and legends, R. N. on Roman Brass Medals, Preface, vi.
which no longer preserve the same historic ac- and vii.

curacy .
—
(Lemons de Numismatique Rom. p. ix.) From the result of careful experiments, made
The medallions, which for the most part do in weighing a great number of large brass me-
not hear the mark of the senate’s authority (S. dals of the emperors, in the best possible
first

C.) and among which there is a material dif- preservation, has been satisfactorily ascer-
it

ference in the size and weight, seem to have tained, that the money now called by the above
been (as above observed), not common money, mentioned name passed iu circulation for the
but pieces struck by the sole command of the sestet tius, and had that value (about four sols
emperors, for gratuitous distribution on state French) under the first emperors —
the middle
occasions, and memorable
in record of certain brass must therefore have been worth the half
circumstances and events. Such of these me- sestertius ; and the small brass must have passed
dallions, however, as constitute an exact mul- for the as. This conjecture is confirmed by
tiple of the ordinary brass coin, and bear besides divers passages in ancient authors, who inform
the senatorial authority, are regarded as current us that, under the emperors, the nummus or ses-
money, notwithstanding their being larger, and tertius was the most common large copper coin.
are called by Italian numismatists double coins, Lastly, the inspection of some bronze medals
and not real medallions. As to the coins termed of Nero, which bear numeral marks, similar to
large, middle, and small brass, they were un- those on the consular coins, and which agree
questionably the ordinary monied currency in with the weight of those pieces, appears further
that metal. Accordingly they are the more fre- to sustain this opinion, and render it more and
quently found, whilst medallions are in general more probable. Numismatique Rom. xxii.
very rare. (Numismat. Rom. ix.) In the Biscours de Savot (p. 242), we find
Of both the large and middle brass a nearly that early writer on numismatics, two centuries
perfect scries may be formed. Of the small ago, expressing his opinion that the large Roman
brass a complete series cannot be made; and brass, posterior to the time of Pliny, were true
it is doubtful if any coins exist of some of the sestertii. Pinkerton is of the same opinion.
earlier emperors. On the disappearance of the Eckhel is afraid to decide.
large brass the reign of Gallienus, the
in Sec Medallion iu this Dictionary : see also
coinage of small brass re-commenced, and much Capt. Smyth’s Preface, p. xv.
of it is extremely common, as the extensive
lists in the elaborate work of Bandurius testify.
In the reign of Diocletian appeared a copper
coin, termed the Fo/lis, of the module of the
middle brass of the first thirteen emperors, but
much thinner. The coinage of these pieces ap-
pears to have been extensive, as they are at
this day very common, both of Diocletian, and
of his colleague Maximiau, as also of Constan-
tius-Chlorus, Sevcrus Cscsar, and Maxentius.
Akcrman, Numismatic Manual, p. 141.
It is admitted, and a thorough
generally
knowledge of the subject confirms the opinion,
that Augustus reserved for himself and his suc-
cessors the right of coining gold and silver, and
left the brass and copper under the direction of
the Senate, whose official signature, as it may
be termed, is expressed by the well-known sight BRITANNIA. Britain (railed also Albion),
S. C. A further confirmation of this implied which, as Shakspeare says, “ in the world’s vo-
compact exists in an inscription found at Koine, lume, seems as of it, not as in it in a great pool
—
and thus given by Grutcr: “ Qffcinntores mo-
:

a swan’s nest,” and whose inhabitants were

net# aurarite, argen/arite C<esaris.” Yet there “ ultimi orbis” in ancient geography, remained
are some who maintain that the Senate had unknown to the Romans, until Julius Cicsar, with
power over the whole mintage of Rome; but characteristic boldness, ability, aud foresight,
though all the brass coins, with very few ex- crossed over from the Portus Iccius (situate on
ceptions, have the
“ Senates
Consul ta” upon the coast, between Calais and Boulogne), to in-
them, the gold and silver, with still rarer ex- vade it. And this he did, iu his 45th year, on
ceptions, arc without it. Vespasian minted iu the 2f>th of August, B. c. 55, lamliug on the
the precious metals before his title was acknow- Kentish shore, most probably at Lymne, with
ledged in Rome, whereas the brass was only not more than two legions. But even the •
struck when the Senate received him. Albinos greatest commander of antiquity found it easier
appears as Augustus on gold and silver coins, to defeat, than to subdue, the natives. The
but oil the brass series only os Cesar and it -,
result of his first expedition appears to have
was for assuming the former title that he was been insignificant and with regard to the vie-
;
 —

BRITANNIA. BRITANNIA. 137

tones so highly lauded afterwards by the Senate, to the conquests of his officer, the obsequious
the line of Lucan Senate, on his return to Rome, six months after
“ Terrila quocsitis ostcndit terga Britannis,” he had left the British shore, voted him a con-
Does he boast queror’s most splendid triumph. Solemn pro-
II is flight iu Britain’s new discovered coast ? cessions also were formed trophied arches rear-
;

Rowe. ed ;
public games celebrated
;
naval aud provin-
conveys uo lofty notion of military success, as cial crowns of gold presented to perpetuate the
;

connected with that enterprise. In fact, from memory of his victories; and, whilst the sur-
the day of his landing on the Kentish shore, name of Britannicus was decreed to him and
near the South Foreland, where he met with a to his infant son, the real services of Plautius
stout- resistance, to that of his return with the were rewarded with inferior honours, followed
invading force to Gaul, not more than three or up by his dismissal from command. It is under
four weeks were comprised. In the spring of Claudius that the appellation given by the Ro-
the following year (b. c. 54), Caesar undertook mans to the aborigines of our country, first
his second invasion of Britain and lie made
: appears on the coinage of Rome. —
Sec [de] bri-
good his landing at nearly the same spot as be- tannis.
fore, with five legions —
an armament so vast [“ Who were the and consequently the
oldest,
both in its naval and military strength, as to first, inhabitants of this island, and whence the
defy all opposition. After a desultory and har- name of Britain is derived, has given rise to a
rassing warfare, carried on against Cassivellau- variety of opinions, with uo ground of certainty
nus, and other chiefs of tribes, or kings of na- to determine the question.” It appears, how-
tions, iu the course of which the legionaries ever, that “ the ancient Gauls and Britons used
under their indomitable leader gained a footing the same language, and by necessary conse-
iu Esses and Middlesex, Caesar compelled the quence the origin of the Britons may be referred
Britons to sue for peace ; himself only too glad to the Gauls.” —
Sec Camden, edited by Gough,
to grant it to a brave and formidable, though 1, p. lxiv.]
undisciplined adversary. The conditions w'ere, About a. d. 50, Claudius being still emperor,
hostages to be delivered, and an annual tribute in consequence of continual conflicts carried on
paid, to the Roman people, but without any with the unsubdued natives, the southern part
concession of territory. And the Imperator, with of the island was formed into a province by Os-
chief portion of his mighty host, again returned torius, who defeated the Silures in a great bat-
to Gaul in September of the same year. By his — tle,and taking their leader Caractacus (or Cara-
second invasion of Britain, Ca:sar obtained no doc), sent him and his family prisoners to Rome.
more solid advantages, as a conqueror, than had Neither the captivity, nor subsequent release, of
accrued to him from his first. He had indeed this heroic chief, produced more than a brief
advanced further into the interior. But having suspension of hostilities between the legionaries
established there no fortified chain of posts and aud their harrassing antagonists. From A.d. 54
encampments for his troops, the Roman name to a. d. 62, during which, Nero being emperor,
soon lost its influence, and the natives regained Suetonius Panliuus commanded in Britain, bat-
their warlike spirit of independence thus justi-
: tle after battle was fought, without producing
fying the opinion of Tacitus (Fit. Agr. c. 13), any decisive effect on cither of the belligerents.
that the Great Julius “had only shewn Britain The capture of the isle of Anglcsea, and the
to the Romans, aud did not make them masters slaughter of the Druids, followed by a retribu-
of it.” tive and still more widely extended massacre of
The astute policy of Augustus, and the indo- the Romans, by the insurgent Britons under
lent apathy of Tiberius, being alike averse from their Queen Boadicea (a. d. 61) these san- ;

the annexation to the empire, of Caesar’s alius guinary hoiTors succeeded by the terrible re-
orbis terrarum —
“the last Western Isle” of Ca- venge, which the Romans took, when victory at
tullus, the Britons, during the period of 97 length returned to their standards, and the Bri-
years, remained without molestation from any tish heroine fell a self-devoted victim to imperial
foreign attacks on their national freedom, “ the cruelty —
and injustice such are amongst the
island (says Dion Cassius) remaining subject to prominent features of atrocity and misery with
its own kings, and governed by its own laws.” which historians fill up that brief but eventful
Caligula’s mock invasion (a. d. 41), is too ridi- space of eleven years. Nor was this helium in-
culous to stand as an exception. ternecinum —
this “ war to the knife” yet near
At length the Emperor Claudius, who aimed the period of its termination. —
When, however,
at popularity, and even shewed an ambition for Vespasian in a. n. 70, became emperor he (who ;

military renown, undertook the task of subject- under Claudius had fought the Britons in many
ing Britain to the Roman yoke. His first step engagements, and consequently w ell knew the r

was to send thither Aulns Plautius, who, at the system of political as well as military tactics,
head of a numerous aud well-appointed army, best calculated to achieve success against the in-
encountered and overthrew the Britons in several dependent tribes of the island), adopted such a
'
engagements. Stimulated to personal enter- combination of bold and judicious measures, as,
prise by these successes of his able lieutenant, through his generals, Cerealis and Froutinus,
the emperor (a. d. 43) went himself to the before the end of the year 76, resulted in re-
scene of action. And, though he stayed iu the ducing the Brigantes wholly, and the Silures
island only sixteen days, and made no extension partly, to subjection.

T
 — —

138 BRITANNIA. BRITANNIA.

A new sera of military
accompa-
glory, made form a well-connected chain of military
to
nied by a wiser and more humanised system of posts and stations over the country. And having
conduct towards the natives, began to'be iden- by this means rc-cstablishcd comparative tranquil-
tified with the administration of Roman affairs lity, he next extended to Britain those adminis-
in Britain, about the close of Vespasian’s reign. trative regulations for limiting the authority,
This auspicious change continued throughout and curbing the exactions, of prefects and sub-
that of Titus. But it was totally blighted by ordinate magistrates, which he had already re-
the base ingratitude and vindictive tyranny of duced to an uuiform system in other provinces
Domitian towards one of the ablest as well as of the empire, and which had become equally
most willing instruments of such public benefits, indispensable to protect the Roman colouists
that Rome ever had the privilege to call her own. themselves from flagrant injustice, and to rescue
The pen of Tacitus, narrating events from a. d. the native tribes from the most grinding t\ ranny.
76 to 86, attests the splendid successes gained, Hadrian was the first emperor, subsequently to
and the solid advantages reaped, by Cneius Claudius, who hadset foot on British ground.
Julius Agricola. That consummate warrior, and The advent took place a. d. 121 ; and his pre-
excellent governor, whilst he effectually kept sence in that island seems to have been owing to
down the refractory tribes by his vigilance and a far more important reason than that of mere
courage, no less advanced the cause of tranquil- curiosity. It is evident, from both coins and
lity and by his ad vice and assistance
civilization marbles, that marches were performed, battles
to those who faithfully adhered to their alliances fought, and victories gained by this prince, over
—
with Rome at the same time that he set an the ever restless Caledonians. But there is one
example of good order, by restoring the disci- memorial of Hadrian’s visit to Britain, which,
pline of his army. It was the justly famed though history makes but brief allusion to it,
Agricola, who having, a. d. 78, accepted at the remains monumentum cere perenttius an im- —
hands of aged emperor, the post of command
his perishable evidence of his directing mind, in the
in this country, subdued the Ordovices and took mural barrier w hich was constructed (not merely
the isle of Mona. It was Agricola who, after of turf but of stone), from the western to the
having reduced to submission the whole southern eastern coast, for the purpose of resisting the
portion of Britain, augmented the superiority incursions of the Caledonians (afterwards railed
lie had already acquired, by gradually securing Piets), and other uuconquercd inhabitants of
a strong northern frontier to his conquests in North Britain.
his third campaign, a. d. 80, advancing as fai- During the reign of Antoninus Pius (com-
ns the l'rith of Tay —
not merely driving the prising the period from a. d. 138 to 161), the
Caledonians back into their inaccessible fast- Jletelce iu the north, and the Briyantes in the
nesses among the Grampians, a. d. 83, but after south, revolted from the Roman sway and, ;
defeating Galgacus, a. d. 84, being the first to after much bloodshed on both the conflicting
ascertain, by means of his fleet, the geogra- sides, were reduced to submission by
the pro-
phical fact that Britain is an island.
All these substantial fruits, however, of dearly
prietor Lollius. —
Marcus Aurelius was, almost
at his accession
to the throne (a. d. 161), en-
purchased victories iu seven glorious campaigns gaged in defending the northern and eastern
all these benefits of an enlightened energy all — frontiers of his vast empire, against the incur-
these advantages of good government —
were ren- sions of Germanic tribes, and the march of Par-
dered null and void, by the worse than thank- thian invaders. This fact may perhaps serve, in
less conduct of Domitian to a legal us, of whom some measure,' to account for his name and ex-
such a sovereign was not worthy. ploits not being recorded either by annalists
or
After the recall of Agricola from his pro-pric- on coins, in relation to Britain although for
:

torship, a. D. 85, the Roman province in Bri- nearly the whole 28 years of his eventful life, as
tain, which he had done so much to enlarge emperor, Britain was the arena of continuous
and improve, appears to have relapsed again into hostilities between the uncivilized tribes of Cale-
a state of commotion within, and of conflict donia and the legions stationed to defend the
pressed upon it from without. In this precari-
ous and neglected condition, the power of Rome
Roman province from their onslaughts. Corn-
modus (a. d. 184), aroused to make some effort
—
remained in this country till a. d. 117. It is
to be observed by the way, that no coins of Ves-
— lor the safety of this part of his dominions, sent
over Ulpius Marccllus. This general, n man of
pasian, Titus, and Domitian, any more than of high reputation, after having defeated these free-
their imperial predecessors, Nero, Galba, Otho, booters, and driven them back into their shel-
and Vitcllius, bear, cither in type or legend, the tering highlands, proceeded to reform the legion-
least reference to the Britons ; although triumphs aries themselves, by establishing better disci-
for Agricola’s successes were assumed by both pline and more effective regulations. For these,
the sons of Vespasian. and other important public services, Ulpius was
At length, Hadrian being invested with the rewarded by Coinmodus, in the same manner
purple, that w ise and active ruler, directing his
attention to the subject of Britannic affairs, with
that Agricola had been by Domitian —
namely,
by a recall from his prefecture and a narrow
;
a sagacious promptitude corresponding to its im- escape of his life from the jealous hatred of his
portance, began by sending large bodies of troops execrable master.
to reinforce the various garrisous and encamp- The portentous insubordination of the Bri-
ments which, under Agricola’s plan, had been tauuic army, at this period, was plainly shew'n,
 ; — — ;

BRITANNIA. BRITANNIA. 139

in their clamorous accusations ngaiust Perennis sideration of the historical antiquary. Referring
(a. n. 185), and the base degradation of the im- to the inscriptions which have strewed the
perial government became equally manifest, in ground from Bowness to Wall send, he observes,
the surrender, by the self-dubbed Hercules Ro- that “ these records very clearly explain the ori-
manos, of a favourite minister to the deadly re- gin of the wall itself, and settle the questions
venge of a corrupt and seditious soldiery. In which have so long been raised as to its date.
the fertile mint of this blood-thirsty profligate, They prove that to Hadrian this honour is due
one blushes to sec the arts of design combined and that Severus, who has shared the credit
with the skill of the die-sinker, to furnish, in each with Hadrian, did nothing more than repair the
metal and of almost every size, numismatic speci- fortresses aud the public buildings, which had
mens of exquisite beauty, amongst other subjects, become dilapidated that Hadrian brought to-
;

allusive, both in legend and in type, to that Bri- gether for tliis work the entire military force of
tain, whose soil the degenerate sou of Aurelius the province, and that the British states, or
never trod, and about whose interests, as a pro- communities, also contributed workmen.” Sec —
vince of the empire, he knew little and eared less. Gentleman's Mag. Oct. 1851. But more par-
Albinus, on whom Severus, in a. d. 194, con- ticularly see Collectanea Antiqaa, by the same
ferred the title of Cicsar in Britain, displayed author, vol. ii. imder the head of “ The Roman
great ability for civil government, and high talents Wall.”]
for military command, whilst left awhile by his From the death of Severus (at York), Feb. 4,
artful superior unmolested at the head of affairs 211, to the times of that fortunate usurper
in that island. He had, of course, no authority Carausius, and his perfidious murderer Allectus
over the brass mint of Rome and he struck no
;
— (an interval of more than 70 years) no —
silver or gold money, ou which there was any notice, strange to say, of occurrences in Britain
reference to Britain ; although a mintage of sil- can be found in the old writers.
ver, issued by him when he assumed the purple
[The above historical summary, purposely
at Lyon (a. d. 197), exhibits a type of military
ensigns, allusive probably to the British legions
closed here, is meant simply for an introductory
tribute of attention, due to the subject of such
whom he had led into Gaul.
monetal relics, as serve to associate the annals
Septimius Severus, after he had put Albinus
of ancient Rome with those of “ the land we
to death ; and with the same merciless hand of
live in.” And, as iu framing the above out-
power, restored tranquillity in the east, became
line, slight and circumscribed as it is, resort has
closely associated, in bodily presence as well as
been had for facts, dates, and authorities, to
in name, with the western provinces; and his
the pages of a Camden, a Henry, a Tyttlcr
military expeditions, together with the victories
Frazer, a Francis Palgravc, a Lingard, an Eck-
that crowned them, in Britain, are recorded on
his coins. In the 207th year of our sera, and
hel — so has the scientific and intelligent pen
of an Akerman been taken full advantage of
in the 15th year of his reign, this warlike prince
in the subjoined notices of coins and me-
divided the executive administration of the island
dallions, which bear the names of our country
into two prefectures, appointing able governors
and her native sons, as they were respectively
to each, and sending large reinforcements to
designated by her earliest conquerors, aud, for
assist one of them in waging war with the un-
conquered men of the north. Two years after-
many centuries, ruliug occupants. The more
wards, accompanied by Caracalla and Geta, he
recent publication by the last named excellent
writer, entitled “ Coins of the Romaus re-
went, an infirm old man, but still energetic and
undaunted in spirit, to the assistance of his lieu-
lating to Britain,” is, indeed, regarded by all
competent judges iu England, as the best work
tenant Lupus, with a much more formidable
extant, with reference to the nationally interest-
armament. Ilis invasion of Caledonia (a. d.
his dearly bought successes over, and his
ing points on which it treats. And European
209) ;

acceptance of a proffered but a feigned submis-

appreciation of its merits may fairly be recog-
nised in the distinguished honour of the Prix
de
sion from the savage race of people, whose ob-
Numismatique, awarded to him, for the new
stinate courage had inflicted such appalling losses
From the ac-
—
on the Roman host all these, added to his more
edition, by the French Institute.
curately descriptive and elegantly illustrated
permanent merit in repairing and strengthening
contents of that volume, the student will derive
the defences of the northern province, give an
every degree of useful information, which can
historical reality of interest to the victoiiiae
be obtained or desired, in that particular branch
brittannicae legends, and to the trophied
of numismatic research, from the reign of Clau-
types,which display themselves in the respective
dius down to the times of Constautine aud his
mints of Severus and his sons.
family.]
[Mr. Roach Smith, F. S. A. in his valuable
and interesting Notes of an Archaeological Tour BRIT. Britanni. —Pacatus, in his Panegyr.
performed by him, in 1851, along the Roman Theodosii, cited by Eckhel 217), calls the
(vi.
Wall, makes the following concluding remarks Britons by the strong term of exules orbis (ex-
which, coming as they do from one of the ablest, iles from the terrestrial globe). About the time
most indefatigable, and most faithfully correct of the Emperor Claudius (a. d. 41 to 54), it
writers of the present day, and offered by him was customary to write Britannia britanni —
as the result of his recent line of exploration, — —
britannicvs. The name of the island aud
have a peculiar claim to the confidence aud con- of its inhabitants was also spelled with only one
 —— —

140 BRITAN. BRITAN.

t during the reigns of Hadrianus and Antoninus his troops to embark
for Britain they com- :

Pius, as will be seen on their respective coins. plained that they were going to war in regions
Virgil had previously done the same, in the well ‘
out of the world.’ —
The figure seated on the
known line, ending “ Britannos.” — It was un- globe unquestionably the typification of the
is
der Commodus (about A. D. 184), that the let- —
Roman province.” See the work above named,
ter t began to be doubled, and only one N was in which the coin is engraved, pi. ii. fig. 16.
used. (See next page). —
Scptimius Severus (a.d. BRITAN. S. C. (across the field of the coin).
209), adopted the double T, but restored the N ; — An elegant winged Victory, stauding ou a
and in legends of Gcta and Caracalla (a. d. 198 globe, holds a garland in her right hand, and
to 217), we also read brittaxnicae. Afterthat
period of the empire, the word does not in any
way appear on the coinage of Rome.
BRITAN. (1)E) or De Britann, or Be Bri-
tanni, or De Britannis, on a tri-
inscribed
umphal arch, above which is
an equestrian statue, between
two trophies.
This legend and type ap-
pear on gold and silver of
Claudius, to whom as early
as the year u. c. 796 (a. d.

43), honours were awarded

by the Senate, for the conquest of Britain. No
coins struck in preceding years, have yet been a palm branch in her left. — Round the type,
found, commemorative of this event. The imperator ii. (Imperator Iterum, Emperor
above type (engraved from a specimen in the for the second time). On a first brass of Anto-
British Museum), exhibits the arch stated by ninus Pius.
Dion Cassius to have been decreed to Claudius, According to Capitolinns, Antoninc conquered
in addition to other marks of distinction. a tribe of the Britons by his general, Lollius
Suetonius (CAaud. cli. 17), adds that a naval Urbicus, who kept back the barbarians by raising
crown was placed near the civic one, on the sum- another turf wall still further to the northward
mit of the Palatine residence, as an emblem of (alio mnro ccspititio subinotis barbaris ducto).
the sca-traject, and, so to speak, a symbol of Pausanias also, in recording the victorious ex-
the Ocean subdued to the emperor’s power. ploits performed in Britain by the above named
B It I T A N. A first brass of Antoninus imperial commander, calls the tribe whom he
Pius presents a female figure helmet ed, clothed, subdued by the name of Brigantes, and as-
and seated on a rock :holding a javelin in the cribes the war to their having attacked Gerunia,
right hand, her left reposes on an ornamented a territory subject to the Romans.
shield by her side, and her right foot rests on a [The fine reverse above described and in-
glohe. Round the type we read imperator ii. ; serted, has been engraved from a specimen in
and ii R it an is inscribed across the field. the British Museum.]
This type differs materially from all the others The chronological value of the title Imperator,
of the Britannia series. “ Instead of a female as inscribed on coins of Roman Euqierors, is
figure, with bare head, as on coins of Hadrian, shewn by Eckhel (rii. p. 12) : These coins —
we have here doubtless (says Mr. Akerman), a prove what history has neglected to teach us,
personification of Rome herself her dominion
;
viz. that this war was carried on, or at least

being aptly enough portrayed by a globe beneath was finished by Urbicus, within the third quin-
her right foot, whilst she grasps a javelin (a quennial consulate of Antoninus Pius and
—
;

barbarian weapon) instead of a spear.” En- thence was called after him Imperator II. being
graved in “ Coins relating to Britain,” pi. iii. the first aud last augmentation of his title.
fig. 18. Although, if Gruter’s marble does not mislead,
BRITAN. — Inscribed in the exergue of an- in which Antoninc is styled tr. p. ii. imp. ii.
other large brass of the same emperor, having cos. ii. des. in. that title had already been con-
the same legend of reverse. The type is a ferred upon him at the expiration of the pre-
female figure seated on a globe, surrounded by ceding year u. C. 892 (a. d. 140). See the —
waves; in her right hand a standard; in her word Imperator.
left a javelin ; her elbow resting upon the edge There is a second brass of Antoninus Pius,
of a buckler by her side. with the same legend of reverse, of which the
“ This is perhaps the most interesting coin of type is a Victory walking. She holds in her
the whole scries.” Every feature of the derice right hand a buckler, on which the abbreviated
serves to mark the insular and remote situation word britan. is inscribed. This coin, bearing
of Britain, which the Romans considered, and also imperator II. evidently refers to the same
their poets (Virgil, Claudian, and Horace), al- decisive victory gained over the Brigantes, which
luded to, as a country divided, severed, and set gave rise to the minting of the preceding coin.
apart from their world. —
According to Dion — Engraved in Akerman, “ Roman Coins relating
Cassius, great difficulty was experienced by to Britain, pi. i. fig. 9.

Plautius, in the time of Claudius, in inducing BRITANNIA. S. C. —A first brass of Anto-

 — —

BRITTANIA. BRITTANNIA. 141

ninus Pius with this legend, has for its reverse and People, who arc indicated by the legend and
type, a male figure seated on a rock, his right type of the obverse, and by the s. p. q. r. in-
hand holding a standard his left hand resting
;
scribed ou the shield in the reverse.
ou the upper edge of a shield placed by his side. [A graphic illustration of the above described
Mr. Akcrmau, in giving an engraving of it, medallion is placed at the head of article Bri-
says
— “ This curious coin is somewhat puzzling. tannia (p. 136). The cut is executed after a
It bears ou tbc obverse the head and name of cast taken from the interesting and very rare
Antoninus Pius but the seated figure is obvi- original in the French National collection.]
;

ously a portrait of Hadrian. It is difficult to BRITTANIA. —The learned editor of the

find a reason for this, unless we suppose
that Thomas’ sale catalogue (p. 33), thus describes
the die for the reverse was originally intended the splendid Britannia medallion in, what, for
for a coin of Hadriau during the life of that comprehensive extent and extraordinary value,
emperor, but for some cause or other not used w'as appropriately termed, that “ princely collec-
ou his money. Or was it designed by the Senate tion.”
as a tribute to the memory of Hadrian, who “ Obv. a beautiful laureated and togated bust
certainly performed more in Britain thau his of Commodus looking to the right ; rev. a mili-
successor ? In either case it is a very curious tary figure seated on a rock, with a standard iu
type.” Referring to his engraved illustration the right and a spear in the left hand the lat- ;

of this reverse (pi. ii. fig. 15, of the work above ter rests on an ornamented oval shield (having
quoted), Mr. A. adds, “That the figure is that the point of a lance in the centre) placed on a
of Hadrian, no one acquainted with the portraits helmet. — Legend of the reverse, brittania,
of that emperor will deny.” p. m. tr. p. x. imp. vii. cos. iiii. p. p. Legend —
BRITANNIA COS. II II. Britannia Con- of the obverse, M. commodvs antoninvs avg.
sul Qaartum. —
A female figure seated on a rock, pivs brit. extra fine and unique; size 12 of
—
;

in an attitude of dejection before her a large

;
Mionnct’s scale. A very correct engraving of
oval shield, aud a military standard. Ou second this matchless Britannia adorns the title of
brass of Antoninus Pius. Captain Smyth’s valuable Catalogue; privately
The legend of this reverse shews that the coin printed at Bedford, 1834.”
was struck in the 4th consulate of the emperor, [It will thus be seen that the medallion in
a. d. 145. —“Of all the Roman coins relating question, forming part of the late Mr. Thomas’s
to Britain, this isthe most frequently discovered collection, differed from that in the French cabi-
in England. They arc generally found in very net, only in not having the initial letters s. P.
ordinary condition, aud scarcely ever met with q. r. within the shield. Yet, whilst by that
in fine preservation. It is somewhat singular, inscriptive addition instead of a mere lance point,
that among the numerous fine and interesting the mintage of the latter becomes not less iden-
brass medallions of Antoninus, not one bears tified with senatorial than with imperial sanc-
allusion to Britain.” — Akerman,
same work as tion, and iu that respect has a superiority over
above cited. Engraved in pi.11 and 12.
ii. fig. the former —
we find the medallion at Paris
BRITTANIA, P.M. TR. P.X. IMP. COS. valued by Mionnet at 150 francs (15 18s. 9d.),
IIII. P. P. Brittania, Pont ifex Maximus and that the celebrated acquisition of the En-
Tribunitid Potestate decern Imperator Sepli- glish collector actually sold in 1848 for the sum
—
,

mum. Consul qaartum, Pater Patriae. A male of £75 !]

figure seated on a rock, holding in his right In the Florentine museum there is a brass
haud a military standard, and in his left a jave- medallion of Commodus, bearing the same le-
lin ;
his right arm rests on a shield, on which gends, and a similar type of reverse, except
are inscribed the letters s. p. Q. r. This legend that the spear or lance in the hand of the pro-
and type appear on the reverse of a brass me- vince is armed at both ends.
dallion, of large size and of the greatest rarity, BRITANNIA. S. C.—A second brass of Ha-
struck under Commodus. —
The obverse presents drian bears this inscription on the exergue of its
the laurelled head of that emperor, round which reverse, with the legend font. siax. tr. pot.
we read, ir. commodvs antoninvs avg. rivs. cos. in. Pontifex
BRIT. Maximus. Tribunitid
Among other vain assumptions of unmerited Potestate, Consul ter-
honours, Commodus, from the date of his ninth tium. —
The accompa-
tribunitian power, had taken the title of BRIT- nying type is that of
annicus, on the occasion of some advantages a female figure seated,
gained in that country bv his generals. And her left foot planted on
this medallion was struck to record the suppres- a rock her head rest-
;

sion of a rebellion in South Britain, and the de- ing on her right hand
feat of a Caledonian incursion by Ulpius Mar- — in her left haud is
cellus. (See historical summary, p. 138). The a spear, and by her
Roman side a shield, with a spike in the centre.
figure thus representing a
plays as usual all
province, dis-
the attributes of that province. Spartian says
— “ Hadrian resorted to Britain,
— The form of the dress, bucklers, aud lances where he reformed many things, and was the
used by a warlike race, are here plainly recog- first to raise a wall 72,000 paces in length,
nizable. Britannia also holds a Roman ensign, which served as a boundary between the Barbari
as the declared subject of the Emperor, Senate, and the Romans.” And according to the same
 — — ; — —

142 BRITANNIAE. BRITANNICUS.

author, this journey of Hadrian’s was made in wife of Claudius, he was deprived of his here-
the year u. c. 874 (a. d. 121). ditary right to succeed that emperor, and Nero
[The above cut is from a satisfactorily pre- was adopted in his stead, a. d. 50. About five
served specimen which belongs to the compiler years afterwards, when he had scarcely reached
of this work, the gift of his friend W. C. Ewing, his fourteenth year, this ill-fated prince was
Esq. of Norwich.] poisoned by Nero, partly out of envy of his fine
In a communication to the editor of the Nu- voice, but more from fear that the youth should
mismatic Chronicle, in 1841, Mr. Roach Smith, snatch the empire from him.
alluding to this type of Britannia, on Ha- There are neither gold nor silver coins of Bri-
drian’s second brass, states that in some of the tannicus. Brass, even of the Greek colonies,
specimens which he possesses, “ the development are exceedingly rare. —
Eckhcl ascribes to him
of the mammae clearly decide the disputed point as genuine, a large brass in the cabinet at Vienna,
that the figure, under which the province of having on its obverse the bare head of Britan-
Britain is personified, is a female.” nicus, with the legcud of ti. claudivs caesar
In the work on Roman Coins relating to Bri- avg. e. britannicvs. —
On the reverse s. c.
tain will be found two engravings of this type Mars walking. (D. N. V. t. vii. p. 155.)
of Hadrian’s. They differ in no material re- Mionnct values this at 1000 francs, and pro-
spect from each other, except that on one the nounces it unique.
legend buitannia is carried round the margin Captain Smyth says —
“ The only large brass
of the coin, and the other (as in the present of Britannicus which I know of is that with
wood cut) is inscribed in the exergue. See Mr. — reverse of Mars, in the imperial cabinet of Vienna,
Akerman’s remarks on this interesting type, in which was purchased at Rome, in 1773, and
pp. 25 and 26. has been pronounced to be genuine.” (p. 36.)
BRITANNIAE (Adventus Aug.) On a large — The learned and accurate author of Lefons de
brass of Hadrian there is for obo. hadrianvs Numismatique Romaine, after alluding to the
avg. cos. hi. p. p. The laureated profile of that extreme rarity even of colonial coins of Britan-
emperor, with the chlamys buckled on the right nicus, expresses himself as follows (p. 95) :

shoulder. lieo. Legend as above; on the ex- “ There has been cited but one medal of Roman
ergue s. c. —
The figure of Hadrian in the toga die, or rather struck at Rome, bearing the
stands in the left of the field, and a robed female name and effigy of this prince. It is of large
on the right, who holds a patera over an altar, and now in the collection of the Abbe
—
from which a flame rises. “ By this, and the
brass,
Canova, brother of the celebrated scidptor.
victim at her side (observes Capt. Smyth), is But (adds this writer)* although referred to as
expressed the sacrifice made by the Provincials a true antique by several authors, we, who have
in token of joy and cordiality at the august seen and examined it; we who rest, in the first
arrival and the altar denotes mutual compact.
; place, on the opinion of Eckhel, and in the
Hearrived a. d. 121, just in time, according to second place, on that of the well-informed P.
Camden, to prevent the Britons from throwing Caronui believe it to be very suspicious.
; It is
off the Roman Here he made many re-
yoke. of a larger module, and it is thicker than large
gulations ;
and to secure
his colonies from Cale- brass of the ordinary size. Its reverse presents
donian incursions, caused a mighty wall to be the god Mars, an unusual type for a young prince
built, extending from the river Eden in Cum- invested with only the title of Ctesar.”
berland, to the Tyne in Northumberland.” A second brass specimen was admitted into a
(p. 1041. collection by Morel, but Eekhcl thinks it must
—
BRIT. VICT. See vict. brit. and victo- be false.
riae brittannicae of Scvcrus, Caracalla, and Mionnct and Akerman both quote the follow-
Geta. ing small brass, colonial, with Latin legends :

BRITa«ni«w. —This
appellation docs not np- britannicvs. Bare infant head of Britan-
pear on any of the coins of Claudius, as part of nicus.
his style and title, although on those which com- Rev. Legend effaced (within a garland).
memorate the expedition of that emperor into britannicvs avgv. Bare head.
Britain, and some victories gained there by his Rev. CLAVD....TR. pot. P. p. From Sestini.
ti.
legati, an inscription relating to that islaud does The coins on which Britannicus is colled Au-
OCCUr. — See BRITANNIS (DE). gustus arc colonial and to the ignorance of the
;

It was by certain emperors of a lower age, that moneyer, rather than to any particular motive,
the surname of Britannicus was assumed. Com- is to be attributed the above use of a title which
modus first used it on his coins, a. d. 184. was never conferred on that prince. Mionnct. —
And this he did in addition to another titular B. R. P. NAT. — Bono Reipublicre Nato (see
—
assumption thus PIVS 11 IU'IV //««-«.?, omit- p. 132), and not bap. nat. ns interpreted by
ting the others which he had before obtained Occo and others after him, BWt
innate NAT o.
such as Gcrmauicus and Sarmaticus. The same In support of the former reading there is a paper
title of Britannicus is exhibited on the respec- in the Numismatic Journal, edited by J. Y.
tive coins of S. Sevcrus, Caracalla, and Geta. Akerman, F. S. A. (January, 1837, p. 260),
BRITANNICUS Ctesar. Tiberius Claudius — which, entitled “ Revival by Ur. Walsh of a re-
Germanicus, afterwards called Britannicus, son futed error,” sets this question conclusively at
of Claudius and of Mcssalina, was born a.d. 42. rest.
By the influence of Agrippina jun. the second |
BRUISE, in numismntic language, signifies
 — —

BRUTUS. BRUTUS.' 143

a break or injury in the patina of a brass or cop- his own Being, however, de-
personal safety.
per coin or medallion. feated by Mark Antony and Octavian, at Phi-

BRUNDUSIUM. —A
lippi, he put an end to his existence in the year
city of Calabria (or
712 (b. c. 42), and in the 37th year of his
rather of Apulia), on the coast of the Adriatic
age.
sea, now called Brindisi, in the Terra di Otranto, “ In private life (says Eckhel, vi. 20), M. Bru-
kingdom of Naples. In the time of the Ro-
mans, it was the chief resort of persons making
tus was a man of unimpeachable morality in- —
accessible to the allurements of pleasure and of
the traject from Italy to Greece. Horace has
described the road from Rome to this place, in
avarice —the only individual of the conspirators,
whom
the fifth satire of his first book. — Botli Eckhrl
public opinion held to have joined iu de-
stroying Cicsar, under the impulse of a love of
and Mionnet include Brundusium in their re-
spective catalogues of Roman colonies. — Vaillant virtue and integrity whilst the rest were looked
;

upon as actuated by widely difterent motives.

gives none of which according to Mion-
its coins,
These commendations, however, lose much of
net consist only of Latin Autonomcs, in small
their foundation in truth ;
since in determining
and middle brass, almost exclusively bearing the
upon the death of Jidius, he could not exhibit
legend BRUNtfttm»« ; and the types consist of
i
his patriotism except at the expense of ingrati-
a laurelled and bearded head (of Neptune or
Jupiter), or a naked male figure (Arion) riding
tude towards a second father —
and moreover,
since he ought to have reflected that his was a
on a dolphin, holding iu the right hand a victo-
fruitless and inconsiderate zeal, so long as there
rio/a that crowns him, and in the left a lyre,
existed in the corrupt commonwealth of Rome,
with the mark of the Semis.
so many Caesars, ready to take the place of the
BRUTUS (Marcus Junius), called by some departed one, and, as the event proved, to
the tyrannicide, was son of M. Junius Brutus, and use their victory with infinitely greater pride
of Servilia, who was half sister of Cato of and cruelty. But Brutus betrayed great incon-
Utica, by the mother’s side. He came into the sistency of principle and weakness of character,
world in the 669th year of Rome (b. c. 85). when, on the morrow after liis defeat at Philippi,
At a very early age he lost his father but his ;
having resolved on self-destruction, lie openly
education, under the careful superintendence of adopted the words which an ancient poet puts
his mother and uncles, was an excellent one ;
into the mouth of Hercules:
—
“Ah, wrretched
and, having imbibed an ardent love for learning, Virtue thou wast, then, but a name and yet
! !

he studied literature and oratory at Rhodes. I worshipped thee as a reality but thou wast
:

It is not pertain [see the point treated of the slave of Fortune !” —

From this closing in-
further on] that he was descended from the cele- cident, the inference is plain, that in his aspira-
brated Brutus, who drove the Tarquins from tions after Virtue, he had neglected the practical
Rome, and served the first Considatc of the for the ideal.”
Republic although the portraitures and inscrip-
: 1. BRUTUS. —
Head of L. Junius Brutus.
tions on his family coins shew that he laid pre- Rev. ahala. Head of Ahala, On a denarius
tensions to that origin. Having, amidst the of the Servilia gens. —
(Sec p. 30).
lamentable dissensions of the State, attached 2. BRUTUS (M.) IMP. COSTA LEG.—
himself to the adherents of Pompcius Magnus, (Brutus lmperator, Costa Legatus). Bare head
on the ground that it was that party which most of (Marcus Brutus, within a crown of oak leaves.
favoured the cause of freedom, Marcus Brutus Rev. l. brvtvs prim. cos. (Lucius Brutus,
was in the army opposed to that of Julius Csesar, the First Consul). Bare head of Lucius Brutus,
at the battle of Pharsalia, a. u. c. 796 (b. C. 48). within a similar crown.
But he was afterwards not only pardoned by the
victor iu that decisive shock of arms, but was
loaded by him with the highest distinctions.
Caesar in fact gave Brutus the government of
Cisalpine Gaul, and the prastorship of Rome
favours which be repaid, by becoming, in con-
junction with C. Cassius, the foremost of his
assassins. —It was doubtless the remembrance of
these benefits conferred, that moved the mind
of Caesar in the very moment of the assault made The two denarii above described exhibit the
upon him in Senate (b. c. 44).
full So that head of that Lucius Junius Brutus who expelled
seeing Brutus in the throng of his murderers, the kings from Rome, and was the first of the
the exclamation burst from his lips “ Tu ue
— ConSids in the free commonwealth. Both were
etiain inter hos es, fili ?” Art thou, too, caused to he struck by M. Brutus, who mur-
amongst them, my son? —
After the perpetra- dered Julius Caesar.
tion of the crime,compelled to quit Rome, Before commenting on these truly precious
Brutus fled with Cassius and others of the con- coins, Eckhel (vi. 20 et seq .) enters into an inquiry
spirators into the province of Macedonia. And whether the Marcus Brutus in question derived
when he learnt that war was declared, under his lineage from the original L. Bratus above
the Lex Pedia, against him and his associates, alluded to. He commences by observing that,
he betook himself to defensive measures, not only even the ancient writers are at variance in their
for the support of the commonwealth, hut for opinions on this subject. Foremost amongst
 ; —— :

144 BRUTUS,
these,
BRUTUS.
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, citin'* the But wherever thc truth may
most distinguished writers on lie amongst
Roman history these opposite statements
affirms, that no issue, male and opinions, certain
or female, survived * s> t “ a ‘ th ® r c were
the Lucius who condemned not wanting many, on the
his two sons for con- s , length( .

spiracy with the Tarquin of this supposed relationship,

family, and who were to exhort
executed by his orders, as consul.
Brutus to emidate thc deeds
of his ancestors,
To this he and this they did by
adds the fact that Lucius was distributing documents
of patrician birth among the people. Even around
whilst the Junii and Bruti, the tribunal
who boasted of their of M. Brutus (for he
descent from him were, without was Pnctor Urbauus in
exception, pie- the very year of Cmsar’s
beians, and served plebeian murder), writing was
offices in the state
discovered to this purport-”
Irion Cassius makes similar
statements, Thou slccpest,
borrow- Brutus, —and
ing them probably from Thou art not a Brutus!”—
Dionysius; and adds eque es ’ Brutus).— Indeed
that it was by many persons .
the overthrow and
industriously ru- ;
, t
destruction of kings were looked upon
morn-cd, that Marcus ascribed bv the re-
his origin to publicans as the peculiar province
Lucius, in order that such of the Bruti
associations might sti- Having made his general remarks
mulate him to the overthrow as a requi-
of the tyrant site preliminary, thc
Ciesar. Other authors take a different view learned and judicious au-
of ! thor of Doctnna proceeds
the question. For example, Plutarch, adducing to thc task of con-
sidering the two coins separately,
the testimony of Poseidonius, to the follow-
asserts that though ing effect:
two of the sons of Lucius Brutus
were put "to first denarius presents
death by Ins command, as traitors , l on one side the
to the re- head of L. Brutus; on the
public, yet a third, then an other that of Ahala
infant, was left, bv [See engraving in
whom the race was continued. Plutarch p. 30]. And this associat-
further ing together of the two
asserts, on the same authority, portraitures, iu itself
that the features convincingly identifies thc mintage
of several individuals of the with Marcus
Junia family re- Brutus
sembled those of the statue of L. For as on thc father's side he
Junius'Bru- was be-
lieved to trace his descent
tus.— But there is much weightier from Lucius Brutus
evidence in so on his mother Servilia’s
the words of Cicero, addressed
Surely, it was that L. Brutus,
to the Senate :
— side,
lie undoubtedly
reckoned among his progenitors
Servilius Ahala
who both in whose sole recorded claim to be
his own person liberated remembered be-
the commonwealth yond Ins day, appears to rest on
from kingly domination, and his having, as
transmitted, to general of cavalry to thc dictator
nearly the five hundredth year, Cincinnatus
a posterity of (ii. c
similar virtues and like cxploits.”-I„ 439), killed Sp. Madras, on pretence
that
another I the latter was conspiring
oration, alluding to Dccimus against thc common-
Brutus, one of the wealth.
most active originators of the
conspiracy, he i

2. The second coin, within

speaks yet more plainly. a crown of oak
[See ahala,
p 30 of leaves, presents what, from
the legend, L.
this dictionary].— Further
testimonies of the brvtvs
,R,M cos " as evidently meant for the
-
same orator, to the same point, mav be -
portrait of
seen in the ancient Brutus.— This type
tiavercamp s commentaries on the (observes Eckhel
Familia Hu- w. 22), bears reference to the state
mana of Morel, p. 220. in which the
republic was at the period of
Such is the conflicting language of Cicsar’s dictator-
the an- ship (b. c. 44).
cicuts on this subject. For just as Lucius Brutus
And from this diversity hc
of opinion, Eckhcl avows himself of the kin 8®> himself became
the more in- PHMr
KlM/fj CO/zSk/, so did Marcus Brutus,
clined to believe, that “ the genealogy after
was a ficti- the assassination of Julius,
tious one originating in the vanity so restore thc ancient
prevalent office of the Consulate,
at that period, of hunting up together with thc liber-
a remote ancestry •
ties of the people,
abundant examples of which are furnished indicated bv the corona
by quernea. The title of Primus Consul, in con-
the coins of the Calpurnii, the
Marcii, and the ncctiou with the name of
Pomponu not to mention the fabulous i Lucius Junius Bru-
;
instances on th,s dcnarius is amusingly
that occur in those of the Antonii, *
„ as well as
.
the Mamilii, , ,

——
and thc Fabii. In complaining of
this very ,
cn.
oA
lU us,rated
l
80), lie states
Suetonius, when (in Ciesare,
that thc following epigram-
custom, Livy says “ In my opinion,
history I matic sentence was inscribed on
is vitiated by certain funereal the pedestal of
eulogies, and by Ciesar s statue :
the false inscriptions on statues;
whilst each
family arrogates to itself, delusively, Brutus, quia regrs ejecit, consnl
primus factus est
of others deeds and distinctions.
thc renown [
me (l. c. Ciesar) quia
consoles ejccit, rex postreino
Thc inevit- factus est.
able consequence has been the
confounding of °I>1 Brutus, for causing nil kings to
individual with national records.” be lacking
^ ome » ^ ,e ^ rst consulship
[Iu his Ieonographie Romaine, tvi -i gains •
referring to Whilst Ciesar, because be sends
the above observation of Eckhcl consuls a-packing,
the opinion of those who deny that
in support of K forthwith, nude a king, for his pains.
Marcus Bru- ® cr sidc
was descended from the ancient
1
tl,is denarius exhibits of
tus
Brutus i
head
°!l‘ V
of Marcus Brutus, representing
the
t iscouti intimates his non-concurrence
on this
him with
a long and meagre visage.
point with Eckhcl, and adduces thc And that such was
authority of really his habit of body,
Bayle for recognizing, as thc more may be gathered from
probable 1

an expression once used

opinion, the validity of Brutus’s by Ciesar. For when
genealogical
pretensions —
vol. i. 8vo. edit. p. 1
02.
°
j
1. Antonins and
-
Dolabella were accused in his
hearing of designs hostile to
his person and go-
 — — ; — ;

BRUTUS. BRUTUS. 1-15

vernment, remarked, that lie entertained no

lie liberty, between two daggers. Silver of the
fears of those sleek and bushy men (crinitosj, Junia gens.
but rather of the pale emaeiated fellows, mean-
ing Brutus and Cassius. (Plutarch, in Cms. M.
—
Anton, et Brulo.) Shakspearc, in his play of
Julius Caesar, probably borrowing from this pas-
sage, turns the loan to good account, iu making
Ciesar thus address Mark Antony :

“ Let me have men about me that arc fat

Sleek-headed men, and such as sleep a-nights.
Yon Cassius has a lean and hungry look :

lie thinks too much : sueh men arc dangerous.” This rare and most remarkable silver coin, so
Act 1, Scene 2. important as a numismatic monument, Lucius
It appears au extraordinary circumstance, that Phctorius Cestianus, a monctarius as well as a
on coins should be introduced the portrait of legatus of Marcus Brutus, was the instrument
of the very man who boasted of being the cham- of transmitting, as a record, to the most distant
pion of freedom, when, iu the independent days
of the republic, such a distinction was never per-
posterity.
—
Iu describing it, Eckhcl begins
En pngiones, & c. “ Observe the daggers em-
mitted; and became included amongst the
first ployed in the perpetration of so fell a mur-
inordinate privileges heaped upon Ciesar himself. der, brought before our eyes, on this coin
It might have been regarded as a flattering at- weapons, which, under the specious pretext of
tention paid, without the knowledge of Brutus, liberty, Brutus hesitated not to stain with the
by his lieutenants, whose names usually appear blood of that Ciesar, to whom personally he
on his coins. But, if credit be given to Dion owed so much in the same deed a patriot and
(xlvii. § 25), the type was struck with the con- a cut-throat. —
;

We have the testimony of Dion

sent, and by the direction, of Brutus himself. Cassius that the denarius [above engraved] was
On this same denarius Brutus is styled I.MP- struck by order of Brutus himself; and since
eralor, as he frequently is on others of his coins. it graphically describes this numismatic gem,
— The time and occasion of his receiving the the author’s words shall be given [See D.N. V.
—
title are stated by Dion (as above), viz. that he vi. both Greek and Latin :]
p. 21, for “ And
made an expedition against the Bessi, a people also on the coins, which he caused to be struck,
of Thrace, “ partly in order to chastise them for he exhibited a likeness of himself, and a cap and
their hostility, and partly that he might gain for two daggers ; intimating by this type, and by
himself the title and dignity of Imperator, which the legend, that conjointly with Cassius, lie had
would enable him the better to cope with Ciesar restored his country to liberty.” The inscrip-
—
and Antony and that he accomplished both those tion f.id. mar. declares the fatal day, the ides
objects.” — According Plutarch (in lirut. c.
to of March, on whielj the bloody deed was done.
31), Brutus and Cassius together received each The term paricidium was afterwards applied to
the title of IMP erator, by the acclamations of these ides of March.
the army at Sardis. D. M. V. vi. 22. By way
of counterpoise to the head of Julius
With regard to the epithet primus, employed Ciesar, struck on his coins, as Dictator, other
in this instance, it is further to be observed, coins, in opposition to his usurpation of abso-
that Valerius Poplicola was also called Consul lutepower at Rome, were minted in their turn
primus, because he was amongst the very first by the partisans of the conspirators themselves,
of those annually elected rulers of the early free with the head of VI. Brutus, and having on the
republic. —
The heads of both the Bruti Lucius — other side, cither the image of Brutus, the first
—
and Marcus men chronologically separated from Cousul, or the two daggers, in allusion to the
each others’ times by an interval of more than murder of Ciesar. “This (says Riccio) was for tho
—
150 years were conjoined on this denarius, purpose of shewing that as Lucius Brutus removed
clearly in order that he who slew Ciesar, might the ancient kings, so the poniards of Cassius
thereby shew forth his claim to kindred with the and Brutus had, at a subsequent period of time,
Brutus of ancicut days, and his participation iu restored liberty to Rome, as symbolized by the
like glory with his assumed ancestor. cap.”
“ The civic (or oaken) crown which appears Bimard de la Basticnotes to Johert),
(in his
round each head of the two Bruti, alludes (says referring to this famous
observes that,
coin,
Riecio), to the victory won by the second Bru- though unquestionably genuine, both in gold
tus over the adverse party, and to the rescue of and silver, yet that there is nothing in its
Rome and her citizens out of the hands of those appearance to justify the supposition that it
who usurped the sovereign power of the state.” was struck in Rome. The fact is that Brutus
— Sec Monete delle Ant. Fam. di ltonia, p. 120 was at no time master of that city, nor was his
et seq. party the strongest there. The above cited tes-
[A specimen of the above described denarius, timony of Dion decides the question as to who
in good condition, brought £26 at the sale of it was that caused this denarius to he minted
the Pembroke collection.] aud the time was that at which Brutus passed
BRUT/u I M Pern tor Lucius PLAEToriiw into Asia to join Cassius, after having rendered
CESTtVrntw. Head of Marcus Brutus. himself master of Macedonia and of a part of
Rev. EID«i MAIMia. The pileus, or cap of Greece.
U
 — —— — ;

146 BRUTUS. BUCA.

[The foregoing cut is faithfully copied after coins stamped with the head of Brutus, that
the cast from a well-preserved specimen in they were struck with his authority. They all
the British Museum. There was another, combine to prove t lie immoderate ambition of
forming part of the Pembroke collection, and de- Marcus Junius. The individuals of his party
scribed in the catalogue as “ in very good condi- (observes Visconti), would not have dared, each
tion, and which appeared to be a genuine specimen independently of the other, to cause his clfigy
of this extremely rare and much falsified coin.” to be stamped on Roman money, in imitation
This, in August 1848, brought £10 15s. The of those abuses, which were found fault with in
finest specimen that even the late Mr. Thomas the government of Cicsar, if they had not been
could procure, obtained at the sale of his col- well assured of the consent and approbation of
lection only £15 10s. —
These sums, so dis- their chief. It is even matter of astonishment,
proportioued to the historical interest, as well that a like example should not have been fol-
as to the acknowledged rarity, and consequent lowed by the lieutenants of Cassius, and that
high value of this denarius, would seem to in- his head also should not have been struck on
dicate a prevalence of doubtfulness in the minds the money which he ordered to be coined.
of connoisseurs present at the grand auctions Icon. Rom. i. 212.
in question. One is indeed almost ready to IVe might have supposed (adds the same dis-
ask, whether there be such a thing as a genuine tinguished writer), that the portraits of Brutus,
fid. jiar. of Marcus Brutus? so difficult is it after his defeat and death, would have disappeared
to meet with one that embraces the triple re- from the Roman
world. But party spirit long
quisites of being antique, awplatcd, and in good survives the events that have decided its lot;
preservation.] and besides there is nothing so difficult to de-
BRUTUS (Consularis Processus). — Sec Junia stroy as numismatic monuments.
gens. The coin whence Visconti made his engraving,
BRUTUS IMP. Obv. Neptune. Rev. Vic- was at the time in the cabinet of the learned
toria. — Sec CASCA LONGUS. Abbe San Clemente, at Cremona. A similar
BRUTUS (Q. CAEPIO) IMP. Rev. Trophy. one existsin the imperial cabinet of Vienna.
— See Servilia gens. (Eckhcl, Calal. Mas. Cas. part ii. pi. i.)
BRUTUS (CAEPIO) PRO. COS.— Sec i.ei- [A very fine specimen of this consular aureus,
bf.rtas. — Junia gens. weight 125 grs. brought at the Devonshire sale,
BRUTI. F. ALBINUS. — See Junia, Postumia, in 1844, £17 17s., and at the sale of Mr.
and Yibia families. White’s collection, in November, 1848, it ob-
—
BRUTUS IMP. Bare head of Marcus Junius tained £37. The Pembroke specimen, lot 350,
Brutus, to the right, within a wreath of oak in the most perfect state of preservation, size
leaves. 4J, 123 3-10 grs. brought £42.]
Rev. casca lon'gvs. A trophy between two —
BUCA. L. Head of Venus, with mitre, car-
prows sometimes with, sometimes without, an
: rings, and necklace.
insulated letter in the field. Rev. A man wrapped in a night-dress, lying
asleep on the grass, with his head resting on a
stone, to whom arc present Diaua aud Victory.
—A rare denarius of the .Emilia gens.

In page 143, an engraving is given of a

gold coin, which on one side presents the effigy
of Brutus in the middle of a civic crown; and on The recumbent posture is Sulla,
figure in the
the other that of Junius Brutus, from whom he to whom appeared in his sleep, Diana Tifatina,
claimed descent. —
The above cut is from another his protectress (according to the explanation of
coin, of the same metal, and which represents the Borghesi), who with a rod came to awaken him,
head of this celebrated character within a similar accompanied by Victory, who invited him to fol-
crown. The trophy, raised upon the prows of low' her aud destroy his enemies, the partizans of
ships, forming the type of the reverse, bears Marius. It is moreover affirmed, that this took

allusion to the success which attended the lieu- place in Sulla’s consulate of the year u. c. 066
tenants of Brutus and Cassius, in a naval en- (b. c. 88), when returning from Campania, where
gagement, which they had with the fleet of the lie had been commanding nt Nola the army des-
triumvirs, at the very time when the conspirators tined for the Mithridatic war, he entered Rome;
themselves were defeated by land. —
The lrgend caused the tribune Sulpicius to be put to death
casca loxgvs points to Publius Scrvilius and drove away Marius from the city. Venus
Casca; the man who struck the first blow nt was the especial object of Sulla’s adoration, in
Cicsar, and who fought at Philippi. Long us remembrance of whom lie caused her effigy to bo
is probably but the second surname of this same struck on the obverse of this coin. (See Riceio,
Casca. p. 10.) —
With regard to the name which ap-
It has already been remarked, with regard to pears on this denarius, it applies to L. .Emilius
 — —;; —

BUST. BUSTS. 147

Buca, the father of him who was ouc of the because the portrait seen in profile often differs
quatuorumviri of Julius C;csar, and is supposed to in aspect widely from that of the full face.
have been quaestor under Sulla, in commemora- Besides which, tbe workmanship of coins, par-
tion of whose alleged dream he struck this curi- ticularly those of the lower empire, was of au
ous coin. (Eckhel, v. 121). —
For a denarius inferior kind, and executed probably after ill-
struck by the sou, L. bvca, see caesaii dict. designed portraits, especially such as were struck
PERPFTVVS. in the provinces.
BUCKLER, or Shield. — See Clypeus — also The study of antique busts and heads cannot
AneUia. fail to be of great utility. To the antiquary aud
BULLA, a small round ornament of gold, the historian they furnish matter for reflection
hollow in the inside, worn by Roman children on the form of vestments, or the ornaments of
of quality, together with the pratextal robe, the person, or the head-dress and the changes
aud which hung pendant from their neck, until which it underwent, also on the attributes of
they attained the age of 17 years, when both and ou the lineaments of cele-
different deities,
that and the pnetexta were exchanged for the brated men. artist, on the same subject of
The
toga virilis. Once arrived at adolescence, they attention, finds his admiration excited by the
consecrated the relinquished dress and decoration perfection with which they are wrought, and the
of childhood to the DU Lares, household deities, skill ofthe ancients in imparting to their por-
as Pcrsius thus indicates traiture something of the ideal, yet without
Bullaqne succinctis Laribus donata pependit.
impairing the likeness. —
See Milliu, Diet, des
Beaux Arts.
Macrobius relates the circumstance which led —
Busts Ornaments of. —The
busts which ap-
to the use of the bulla among the Romans. In pear on coins are accompanied by certain sym-
the war which ended in the triumph of Tar- bols pccidiar to them, especially when the two
quinius Priscus over the Sabines, that king’s son, arms are visible, as is generally the case on
aged only 14 years, having distinguished himself medallions and even on the smallest coins of
;

by his valour, and an enemy with his own

killed the Lower Empire. The princes represented on
hand, his father publicly eulogized him, and these monuments often hold a globe iu their
conferred on him the honour of a golden bulla hand, to shew that they are the masters of the
(ct pro concione laudavit ct bulla aurea donavit). world. This globe is sometimes surmounted by
At first this ornamental privilege was granted a winged Victory, which holds a crown or
only to patricians but it was, in process of
; wreath, designating that it is to Victory the
time, allowed to all children who wore the prre- reigning prince owes his imperial throne. The
texta. —Sec the anecdote of young a. lepidvs in sceptre which they hold iu their hand, when iu
zEmilia gens, p. 14. the consular habit, is surmounted by a globe
—
BUST. This term, derived from the Italian charged with an eagle, to shew by these marks
Bus to and the French Buste, is applied to such of sovereign power that the prince governs by
representations of the human figure as do not himself. From tbe time of Augustus the con-
extend below the waist. One of the most an- sular sceptre, to which reference is here made,
cientmodes of representing gods and heroes, appears constantly on the imperial series of Ro-
under human features, was that of giving only man coins. When the persons represented are
their heads. The invention of busts, properly iu arms, besides the helmet and buckler, they
so called, is one that dates from a much later have generally a javelin in the hand or ou the
epoch. These exhibit sometimes the head with shoulder, as on brass medallions of Diocletian,
the shoulders, and a small part of the chest S. Scverus, Probus. (See the respective bio-
at other times the head with the whole chest graphical notices of those emperors).
aud sometimes, but very rarely, they include a The thunderbolt, which is sometimes placed
full half of the body. Tbe Romans called these behind the head of a prince, as on a medal
representations of the head and part of the breast of Augustus, marks the sovereign authority,
of the humau figure, imagines clypeorum, or sim- and indicates the assumption of a power equal
ply dypei. The clgpei imperalorum, of which to that of the gods. —
The crescent is often em-
ancient authors often speak, were but portraits of ployed as a support to the busts of empresses,
a similar description. To the Roman custom of who aspired to hold in the State, of which the
placing the busts of emperors and other great per- emperor was assumed to be the sun, that place
sonages on their coins, is to be ascribed one of the which was assigned to the moon in the heavens.
most easy as well as certain modes of ascertain- (See Jobcrt edited by Bimard, vol. i. 370, et
ing the identity of a vast number of unknown seq.) —
On coins of the lower empire, the globe
sculptured heads, found from time to time is seen surmounted by a cross, especially after

amongst the ruins of ancient buildings, some the reign of Constantine, when the Christian
with and others without the trunks. But though Religion having been fully established as that of
a comparison of busts with coins and medallions, the State, emperors professed their wish to in-
in order to discover the person they represent, dicate thereby that they regarded themselves as
is the most likely to be successful, yet it is a holding the empire from Jesus Christ, whose
method attended with some difficulties. Ou bust the Byzantine emperors had the presump-
coins the same individual is often figured in tion to place on the reverse of their coins, and
many very different ways —
either according to named for that ostensible reason, hex reg-
his appearance at different periods of life or ;
n'antivm — the King of Kings.
U 2
 — — — — ——
.

148 BUTHROTUM. CABELL10.

BUTEO — the Latin name
of a bird of the
j
dared for Pesccnnius Niger, when lie aspired to
hawk genus, was a cognomen of the Fabii. ,
the empire on the death of Pcrtinax (a. i>. l‘J2).
l’iinv says (l. x. c. 8) Buteoncm (accipitrcm) Aud “of all those who took part with this unfortu-
liunc appellantRomaui, familia etiam (Fabionun) nate warrior, none distinguished themselves so
ex eo coguomiuata, cum prospero auspicio in much as the Byzantines, who obstinately refused
ducis navi consedissct. On a common denarius to submit till, after a three years’ siege, t hey were

of the Fabia gens, near the epigraph C. FABI. reduced to the eating of human tlesh it is only :

c. ]'. appeal's a bird which, says Eckhel, is to know that Scverus, that stranger to mercy,
doubtless the Buteo. v. p. 187. Morell. Thes. was the conqueror and the result may be anti-
1

',

BUTHROTUM, a maritime city of Epirus cipated —

all the fortifications aud public edifices
(uow B nlronto or Butrinto, in Albania, opposite were destroyed, the garrison massacred, aud
Corfu). —
Pliny mentions Buthrotmn (l. iv. c. i.) the inhabitants stripped aud sold into slavery.”
as a Roman colony and Cellarius (Not. Orb.
;
— (Capt. Smyth, p. 177).
Aid. i. p. 876) so denominates it. Its coins
consist of Latin colonial autonomes in brass, and C.
of Latin colonial imperial, also in brass, all
rare. —
Vaillant gives the annexed, which, exhi- C. — Cains, or Cicsar. The C. by itself sig-
biting the name of Augusta, warrants the in- nifies sometimes Cains, at other times Cicsar.
ference that the colony of Buthrotum was founded C. —
C'acitius. Sec Ciccilia geus.
by Augustus. C. —
This letter by itself may also signify
C. A. BVT. EX. D. 1). —
Colonia Augusta, Bu- 1 . — Censor. — Centum. — 4.Civis.
Carthage. 2. 3.
throtum, ex decreto Decurionum. Head of Au- — 5. — Cohors cohort).
Clypeus (a shield). 6. (a
gustus. — Colonia. — Cousultum
7. — 9.
8. (a decree).
Rev. Q. NAEVI. SVRA. A. 11IP. TVL. NICER. Cornelius.
ilviK. — Quinto Ncevio Sara, Auto
ii . Ilippio, C. Condcmno. — A. C. Absolvo-Condemuo,
Tatlo Nirereo, Duumviris Bis. — A ligure stand- on a coin of Cassia gens.
ing in a military dress, his right hand hanging C. Consul. —
P. C. Proconsul. — C. V. P. P.
down, his left hand holds a rol!ed-up sheet, with Consul Quintum, Pater Patriie; on a brass
something like strings attached. medallion of Couimodus.
The following also appears in Vaillant, as C.- — Constantinopolis.
from the French King’s cabinet, and of the C. Cousulto. S. C. —
Senatns Consulto.
highest rarity : bvthr. avgvstvs. Buthroli C. Corona. C. CIV. Corona Cicicu (Colonial).
Augustus. Head of the Emperor without laurel. C. Cusus. —
See c. A. P. B.
Rev. p. pompon. Publio Pompoitio. Bridge —
CA. CirsarcaAugusta. Sec Caesarea Philippi
—
with three arches. Engraved in Morell. Thes. —
CA. Capitolina. CO. AE. CA. See Aelia —
Impp. Rom. t. iii. tab. xxxiv. No. 16. Capitolina, 15. p.
The reverse type alludes to a remarkably noble CAE. or CAES. — Cicsar or Cicsari.
aqueduct, which, after having conferred upon CAE. or COE. or CAEL. — Ciclius.
Buthrotum the rank of a Roman colony, Au- CAE. — Ciccina, Ciccilia.
gustus caused to be erected in the Sinus Ambra- CA ELL 10
II(Gallitc Narbonensis) colonia .

cius, for the convcuiencc of that city, aud by This town, the Caba/tio of Strabo, is mentioned
which, according to l’liuy, the waters of the by Pliny (l. iii. c. 4), with Aqua; Scxtiic (Aix),
river Acheron were conveyed from the lake Apta Julia (Apt), Ncinausus (Nismcs), and
Thesprotue Acherucia, on arches for many thou- other oppida Latina, in the Narboncusiau
sand yards. In grateful recollection of this work, Gaul. — It is now called Cavaillon, in the
and tlie benefit thereby provided for them, the Comtat Vennissin (department of Vnucluse),
inhabitants of Buthrotum placed the head of southern France. The coins of Cabellio are in
Augustus on this coin of the colony he had silver aud brass and they prove the correctness
;

established. —
See Vaillant, in Cot. i. p. 14. of Ptolemy in stating it to have been a colony
BYZANTIUM, a capital city of Thrace, of the Romans. The following seven varieties
founded by Bgsas, a general of the Megarensians. arc recognised by Mionnet and He la Saussayc:
Constantine the Great made it, about a. I). 380, —
Ltd in Autonomes. 1. The first exhibits on
the scat of empire, aud after his name it was aud the obverse side, the head of a woman, and has
is still called Constantinopolis or Constantinople. for its legend care ; on the reverse are a cor-
In 1453 it was captured by Mahomet II. (when nucopia; within a laurel crown, and the letters
Constantine Palicologus, the last Emperor of the LEPI. —
Small silver. Engraved in Akennan,
East, was slain), and it remains to this day the Coins of Gallia, p. 136, plate xiv. No. 12.
scat of the Turkish government. 2. Obv. CABE. The same female bend and ;

The coins of Byzantium were nutouomous on the rev. col. Hclmetcd head. Small brass. —
tillthe reign of Caligula, from which period Engraved in Akerman, pi. xiv. No. 14.
they come into the Greek series, down to about Consular. —
3. Obv. case. Head of Janus.
the reign of Gnllicuus. Constantine aud his lie v. M. ant. Bare head of M. Autony.
family caused coins to be struck at Byzantium, 4. Obv. cabe. Head of Janus. Rev. u.
with Lntin legends and types, and with the in- ant. A lion walking. Brass. Engraved in — —
scription coNSTANTixoroi.is. (See Banduri, Akerman, pi. xiv. No. 13.
and the linn. Aug. llgzaut. of Duentigr.] Imperial. —
5. Obv. cauk. Female head tur-
Byzantium wns one of the cities which de- I reted. Rev. imp. caesar (Augustus) aud cor-
 — — ; — :

CADUCEUS. CAECIL1A. 140

nucopiac.
zErailia
— [This Morel Thesaur.)
(in
gens; but Mionnct catalogues
assigns to
it as
The Caducous is found on the
family
coins of Cestia, Claudia, Licinia, l’lmtoria, Se-
Roman

minted by the above named colony, under Au- pullia —and in the imperial scries, on the coins
gustus.] of Julius Cicsar, Augustus, VI. Antony, Tibe-
Augustus. — 6.
Obv. cabe. AVoinan with tur- rius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Domitiau, Nerva,
reted head. IMP. caesak; a cornucopia;.
lieu. Trajan, Postumus.
— [This Mionnet quotes from the cabinet of the The Caduceus in the hand of Mercury, is
Marquis I)e la Goy, and also ascribes it to the seen on coins of the Emperors Tiberius (Colo-
reign of Augustus.] nial), Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, Herennius,
Augustus. 7. —
Obv. COL. cabe. Turrcted llostilianus, Gallieuus, Postumus (meucvkio
female head. —
Rev. imp. caes. avgvst. cos. xi. felici), Claudius Gothicus, Numerianus, &c.
A cornucopia:. — Engraved in Akcrmau, pi. xiv. The Caduceus in the hand of a female figurs,
No. 15. such as the personifications of Felicity, Peace,
Vaillant describes a large brass, bearing on its —
Concord, Security appears on coins of the
obverse the hclmctcd head of a man, and the Emperors, from Julius Caesar, and Augustus to
legend lepidvs; behind the head, in smaller Constantine the Great.
characters, pon. —
The legend of reverse is col. The Caduceus between two cornucopia, in
cab. and the type a head of Ceres crowned with dicates Concord, and is found on medals of
corn ears. Of this, however, neither Mionnet, Augustus, M. Antony, Vespasian, Titus, Domi-
nor Akcrman, takes any notice. tian, Nerva, Anton. Pius, VI. Aurelius, Albi-
—
CA lUltO. See Deo Cabiro. nus. — On a coin of Augustus we see three hands
CABIRUS, son of Vulcan and Cabira, the joined with a caduceus, the fasces, the sacrifi-
;

daughter of Proteus, one of the tutelary gods of cial axe, —

and globe thus associating the caduceus
the Macedonians. —
On a third brass of Claudius with other symbols of power.
Gothicus, a coin of great rarity, is read deo A Caduceus and two corn-ears, held by two
CAB iKO; the type presents Cabirus, as a deity, right hands joined, is also seen on coins of the
standing with the pileus on his head, a hammer early empire; as on a large brass of Drusus
in his right hand, and nippers in his left, as if jun. aud in the instance of the tides pvblica,
assuming the attributes of his reputed father. silver of Titus, and second brass of Domitian.
CACUS, son of Vulcan, a gigantic monster, — See a cut from the latter, in left hand column
whose mouth vomited forth volumes of flame, of this page. —
Sec also Mercury.
and who, having stolen some of the cattle which CAEC1LIA gens. — At first patrician (there
Hercules had captured from Gcryon, was at- were nobles descended from the Metelli), after-
tacked and strangled by that hero. In memory wards plebeian, but of great antiquity, this
of the fabled victory, an annual fete was held family gave a host of illustrious citizens to the
in honour of Hercules, on mount Aventinc. 1.
republic. It was divided into many surnames
On a bronze medallion of Antoninus Pius, Her- the principal was VIctcllus, several members of
cules is with the spoils of the Nenncan
figured, which distinguished branch bore the names of
lion on his arm, the club in his right hand
left conquered countries, as Macedonicus, Numidi-
and near him Cacus is extended on the ground, 2. Balearicus, and Crcticus.
cus, Its gold coins —
before the entrance of his cavern. — Sec en- arc extremely rare. The silver common ; except
graving in Millin, Gal. Mgtliol. T. ii. pi. cv. 447. pieces restored by Trajan, which are of very
great rarity. —
The name of the Ciccilia geus ap-
pears on Cistophori of Pergamus. The brass
money are asses or parts of the as.- — The follow-
ing arc among those denarii which possess a high
historical interest, viz. :

CADUCEUS, or Caduceum, a wand or rod,

[ 1 -]
entwined at one end by two serpents, each of
whose bodies form of two half
folds again in the — Head of Apollo, laureated, and with
circles, whilst the head passes above the wand. hair in ringlets; behind it roma before it X.
Rev. — M. METELLVS.
;

It was an attribute peculiar to Mercury. Pru- Q. F. written circularly.

dence is generally supposed to be represented by The type consists of an elephant’s head in the
these two serpents, and the wings which arc centre of a Macedonian shield; the whole within
sometimes added to the Caduceus, are the sym- a crown of laurel.
bols of diligence, both needful qualities in the — roma. Galeatcd head of Rome; before
pursuit of trade and commerce, which Mercury it X.
patronized. It was also the symbol of peace — metellvs. A male
Rev. c. figure, perhaps
aud concord, which that deity is related to have of Jupiter, crowned by a flying Victory, in a
received from Apollo in return for the lyre. biga of elephants.
 — — i

150 CAECILIA. CAECILIA.

the lower magistracy. Nor docs he think that
the type of “ Jupiter in a quadriga” has reference
to the Macedonian triumph of Mctellus. See —
R. N. V. vol. v. 151.
5- — mete i.. a. alb. s. f. Lanreated head
of Apollo, to the right; below a star.
Rev. —
c. mal. below itOMA. male figure A
seated, to the left, upon shields, armed with
hasta and parazoniuin, and crowned by Victory
These, and many other coins with various standing behind.
types, were struck by Marcus and Caius G'ccilius
IMetellus, sons of Quintus Mctellus Macedouicus,
in reference to the two principal glories of the
family that is to say, the overthrow of the
;

Pseudo-Philippus (Andnscus) in Macedonia, de-

feated and taken prisoner by their father, the
prrctor, in 606 (n. c. 148), in the third Punic
war for which he enjoyed the honours of the
;

triumph
3. and on which occasion shone a mul-
;

tiplicity of Macedonian shields, such as are found

represented on coins and also the great victory
;
This, not scarce but remarkable, coin, struck
gained in 504 (b. c. 250) fifteenth year of the first in honour, says Riccio, of arrior- Rome (diW
Punic war, by the proconsul Lucius Mctellus, Roma guerriera), crowned by Victory, was so
their progenitor, over Hasdrubal, near Panormus emblematical, that the conspirators of the Italian
(Palermo). Amongst the spoils were 120 ele- League imitated the type exactly, only sub-
4.
phants which he transported to Rome, and which stituting Italia for lioma, witli the relative
formed the most astonishing feature of his mag- legends.
nificent triumph. This circumstance is modestly It seems indubitable that this denarius was
recorded by a simple biga of elephants on denarii, struck by Aldus l’ostumius Albiuus, son of
and by the head of an elephant, on brass pieces Spurius, by Lucius Ciccilius Metcllus, and by
of this family. —
See Riccio, p. 37. Caius Publicius Malleolus, contemporaneously
—Female head ; before it a stork. monctal triumvirs ; and the first of them, viz.,
Rev. — Q- C. M. p. i. Quintus Ciccilius Mctellus Aldus Postumius Albiuus, being consul in 655
Pius Imperator. An elephant walking. (b. c. 99), it is the opinion of Cavcdoni and
This coin also alludes to the victory won by of Eckhel also, that the mintage of this denarius
Quintus Metcllus, over the Carthaginians, iu is to be assigned to the 630th year of Rome

Sicily, recorded on the preceding denarius. (b. c. 124). —

Sec Monete del/e Fain. &c. p. 38.
[The same silver coin restored by Trajan, is of 6. —
Q. metel. pivs. A laureated and bearded
the highest degree of rarity —
valued by Mionnet head, to the right, with hair iu curls hamring
at 100 fr. and by Riccio at 25 piastre. En- — behind.
graved in Morel, and Riccio.] Rev .
8. Scipio imp. An elephant walking,
— Q. mete. The winged head of Pallas,
near it X.
Rev. —
Jupiter, in a quadriga, holding his
right hand a branch, in his left a thunderbolt.
Amongst the Melef/i who bore the name of
Quintus, by far the most celebrated was he who,
as already adverted to, triumphed over Andriscus,
pretender to the name of Philip, and to the king-
dom of Macedonia, and who, on account of that [ 6 .]
victory, obtained the cognomen of Macedonicus. metel. pivs scipio imp.
7. Q. A female
Velleius (cited by Havcrcamp) speaks of his sin- figure, almost naked in front, with the head of
gularly fortunate destiny. For besides his splendid a lion or panther, stands holding the udometer
triumphs, his ample honours, and his high (a measure of the increase of the Nde)
;
above
position in the republic, he brought up four sons, arc the letters o. T. A. (genius tutelaris -Egypt
at an advanced period of his life, beheld them or Africa.)
arrive at maturity of age, and left them all Rev. —
p. cbassvs. jvx. leg. pro. pr. Victory
occupying the most honourable situations. His holding the rnduccus in the left hand, and a
funeral bier was carried
to the rostra, by round shield in her right.
these four sons, one of whom was a censor and of [This legend of reverse refers to Crassns
consular rank, another also of consular rank, the Junianus, one of Scipio’s lieutenants, who served
third a consul, and the fourth a successfid can-
didate for the consulship. —
Eckhel agrees with
with the title of legatus proprietor. For an en- —
graving of the coin, sec Morell. Fam. Horn.
llavercamp in ascribing this coin to the above- Ciccilia.]
mentioned Q. Metcllus; but considers it to have —
Q. metel. scipio imp. Female head
been struck before that prictorian personage covered with the skin of an elephant’s head,
achieved his great victory, and when he was iu before it an ear of corn, below it a plough.
 — ; —P — C

CAECILIA. CAESAR. 151

Rev .
— EPPIVS leg. cvrauf). Her-
f. c. (fieri vices alluded to, on denarii, whence the preceding
cules naked, in repose, resting on the club and cuts have been engraved.
lion’s spoils. —
See, in adjoining column, cut 8.
9. metel. pits. scip. imp. Head of Jupi-
ter, beneath it is the head of an eagle and a
sceptre.
Rec. —
CRASS, tot. LEG Pitopit. Ciunlc chair
between a hand closed, and an ear of corn
above are the cornucopia; and the balance.

CAECINA, a surname of a Roman

to what :

family belongs is not ascertained.

it
There are
two varieties. The brass coins bearing
the head
of Janus, or the head of
Pallas, on the obverse-
and the abbreviation a. cae.
Aulus Cacina, a
ship s prow, and Roma, on
the reverse are :
asses, or parts of the as.—
See them engraved
This in gold (sec Pembroke and Eckhel) stands m plrnr p 39, 40> T ] x Nos 1 and 2.
'
- ' -

in the highest degree of rarity. CAEDIC1US, a surname which, according

At itlx and several other coins, honour
these, to Morell. Thesaur. Fan,. Rom.
p. 52G, belongs
was rendered to the warlike virtues of that to the Caedicia family,
plebeian but of consular
Scipio, who was adopted by denar,us , en f aved in tab.
Q. CVccilius Me- xt •
s, ? xi. of
tellus Pius, poutifex maximus. He was the iVumi Consulares, has on one side a female
head
son of P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica, n. c. 94 and on the other, two togated
figures standing’
but by Metellus’s adoption of him, he passed with hands joined, and behind
one of them the
from the Cornelia gens to that of the Cieeilia. fasces with axes. The legend of the reverse is
They set forth the exploits of the same Me- Q. caedici q. f. ex. s. c. Quintus Cicdicius,
tellus Scipio in his African campaign
against
Quinti Films, Ex Senatus Consulto ; at the bot-
Caesar, after the tragic end of Pompey. These tom ROMA.
events are indicated by the elephants, by the ears CAEPIO, surname allusive to the large size
of corn, by the tutelary genius of Egypt or of of the head. — See Servilia gens.
Africa, and by other African symbols and em- CAES. or CAESS. or CAESSS.— Ciesar or
blems, which indeed have reference to other ai S Th double SS marks two
' Caesars, and
historical facts connected with the ancient fame
c?c denote ?
obb i .

three Csesars.
of the Cornclii and the Caccilii namely, the CAES. Ccesarea , surname of a colony
found-
;

military enterprises of the first Scipio in Africa, ed by Augustus. —

Sec Antiochia, Pisidia,
p. 52.
CAES.
already
Numidicus,
alluded to, and also those of Caecilins
and Csecilius Macedonicus. They
Casarea, surname of a colony.
Ccesarea Samaritis, and Ccesarea
— See
Philippi.
also call to remembrance the piety of Q. Csecilius CAES. DIC. QUAR. Casar Dictator Quar-
Metellus, son of Numidicus, who received, in b. c. tum Caesar Dictator for the fourth
a gold coin of Julius.
time. On
99, the surname of pits, for having obtained,
by the affectionate earnestness of his appeal to CAES. DIVI. F. Casar Divi Filins.—
the people, the recall of his father from banish- Caesar son of the Divine Julius.
On coins of
ment. They moreover refer to the Sicilian vic- Augustus.
tories of the eldest of the Mctelli (L. Ciecilius) CAESAR PONT. MAX. Casar Pontifex
over the Carthaginians, in his consulate; and Maximus. Caesar, Supreme Pontiff.
likewise to the devoted courage displayed by the CAESAR DIC/ator PERPETzmw aesar, —
same person, in saving, but with the'loss of his Perpetual Dictator.
sight, the Palladium and other sacred objects
from a fire which consumed the temple of Vesta,
u. c. 24 1 in acknowledgment of which service
:

he was' allowed thereafter, the till then forbidden

privilege, of being conveyed to the senate-house,
in a carriage. This is symbolised by the head of
Piety and also by the stork. —
Lastly, these coins
bear record to his Pontificate, and to the title
of
1 M Ferator, conferred upon
him by the soldiers
— besides various appointments to the office of
legates, —
and of propraetor. Sec Riccio, p. 39,
plates ix. and x.
CAESAR CAIT S JULIUS, one of the greatest
The following denarius, numbered belongs men
8, of whom history has handed down the
to the Eppia gens but as distinctly refers to
; it deeds, or to whom coins have secured a perpe-
Metellus Scipio, it is inserted here, as illustra- tuity of remembrance, was of the Julia gens
tive of his connectionwith the Csccilia familv, a race who assumed to have derived their descent
whose worthies are named, and their public se’r-
from Ascanius, otherwise called lulus, son of
 — ; . —
;

152 CAESAR. CAESAR.

JEncas. Taking up the prevailing opinion, Vir- having in his absence been elected Pontiff, in
gil says the room of Aurelius Cotta, his uncle. Besides
this appointment, through patrician interest, he
Julius magno demissura nomen Iulo.
was soon created Military Tribune against a
According to Pliny, the surname of Cesar, powerful competitor, by dint of popular favour.
which his family bore, was derived from some Next he went as Quicstor to Spain, aud at Gadcs
ancestor, who had been taken, by incision, from (Cadiz), on seeing an effigy of Alexander the
the womb of his mother. Be this as it may, lie Great, he shed ambitious tears. Returned once
was son of L. Julius Cicsar (pnetor), and of more to Rome, and his first wife Cornelia being
Aurelia. The year of his birth, at Rome, was dead, Cicsar, in B. C. G7, married Pompeia, the
the 051th of the city (b. c. 100), in the con- daughter of Q. Pompeius Rufus and of Cornelia,
sulship of C. Marius aud L. Valerius Flaccus daughter of Sulla. Having thus united himself
which calculation (not undisputed) makes him to the house, Julius actively promoted the views,
six years younger than Pompeius Magnus and and efficiently aided the proceedings, of Pom-
Marcus Tullius Cicero. His mother, who exer- pey. In fi88 (b. c. 66), lie was elected one
cised a vigilant superintendence over her chil- of the Curule Edilcs; aud the following year,
dren’s education, took the greatest interest in having M. Bibulus for his colleague, served the
the advancement and welfare of her son ; who office with unprecedented magnificence. Bibulus
on his part appears to have been affectionately largely shared in the cost of the public games
and reverentially attached to her. but to Cicsar (immeasurably deep in debt) was
When as yet a mere boy, Julius was elected awarded all the credit of the liberality, and all

to the dignified oflicc of FIamen Dialis, through the applause of the people.
the interest of Cains Marius, who had married In the year u. c. 691 (b. c. 63), M. Tullius
his aunt Julia (b. c. 87). And after the death Cicero and C. Antony being consids, on the
of that celebrated Roman, he took for his wife death of Mctellus Pius, Cicsar was declared
Cornelia, daughter of L. Ciuua (u. c. 83), whom Pontifex Maximus. On this occasion he caused
he refused to repudiate, although Sulla, greatly munificent largesses to be distributed to the
enraged against him for having joined the popu- people ; he having predicted to his mother,
lar party, had commanded him to do so. This just before he went down to the comilia
—
characteristic display of resolution, however, had “ This day you will see your son either Pontifex
the effect of placing his life in great danger, Maximus, or an exile.” (Plutarch, in Cars .)
from the anger of the dictator, who at length, He had, however, already been enrolled in the
but w'ith reluctance, was induced to pardon him; Pontifical college, during his absence in Asia.
still meeting the plea of youth and insignificance In 692 (b. c. 62), in the consulship of P.
urged in his favour by Ciesar’s friends aud in- Junius Silanus and L. Liciuius Murena, lie was
tercessors, with the prophetic remark, that
“ in made Prtclor Urbanus. After his prietorship
that boy there were many Mariuses (multos ei (laden with debts and unable to face his cre-
Marios), and that he would eventually be the ditors), he went as pro-consul into Lusitania ;
ruin of the patrician order.” and there, in the following year, after vanquish-
Quitting Rome for Asia (b. c. 81), after the ing enemies, whom he did not find such, but
conclusion of the Mithridatic war, he was scut rendered them so, through his ambit iou of a
by Miuucius Thermus from Mytilenc, on a mis- triumph aud spoil, lie was made Impera tot
sion to Nicomcdes III. King of Bithynia, which
having he returned to his general, by
fulfilled,
whom, conduct at the siege of Mytilcne,
for his
he was rewarded with a civic crown. The death
of Sulla occurring b. c. 78, whilst Cicsar was
serving in Cilicia, under the command of P.
Sulpicius, he instantly returned to Rome ; and
the following year, gained great credit and
popularity for his ability aud eloquence in ac-
cusing Dolabclla of extortion in his govern- 694 (b. c. 60), returning to Rome, and go-
ment of Macedonia. He had then scarcely com- ing to the comilia, he cauvasseij at the same
pleted his 22nd year and to perfect himself
;
time for a Triumph and for the Consulate; aud
in oratory, in which ultimately he was considered being unable to attain both those objects (for he
second only to Cicero, he undertook a voyage could not, without being personally prcscut, be
to Rhodes. On this occasion, the young man a candidate for the Consulate, and on the other
displayed a fine example of promptitude aud hand, had lie entered the city as a private indi-
intrepidity for being captured by pirates, aud vidual, he could not afterwards, according to
ransomed by
;

a contribution of fifty talents law, enjoy a Triumph) —

he relinquished the
raised for his liberation by a number of Greek latter, ami was created for the year 695 (b. c.
maritime cities, lie, with a hastily manned fleet 59) Consul, with M. Bibulus. He carried his
of Milesian vessels, attacked the pirates, whom Agrarian law by force, against the protests aud
he captured and caused to be crucified. —
In B. c. edicts of his colleague, and obtained from the
7-1, lie passed over from Rhodes into Asia, at Senate the government of Illyricum, and Gallia
the commencement of the sccoud Mithridatic Citcrior and Ulterior, as pro-consnl, with three
war. The same year he returned to Rome, legions, for five years ; at the expiratiou of
 — ;

CAESAR. CAESAR. 153

which, aided by Pompey and M. Crassus, he April. Returning to the he celebrated
city,
extorted another five years. His victories, dur- during four days, four distinct triumphs, re-
ing this period, over the Helveti, Germani, Galli, spectively referring to the Gauls, Egypt, Pbar-
and Britanni, are well known. About this time, naces, and Juba. He next prepared for a war
Caesar gave his daughter in marriage to Pompey, in Spain with the sons of Pompey.
and married himself Calpurnia, daughter of L.
Piso, consul the following year.
After having been occupied, during the years
703 and 704 (b.c. 51 and 50), in completing
the pacification of Gaul, Caesar, iu the spring
of 705 (b. c. 49), began to approach nearer to
Rome, and to bestow his attcutiou on the affairs
of the city, where circumstances were already
occurring, which soon resulted in a total rup-
ture of good understanding between Pompey
and himself. [3.]
In 705 (b.c. 49), during the consulships of
C. Claudius Marcellus and L. Cornelius Lcn- 709 (b. c. 45). Dictator for the third time
tulus, the civil war with Pompey was com- (caesar Die. ter.) and Consul for the fourth
menced. Having passed the Rubicon, and driven time, without colleague, he gained a difficult
Pompey, with the consuls, into Greece, he en- victory over the Pompeians at Muuda, in the
tered Rome, and broke into the treasury. spring of the year, and at the time of the cele-
Going thence into Spain, that he might leave bration of the festival of Bacchus (in March), the
nothing unguarded in his rear, he reduced to tidings of the victory reaching Rome on the day
submission, on the 2nd of August, Pctreius and before the Parilia. On his return, he cele-
Afranius, generals of Pompey’s legions, and hav- brated a triumph, such as had never occurred
ing taken Massilia (Marseilles), returned to before, over vanquished citizens. By his osten-
Rome ; where he found that in his absence he tatious ambition of becoming a king, and by the
had been appointed Dictator, for the purpose assumption of honours too lofty for mortal man,
of holding comilia to elect the consuls but he ;
he incurred the hatred of many individuals, and
abdicated this office in eleven days after, with the envy of all classes.
the view of pursuing Pompeius Magnus into 710 (b. c. 44). Appointed Perpetual Dictator
Greece. (caesar Die. perpetws) and Consul for the
706 Consul forthe second time, with
(b.c. 48). fifth time, with M. Antony as his colleague,
P. Scrvilins Vatia Isauricus as colleague having;
whilst meditating a campaign against the Getas
been first defeated at Dyrrhachium (I)urazzo), he and Parthians, he was poniarded in the senate-
turned the tables at Pharsalia, in Thessaly, on house, iu the ides of March, by a conspiracy of
the 5th of the ides of Sextilis, which day, in haughty republicans, set on foot by Brutus and
the anticipatory Julian year fell in the month
,
Cassius. —See brvtvs eid. mar. p. 145.
of June. (Sec Eckhel’s remarks on the Caesa- C;esar was in his 56th year at the time of his
rian .Era, vol. iv. p. 400). —
On the news of assassination. A man, above all others, mar-
this victory reaching Rome, he was again created vellously accomplished in the arts of both peace
Dictator for a whole year an honour which was
; and war; oue than whom antiquity cannot pro-
subsequently renewed every year. Having fol- duce a more distinguished example. Noble and
lowed the fugitive Pompey, he found him commanding in person, of lofty stature and fair
dead iu Egypt and there, ensnared by the
;
complexion, his black eyes were piercing, and
charms of Cleopatra, he undertook a rash war his whole countenance replete with expression,
with her brother Ptolemy, with the view of lie seldom wore a beard (see barba), and
giving her the entire sovereignty of Egypt. towards the close of his career he had, what to
707 (b. c. 47), he took Alexandria on the him was said to have been a great annoyance, a
27th of March. Having put Ptolemy to death, bald head. Naturally of a delicate constitution,
he gave Egypt into the hands of Cleopatra, lie |
he strengthened and invigorated himself by a
then hurried his army agaiust Pharnaccs, the course of temperance iu eating and drinking
King of Bosphorus, and defeated him on the 2nd and such was the firm state of his health,
of August. — Returning to Rome, he put down the thus carefully sustained, that there was scarcely
commotions that were going on there, and made any degree of bodily fatigue or of mental ex-
preparations for the African war, —
a war which ertion, which he was not able to encounter.
took its rise out of the party feelings of animosity, Acute in intellect, he possessed an eloquence,
engendered in the collision at Pharsalia but;
both natural and cultivated by the study of
owing to the accession of Juba to the throne literature — witness those inimitable “Commen-
of Nmnidia, one environed with danger, he taries” which have immortalized him as a writer.
passed over into Africa, prior to the winter With a spirit prompt and daring, in peril col-
solstice. lected and undaunted, he exhibited sagacity of the
708 Being Consul for the third
(b. c. 46.) highest order, both in foreseeing difficulties, and
time, with M. Lepidus as his colleague,
,'Emilius iu extricating himself therefrom, when most
he defeated Scipio, Juba, and Petreius, at beset. Having energy for any enterprise, and
Thapsus, in Africa, on the 8th of the ides of patience to bring it to an issue, he proved him-

X
 — ; ——

154 CAESAR, CAESAR.

self at once wary and adventurous. Generally the Senate, during the latter part of his eventful
prudent in planning, always skilful in executing, career. For his earliest denarii do not bear
with an unexcelled celerity in catching advant- his portrait, but exhibit for the most part the
ages, he was at the same time so resolute under head of Venus as their obverse type, and on

session.
—
reverses as never to lose his perfect self-pos-
"When this hold leader of the Roman
their reverses there generally appears the word
caesar, with types of cornucopia:, trophies,
legions invaded Britain, though the wars in Gaul elephant trampling on a serpent, pontifical and
and Germany were unfinished, he, to ensure the augural instruments, .Eneas carrying Anchises
passage, personally sounded the channel. Fifty —
and the palladium, &c. For notices of these see
pitched battles attested his military prowess; and, Julia gens; also see Palladium.
superior equally to the superstitions of augury, To follow, as far as possible, the chronologieo-
and to the contagious influence of despondency numismatic order of arrangement, and at the
or of panic, he, on several occasions, by his indi- same time to shew the progress of Cicsar’s great-
vidual bravery turned the tide of battle, when ness, through the medium of his coins Riccio —
victory was declaring against him. llis good bus methodically classed such of them as bear
fortune (greater perhaps than ever fell to the lot his portrait, and cither on one side or the other
of any other mortal) never deserted him, not- an indication of each office held by him, under
withstanding his frequent rash and ill-consi- five different heads, namely 1. Those with the—
dered plans and proceedings. To these qualities head unaccompanied by a legend. 2. With title —
were in him added, a great and only too lavish of Imperntor. —
3. l’ontifcx Maximus. 4. Dic- —
disposition for liberality, an easy address and an tator for the first, second, third, and fourth time.
affability of manners, most remarkable ; above all — 5. Perpetual Dictator. —
To these he adds the
a clemency towards the vanquished scarcely to be monctal records of Cicsar, as a man of the
credited, and which prompted him to spare the greatest clemency as the father or parent of
—At the
;

lives of all who sued for quarter. battle the country lastly as raised, after death, to dei-
—The following
;

of Pharsalia, in order to save the citizens, he fication. arc among the most re-
announced by the voice of the herald, that his markable examples of each class :

animosity was laid aside with his arms and not

;

only did he return to terms of amity with his The Head without Legend.
conquered foes, but he even granted them a share Head of Julius Cscsar, laureated.
of wealth and honours. A man thus endowed Rev . —
voco.vivs vitvlvs. q. design, s. c. —
with all the commanding and engaging qualities A calf standing.
which give ascendancy in society, must have [See wood cut No. 1, at the head of the bio-
swayed the destinies of his contemporaries in any graphical notice, p. 151.]
age and in any nation. But, besides his rapacity,
prodigality, and scandalous ineontinency, he had
another vice of a more destructive character
ambition , which from his earliest years inspired
him with the desire to attain the empire of the
world. To appease this passion, many acts,
from which his better nature would have shrunk,
required to be done in defiance of justice ; vast
sums expended, to hasten or augment through Head of Julius Cicsar laureated. s. c.

the clianuel of popularity the honours which he Rev. — TI. SEMPRONIVS. GBACCVS. Q. DESIGN,
coveted ; nations, however peaceable aud un- s. c. Spear, plough, legionary eagle, aud mili-
offending, were wantonly assailed and grievously tary ensign.
outraged to furnish claims for fresh triumphs Head as above.
well-disposed and amicable communities liar- Rev. —
1„ flam ini vs mi. vir. Venus stand- —
rassed, temples thrown to the ground, public ing, holding the liasta aud the cadueeus.
treasuries violated, aud lastly his arms turned Head as above, with caduceus before it, and
against his fellow-countrymen. By universal laurel branch behind it.

consent he would assuredly have been a prince Rev. —

LIVINEIVS REGYLVS. A furious bull.
L.
most worthy of the eminence he gained, and On his return frem Africa, after having de-
preferable to all before or after him, had he feated the Pompeians, Cirsar obtained, by vir-
cither reached it by hereditary right, or at least tue of two Senatorial decrees, authority to cause
not been compelled to win it at the point his portrait to be struck on the coins of the re-
of the sword. — Sec Eckhcl (in Casare), vol. vi. public together with the privilege of wearing,
;

pp. 2, 3, and 4 — Capt. Smyth’s Deter. Catal. as the highest honour of the triumph, the laurel
pp. 1 and 2 —see also a full and able sketch of crown, which served him both for ornament
Cicsar’s life and character, in the Dictionary of and to conceal his baldness. Borghcsi regards —
Greek and Roman Biography, &c. these and other eoins of the foregoing class,
as additional proofs that Cicsar did not com-
MINTAGES OF JULIUS C.ESAR. mcncd 'sti iking his effigy on the Roman mint,
Cicsar was the first Roman whose effigies before his fourth dictatorship, viz. until after
were stamped on coins in his life-time; and, ac- the battle of Mumln, iu
45). 7UA (n. c.
cording to Dion, this compliment was amongst Altogether the above coins refer to the powers
the profusion of honours lavished upon him by conferred upon Ctesnr to peace hoped for after
;
 —; ——

CAESAR. CAESAR. 155

such an effusion of fellow countrymen’s blood cate in 691 (b. c. 63), on the death of Metcllus

to Venus the Victorious, whose name was given Pius. —The half moon behind the head on the
as the signal-word to his legions in the battle firstof the coins above described has regard to
days of Pharsalia and Munda; to his found- the correction introduced by Ciesar, as pontifex
ing of colonics in many places, and to other inaximus, into the keeping of annual festivals,
objects peculiar either to himself or to the fami- and to the reformation of the calendar by
lies of his moneyers. — See lticcio, p. 107. adopting the solar instead of the lunar year.
In consequence of calculating from the luuar
With title of Imperator. year, the calendar had been thrown into the
greatest confusion, aud the festivals at first ap-
pointed for the winter, had come to fall in the
spring. Caesar established the solar year of
three hundred and sixty-five days, with a day of
intercalation at the end of every four years.
For the first year (b. c. 46), however, it was
needful, besides the intercalary month, to add
sixty-seven days.

With
—
caesar imp. Head of Crnsar laureated, be-
title of Dictator.

hind it the simpulum and litmus. caesar Laureated head of Ciesar; be-
Die.
Rev. —
M. METTivs. —
Venus the Victorious, hind it the pncfericuluin.
stands holding an image of Victory in the right Rev. —m. anto. imp. r. p. c. Bare head of
hand, and with left arm resting on a buckler, —
Antony behind it the lituus.
and holding the hasta transversely in her left [At the Thomas sale, a fine specimen of this
hand. gold coin brought £23 10s.]
[A gold specimen of this, valued at 150 fr. is The Rubicon passed ; Pompey with his par-
engraved in Miounct, Rarele lies Medailles, t. tisans driven in a panic out of Italy ; and Afra-
i. p. 81]. nius and Petreius, lieutenants of Poinpey, after-
Same head aud legend as above. wards defeated in Iberia, the Senate were obliged
Rev. —
sepvllivs macer. Venus Victrix, to raise Ciesar, in 705 (b. c. 49), to the office
standing as above. of Dictator, in order that lie should be able
[Sec wood cut No. 2, in biographical notice, thus to administer the affairs of the republic,
p. 152]. with absolute and irresponsible power. But the
Rev. —
L. aemilivs bvca, mi. viR. Two great object of his thoughts being the overthrow
hands joined. of Pompey aud his adherents, who, after eleveu
c. caesar cos. iter. Female head. — days, had made good their retreat into Mace-
Rev. —
a. allien vs pro. cos. Neptune, hold- — donia and Thessaly, he resigned the appointment
ing the trinacria in his right hand, and plant- of Dictator at the end of eleven days, and caus-
ing his foot on the prow of a ship. ing himself to be elected consul for the second
As Ciesar won many battles ; so for these time, crossed over from Brundusium into Greece,
victories he was as many times saluted Impera- b. c. 48. The prsefericulum of Ciesar is a
tor by his soldiers. But he did not cause the pontifical symbol; as the lituus of Antony is
number of times that he was thus proclaimed an augural symbol.
to be marked on his mint, as was the practice
Second Dictatorship.
afterwards of Augustus and his successors.
The image of Venus Victrix refers as well to dict. iter. cos. tert. —
Head of Ceres
the pretended origin, as to the real victories, of crowned.
Crnsar the joined hands point to the concord
;
—
Rev. avgvr. pont. max. —
Sacrificial in-
established between Julius and the Senate. struments with corn cars ; symbols of Augura-
Lastly, the Neptune bears allusion to Sicily, tion and of the Supreme Pontificate sometimes
;

where the coin was struck by Allienus, the pro- beside the lituus appears the insulated letter M.
consul of Ciesar. in others d.

With title of Pontifex Maximus.

caesar dict. —The securis (axe) and the
simpulum.
caesar imp. — Laurelled head of
p. m. C;csar, Rev. —
iter. —
Vase aud lituus, within a laurel
behind it a crescent. crown. —
[Riccio gives an engraving of this, in
Rev. — aemilivs bvca. —Venus the Victo-
l. Supplement, pi. 58, No. 11, from the Mus.
rious, standing. Bellini, rrrr. and values it, in gold, at 25
c. caesar dict. perp. pont. max. — Laure- piastres.]
ated head of Ciesar. Ciesar having (b. c. 48) obtained from the
Rev. —
c. caesar cos. pont. avg. — Bare head Senate, with the consent of the consuls, the dic-
of Octavian. tatorship for the second time, was himself consul
[Riccio values this rrrr. in gold at 50 pias- for the third time in the year 708 (b. c. 46),
tres. —A fine specimen of this gold coin brought with VI. Emilius Lcpidus as his colleague.
£14 10s. at the Thomas sale]. And, resolved not to abandon his assumption of
It has already
been noted, that against all absolute power, he exercised it sometimes as
competition, Ciesar obtained the high pontiff- dictator, sometimes as consul.

X 2
 —— ———

156 CAESAR. CAESAR.

The insulated letter M. or d. which presents
1
C.esar Perpetual Dictator.
itself on the reverse of the former of these two
denarii admits, in the opinion of Borghesi, of
being interpreted to mean mumis or donum, thus
indicating that they were struck to pay his sol-
diers or partisans. As to the head of Ceres, it
may possibly allude to Africa vanquished, or to
the defeat of King Juba. —
Riccio, p. 100.

Third Dictatorship.
Caisar, laureated.
—
CAESAR Die. TER. Bust of Victor)', winged. Rev. —
L. bvca. Winged caduccus, laid
across
Rev ci.ovi. praef.
. —
Minerva walking, with the consular fasces, an axe, two hands joined,
a trophy on her shoulder, a serpent moving
and i

and a globe.
on the grouud before her. — Middle
brass.
The same legend and head.
[Sec wood cut, No. 3, in ,hiographical notice, Rev L. bvca.
. —
Venus standing.
p. 153]. Rev. — c. —
maridianvs. Venus standing.
c. caesar Die. ter. — Bust of a winged V ic- Rev . p. sepvlli vs MACF.R. —
Venus the Vic-
torious, standing, with buckler and hasta.
RevL# planc. praef. vrb.
,
Sacrificial

vase. In gold, rr.

In the following year, 709 (b. c. 45), after he
had defeated the Pompeians in Africa, Caesar was
declared Dictator for the third time. And being
the
obliged afterwards to repair to Spain for
purpose of carrying on the war there w ith Cncius
Pompeius the youuger, and the other remains
of that party,’ lie assigned over the
govern-
CAESAR [dict.] perpetvo. — Head of Julius
ment of Rome to Lcpidus, as his master of the laureated.
horse, with six, or as some writers have it, with Re V . bvca. ^ enus seated, holding the
eight’ prefects of the city, amongst whom ap- hasta pura in her left hand, aud a 1 ictoriola in
pear, on the coins above described, the
names
of Caius Clovius and Lucius Planeus.
Riccio, — her right.
In the last vear of his life, Ciesar assumed,
p. 109. as a prominent token of sovereign
power, the
Fourth Dictatorship. title of Perpetual Dictator aud the money era;

—
CAESAR DICT. quart. Head of Julius Ciesar, of that year, Buca, Cossutius, and
Scpullius,

transferred it to the coius above described.

laureated, behind it a lituus.
Rev m. mettivs.
. —
Juno Sospita in a rapid These titles and distinctions, at no time in
permanent use among the Romans, were so pro-
biga. .
drew down
Head of \ enus, well fusely lavished on Ciesar, that they
caes. Die. QV.\R.
adorned.
upon him the envy aud hatred of no small
con-
portion of the citizens, and led to the fatal
Rev. — _

cos. QV1NQ. within a crown of laurel.

spiracy of the pretors Brutus and Cassius,
and
Gold, RRR. slain
of others, bv whom he was in full senate
.

Osar was made Dictator for the fourth time (See

to with the mortal stabs of twenty daggers.—
about the year 710 (b. c. 44), subsequently
young Cneius Pompcy's defeat in Spam, forwluch p. 143). .. , ,

splen- The indications on the above described de-

success he triumphed with the greatest to his
arc allusive to Ctrsar’s victories;
dour, but also excited very great displeasure narii

amongst the Romans. supreme and absolute power and to the con- ;

cord which he flattered himself to

have esta-
During his fifth consulship, as indicated by
blished with the Seuatc.
the last described coin, on the ides of March of
710 (b.c. 44), Caesar was assassinated in the With title of Consul.
senate house.
Ciesar was five times Cousid. This title is
Now if, in that year, he was Dictator for the coins;
applied to him only three times on his
fourth time, and not yet Perpetual Dictator,
it

namely, the second, third, aud fifth. But tho

would seem that the last described coin offers a his first
contradiction. But this vanishes, when it is there are no coins bearing the record of
consulate, he is called consul for the second time,
considered that the consulate was an ordinary
or for the third time, on coins
engraved in
magistracy, which was conferred in the calends
January in each year; aud that the dictature Morel, Imp. Rom. T. iii. tab. 3 and 4.
of
C. IVLIVS CAES. IMP. COS. III.
was an extraordinary magistracy, with which a
Rev Venus leaning on a pillar, withjiclmet,
man might be invested at any time whatsoever,
.

and it also might be revoked, or laid aside, on

spear, aud shield. —
Restored by 1 rajan.
pre-
Hence the fourth and the perpe- [This gold coin, in the highest state of
the instant. llioinas
conjoined with servation, brought JL17 17s. Od. at the
tual dictatorship might have been
the fourth and fifth consulate,
during the year salcj.
Riccio describes and engraves the following,
in which Ciesar ceased to live—
See Riccio, 1 10.
 — — — —

CAESAR. CAESAR. 157

in gold, rrr. which he values at ten ducats. direction of his grand nephew, heir, and adopted
(Tav. 23, No. 35). son, the following are most rare :

c. caesar cos. ter. —

Head of a woman, — divvs ivlivs divi — Heads of Ju-
Gold( f.
veiled and lanrcated. lius and Augustus, face to face.
Rev .a. HiRTivs pr. —
Lituus, vase, and axe. Rev. — M. agrippa cos. desig. across the
Hirtius was one of the prefects, or pretors, — Engraved Akerman,
field. in No. vol. i. pi. iii. 8.
of the city, at the time (it. c. 46), when Ciesar’s divos ivlivs.— Head of Julius between the
frequent absences from Rome, rendered it ex- apex and lituus.
pedient for him to appoint several lieutenants. Rev. —
divi filivs. —
Hare head of Augustus.
For an engraving of this singular coin, which [A fine specimen of this rare coin brought at
on one side exhibits the record of Ciesar’s third the Thomas sale £6 2s. 6d. —
Riceio marks it
consulship, and on the other associates the name rrrr, and values it at 30 piastres.]
and office of the dictator’s personal friend with divvs ivlivs. Head of Julius laureated.
the symbols of the supreme pontificate, refer- Rev. —
imp. caes. traian. avg. ger. dac.
ence may be made to the word hiutivs. p. P. rest. A winged female (Victory) walking,
No coins are knowu with the fourth consul- with right hand supports her vestment, and
ship of Caesar inscribed on them. A denarius, holds a caducous in her left hand. rrrr. En-
of which the obverse exhibits, with his portrait, graved in Riceio, who values it at 50 piastres.
the legend of his fourth dictatorship, has on the Sec Siip/dt. Tav. 58, No. 17.
reverse, cos. qvinq. (Consul for the fifth time), —
Brass. Such as bear his portrait arc rare,
within a wreath of laurel). Engraved in — lticeio, but not in a high degree. Nor indeed does it
Julia gens, tav. 23, No. 29. appear that any brass were minted at Rome
during his life time although the head of Caesar
;

With title of Parent of the Country. is frequently found on colonial coins. But on
his apotheosis, some (and those not in a good
style cither of design or of workmanship), were
struck at Rome, by order of Augustus. For an —
engraving of a well-preserved large brass speci-
men divos ivlivs, p. 105 of Akerman,
see
Descr. Cat. pi. iv. No. 1.
Mionnct and Akerman concur in pronouncing
the coin, in gold and silver, having Divvs ivlivs
and his head on the obverse, and a comet with-
out legend on the reverse, to be false.
caesar parens patriae. — Head of Caesar The coin in gold, having divi ivi.i, with
veiled and laurcated ;
before it is an augural Caesar’s laurelled head and a comet behind it, on
lituus behind is the pontifical apex.
;
the obverse; and divi filivs, with bare bead
Rev. —
c. cossvtivs maridianvs, inscribed of Octavianus, on the reverse, and which Eck-
crosswise, a a a f.f. inside. (Seep. 1.) hel and Morel have placed amongst the Goltziani,
The fourth quatuorvir of Caesar’s mint, Cos- is found, says Riceio, to be vera antica, a ge-

sutius Maridiamis, has commemorated by this nuine antique and is marked in his Monete
;

silver coin, struck in the fatal year above alluded Famitjlie, rrrr. valued at 30 piastres.
to, 710 (b. c. 44), the honourable appellation CAESAR.— Ou the reverse of a silver coin of
of Parens Patrue, which Julius found con- Julius, is this word, with the type of iEneas,
ferred upon him after his victory in Spain, as is walking he holds in his right hand the image
;

recorded by Dion (xliv. $ 4), Appian (Bell. Civ. of Minerva armed, and supports on his left
ii. 106) and Suetonius (eh, 76).
eh. It was shoulder his aged father Anehises. See Palla- —
continued even after his death, for Suetonius dium. Sec also JEneas, p. 16 of this dictionaiy.
informs us, that “where he bad been assassin- —
CAESAR. An elephant, trampling with its
ated, the people erected in the forum a solid fore feet on a serpent, which is raising its head.
statue of Numidian marble, nearly twenty feet This legend and type appear on an early dena-
high, and inscribed on it the words parf.nti. rius of Julius Cmsar, for an explanation -of
—
patriae.” The same fact is related by Cicero, which see the word elephant.
but attributed by him to Antony “ Your friend
;
CAESAR, as a name and as a title. What —
(Antony) aggravates daily the popular fury in ;
was originally the cognomen, or surname, of the
the first place, he has inscribed on the statue Julia gens, became, on the extinction of that
which he erected in the rostra, parenti. optime, family, a title of honour and dignity. The
mf.rito. (Ad Familiares, L. xii. ep. 3.) And name of Caesar was at first extended to indi-
it was on account of this appellation, that his viduals of other families, through adoption, in
murderers were always invidiously called pari- the same manner as the title of Augustus. It
cidar, and the ides of March, the day on which was in conformity to this practice, that Octa-
he was slain, paricidium. —
Eckht‘1, vi. p. 17. vius, on his being adopted by the Dictator, was
first styled Cmsar, and afterwards Augustus.
Divvs. The three sons of Agrippa (Caius, Lucius, and
Amongst the gold and brass coins struck in Agrippa), were the next to receive it from their
memory of Julius Cscsar, with this legend of adoption by Augustus aud by the same em-
;

consecration after his death, through the care and peror, it was afterwards conferred on his son-in-
 — —
;

158 CAESAR1S TITULUS. CAESARIS TITULUS.

law Tiberius, from whom it descended to his given by Gruter wherein Nero is styled gek-
;

son Drusus. And lastly, by the adoption of MANICI. F. TI. AVGVSTI

N. DIVI AVG. PRON. to
Tiberius, it was borne by Gcrmauicus and his the exclusion of his father, as having but little
sons. Caesarian prestige, his place bciug fallaciously
The name of Caesar, then, up to this point supplied by Germanicus Ciesar. It becomes,
was simply hereditary being transferred, in
; therefore, less a matter of astonishment that
accordance with Roman custom, to those who the emperor Septiinius Sevcrus should have
were sons, either by birth or by adoption, and forcibly intruded himself into the family of the
the last Caesar, on this two-fold principle, was
Caius, the son of Gcrmauicus (commonly called
Autonincs. —
(Sec Adoption self-assumed, p. 8
of this dictionary).
Caligula). Nevertheless it is supposed by some The shackles of the law having thus, even at
that Claudius (who succeeded Caligula), and that early period of the imperial government,
also his son Britannicus, together with Nero, been relaxed, it was no difficult task afterwards
the son of his adoption, should be reckoned in for princes, evidently alien to the Cicsarian race,
the list of genuine Caesars it being the almost
;
to usurp the titles both of Cicsar and of Augus-
unanimous verdict of ancient writers, as cited hy tus— the latter having already begun to hold the
Reimar on Dion (n. lxiii.), that the house of foremost place in public opinion, as identified
the Ca:sars became extinct with Nero. 1

with the highest authority. (See AUGUSTUS,

And yet Claudius did not bear the title of used as a title, p. 101 of this dictionary).
Cicsar before his accession to empire, in conse- Thus, Galba, on receiving the news of Nero’s
quence of his not being the son of a Cicsar, by death, and of the Senate’s having espoused his
either birth or adoption nor could he therefore
; own cause, hesitated not to fortify his position
transmit the title to his sons. By courtesy, by assuming the title of Cicsar and his ex- ;

however, he was acknowledged as a member of ample was immediately followed by Otho.

the Cicsarian house, being connected with it by Less proue to adopt names to which he could
affinity. (Sec Ad/inis, p. 25). l’or he had two lay no claim, Vitcllius deferred accepting the
graudmothers of that family, viz. on his father title of Augustus, and rejected entirely that of
Drusus’s the wife of Augustus, and
side, Livia, Cicsar, as is shewn by his coins. But the gene-
on his mother Antonia’s side, Octavia, the sister ral effect produced by the above cited examples,
of Augustus; to which circumstance may be was that the custom strengthened into a fixed
added, that the Claudia gens at that time held law, viz. that the holder of the supreme power
the next rank to the Julia. There is therefore in the empire, should be dignified with both
greater distinctness in the expression of Galba, It is therefore manifest that the name
given by Tacitus —
“ When the house of the
titles.

of Cicsar was, at first, no more than the cogno-

J alii and the Claudiishall have been exhausted, |
men of the gens Jidia, transmitted, according
adoption will discover worthy successors.” But to Roman custom, to the sons; and that its
if acquiescence is to be yielded in the courtesy importance was in the exact ratio of its posses-
above mentioned, is the same claim to prevail sor’s prospects of obtaining supreme power
even when truth is confounded with fictitious prospects which could not fail of realization,
genealogies? Now, the pedigree of Nero is uuless blighted by some violent occurrence.
—
I

found, on several marbles, drawn as follows :

2. C.-esar, a dignity of the second rank. As
NERO CLAVDIVS D1VI CLAYD11 fitins. the title of Cicsar, like that of Augustus, im-
GERMANICI. CAESARIS Nepos TI. CAE-
[

plied in itself no power, but oulv dignity, and

SARIS AVG. PRONqww DIVI AVG. AB.W claiming as it did the reverence due to the anti-
pos . —
It is an established fact, that Nero was the
|

1
cipatiou of empire, it rested with the emperor
adopted son of Claudius. But (asks Eckliel) is it so
1

or prince of the highest rauk, to decide w hether

sure that lie was the nepos of Gcrmanicus ? The he wonld coufine within the empty limits of this
word nepos has two significations for it denotes;
title, his Cicsar, or prince of the second grade
|

cither the son of one’s son or daughter, or the or whether lie would add thereto a portion of
son of a brother or sister. In the former sense, real authority. Augustus denied to the three
neither by birth nor by adoption could Nero be i
sous of Agrippa, who were Cicsars by adoption,
c^led the nepos of Gcrmanicus ; but in the lat- the tribunitian power, whilst he bestowed it
ter sense, he had a right to the title, inasmuch |
upon his son-in-law Tiberius, who had not at
as he was adopted by Claudius, who was the that time been created Ciesar. Domitiau, like-
brother of Gcrmanicus. Yet was it ever the wise, who was Ciesar, so long as his father
custom to trace the descent from the uncle’s (Vespasian) and his brother (Titus) lived, had
family ? Who does not at once perceive, that |
nothing to distinguish him from a private indi-
it was the aim of those who framed these in- vidual but the title of Princeps Juvenlutis .

scriptions to play upon the double signification Others died at too early an age to rise higher,
of the word nepos, in order, by a base adula- and this was the fate of the above named three
j

tion, to connect their idol Nero, with the house sons of Agrippa of Drusus and Nero, the sons
;
[

of the Cicsars. But there arc amongst the of Germanicus ; of Britannicus, the son of
marbles alluded to, some even bearing the stamp I
Claudius aud of Piso, the son of Galba.
; On —
of public authority, and which are of so much the other haud, there were emperors who, by
]

the more audacious falsity, as they were pub- |

conferring upon their Cicsars the tribunitiau
lished with impuuity. Still more impudent in power, or pro-considar government, or the title
j

its pretensions is the tenour of an inscription !

of luipcrator, admitted them, as it were, into
 — ; — —;

.CAESARIS TITULUS CAESA11ES. 150

colleagueship. A part honours, or
of these 4. Name of
Nobi/issimus added to that of
several of them at the same time, were conferred C.-ES.vR. —
In progress of time, the Cresars begau
—
upon the Cresars namely, Tiberius, Drusus to add the epithet Nobilissimns to their other
junior, Nero, Titus, Trajan, Antoninus l’ius, M. titles, either to indicate an illustrious line of
Aurelius, and others, as proved by the legends descent, or fictitiously to couceal a humble ori-
on their respective coins. —
Diocletian and Maxi- gin. This epithet is found to have been adopted
minian, as Augusti, bestowed greater powers on even by Commodus on marbles. (See Span-
— On
!

their Caesars, Constantius Chlorus, and Gal. heim). coins, Diadumcniauus (son of Ma-
Maximian, by entrusting them with provinces, crinus) is the first hitherto known to have had
which they were permitted to rule with an au- this title applied to him
these are of the colony
;

thority nearly equal to that exercised by the of Laodicea, in Syria. In later times it tra-
two emperors themselves over those which they velled even into the Roman mint. The inscrip-
more immediately governed. It was in refer- tion on coins is nob. caes. or nob. c. or still
ence to a similar instance, that Yopiscus ob- more briefly, N. c. It is extraordinary that
serves, that Carinus was left by Cams in the Zeno and Leo III. should, on the coins of the
west, to administer affairs iu that portion of the East, be styled nov. (for nob.) caes. and still
—
empire “ with the authority of a Coesar, and more that both of them were Augusti. But
the permission to exercise all the functions per- there is no accounting for the anomalies of that
taining to the Augusti.” period.
3. The dignity of C.-ksar varied in degree at As theCresars were called Nobilissimi, so
different times. —
Ancient writers have recorded also were some females called Nobilissimre
that there were various degrees of Caesarian dig- there being inscribed on their coins n. f. that
nity. — Spartian, addressing Diocletian, after re- is Nobilissima Fcrnina as for instance, Helena
:

lating that Hadrian, under the pressure of dis- n. F. perhaps the wife of Crispus and faysta ;

ease, had adopted JSlins, says of the latter n. f. perhaps the wife of Constantine II.; the
“ There is nothing in his life worthy of note, value of which title is not sufficiently known.
except the fact, that he was styled Cresar, not In the later times of the empire, there arose a
as was formerly the case, in consequence of distinction between the Casares aud the Nobi-
bequest, nor in the manner in which Trajan was lissimi ; for Nicepliorus, of Constantinople, at
adopted ; but nearly in the same way as in our the conclusion of his history, relates that Con-
own time, through your (Diocletian’s) favour, stantine V. Copronymus created two of his sons,
Maximianus and Constantius were called Cresars, Christophorus and Nicephoros, Cresars, and the
as being men
of princely extraction, and pre- third, Nicetas, was styled Nobilissimus. The
sumptive heirs of imperial dignity.” Capito- — title of Augustus was occasionally added to the
the commencement of his life of L. Cresars, but only through a consortium, or col-
linus, at
Verus, says
—
“ His real father was .Elius Verus, leagueship, with their father, an Augustus. Sec —
who, being adopted by Hadrian, was called Eckhcl, Be nomine et titulo Casaris, vol. viii.
Cresar, and died holding that rank.” There were — p. 367, et seq.
emperors who deferred the assumption of the CAES. AUG. CONS. S. OB. R. P. CONS.—
title Cresar in the case of their sons. Antoninus Casari Auguslo Conservatori Senatus, ob rem
Pius, in adopting at the same time M. Aurelius publicum conservalam. Epigraph on a very —
and L. Verus, gave to the former, at ouce, the rare denarius of the Mescinia family. See Mo- —
title of Cresar, but not to Verus, whom through- re//. Thesaur. Tam. Rom. p. 279-
out his reign he permitted to use no other dis- [TITYS] CAESAR COS. DES. II. CAESAR
tinction thau Augusti Filius. M. Aurelius DOMIT. COS. DES. II. Titus Casar Consul
again, did not bestow that title upon his sons designatus iterum, Casar Bomitianus Consul
Commodus and Annius Verus, till the sixth year designalus iterum. —
In the field S. C. On the —
of his reign. —
Pertinax declined to assume the reverse of a large brass of Vespasian, struck
honour, notwithstanding the Senate decreed it (a. d. 71) by that emperor in honour of his two
to his son. —
Septimius Severus bestowed it on sons, Titus and Domitian, on their both attain-
Caraealla only iu the third, and on Geta in the ing a second consulship. The two Cresars are
fifth, year of his reign. The practice followed in military habits, with the hasta pura, but bare-
by other emperors is to be ascertained by con- headed Titus is the manlier of the two, aud is
;

sulting their respective coins. further distinguished by the parazonium. Capt. —

So long as the Julia family held sway, Cresars —
Smyth, p. 58. The coin is engraved in More//.
were created neither by birth nor by adoption Thesau. Lapp. t. iii. tab. xiii. But the type is
C.esar, as has already been observed, being then more correctly given in the Medailles de Chris-
nothing more than the cognomen of the Julia tine, tab. vi.
gens. Onextinction in Caligula, the same
its CAIUS CAESAR and LUCIUS CAESAR,
privilege was usurped by the Claudia family. the sons of M. Yipsanius Agrippa, and of Julia;
Thenceforth the right of conferring the title of aud the grandsons of Augustus. Caius was born —
Cresar was, according to the various circum- iu the year of Rome 734 and Lucius (b. c. 20),
stances of time aud place, possessed or arrogated in737 (b. c. 17.) These two young princes had
by the Emperors themselves, or the Senate, or become by adoption the sous of Augustus, who
the Army by the combined, or partial, votes
; carefully superintended the education of both,
of which three estates, it is well known that having designed them for his successors in the
even the Augusti were chosen. empire. Before they had laid aside the dress
 ) — —;

lf,0 CAESAR- AUGUSTA, CAESAR-AUGUSTA.

of boyhood, each was declared consul electand spective obverses, portraits of Augustus, Agrippa,
princeps juventutis (see the word). Caius was Livia, Caius and Lucius Csesares, Tiberius, Julia

nominated to the consulate B. c. 5, but the and Tiberius, Gcrmauicus, Tiberius and Gcr-
period for his entering upon it was deferred. manicus, Nero and Drusus Csesares, Agrippina
senior, and Caligula ; the legeuds being c. c. A.
and col. caesar-avgvsta.
[Obs.— The coins having c. a. within a laurel
crown, given by Vaillaut, and after him by
Florez, to this Roman colony in Spain, and by
Pellcrin, to Caesarea Augusta iu Palestine, be-
long to Cresarea Panias. —
See C<esarea Philippi].
Among other types the following claim notice
and extreme rarity.
for their historical interest
Augustus. —
Obv. —
avgvsto divi p. Three
He was permitted to wear the toga viritis in the standards between the words leg. iv. leg. VI.
same year and Lucius assumed it B. c. 2. leg. x.
—
;

Honoured with the priesthood, and admitted Rev. C. C. A. TIB. FLAVO PRAEF. GERM. L.
into the senate, they seemed destined for a life ivvknt. lvpkrco, ilviR. —
Colonia C®sar-Au-
of greatness and prosperity. But the younger gusta, Tibcrio Elavo, Pnefecto Germanici, Lucio
of the two died suddenly at Marseilles, 755 Juventio Lupcrco, Duumviris. —
Engraved in
(a.d. 2), when on his way to Spain; not with- Yaillant, Col. i. p. 15.
out its being suspected that his step-mother This large brass, first edited by Scguin, was
Livia, who left no means, how foul soever, un- doubtless struck by the three legions stationed
employed to advance her son Tiberius, had occa- in the garrison town of Cicsar- Augusta. hence W
sioned his sudden and untimely death. Caius, these veterans derived their right of coinage is
sent into Asia, where lie passed his year of con- a question unresolved. According to Vaillaut,
sulship, a. had begun to shew talents for
l>. 1,
“ these military standards allude to the origin of
both civil government and military enterprise the colony. The type of the cultivator and his
but, after bringing the Parthian king Pliraates oxen at plough, and that of the legionary en-

IV. to terms of peace with the Romans, he signs are respectively symbols of the civil and
was treacherously wounded ou his return from of the military portion of the colonists. The
an expedition into Armenia and falling into a;
names of the legious inscribed on the obverse
lingering illness, supposed to have been also whence the veterans sent to Cicsar-
indicate those
nurtured by the secret arts of Livia, he died Augusta were drafted.” The interpretation by
at Limyra, in Lycia, at the early age of 2-1, Vaillaut, and adopted also by Florez, of the
in the year u. c. 757 (a. d. 4). abbreviation praef. germ, as Pnrfectus Ger-
On gold and silver coins of Augustus, the manorum (Prefect of a German Cohort) is
brothers are typified together both ou foot and on scouted by Eckhcl (iv. 475 et. seq.), who consi-
horseback, and styled Cicsars, sous of Augustus, ders that the Tiberius Elavus, named on the ob-
and principes juventutis. On some second brass verse of this coin, is represented there as Prtrfec-
(colonial the beads of the brothers appear on tus Germanici, iu allusiou to Gcrmauicus Cmsar,
the obverse, and that of Augustus ou the re- the son of Drusus. —
See duumvir.
verse. (See engravings of these in VaUlaut’s Augustus. —
Obv. —
avgvstvs divi F. Lau-
Colonia i. pp. 60, 61). —
Other colonial second rcated head of the emperor.
—
,

brass exhibit on their obverse the head of Caius Rev. Q. STATIO. M. FABKICIO IIVIR. CAESAR
or of Lucius only, and on their reverse the head avgvsta. Priest guidiug two oxen yoked to a
of Augustus. The above cut presents a speci- plough.
men of the last named coins. See C. L. cae- — [This large brass is engraved in Akcnuan.
sares, & c. Coins of Spain, p. 72, pi. viii. No. 13].
C. CAESAR AUGUST. F. Cains Ctesar An - Caius and Lucius C/esares. Obv. —
avg. c. —
gusli Filins. —
This legend appears on the re- caes. cos. DESto. L. caes. cos. des. Augustus
verse of gold and silver of Augustus, accompa- holding the simpulum, stands between Caius
nied by the type of a military figure ou horse- and Lucius, his adopted grandsons all three are ;

back, charging with lance elevated behind him clothed iu the toga, and each stands on a cippus.
are a legionary eagle and two ensigns. This
;

Rev.— (Names of duumvirs) caesar avgvsta.

coiu was struck when the emperor adopted Caius Vcxillum placed ou a cippus, between two mili-
and his brother Lucius. See above. — tary ensigns.
[This rare large brass is engraved iu Yaillant's
CAESAR- AUGUSTA, co/onia, originally Colonies, i. 20].
p.
nnincd Salduba, a city of Hispania Tarraconen- Tiberius. —
Obv. —
Tl. caesar divi avq. f.

sis, and the capital of the Edetani, now Zara- AVGVSTVS PON. MAX. TR. POT. XXXIII. TibcrilU
goza, in Arragon, situate on the Ebro. At the wearing the toga, is seated ou the curule chair,
close of his war with the Cautabri, Augustus holding in his right hand a patera, and in his
invested it with colonial rights and privileges, left the hasta.

for vctcrau soldiers from three legious. The Rev.— C. CA. L. VE1T1ACVS M. CATO IIVIR.
coins of this colony arc Latin imperial, in small A vcxillum and two military ensigns, between
middle and large brass, bearing on their re- which we read leg. iv. leg. VI. leg. x.
 — — — , — ;

CAESAR- AUGUSTA. CAESAREA PIIILIPPI. 161

[Endeavours having proved fruitless to pro- Tiberius and Julia. — Obv. — Tl. caf.sar Pivr
cure a cast from some authentic specimen of avgvsti. f. avgvstvs. Laurcated head of
this very rare and remarkably interesting pro- Tiberius.
duct of the Roinauo-Hispaniau coinage, the Rev. — ivlia avgvsta c. ca. Figure of Julia
subjoined cut has been copied from a print in seated, as Piety, veiled aud wearing the stola,

the Me dailies de Christine, engraved by Bartolo, holding a patera and the hasta Large brass, —
whose drawings of numismatic types are usually rare. Engraved in Akerman, Coins of Hispa-
accurate]. nia, p. 75, plate viii. fig. 7-
Besides the types above described, the coins
of Cajsar-Augusia exhibit the winged lightning
(fulmen alatum), as in Augustus. Also the
figures of Nero and Drusus Cscsares, sons of
Gcrmanicus, arc represented in the toga ;
seated
opposite each other and joining hands.
CrESAREA, Mauretania a maritime town
in
(originally During the period of
called Iol).
Julius Caisar’s dictatorship, it formed part of
king Juba’s dominions. The imperial coins
struck in this city have bilingual legends, viz.
Latin and African. A coin in the Cabinet de
France is inscribed HEX IVBA, with the head of
The vexillum, or cavalry standard, and the Juba. On the reverse is Caesarea r. xxxii.
two other military ensigns, typified ou the above (which numerals denote the year of the reign)
reverse, refer to the veterans sent as a rein- the type is a capricorn with cornucopia; and rud-
forcement to the colony, from the Fourth, Sixth, der.— Sec Mas. Pembroke, i. TB. 11, No. 5.
and Tenth Legions, whose respective designa- See also Spauheim, i. p. 543. In enumerating —
tions stand on this coin as unmistakeably con- the colonies founded bv Claudius, Vaillant (i.
spicuous, as do the names of the two duumvirs p. 105), includes the Mauretanian Caesarea.
who caused it to be minted. By some w riters, aud with no slight measure of
On the obverse of this large brass, the Roman topographical probability, the modern Algiers is
authorities of Caeaar-Augusta represent the cm considered to have been built on the site of this
peror seated and the record of the 33rd tribuni-
;
Roman settlement. Others assign it to the
tian power teaches us (says Vaillant, i. ]). 70), locality' of Chiercliiel, lying to the west of, but
that the people of this colony erected statues to not far from, Algiers.
Tiberius, on the occasion of Scjanus having been
put to death. The Senate itself, indeed, accord-
CAESAREA ad Libamm (Phoenicia;) colonia,
formerly' Area, now Arcsce, Archis, Arka.
ing to Dion Cassius, set the example of public
The imperial coins of this city are in Greek
rejoicing when that event occurred and the
brass of Antoninus Pius and M. Aurelius, and
;

day of that bad minister’s execution was cele-

in Latin brass of Elagabalus, and Alexander
brated as a festus dies, by all the magistrates
and pontiffs, with unprecedented exultation,
Scvcrus. — [Its era that of the Seleucidfe, com-
mencing in the year 442 of the foundation of
throughout all parts of the Roman world.
Amongst the Spanish colonies who congratu-
Rome, 312 before the Christian era.] Mionnet —
thus describes one of the Latin coins extant of
lated Tiberius, and raised statues to his honour,
this colony :

on this occasion, Cicsar- Augusta was the foremost.

Elayabalus. —
axtoxixvs. Head laurcated.
—
. .

The following
is another proof in confirmation
col. cesaiua (sic) lib. alph.
of the above mentioned fact On the obverse :
— Rev.
A temple, of which the dome is supported by
of a very rare large brass, dedicated by this
two Hermes. Below is the half-length figure
colony to Tiberius, appear the name and titles
of a female veiled, the head drooping towards
of that emperor, accompanied by the same date
the shoulder, on which is a crescent on one ;
of the tribunitian power (xxxiii.) ; tire type is an
side the Sun, on the other the Moon to the ;
equestrian figure of Tiberius, placed on a plinth.
right a sceptre.
The reverse type is a lcgiouarv eagle and two
standards, together with the colonial initials c. ca.
Severus Alexander. —
A coin dedicated to this
emperor has the figure of Astarte in a temple.
(Colonia Cicsar-Augnsta) and the same uamc3
;

of M. Cato and L. Vettiacus, as duumvirs. The CAESAREA PIIILIPPI, or Panites, or ad

statue relates to the congratulatory honours paid Panium, so called from the pastoral deity Pan
to this unworthy emperor, who never thought of being a peculiar object of worship by the inha-
surrendering Sejauus to retributive justice, until bitants of this Phoenician city. The tutelary
his own personal safety was endangered by con- god above named “ is figured on many of its
tinuing that infamous minister in his service. coins (observes Mr. Akcrman), of which speci-
Engraved in p. 6‘J of Vaillant, in Col. mens from the time of Augustus to the
exist
Ohv Tt. C .VESA It DIVI AVG. F. AVGVSTVS.
. — days of Elagabalus. It was comprised in the
Laurcated head of Tiberius. tetrarchy of Iturca, and was anciently called
Rev c. ca. A bull, with infulated head, for
.
ban ; but Philip, having enlarged and improved
sacrifice.
—
[See Akcrman, Coins of Uispatiia, it, gave it the name of Caesarea, in honour of

p. 74 ,
plate viii. fig. 8]. the emperor and to distinguish it from other
:

Y
 — — ,

1G2 CAESAREA PHILIPPI. CAESAREA SAMARITIS.

dicated by the letters c. a. Casarea Augusta,
cities of the same name, it was called C;c<arra
Philippi though on the coins of Augustus, within a fine specimen of the laurel crown.”
;

as in the specimen here given, the city is in- See corona i.aureata.

re-
“ These pieces of brass money must have been Ciesarea Samaritis appears to have been
in circulation at the time ot Oca Lord s visit cognised as the metropolis of that district of
to that district. This coin was erroneously as- Syria-Pahestime, which included the cities of
Ascalon, Gaza, and Julia. The figure of the
cribed to Cicsar- Augusta, in Spain, by the earlier
numismatic writers
” —
Sec a brief but interesting imperial horseman on this coin alludes to some
and instructive work entitled Numismatic Illus- military expedition on which Trajan Decius had
trations of the New Testament, hv John Yongc set out —
perhaps against L. Priscus, in Syria, or
—
Sec k aillant s Colonies, ii.
Akerman, Fellow and Secretary of the Society against the Goths.
of Antiquaries, who has obligingly allowed the p. 19k, in which the type is engraved.
above cut to be used for this dictionary. A second brass of t olusianus (son and suc-
CJESAREA Samaritis (or Pabrstiiuc) colonia cessor of Trebouianus Gallus) struck in this
(originally called Apollonia, and Turns Stra- colony, exhibits on its reverse the legend cot.
p. F. CAES. met. PR. s. pal.
(Co/onia Prima
tonis), a maritime town of Palestine, north-west
of the ancient city of Samaria, in the plain of
J

F/aeia Ciesarea Metropolis Provincial Sgria Pa-

Mcgiddo. —
King Herod augmented it into a
|

;
hestina), and the type of a male figure,
with
radiated head, recumbent on the back of a lion.
magnificent port, calling it Caesarea in honour of |

The human figure elevates its right hand, and

Augustus Cicsar. Its present name is Kgserich.
— Vespasian, after subduing the Jews, made it a
j

holds the hast a pura, or a long wand, in its

Roman colony, and gave it his family name of
|

left baud. —
(From a coin in British Museum).
F/aeia. His son and successor Titus conferred
certain immunities on its territory; and hence
this colony, in memoryof the benefits bestowed,
gave itself, on coins, the appellation of Libera.
Afterwards it assumed the epithet of Antoni-
niana, in compliment to Caraealla; and was con-
stituted a metropolis by Alexander Scverus. Its

titleof Prima seems (says Yaillant, i. p. 138) to

have originated from its beiug in the time of
Vespasian the chief city of Palestine. The coins
of Ciesarea Samaritis are numerous consisting
:

of imperial colonial, in small, middle, and large

brass. Those with Latin legends begin with
Trajan, and extend in an almost uninterrupted Under this type, the representation of Apollo
succession down to Gallieuus. They bear for the :
or Sol seems intended. The Sun was the tutelary

most part for legend of reverse, COL onia god of Ciesarea, and is here introduced, pro-

CAESAREA LIB era, COL. and PRIMa bably in flattery to young Volusinnus, whose
FLAYio AVGVSTA CAESARENjm. There is portrait on the obverse is also adorned with rays,

c. p. f. avg. caesar, of Hadrian, and c. p. f. as if he had been another Apollo, or Sol, to the
avg. cae. metropoli. of Sevcrus Alexander.
'

colonists of this metropolitan city. The deity is

On a first brass of Trajanus Deems, the colo- depicted lying on the lion, as, according to
nial legend reads col.. PR. f. avg. caes. mf.tr. Aratus (in phicnom), Hie notabitis et in axioms
p. s. P. (Colonia Prima Flavia Augusta Crsarea inter signa sit. Sol bears the hasta pura, a
Metropolis Provincial Sgria Pahestina•) with the
1

special attribute of pagau divinity. — \ aillant,

type of the emperor wearing a radiated crown ;

Col. ii. p. 222.
I

on horseback at speed, holding a spear couched [Mionuct ascribes toTrcbonianns Gallus, as well
in his right hand. A coin of great rarity. ns to Volusiauus, a similar reverse, but mentions
the type under both emperors as “ Bacchus
Here wc see the colony, designated by ull the
titles successively bestowed on it by various —
eouehe sur un Hon .” The justly -celebrated
emperors from the period of its first establish- French numismatist had previously described a
ment, under Vespasian. In the time of Decius, ^
coin of this colony, dedicated to Trajanus Decius
 — ——
.

CAESAREA SAMARITIS. CAESIA. 163

as bearing the reverse type of “ Bacchus con r he TVoman, whose head is adorned with towers'
stir un panthere, et tenant le thyrse." The J
struck under Trajanus Decius and IIostilianus>
thyrsus aud the panther, indeed, clearly indicate denoting that Casarea was the chief city of the
j

the god of wine. But surely the radiated head, I province of Palestine. The same turreted
and the elevated right hand, arc no less dis- i
female head, but with the addition of the vexil-
tinctive symbols of the Sun, as they are seen so !
lum, and the letters M. v. t. p. in the legend of
often represented on coins of the lower empire. — :
:
reverse, appears on a coin of Gallienus, as quoted
Sec son invictvs comes (avgvsti).] |
by Xlionuet from Eckliel, Anec. Cimel. Vindob.
Pellcrin gives a coin of this colony, which xxiii. 7, p. 124.

Vaillant had missed. On the obverse is the lau- CAESARVM N. N. or NOSTRORVXL—

j

realed head of Trajan. On its reverse, avo. c. This perigraph is found only on coins of Licinius
caesar. (meaning Casarea). The type, Apollo jun. of Crispus ; aud of Constantius II. In the
;

standing, with his left arm restiug on a tripod, field, within a crown of laurel, votis v. or x.

aud holding in his right hand a patera before On the exergue, pl. or qa. or sts. Third brass.
him is au altar, on the top of which a serpent
; J

— See genio also see vlrtus.

;

rises. This (says Pellcrin) is the first medal CAESIA gens, plebeian, of which the name is
known to have been struck in this city, subse- i one of little renowm, aud the cognomen unknown.
quentty to its having been made a colony by 1
There is but one coin assigned to it, viz. a de-
Vespasian. (See Melange, i. pi. xvii. No. 1 .) narius, on the obverse of which is the diademed
There arc also coins of Antoninus Pius and M. bust of a young man, in the attitude of launch-
j

Aurelius, which have types of Apollo standing, ing with his right hand, a triple-pointed dart.
;

leauiug on a tripod, and holding a laurel branch Behiud the bust ap. in monogram. On the
in the right haud, but without the altar. On a— reverse, below are the words L. caesi. aud two
Hadrian, Apollo holds a serpent. juvenile figures, helmcted aud half naked, sealed ;

The other types of * his colony are holding spears in their left hands between
—
;

Aesculapius as in Anuia Faustina. them is a dog above them a head of Vulcan,

;

Astarte, the worship of whom as Venus, this aud the forceps. In the field of the coin are
colony is said to have received from the people on one side what looks like an a, and on the
[

of Byblus, a maritime city of Phtcnicia, as in other what seems simply an r, but which mono-
Hadrian, Faustina junior, and Trebouianus Gal- grammatologists pronounce to be respectively
lus.— (Sec Pellcrin, Melange, pi. xvii. No. 4, la. and re.
for a curious Astarte type minted under Trajan)
Colonial Priest, driving oxen at plough, with
a Victory Hying towards and offering him a
laurel crown. (Hadrian). —
The same symbol of
a colony, but yvithout the Victory. (XI. Aure-
lius, S. Sevcrus, Caracalla, and Macrinus.)
Eagle, with expanded yvings. (Alexander
Scverus and Trajanus Decius). A coin of Ile-
renuius, struck by the colony, bears metiio. r.
6. p. with au eagle in a temple of two columns: A
passage from Gellius seems to warrant the
engraved in Pellerin, Mel. pi. xxi. No. 8. Also head on the obverse of this silver
of the same prince, col. pr. ... aes. KETS. — \

'
belief that the
coin is that of Apollo Ve-jupiter
—
“ Simula-
Pallas seated, Victory standing. — Ibid. No. 10.
'

crum dei Vejovis sagittas tenet, qua sunt

Emperor, sacrificing to Rome. (Philip sen.) parata ad noccndum. Qua propter cum
Ditto, on horseback, charging over a pros- dcum pleriquc Apolliucm esse dixerunt.” Eck- —
trate enemy. (TrajanusDccius, Ilcrcnnius, Etrus- hel, in quoting the above authority, refers to
cus, and Volusianus). Genius of the colony, coins of the Fonteia and Liciuia families for
seated with cornucopia;. (Valerianus sen.) other instances in which the head of Apollo Ve-
Hercules, standing with club and lion’s spoils. jupiter appears, with the letters ap. w hich are
(On an elegant coin of M. Aurelius). the first in the word Apollo, unless, indeed, it
Jupiter Nicephorus, with eagle at his feet. is more truly to be interpreted Argentum Publi-
(Trcb. Gallus). cum —
Fulvius Ursinus and other w riters, with
.

Lion walking. (Hadrian). whom Eckhel agrees, consider the two sitting
Neptune, with trident and dolphin. (T. Gallus). figures to be Lares, or Penates (household gods)
—
Serapis head of as invariably distinguished —
and that this is further proved by the appear-
by the calathus, or modius. (Hadrian, Antoni- ance of the dog, as Plutarch as well as Ovid,
|

nus Pius, L. Verus, Commodus, Macrinus, Dia- explains. Then again, the head of Vulcau is re-
dumcniauus, Elagabulus, and Trajan Decius). garded as another proof that the youthful figures
[These are numismatic proofs of the conti- represent Lares, by Ursinus, who cites a marble
nued idolatry paid at Ctcsarea Samaritis, thro’ inscribed volcano laribvs pvblicis sacrvm.
so many reigns of Roman Emperors, to the Lastly, adds Eckhel, there are the two mono-
principal deity of the Egyptians. —
See Serapis'] grams, which joined together, form i.a re, and
Victory walking, holding a crown in the thus bespeak them to be Lares. See Eck-
right, and a palm branch in the left hand. hcl, v. 156, 7, 8. Riccio (p. 40), says of
(Trajan, in honour of whose successes in the this denarius, that “it was minted by the
East the coin was minted by the Casarienses). monetal triumvir Lucius Casius, perhaps the
Y 2
 ; —A — : —

161 CALAGURRIS. CALIGULA.

brother of that Marcus Cassius who was pretor CALAGURRIS —
Fibularia a town of Ilis-
in 679 (b. C. 75), an acquaintance of Cicero. pania Tarraconensis, in the country of the
The workmanship displayed in this coin refers Ulergetcs, the site of which is occupied by
it to those times when Roman liberty was on Lahorre of the present day. The following coin
the decline.” is assigned to the Fibularensian Calagurris

CALAGURIUS NASSICA, a city of Ilis- Obv.— L. Q. v. F. Q. isc. F. —

Bare head of a
pauia Tarraconensis, now Calahorra, on the man.
Ebro, in Old Castille, on the borders of Navarre, Rev. — Municipium. C. F. Female figure
not far from Tudela. Its name of Calagurris seated on a bull. She holds a veil inflated by
associated itself, in Roman story, with the fear- the wind. M. 8, K. 1. (British Museum). —
ful miseries endured by the iusurgent army of Engraved in plate viii. No. 9 of Coins of Ths-
Sertorins, when Pompey and Metellus laid pania, by Air. Akerman, who appositely re-
siege to it iu that place, before 679 (b. c. 75.) mi uds us, that “ this figure of Europa on the
According to Pliny, it was first made a muni- bull occurs on many of the coins of Sidon.”
dpi urn, and afterwards a colony but on its CALENUS, surname of the Fufia gcus, which
coins, which bear the effigies and titles of no came from Calcs, a town of Campania. On
other emperors than Augustus and Tiberius, it coins of that family is read Q. calf.nvs. cos.

is eutitled a municipium only. In the last days — CALIDIA gens plcbeia. There is only one
of the republic, Calagurris received the privileges type to its coins, which are denarii of very
of the jus Lat turn ; subsequently it was endowed antique form, exhibiting on oue side the winged
with the jus suffragii by Julius Caesar, after head of Minerva; behind it koma. —
On the re-
—
whom it was called Julia. Caesar indeed planted verse M. CAL. or CALI Dims, in association
many colonies in Spain, and bestowed various with Q. MET ellus, and CN. FVLVtets or
benefits on their cities. —The numismatic type FOVLw'jm on the exergue. The type is Vic-
of the Calaguritani, whose coins (of a coarse, tory with a crown raised iu the right hand, iu a
even barbarous fabric), are for the most part biga.
dedicated to Augustus, is a bull, or the head of These denarii (observes Riccio, p. 41), the or-
a bull. —
The first of the two following in middle dinary specimens of the ancient bigati, bear evi-
brass exhibits its acquired surname of Nassica. dence of their having been struck by the monetal
1. nassica. —The head (of Augustus) without triumvirs Marcus Calidius, Quintus Ciceilius
laurel. Metellus, and Cneius Fulvius, about the be-
licv. — MVN. IVL. — (Municipium Cala-
CAT.. ginning of the seventh century of Rome.
gurris Julia.) — Ahull or ox standing. — Engraved CAL1G.E,
— Military sandals used by the
in Vaillant, Col i. 25. Romans. “The catiga was a heavy sole, lashed
2. —
mvn. cal. ivl.- Bare beardless head. with thongs to the leg, and armed with stout
Rev. —
L. GKANIO. C. VALEIUO IIVIR. — nails. The emperors gave largesses of nails to
bull standing. —
Engraved in Akennan’s Ancient the soldiers, donativum clavarium, which per-
Coins of Cities, pi. viii. No. 6. haps meant also money to purchase them."
There is also a small brass of this colony, with Capt. Smyth, p. 28. —See Caligula.
the word Nassica before the head of Augustus on
the obverse ; and the full-faced head of a bull on
the reverse, which also bears, for inscription,
c. val. c. SEX. aedii.es. C’aius Valerius,
Cains Sertius, Aediles. (Valeria gens).—
The word Nassica is the name, not of a
man but, of the municipium itself. This clearly
appears from Pliny (l. iii. c. 3), who expressly
speaks of the people of Calagurris as being
—
named Nassici a statement confirmed by an
ancient inscription given in the work of Am-
brose Morales, mvn. calagvrris ivlia nassica.
And as Calagurris, on account of some immu-
nities conferred upon it by Julius Cfcsar, took
the name of Julia, so (adds Vaillant) in like
manner, by reason of certain benefits extended
to it by Cornelius Scipio, it seems to have pre- CALIGULA, the grand nephew and mur-
viously distinguished itself by his surname of derer of Tiberius, most worthy to succeed that
Nassica, when he, with the rank of Pretor, emperor, because an equally iufamous, though not
administered the affairs of the republic in Spain, so able a tyrant, reigned from a.u.c. 790 (a.d.
as Livy relates (l. v. Dec. 4.) — About the same 37) to 794 (a.d. 41). — His real appellation was
period Calagurris was made a Roman municipium; CA1VS CAESAR, but, about the time of Au-
in remembrance of which boon, it assumed the gustus’s death, he, still a child, being with the
name of Nassica and Scipio celebrated there
; army of the Lower Rhine, the soldiers, with
those public games —
called Ludi Megalenscs in — whom he was a great favourite, were accustomed,
honour of Cybelc (.Mater Idiea) which he — ill the joking parlance of the camp, to give him
vowed to do amidst the perils of war, as Livy the nickname of Caligula (from Calig<r) because
also shews. —
Colon itr, i. 25. he constantly appeared iu the usual military
 — — : —

CALIGULA. CALIGULA. 155

leggings. — Hence
Ausonius, in his poem, refer- they were decreed from time to time, and many
ring to this cruel wretch, says of which Tiberius altogether declined, were by
Caligula grasped in one day, with the exception
Post hunc castreusis caliga cognominc Caesar
ouly of the title Pater Patrice, which, however,
Successit, ssevo saevior ingenio.
was not long deferred.”
As emperor, however, he was always called —
792 (a.d. 39). In the calends of January,
Caius, and he considered himself insulted by he entered upon his second Consulate, and re-
the name of Caligula. signed the office in thirty days. (Sueton ch. 17.)
He was the youngest sou of Germanicus the Having exhausted the treasury by his profuse
nephew of Tiberius, and of Agrippina and ;
expenditure on public spectacles and other ex-
iu the year of Rome 765, (a. d. 12) on the day travagances, he endeavoured to repair the de-
before the calends of September, at Antium, as ficiency by the slaughter of the wealthy citizens ;
Suetonius has proved at great length (in Caligula, and then proceeded to Gaul, there to practice
eh. 8). Iu 770 (a. d. 17), he went into Syria the like system of murder and spoliation. —
The
with his father, at whose death, within two name of Germanicus does not appear on the
years afterwards, he returned to Rome with his coins of this year, nor ever subsequently.
mother; and on her being banished, he was —
793 (a. d. 40). Caligula, without a colleague,
transferred to his great grand-mother Julia, and entered upon his third consulate, at Lugdunum
when she died, to his grand-mother Antonia. (Lyon), in Gaul and resigned it on the ides of
—
;

In 784 (a.d. 31) he was invested with the Pon- January. (Sueton. ch. 17). Having invited
tificate ;
and,consequence of the violent
in over from Africa Ptolemy, the son of Juba, he
deaths of his brothers Nero and Drusus, and put him to death, on pretence of the young
also of Sejanus, whose plots he alone had con- prince’s ostentatious bearing. (Dion, B. lix.
trived to escape, beiug then the assured suc- 25).— Proceeding to the ocean, as if about to
cessor to the empire, he was nominated questor invade Britain, he ordered his soldiers to gather
in 786 (a. d. 33) —
invited by Tiberius to Ca- shell-fish, and returned as a conqueror, laden
prsea, and on the same day assuming the toga, with the spoils of the sea. (Sueton. ch. 46).
he laid aside his beard —
Thenceforward he con- L. Vitellius, prefect of Syria, the same year, gave
tinued to live with Tiberius, feigning ignorance, such a lesson to Artabanus, the Persian, who
or indificrence, respecting the murder of his re- was threatening an invasion of Armenia, that the
lations, asthough it concerned him not and so ;
latter abandoned his design, and paid his ador-
obsequiously obeying the behests of the tyrant, ations to the statues of Augustus and of Cali-
that it was a common expression, that “ there gula. (Dion, L. c.) —
In 794 (a. d. 41), he
never was a better servant, or a worse master.” began his fourth consulate, on the 7th of the
(Sueton, eh. 10.) ides of January. Shortly afterwards (viz. on
Iu 790 (a.d. 37), Tiberius having been at- the 9th of the calends of February), he was
tacked with severe illness, and scarcely recover- assassinated by the conspirators Cassius Clucrca
ing from it, Caligula, at the instigation of Ma- and Cornelius Sabinus.
cro, the pretorian prefect, put an cud to his life, Caligula’s accession to the empire was hailed
as it is affirmed, by smothering him (iujectu ves- with joy by the Roman people but their satis-
;

tium oppressit). Dion states that this event took faction was based on no solid foundation, be-
place on the 7 th of the calends of April. ing the result rather of their deep-rooted at-
791
Having entered Rome, on the death of Tibe- tachment to his father Germanicus. He seem-
rius, he compelled the Senate to join him, by a ingly, indeed, responded to the fond wishes of
Senatus ConstiHuin, in depriving of his right to the nation, by many acts of piety, justice, and
the empire, Tiberius, the son of Drusus, juu., moderation. But it too soon became apparent,
whom the elder Tiberius had, in his last will, that these virtues were not of natural growth,
nominated as his co-heir and colleague in the but owed their exhibition to the policy of Tibe-
sovereignty. The funeral ceremonies of Tibe- rius, who wished through their influence to con-
rius were performed with due pomp by Caligula. solidate his own power in the empire. For
In the eighth month of his reign he was attacked there was no act of cruelty, folly, meanness, or
with severe sickness. On his recovery, he infamy, which this monster and madman did
adopted his brother Tiberius, gave him the title not delight in perpetrating. He caused his
of Princcps Juveututis, and afterwards put him horse, whom he called Incitatus, to be intro-
to death. (Sueton.) —
In the calends of July he duced dinner time, setting before him gilded
at
entered upon the office of Consul Stiffen t us, as corn, and drinking his health in golden cups;
colleague to his uncle Claudius, and after two and he w ould have created him consul, had he
r

months resigned it. lived long enough. He imitated all the gods
(a.d. 38), he conceded to Socemus, the and goddesses, in the adoration which he caused
kingdom of the Arabians of Itursca to Cotys,
; to be paid to him, becoming by turns Jupiter,
Armenia Minor to Polemon, the son of Pole-
;
Bacchus, Hercules Juno, Diana, and Venus.
—
mou, his father’s dominions. Relative to these He constructed a bridge of vessels joined toge-
events, Dion (l. lix. § 3) thus expresses himself ther from Puteoli to Baim, and crossing over
“ In a short time he assumed so much the air of with his troops invaded Puteoli ; and then re-
a king, that all those honours, which Augustus crossed it in a kind of triumph, delighting in
had accepted only when duly arrived at the so- hearing himself called Alexander the Great. By
vereignty, and even then with hesitation and as absurd and extravagant undertakings of this
 — — —) — — —

166 CALIGULA. CALIGULA.

kind, before the year was fully expired, he had Obo. —
c. caesar avg. GERM. &c. Laurcated
squandered the enormous sums of money left by head of Caligula. Rev divvs avg. pater
.

See Ses-
Tiberius. (Vicies ao septies millies ns. — patriae. Radiated head of Augustus.
terlium).
lie both claimed and received divine wor-
ship, and was the greatest blasphemer that ever
lived yet he quailed in the conviction of a
;

deity, and crept under his bed whenever he

heard thunder. With savage inhumanity lie
attended executions in person, and made parents
behold the merciless torments inflicted on their
unhappy children. He contracted and dissolved First Brass. —The three sisters of Caligida
marriages with equal caprice and dishonesty. (see engraving —Three
p. 29). figures sacrificing

Besides his incestuous union with Drusilla, he before a temple. See divo avg. pietas.
seized and repudiated three wives, aud was at
Piety seated. —
The commonest reverse is that
last permanently attached to Ciesonia, a mother
which represents the emperor haranguing his
of children by another man, aud without youth
guards; but it is a flue and interesting coin.
or beauty, but of depravity corresponding with See adlocvt. COH. engraved iu p. 6, from a
his own. —
The other instances of his incredible specimen in the compiler’s possession, the por-
trait on the obverse of which will be found
cruelty and lust, may be found in Suetonius,
Philo, and Dion. Such infatuations arc evident engraved at the bead of the foregoing notice of
tokens not only of a brutal nature, but also of a Caligula.

distempered intellect: nor is it possible to enter- —

Second Brass. These are common, but of
tain other than supreme contempt for the base
good workmanship.
servility of the Romans, who could offer solemn
Third Brass. c, caesar divi. avg. prox.
adoration to a wretch openly guilty of the most
avg. — Cap of liberty. — See u. c. C.

detestable aud unnatural crimes aud whose [The countenance of Caligula, as represented
—
;

in profile ou his coins, (especially those in gold

adage was oderint, dum metuant See Eekhel,
.

vi. pp. 215 to 218 —

See also Capt. Smyth’s re- and silver somewhat resembles that of his
grand-father, but is less noble, and has a malig-
marks on the character of Caligula.
The gold and silver coins of Caligula are of nant expression. 11c was at great pains to

considerable rarity. — First brass also nre rare,

cherish this horrid index of his cruel disposition.]
—
second brass common. —On these he is styled CALLIOPE AVG. Calliope stands as if
C. —
CAESAR. AVG. C. CAESAR. DIVI. AVG. PHON, singing to a lyre, which rests on a little pillar,
ou the base of which she places her left foot.
avg. p.m. p.p. (sometimes germ, or germani-
cvs). lie assumed the name as the grandson Tauini, in his supplement to Bauduri, gives this
as on a coin of Probus, iu third brass.
of Drnsns, who was so called for his victories
over the Germans. Eekhel naming his authority, calls it unique
The coins of Caligula, minted at Rome, do (omuiuo singidaris); observing, that although the
not exhibit Imperator as a surname. This group of Muses is fouud on coins of the I’om-
title is met with on colonial coins. But the only
pouia gens, yet not one of them announces Cal-
coin of Roman die struck under this emperor liope’s name. This type of the Epic Muse may
bearing the word imp. is a denarius, in which it have been selected, that she might seem to be
is joined to other titles. —
See Mionuct’s note i. sounding the praises due to the virtue of l’robus.
— (vii. 504.)
124, and Akermau’s observation on that note,
i. p. 151.
CALPURXIA gens. — This was a plebeian
“ When Caligula was destroyed, the dastardly family, but one of great antiquity, tracing its

senators, who had so recently sacrificed to him, origin to Calpus, the son of jv'uma. — Amongst
ordered all his statues to be demolished, his the surnames of this family occurring on coins
is Piso, the origin of which is stated by Salcius
acts abrogated, his money to be melted down,
and his inscriptions defaced, iu order that his Bassus iu the following lines of his Carmen ad
memory might be extinguished for ever. Yet Pisouein :

this sentence has not prevented a considerable Claraque Pisonis tulcrit cognomina pritna,
number of his medals from reaching us, though lluniida cullosi cum pinseret hordea dcxtrfl.

consequently —except those of second brass [“ Aud the illustrious surname of Piso lie first
they arc of considerable rarity when in good derived from the fact of his bruising (or knead-
preservation.” Captain Smyth, p. 30. ing) the moist barley in his horny palm.”]
The following are amongst the rare and re- Frequently there is udded to it the epithet
markable specimens of this emperor’s coinage :
Frugi, applied to L. Piso for his frugality, as
—
Gold. aorippina. mat. c. caes. Head of — Cicero testifies (pro Fontcio, ch. 13.) Valerius
Agrippina. [See cut in p. 28.] german levs Maximus (iv. ch. 3) records a signal instance of
caes. &c. — Head of Germnnicus. tr. pot. mi. abstinence in Cnlpurnius Piso. Another cog-
Victory holding two palm branches. —
on. c. s. nomen was Bibulus. —
Eekhel, v. 158.
within an oaken garland. Morel (in his Thesaurus Fain. Rom.) gives no
—
Silver.
——c. caesar avg. germ. p. m.
Olv. lessthan 150 varieties in the coins of this family;
tr. pot. —
Rev. drvsvs. Head of Drusus. but those varieties cousist chiefly of the different
(Valued by Miounet at 100 fr.) miutmarks. The gold quinarius is unique.
 — ; ; ; —

CALPURNIA. CALPURNIA. 167

Silver, some rare, but for the most part com- There the same subject on coins of the Marcia
is
—
mon. The brass arc by the moneyers of M. family ; but it is further ascertained that a cer-
Antony and Augustus, or consist of the <w and tain Marcins, famous for his skill in divination,
its divisions : some rare, others common. — The whom Zonaras has erroneously called Mapuos
following, among others, claim notice and re- instead of Mapiaos, was the individual who sug-
mark :
gested to Calpurnius and the Senate the esta-
Obv. — Radiated
head of Apollo, with curls blishment of these games, as may be learned
hanging behind before it, on other specimens,
; from the above mentioned passages of Livy and
arc ditrerent emblems, letters, or numerals. Mucrobius. We
have in these coins indubitable
Rev. —
L. piso frvgi. —
On other coins c. — types of the Ludi Apollinares, which numis-
piso l. F. FEVGI. A horseman going at a rapid matists are too much inclined frequently to dis-
pace; on some coins, he holds a palm branch, on cover on the coins of families, with slight
others a trident, on others a torch, or a small grounds for the supposition. Vaillant, Haver-
sword or a whip. Beneath is frequently the camp, and others, are considered by Eckhcl to he
word roma. — Silver. incorrect in calling the horseman on these denarii
the desu/lor for it w as
r
usual for the desui tores
to have at least two horses under their manage-
ment, as is shewn tinder the coinage of the
Marcia gens. — See D. N. V. vol. v. p. 158 ct scq.
Bare head
piso. the to right.
Rev. —ter.
i,.

monogram.
in Victory standing
before an altar ;
on the other side a dagger.
Gold —
Sec piso.
[“ This unique coin was purchased at the sale
The number of these denarii is incredible, and of Lord Morton’s cabinet for the British Mu-
the greater part of them differ from each other, seum, at eight guineas.” Akennan, Descrip. —
in some arithmetical mark, or some insulated Catal. i. 33].
symbol a variation which both Havercamp and
;
piso caepio Q. Laureated and bearded head
Vaillant have devoted much learning, industry, of Saturn, behind it is an indented reaping hook.
and ingenuity to account for but which the less ;
Rev. —
ad. frv. emv. F.x. s. c. Two togated
imaginative and more cautious Eckhcl attributes men, sittiug on a subscllium, between corn cars.
simply to the caprice of the moneyer. The On reference to p. 5 of this dictionary, it

author of Doctrina (v. 158) allows that these will be seen that, according to Eckhel, it is the
denarii were struck by L. Piso Frugi and his son head of Saturn which is represented on this
Cains, but at what period, he declines any at- denarius, because that deity presided over agri •

tempt to decide. — Professor Cavedoni, however, cidture. But according to Professor Cavedoni
and Riccio, who cites his authority (both writ- (quoted bv Riccio, p. 42), the head of that deity
ing Eckhel’s time),
after give cogent rea- is referable to the office of the questors who
sons, arising out of some recent monetal trou- presided over the public treasury, which was
vailles, at Ficsole, in Italy for the opinion — placed under the tutelary care of Saturn, and in
which they pronounce, that the author of the the immediate vicinity of his temple. On the
above, and other coins of a similar kind, was reverse arc the two questors, who procured corn
Lucius Piso Frugi, son of Lucius, and a man in abundance for the Roman people, namely,
of pretorian rank, in 684 (b. c. 70). This Piso and Ccepio, and who on that account were
opinion, adds Riccio, “ receives corroboration honoured by the Senate with this representation,
from a semi-uncial asse struck by this mint- as the legend felicitously explains. In opposi-
master, and the date of which goes back to tion to llavercamp and Vaillant, who believed
some year anterior to 680. Indeed, Borghesi this rare silver coin to have been struck in the
himself refers coins, with insulated symbols and 508th year of Rome (b. c. 246), Riccio joins
letters, to about the middle of the seventh cen- with Cavedoni in pronouncing its mintage to
tury of Rome.” —
See Monete delle Famiglie di have taken place in 654 (b. c. 100), founding
—
Roma Calpurnia gens. this opinion not only on certain monetal pecu-
Leaving however the question of dates, on liarities but also on the fact that in that year,
;

which the learned differ, there is one on which a great dearth of corn prevailed at Rome, in
their opinions coincide, namely, that both sides consequence of the continuance of the Bellum
of the above coin bear reference to the Ludi Servile in Sicily. —
See ad. frv. emv.
Apollinates “doubtless (says Eckhel) because
those games were decreed to be perpetuated at the
instance of Calpurnius, the Pretor, a. u. c. 543
(b. c. 211) whereas they had never before been
sanctioned by a Senatus Consulturn on which sub-
ject see Livy (xxv. 12, and xxvi. 23,) and Pigkius
(Ann. ii. p. 182), but especially Macrobius, who
describes at length the origin of these games.
(Sat. 1, eh. 17.) —
That horse-races formed a
part of their celebration has been well gathered
by Spanheim from ancient writers (ii. p. 131). — I cn’. piso pro. Q. The bearded head of king
 CALPTJRN1A.
CAMALODUNUM.
168 by
diademed head with wings, surrounded
Numa Pompilius, whose name nvma is inscribed a
his forehead. capeduucula, crown, and star.
on the diadem that encircles Marcus, must
This Marcus Frugi, son of
—
Rn-_ magn. pko. cos. Prow of
a ship.
by Cncius Cal- have been pretor in" the third
dictatorship of
This rare denarius was struck therefore one
and nephew of Julius Cicsar, 709 (b. c. 45), and
purnins Piso, son of Lucius,
pro-queetorship of Obi of the moueyers some preceding year.
Lucius, iu his provincial and the
Pompeius Maguus then "With respect to the terminal figure
(n c 73), following from their
undertake his winged head, Cavedoui is induced,
pro-consul with full powers to the one and
pirates, who in- respective attributes, to regard both
renowned expedition against the The corona
sea, and whom he the other as images of Mercury.
fested the whole Mediterranean the sacrificial vase,
was this that obtained for vittata seems sacerdotal, and
entirely destroyed. It apparently belong
on the exhibited on both obverses,
Pompeius the title of Magnus, inscribed the Romans as insti-
the ship’s prow indicating to Mercury, regarded by
reverse of this coin And as
tute of religious rites and ceremonies.
;

the graud placed at the disposal of the

fleet religion
But the mint-master, wishing also Numa was the principal introducer of
pro-consul.
were like another Mercury, so
Rome, as it
of his family, has into
to allude to the antiquity of the Cal-
own name of piso, Marcus Piso, who, with the rest
struck to the right of his to boast of having
from whom Ins family purnii, must have been wont
the head of king Numa, his ancestors, may
derived their origin. —
Riccio, p. 43. this pacific king amongst
have aimed at a share of like
glory, anil to re-
— B11IVLVS M. F. PRAEF. CLASS
On the ob-
F. C.
cord the pnise of Numa
himself. By this
The pretorian galley without sail.— Cavcdoni), it is not
Antony jugated with interpretation of mine (adds
verse are the head of Mark Ursinus, who secs
M. ANT. imp. designed to exclude that of
a female portrait, and, the legend representation of the
TEll. II1VIR. ll.P.C. in the figure in question a
TF.R. COS. DES. ITER. ET was the first to
belong tins god Terminus, to whom Numa
Lucius Bibulus, to whose mintage To Mercury the
coined in the give temples and sacrifices.
and another rare middle brass, and to him was
Calpurnius Bibulus terminal stones were dedicated,
east, was the son of M. invention of land -marks,
the consulate ot b Jo also attributed the first
(colleague of Julius Caesar in
celebrated Porcia, daughter and the boundaries of fields.”
—
Sec Riccio on
B. c. 59), and of the
espoused Marcus Brutus the Calpurnia gens, p. 43.
of Cato Uticcnsis, who
in her second marriage.
As the son-in-law ot CALUMNIA. — See fisci ivdaici.
Cicsar, he also
that chief conspirator against
was proscribed by the triumvirs:
he followed CAMALODUNUM —one of the most
important, ancient Roman towns,
and most
his father-in-law into
Macedonia and into Asia,
the present limits
them, and com- or stations, in Britain, within
during the war levied against now called hssex.
vanguard of their army on the day of that territorial division
manded the of let-
Ptolemv, by a corrupt transposition
of Philippi. The conspirators being defeated, Camudotanum. In the
who, ns we ters denominates it
L Bibulus surrendered to Antony,
appointed him pre- Itinerary ofAntoninus, it is noted down as
see on this piece of money, But both
class). He is on an- camvloovn'vm and CAMOLVDVNVM.
fect of the fleet (praf.f. Pliny (l. u. sect.
mintage called lnctor by Tacitus (Annal.) and by
other coin of the same correctly written camalodv-
he is move
Designate (PR. desig.)— In 718 (b. c. 36), 77), it

gave in his adhesion to Octavian,

after the death NVM — Camden (seeGough’s edition, ii. l-~),
where
The money, then, pronounces it to have been situated,
of the last of the Pompcys. town of Maidon; observ-
be beyond this now stands the
appertaining to Bibulus, cannot “ that the greatest part of
attained afterwards to the ing, inter alia,
e .ocha, because be This is the most
the pro- the name is still remaining.”
and, in 721 (b. c. 33), to
pretorship, the reasons wlueh he
as-
successor to Munatius plausible among
consulship of Syria, as positive opinion on
signs in support of his very
Plaucus. his wonder,
this point, and for expressing
that others should, “on the authority ot Le-
If, however, the
laud ” seek it at Colchester.
(as Spenser
venerable “ Nouricc of antiquity”
revisit the scenes of his
justly terms him), could
would find in the
choro graphical researches, he
“ History’ by Mr. Thomas
clever and intelligent
Cromwell, an accumulation of antiquarian facts,
deductions, well calcu-
Within a crown
FRVGI. and of argumentative
jls V M . piso M. F.
lated to shew that, those
who have undertaken
close to which is a sacri- ancient Cnuialodunuin
of laurel is a patera, to identifv the site of
ficial knife (the
handle only of which is shewn are not such
with that' of modern Colchester,
above cut).— The obverse of this rare his im-
i„ the
between a “ blind observers,” ns he, whilst writing
presents a terminal statue,
mortal “ Britannia,” deemed them
denarius to be.
(the smaller sacuh-
garlaud and a capeduncula Camden’s notion respecting
Ma.don has, in-

Cl bceu long abandoned. the ItmeraM

rare denarius, with deed,
Then- is another equally point to Colchester. Etymology has weight in
and legend, but which
the same reverse in type the argument only when existing remains
sup-
a juvenile bust, having
on the obverse exhibits
 — —; —

CAMALODUNUM. CANIDIA. 169

port it. At Maldon nothing ancient is found. and administer the oaths (ad appeUandum, ro-
Colchester, Mr. Roach Smith observes, “ as the —
gamlumque). On a coin of Julius Csesar we
source of discoveries of objects, which illustrate see the cancelli comitiorum , in the form of a
the state of the arts, in Roman Britain, is, per- galley, into which the ascent is by steps. See —
haps, second in interest to none of our ancient CLOACIN.
—
towns and cities.” See a paper of his in the CANCER (the Crab) one of the twelve signs
Journal of the British Archaeological Associa- of the Zodiac (sec Zodiacus), thus called from
tion, vol. ii. p. 29. some similitude to the crab-fish the sun enter-:

Thus much for the question of locality. ing that sign in the month of June, begins gra-
With regard to the other branch of the sub- dually to recede from us, aud to take a retro-
ject — namely,the claim put forward to have grade course, as it were in a crab-like fashion.
Camalodunum classed in the number of Roman On a coin struck by M. Durmius, one of the
colonies, properly so called —
it must be con- moneyers of Augustus, is a crab, with a butter-
fessed, that the evidences on which such a claim fly between its claws. —
See Dunnia gens.
is founded, and those on which it is disallowed, The figure of a Crab holding an aplustrum in
arc almost equally unsatisfactory and inconclu- its claws, there being under that shell-fisli the

sive. On the one hand there are the passages Rhodian rose, shews that the denarius of the
in Tacitus (Aunal. L. xii. c. 32, and l. xiv. c. Servilia gens, on which it appears, was struck
31), according to which, Camalodunum was the at Rhodes.
first colony of the Romans established in Bri- CANDELABRUM— a candlestick. The use
tain, and was occupied by veteran soldiers, of this instrument, in sustaining the kindled
drafted into it, when Claudius was emperor. light of the sacrificial altar, is considered to be
There is also a marble, given in Gruter (p. 439, expressed by its appearance on a silver coin of
No. 5), as found in Spain, the inscription of Augustus, with the inscription avgvstvs, within
which includes these w ords COLON I ae victri-
:
a crowu formed of the crania and patella (skulls
CF.XS1S, QVAE EST IN BRITANNIA CAMALODVNI, and kneepans) of oxen, which thus indicate the
&c. On the other hand, the name of Cama- sovereign pontificate of Augustus. Engraved in —
lodunum doc3 not appear cither in Eckhcl’s, Morell. Thesaur. Impp. iii. tab. xvi. No. 13.
or in Miounet’s, or in any other lists of Ro- CANIDIA gens, of plebeian origin, but of
man colonies. Nor. with the sole exception of a consular rank, having for its surname Crassus.
coin edited by Goltzius, and asserted by him to The name of Canidius Crassus, an intimate friend
have been struck under Claudius, but which no of Mark Antony, and by him appointed to the
collection can be referred to as containing, nor government of Armenia, is read on a gold coin
any numismatist acknowledges to have recognised, of the Cuicilia gens, (p. 151, No. 9.) The fol-
isthere the least shadow of a inouctal record (the lowing arc legends aud types on second brass of
oidy safe corroboration on a point like this), this family :

to prove that the Camalodunum Britannia of cras. Ship’s prow to the right.
Tacitus and of Pliny was more than a first class Rev. —Crocodile on a pedestal. Second brass.
oppidum of the Romans. be
It requires, in fact, to Obv. —
—Head of Apollo laureated.
borne in mind, that Britain was a province of the Rev. cra. The fasces with axe. Second
empire, governed (so far as, surrounded with brass. —Eckhcl cites oue of this family with the
openly hostile or disaffected tribes, the Romans head of Cleopatra, and the crocodile, but the
could be said to govern the country), by prefects legend being Gteek, excludes it from a work on
and subordinate military officers. It is not impro- Latin coins.
bable that, at the outset, an attempt was made These pieces of money are ascribed to the
to establish colonies and municipia in this island Canidius Crassus above alluded to. They were
bnt that the system, however successfully car- struck whilst Antony was trifling his time away
ried out in so many other parts of the world, in Egypt, with the lascivious Cleopatra. Sup-
was soon abandoned here by Claudius, and for porting to the last his infatuated and ruined com-
cogent reasons not resumed by his imperial suc- mander, Crassus behaved bravely in adminis-
cessors, seems scarcely to admit of a doubt. tering the affairs of Armenia at this critical
—
CAMELUS (Camel). This well-known and, period. But afterwards sharing in the defeat at
in its native countries of the East, most useful Actium, he returned with Antony to Egypt and ;

animal, is represented on coins as the common on the conquest of that country by Oetavian,
symbol of Arabia. See the akab. aiiq. of Canidius was put to death. —
The ship’s prow
Trajan; the restitvtori arahiae of Hadrian; indicates, perhaps, that he was admiral of An-
also rex aretas, in the ^Emilia family; bac- tony’s fleet, or it was meant to shew the
CIIIVS IVDAEVS, &C. maritime power of Egypt. The crocodile is the
CANCELLI COMITIORUM.— Lattices, or usual emblem
of that country, that species of
chancels, of the Comitia; in which the people, amphibious animal inhabiting the waters of the
when about were enclosed
to give their votes, ;
Nile. — Riccio, pp. 44, 45.
or perhaps barriers to prevent any one, except CANINIA gens, a similarly plebeian but con-
the individual who was giving his vote, from sular family. It had five branches, by which it

standing there. For within these inclosures it is named on ancient monuments but on coins ;

was unlawful for any one to stand except the it is known principally, if not solely, under the
voters, and the electoral officers (miuistn comi- reign of Augustus, and by the surname of Gal-
tiorura), whose business it was to call the names Ins. The Thesaurus Morell. furnishes eight

Z
 — — —

170 CANINIA. CAP1T. RESTIT.

varieties. The silver avc by moneyers of Au- ation, we learn (says Eckhcl), from an inscrip-
gustus. The brass are colonial. tion of the Fratres Arvales, which has been
Obv. —avgvstvs. Bare head of the empe- illustrated in a treatise by Philippus-a-Turre
ror. Silver.
Rev. — CONiNivs
L. (sic) gallvs mvin. : on
the side avgvstvs: above tr. pot. A four-
legged table, with star and sceptre above. HR.
Obv. —
Same legend and portrait. Silver.
Rev. —
L. caninivs gallvs in. A Parthian
kneeling and presenting a military ensign.
[See an exactly similar type on the reverse of a
denarius of Aquilius Florus, engraved in p. 105].
Obv. —
avgvstvs. Bare head of Augustus.
Gold.
Rev. —
L. caninivs GALLVS niviR. above :

ob. c. s. An altar, over which is a crown, and (Monum . vet. Antii.J, and quoted by Muratori,
on each side a branch of laurel, burr. Pro- — p. 312; informs us, that on the 7th of the
it

nounced unique by Riccio (Tav. 50), who va- ides of December, the priests assembled in the

lues it at 30 piastres. temple of Ops, to record their vows, ad. RESTI-

L. Caninius Gallus was a monetary triumvir of TVTIONEM ET DEDICATION EM CAPITOLI AB. IMP.
Augustus, in 734 (b. c. 20), in which year he t. caesak. vespasiano avg. On the death of
Titus, in the year following, the work was car-
struck these coins, which are all marks ot hom-
age rendered, in various ways, to the sovereign ried on by his brother Domitian, and completed

power and triumphant success of his lord and by him, according to Suetonius (ch. 5), Silius
master. The last a special piece of adula-
is Italicus, and other writers. —
llow great was the
it does, the perpetual crown,
tion, recording, as
magnificence of this building, we have the
and the branches of laurel, decreed by the abundant testimony of Plutarch (in Poplicola),
Senate to Augustus, for having saved the who, after relating the fate of the capitol, thrice
citizens of Rome, according to the OB. civis consumed and thrice restored, informs us, that
servatos inscribed on the reverse. Monete on the gilding alone, Domitian expended twelve
delle fain. p. 45. thousand talents; that the columns were of
CAN ISTRUM — a basket, which, filled with Pentclic marble, and that he had seen them him-
(lowers, was consecrated to the pagan deities, self atAthens, and admired their exquisite pro-
with religious rites. Hence on a gold coin of portions but that much of this beauty was
;

Antoninus Pius, with legend tk. pot. ii. cos. diminished when they arrived at Rome, by the
ii. a female figure (Piety) holding corn ears in
excess of polishing and chiselling which they
there underwent. Historians have omitted to
her right hand, and in lier left the canistrum,
tell us the year in which the work was finished
filled with flowers.— Engraved in Caylus, Nunns.
Anrea Impp. Rom. No. 531. and dedicated; but this fine coin, by the 8th
The canistrum generally appears on imperial consulate of Domitian included in its obverse
legend, assigus the year 835 (a. d. 82). The
coins bearing the legend and type of Anuoua.
—
CANTHARUS a peculiar kind of cup or temple shewn on coins of Vespasian, struck in
goblet, with one or two cars. On coins of the the year 824 (a. d. 71), exhibits six columns in
colonial imperial scries, it is seen in the right front, but on the coin before us there arc four.
hand of Bacchus. — See Apamca colonia, p. Gl. Consequently, cither Domitian entirely altered
CAP. Capitolina. — COL. AEL. CAP. Colo- the whole structure, or the moneyers were incor-
nia Aelia Capitolina. rect in their representation of it.

CAP. Capta. — ARMEN. CAP. Armenia

see “ have frequently remarked (adds the Author
1

C'apta. DAC. CAP. Dacia Capta. IVD. of Doctrina), that silver medallions, struck dur-
CAP. Judaa Capta. ing the earlier imperial period, appear to have
CAPEDUNCULA —a vase of smaller size first seen the light at a distance from Rome.

than the capedo, or pncfericulum, used in sacri- This opiuion is confirmed by the present coin,
fices. With other instruments employed by the unlesswe are disposed to treat lightly the evi-
Roman pontiffs and augurs in their religions dences which it aflbrds. The legend, w hich ac-
ceremonies, it is of frequent occurrence on the companies the portrait, bears no certain marks
coins of Julius Caesar, Si. Antonius, and others. of Roman die. And even that of the reverse is
CAPIT. RESTIT. (Capito/ium Reslit nit, or not inscribed circularly, as on all other coins of
Restitutum). —
This legend appears on the re- Domitian, but is divided into liucs. It is, how-
verse of a silver medallion, struck under Domi- ever, a matter of uncertainty what city gave
birth to this remarkable coin.” vi. 377.
tian. It bears for type a temple of four columns.
Obv. —
IMP. CAESAR domitian avg. p. m. cos. CAPITOLI M'S, or CAPITOLll .M. The
viii. Lamented head of Augustus. highest of Rome's seven hills was in a half

The capitol, consumed by fire during the war circleand of an oval figure. It commanded the.
of Vitcllius, and afterwards restored by Vespa- city, and was remarkable for the number of
sacred buildings constructed upon it. It was at
sian, was again destroyed by the flames in the
reign of Titus, A. II. c. 833 (a. d. 80).
“ That first called Saturnius, as the supposed habitation
in that very year Titus took steps for its restor- of Saturn then Tarpcius, from the vestal Tar-
;
 — ;

CAPPADOCIA. CAPPADOCIA. 171

peia ;
was called the Capitoline mount,
lastly, it i
girded. A lion’s skin is thrown over his shoulders,
from a tradition that the head of one Olus had and tied in a knot by the claws, over the breast.
j

been discovered there in digging the foundations In his left hand he holds a vcxilluin; in the
j

for the temple of Jupiter, to whom the Romans, J

right, a mountain, or cliftter of rocks, allusive
in consequence, gave the surname of Capito- to Mount Argajus, which is the common symbol
j

linus. It was iu this temple of the capitol that of Cappadocia. On the obverse, hadrianvs
solemn vows were made, that the citizens rati- avg. cos. ill. P. P. with bare head of the em-
fied the acts of government, and took the oaths peror. —
There is a secoud brass, with a similar
of fidelity ; also where the magistrates, and those reverse.
who eujoyed the honours of the triumph, went to Hadrian, about 893 (a. d. 140), proceeding
thank the gods for the victories they had gained, on his journey through pro-consular Asia, en-
and to offer up their prayers for the prosperity tered Cappadocia aud, as Spartian relates, “ re-
;

of the couutry. — Pitiscus, Lex. Ant. Rom. ceived from the inhabitants acts of submission
and service, which would subsequently be ad-
vantageous to his military operations.” The
same writer adds, that the emperor had here an
eye to the Parthian dominions, and to the main-
tenance of amicable relations with the neigh-
bouring sovereigns.
The Abbe Greppo, in his valuable work, pub-
lished at Paris, 1842, entitled “ Memoire sui-
tes Voyages de I’Empereur lladrien,” &c. ob-
CAPITOLINUS surname of the Petillia
gens. — On a denarius word
of that family this
serves, that in the paucity of documents suffi-
ciently precise on certain facts, it seems requi-
forms the obverse legend, accompanied by the
site to place the period of Hadrian’s visit to
head of Jupiter, with thick bushy hair and
Cappadocia, after that of his Syrian travels.
beard. The reverse legend is pf.tillivs, and “ All (says the learned vicar-general of Belley),
the type exhibits a temple, with faqa.de of six
columns, and ornamented pediment. Petillius — that is told us positively by Spartian, is that
Hadrian visited the province in question, and
Capitolinus, a friend of Augustus, struck, in his
took thereout slaves for the service of the
capacity of monetal triumvir, two deuarii,of which
the above was one and which, amidst much
armies :
—
Deinde a Cappadocibus servitia cas-
;

uncertainty as to dates, serves at least to con-

tris profutura susccpit. —
Cappadocia (the Abbe
adds in a note), furnished Rome with numerous
nect a Petillius iu some sort of association with
the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. —
See Petillia
slaves, renowned for their lofty stature, their
gens. — See also jupiter.
vigour,
Aud
and their scantiness of intelligence.”
he refers, for his authorities, to the Epistles
CAPPADOCIA, an extensive country iu Asia
of Horace, the Satires of Pcrsius, the Epigrams
Minor, bordering northward on the Pontus
of Martial, and to the oration Post Reditum in
Euxinus (Black Sea), eastward on Armenia,
Sena tu of Cicero. “ As to the slaves attached
southward on Mount Taurus, which divided it
to theRoman legions, frequent mention is made
from Cilicia, and westward on Galatia aud Para-
of them among the old writers; as Saumaisc
philia. Its modern name is Tocat, it was
shews in a commentary on this passage of Spar-
famous, and is still noted, for horses, mules, and
tian.” p. 189.
slaves. The ancient state of Cappadocia is very
There is also a first brass of Antoninus Pius
imperfectly known. It had its kings down to
on the reverse of which is the legend Cappa-
so late a period as the reign of Tiberius. And
docia cos. ii. The personified province stands
of those kings, coins are still extant. Germani-
wr ith Mons Argams at her foot a frequent type ;
cus Cscsar, after having vanquished the king
on the numerous coins of Ciesarea, the metro-
of Armenia, made a Roman province of Cap-
padocia.
polis of Cappadocia. — See Dr. King’s Plates,
tab. xiv.
CAPPADOCIAE. — See Restitidori of Ha-
drian.
CAPPADOCICUS. — See Exercit us of Ha-
drian.
CAPRA. — See Goat.
CAPRICORNUS a fabulous animal, of
which the figure is that of a goat iu the fore
part, terminating in the tail of a fish. Accord-
ing to Ilyginus (l. ii. sign, ccel.) this Capri-
cornus is in reality Pan. For he says, the gods,
on account of the terror with which the giant
Typhon had inspired them, having changed them-
selves into all sorts of animals, Pan was not one
CAPPADOCIA, S. C. — On the reverse of a of the last to adopt the expedient, and, throw-
Hadrian, in large brass, this province is thus ing himself into a river, assumed the hybridous
personified: —
A young male figure, wearing a form above described. For this ingenious con-
turreted crown, stands, with short tunic tightly trivance Jupiter enrolled him among the stars.

Z 2
 — —

172 CAPRICORNUS. CAPTIVUS,

It is for this reason that Aratus (in Phantom.) Capricorn appears on a third brass of Gal-
—
him Aegipan. See Pitiscus and Millin.
calls lienus. — Sec the legend neptvno cons. avg.
This type of Capricorn very frequently occurs Capricorn, as the symbol of Felicitas, borne
on coins of avgvstvs, both Latin aud Greek. on the standard of a Roman legion, appears on
The reason assigned by a billon. coin of Gallicnus, with the legend leg.
Suetonius (eh. 61) for its i. adi. vii. p. vn. f. (Legio Prima Adjutrix,
appearance in the mint of Septiina Pia, Scptima Fidelia). —
Eckhel, Cat.
this emperor is, thatThco- Mus. Imp.
genes, the mathematician CAPTIVUS, captive, or prisoner of war.
of Apollouia, when in- The Romans were accustomed to place their
formed by Augustus, then military prisoners near the standards. They cut
a youth, of the time of off the hair of the kings, and of the principal
his nativity, leaped for- officers, and sent them to Rome, to grace their
ward and paid him adoration. And he adds, triumphs.
“ Augustus soon began to place such reliance on It was also the custom of the Romans to
Fate, that lie published his horoscope, and load the vanquished with fetters, and compel
caused a silver coin to be struck, marked with them in that state to precede the triumphal car
the constellation Capricorn, under which he was of the conqueror. It was thus that the famous

born,” — Schlegcl adduces other testimonies, even Zcnobia, Queen of Palmyra, honoured the
from the poets, to the fact that Augustus was triumph of Aurclian. If death prevented cap-
born under Capricorn (Ad. Morell. Thesaur. tured princes and their families from being pre-
Impp. i. 194), and repeats the squabbles of the sent at this, to them, most cruelly humiliating
learned on this proof of Octavian Ctesar’s super- ceremony, their images were generally carried
stitious or pretended belief in the prediction of before the triumpher. Augustus caused this to
astrologers, that he was born to attain the em- be done in the case of Cleopatra, who had
pire of the world. —
Eckhel, vi. 109. killed herself in order to escape so ignominious
On these denarii we see frequently added to an exposure. —
Statius (Silva, iii. v. 2), thus
the figure of Capricorn, the cornucopia:, and alludes to the fact
(
the rudder of a vessel, which Lactautius 'In- Actias Ausonias fugit Cleopatra catenas.
still. b. iii. eh. 29) explains by saying—" they
“ Cleopatra fled the chains of Italy at Actium.”
represent her (Fortune) with the horn of abun-
dance, and a ship’s helm, as though she both Captives figures of, with their hands tied
conferred wealth, aud had the guidance of behind their backs, appear on coins of the
human affairs.” —
The globe too, as the symbol /Emilia, Julia, Mcmmia, and Sulpicia families.

of the world, begins about the year of Rome And in like manner on coins of most of the
743 (a. d. 1 1) to make its appearance on Ro- emperors from Augustus to Constantine junior.
man coins, as is shewn by a denarius of Augus- See for examples, df.bei.i.atori omnivm gen-
tus, with legend imp. xi. beneath the figure of TIVM. — —
FKANCIA. DE QF.KMANI8. &C. —
Capricorn. —
See the word Globe. Captives, bound in chains, standing, or pros-
linked to the chariot
Capricorn is also seen on coius of Vespasian, trate at the feet of deities,

Titus, and Doinitian, and on some of Hadrian wheels of emperors, trod upon by Victories, or
and Antoninus Pius. A second brass of Domi- seated beneath military ensigns and trophies, arc
tian bears this type with a cornucopia:, inscribed also tobe seen on imperial coins throughout al-
AVGVSTVS IMP. XX.
—
most the whole scries. Sec ai.amannia df.-
Two Capricorns supporting a civic crown, a —
victa, p. 32 Triumphal reverses of Numcri-
,

globe underneath them, appear on a large brass —

anus aud L. Vcrus part. arab. part, adiab.
of Augustus, and also on one of Tiberius. A of Severus, &c.
silver coin of Vespasian, from which the subjoined Captive, or Captives, at the feet of the em-
cut is taken, likewise presents the type of two peror, who is on foot or on horseback, arc ex-
Capricorns, supporting a shield, in which are the hibited on coins from Vespasian and Titus to
letters s. c. fSenates Consulto). Under the Constantiue the Great and his family. — See
shield is a globe. IVDAEA CAPTA. — GFRMANICO AVG. of M. AuTC-
lius. —VIRTVS EXERCITVS ROMANORVM of Juli-
anus II.
Captives, sitting under a trophy, or beneath
a palm tree, in an attitude of grief and de-
spondency, as on those coins of Vespasian and
Titus which commemorate the overthrow of
Jerusalem and the conquest of Judica also cap- —
tives in aweeping posture, or sitting on a heap
of arms, as in Doinitian. —
Sec captives at the
There a similar reverse on a denarius of
is foot of an imperial cstradc, on a medallion of
Titus. This type is considered to denote that PROBVS.
the felicity of the Roman empire, under those C A RAC ALL A, Emperor, was the eldest son
two princes, father and son, was equal to that of Septimius Severus. II is mother was Julia

which was enjoyed in the Augustan age. See — Domna, erroneously stated by some writers to
VKSTASI AN. have been his step-mother. The surname of
 ;

CARACALLA. CARACALLA. 173

Caracalla, by which he is commonly denominated 956 (a. d. 203). — The titles of part. max.
by historians, does not appear on any coins or now cease on Iris coins. For the occurrences
other public monuments. It was in fact only a of this and the four consecutive years, includ-
nickname (like that of Caligula given to Caius ing the celebration of the Secular Games, 957
(a. d. 204), see biographical notice and coinage
of Severus.
961 (a. d. 208). Caracalla, after having this
year celebrated his Decennales, set out with his
father for the campaign in Britain, where he
was also present during the two following years
of the war’s continuance.
—
964 (a. i). 211). In the preceding year he
began to be styled brit. on his coins. On the
death of his father, which took place this year
at York, on the 4th of February, Caracalla,
after duly solemnising the obsequies of Severus,
hastened to conclude a peace with the Cale-
donians. At the same time, he endeavoured to
Ciesar (sec p. 164), and derived from a kind of induce the army to acknowledge him as sole
Gaulish vestment, which he, the spoiled child emperor, to the exclusion of Geta. F’ailing in
of his mother, had himself brought into fashion. that attempt, he feigned amity towards his bro-
He was born at Lugdunum, in Gaul (Lyon), ther. A pretended reconciliation took place
whilst his father was governor of that province, and Geta and he returned to Rome together
in the year u. c. 941 (a. d. 188), on the 4th or with the ashes of their parent. Yet even on
6th of April. At hi s birth the name of Bas- their journey homeward, Caracalla indulged
sianus was given him, derived, according to in frequent designs on his brother’^ life, but
Victor, from his maternal grandfather. The refrained to put them into execution, partly
mildness of disposition and lively temperament, through fear of the soldiers, and partly through
which he displayed in early youth, and which the watchful precautions of Geta, who was ap-
rendered him the favourite alike of his parents prised of his own danger.
and of the people, are mentioned by Spartian 965 (a. d. 212). The two brothers entered
in terms of high commendation, and offer a —
the city together together bestowed donatives
striking contrast to the cruelty which disgraced on the troops, and distributed largesses to the
his more advanced years, and rendered him the people. But in the midst of negotiations com-
scourge of the world. During the first years menced for peaceably dividing the empire be-
of his father’s reign, he remained in the position tween them, Caracalla murdered Geta in the
of a private citizen. But when, in 949 (a. d. very arms of their mother. The soldiers, though
196), that emperor left Mesopotamia to conduct at first exasperated by the atrocity of the act,
operations against Albinus, lie stopped on his were at length appeased by extravagant bribes,
way at Viminacium (in Upper Mscsia, now Ser- and thus enriched with the wealth accumulated
via and Bulgaria), and there creating Caracalla during the reign of Severus, they unscrupu-
a Ccesar gave him the names of M. Aurelius
,
lously pronounced Geta a public enemy. To the
Antoninus, in the place of that of Bassianus. Senate he boldly justified his crime of fratricide,
He was in this year, on coins styled caesar and on the alleged plea that Geta had been engaged in
princeps iwentvtis. In the following year plots against his life. lie then put to death all
(a. d. 197) he was elected member of the pon- those who were known, or suspected, to have
tifical college, and the title pontifex begins on favoured the cause of his brother, whose name
his coins. In the same year, Albinus being was from that moment erased from the public
overthrown, he was styled destinatvs impek- monuments. (See a remarkable instance cited
ator. (See the words). —
In 951 (a. d. 198), in p. 79). Many thousand persons are said to
haviug completed his 10th year, he was declared have fallen victims on
occasion to the
this
avgvstvs by his father and the army and had ;
cupidity and blood-thirstiness of the imperial
the Tribunitia Potestas conferred upon him. despot amongst these were Papinius, prefect
:

952 (a. d. 199). Caracalla was this year with of the pretorian guards, and a distinguished law-
his father in the East. The following year lie was yer; together with other men, as well as women,
present at the Parthian campaign with Severus. of rank.
The titles of part. max. begin at this date to —
966 (a. d. 213). Remorse at having com-
appear on his coins. mitted these dreadful crimes pursued him every
954 (a. d. 201). Returning with his father where ; but abandoned to the torrent of his
to Antioch, he assumed the toga virilis, and was brutal passions, he never ceased to perpetrate
nominated consul for the year ensuing. Accord- crueltiesand to inflict oppressions. In the vain
ingly in a. D. 202, he proceeded consul, in Syria, endeavour to banish the terrors of an evil con-
Severus himself being his colleague. He accom- science, he addicted himself still more eagerly
panied his father into Egypt, and thence re- than ever to amusements which, measured bv
turned with him to Rome, where he married the Roman standard of public morals, might
Plautilla. —In the same year the title pivs be- under other circumstances have found excuse in
gins to appear on obverses. the desire to gratify the dissolute and inhuman
 —

174 CARACALLA. CARACALLA.

taste of a corrupt people. Chariot racing, com- caused his wife l’lautilla to he put to death),
bats of gladiators, and huntings of wild animals, was “ the meek and modest suitor” to ask in
at once served to divert the enslaved multitude, marriage the daughter of Artabanus, king of
and to satiate his own savage mature. Ou a the Parthians. This request being refused, he
large brass, the reverse legend of which (p. m. crossed the Euphrates, invaded Media, took
tr. p. xvi. imp. ii. cos. mi. p. p. s. c.) shews Arbela, aud, after ravaging the whole region
it to have beenminted in this year the type — with fire aud sword, returned to winter quarters
(as will he seen by the subjoined cut from a well iu Edessa. Having inveigled Abagarus, king of
preserved and genuine specimen), exhibits a the Osrhseni, into a conference, he loaded him
grand edifice, composed of arcades, temples, with chains, and took possession of his kingdom.
walls, and portals, forming the outer enclosure; —
970 (a. d. 217). This year Caracalla pre-
and of a lofty obelisk, with meta;, and statues, pared for war against the Parthians, who made
constituting the interior objects of the Circus their appearance with a large force, to avenge
Maximus, at Rome, as it existed in the begin- the aggression of the year preceding. On his
ning of the third century. way in Mesopotamia from Edessa to Carrlue,
where he intended to have visited the celebrated
temple dedicated to the Syrian god Lunus, lie
was assassinated by a soldier of his own body*
guard, named Martialis, at the instigation of
Macrinus, the pretorian prefect, on the 8th of
April, in the 29th year of his age, during the
celebration of the Megalensian games.
As, in boyhood he displayed so much modera-
tion, affability, and averseness to even the most
just severity, all, who had known him at that
period of life, were lost in astonishment at the
monstrous cruelties of Caracalla’s riper years.
Spartiau is of opinion that his previous charac-
On comparing this type with that on a large ter was but the result of an artful dissimulation,
brass coin of Trajan, it is evidently in- or a desire of resembling Alexander the Great,
tended to represent the same magnificent building of whose defects, rather than merits, both of
erected by that great emperor and to the re-
;
miud and body, he shewed himself a servile
pairs of, or additions to, which Caracalla pro- imitator. Even during his father’s life time, he
bably contributed some portion of those immense was unable wholly to conceal the natural ferocity
sums, he was in the habit of grinding out of his disposition and to rid himself of the sense
;

of the citizens in the shape of taxes, or of of restraint and fear which the old emperor’s au-
seizing as military plunder from the whole world thority imposed, he made frequent attempts, dur-
besides. — Sec circvs maxim vs. ing the campaign iu Britain, by instigating plots
The title of FELIX now begins to appear on and tumults, to put an end to the life of Scvcms.
coins of Caracalla, aud BRlTa«»ic«j ceases, And when at length all apprehension of parental
being succeeded by that of GERM/?«iVkj, which punishment was removed, he shewed at once his
he had adopted on account of pretended vic- determination to kill his brother, which, as we
tories over the Germans. This year, or perhaps have seen under the events of the year 965
at the close of the year preceding, he went into (a. d. 212), he carried out with a cruelty that
Gaul, and after cruelly despoiling that province, extended itself to every member of the unfor-
lie returned to Rome. tunate Geta’s family. If to this we add the
In 967 (a. d. 214), he entered on an expe- horrors of his massacre at Alexandria, perpe-
dition against the Alamanni, over whom he trated on the slightest possible provocation, we
gained a victory on the banks of the Mtcnns perceive clearly, that there were no relations,
(river Mayue, in Germany). In this expedition however sacred and religious, which he was not
it is stated, he made himself an object of ridi- capable of violating by bloodshed. Finding the
cule even to the barbarians. Declared Impcra- contents of the treasury insufficient to meet the
tor III. he proceeded into Dacia; thence into demands of his cupidity, on account of his ex-
Thrace, and, crossing the Hellespont, wintered travagant expenditure in public spectacles, and
at Nicomcdia. because it was matter of necessity to eurieh bis
9G8 (a. d. 215). After gladiatorial shews, on soldiers, both in order to reconcile them to the
his birth-day, the 4th of April, at Nicomcdia, murder of Geta, aud to retain their services as
he went to Pisidiau Antioch, with the inten- on his own person,
a defence against attempts
tion of invading the Parthians, on some far- he attacked with impunity the properties of the
fetched cause of quarrel. But they being seized citizens, openly asserting, that the wealth of
with panic, aud instantly complying with the the world belonged to him alone, as the dispen-
demands of Caracalla, he proceeded to Alexan- ser of it soldiers
to his faithful and it is said,
;

dria, where he revenged himself for some rail- that, when mother remonstrated with him
his
leries, by slaughtering twenty thousand of the on the costliness and frequency of his donatives,
inhabitants. adding, that shortly no means, fnir or fold, of
—
969 (a.d. 216). Returning from Egypt to raising money would be left to him —
his reply

Antioch, Caracalla (who, four years before, had was, “ Be of good courage, mother for so long
;
 : — — — —— —— ——— ——
—— — —

CARACALLA. CARACALLA. 175

as we retain this (pointing to his sword), money with his brother whilst we know that Elaga-
;

will always be forthcoming.” He exhibited, so balus never had any colleague.

many instances of perfidy in the presence of the 4th and lastly. Caracalla, in his 5th tribun-
whole world, that at last no one believed him, ate, was consul for the first time. Elagabalus,
eveu on his oath, and he became an object of after his 5th tribunate (the epocha when he
hatred and contempt to foreign nations, as well perished), was consul for the 4th time. There-
as to his own. After death, his body was fore every record of the tribunitian power mark-
burned, and the hones brought to Rome, and de- ed by a number exceeding V. can apply only to
posited in the tomb of the Antonines. See — the son of Secerns, &c.
Eckhcl, vii. 199, et seq. There is also a star, or small radiated sun, on
many of the coins, especially the silver ones, of
MINTAGES OF CARACALLA. Elagabalus, which are not to be met with on
On his coins Caracalla is styled M. AVRE- those of Caracalla.
LIVS ANTONIXVS, or M. AVR. ANTON. The following arc amongst the rarest and
CAES.— IMP. M. AVR. ANTONIN.— IMP. most remarkable reverses :

C. or CAES. ANTONIN VS —
M. AVR. ANTO- Gold and Silver Medallions. te. p. —
NINVS PIVS AVG. ANTONIN VS PIVS xviii. cos. mi. The moon (or Diana) in a car
AVG. BlU'lWicw. ANTONINVS PIVS drawn by two bulls, (gold, valued by Mionnet
FELIX AVG. ANTONINVS PIVS AVG. at 400 fr.) venvs victrix, holding a victriola
—
GERMtznicuj. DIVVS ANTONTNVS MAG- and hasta. valued by Mionnet at 400
(gold,
—
NVS. On the reverses sometimes appear SE- fr.) —
Young beardless head of Caracalla laure-
VERI AVG. PII. FILims, or PRINCEPS IV- ated, with reverse of victoria avgvsta. (Sil-
VENTVTIS, or DESTINATVS IMPERATOR. ver, valued at 200 fr.)
— On other reverses occur P. or PARTAieiw Gold of common size. — adventvs.
Three
M AX. or MAXI MVS—also RECTOR ORRIS. figures on felicitas saf.cvli.
horseback.
The medallions and gold coins of this empe- Scvcrus seated between his two sons. (Valued
ror arc of considerable rarity so arc the small
;
by Mionnet at 200 fr.) laetitia temporvm.
brass but the denarii, together with the large
; Galley, cars, and animals. plavtillae avgvs-
and middle brass, are for the most part common. tae. Head of the empress. tk. p. xiii. cos.
— His first brass, however, even with common iiii. tr. p. xvii.
Several figures sacrificing.
reverses, when in very fine preservation, bring cos. iiii. Thewith chariots.
circus, p. sept, —
high prices. From the commencement of his geta caes. &c. Bare head of Geta. Obverse.
reign the silver is found to be not pure but Bust of Caracalla. (A very fine specimen of
mixed with brass. His brass coinage of cities this rare type, in a high state of preserva-
and colonics is abundant. That portion of the tion, brought £11 at the Pembroke sale).
Roman mintages which give to Caracalla the avgvsti cos. Severus and Caracalla seated on
name of “ Great” are very rare, the epithet be- an estradc, and two figures standing. con-
ing found only on his consecrations for, not- — cordiae aeternae. Heads of Severus and
withstanding “ his atrocious career of folly and Julia Domna. Concordia felix. Severus and
barbarity (as Captain Smyth observes), this Plautilla joining hands.— cos. lvdos. saecvl.
execrable ‘
Man of Blood’ received the honours fec. Bacchus and Hercules. felicia tem-
of deification, by command of the soldiers.” —
pora. The four Seasons. p. m. tr. p. xviii. &c.
After Caracalla, another, and if possible still Esculapius in a temple two figures sacrificing
;

greater disgrace to the name of emperor, Ela- at an altar. (Brought £16 16s. at the Thomas
gabalns, profaned (by his own assumption of it) sale). victouiae brit. Victory seated on
the title of M. avrei.ivs antoninvs. There is bucklers, with palm and shield. (A very fine
in consequence sometimes a difficulty to distin- specimen brought £16 at the Thomas sale).
guish the coins of those two princes. It may —
Silver. Head of Plautilla, as in gold.
not, therefore, be unacceptable, especially to the aeternit. imperi. Heads of Severus and Cara-
tyro, if the following rules are here cited for calla. arcvs avgg. Arch of Severus. (See
ascertaining the point, as concisely given by the engraving, p. 78). concordiae. Heads of
learned and accurate author of Lefons E/emen- Severus and Julia. divo. antonino magno.
tain's cle Numismatique Romaine — Consecration medal. imp. et caesar. Three
1st. The head without crown, and
the title figures seated. liberalitas. Two emperors
of Caesar alone, can belong only to Caracalla, seated, two figures standing. Heads of Cara- —
since Elagabalus was
once created Augustas.
at calla and Geta.
2nd. The dignity of Pontifex (without the Brass Medallions. concordiae avg.
epithet of max.) with which Caracalla was in- Caracalla and Geta, each crowned by Victorv.
vested during the life time of his father, can- (Valued by Mionnet at 200 fr.) imp. ii. cos.
not be appropriated to Elagabalus, who was iiii. Emperor in a quadriga. tr. p. xvi. imp.
always Pontifex Maximus. ii. cos. mi. Grand which are an
circus, in
3rd. A very infantine head, or one strongly obelisk and chariot races. severi. avg. pii.
bearded; and the titles part. max. brit. germ. fil. Sacrificial instruments. (Valued by Mion-
suit only with Caracalla. The same remark ap- net at 250 fr.) traiectvs. Emperor and sol-
plies to the epithet avgg. in the legends of certain diers crossing a river on a bridge of boats.
reverses seeing that he reigned simultaneously
;
First Brass. divo. antonino magno.
during several years either with his father, oV Bare head. Rev. consecratio. Funeral pile.
 — — — —— ——
— — ; . —”

178 CAR. CARAUSIUS.

— cos. i.vd. saec. fec. A sacrifice six figures.: shewn on various coins. After the example of
— PONT IF. &c. Caracalln ami Geta, with three the Greeks, the Romans ornamented these
soldiers. saecvlaria sacra. Several figures triumphal chariots with images designed to per-
sacrificing. virtvs avoo. The emperor stand- petuate the memory' of their victories. The use
ing near a trophy. aeqvitati pvbj.icae. The of the currus triumphalis had been introduced,
three Monetse. pontif. &c. Severus and Cara- according to some, by Romulus, according to
calla. —
cos. hi. Emperor addressing his soldiers. others, by Tarquin the Ancient, or Valerius l’op-
— cos. mi. Circus. (Sec wood-cut p. 174). licola. Before the times of the empire, the car
cos. mi. Lion with thunderbolt. pkofectvs of triumph was generally gilt under the em-
;

a vo. Emperor and two soldiers. victoriae perors it was of gold —

the triumpher himself
BRITTANNICAE. held the reins of the horses. If he had young
Second Brass.' —aiicvs avo. Arch of Seve- children, they were placed with him in the car ;

rus. (See wood-cut, in p. 79). avgvsti cos. if they were adolescent, they accompanied it
— ANN. AVO. SAECVLI. FELICISSIMI. LIBE-
?

on horseback. On a great number of the im-

RALITAS, &C. perial coius we triumphator in his cha-
see the
—
Third Brass. prim. decf.. s. c. A club as in Domitian, Antonine, &c. When he
within a garland. part. max. Trophy, on each
riot,
mounted into it, this prayer was said " Dii,:
—
side a captive. nutu et imperio qnorum nata et aucta cst res
CAR or CHARIOT. (Currus). Ancient Romana, caudem placati, propitiatique senate.
monuments, and coius amongst the rest, make The emperor triumphing was followed as well as
us acquainted with sucli cars of the Romans as preceded by soldiers, trumpeters, and others
were used by them either for certain ceremonies burning costly perfumes. —
(I’itiscus —
Millin
of religion, for the pomp of triumphs, or for the Rasche)
courses of the Circus. They were of two kinds, on On a medallion in bronze of Gordianus Pius
two wheels and on four. The former were smaller is a triumphal car, of which the emperor is the

and more ancient than those on four wheels, charioteer. It agrees with those of other cars of
which were at first reserved for the highest ma- triumph exhibited on Roman coins resembling —
and for the emperors
gistrates under the republic, as it does a short, compact, round tower, resting
afterwards. The cars of ceremony partook of on only two wheels. The emperor stands guid-
the magnificence of the Romans they were de- ; ing the vehicle, according to the old-established
corated profusely with silver, gold, ivory, and custom handed down from the consuls of the
other costly materials. The imperial chariots, republic hence Prudentius says
:
—
“ Stantes que
and those used by persons of the greatest dis- duces in curribus altis.” —
Sec Triumph. Sec
tinction, were drawn by mules, or by white also an excellent representation of the Roman
horses, which were most prized. car of triumph in the well-known coin of Gcr-
Cars of the Circus or Race course, served manicus Caisar, with legend devictis germ,
also on occasions of public festivals. This vehicle signis RECEP.
was a species of shell, mounted on two wheels
it was higher before than behind, and orna-
mented with painting and sculpture. When
harnessed to two horses, these cars were called
bigee (see Axsia gens, p. 117 —
Saufeia gens, p.
129) ; and quadrigee when drawn by four horses,
which were always driven abreast. Sec Annia —
gens, p. 48; Aufidia, 94; Biebia, 121. See —
also Bigati and Quadrigati.
Covered Cars (currus arcuati) were used by CARAUSIUS (Marcus Aurelius Valerius),
the Roman famines carrying the statues
for was born of obscure parents, in that part of
of their divinities. They differed from the others i
Belgic Gaul called Menapia, a district between the
only in the arched roof placed above them, and Scheldt and the Meuse. Bred a pilot, he had re-
under which those in the vehicle were protected commended himself alike by his skill in nautical
—
from wind and bad weather. See Carpentum,
[

affairs,and by his bravery ns a soldier, to the

and Thensa. favour of Diocletian and Maxiraianus Hercules.
Cars of Divinities, as seen on coins, are oc- It was the latter emperor that gave him the com-
casionally drawn by the animals which pagan mand of a naval force, which had been equipped
mythology has consecrated to them. For ex- for the purpose of putting a stop to the predatory
ample, that of Diana by stags that of Cybclc
; expeditions of the Franks, who, cruising about
by lions; that of Bacchus by panthers; that of in their light vessels, from place to place, were
Hercules by centaurs; &c. —
See Aurelia gens, committing continual outrages on the coasts of
p. 111. what are now Holland, Belgium, France, and
Car of the proceeding Consul. See Consul- — Spain. At first Carausius displayed zcid and
aris Processus. activity in discharging the duties of his ap|>oint-
Car of Triumph (currus triumphalis). This — ed service; but subsequently his equivocal move-
was at first harnessed to two horses, afterwards ments, and increasing wealth, gave rise to strong
to four, and to two or four elephants (see Ciccilin suspicions that he allowed the sea-robbers whom
gens, p. 111). It was of a circular form, had two he should have suppressed, to rove with im-
wheels, aud the triumpher stood in it, as is punity the narrow seas, in order afterwards to
 — — — —

CARAUSIUS. CARAUSIUS. 177

possess himself of the greater portion of their the Roman empire.
— “ Of this eventful period
ill-acquired booty. Maximianus therefore or- (observes Mr. Roach Smith, in his Antiquities
dered that he should be put to death. But with I

of Richborough, &c.) as far as regards Britain,

a vigilant eye to his own safety, Carausius in- no monumental inscriptions are extant and the ;
j

stantly sailed across to Britain with the impe- brief notices of historical writers, which have
rial fleet, which was devoted to his interests, come down to us, are in the suspicious language
and being well received by the Roman troops of panegyrists and conquerors.” p. 136.
there, he assumed the purple with the title of j
In the last edition of Mr. Akcrman’s work
Augustus, a. d. 287- His prudence and valour above quoted, 53 varieties in gold and silver arc
enabled him to maintain his independent govern- '
enumerated, and no less than 233 in brass,
ment of the island. By the speedy construc- j
which are of the third size only. And since
tion of new galleys, and the formation of alli- 1844, others are now known, as scarcely a year
ances with different tribes, whom he trained as passes without the discovery of some variety
sailors, the usurper made head against all the hitherto undescribed. “ In the bed of the
armaments sent against him by Maximianus, Thames, and in the neighbourhood of St. Alban’s,
who, with the senior Augustus, Diocletian, was and other Roman Stations (says Mr. Bergne),
at length compelled (a. d. 289) to acknowledge coins of Carausius are found in great numbers.
j

him as their colleague, so far at least as Britain I

Nor is it improbable that on examining any
was concerned. i dozen coins picked up successively in the fields
The sequel of this bold adventurer’s history |
which occupy the site of the ancient Verulam,
cannot be better related than in the terms em- two or three would prove to be of Carausius.
ployed by Mr. Akerman : — (Sec Numismatic Chronicle, No. lv. Jan.
“ Carausius enjoyed his honours seven years, 1852, p. 151).
and, during that period, performed many acts The workmanship of the gold resembles that
which evinced his ahili*y to rule, notwithstand- of the contemporary coins of Diocletian and his
ing his defection from his masters. He de- imperial colleague, being of a fine and bold, but
fended the frontiers of his empire from the Cale- peculiar fabric. With rare exceptions, the fabric
donians, courted the friendship and alliance of of the silver is rough, and their quality of metal
the Franks (upon the confines of whose country base. Of the brass, a great portion is of bar-
he was born), and in reward for their services barous execution “ but (as Mr. Akerman re-
;

instructed them in naval and military affairs. marks), all of them bear a portrait, which it is
His fleets swept the seas, and commanding the impossible to confound with any other in the
mouths of the Rhine and the Seine, ravaged the Roman series.”
coasts, and rendered the name of the once ob- Many of the types and legends of the money
scure Menapian pilot, as celebrated as those of of usurper obviously apply to Carausius
this
the emperors. During this time, Carausius still only : among these may be noticed those of ex-
kept possession of Boulogne but in the year
;
PECTATE VENI. and CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES SVI ;
292, the adoption of the two Crcsars, Constan- whilst it is equally clear that such legends as
tius and Galerius, added strength to the Roman principi ivyentvt(is) and orie.vs avg. can
arras. Maximianus guarded the Rhine and ;
have no reference to the acts, or to the situa-
Constantius, taking command of the legions tion, of Carausius. In the latter case they
appointed for the British war, immediately laid must have been executed by ignorant, and pro-
siege to Boulogne, which, after an obstinate re- bably illiterate, moneyers, without knowledge of
sistance, surrendered to the conqueror, who pos- their application or significance.
sessed himself of the naval stores of Carausius. Carausius is styled on his coins caravsivs —
Three years were consumed in the preparation —
CAHAVSIVS AVG. IMP. CARAVSIVS AVG. IMP. —
of a fleet for the recovery of Britain but ere : —
CARAVSIVS P. F. AVG. IMP. C. M. CARAVSIVS
it was launched, news arrived of the assassina- —
AVG. IMP. C. M. AVR. V. CARAVSIVS P. AVG.
tion of Carausius by his friend and prime minis- CARAVSIVS ET FRATRES svi. On his gold and —
ter Allectus, a. d. 293. The event was consi- silver coinage his effigy is adorned with a laurel
dered as a presage of victory to the Roman wreath ; on the brass with a radiated diadem.
arms.” Coins of the Romans relating to Rri- The following
j
arc amongst the rarest reverses :
tain, 2nd edition.
Gold.
MINTAGES OF CARAUSIUS. conservatori avggg. Hercules standing,
The connection of this usurper with Britain bow
holding his club and a ; behind is a quiver ;

has always rendered his coinage an object of on the exergue m. l.

|

peculiar curiosity and appreciation, with the ; Valued by Mionnet at 720 fr.
numismatic antiquaries and collectors of our Concordia mii.itvm. Two women stand-
country. In Italy his coins are beyond compa- — Valued by Mionnet 600
ing. at fr.
rison morerare than in England and were ; leg(io) Lion walking, with
iiii. fl. ears of

— mouth. — Valued by Mionnet 600

j

almost equally scarce in France, until a recent com in his at fr.

trouvaille at Rouen brought a large hoard of Obv. virtvs caravsi. Bust of Carausius
them to light.Indeed they were for the far to the left, with slight beard, and ornamented
greater part struck in this island, during the helmet spear in right hand ; buckler over left
;

six years (a. d. 286 to a. d. 293) in which its shoulder, ornamented with griffin, to the left,
government was virtually separated from that of and floral border.
2 A
 — —

178 CARAUSIUS. CARAUSIUS.

Rev. —
romano renova. Wolf to the right, romano renov. Wolf suckling the founders
with the twins in the exergue R. s. r.
; of Rome in the exergue R. s. r.
;

Valued by Mionnet at 7^0 fr. A and of good silver,

very fine specimen,
This coin, of the highest degree of rarity, and pierced,went for £7 5s. 6d. at the Thomas sale.
described to be in very good preservation, wt. 67 victoria avg. The goddess marching. vir-
grs. brought £14 at the Thomas sale, lot 988. Tvs im. avg. (sic). Military figure.
salvs avggg. In the exergue M. l. This — virtvs avg. Lion with thunderbolt in its
coin of Maximianus, certainly struck by Carau- —
mouth. This coin, in fine condition, brought
sius, is in the cabinet of Mr. Roach Smith. £5 16s. at the Thomas sale.
Silver. voto pvblico, inscribed round a crown of
adventvs avg. The emperor on horseback, laurel, in which is seen MVLTIS XX. R. s. R. On
brandishing a spear over a fallen enemy. the obverse, imp. caravsivs p. f. avg. Laure-
This coin, well preserved, brought £8 at the ated bust of Carausius.
Pembroke sale. Mionnet attaches the value of 150 fr. to this
adventvs avg. Emperor on horseback, coin an engraving of which is prefixed to the
;

right hand elevated, &c. a captive at the fore mintages of Carausius, p. 176 of this Dictionary.
feet of the horse ; a thunderbolt in exergue. On votvm pvblicvm. A square altar with fire,
the obverse, dip. caravsivs p. f. av. laureated, in the middle of which are mvltis xx. imp.
togated, and bearded bust to right. Valued by Mionnet at 150 fr. A specimen of
This fine and most rare, perhaps unique coin, it, in good silver, fetched £5 17s. 6d. at the
brought £13 at the Brnmell sale, in 1850. Thomas sale.
conservat. avg. Jupiter. Engraved in — vbervta (blundered for JJlertas) av. A
Akerman, ii. p. 156, pi. xi. No. 5. female seated on a low stool, milking a cow. In
concordia avgg. 'Two hands joined. (Haym. the exergue R. s. r. .
Tesoro Britannico). A silver coin of Carausius, with this legend
concordia militvm. Same type. In the and type on its reverse, brought £5 17s. 6d. at
exergue, r. s. r. the above mentioned sale. —
The letters on the
This coin, of good silver, well preserved, exergue R. s. r. probably stand for rvtvpiae or
brought £4 4s. at the Thomas sale. rvtvpiis (Richborough) signata, as coins of
fides militvm. A female to the left, hold- Carausius arc frequently found in the neighbour-
ing two standards ; in the exergue r. s. r. Not hood of that old Kentish town. Akerman, 121. —
iu Mionnet or Akerman well preserved.
;
Curt. — Third Brass.
This coin brought £5 17s. 6d. at the Bru- abvndanti. avg. Abundance personified.
mell sale. aeqvitas hvndi. Female with scales and
felicitas. Galley and four rowers; in ex- cornucopia:.
ergue r. s. R. This third brass of Carausius, very fine and
This denarius, in perfect condition, brought almost unique, only one other of this type be-
£7 10s. at the Thomas and £8 15s. at the Pem- ing known to exist, was found at Rouen, where
broke sale. it formed part of M. Biliard’s collection. It
fidem militvm n. n. A female standing, brought £2 15s. at the sale of “ a well-known
holding a pair of scales and a cornucopia:. collector,” 1851.
This, of good silver, brought £8 at the Tho- adivtrix avg. Half length bust of Victory,
mas sale. holding a garland and palm branch.
ixpectate (sic) veni. Emperor and a female Coins of Victorinus occur in third brass with
figure. —
See expectate.
— the same legend. —
Akerman, 127-
i.eg(io) iiii. fl. “ A ccntauress (and not a adventvs avg. The emperor on horseback.
centaur, says Mr. Curt), as in Etruscan Anti- In exergue R. s. R. —
(Iu the cabinet of Mr. C.
quities in theNaples Museum, &c.” walking to Roach Smith).
the holding with both her hands a long club,
left, adventvs caravsi. Emperor on horseback;
which she rests on her shoulders. G. in exergue. his right hand raised, holding a globe. In the
Of good silver, and fine as to preservation exergue of some r. s. p. (or m. l.)
sec Catalogue, lot 1084, Brumcll cabinet, at the aeqvitas avg. Equity with her attributes.
sale of which it brought £22. —See engraving (In the Hunter collection.)
of it in Akerman ; see also his remarks, 124. a pollini co. avo. and apoli.ini cons, and
leg. v. vii. viii. —
(Stukeley). cons. avo. A Griffin.
i.ib(eralitas) hi. Emperor on horseback. These legends and types will be found on the
(British Museum). abundant third brass of Gallicnus. Akerman.
moneta avg. The goddess Moneta standing, —
con. pr. Cohors Pretoria. Four military'
with scales and cornucopia:. In the exergue x. standards. (In Mr. Reader’s collection.)
— Engraved in plate vi. fig. 4, Antiquities of cohr. praet. Four standards. (In the Hun-
Richborough, See. ter collection.)
oriens avg. The Sun standing. comes avg. Victory marching with garlnnd
PRiNCiPi iwent. A military figure stands and palm branch. On the obverse is the hcl-
resting on a spear, with olive twig in right hand. meted bust of Carausius, with javelin and shield ;

This coin, of good silver, and one of the legend caravsivs avg.
rarest of the Caransian types, obtained £8 at The coins of Carausius with these armed busts
the Thomas sale. —
Sec Akerman, No. 32 & 139. appear to be modelled on those of the Emperor
 — — — — —

CARAUSIUS. CARAUSIUS. 171)

Probus, on whose money the imperial effigies iiercvli pacifero. Hercules holding olive
are often thus represented. Akcrman, p. 128. branch and club. —
Engraved in Akerman, pi. v.
comes avgg. Minerva standing, holding the No. 37.
hasta and au olive branch. Iu the field s. r. hilaritas avg. and avggg. A woman stand-
Ou the exergue Mi.xxt. (Tauiui.) ing, with branch and cornucopia;.
concoudia avgg. A woman holding two invictvs and invictvs avg. The Sun march-
standards, on others holding the hasta and cor- ing. — (Mionnet.)
nucopia;. i. o. x. The emperor in a military habit, on
CONCORDIA MIL. or MILIT. Or MILITVM. Two horseback ;
his right hand holding a spear, his
right hands joined ;
or the emperor joining hands left hand raised aloft.
with a female figure. The three on this coin have been sup-
letters
On one of this rare type, in the Itoach Smith posed to indicate the acclamations of the multi-
cabinet, we read on the obverse imp. c. carav- tude and to signify io. Decies. Eckhel, after re-
SIVS P. F. IN. AVG. marking on it adds, “ Quisquc pro sc senigma
conservat. avg. Neptune seated ;
in his explicet I” Let every one solve the riddle for
right hand an anchor ;
in his left a trident re- himself.
versed. iovi cons. Jupiter and Carausius.
Sec remarks on this coin, in Antiquities of iovi statori. Jupiter with hasta and thun-
Reculver, &c. by Mr. Roach Smith, p. 136. derbolt.
constant, (or constavnt. (sic.J avg. Her- laetitia avg. A galley with rowers. In
cules. (Mionuet.) exergue M. c. Engraved in Akerman, pi. v.
—
diana. Goddess seated. dianae. cons, No. 38.
avg. A stag. dianae redvci. A stag. A specimen with the same legend and type of
expf.ctate veni. Two figures standing, reverse in exergue o. P. it.
: —
of fine work, and
with joined hauds. In the exergue R. S. a. See — as it came from the die, obtained £3 at a sale
the words suis tocis. of coins 1851, the property of “ a well-known
felicitas avg. Woman with ensign and collector.”
cornucopia;. —
Same legend. A galley on the Obv. —
imp. caravsivs. p. avg. Radiated
sea, with rowers. head of Carausius.
felicitas temp. Four children, representing Rev. —
laetitia avg. A galley; in exergue
the four seasons. —
Engraved in Akerman, pi. v. M. c. —
A fine specimen, engraved in Akerman,
—
fides militvm fides milit. Woman hold- on Romano British coins, pi. v. No. 38.
ing two military standards. The galleys, with their masts and rowers, re-
fidem militvm. Similar type. (In the Douce— presented upon the coins of Carausius and
collection, bequeathed to and deposited in the Allectus, “ furnish us with examples of the ships,
Bodleian Library.) which first obtaiued for Britain the sovereignty
The last three types occur perpetually in the of the sea and for the space of nine years, pro-
;

Roman series, but they are very appropriate on tected this island in an independent government.
the coins of one who owed so much to his mili- The Romans under Constautius, effected a land-
tary' partisans. —
Akerman, p. 130. ing on the southern coast, having evaded the
fortvna avg. Fortune with rudder and cor- fleetof Allectus (stationed off the Isle of Wight)
nucopia;. fortvna red.Fortune seated. which was enveloped in a thick fog. A laud
Obv. —IMP. C. CARAVSl VS P. F. AVG. engagement reduced Britain once more to a pro-
A beautiful bust, iu perfect preservation, and vince.” —
See Antiquities of Richborough, &c.
said to be unique, was purchased, at “ a well- (written by C. Roach Smith, F.S.A. and illus-
known collector’s” sale, for £2 5s. trated by F. W. Fairholt, F.S.A. who, in com-
genio avg. Woman holding globe and cor- bining the spirit and industry of the typogra-
nucopia:. phical, historical, and numismatic antiquary,
genivs exercit. Gcuius standing with patera with the skill and accuracy of the archaiologieal
and cornucopia;. draughtsman and engraver, have together pro-
This unique brass coin, of larger module than duced an elegant, interesting, and valuable little
that of ordinary third brass, is engraved in volume).
Roman Coins relating to Britain, pi. v. No. laetitia avggg. Woman holding garland
36.
— “ It was in the possession (observes Mr. and corn ears, or resting her hand on an anchor.
Akerman) of the late Mr. R. F. Newman, City Obv. —
imp. caravsivs p. f. avg. Radiated
Solicitor, a relative of whom
shewed it to Mr. head of the Emperor to the right, the bust in
C. Roach Smith, who made the drawing of the paludamentum. Rev. —
leg. iixx. primio.
which the engraving above referred to is given. A figure of Capricorn. In the exergue M. L.
It shews that the usurper was anxious to testify (Engraved in Akerman, pi. v. No. 40). Sec —
his gratitude to the army, which had enabled him Capricorn, p. 172.
to attain the sovereignty of Britain.”p. 131. This unique coin in small brass, was found,
germanicvs maxv. A trophy and two cap- amongst others, in 1829, near Stroud, in Kent;
tives. In exergue l. —
(Mionuet.) and was communicated the same year to the Nu-
This legend and type occur both on the coins mismatic Society, by Mr. C. Roach Smith, (sec
of Gallicnus and of Postumus. — Akerman. Num. C/iron. vol. ii., p. 1 14), who to the above
HF.RCVU invict. Hercules standing, with description adds the following remarks:
his club. “ The twenty-second legion, surnamed Pri -

2 A 2
 — — —

180 CARAUSIUS. CARAUSIUS.

migeuia, aud bearing in common with at least —
oriens avg. The Suu standing. (Stukeley.) —
six other legions, the badge of Capricorn, was ories (sic). The Sun with extended right
probably formed not long prior to the time of hand, and holding in the left a globe. In ex-
Antoninus. By the
Itinerary, it appears to ergue r. s. r.
have been composed of allied troops, and was
quartered in Gaul and Belgium
This coin was found at Stroud, in Kent. See —
six towns or ; Mr. Akerman’s remarks on a similar type in
places are named as stations in which were divi- silver.
sions of this legion. In several inscriptions given pacator ORRIS. Head of the Sun. (Hunter).
in Gruter and Ursiuus, the title of Primigenia pax. avg. Peace standing, holds an olive
(or Primagcuia) is affixed to the legion ;
but branch in her right hand, her left hand grasping
(adds Mr. S.) upon coins I can only find that it is the hasta pura in the field l.
; in the exergue
;

expressed in one instance, and that is on a dena- m. I.. On the obverse imp. caravsivs p. f. avg.
rius of Sevcrus. In the list of the legionary Radiated bust.
coins struck by Gallienus it docs not occur, al- A well spread and fine brass specimen is en-
though such as have the leg. xxii. merely, are graved in Mr. Smith’s Richborough, fig. 5, pi. vi.
not uncommon. This coin therefore must be pax avggg. Peace stauding, holds a flower,
allowed to possess the highest degree of interest, and the hasta erect. Iu the field s. P. The ob-
in recording a previously unknown, or unauthen- verses of some have the bust with paludamcn-
ticated fact, namely that
the twenty-second tum ; on others a coat of mail.
legion, or at least one or more of
its cohorts or It is generally believed that the coins of Ca-
battalions sided with Carausins in his successful rausius, with this legend,were struck in com-
assumption of the imperial power in the province memoration of the treaty between the usurper
of Britain. Its evidence on this point is strength- and the Emperors Diocletian and Maximianus ;

ened by historical testimony, of this legion being but which Mr. Akerman shews was never for-
composed of foreigners, that is to say, of Gauls mally ratified, p. 115.
and Britons and thus constituted, it would natu-
; pietas avggg. Mercury, with attributes,
rally be presumed to he amongst the first to sup- standing. In the In the exergue m. l.
field l. p.
port a leader whose recent military conquests Uuique, iu Mr. Roach Smith’s cabinet. It
had enriched themselves, and readily to join was found in the bed of the Thames. Engraved
their fellow countrymen in shaking off the yoke iu Akerman, pi. v. fig. 41.
of foreign dominion.” salvs pvblica, of the Donee collection.
leg.parth. A centaur walking, &c.
it. salvs avggg. Hygcia stands to the right,
Engraved in Akerman, Descr. Cat. ii. p. 164, feeding a serpent out of a patera s. r. in the
—
No. 77. Brumell cabinet, at the sale of which field.
;

it brought £1 13s. See notice in Akerman, Descr. Cat. ii. p. 171,

leg. mi. flavia p f. Two lions inarching; of this identical coin, which, being of singu-
above, a human head. — (Stukclcy.) lar beauty, brought £6 15s. Od. at the Brumell
leg. va. c. L. A hull. — (In the Rolfe cabinet). sale. Three g’s on this reverse, not only denote
mars Mars with spear in right hand, this united sovereignty of three emperors, but
and with his left holding a horse. (Douce).
mars, victor. Mars marching with a trophy.
— they also “ refer (as Mr. Curt observes) to the
title of Augustus, reluctantly given to the arch-
There are also legends and types of Mars pirateby Diocletian and Maximian.”
Pacifcr and Mars Ultor. temp, felicitas. The four Seasons.
MEuevnio cox. avq. Mercury with his Found iu the bed of the Thames, now in Mr.
usual attributes, standing. C. R. Smith’s collection. Engraved in Aker-
This unique and unpublished coin is in the man, pi. v. fig. 35. A specimen with this ex-
cabinet of Mr. Roach Smith, aud was presented tremely rare legend and type, brought only £2 2s.
to him by M. de Gcrville, of Valognes, to whom at the Pembroke sale.
it had been given, many years previously, by Obv virtvs cara(vsi). Bust in armour,
.

Mr. Reader, of Sandwich. hclmcted, and with radiated crown, to the left,
mo.\et(a) avggg. Moucfa standing with her buckler and spear. Rev. —
provid. avg. Female
attributes. In the field s. p. In exergue c. standing, with cornucopim, and touching with
“This rare coin (says Mr. Akerman, who has a short w'and a small globe at her foot. In the
given an engraving of it, p. 135, pi. v. fig. 39) exergue c.
is in the British Museum. It is remarkable on This very rare coin, well preserved, brought
account of the title of IN victim on the obverse. £3 10s. at the Brumell sale.
The respect which Carausins seems here, and on victoria avg. Victory with wreath and
many other pieces of money, to record for palm branch, standing on a globe between two
Moneta, the goddess of money, must have been sedent captives.
sincere since it doubtless w as to his wealth that
;
r
This coin was found in the bed of the Thames,
he owed the success of his rebellion. The three g’s near London bridge, aud is now in the collection
on this small brass, of course, denote the triple of Mr. Roach Smith.
sovereignty. The c in the exergue denotes, in virtv. avg. Hercules arrayed in the lion’s
all Clauscntum (Bittern, near South-
probability, skin, joininghands over an altar with a female
ampton, in which neighbourhood coins of Carau- figure. In the exergue xx.
sius, with this mint-mark, arc frequently found.” This unique coiu, the property of Lord Lon-
Roman Coins relating to Britain, p. 135-6. dcsborongh, was found near Ncwburv. It is
 — — — — ——— — —

CARAUSIUS. CARAUSIUS. 181

engraved in Mr. Akerman’s work above quoted, that in which the original is. But in every
pi. v. No. 43. other respect presents a faithful copy.
it

vberitas avg. Figure standing with tri- The specimen of this interesting legend and
dent, facing the emperor with globe and javelin. type, which brought 18 10s. at the Thomas sale,
Very rare sold for £2 at the Pembroke sale.
;
and which was formerly in the Millingen col-
virtvs svi avg. Carausius standing, holding lection, is thus described in the Catalogue, p.
in the right hand a Victory, iu the left a spear 90, lot 647 :

and buckler. 2. “ Obv. — Laureate busts, to the left, side

One of the Rouen trouvaille, bearing this re •
by side, of the Emperors Carausius, Diocletian,
verse, round, fine, and unpublished, sold in 1851, and Maximinian Hercules. caravsivs et fra-
for £2 11s. tres svi. Rev. —
Peace standiug, holds an
vitavi. A woman standing, holding in each olive branch in her right hand, and the hasta
hand a serpent. (Formerly in the late Mr. pnra in her left. pax avggg. In the field s. p.
Douce’s cabinet, but unaccountably lost or pur- Iu the exergue c. or g. well preserved.”
;

loined). “ After several ineffectual attempts to crush

In his Descriptive Catalogue, (vol. ii. p. 174), the power of Carausius, the Emperors Diocle-
Mr. Akerman, alluding to this extraordinary coin, tiau and Maximian found it advisable, necessary,
makes the following remark “ If it were not :
— and most prudent, to acknowledge him as their
for the very singular legend expectate veni. colleague. The event is commemorated by the
on the coins of Carausius, the authenticity of device, appropriate emblems, and legend of this
that with vitavi. might be doubted, on the coin.” Note by Mr. Burgon.
ground that its form is altogether unusual. Eckhel (viii. 47) describes a third brass with
After all, the latter may have been one of those the same remarkable legend on its obverse but ;

blundered, re-struck, or ill-struck, coins of Ca- his description of the obverse type, as will be
rausius, of which I have seen many examples. seen below, differs both from that in the British
I have before me a brass coin of Carausius, Museum and from that in the Thomas collec-
struck on one of Victoriuus, the ill-formed let- tion specimen :

ters appearing not unlike this very word !” 3. Obv. —

caravsivs et fratres svi. Three
The following additions to the above list of busts, jugated, the first of which is a radiated
third brass, are described from an unique series one of Carausius the second, laurcated, of Dio-
;

of the coins of Carausius and Allectus, iu the cletian ; and the third, -with the lion’s skin, of
possession of Mr. Roach Smith ; from whose Maximianus Herculius.
writings relative to the mintages of those two Rev. —
pax avggg. A female standing, with
usurpers, much information, useful to the nu- olive branch in the right hand, and spear in the
mismatist, may be gleaned : left. In the field the letters s. and Q. at the ;

pax avg. A female, with two military bottom c.

standards. This coin, which at the time of Eckhel’s
rosiae aeternae. A temple. In the field writing, was preserved in the cabinet of the
S. A. Abbate Persico, at Genoa, was, we learn, brought
salvs avg. Female, with garland and anchor. to light by an individual of great attainments,
virtvs avg. A military figure maiching, at Gaspar Odcric, in a letter addressed to Cajetano
his feet a captive. Marini, published in the year 1782, in the Ita-
virtvti avg. Hercules, with bow and club. lian Commentaries, entitled “ Gioruali de' Let-
Unpublished. terati, printed at Pisa (tom. xlv. p. 205). The
author above alluded subsequently published
to,
CARAUSIUS, DIOCLETIANUS, AND a separate notice of it at Genoa. The coin,
MAXIMIANUS. however, could not properly be called an un-
published one, as it had previously been men-
tioned by Stukeley (vol. i. p. 106), “ though I
observe,” adds Eckhel, “ that his work was un-
known to Odcric and Tanini. The value of this
gem is owing, not only to its presenting the
conjoined busts of the three Augusti, but also
to the inscription which accompanies them, and
which had never before been remarked on coins.
There can be no doubt, that by the word fratres
1. caravsivs et fratres svi. The heads are to be understood Carausius, Diocletian, and
of Carausius, Diocletianus, and Maximianus, Maximian, the two latter of whom, though at
side by side ;
the first radiated, the other two the first hostile to Carausius, afterwards entered
bare. into a partnership of dignity and power with
Rev pax avggg. Peace standing, holding
. him. This participation of the imperial title
an olive branch, and the hasta pura. In the by three colleagues, is further confirmed by the
field s. q. (or probably s. p. the latter is indis- avggg. and it is also alluded to
inscription in
tinct). In the exergue c. legends found on other coins of his, such as
The above wood engraving, from a third brass LAETITIA AVGGG. IIILARITAS AVGGG
; &C. ;

of Carausius, in the British Museum, conveys There are several instances of emperors, in
the idea of a coin in better preservation, than colleagueship, styling each other brothers."
 — —— — ;

182 CARAUSIUS. CARAUSIUS.

The passage in the Medallic History
of Ca- thcr than Carausius has, in this instance, car-
rausius, published in 1757) to which Eckhcl ried it, by placing a radiated crown on his
has alluded above, is cited by Mr. Akermau in own head, whilst he assigns the Ciesarian ho-
his copious list of the Carausian coinage (p. 145) nours of the caput nudum to the two Augusts —
as follows : fratres sui !
4. “ A coin of this rare and interesting type Lastly, supposing each respective description
is stated by Stukeley to have belonged to Mr. above quoted to be correct, it would appear that
Wale, of Colne, in Lancashire, in whose cus- there are at least three, if not four specimens,
tody it appears to have remained for some time and as many varieties in the obverse type, of this
unnoticed, in a mass of Roman coins found at the most historically curious of our Anglo- Ro-
Chestcrford, until detected by the experienced man emperor’s mint.
eye of Mr. Charles Gray, l'.R.S. and F.S.A.
Stukeley describes it “ of excellent preservation,
FULL-FACED BUST OF CARAUSIUS.
the faces of the three emperors distinct and In consideration of the high esteem in which
easily known Diocletian in the middle, Carau-
;
the mint of Carausius is justly held, for the
sius on his right. Maximum nppermost, exactly light which it serves to throw on an otherwise
according to the rule of manners.” uu-illustratcd, but far from unimportant, epoch
Another specimen is in the collection of the in the annals of Britain, our notices of its
lion. R. C. Neville, F.S.A. most remarkable types and legends have thus
In the specimen whence the above inserted been extended. Nor can a reference to such
cut is taken, the bust of Carausius is placed to numismatic relics be brought, perhaps, to a
the left of the other two a relative position,
;
more interesting close, thau by here inserting
which surely agrees more exactly with “ the rule a cut, which first appeared in the second volume
of manners” —
in other words, the order of pre- of Mr. Roach Smith’s Collectanea Antigua;
cedence —
than that, according to which Stukeley and which that distinguished antiquary has al-
considered the busts to be arranged on the coin —
lowed to be used in this work. Subjoined are
which he describes. 13ut at any rate the force citations from published remarks, to which so
of assumption and arrogance can hardly go fur- singular a monetal discovery has given rise.

“ The coin here represented (says Mr. Smith) traits of historicalpersonages are always inter-
forms the uuique example of a novel class, hav- esting. This coin, which reveals to us in
ing a full-faced portrait of Carausius. For this pleasing features what may probably be regarded
valuable increase to my collection I am indebted as the most complete likeness we possess of so
to the kindness of the Rev. Edward Egremont, remarkable a man as Carausius, will be appre-
of Wroxeter, near Shrewsbury, a village which ciated by all who have reflected on the conspi-
occupies the site of TJrioconium , or Viroconium, cuous part he acted in the history of our coun-
one of the chief towns of Roman Britain, with- try.” pp. 153-54.
in the precincts of which the coin was found. To these observations from the pen of the
It is the portrait which gives the value to this fortunate possessor of the brass coin, re-
remarkable piece. The gold, silver, and brass presented in the above engraving, may be
coins of this emperor have uniformly a profile, most advautageously added the following ex-
and in no instance, save in this specimen, is the tract from a paper of Mr. Bergnc’s, subse-
head bare. It is either laurcated, or helmctcd, quently read by that gentleman before the Nu-
or radiated. Upon contemporary coins, more- mismatic Society, Nov. 27, 1851 the coin
;

over, it was not the practice to give a front itself, through the kindness of Mr. Roach Smith,
face. This fact, coupled with that of the supe- being at the same time exhibited on the table of
rior workmanship of our new specimen, sug-
gests the belief, that the portrait is the result
the Society. — (See Numismatic Chronicle, vol.
xiv. No. 4) :

of a careful and successful attempt by the artist “ The obverse of this most valuable specimen
to produce a likeness. As such, we may con- presents the usual title of the emperor, but with
template the coin with additional interest. the singular novelty of a bare and full-faced
Those who are familiar with the profile of Ca- portrait. In both these respects it is unique
rausius, in the better executed specimens, will as all the coins of Carausius hitherto known,
recognise in the front face the peculiar character whether in gold, silver, or brass, present the
of the former ; with an expression of counten- portrait in profile, and either helmctcd, laurc-
ance indicative of decision and benignity, which ated, or (as generally) with a radiated crown,
the side face docs not always convey. The por- but never bare. The work is good, aud the con-
 — — — — —— — —

CAIIAUSII SUCCESSOR, CARINUS. 183

dition fine: the portrait, as usual, hold and pa(x) avg. Peace standing, her right hand
characteristic. The reverse is one of the most holds aloft an olive branch, her left holds the
ordinary occurrence.” hasta. In the exergue M. L.
Obo. —
imp. caravsivs p. f. avg. The bare This aureus, found at Reading, brought £37
head of Carausius full-faced. 10s. at the Brumell sale.
Rev. salvs avg. An erect figure of a “ From this identical coin, w-hich is probably
female (Ilygcia) feeding, out of a patera, a ser- unique, there is an engraving in Akerman, ii.

pent, which rises from the base of an altar. pi. 11,No. 6.

Iu the exergue the letter c. probably for Clau- salvs avg. A woman standing.
Mionnet at 600 fr.)
(Valued by —
sen! urn.
“Among the coins of Maxentius (adds Mr. spes avg. Hope walking. Iu the exergue
Bcrgne), struck from fifteen to twenty years M. l. —
(Valued by the French numismatist also
after the death of Carausius, an instance occurs at 600 fr.)

of a full-faced type in silver (No. 16, in Akcr- virtvs avg. Emperor on horseback, armed
mau’s Catalogue) and there are also a few rare
;
with javelin, riding over a prostrate enemy.
instances of the same sort of type among the In the Hunter collection, probably unique.
gold coins of Liciuius junior, and Constantine virtvs avg. Mars standing. In the exergue
the Great. Iu brass of this period, however, M. S. L.
the type is exceedingly rare, if not altogether “ This unique coin was purchased at the Trat-
unique. later period, in the Byzantine
At a tle sale, by the Duke of Blacas, for £74 1”

scries, itbecomes common. A full-faced bust Akerman, ii. 177.

appears also on some rare reverses of the gold Silver. Rev. laetitia avg. q. c. A galley.
aud silver coins of Septimius Scvcrus aud his pax avg. s. p. c. Peace standing.
family, so represented for the sake of symetri- The above two coins, in the Brumell col-
cal arrangement, between two other busts in lection, both apparently plated, sold for £1 13s.
profile, looking respectively to the right and each.
— “The line silver of Allectus (observes
left. But I think this coin of Carausius is the Mr. Akerman), is of extreme rarity : his denarii
earliest example of that style of head, for the are generally of very base quality.”
single bust
a Roman
on the principal
imperial medal.”
side,
p.
or obverse, of
152.
—
Tuird Brass. aeqvitas. avg. Equity.
comes avg. Minerva. dianae kedvci. Diana.
— felicitas saecvli. Felicity. oriens avg.
The Sun standing. (Hunter). pax avg. On
the obverse bust of Allectus, with radiated crown
and coat of mail, holding javelin and buckler.
imp. allectvs p. f. avg. (Hunter). rom.
aetern. Temple with eight columns, a sedent
figure within. (Do.) saecvli felicitas. Em-
Carausii Successoris ALLECTI Moneta
peror standing, with spear and globe. The
Somewhat too brief a notice of the coins of
.

above are probably unique. —

See Akerman, De-
scrip. Catalogue, ii. p. 177, ct seq.
Allectus having been given in page 38 of this
volume, occasion is here taken, not only to de-
scribe tbc principal legends and types of money
in each metal, minted under his reign, from a.i>.
293 to a. d. 296 ; but also to mention the prices
respectively obtained at almost all the great
sales of recent occurrence, for the rarest speci-
mens of this murderous usurper’s coinage, as
Carausius’s successor in the government of Bri-
tain :

Gold. — adventvs avg. Allectus, wearing CARINUS (Marcus Aurelius), the eldest
the radiated crown, on horseback. In the cabi- — son of the Emperor Carus born a. d. 249 ;
;

net of Count D’Erceville, communicated by M. associated, during the reign of his father, in the
De Longpcrier to Air. Akerman, who has en- government of the empire with his brother
graved it, pi. vi. No. 45. —
Probably unique. Numerianus, a. d. 282, with the titles of cae-
comes avg. Minerva. oriens avg. The sar and princ. ivvent. The following year,
Sun. —
Both probably unique. whilst his father and brother were engaged in
fax avg. Female standing, with branch in hostilities with Persia, he remained to govern

extended right hand her left holds the hasta

:
the western provinces, with the title of Impera-
pura transversely. In exergue M. l. tor, without having yet that of Augustus .

Obv. —
imp. c. allectvs p. f. av (in mon.) G. He made himself detested in Gaul and adjacent
llis bust iu armour, bearded and laurcated. regions, by his excesses and cruelties. Carus
See the above cut. A specimen of this, dying a. d. 283, Carinus took the title of Au-
weighing, according to the Catalogue, “67 7-10 gustus, whilst Numerianus assumed it in the
grs. in very good preservation, and of the highest East. —
A good general and a brave warrior,
degree of rarity, but suspected,” sold at the Pem- he combated with success the barbarous nations
broke auction for £8. of the North, who assailed the western empire
 —
; — — — — — —— ;

184 CARINUS. CARISIA.

at different times. Returning to Rome, he con- Gold of common size. fides militym.
ciliated the good will of her corrupt and dege-
nerate inhabitants by the usual expedient of
Woman and two standards. — p. m. tri. p. cos.
The Emperor in a quadriga. victoria avg.
celebrating public shews, which were of a superb The Emperor crowned by Victory. principi
description. Compelled to quit the capital and iwentvt. Carinus in military habit, with
its luxuries, march against the go-
in order to spear and globe.
vernor of \ enetia, Sabinus Julianas, who, after
the death of Numerianus, had assumed the im-
Silver. —
It is supposed there arc no coins of
Carinus in this metal. Mionnet alludes to a
perial purple, Carinas gained a victory, near quinarius, but only as “ douteux.”
Verona, over that usurper, who lost his’ life in
the conflict. He was equally successful in Mscsia
—
Brass Medallions. traif.ctvs avg. Pre-
torian galley. saecvli felicttas. The four
against Diocletian, whom the legions of the Seasons. —
See Mionnet.
East, on the decease of Numerianus, had pro-
claimed Emperor.
Third Brass. —
imp. carinvs. Helmcted
It was after having defeated bust of Carinus, the right hand holding a horse
that able commander
in different rencounters, by the bridle, a buckler on the left arm. Rev.
that Cariuus gained the last battle he fought, magnia vrbica. Head of Magnia Urbica, wife
near the village of Murgc, in Upper Mcesia. of Carinus.
At the sequel of that action, he was assassin- CARISIA, gens plcbeia; a family little
ated by a tribune, whose wife he had violated, known. belong to the last age of the
Its coins
and who had in consequence watched some time republic and one of them is remarkable for
;

for an opportunity of destroying him. He died delineating, on its reverse, the instruments used
A. D. 285, aged thirty-six years, having reigned in the coining of money. There are some silver
alone one year. pieces, struck by the mint-masters of Augustus,
In Carinus there was a rendezvous (so to and others by the colonists of emerita, iu His-
speak), a gathering —
of all vices, natural and pania (now Merida). The brass are all
licet ica
acquired. He was a man who bore on his coun- colonial and the whole, with one exception,
;

tenance the index of that pride and insolence are common. The denarius of this family, with
which reigned within him. Ferocious in dispo- moneta for its legend, and the anvil, hammer,
sition, the slave of brutal passions, he rendered forceps, and pileus for its type of reverse, re-
himself an object of execration and terror by stored by Trajan, is valued, for its very great
his avarice and his exactions, by his acts of
hateful violence, and his career of abandoned
rarity, at 100 fr. by Mionnet. Sec emerita — ;

see also moneta.

licentiousness. He loaded his subjects with
taxes ;
drove from his presence the honest coun-
cillors assigned to him by his father, and in
their room tilled his court with the associates of
his debaucheries, and the companions of his
crimes. According to Vopiscus, he had nine
wives, several of whom he is said to have
divorced, even whilst in a state of pregnancy
by him.
On his coins he is styled M. avr. carinvs
CAES. —CARINVS (or KARINVS) NOB. CAES. — Obv . — Head of a woman, adorned with flowers.
Rev . t. carisiys II1VIR. A sphinx, sedent.
Also imp. c. xr. avr. carinvs p.F. avg. Carinus — This denarius was, amongst various others,
and his brother Numerianus associated are called coined by Titus Carisius, one of Julius Ca-sar's
CARINVS ET NVMERIANVS AVGG. monctal triumvirs, in 710 (b. c. 44). -See Sphinx.
On a marble, quoted by Gruter, Carinus is CARMO, an ancient city of Hispania Bcrtica,
called Victoriosissimusbecause he overcame now Carmona, in Andalusia. Julius C«sar
the barbarous tribes on the Rhine, the Quadi, speaks of it, as “ by far the strongest of the
the Sarmates; and slew the usurper Julianus in whole province.” The name of this place does
battle with his owti hand. not appear in the list of the colonitc or of the
The bust of this emperor appears sometimes municipia of the Romans in Spain. But its
laureated, at others radiated, exhibiting cither coins, with carmo on their reverses, are extant
the lorica or the paludamentum. The medallions two of which in the British Museum, will be
and other gold coins, as well a3 the silver, of found engraved from in Akcrman, “ Coins of
Carinus, are extremely rare. His bronze me- Cities,” pi. iii. Nos. 5 and 6.
dallions arc also for the most part of the highest CARITAS Ml ITA AUGG. Two hands
rarity. The third brass arc common. joined. Silver coins of the larger size, with this
The following are amongst the rarest and legend and type, arc ascribed to Bnlbinus, by
most remarkable of this emperor’s mint :
Vaillant ; but Mionnet (ii. 389), says he hull
Gold Medallions. Rev. virtvs avgvs- — never seen one of them.
torvm. Carus and Carinus, standiug opposite CARPENTUM, a car or chariot. There were
each other, crowned by Hercules and the Sun. several kinds of these ; some serving for rural
Rev. —victoriae avgvsti. Two Victories snp- 1

purposes ; others for the public spectacles.

porting a buckler. —
See these respective legends. Some had four wheels, others two. The Romans
pax aeterne. Peace standing with olive I
used the carpentum for the ordinary pur-
at first
branch and the hasta pura.-(Sec wood-cut above). )
poses of travelling. Afterwards this appella-
 —— —
;

CARPENTUM. CARRHAE. — CARTEIA. 185

tion was appropriated to those covered vehicles, be pronounced to have been struck a. d. 80, by
which were used by ladies of illustrious rank, Titus, in honour of his mother Domitilla, who
and even on certain occasions by the emperors died before his father’s elevation to the em-
themselves. At length the privilege of using I pire. Yet Occo, Biragi, Miouuct, and other
the carpentum was included amongst the prero- medallists, insist, that it commemorates Domi-
gatives exclusively enjoyed by members of the tillathe sister of Titus, because the title Diva
imperial family. The pontiffs aud the famines isomitted: but surely the sacred carpentum is
were however accustomed to convey to the Capi- sufficient to stamp the consecration.”
tol, in this sort of tilted cart, those sacred ob- On consecration coins of the two Faustinas,
which it would have been deemed unbe-
jects, and of Mareiaua, the sister of Trajan, the car-
coming to expose before the profanum vii/gus . peutum in like manner appears. See Thensa. —
Carriages of this description served to convey, CARPI, a barbarous people of European Sar-
at funereal solemnities, the images of deceased matia, near the Danube. In the reigns of
empresses ; whilst the currus was employed to Maximinus, and of Balbiuus and Pupicnus, they
carry those of defunct Augusti. The carpentum gave rise to the Scythian war. They were sub-
moreover appeared in the pompee, or solemn sequently repulsed by Gordianus Pius; and finally
shews, of the Circus, and thence derived its routed bv his successor Philip, one of whose
name of carpentum pompaticum. Caligula coins, allusive to the event, bears the legend vic-
granted this distinction to the honour of his toria carpica.
deceased mother’s memory. Messalina and
Agrippina junior obtained it during their life-
CARRHAE, the most ancient city of Meso-
potamia, situate at no great distance from, and
time
to the south-east of Edessa. It is the Haran,
The Carpentum seems to have differed from
or (as St. Stephen calls it) Charran, mentioned
the Thensa in this, that the former was covered
in Holy writ (Gen. c. xi), as the place whence
over, and placed on 4 wo wheels the latter was
;

an open carriage, running on four wheels. Both Abraham set out for the laud of Canaan.
were decreed by the Senate for the Circensian More than eighteen centuries afterwards it was
rendered memorable, in profane history, as the
processions. But the carpentum , drawn by
spot where the so-called triumvir Crassus and
mules, was conceded to the imperial matrons
his army were destroyed by the Parthians, 701
whilst the thensa to which elephants were har-
It was made a Roman colony under
,
(b. c. 53.)
nessed, was assigned to the gods and to the em-
perors. Some
authors, indeed, regard carpen-
M. Aurelius and L. Verus, and from their reign
tum pompaticum down to that of Gordianus Pius, coins were
and thensa as convertible
terms. struck at Charrae, ou which it is called Metro-
seems, however, that the former was
It
not allowed to be used by women, how high so- polis,and Pellerin shews {Melange, i. p. 348)
ever their rank and station, except ou public that Carrluc took on its medals the title of the

occasions of a religious or funereal kind. first metropolis of Mesopotamia. All the le-
Seve-
ral coins of consecrated empresses, or princesses,
gends of these imperial colonials, as given
in Vaillaut, Pellerin, the Museum Theupoli,
offerexamples of this nature. On large brass
dedicated respectively to Agrippina the wife of
and Haym, are (KAPPAS), aud Mionnct’s list

Germanicns, to Domitilla the wife of Vespa- coincides, being exclusively Greek. But M.
:

sian, and to Julia the daughter of Titus, we Ilennin, in the nomenclature of his Manuel,
find the mu/are carpentum represented. says, that “some of these pieces are found bear-
The
subjoined cut, engraved from a well-preserved ing Latin inscriptions.” —
The types consist of a
specimen in the British Museum, is selected for star within a crescent moon, also a female head

an illustration of the richly-ornamented car- turreted, representing the genius of the city,

pentum :
with a small half-moon over it. The inhabitants
of Carrhrc, in common with most other eastern
nations, were greatly addicted to the worship of
heavenly bodies, especially of the moon, both as
|
Luna aud Lunus — (see the words.)

CARTEIA, a maritime town of Ilispania

Bcetica, near the Straits, formerly of Hercules,
now of Gibraltar. Originally called Heraclea,
after its reputed founder, Carteia was created
a Roman colony by the Senate, in the year 583
(b. c. 171). It now lies in ruins near Algeziras,
Andalusia. The coins of this colony are Latin
autonomes, in third brass. They are numerous,
aud identify themselves with the place by the
legend carteia on their reverses, many of which
memoriae domitillae s. p. Q. r. The car- bear the names of the quatuorviri, who respec-
pentum, ornamented with statues, covered in tively caused them to be struck. —
Mr. Akerman,
with an arched roof, and drawn by two mules. in his Coins of Ancient Cities (see p. 26, et seq.)
Rev IMP. T. CAES. DIVI. VESI*. F. AVG. P. M.
.
has given a descriptive list of these from Florez,
tr. p. p. p. COS. VIII. Ill the field s. C. and Mionuet, adding some from the British Mu-
“ This (says Capt. Smyth), may very safely seum others from Dr. J. Lee’s cabinet; and
;

2 B
 — 1 — — —— A — — —
.

ISC CARTHAGO, CARTHAGO NOVA.

has engraved the two following, viz. Obv. :

carteia. Turreted head. Rev. u.D. (Decreto —

Decurionum). Neptune standing, with his right
foot placed on a rock, a dolphin in his right
—
,

hand, and in his left a trident. The second t

exhibits a singular type. Rev. c. minivs. —

vibi. ii vi it.
1 A figure seated on a rock, hold- j

ing an angle, from which depends a fish by his ;

side, the basket with bait —

(see No. 1 and No.
|

7, plate iii.) —
Other types of reverse present
j

heads of Jupiter, Pallas, and Neptune, also the

dolphin, prow of galley, cupid on a dolphin, a See also FELIX KART^a^o
on coins of Seve-
caduceus, a thunderbolt, club, and bow and and Constantins Chlorus. con-
rus, Caracalla,
arrow. — See Mionnct, Supplt. t. i. 21. servatores KART. svae. of Val. Maximiunus,
and Maxentius. salvis avgg. avcta kart, of
CARTHAGO (Antiqua, or Vet us, Zeugitanse, Diocletian ;
&c.
Africa:), Old Carthage
cotonia. the most :
The nionctal record of Carthago Vetus
last
celebrated city in all Africa, and for a loug time is preserved on two silver coins of Hilderic, king
the formidable rival of Republican Rome. It of the Vandals, one of which is thus described in
was a colony of the Tyrians, said to have been the great work of Mionnet, above quoted :

founded by Dido, 72 years before the building |

D. n. hii.dirix (sic.) rex. Beardless and
of Rome. The metropolis of the Punic nation, ,

diademed head of Hilderic.

and a great maritime power, Carthage waged J
Rev. —
Felix kartc. (sic.) Woman stand-
three terrible wars with the Romans and was ; |
ing, with corn ears in each hand.
at length subdued by Scipio Africanus Minor, CARTHAGO NOVA, colonia: a city of
a. u. c. 609 (b. c. 185) aud the city itself, by
;
I

Ilispania Tarraconensis, anciently the capital of

order of the Senate, was totally demolished.
It was afterwards made the seat of a Roman
— | the Contestaui, now the chief town of Murcia,
i
and an important port of Spain, well known by
colony, by Julius Csrsar, 710 (b. c. 44), and !
the name of Carthagena, on the shore of the
afterwards, being rebuilt and augmented by Au- |
Mediterranean. It was built by Hasdrubal,
gustns, in 725 (b. C. 29), it again became the “ and probably (says Mr. Akerman) received its
capital of Zeugitana, and continued to be the name from the circumstance of its standing on a
principal of the African cities, until it wa9 de- peninsula like Old Carthage.” —
From the Car-
stroyed by the Arabs, towards the close of the thaginians it was taken by Scipio. —
Julius
seventh century of the Christian era. Its ruins Caesar, when he restored the African Carthage,
are still to be distinguished near Tunis, the peopled this new city with colonists, aud gave to
ancient Tunetum. each his name, and the right of striking money.
The earlier coins of tliis African colony are The coins of this early Roman settlement are
classed by Mionnet, in his Descriptions des chiefly Latin imperial, in second and third brass,
Medaitles Roniaines, as follows beginning with the reign of Augustus and ending
—
:

1. Latin Autonomes. karthago. Female with that of Caligula. Mionnet ( Supplt t. i. p.

figure standing, holding the hasta. Rev. — 70) gives an autonome, with the type of Pallas.
horse’s head. —
Another reverse has veneris And also, from Florez, a second brass of Mark
kar. and a temple with four columns. In second Antony and Octavian. On some of the imperial
and third brass. appear the initials, C. I. N. c. Colonia Julia
2. Coins of Clodius Macer, pro-pretor of Nova Carthago. On others v. j. n. k. Victrix
Africa; in silver. —
Sec macer. Julia Nora Karthago. The surname of Julia re-
3. Second brass coins of Augustus, Tiberius, fers to its founder Julius, and with it the epithet
and Drusus junior assigned by different authors
;
Victrix often companiouizes on colonial coins.
to the colony of Carthage. (Sec Eckhcl, D. N. The word Nora was added to distingnish it from
Vet. iv. 139). —
The following is an example : Carthago Vetus.—The reverse types of this
imp. c. d. F. P. M. P. P. Bare head of Au- , colony (engraved in Vaillant) are 1. A temple.
gustus. Rev. —
c. i. c. (names of duumvirs) in ; !
2. a labyrinth. 3. A togated figure, holding a
the middle of the field P. P. n. d. (Decreto De- lustral vase, and an aspergillum, which Vaillant
curionum). supposes to represent the censor of the colony.
On the above cited coin the letters c. I. C. arc The coin of Caius ct Lucius Cicsares, ascribed by
explained by Vaillant, with whom agrees Bimard, Vaillant to Norba, in Spain, but assigned by
to mean Colonia Julia Carthago. Pellerin and Florez to Carthago Nova, is queried
The first of the later emperors, who revived by Mionnet, but included with the rest by
the name of ancient Carthage on coins of Roman
]

—
Akerman (Ilis/iania, p. 79-80). The remaining
die, appears to have been Septimius Severus, who j
type given by Vaillant as connected with the im-
was himself of African origin and on a coin ; perial mint of New Carthage, is a second brass,
struck in each metal, during his reign, is the struck under Caligula, on which the portrait of
legend indvloentia avg. in. cart. The type Ciesonia, wife of Caligula, has been (but as
being Cvbele seated on a running lion, holding Eckhel shews erroneously) supposed to be re-
in her right hand the tympanum, and in her p resented under the name of SALwa ACG usti —
left a sceptre. —
See indvloentia. (engraved in Medaitles de Christine, tab. ixv.)
 —— — — — — ——

CARVILIA. CARDS. 187

by the army of Panuonia aud by the Senate.
He avenged the death of Probus ; sent his sou
Carinus into Gaul (see p. 183) aud having ;

himself subdued the Sarmatians, he led his forces

against Yaranes II. King of Persia, whom
having conquered a. d. 283, he assumed the
surname of PERSiww, as his coins attest, some
of which also bear the surname of PARTH»«w.

—
CARVILIA gens. Of the plebeian order, but Cams was the first among the emperors who
aspired, during his life-time, to be called and
of consular rank, this family distinguished itself
worshipped by the name of God. After a reign
as early as the Samnite wars. The first member
of scarcely more than two years, having besieged
of it, Sp. Carvilius, obtained the consulship 461
and taken Ctesiphon, a city of Assyria, he was
(b. c. 293), having L. Papirius Cursor as his
killed by lightning, or died from a wound, or
colleague, and received the name of maximus,
perished from disease, near that place (for writers
which was transmitted as a family cognomen to
differ on that point), the 20th December, a. d.
his descendants. The above denarius, erro-
neously inserted by Morel amongst the coins of
282 —
Of his wife Magnia Urbica, aud his sons
Numerianus aud Carinus, see the respective
the Carisia gens, is rightly assigned to the
names.
Carvilii, by Perizoni.
Obv . — Head of Jupiter Anxur, beardless and
The titles of Carus on his coins are imp. c. m.
—
AVR. CARVS. also IMP. CARVS (or KAllVS) P. F.
laureated, beneath which is the fulmen.
Rev. CAR vilius, OGVLbmw, \FA\gilius,
—
avg. devs. et dominvs carvs. Carus and
his son Carinus are together called carvs et
(triumvirs of the mint). The same young
carinvs avgg. All the coins of Carus, gold,
Jupiter, holding a thunderbolt iu his right hand,
stands guiding a rapid quadriga.
silver, and large brass, are rare some of them;

most rare. The third brass, with certain ex-

For some notices of Jupiter Axur, as inscribed
on a coin of the Tibia gens, or Anxur, as for the
ceptions, are common.
better sound sake, the word is spelt by the old The following are the rarest and most remark-
writers — see p. 117. able legends aud types minted during this short
Perizoni, says Uavcrcamp (in Morell. Finn. reign :

Rom., p. 76), ascribes the coinage of this denarius Gold. — deo et domino caro. Head of
to Carvilius the Edile, son of Q. Maximus. Rut Carus. Rev. — victoria avg. Victory on globe
Vaillant refers it to Spurius, the son of Sp. (valued by Mionnet at 150 fr.). adventvs avg.
Carvilius, whose age agrees with that of Q. Emperor on horseback (do.
fr.) victoria
100
Oguluius, and T. Vcrgilius, about the year u. c. avgg. fel. Victory with garland and buckler
509 and 510 (b. c. 245 and 244). (do. 100 fr.) virtvs care invicti. Hercules
Rut to whatever year after the commencement standing. karvs and KARINVS. Heads of
of the silver mint of Rome the above coin is re- Carus aud his son (valued by .Mionnet at 200 fr.)
ferable, it is a very fine one, probably the work
I

Rrass Medallion. — Obv. — Laureated heads

Rev. — saecvli felici-
i

of some Greek artist, for its style aud" fabric are

1

of Carus and Carinus.

strikingly Grecian ;
yet Riccio, who is enabled tas. Personification of the four seasons.
— deo et domino caro.
j

in hiswork to add new families to the old list, Second Rrass. Two
— Public
;

takes no notice of Carvilia gens. The brass heads. Rev. (40Felicity fr.)
money of this family are the as, or some of its I

Third Rrass. — Same legeud, aud with type

divisions.
of the Sun and Carus (30 fr.)

The numismatic head of Carus is either

laureated, or radiated, with the paludamen-
tum ou the shoulders, or the lorica on the
breast; or helmeted and radiated at the same
time. The same emperor is likewise seen with
laureated head, and bust as far as the breast,
holding a sceptre iu his right hand, a globe on
which stands a victorio/a, in his left. In other
coins he carries a spear on his right shoulder,
CARDS ('Marcus Aurelius), born at Nar- and on his left arm a shield of skilful workman-
bonne, in Illyricum (or, as some authorities re- ship.
present, at Milan), about the year of Rome 983 —
CASCA LONGDS. On the obverse of a
(a. d. 230), of a family originally from Rome, ! denarius of the Servilia gens, bearing this legend,
in whose literature he was thoroughly versed. is the head of Neptune, laureated and bearded,
Having gone through various civil and military behind which is a trident. Rev. brvtvs imp.—
offices, he was created Pretorian Prefect by Pro- A Victory, winged, and clothed in a long vest-
bus, who held him in the highest respect "for his ment, walking on a broken sceptre holds a ;

talents and probity. Aud so much had he ac- palm-branch resting on her left shoulder, and
quired the love of the soldiers, that at the death •
displays in both hands two pieces of fillet, or
of that prince (by the hands of his own troops), I
diademed ribband, opened wide.— See Servilia
he alone was thought worthy of the empire, both gens.
2 B 2
 —— —

188 CASCA LONGUS. CASSAXDREA.

city, situate on the eastern shore of the Egeau
sea, near the Sinus Thermaicus, now Gulf of
Salonica, stood at the entrance of a lesser gulf
called Sinus Toronaicus, now the Gulf of Cas-
sandra, which name the town still bears, the
Greeks of the present day calling it Cassandra
Capusi The coins of this colony are in second
.

and third brass. The earliest has on its

Cains Casea, surnamed Longus, soon after Obv. —
cassandre, within a crown of laurel.
Julius Csesar was murdered, left Rome for Asia, Rev. —
A vexillum, on which we read avg.
with the rest of the conspirators and assassins. above a crescent ; iu the field, on each side, a
military ensign.
From appears to have hecn the
this coin he
questor, or the legates, of Brutus iu other
Other coins of Cassandrea bear on their ob-
;
verses the respective effigies, names, and titles
words, one of the two chief commanders. The
of Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Ncrva, Hadrian,
head of Neptnue, and the Victor)' that spreads
out the diadem, and treads upon a fractured
M. Aurelius, Conunodus, Caracalla, Gcta, Gor-

sceptre, refer to some naval victory. These war-

dianus Pius, Philippus senior, and the Empress
like emblems allude, possibly, to the particular
Plotina. On the reverses of all these coins
circumstance of Brutus’s success ag.iinst the appears the name of the colony col. rvL. avg.
Bessi (see p. 145), which obtained for him the
casssandr. or cassandrf.x. (Colonia Julia
imperatorial salutation from his army, and which —
Augusta Cassandrensis). And the type, with
three exceptions, is uniformly the horned head
is indicated by the abbreviated word imp. on all
of Ammon (see Comuficia in this Dictionary),
his coins. It is, however, more probable that
the above described types bear allusion to the
whose worship was borrowed by several of the
total defeat of the combined fleet of Octavian
Grecian states, from Libya, and adopted after-
—
and Mark Antony an event which, by au un- wards by the Romans. The three exceptions
above alluded to, are Julia Domna, Gordianus
accountable fatality of misfortune, remaining for
Pius, and Philippus senior. In the first, with
twenty days unknown to Brutus, led to the rout
legend of col. Cassa. a woman stands with
of Cassius, and subsequently to the total over-
throw of both at Philippi. With regard to that right hand raised to her head, and holding the

battle, it appears, that although there was a

horn of plenty in her left. In the second the
reverse reads colonia cassandrea, with simi-
Casea among the number of the slain, yet it was
not this Caius Casea, but his brother Publius, lar type. The third exhibits on its reverse col.
as Plutarch expressly affirms. —
See Riccio, pp. ivl. avg. cassan. A man holding in his raised
—
119-20 see also bkvtvs imp. and casca right band a bunch of grapes at his feet, on
one side a serpent, on the other side an eagle,
;

long vs, with Trophy, p. 146 of this dictionary.

CASCANTUM or some other bird. —
See Pellerin, Melange, I.

trans.
(Hispanise Tarraconensis,
Iberum) municipium, which the Itinerary
pi. xviii. —xx. No. 9 — and xxi. No. 1.
Of a very rare second brass, ascribed to this
of Antonine places between Csesar- Augusta and
colony by Froelich, and noticed also by Eckhel,
Calagurris. It is now called Caseante, near
(Cat. i. p. 84), the reverse exhibits the word
Tudcla, Spanish Navarre. The money of this cassandr.: type a turreted female, holding a
city is Latin imperial, on small and middle brass,
hunch of grapes, and offering something to a
rare, and limited to one reign, viz. that of
seated child. On the obverse is imp. piiilipps
Tiberius whose titles and laurcatcd bust ap-
;
(tie.) and the radiated head of the elder Philip.
—
pear on the obverse the reverse exhibiting —
CASSIA gens. This Roman house, whose
mvnici cascantvm, and the type of a bull coins exist iu 37 varieties, was at first patrician,
standing. There arc four more specimens of afterwards plebeian. Ancient, consular, and sur-
coins, given in Mionnet (Supplement , T. i. p.
named Longinus, this family figured eminently
74), with the portrait of Tiberius on one side,
iu the republic. Its name of cassia appears to
and with mvn. cascant. and a bull, on the re- have been assumed from Cassis, that a helmet.
verse. —
Engraved in Medailtes de Christine,
The original silver coins of this family arc
is

com-
second brass, p. 306. See also Akcrman, Coins
mon — those restored by Trajan are very rare.
of Hispania, p. 81. The brass arc asses or parts of the as, struck by
Pliny (l. iii. c. 3) includes the Cascantenses
the moneyers of Augustus, and by the Colonies.
among the old Latin colonists (inter populos
Latinonun vetermn) of Hispania ulterior (north-
— Mionnet describes from More//. Thesau. the
following denarius of this family :

ern Spain). But the above cited coins give the

Q. cassivs. A veiled head of Vesta, on the
title of municipium to the town of Cascantum.
side vest.
The bull on the reverse, observes Vaillant, is Rev. —
A circular temple, in which is a curule
not intended to represent a victim sacrificed for
chair; on the right is a vase, and there is on the
the health of Tiberius, as Hardouin seems to left a little tablet with the letters a. being the
c.
think but is typified there as the distinctive
;
initials of the words absolvo (I absolve) ;
eon -
symbol of a municipium bulls or oxen, referring
:
demuo (I condemn.)
to sacrifices, were adorned with the infuta, or
This bears reference, and is in conformity to
the mitra (see Bos, p. 133), which this is not.
the Lex
Tabellaria, relative to certain judgments
CASSANDKEA (Macedonia’) ro/onia .
— This which Quintus Cassius, an ancestor of this family.
 — — —

CASSIA. CASSIA. 189

had carried with great severity against two Vestals On a rare denarius of this family, the name
charged with misconduct whilst he was tribune, and military title of the same c. cassivs has
in the year ofRome 617 (n. c. 137). The vase for its obverse type a tripod, with its cortina
is the urndestined to receive the tablets on (or cauldron), aud a little net-work placed upon
which one of these two letters was written. it. The reverse exhibits the lituus and praeferi-
Sec Eckhel, v. 166 —
see also tabeli./E. culum, with the legend lentvlvs spint. as in
Onanother denarius of this family, the tem- the foregoing example.
ple, as in the preceding coin, appears on the re- These types have given rise to much imagina-
verse ; but instead of the head of Vesta, that of tive speculation among numismatists of the
Liberty (libert.) is depictured on the obverse, elder school, but it does not appear that they re-
as a young female. fer to any other subject than the initiation of C.
cassi. imp. leibertas.
c. Head of Liberty, Cassius into some order of the Roman priesthood.
with decorated hair, ear-rings, and necklace. Obv. —Head of Vesta veiled ; before it a, or
Rev lentvlvs spinter. The lituus and the some isolated letter of the alphabet.
—
.

priefericulum. —
Marked reek, by Riccio (p. 30) Rev. I.ON’ gin vs iiivir. A man, habited in
who values it, in gold, at 30 piastres. the toga, holding in his left hand a sceptre or
short staff, and in the right hand a tabella, or
voting billet, on which is inscribed the letter
V (as given in Morel/. Thesaur. Fam. Rom.
—
and in the following cut) before the man
is the cisla, or basket for depositing the suffrage

tablets.

This and several other coins were struck by

Caius Cassius Longinus, commonly called Cas-
sius —named on coins of the Cassia, Cornelia,
and Servilia families, c. cassi. imp. cassi. —
—
longin. cassi. pr. cos. (pro-consul) He was .

boru in what was always regarded as one of the Riccio considers the letter V on these ancient
most distinguished families of Rome; it is not coins to mean Veto, which was the word ut-
said in what year. Having joined Pompey tered by the tribuue of the plebs, in opposition
against Ca:sar, he fought under the orders of to some law proposed by the nobles, or by the
the former at the battle of Pharsalia, in the Senate, against the plebs, to prevent its taking
year of Rome 706 (b. c. 48). —
See a notice of effect. Lucius Cassius obtained this political
his further career below. privilege for the people of Rome, and in comme-
The lituus and sacrificial vase on the reverse moration of the event, his descendants struck the
of this denarius, refer to the augural priesthood present coin, which exhibits the tribune about
of Lcutulus Spinter, who, after the murder of to deposit the tabella of inhibition. — Cavedoni,
the Dictator, openly declared himself a partizan on the other hand, is of opinion, that the said
of the conspirators and when Brutus and Cas-
;
type has reference to the lex tabu/aria, whereby
sius took the field, he joined them, and in their “ the power and weight of votes was strengthen-
name coined money, with the elligy and legend ed.” He regards the letter V as the initial of
of Liberty, as is seen by the denarius above Volo, which formal word stood for the rogations,
engraved. By the augural insignia on silver velitis jubealis Quirites, or at least of Uti, Roges
coins of Augustus, in which the name of Len- being undertood. Or else it may refer to an-
tulus appears, it is also evident, not only that other law, viz. “ the Lex Cassia, which confirmed
he escaped death after the civil conflict at Phi- the suffrages of the people on judicial questions.”
lippi, but that he was alive b. c. 27, when This Cassius Longinus is unknown. The coins
Octavian assumed the name of exclusive dis- are contemporaneous with the last years of the
tinction and honour. —
See Dictionary of G. free republic. Eckhel, looking to the head of
aw! R. Biog. and Mythol. by Dr. Smith, ii. 731. Vesta on the obverse of this denarius, is dis-
On a silver coin of this family, we sec on one posed to assign its mintage to the Quintus Cas-
side the bare head of a young man with long sius already mentioned ; but the style of the
hair, and behind it a sceptre. On the other side coin brings it to moneyers of a different age.
an eagle standing on a thunderbolt, between the c. cassi imp. Female head laureated.
lituus and the pnefericulum, with legend of Q. Rev.— m. servilivs leg. The aplustrum.
CASSIVS. In gold rrrr. valued by Riccio at 20 piastres.
In opposition to far-fetched and less pro- Same legend and type as the preceding.
bable opinions of the earlier antiquaries, Eckhel Rev.— m. servilivs leg. A crab, which holds
points to the sceplrum, the fulmen, and the the aplustrum in its claws ; below it are a flower
aquila, as unquestionable and delusive attri- and a diadem.
butes of Jupiter and shews other good reasons
;
These and various other coins relate to Caius
for concluding that this coin of Quintus Cassius Cassius, the chief conspirator against, and fore-
was struck in honour of the young Jove. v. — most in the murder of, Julius Caesar 710 (b. c.
p. 167. 44). He received the title of Imperator after
 — — —

190 CASTOR. C ASTRA.

the defeat of the Rhodians, friends of the trium- horse, has been deemed preferable to select
it

virs, when he was but just returned with his for illustration of the subject the reverse of a
forces to Sardis. In combination with Brutus, brass medallion struck under M. Aurelius.
he levied a formidable army, and equipped a fine Obv avrelivs caesak avg. pii. FiL. Bare
.

fleet ; but although he was conqueror by sea, head of Marcus Aurelius.

the triumvirs totally defeated him by land and
;
Rev. —
[tr. pot.j vitii. cos. ii. Castor, with
Cassius slew himseif, or was killed by his own the chlamys thrown back from the front, stands
frcedman 712 (b. c. 42); notwithstanding the resting his right hand on the neck of his horse,
wing of the army, which Brutus commanded at and holding a spear transversely in his left.
Philippi, had gained possession of the enemy’s The preceding cut is copied from an engraving
camp. published by a celebrated continental antiquary
The head of Liberty indicates that Cassius and and connoisseur, who states the original to have
the rest of the conspirators, had, from the been in the possession of Onorato Gaetano, an
time of the assassination, dated the accession of Italian nobleman, and it is shewn to represent
liberty to the people of Rome. Castor in an attitude perfectly similar to that ex-
The aplustrum, that winged-like ornament of hibited on a remarkably flue has relief, preserved
a ship’s stern, is the cognizance, or mark of the in the Capitol, at Rome. See Monumens da—
people of Rhodes, and, placed on this denarius, Musee Chiaramonti, par P. A. Visconti, Milan
it alludes to the overthrow of the maritime power edition, 8vo. 1822, and compare tab. a i. with
of that island by Cassius. tab. ix. a p. 84 et seq.
CASTOR, the son of Tyndarus, king of Vaillant (in Num. Lapp. Rom. Prastant, t.
Laconia, or, according to fable, of Jupiter by iii. p. 136) was the first to notice this grand and
Leda, and twin brother of Pollux. — See Dioscuri. interesting coin but he has inaccurately de-
—
;

CASTOR. A male figure, half naked, stands scribed it.

holding a horse by a bridle, or halter, with his The head

of Castor, with a star over it, ap-
right hand, and in his left a spear. pears on denarii of the Sanquinia and Valeria
This legend and type appear on silver, and families.
first and second brass, coins of Geta, struck in CASTRA. A camp or entrenchment, in
commemoration of the Circensian games, cele- which an army lodged. — From whomsoever they
brated under Sevcrus. Castor is a novel device learnt, or perfeetionated themselves in, the art
in the imperial mint, though of very ancient of fortification, the Romans constructed their
date on Consular coins. On those in question camp in a square and at each face there
form ;

the type alludes to the Princeps Juventutis, who, was a gate, so that there were only four, and
like Castor, presided over the equestriau sports each had a particular name. As soon as the
called Troja;, to which reference is elsewhere army arrived on the ground where the camp had
made. That the exercise of horsemanship was been marked out, the soldiers began by making
peculiar to Castor, as pugilism was to Pollux, an cntrcuchmcut this precaution was invari-
;

is accredited by no less early an authority than ably taken to guard against surprise. The en-
that of Homer, who in the hymn to the Dioscuri, trenchment consisted of a fosse or ditch of five
v. 3, says, “ Castor, the horse tamer'' and feet wide and three deep, from which they
more clearly in the Odyssey, book xi. v. 298 threw up the earth on the side of the camp, in
“ Both Castor the tamer of steeds, and Pollux order to form a kind of rampart, which they
expert with his fists.” covered with turf, and planted with palisades,
All the other poets have ascribed to Castor when the intention was to remain but a night
the characteristic of skilful equitation. — Theo- or two, which they called a lodgement. But if
critus, Idyl, xxvii. p. 138, thus expresses him- they contemplated a longer stay, they dug a
self: “Thee, Castor, I will sing, son of Tyndarus, ditch of about twelve feet in width and propor-
an adroit rider of horses, and most dexterous in tionably deep, behind which a rampart was
handling the lance.” — Horace (ii. sat. i. v. 26) raised, made of earth, with fascines, and covered
says : Castor gaudet equis, &c. with flanked with towers at regular inter-
turf,
As Geta’s coin of castor presents but an vals of eighty feet distance from each other,
unclassical and diminutive group of man and and accompanied with jura pets, furnished with
loop-holes, in the same way as the walls of a
town. This was called castra stativa, or a
pitched camp. Thence came the distinction of
castra hybevna, or winter quarters, and astiva,
summer camps. Thence also the expressions
primis castris, secundis castris, to signify the
first or second day’s march, which was under-

stood of camps formed for the night; or off

summer camps, which were much less fortified!
than those of winter, which were for residence.
And ns the conformation, dimensions, and in-
terior arrangements of a summer camp, were al-
ways the same, so the soldiers knew at once in
what part their tent was to be pitched, which
was done under the inspection of the tribunes.
 —— —

CASTRA. CELSA. 191

But, although the rules for forming the Ro- dentiae avg. Also see VIRTVS miutvm of
man castra were such, doubtless, as we learn Diocletian victoriae sarmaticae of Val.
;

from ancient writers, yet from examination of —

Maximianus, &c. For the first representation
the remains of several which are yet traced, it of the pretorian gate on a coin see imper. re-
is proved, that the regular system of fortification CEPT. of Claudius.
was often departed from, and that the encamp- CASTROR, or CASTRORUM Mater —
ments were adapted to the localities. I
Faustina, the wife of M. Aurelius,and Julia
For notices and details, full and particular, at Domna, wife of S. Severus, are thus called on
once curious and instructive, of all that relates to some rare specimens of their respective coins.
this interesting military subject, see Du Choul, See MATEll CASTRORVM.
Biscours sur la Castrametation, Spc. des Ro- CATO, surname of the Porcia gens.
—
ma ins See also a learned and scientific illus-
. —
CELEST. See Venus.
tration of the same subject, in the Dictionary CELSA (Tarraconensis) colonia, now called
of Greek and Roman Antiquities, edited by W. xelsa. It was a city of the Ulergetes, whose
Smith, LL.D. inhabitants were called Celsenses. This very
Castra Pretoria . —
Pretorian Camp. This
ancient place was situate near the Ebro. Its
was a large enclosure of buildings, which served numismatic designation is c. or col. v. i.
as barracks for the soldiers of the imperial guard.
It was quadrangular, fortified with walls, towers,
CELSA (Colonia Victrix Julia Celsa.) The coins —
of this colony consist of Ccltiberian and bilingual
—
and ditches adorned with a temple, baths, and autonomes in brass and of Latin imperial, in
;

fountains. “In the conquered provinces (says first, second, and third brass, of Augustus,
Millin, Dictionnaire des Beaux Arts), the Ro- Agrippa, and Tiberius. Its name of Julia
mans were accustomed to have considerable indicates the founder to have been Julius Caesar,
bodies of troops and the garrisons which were
;
in honour of whose victories, it probably (says
stationed in towns of importance, occupied build- Vaillant), received the additional appellation of
ings called castrum. Rome contained within its Victrix. Of those struck under Augustus one
walls many edifices of this kind, the recollection
(engraved in the Medaitles de Christine) bears
of which is still preserved by their existing re-
on its obverse the bare head of that emperor,
mains.” The Emperor Tiberius was, it is said, within a crown of laurel, allusive (Vaillant sup-
the first who at the instigation of his minister poses) to the signal successes, achieved by the
Sejanns, caused these praetorian camps to be
adopted heir and successor of Julius over the
constructed. —
Livy, in alluding to the permanent Cantabri and Asturi, who then occupied that
camps of the Romans, uses the expression northern part of Hispania, now called the
tedif care hyberna, in allusion to the architec- Asturias. The reverses of the Celsian imperials
tural strength and mural grandeur of these
exhibit for the most part a bull standing, the
stations.
usual sign of a Romano-Spanish colony, and are
The noble remains Richborough, Reculver,
at
inscribed, according to custom, with the names
and Lymne, in Kent, also at Burgh, near Great
of the Duumviri, who caused them to be struck.
Yarmouth, are fine examples of the castra pree-
toria or hyberna. These frequently assumed
— There is, however, a reverse of Agrippa, with

trophy and bucklers, and a Tiberius with the

the appearance of fortified towns
siderable space outside
and a con-
the walls
;

was often
simpulum, securis, aspergillum, and apex. Mr. —
Akerman, in his Coins of Cities, &c. has given
covered with houses. an engraving of one of the autonomes, with a
helmed horseman bearing a palm branch, (pi. ix.
No. 3.)
CEN. or CENS. Censor, as is frequently
read in the imperial titles of Vespasian, Titus,
and Domitian. In the case of Vespasian we see
this censorship joined with his third and fourth
consulship, viz. imp. caes. vesfasian avg. p.
Accordingly we see on various coins of the
m. p. p. cos. hi. cens(or) — cos. tin. cens.

lower empire (as on the above engraving from CENS. P. or PER. also PERP. also PER-
a denarius of Constantius I.) the pretorian camp PET. — Censor Perpetuus. —
It appears that Do-

typified as a castle with towers, and embattled mitian was the first emperor on whose coins the
curtain walls, before the gate of which, generally perpetual assumption of the Censorial power is
(though often the figures are wanting) stand a recorded. This unprecedented title he took 841
group of soldiers, two on each side of a tripod, (a. .d 87). —
Vespasian and Titus were indeed
sacrificing. Censores of the Roman People, but not decreed
The castra preetoria is frequently represented
|

to be Censores Perpetui. —
cens. p. p. p. Cen-
on small brass coins of Constantinus Magnus sor Perpetuus Pater Patrice, is another numis-
aud his family and the resemblance of its nar-
;
matic title of Domitian. cens. pot. Censorid
row gateway to a postern entrance, which Mr. Potestate. This likewise appears on the coins
Roach Smith discovered at Lymne, is shewn in of Domitian, in every metal, appended to the
p. 249 of his hook on the Antiquities of that record of his 10th consulate; whereas the power
place. —
For types of the Porta castrorum see itself was given to Augustus himself for five

Constantine the Great, with reverse of provi- years only.

 — — — —

l‘J2 CENSORES. CENSORES.

CENSORES. Censors (a censendo).- These — I during the obverse, gives as the reverse of a
magistrates, two in number, were created in ,
gold coin of Claudius, a type which, if it could
the year of Rome 311 (b. c. 443), when the ,
be received as genuine, would iu a remarkable
consuls, by continual wars, were
distracted manner serve to attest the censorship of the
unable to attend to the census, or number- Emperor Claudius, for it represents him seated
ing of the people. Their election was popular, on a curide chair, and before him is a male
and they had two principal functions. The figure standing, who holds a horse by the bridle
first consisted of registering the citizens and with the legend censor. It is this perhaps
their property. The second was to take which in the Thesaur. More//. has been engraved
care of the public buildings, for whose con- and inserted amongst the mintages of Claudius.
struction and repair they made terms with the I
Eekhel (vi. 242) more than suspects this device
contractors also to levy taxes for the service
;
|
to have been, forged, especially after the account,
of the republic. Besides which it was their which Suetonius and Tacitus respectively give,
peculiar province to censure aud punish evil and of things appertaining to the censorship, as,
indecent manners, such as the law took no cog- after many years, restored by Claudius. These
—
nizance of by degrading the offenders, if sena-
j

were connected with the inspection and passing

tors and knights; and by disfranchising them, I
over of horsemen (ad eqnitum prohationem ct
if common These magistrates had
citizens. transvectiouem), which was one of the functions
moreover other duties to perform, such as to of the censorship. The Roman equites, on
order the distribution of water to the inhabit- some occasions, had their horses taken away
ants of the city according to their necessities ;
from them by the Censors, or were compelled
to superintend the repairs of the public streets to sell them. —
For an elucidation of this power,
and highways ; aud to keep luxury w ithin cer- as originally exercised by the Censors of ancient
tain bounds. —
See Pitiscus, Lexicon Ant. Rom.
j

i
Rome, sec Spanheim and Lc Beau. Sec also —
A
Censor is typified in his long robe of office, Adams, Rom. Antiq.
standing with vase in one hand and lustral But, although the numismatic testimony to
branch iu the other, on a coin of the Postumia Claudius’s assumption of the Censorship may
gens, struck to commemorate the fact that Pos- present itself in too questionable a shape to be
tumius Albinus and Camillus, were the first implicitly accepted yet the fact of his having
elected Censors of Rome. —
See Morett. Thesaur. associated
;

Lucius Vitellins with himself, in the

But the most important function exercised dur- same dignity, is illustrated by three rare, and
ing the republican form of government at Rome, admittedly genuine coins, struck by order of the
by the Censor, was that of causing the cavalry Emperor Vitellins, son of the above-mentioned
to pass in review before him, every year. Lucius, whom they bring before us, as Consul for
Allusive to this ceremony, there is a denarius the third time, and Censor; the latter the highest
which, with the reverse legend r. crassvs m. f. office to which a private individual among the
exhibits the figure of a soldier, standing with Romans could attain and such as not only con-
;

face to the front, clothed in the military sagum; ferred distinction on himself, but also exercised
he holds with the right hand his horse by the an important influence on the fortuucs of his son
bridle, and a spear in the left on the ground Aldus, as regarded his ambitious aspirations for
;

are a shield and a cuirass. sovereignty. —

See biographical notice of (l.)
The most correct as well VITELLIVS.
as the earliest interpretation Their metals, legends, and types, arc as fol-
esays Riccio, p. 121) given lows :

to the reverse of this silver 1. Rev L. VITELLIVS COS. III. CENSOR.

. —
(oiu, is that it represents Head of Lucius Yitcllius laurcated, and before
a Roman knight, furnished it a consular eagle. Obo. —
a. vitellivs germ.
with all the equipments of IMF. AVO. TR. p. Head of Yitellius, the em-
war (un cavalierc Romano, peror. —
In gold and silver.
fornito di tntti gli arncsi di guerra), in full pre- On the reverse of this coin (engraved in
paration to be passed under the inspection of Akcrmau, Descript. Cat. i. pi. v. No. 5, p. 177)
the Censor. —
See Licinia geus. appears the head of the above-named Lucius
The emperors at first abstained from taking Yitellius, and what may appear an unusual
the name of Censor. To Julius Caesar, indeed, occurrence, in the instance of a private indi-
as he was Dictator Perpetuus, this honour was vidual, it is laurcated after the manner of the
(as Dion informs us) decreed by the Senate, to- emperors. (Sec Eckhel's Treatise on the Head-
gether, among others, with that of Pra’fecius dresses of the Augusti). Before the head is
Morum. Augustus declined from policy the placed a sceptre, surmounted by an eagle, the
preferred dignity of Perpetual Censor, but ac- badge of Consular authority.
cepted it virtually under the name of Censoria 2. Rev. —
L. VITELLIVS COS. III. CENSOR. L.
Potestas, as the censorship was the summit of Yitellius, togated, sitting in a curulc
| chair,
all honours. The ancient usage of investing with his right hand extended, and in his left a
two individuals of consular rank with this office consular eagle —
in the place of a foot-stool, the
was abolished under succeeding emperors, who
either exercised its authority themselves, or de-
prow of a vessel. Gold and silver. Engraved in —
Morett. Thesau. Imp. tom. ii. tab. 2, No. 2.
legated it to others. On this coin, Lucius Yitcllius is sitting in the
Spanheim (Pr. t. ii. p. 101), without pro- dress of a Ccusor. As regards tlint portion of
 . — — ; .

CENSORES. CENSORES. 193

a ship, on which the feet of the figure rest, and opinion not much at variance with that of those
respecting which preceding commentators have writers, who consider this coin to belong
to L.
given no explanation, Eckhel says, “ My con- Vitellius, the brother of Aulus Vitellius, the
jecture is, that it alludes to the rostra, in front emperor for he too, Schlegel says, was Censor.
;

of which the
Senate erected a statue to this But, upon whose authority does he make this
Lucius and probably that statue represented
;
assertion ? And, even if we admit that he held
him, in the same garb, as docs the figure in the that office, is it also ascertained that he was
coin above described” vi. p. 313. — twice Censor, which, according to these writers,
the coin testifies ? Whatever may be the fact,
thus much is certain, that L. Vitellius was
Censor only in conjunction with Claudius ; but
the latter, on the marbles given by Gruter and
Muratori, is called, indeed, Censor, yet with
no figures added to shew that the office was held
a second time and, consequently, it is far from
;

probable, that L. Vitellius could ever he described

as Censor (I. If, therefore, this numeral really
occurs on the coin, some method must be dis-
covered of explaining it with a semblance of
probability. — Tacitus (Annal xi. 25), expressly
states, that Claudius closed the lustrum in the
year u. c. 801 (a. d. 48). And yet the same
3. Rev. —
L. vitellivs censor (Lucius
ii. author shortly before (ch. 13), and Dion (lx.
Vitelline Censor ItcrumJ On the exergue s. c. 29), inform us that Claudius held the office of
—The Magister Mo rum is seen, on a curule Censor in the year preceding, viz. 800 (a. d.
chair, placed on a tribunal, in the exercise of 47). And it is to this year that Pliny also
his office. Opposite him
another sedent is refers the censorship of Claudius. Since, then,
figure holding a roll in his hands. Before him, all these writers agree in the statement that

standing below', are three Romans, one of whom Claudius discharged the office of Censor in
offers his hand to the Censor the whole arc ;
800, and as Tacitus expressly records the closing
togated. of the lustrum in the year following, we must
In thus describing a specimen of this first conclude that this censorship commenced in the
brass in his own collection, Capt. Smyth (p. year of Rome 800, but was either interrupted, or
53) observes, “ This was struck to flatter the negligently discharged, and, resumed in earnest
Emperor Vitellius, by recording the honours to the year following, was closed with the solem-
which his father was advanced. Suetonius in- nity above alluded to. —
Suetonius appears to in-
forms us of Lucius having been three times timate the same explanation, when, mentioning
Consul, and once Censor but the iterum which
;
the Censorship of Claudius, he says “ he also
—
is here shewn, has never been properly accounted bore the office of Censor hut this, too, un-
for.” To shew, however, that the attempt at equally ; with inconstancy of mind and variable-
explanation has been made (whether successfully ness of success (“ sed banc quoque imequaliter,
or not the reader will judge for himself), and varioque et auimo et eventu.” In Claud, lib. v.)
that by no less eminent a writer than the shrew'd, It must therefore have been ostentation which
erudite, and searching Eckhel himself, reference induced Aulus Vitellius, the son, thus to double
has been made to a passage in the sixth volume the censorship of his father, L. Vitellius, whereas
of Doctrina —
on Censor Vitellius-, pp. 313-314. he really held the office but once.”
It is to the following effect :
It would seem from the tenour of his remarks,
“ The legend of this third reverse occasions that Eckhel had not seen this remarkable first
difficulty on account of the numeral II. following brass ;
and was in some doubt of its existence
the word censor. It should be observed, that as a genuine antique. But besides the one
this addition is not found on the coin published quoted from Capt. Smyth’s cabinet, the above
by Patin (ad Sueton. in Vitell. ch. 2). And wood-cut is from a specimen in the British Mn-
Spanhcim also expressly testifies that such figures senm and moreover both Mionnet and Aker-
;

arc absent on these coins (vol. ii. p. 475.) But man fully recognise its authenticity, in their
among more recent writers, it is added by Var- respective descriptions of Roman
Imperial Coins.
iant (Num. Prrest.), Pedrnsi, Morel, Mezza- After the time of Vespasian and his sons, the
barba, Theupoti, and Pembroke, (part iii. tab. title of Censor is not found in the imperial

12.) If it be true that this mark exists on these series. The Censoria Potestas, however, con-
coins, it was the duty of those who published tinued in the hands of the emperors. Thus,
them, to assign the reason for its addition. Valerianus, whilst as yet a private citizen, had
Schlegcl is the only one of those who briefly that office delegated to him by Trajanus Decius.
adverts to it. “ Here the second Censorship of Theodosius the Great attempted to re-establish
the same individual is brought to our notice,” the Censorship, with its old functions of Magis-
(in More/l. Imp. vol. ii. p. 236), but he omits to ter Morum hut the Senate were opposed to its
mention the authority, that establishes the fact revival and it remained tacitly merged in the
;

of L. Vitellius having been twice Censor. And, Augustal dignity.

moreover, in the same passage he iutimates an CENSO.— CENSOR.— CENSORIN.—CEX-
2 C
194 CENSORINVS.— CENSUS. CENTAURI.
SORINYS. — This surname either abbreviated or as the Vulgate expresses it, “ ut describerctnr
or written in appears on coins of the
full, — See Censor.
universus orbis.”
Marcia gens. It had originally been forbid- CENTAURI. — The Centaurs were inhabitants
den, for any one to till the office of Censor of Thessaly, famous for their great courage and
more than once in his life, until the year of address, in taming and training horses. The
Rome 488 (b. c. 266), when a law abrogating figment of the ancient poets ascribed to them a
the old restriction was carried by C. Martins monstrous origin and Greek artists sculptured
;

Rutilus, whom the people wished to elect Censor them as combining, in their form, the upper
a second time, and to whom in consequence was part of the human figure, with the body and
given the surname of Censorious. lower extremities of a horse.
On a rare first brass of the same gens, the On some coins, the centaur is figured 03
reverse has for legend c. marci censo. roma, standing alone, armed with a bow and arrow,
with the type of two prows of ships, on the fur- or with a staff: on others drawing the chariot
ther one of which is a small column, sur- of some pagan divinity. On a denarius of the
mounted by a Victory, with palm branch and Aurelia gens (sec p. Ill), Hercules standing in a
crown. The obverse legend and type of the car is drawn at full speed by two centaurs, each
coin are kvma pompili. ancvs marci. and the of whom uplifts a branch in his right hand.
jneated heads of Numa Pompilins, bearded and
with diadem, and of Ancus Marcius, without
beard.

This is classed with other coins, considered

to have been struck by Marcius Censorious,
is engraved from n fine brass me-
The above
quastor nrbunus el provinciatis, of the year 663
dallion ofAntoninus Pius, in the Cabinet de
(b. c. 91), and a little before that time a inone-
France. The subject is one of the combats
tal triumvir. The noble family of Marcia traced of Hercules; and represents him in the act of
their descent from the two kings Numa and
avenging on the centaurs the rape of Halcyonc,
Ancus and C. Marcius Censorinus thus takes
;
sister of Eurysthcus, to whom the centaur
occasion to perpetnate the remembrance of his
Homadus had offered violence, and was in con-
ancestral greatness and autiquity. See Marcia — sequence killed by Hercules. In this classic
gens.
design, the great Alcidcs has already slain one
CENSUS—the numbering, which the Cen- centaur, who is stretched on the ground, lie
sors made of every Roman citizen, the valuation presses his kucc on a second whom he is about
of his estate, together with the registering of to crush with his club, although another centaur
himself, his years, tribe, family, profession, comes to his assistance, armed like his companion
wife, and servants.
children, This process, with a branch of a tree. Meanw hile, Homadus
instituted by King Servius Tullius, was gone is seen carrying away llolcyone, whom llcrcidcs

through every five years; and the interval of afterwards rescued. It is related to have been
time was called Lustrum, on account of an ex- at the sequel of a Bacchanalian festival, that
piatory sacrifice, denominated lustratio, which these horse- men, under the excitement of intoxi-
the Censors performed as a purification of the cation, to which they had the character of bciug
people. This took place after the registration addicted, outraged hospitality, nud ravished the
was finished and was termed Lustrum Condere,
; —
women. Diodorus Siculus describes the centaurs
closiug the Lustre. Such was the order of things as having employed trunks of trees, as their
during the existence of the republic. But, when weapons in the fight and speaks of the contest
;

Augustus attained the empire, aud changed the as “ worthy of the early renown of this hero.”
form of government, he suppressed the ancient The temple in the back-ground is meaut for
method of collecting tributes, which had become that of Hercules Victor, built at Rome; as is
an instrument of avarice in the hands of Prctors indicated by au eagle in the pediment, which
and Pro-consuls, ruling in the provinces. For Antoninc caused to be represented, as though
the old imposts, he substituted poll and land- Hercules, for this exploit alone, had deserved
taxes and in order to secure their equal exaction,
; worship and a temple. See I). Vaillant, De
he ordered the numerical registration of the Camps. Select. Nam is. p. 25 sec also Millin, —
whole empire. It is this census of which men- Cat. Myth. ii. 437.
tion is made in St. Luke’s Gospel, c. ii. v. 1, There is a splendid brass medallion of M.
“ There went out a decree from Ciesar Augustus, Aurelius, bearing for its type of reverse, Her-
that all the world should be taxed” [or enrolled], cules standing on a car, drawn by four centaurs,
 , —

CEREALIA. CERES. 195

liaviug each different attributes. —Engraved in generally, on coins and other ancient monuments’
Mionuet, Rarete des Medailles, and in Aker- as a vigorous woman, crowned with corn ears’
inan, Descriptive Catalogue vol. i. and holding in her hand a bunch of poppies •'

coins of Gallienus exhibit a centaur

Several a circumstance allusive to her arrival in Greece,
holding a bow and arrow some as the accom-
: when some grains of that narcotic plant were
panying mark of a legion, as LEG. II. PART- given to procure her the repose, which she had
hicce. On other coins of the same emperor, the not enjoyed since her daughter Proserpine had
same device appears in connection with the name been carried away by Pluto and because the ;

of Apollo. APOLLINI CONS ervatori AVG esti. poppy is extremely fertile. The first fruits of
— Erastosthencs states, that the centaur Chiron the earth were offered to this goddess at her :

was numbered amongst the the con- stars, as altars sheep were sacrificed, and above all the
stellation called Sagittarius, or the archer and ;
sow, because that animal is very destructive to
according to Hyginus and Pliny, he was the first seeds. Ceres appears ou a great number both
to introduce the art of healing by the use of of consular and imperial coins. The empresses
herbs. Such are the reasons assigned for select- are often represented under the type of that
ing the centaur, as in this instance, to personate divinity. —
See p. 99 of this dictionary.
Apollo, whether that god was regarded as pre-
siding over the muses, or as the tutelary of the
medical art. Why the centaur is made to hold a
globe and a rudder in his hand, remains unex-
plained. —
We find the bow-bearing centaur also
on a coin of Tetricus the younger, with the
legend SOLI CONSERrfffori; for Chiron, the
Sagittarius, was the tutor of Apollo and Diana.
CERBERUS — the canine guard of the in-
fernal regions, whom
Hercules dragged forth Ceres and a Colonist. — On a denarius of the
from his dread abode, and forced to sec the light Maria gens, the obverse legend, CAPITo
of day. The three heads of this monster were XXXXIII. has for its accompanying type the
said to signify the power of Pluto over the head of Ceres crowned with corn ears, and with
three elements of water, earth, and air. A sil- — ear-pendents. One
of the various arbitrary
ver medallion of Hadrian has the figure of Pluto, mint-marks coins of Gapito, being iu
to these
with Cerberus at his feet. But ou a small brass this instauce a trident before the face of Ceres.
of Postumus, “ the dog of hell” is represented On the reverse we read Cains MARIaa Cat*.
as conquered by Hercules. The legend of this FHitts. Senates Consullo. The type is a man
rare coin is iiercvi.i immortaij, and the type driving two oxen, with a goad in his hand.
shews the fabled son of Jupiter and Alcmene It will readily be agreed by numismatists,
performing his twelfth and last labour, the en- that the head of Ceres alludes to abundance
—
chainment of Cerberus. Sec Revue Nuwisma- and that the yoke of oxen, guided by a
;

cultiva-
tique, T. vii. Annee 1841, pi. viii. tor, indicates the planting of a colony. Perhaps,
CEREALIA. — Feasts instituted in honour of in praise of his ancestral house, the moneyer
Ceres, at which the Roman
matrons, holding who struck this coin refers to some colony esta-
torches in their hands, and hurrying about by blished in Gaul, or elsewhere, by the famous
night, represented the grief of Ceres seeking C. Marius. —
See Riccio, on the Maria gens
for Proserpine, whom Pluto had carried off. p. 141.
They were celebrated in the mouth of April, Ceres, the symbol of fertility, is exhibited
and lasted eight days ; during the ceremonies of standing, sometimes before an altar, with corn
which a rigorous silence was observed, especially ears, torch, serpent, poppies, cornucopia;, or
at the sacrifices performed in honour of the hasta, on coins of Nero, Julia Titi, Domitiau,
goddess, at Eleusis, iu Attica, whence the Ro- Trajan, Hadrian, &c.
mans had borrowed the mysteries of Ceres. Ceres appears sitting (sometimes on the cista),
Memmius, a Curule Edile, was the first who esta- with the same attributes, on coins of Vespasian,
blished these feasts at Rome —
feasts which were Nerva, Trajau, Faustina senior and junior, and
always accompanied with sports, as is shewn by also Crispina, and Julia Severi. —
She is also
a denarius of the Mcmmia family, on which ap- present with Annona.
pears Ceres with three cars of corn, and a torch Ceres walking, with a lighted torch in each
(or distaff'), a serpent at her feet, and the in- hand, as if iu the act of searching for her daugh-
scription MEMMIVS AEDjVw CEREALIA ter Proserpine, and hence called taedifera, is
PREIMVS FECIT. Engraved in Akcrmau, seen on denarii of the Claudia and Man Li a fami-
ii. p. 63, ii. No. 8
pi. —
See Mcmmia gens. lies, accompanied by a hog or with a plough
;

CERES, daughter of Saturn and Cybele, was before her, in the Vibia gens. —
Sec the respec-
the Goddess of Agriculture. The abode usu- — tive notices of those families in this dictionary.
ally assigned to her by the poets was in a deli- Ceres drawn in a biga by dragons or serpents,
cious district of Sicily, denominated Enna. She sometimes winged, at others not, in which the
was called Legifera, or the legislatrix, as being goddess stands with a lighted torch iu each
the instructress of mankind in the salutary art hand, or with corn ears and poppies, appears on
of tillage, which made it needful to enforce laws denarii of the Vibia, Vipsania, and Volteia fami-
for the demarcation of fields. Ceres appears lies. — See them suis locis.

2 C 2
 — — — — —

196 CERES. CERES.

The head of Ceres, crowned with corn ears, a torch and hence, at the present day also, a torch
;

is also found on the family coins of those Ediles is employed in the sacred rites of Ceres],
who had the care of Annona, or distribution of And
wheat and other grain amongst the people such — tautius
— “ Ongavethat account,
this to the expression of Lac-
rise
during the celebra-
as Cassia, Cntonia, Flaminia, Furia, Junia, tion of her rites, torches arc carried about.”
Manlia, Memmia, Mussidia, &c. in which de- And in memory of this practice, not only the
narii, however, Ceres does not always designate attendant, but also the other officiating persons,
the edileship, but occasionally some province shook torches as they ran, as Statius tells us,
fertile in produce, to which a pretor was ap- (Sit car 4) :

pointed. (Spauheim). —
See head of Ceres, adorn- “ Tuque Aetma Ceres, enrsu cui semper anhelo
ed with corn ears, on a denarius of the Fauuia “ Votivam taciti quassamus l unpada Mjstre
gens, engraved in p. 12 of this dictionary.
[And thou, Actaean Ceres, in whose honour we,
CERES AYG. AVGVS. AVGVST. AV- your silent priests, ever brandish the votive torch,
GVSTI, and AYG VST A. These several le- as we hurry on our panting course].
gends, with the different images and attributes
Fulgentius says, that “ on this account
And
of the goddess above described, appear on coins
a dap of torches was held sacred to Ceres.”
of the series from Claudius to Commodus.
13y what ceremonial empresses were enrolled
An interesting example of an Empress repre-
among the deities, we learn from the Commen-
sented under the type of this divinity, appears
taries of Panvinius on the second book of the
on a fine brass medallion of Galeria Faustina, in
Fasti ; may be added, that the
to w hich account
the Cabinet de France, from a cast of which the
emperors length adopted the practice of ap-
at
subjoined cut is engraved.
propriating the names of other goddesses to
Faustina senior, the wife of Antoninus Pius,
their deified consorts, as Prudentius thus inti-
died in the third year of his reign ; and by a
mates (lib. i. contra Symmach ) :
decree of the Senate was numbered among the
“ Adjicere sacrum, fieret quo Livia Juno.”
divinities. As during life she had been styled
on her coins ceues avgvsta, so, after her de- Notwithstanding all the learning employed by
cease, the same monumeuts shew that she was the above quoted numismatist of the elder school,
worshipped uuder the personification of that to fortify himself in his determination to regard
goddess. On the present medal we see a minia- the larger female figure, not as an image of the
ture image on a cippus, standing in a chariot goddess herself but, as au officiating priestess
drawn by two serpents, and holding a torch in at her altar, there really does not appear any
each hand. In the field is a larger figure, sto- sufficient reason to doubt that on this, as on
lated and veiled, also holding two lighted torches. other coins of Faustina senior, with similar
types, struck after her death and consecration,
itwas designed to apply the ordinance by virtue
of which that faithless wife could be made a
Ceres, as Livia before her had become a Juno.
CERER. FRVGIF. Cereri Frugifcrte.(To
the fruit-bearing Ceres). —The goddess, holding
corn-ears and a torch. — On of
silver
Sevcrus. S.
CERERI FRVGIF. The goddess seated,
holding cars of corn in the right hand, and the
hasta pura in her left. On silver of Julia Se- —
veri. Sec domna.
CERERI AYG. Cereri Augusta. (To the
august Ceres). — The goddess seated, with her
attributes. — On a silver coin of Salonina. —The
above type and legend occur for the first time
on this very rare coin.
Two distinct representations appear to be here
CERERI REDYCI. — Silver of Julia Domna.
given of the search for Proserpine by Ceres
CERES. —The goddess sitting, w ith the usual
viz. 1. The lighting of the torches; and 2. The
biga of snakes carrying Ceres with the torches.
attributes. —This epigraph aud type appear on
coins of Tiberius, Faustina senior and junior,
D.Vaillaut, in his commentary on this remark- Lucilla, Crispins, Sevcrus. and Julia Dotnua.
able type, expresses an opinion that the figure
CERES ANNONA AYG. or AVGVSTA.—
of the veiled female, in the field of the coin,
See annona, 49 of this dictionary.
was intended to represent the AaSouxoj the — CERERI FRYGIFERAE. — Ceres
p.
standing.
attendant or priestess —
of Ceres, who with her
Silver of Pesccunius Niger.— Same legend, Ceres
right hand is lighting a torch at the sacred fire
of the altar, whilst in her left she carries one
seated. Silver of S. Sevcrus . —
cekeki frvgif.
Same type. Silver of Julia Domna.
already lighted, in preparation for the rites of
the goddess. On this subject, Ovid (Fast. 4),
CERES S. C. —A female figure seated, with
two corn-cars in the right hand, and a torch
thus speaks :

resting on the left arm. On first brass of Tibe-

“ lllic accendit geminns pro lumpadc pinus;
“ llinc Cereris sacris nunc quoque taeda datur:”
rius. Valued by Miouuct at 150 fr. — Engraved
in More!!. Thesaur.Impp. Rom. vol. iii. tab. v.
[There she lights two pine branches to serve as No. 5 and in Dr. King’s Plates.
;
 ——— — — , —

CERTAMEN. CESTIA. 197

CERES AVGVSTA, with similar type, on Rev. — L. CESTIVS C. NORBA. PR. S. C. A
second brass of Claudius. Engraved in Morell. — curule chair, on which is a helmet. Gold.
Thesaur. Impp. vol. iii. tab. vi. No. 2.
CERES AVGVSTA. S. C. Female figure —
in the stola, standing, with corn-ears and the
hasta pura. On second brass of Julia Titi.
Engraved in Thesaur. Morell. Impp. vol. iii.
tab. xv. No. 23.
CER. (CERTA. CERTAM) QUINQ. ROM.
CO. (CON.) S. C.— A table,
on which are an urn and a
Vaillant, and some other writers of the elder
crown, and within (or under -
school, have ascribed these coins to Lucius Ces-
neath) the table a discus
|

tius and C. Norbanus, whilst holding the office

and two griffins in the field
:

of Ediles, and when both were acting as Pre-

ofsome coins the letter S.
tors, in 660 (b. c. 94). But Eckhel (see v.
Obo NERO CAES. AVG. IMP.
.

169), and the more modern numismatists, seem

A laureated head. —Third brass of Nero.— disposed to adopt in preference the opinion of
(British Museum). Havcrcamp, founded on the historical fact, that
The certamen quinquennale wa3 instituted at
Julius Caesar, in 708 (b.c. 46), meditating a
Rome 813 (a. d. 60), in re-
in the year u. c.
campaign against the sons of Pompev in Spain,
ferenceto which ancient writers have made
established, before his departure, a magistracy ex-

— —
many observations. Suetonius thus mentions traordinary, composed of six or eight lieuten-
it “ He (Nero) was the first to institute at
:

ants or prafecti, under Lepidus (as Dion re-

Rome the certamen quinquennale, after the
lates, xliii. ch. 28). To these, Ilavercamp as-
Greek fashion, a triple entertainment, consisting
serts on the authority of coins, was entrusted
of music, gymnastics, and equestrianism to ;
the privilege of striking money ; for Munatius
which he gave the appellation of neronia.’
Plancus, and Livineius Regulus, do actually in-
(chap. 12). Contests took place likewise,
scribe themselves on coins fraef. vrb. ; Clo-
as tlie same author states, in oratory and an-
vius, simply fraef.
cient poetry. —
Tacitus writes to the same pur-
llirlius, Cestius, Nor-
;

banus, and Oppius, only Pit. which, accordingly,

pose (Ann. xiv. 20). The motive of its esta-
is to be expanded into VWafeclus, and not
blishment declared by Dion (lxi. 21) to be
is
“ the
PR ator. Consequently, the six individuals
and prolongation of his own reign;”
safety
mentioned on the coins, will be those prafecti
and he adds, that Nero in this contest bore off
alluded to by Dion, and to whose names Haver-
the prize for harp-playing, all other competitors
carnp (in Rubria gens) also adds that of L.
being adjudged unworthy of it. That this cer-
Rubrius Dossenus. And it must be admitted,
tamen was repeated after the interval of five
that the types go, with singular coincidence, to
years, we have the testimony of Tacitus (Ann.
bear out this view of the case.
xvi. 2, 4). It is alluded to also by Victor
Schotti, in the following notice of Gordian 111.
The head, on one coiu, covered with the ele-
— “ And in that year of the lustrum, after cele- phant’s skin and proboscis, alludes to Caesar’s
brating on a grander scale and re-establishing African victory ; whilst the head of Venus on
the certamen, which Nero introduced into Rome, the other, points also indubitably to the reputed
he set out on his expedition against the Per- origin of the Julia family. The sella curulis,
sians.”— There are grounds of probability for
says Riccio (p. 51), denotes the power of the
Dictator himself, and not of the preftets, who
supposing that was continued to the age of
it

Constantine. — See Bod. Num. 264. Vet. vi. certainly usurped the fasces, and chair of curule

C. E. S. —
These letters on a silver coin of Gal- office. (See Livineia gens). The helmet, which
Havercamp looks upon as symbolising the
lienus imp. c. e. s. inscribed on a pedestal on
valour of Caesar, bears reference, as Cavcdoni
which Jupiter stands, are by Banduri, and also
by Biinard, the annotator of Jobert, inter- thinks, to Venus, whose name of Viclrix, was
preted thus Cum Exercito Suo.
:
given by the Dictator, as a countersign to the
CEST. Cestianus, a surname of adoption soldiers. The appearance of the S. C. is as-
into the tribe Pketoria from the Cestia family.
cribed to the circumstance that these prefects of

—
CESTIA gens. This was a plebeian family. Caesar had the power granted them of inscrib-
ing their names on the coinage; “and lastly
Its coins comprise six varieties. The gold are
of the highest degree of rarity. There are tw o r (concludes Eckhel), Cybele indicates the games
called Meyalesia,” celebrated in honour of that
remarkable specimens in that metal belonging
to it : goddess.
1. c. norbanvs l. cestivs p. r. A woman’s C. F. — C. F. C. N. Caii
Caii Filins. Filius,
head, with the hair confined by a diadem. Caii Nepos.— C. F. Q. Caii Filius Quastor .

Rev. s. c. —
Cybele, with turreted head, in C. F. Q. N. Caii Quiuti Nepos.
Filii
a biga of lions, her left hand resting on the C. F. Caius Fabius. — Surname and name.
—
tympanum. Gold. Engraved in Morell. Earn. FLAV. Colonia Flavia.
C. F. or C.
Rom. C. F. L. R. Q. M. Caius Flavius Lucius
2. A woman’s head, covered with the skin of Rupilivs Quintus Marcius. —
Akerman, Numis-
an elephant. matic Manual.
 . — — . — ——

198 CHIMERA. CHORTIUM PRAET.

CHIMERA — a mountain of Lycia, in Asia of his troops in the following terms: “ Aud that
Minor, the top of which abounded with lions, if no one else should follow him, he would
the sides with goats, aud the bottom with ser- go with only the tenth legion, of whose
pents. Thence the Greek fable of the above he had no fears, and that that legion
fidelity
named monster with a lion’s head, a goat’s head should thenceforth be his pretorian cohort.”
and neck protruding out of And in this sense Cicero (in Catil. ii. ch. 10)
v\ >ts back, and a serpent for attributes to Catiline also a pretorian cohort,
* ^' its tail. Others interpret it but one composed of the merest rabble ex
" '
0 (
to mean the piratical ship scortis conjlatam.) To the pretorian cohort
taken by Belleropbon, the
ji of Antony there is more than one allusion
,7 Corinthian hero, and which in Appiau.In the year u. c. 710 (b. c. 44)
vessel had a lion at its when already meditating a civil war, he drafted
prow, and a dragon at its every man distinguished for personal and other
stern. There are indeed qualities to form a pretorian cohort, to which
various typos on coins of the Corinthians which, Cicero subsequently applied the invidious title
in memory of his victory, bear the image of
the Chimrera, as well as’ to shew the antiquity
of cohors regia, or rrrrtlpa 0aai\imj Appian . —
also elsewhere states, that Octavian and Antony
ot their city. Thus also that enigmatical non- enrolled the soldiers, who had served their time
descript appears on
M.
colonial medals of Domitian,
Aurelius, and L. Verus, struck at Corinth.
(emeritos), in the pretoriau cohort. Octavia, —
in order to ingratiate herself with Antony, when
— Sometimes the monster stands hv itself hut ; setting out to join her husband, took with her
more frequently appears as attacked by Belle- “ an escort of two thousand picked men, fully
roplion, mounted ou the winged horse Pegasus,
with legend col. ivl. avg. cor. (Colonia Julia
accoutred as a pretoriau cohort.”
Ant. p. 940.)
(Plutarch in —
Augusta Corin/hits), as in the above cut. See — The pretorian cohort of Antony, on the
bellerophon (p. 125); also see PEGASUS. denarius above described, has the legionary
[A superb tcsselated pavement, found in eagle but we have just seen that this cohort
;

France, bears this subject, wrought in the was also called a legion by Dion and Caesar.
highest style of art], The denarius exhibits the ancient mode of spell-
CHLAMYS, a short military cloak, as worn ing the word, chortivm instead of cohort ivm,
by the Greeks. Amongst the Romans this was which is also employed on the marble pub-
the same as the paludamentum The latter was lished by Gruter (p. 538 8), where Marcianns
in fact a part of the military dress of the em-
perors, though sometimes worn by private in-
is called a soldier of chort. xh. And thus, —
on coins of the legions, struck under Gal-
dividuals. Those who have undertaken to make lienus, we find cohh. praet. vi. p. vi. f.
a distinction between the two habiliments assert The collar, with which the eagle of the cohorts is
that the paludamentum was longer and larger decorated on this denarius, has not yet been ex-
than the chlamys. The Romans made it of plained. It is quite certain that the legionary
coarse and thick woollen for the common eagles do not exhibit such an ornament. Sec —
soldiers, and of finer wool for the officers. Eckhel, vi. 52, ct scq. —
See also adlocvt.
The emperors wore it of purple silk, orna- con. p. 6 of this dictionary.
mented with gold and precious stones. This —
C1IORS. Sec cohors.
great coat, or pelisse, was put on over the CIIORTIS SPECULATORUM.— Three mili-
cuirass, and fasteued with a buckle on the right tary ensigns (or, more properly speaking, spears),
shoulder, so as to leave the movement, of the ornamented with crowns, and fixed in the prows
arm perfectly free and in fighting they wrap-
; of vessels. — On the obverse ANTomu# AVG nr
ped the left arm in the folds of the chlamys, IIIVIR. Re« P Const ituen da. A pre-
ublicit
employing it as a defence to that part of the
—See Paludamentum.
torian vessel. — Gold. British Museum.
body.
CHORTIUM PR .VETO R ARUM. — A I lc-
gionary eagle, decorated with a necklace or
collar, between two military ensigns. Obv .

ant. avg. iiivir. r. p. c. A pretorian vessel.

Gold and Silver. (Engraved in Pclleriu, Mel.
i. p. 105, plate v. No. 5.)

In reference to the pretorian cohort, Pomponius

Festus remarks, “ It was so named, from its being These legends aud types nppear on gold and
constantly attached to the person of the pretor. silver of the Antonia family, struck by order of
For Scipio Afrieanus was the first who made a
selection of all the bravest soldiers, with orders
Mark Antony, during his triumvirate. Ou the —
subject of the ancient Speru/atores Eckhel gives,
never to leave his side in action, &c.” And this iu an abridged form, the result of Christian
custom was retained by the Roman commanders Schwart s industrious and admirable researches,
of armies w ho succeeded him. Julius Csesar (ac-
cording to Dion, xxxviii. $ 47) made choice of
to the following purport —
“ The functions of the specu/alores, aud the
the tenth legion os his pretoriau cohort, a fact meanings of the term, were very various. They
confirmed by himself in his commentaries (Hell corresponded to explorers, called by the Greeks
Gall. i. ch. 40), whilst rebuking the cowardice uraKovarai and fjrojrreu (car and eve- witnesses),
 — ;

COHORTIS SPECULATORL'M. CILICIA. 199

and their services were in requisition, not only supplies from his ships, and, in the way of spies,
for military purposes in the discovery of an to discover their approach or designs. Lest,
enemy’s designs, but also in civil matters, however, these exploring vessels should betray
when they differed in no respect from the themselves by their light colour, their sails and
delatores , or informers. — Varro says: “A specu- rigging are painted with Venetian blue, which
lator is one whom we send before us, to note resembles the colour of the sea, and the wax
such particulars as we wish to ascertain.” For with which ships are usually smeared, is tinged
a similar reason, the word was applied to per- with the same colour. The sailors also, or
sons of a curious and prying disposition. In soldiers, are attired in blue clothes, that by day,
military affairs those also were called speculatores, as well as night, they may the more readily
who, stationed on towers or other elevated posi- escape observation, when engaged in their work
tions, watched the movements and approaches of as spies.” According to Polybius (iii. eh. 96),
an enemy, and kept a vigilant look out (specula- Scipio, when about to attack the Carthaginians
bantur), giving intelligence by beacon-tires. in Spain, “ sent forward two fast sailing vessels,
The Greeks termed them kcltolskoirot and Siotr- belonging to the MassiUenses (people of Mar-
TTjpes, and as it was part of their business to seilles), on the look-out.” —
Plutarch informs us,
convey important information post haste, they that Cn. Pompey collected vessels of this de-
were also called ripcpiSpopo i, that is to say, scription for the civil w ar (in Catone Nim. eh.
r

runners over a certain distance in a day, as 54). “ There were not less than five hundred
Livy informs us (xxxi. eh. 24.) —
Again, to use ships of war, and of Liburnian, spying (uara-
the words of Festus (in Explorare) : “ A specu- <TKdiri/fo— speculator! se), and open-decked vessels,
lator differs from an explorator (spy) in this an immense number.” To this branch of the
respect, that the former silently observes the service belonged M. Staberius, who on a marble
movements of an enemy in war, whilst the latter given by Muratori is called a centurion COH ortis
loudly proclaims the doings of others in time of VI. SPECVLAToram CLASsis MISENikm.
peace.” During the imperial government, the And thus, as Antony made a selection of all
speculatores were a kind of apparitors and body- the best soldiers to form his pretorian cohort,
guard from whicli circumstance Tacitus joined
;
so it is likewise probable, that he chose from the
together the two corps of pretorian cohorts and ablest naval soldiers (milites classiarii) a cohort,
speculatores (Hist. ii. cli. 33) and Suidas ex-
;
to attend him in his maritime expeditions, and
plains 2irtKov\arwp, by b Sopvipopo s (tbc spear- perform the part of a marine pretorian cohort, as
man or body-guard.) Ilcnce we often observe, on being calculated, from its experience in nautical
marbles, the speculatores mixed up with the pre- matters, to be serviceable in tbe manifold perils
torian cohorts, as for example spf.c. coir. ini. pu. of a life at sea. And as both these kinds of
See also spec. leg. ii. Col. Antigua, i. p. 127- cohort, the pretorian and that of the specula-
Speculatores was also the name applied to those, tores, were held in high repute, from his hav-
whose office it was to execute capital punish- ing entrusted to their charge his own personal
ment, a famous instance of which is afforded by safety, he paid them the compliment of inscrib-
Seneca (de Ira, i. eh. 16). And thus, in the ing tbeir names on this class of his coins. The
Graeco- barbarian languages, the speculator is three prows of ships, which are seen, on these
identical with carnifex, in Greek called 6 S-ppios, aurei, affixed to spears, arc without beaks, as we
airoKstpaXioTys, the public executioner, the find from Livy was actually the case with the
headsman. Of this description, unless indeed naves specu/atorite (xxxvi. ch. 42.) Livius
he was a royal apparitor, must have been the crossed over to Delos, with eighty-one beaked
individual whom Mark the Evangelist relates to vessels, and many others of smaller size, either
have been sent to behead John the Baptist open and beaked, or specu/atorite without
kcll ivdeus airbaruXas 6 fiaatKevs aireKouXarupa beaks.” —See Doctrina, vol. v. pp. 53, 54, 55.
k. t. A. “ And immediately the king sent an CIIRISTI MONOGRAMMA. — See Mono-
executioner, &c.” (Mark, vi. 27.) The Latin gramma.
Vulgate renders it spiculator, as though the C. I. C. A. P. Colonia Julia Carthago
word were to be derived from the spicu/uni or Augusta Pia. —A with rowers. Ou a 3rd
galley
javelin, which this functionary bears. But this brass of Trebouianus — Banduri.
Gallus.
is no difference of opinion
incorrect, since as yet CICERO. — See Tullia gens.
(or reading) has been found in the Codices on CIDARIS, a royal turban. — See Tiara.
the subject of the word cnrcKouXaTupa. CILICIA, now Caramania, or Turcomanio,
That the Cohors Specu/atorum, which this a country of Asia Minor, extending along the
denarius presents, was employed in naval affairs, Mediterranean, opposite Cyprus. It was for-
is sufficiently indicated by the prows of ships. merly one of the most opulent provinces of the
These marine speculatores exercised the same Roman republic, and is memorable as the scene
office at sea, which ou land was performed by of Cicero’s pro-consulship.
the speculatores posted on lofty situations, as The large brass coins of Hadrian, bearing re-
look-outs, and hemerodomi, as already explained. spectively the legends adventvs avg. ciliciae,
— Vegctius (iv. eh. 37) furnishes a remarkable and eestitvtoki ciliciae, record the visit paid
testimony on this point :
and allude to the benefits conferred, by that em-
“ Exploring (or spying) boats accompany the peror on the province. Of the former (viz.
larger Liburnian vessels. Their use is occa- Adventui Augusti Cilicia?) the reverse type ex-
sionally, to surprise an enemy, or to cut off hibits the emperor and a galeated female, who
 — — — • —

200 CIPI A.— CIPPUS. CIRCUS.

bears the labarum, standing with an altar be- Rufus, one of the monetary triumvirs of that em-
tween them, and a victim ready for sacrifice. peror, dedicated a coin to him with the vote from
This typifies a general rejoicing on Hadrian’s s. p. q. r. inscribed on a cippus. In like man-
safe arrival in Cilicia. From the attire and at- ner we
read on another coin of the same empe-
titude of this female, it is evident that the pro •
ror, on a cippus, imp. caes. avg. comm. cons.
vince was deemed warlike ; but the Cilicians Imperatori Caesari Augusto Communi Consensu.
were despised by the Greeks as being prone to — See p. 108 of this dictionary'.
knavery, cruelty, and mendacity whence the — On another cippus, above which stands a hel-
proverb, “ Cilix baud facile verum dicit.” — meted Mars, with spear and parazonium, is in-
Capt. Smyth, Descr. Cat. p. 105 See restitv- — scribed s. p. q. r. v. p. red. caes. Senatus Po-
TOIU CILICIAE. pulusque Romanics Votum Pro Reditu Caesaris.
—
Cl PI A gens. The same family as Cispia, was On another, PRO SALu/e ET REDi/a WJGusti.
of plebeian rank, and figures little in history. — A third reads, imp. caes. avg. lvd. saec. Im-
There are four vaiieties, viz. :
perator Ciesar Augustus Ludos Sceculares. The
1. Obv. — m. cip. M. F. Marcus Cipius, Marci manner in w hich all these cippi were erected by
Fi/ius, who struck silver money with the usual Mescinius Rufus, to preserve the memory of
types of Roman denarii, viz. the winged head of eveuts, under Augustus, is to be seen on the coins
Minerva, and the mark x behind it on the re- ;
of that emperor, and of the Mescinia family.
verse Victory in a biga, and roma. Mint mark So also those cippi which commemorate the
a rudder. Secular Games
arc observed, not only on Augus-
tus’s coins, but also on those of Domitian and
of Sevcrus. Thus an aureus of Domitian exhi-
bits a cippus, with lvd. saec. fec. cos. xim.
within a laurel wreath. Silver and brass coins
of the two Philips, and Otacilia Severn, have
cippi with inscriptions allusive to the Games
celebrated by the elder Philip, in the year of
Rome 1000 (a. d. 248). Sec saecvlares
2. Same Head of Jupiter
legend. laureated, AVGO.
behind it s. —roma on the exergue. To
Rev. CIRCLE — a ornament, or sacred
radiated
the right Prow of a
s. A small brass
ship. symbol of on certain Ro-
distinction, to be seen
Semis. — Engraved Morell. Thesaur. — Rare.
in man coins, as surrounding the heads of Anto-
3. Same legend and Rev. — roma
type. ninus Pius, and some other emperors. See —
above, M. cipi. M. Type simply a rud-
f. below. NIMBUS.
der in the middle of the coin, which is also a CIRCUS. —This description of edifice, for the
third brass Semis. exhibition of horse, foot, and chariot racing,
4. Head of young Hercules, with lion’s skin. and for other popular sports, was peculiar to
Rev. —roma above. M. cipi. &c. below. Ship’s the Romans. Its form, like the stadiou of the
rudder with its handle, in the field of the coin. Greeks, was that of a long square, one of the
“A very rare small brass guadrans, of magnificent extremities of which was rounded ; the other
preservation,” says Riceio, “ in my possession.” end much less so. The principal parts of the
This Marcus Cipius was tribune of the plebs, circus were —
the area, or space in which the
afterwards questor in 691 (b. c. 63) and in ; sports took place the seats for the spectators
;

previous year, a mouctal triumvir. lining three sides of the area ; the carceres,
The workmanship of the silver, and of the or starting posts, which formed the fourth side
small brass of this family, carry them to the of the wall called spina, from its
area ; a
latest times of the republic. similitude Buonarotti) to the spine or
(says
CIPPUS, a raised stone, on which was placed hack-bone in fishes or other animals and at ;

an inscription to preserve the memory of some each extremity a meta, or conical pillar, serving
event. The cippus differed from the column, as a goal.
inasmuch as it was smaller, and of a square The area was the space appropriated to the
form, whilst the column was round, large, and games and races. It consisted of earth ren-
lofty. These cippi served for many purposes, dered perfectly hard, and covered with a layer
both religious aud secular, sometimes marking of fine sand, to facilitate the career of the horses
a place of family sepulture, at others standing and cars. Hence this place also took the name
as termini or boundary stones. The form and of arena. The area was surrounded by a ditch
ornaments of some of these, particularly as called euripus, which terminated at a point
represented on coins, have caused them often where the carceres began. At the different en-
to be mistakeu for altars. They are placed some- trances of the circus there was a bridge to cross
times alone in the field of a medal, charged with this euripus.
an inscription;
in others they arc placed near a The spina was a broad but not a lofty mass
deity, who
generally rests him or herself against of masonry, which commenced at a sufficiently
it. On the occasion of the civic crown having ample distance from the carceres, and finished
been voted by the Senate of Rome to be placed at a less distance from the triumphal gate. This
before the portal of Augustus’s palace, in com- spina, dividing nearly the whole length of the
memoration of his services as the great pre- area, served conveniently to separate those two
server and pacificator of the state, L. Mescinius portions of the circus in which the races took
 — ——

CIRCUS. CIRCUS. 201

place, and to prevent the chariots from passing images of Cybele, Victory, Fortune, &c. At
from one part to the other, without turning each end of the spina were small structures, con-
round the meta. Before the race could be won, sisting of four columns, united by an archi-
it was indispensably requisite to have gone round trave. One of these edifices supported seven
the metre seven times such a course was called
: dolphins consecrated to Neptune the other,
;

missus. seven eggs consecrated to Castor aud Pollux.

The area was divided longitudinally by the These referred to the seven courses of the cha-
spina , which however did not occupy the exact riots round the metre, and served also to shew
middle of that space, but ranged nearer the left the number of races which had been run for
;

than the right side. This right hand part of after the completion of each race, a dolphin aud
the area was thus wider than the left, so that an egg were taken away. Each of the two
the chariots, which at a given signal, started all metre already alluded to, stood at a distance from
at the same time from their carceres, had room each end of the spina. That which stood nearest
enough to run abreast during the first part of the carceres was called the first ;
that which
the race. For the same reason, the wall of en- stood opposite the portus triumphalis was called
closure on the right side of the circus did not the second. Each meta consisted of three cones,
form a right line, but had an oblique direction. placed on a high pedestal, and surmounted by an
Neither was the spina parallel with the walls of egg. It was because the cars turned round
enclosure, but was so planned aud laid down as the two goals, in describing different circles,
to give more width at the commencement of that these races were latterly called ludi decea-
the right side of the area, near the first metre, ses (sports of the circus). Aud how passion-
than at the other extremity of the same side; ately addicted the Roman people were to them,
and, in like manner, more width at the extre- is sufficiently indicated by Juvenal’s allusion to
mity of the left side, placed close to that of the panem et circenses (doles of bread and shews
which mention has just been made, than at that of the circus) as the only two things which they
which was situated near the starting point. thought of or desired.
The ground, appointed to be run over by the Three sides of the area were surrounded with
racing cars, was on the whole of a conical a structure which supported the sedilia for the
figure. spectators: these seats were placed iu reced-
ing rows, one above another, like those iu the
theatres. This building consisted of walls, in
which there were passages or galleries, aud of
porticoes on the outside. Between the walls
and the porticoes were staircases, which con-
ducted to the spectators’ seats. These stair-
cases abutted upon a podium or walk, raised
several feet above the level of the area. It was
there that the seats were placed for the pontiffs,
magistrates, and other distinguished personages.
This podium was separated from the area by an
iron railing, which served as a support to the
persons who were placed there, and to guard
them from wild beasts, when combats of such
ferocious animals were given in the circus.
To see the games, the emperors occupied a
[The above engraving, from a contorniate particular place in the edifice, called the pul-
medal, dedicated to Trajan, is here introduced vinar, and from thence all that took place
for the purpose of shewing the idea of Cir- throughout the whole extent of the circus was
censiau charioteering, meant to be conveyed completely visible. This was on the left side of
by numismatic artists, who lived in times the circus, in front of the first meta a place
.-

when such sights continued to be of frequent better adapted thau any other to observe the
occurrence; when such diversions were as popu- order of the course ; to distinguish the fortunate
lar as ever; and when the buildings in which auriga who first reached the goal ; and to see
they were exhibited, before countless spectators, the gymnastic, athletic, aud other exercises,
still retained their undiminished extensiveness, sometimes given in the area. This position was
and their undilapidated grandeur. The spina, moreover the best suited for the imperial box,
with metre, at each extremity, and the obelisk because it enabled the competitors for victory
The “start”
iu its centre, are here well defined. easily to see the signal which the emperor gave
and the “coming in” are clearly marked; whilst with the mappa, or napkin, for the start.
the “ break down” of one competitor, and the From this point too, could be viewed to the
crowning of “ the winner,” are scarcely less re- greatest advantage the mSlee of the chariots,
cognizable in this curious and rare antique]. and the dexterity with which the drivers rounded
The spina was, so to speak, the sanctuary of the second meta.
the circus, it was decorated with altars, statues, In the exterior walls of the circus were dif-
aud other consecrated objects. The middle of ferent entrances which led into the area. That
it was occupied not only by the grand obelisk, situated in the semi-circular portion of the en-
together with a small temple, but likewise by closure was termed the triumphal gate, because
2 D
 , — —

202 CIRCUS MAXIMUS. CIRCUS MAXIMUS.

those who carried off the prizes proceeded in consumed Nerouian conflagration of
in the fatal
state, after the sports, through that outlet. the city, was restored cither by Vespasian
it
Two other portals were situated at the spot or by Domitian. Id Trajan’s time the Grand
where the carceres began. One of these open- Circus bad fallen into a very ruinous condition.
ings probably served as an entrance from the — The population having however greatly in-
city into the circus, (or the pompa circensis, creased, that emperor still further enlarged its
that is to say, the procession which it was the dimensions and so magnificent was the scale
;

custom to make honour of the gods, previous

in of his re-constructions as to establish for this
to the commencement
of the games and it is; Circus a claim to be ranked amongst the fore-
equally probable that the other was used for the most of Rome’s splendid public edifices. Under
exit of the same procession, after sacrifice had Antoninus Pius, the Circus Maximus underwent
been offered. —
Circusscs were principally dedi- the repairs of which it again stood in need.
cated to the god Consus or the equestrian Nep- Some of the succeeding emperors likewise con-
tune. They were also consecrated to the Sun, tributed to its maintenance and embellishment.
to Castor and Pollux, aud to other divinities. Hut few relics even of its ruins at present re-
See Millin’s Dictionnaire des Beaux Arts from main.
which the foregoing account is abridged. See The numbers which the Circus Maximus was
also an article, illustrated by ground plans, in capable of holding arc computed at 150,000 by
Dr. Smith's Dictionary of lloman Antiquities. Dionysius, 260,000 by Pliny, and 385,000 by
CIRCUS MAXIMUS was the name of the I\ Victor all of which arc probably correct,
;

place which Tarqnin the Ancient, after his vic- but have reference to different periods of its
tory over the Latins, was the first to assign in history.
Rome, as a fixed spot, for the celebration of Besides the Great Circus, Rome contained
those chariot races, of which the institution is eight edifices assigned to like purposes of popu-
dated so far back as the age of Romulus. The lar entertainment.
site chosen for that purpose was in the valley
Marcia, between the Avcntine and Palatine hills,
in the 11th region of the city. And in process
of years, it was known by no other uame than
that of Maximus, that is to say the Greatest,
because it was in fact built on a scale of more
grandeur and extent than the other circi,
which were successively constructed at Rome.
1 n Tarquin’s time and during the earlier ages of

the republic, the length of this circus was 437

feet. The population of Rome haring consider-
ably augmented, Ca;sar caused the Circus Maxi-
mus to be enlarged, and a deep aud broad fosse
to be dug quite round the area, separating it The Circus Maximus is typified on Roman
from the scats, in order that the spectators coins, in some instances with a variety of orna-
might no more be affrightened by the elephants ments, and with a distinction of games cele-
employed in the games, as had repeatedly been brated, as we learn from different representa-
the case before on which occasions those stu-
;
tions, which Ilavcrcamp and other writers have
pendous animals exerted all their strength to collected together.
throw down the gratings of iron with which the Thus on two contorniate (not contempora-
area was surrounded. After the new arrange- neous but still ancient) medals, bearing on their
ment, the area of the circus was edged with respective obverses the portraits of Augustus,
three porticoes on the outside of the fosse. with legend of divvs avgvstvs pater, exterior
The first portico served to support the stone views and internal decorations of the circus
seats the second, which rose behind the first,
;
plainly offer themselves, exhibiting the portals
sustained the wooden scats the third surrounded
;
and arcades of cutrauee the spiua, with an obe-
;

the whole of the extensive edifice, not only lisk iu the middle aud the metre at each extre-
;

serving for ornament, but containing also pas- mity and the ascending rows of seats for the
;

sages which led to the scats of the spectators. spectators. —

Sec More//. Thesaur. Impp. vol. iii.
These porticoes w ere so disposed, that each divi- tab. 23, Nos. 12 and 16.
sion of seats had their respective entrances aud On a contorniate with the laureated head of
outlets, with a view to prevent every kind of Nero for its obverse type, the reverse (without
disorder which, without such architectural ar- Maximus,
legend) exhibits the area of the Circus
rangements, would, necessarily have been liable with its which
great centre obelisk, on one side of
to occur from the crowd of comers and goers. are two columns supporting au entablature, on
Tiberius rebuilt a part of the cirrus which which are statues, aud on the other side is a
had been destroyed by fire. Claudius caused small circular temple the conical metre stand-
;

marble to be used in the construction of the ing on lofty pedestals at each end of the spina,
carceres, which had before been built of sand- round w hich six quadriga: are running at full
stone by bis orders also the wooden metes were
;
speed, some of them in opposite directions, as
gilt, and he appropriated particular seats for the if their charioteers were reckless of collision.
senators. The Circus Maximus having been Sec More//. Impp. Bom. vol. iii. pi. vi. No 18.
 I — — — — ;

CIRCUS MAXIMUS. CIRCUS MAXIMUS. 203

Ncrva’s coinage includes a reference to this The most remarkable grouping of figures and
subject. —
See neptuno circens (in the Roach other objects, illustrative of the ludi circenses,
Smith cabinet). appears, however, on an elegant brass medal-
On we find the Circus
a large brass of Trajan lion of Gordianus III. from a specimen of which
Maximus minutely depictured : in the Cabinet de France, the subjoined cut has
Obv. IMP. CAES. NERVAE TRAIANO. LaU- been executed :

reated head of Trajan. Rev. —

s. p. Q. r. opti-

mo. principi s. c. The Circus.

For an engraving of this reverse from a speci-
men in the British Museum, see preceding page.
It is recorded by Dion (lxviii. $ 7) that Trajan
expended large sums on the Circus Maximus :

“ He inscribed on the Hippodrome, that he had

made it perfect, for the gratification of the
Roman people. For, after it had been partially
destroyed, he repaired it on a larger scale, aud
with greater splendour.” —
Pausauias also num-
bers amongst the magnificent works of Trajan,
the Hippodrome of two stadia (furlongs) in
length (v. ch. 12). Dion, again, informs us,
that this Prince delighted in a variety of spec-
tacles. And Pliny says, that he was devoted to Here we have a representation of various
the sports of the chase. —
It was in memory of diversions going on, in the area of the great
what that emperor had done to enlarge, improve, structure in question. We
sec the met®, whose
and beautify so favourite a place of public resort conical terminations are surmounted by an egg-
at Rome, that this interesting and valuable coin like form, symbolical of the ovum Castoris —
was expressly struck, by order of the Senate. Castor being patron of the desullores, or horse-
Nor is it to be imagined that, at a later age, riders of the circus. A lofty obelisk (one of
so many of the medals, called contorniati, and those brought from Egypt, and dedicated to the
on which the racing and hunting feats of the Sun) rises in the centre of the spina on the
Circus are represented, would have been dedi- further side of which a biga and a quadriga are
cated to him, unless it had been the universal running. Still further in the distance, to the
belief of posterity, that for recreation sake, this left, are three togated figures bearing palm
emperor indulged the people, and even personally branches, the foremost of which is bolding up
took part, in diversions of this kind. [Re- — his right hand. On the right is a figure in
specting Trajan’s victories (merita) in the Circus imperial habiliments, crowned by a Victory from
Maximus, Eckhel directs his readers to consult behind, and standing in a triumphal car drawn
the brief notice of Morcellus, de Stilo inscrip. by six horses; whilst in the foreground a troop
p. 69.] —A fine representation of this building, of gladiators, wrestlers, and other athlelce, are
corresponding with the foregoing wood-cut, ap- in divers ways contesting with each other. The
pears on a brass medallion of Trajan, engraved whole number of figures crowded into the narrow
in the Numismata of the Imperial Museum at round of the medallion is seventeen. The re-
Vienna, p. 16. verse legend of this most rare and interesting
That rare first brass of Hadrian, with the relic is p. M. tr. p. vn. cos. n. p. p. shewing
;

legend ANN. DCCCLXXIIII. NAT. VRB. the coin to have been struck a. n. 244, the year
P. C licenses CON. (sec page 46), and having of the young emperor’s death.
for its reverse type a figure holding a wheel, The learned Buonarotti, among other his-
recumbent at the base of three obelisks, has an torical and descriptive remarks on this unique
obvious reference to the circus and chariot races. reverse, of which he has given an accurate en-
On a gold coin, of beautiful workmanship, graving, says : Gordian, who according to Euse-
struck under S. Severus, cos. in. is a represen- bius reigned six entire years, was assassinated in
tation of the Circus. —
See severi m on" eta. Mesopotamia, in the spring of a. d. 244. Hence
A first brass of Caracalla, struck a. d. 213, the festival here represented must have been
presents a type of the Circus Maximus, exhi- given in honour of the victories gained over the
biting architectural details in every material Persians in 242 and 243. These victories are
point similar to those on the above reverse of recorded by Capitolinus, who referring to the
Trajan (sec an engraving of it in p. 174). This, letters of Gordian to the Senate, adds
—
“ His in
among other coins of that emperor, attests Senatu lectis quadrig® elephantorum Gordiano
his extravagant devotion to the sports of the decret® sunt, utpote qui Persas vicisset, ut
circus, a passion which historians inform us triumpho Pcrsico triumpharet.”
took possession of him at a very early age. Circumstances however occurred, not only to
According to Dion (lxxvii. § 10), he himself prevent the youthful prince from enjoying the
professed to emulate the Sun, in his chariot- honours due to his military successes, but soon
driving. lie is believed to have been the after, thro’ the wicked contrivances of the preto-
builder of a Circus, the vast ruins of which still rian prefect Philip, to cause his death at a distance
exist in Rome, but with which no monetal deli- from the frontiers of the empire. Meanwhile in
neation has yet been identified. pursuance of the decree of the Senate, although
2 D 2
 ;

204 CISTOPIIORI. CISTOPHORI.

there was hope of his arrival at Rome,
little her of which was very considerable, aud which
feasts and games were suddenly got up to treat were in use throughout all Asia, were struck for
the people with ; and on this occasion of re- the common welfare of the cities of that couutry,
joicing, the image of the emperor was conveyed whose fruitful territory aud extended commerce,
on a car, being attired in imperial robes and rendered necessary the use of a coinage of known
adorned with ornaments, similar to those destined type, and uniform weight, which should inspire
for the celebration of a triumph, but on a scale confidence aud facilitate mercantile transactions.
of less magnificence, as is indicated in the — M. Du Mersan adopts Eckhel’s opinion, think-
above reverse, whereon is the statue of Gordian, ing with him that a coinage relating to the
drawn by six horses, not by elephants as decreed worship of Bacchus would naturally be adopted
for the Persian triumph. And, as it is certain by a couutry in which that pagan divinity was
that the emperor was far away at the time, and peculiarly honoured.
returned no more to Rome, so by this medallion The time when cistophori were first struck
the manner is particularly shown of celebrating can hardly be determined with accuracy. Cer-
games, and on the news of victories, with
feasts, tain it is, however, that this kind of money was
the statues of emperors dressed in the same already known in Asia about the year of Rome
triumphal costume, in which those emperors 564 (b. c. 190.) —
The number of cistophori,
assisted in person on occasions of public sports collected the Asiatic wars of the Romans,
in
celebrated, and of triumphs enjoyed. and in countries subjected to Antiochus the
Respecting the biga and the quadriga, which Great, was prodigious and it shews how enor-
;

are here represented racing, Buonarotti adds, mously vast the whole aggregate quantity of the
(“ credo, per esprimere le due sorte piu principali coinage must have been. Nevertheless cistophori
de’ cocchi, che adopravano,”) these figures shew are now amongst the number of rare coins.
the two principal kinds of chariots made use of The ordinary types of the cistophori are on
on the circensiau course. Their direction, ac- the obverse a h:df-opeued chest, or basket, with
cording to the statements of learned writers, and a serpent issuing from it, the whole surrounded
as we sec by this medallion, was from the right —
by a crown of ivy aud vine leaves. The reverse
to the left, that being the more natural move- presents a quiver, near which is seen a bow,
ment. Amongst the little figures in the back- surrounded by two serpents, with their tails
ground, there is one who with its uplifted hand interlaced. —
See the word serpent.
would seem to be giving the signal to start, The coinage of cistophon continued in the
perhaps by shewing or throwing the napkin or principal cities of the Asiatic provinces, after
handkerchief (gettare la mappa). This function the Roman conquest. At a later period, the
was customarily performed by the cousid, pretor, names of Roman magistrates are found on them,
emperor, or other person presiding at the games. conjointly with those of Greek magistrates
As to the group of gladiators, wrestlers, &c., aud, according to all accounts, the districts
who were wont to exercise their vocations at under the authority of these tribunals, furnished
triumphal as well as other fetes, in the Circus each its proportion of silver for the coinage
Maximus, it appears from the words of a Greek of the cistophori, and this was taken in pay-
author, cited by Buonarotti, that it was not until ment of the tribute exacted of them in that coin
the aurigae had finished their seven rounds, and by the Romans.
the victors at the chariot races had been crowned, As serving further to prove the connection
that what were regarded as a low’er grade of of Roman names and official titles under the re-
combatants came forward to entertain the public, with the mintages of Asiatic cistophori,
populace ; and then “ the higher class of spec- it will not be irrelevant here to note three re-

tators began to converse with each other, and to —

markable coins of this class one struck by
eat sugar plums (Mangiare la treggea), because Appius Clodius Pulchcr, pro-consul of Cilicia,
they took no pleasure in seeing contests of 699 (b. c. 55), and the two others by his suc-
wrestlers and other athleta." —
See osservazioni cessor in the government of that province, M.
1STORICHE supra alcuni Medaglioni, p. 226 et Tullius Cicero, the celebrated orator.
seq.
300
—[Mionnet values this medallion at only
fr.]
1. The first of these has on its obverse iu
Latin characters ap. pvlcher ap. f. pro-cos.
CISTOPIIORI. — Coins were thus denomin- Appius Pulcher Appii Fi/ius Pro-consute. The
ated, from the cist re, or mystical baskets, used rest of the legend is iu Greek, shewing the cis-
in theworship of Bacchus, and which were tophorus to have been coined at Laodicea, under
.always found figured upon them. In its original the magistracy of Apollonius aud Zosimus. The
sense the term of cistophorus and cistophera accompanying types arc, as usual, two serpents
were applied to him or her who, in the mysteries uud cista mystica, bow, quiver, aud caduceus,
of Bacchus, or of Ceres and of Proserpine, within ivy and vine leaves. (Eugraved iu Se-
carried the cisla, which enclosed the sacred ser- guin, p. 82, and in Morel/. Thesaur. Claudia
pent. Amongst the Greeks it was the custom gens). —Pulchcr was pro-cousul in Asia about
for youug girls of high rank to bear this mystic 700 (b. c. 64) lie is mentioned by Cicero, but
:

chest at public festivals. The medals called only as pretor.

cistophori were coined by authority in reference 2. The second has on its reverse M. ciceko
to the feasts of Bacchus, and became the peculiar pro cos. and apa(mea), whey it was struck,
symbol of Asia. with the same type as the preceding. On the
Eckhel contends, that the cistophori, the num- obverse the cista and serpent, without legend.
 — — —— ;

CISTOPHORI. CIVIBVS. 205

— Cicero here is styled pro-consul. But on the I grains, poids de Paris, intrinsic value two livres
following (which is engraved iu Seguin, p. 83, 14 sous.
and iu MoreU. Fam. Rom. Tullia gens), he has See Eckhel, lie Cistophoris see generally —
that of Imperator, viz. :
Millin, Lictionnaire des Beaux Arts see par- —
3. Obv. — m. the rest of the
tvll. imp. ; |
ticularly “ a memoir on coins called Cistophori,”
legend, in Greek, records it to have been struck from the pen of M. Du Mersan, premier Employe
at Laodicea, by Labas, son of Pyrrhus. au Cabinet des Antiques de la Biblioth'eque
Rev. —
Without legend. Serpent gliding out Nationale, translated by the Editor of the
of the half-opened data. Numismatic Chronicle, and inserted in that
Marcus Tullius succeeded Pulchcr as pro-con- periodical, 1846.
sul of Cilicia, in 703 (it. c. 51). With regard —
CITHARA the harp or lyre. The term is
to the title of imp. the following what he applied to designate the harp of Apollo, to whom
states of himself :
— “ Thus is

named Imperator its invention is ascribed it was furnished with

:

after the victory near Issus ;

same place,
in the seven strings, in correspondence (say mytho-
where as 1 have often heard you say, Clitarchus logists) with the number of the planets. The
relates, that Alexander vanquished Darius.” cithara, as a symbol of Apollo, on a gold coin
Ad. Tamil, lib. ii. ep. 10. of Augustus, struck by the monetary triumvir
4. There is a fourth Roman cistophorus, con- Turpilianus, on the occasion of that emperor’s
temporaneous with and similar to the above. having erected on Mount Palatine a temple to
It was struck at Apainea, in Syria, and records the God of Music. (Vaillant, Pr. ii. p. 24).
on its reverse, at full length, the name and title Engraved in Morell. Fam. Rom. Petronia gens.
of p. lentvlvs, imperator. Engraved in Mu- — —
See the Cithara, supported by Victory aud
rell. Fam. Rom. Cornelia gens. the Palatine Apollo, on a medallion of Commo-
This Publius Cornelius Lentulus, gurnamed dus, engraved in p. 66 of this volume.
Spintkcr, was a friend of Cicero’s, lie served CITHAROEDVS APOLLO. The lyre-strik-
the office of consul B. c. 57, and was the pre- ing Apollo. —
In this character Nero is repre-
do 'essor of Pulchcr aud Marcus Tullius in the sented on one of his first brass coins. “ Another
pro-consulship of Cilicia, whither he went b. c. Apollo (as Suetonius observes), habited like the
5G. He was saluted Imperator for a campaign robed statues of the god, he appears walking,
in the Amanus ;
but did not obtain triumphal with the cithara in his left hand, and playing
honours until b. C. 51, when Cicero was himself —
on it with his right. Engraved in Dr. King’s
iu Cilicia. plates.
On the reverse of one of the cistophori of CIV IB. ET SIGN. MILIT. A. PART. RE-
Pcrgamos, appears the name of the Csccilia CVPER. sometimes RESTITVT. Civibus et
gens, as follows cj.
:
—
metkllvs pivs scipio Signis Militaribus a Parthis recuperatis .

imper. The Roman eagle between two inter- (Citizens aud military ensigns restored by the
twined serpents. The legend betokens the son Parthians). A triumphal
of Pro-consul Scipio Nasica, who was adopted arch, with three portals ;
on
by Q. Metellus Pius, aud which son was after- its summit is a figure in a
wards pro-consul of Asia, about 705 (b. c. 49). quadriga; on each side of
— See Ciccilia gens, p. 151 of this dictionary. the quadriga stands a male
Next in the Roman series of cistophori come figure, the one offering a
those struck in Asia for Mark Antony, who, military ensign, the other a
following the example of Mithridates, and other legionary eagle. Gold and —
oriental princes, took the title of Bacchus.— See silver medals of Augustus, bearing this legend
p. 59 of this dictionary sec also the Familitt — and type, refer to a memorable blot on the mili-
Romance of Morel, and of Riccio, Antonia gens. tary reputation of the Romans, namely, the
On one of the coins of Augustus, which bears defeat of M. Crassus, iu Mesopotamia, in 701
on the reverse the figures of two serpents, we (b. c. 53). See Carrhce. That rash and in-
read asia SVBACTA. On a quiuarius of the same capable commander had, to gratify his insa-
emperor, we find Victory standing on the mystical tiate avarice, brought on a war with the Par-
cista,on each side of which appear two serpents, thians but the result proved disastrous in the
—
;

and the legend asia recepta (see p. 89.) The extreme. It not only cost him his own worth-
same type is found on a gold coin of Vespasian. less life, but the lives of thousands of his un-
The cistophori of all ages are uniform in type, fortunate soldiers, leaving in the power of the
except those of later times, when the Romans enemy a great number of prisoners, who, with
altered the primitive type. There was, how- their eagles and ensigns, remained iu the hands
ever, no change but in those bearing the name of the Parthians for a space of thirty-three
of the Roman Magistrates. 1
years, to the indelible shame of the Republic.
“The ordinary weight of a cistophorus," ac- At length, however, Phraatcs, King of the Par-
cording to M. Du Mersan, ‘‘is 12 grammes and !
thians, yielding to the threats of Augustus, and
two or three decigrammes, more or less. The fearing that that prince would take measures to
drachm containing four grammes and five deci- force a surrender of those captives and spoils
grammes, the cistophori must therefore be tri- 1

of war, preferred sending them back to Rome

drachms.” —
According to the Abbe Believe, as
j
and the emperor received them, 734 (b. c. 20),
cited by Millin, the uniform weight of these with more joyous exultation than if he had van-
I

medals, which are all of pure silver, is 2 Ml quished the Parthians in a pitched battle. Au-
 ; — : ; —•

206 CIVIS. CIVIS.

gustus built iu the capitol a temple which he had unlimited power over their children: 5th
dedicated to Mars Ultor (the Avenger), where they possessed the right of adoption, aud that of
the military ensigns were consecrated. wearing the toga, which was likewise a dis-
It was on this restoration of the captured tinctive mark of the Roman citizen : 6th, they
standards by the Parthiaus, that Augustus, ac- were the sole heir of a citizen, and foreigners
cording to Dion, was honoured by the Senate were excluded from all succession.
and People with an ovation, he entering the Cives were divided into two sorts old and —
city on horseback, and also with a triumphal new. The first were those who were born
arch. Moreover they paid him the homage of Roman citizens, and whose whole family enjoyed
a votive shield, in commemoration of the same the right of the city. Under the distinction of
glorious event. There are coins in which this new, were reckoned the allies of Latin name,
buckler is represented with a legend, recording and those who owed their citizenship to the
the restitution of military ensigns. —
See c. L. v. favour of the emperor. The condition of the
and sigxis recbptis. latter was inferior to that of the former class,
CIVIBVS SEHV.VTIS CAESAR, COS. VII. inasmuch as they could not claim succession of
—
Bare head of Augustus. Rev. avgvstvs. s. c. relatives on the paternal side a privilege which
;

An eagle, with wings displayed, holds in its the old citizens possessed, by virtue of a Law of
claws a crowm of oak leaves, behind his wings the Twelve Tables.
are two laurel branches. —
Sec Eagle. At the commencement of the Roman state, the
Augustus having established the peace of the people were composed but of two orders the —
empire abroad, and secured protection to the Patricians and the Plebeians. The first order
lives of citizens by the restoration of internal included all the nobility. But after the Gracchi,
order and peace, the Senate ordered that become tribunes of the people, had carried the
laurels should be planted before his palace, in law which took away from the Senators the
order to recal the memory of his victories, and cognizance of certain causes, in order to give
that a crown of oak leaves should be placed in that privilege to the Knights, the latter formed
the midst, as a symbol of the preservation of a second order amongst the nobility, and thence-
citizens. forth the Roman people became divided into
CIVIS. A citizen. At Rome they dis- three orders, the last of which comprised the
tinguished by the name of citizens (Cives), those Burgesses (Munichpes). This third order was
who not only had their abode in the city, but itself composed of three sorts of persons ; viz. of

were incorporated in a tribe, or ward, and were those who were born free, aud who were called
eligible to the offices of the republic. The uuion Ingenui ; of the children of freemen, called
of these three qualifications was necessary to Libertini and of the freedmen themselves who
constitute citizenship iu full right, plena jure from having been slaves were set at liberty by
cives and neither strangers who had obtained their masters: for so long as they remained slaves
residence, nor freedmen to whom the rights of they could not be numbered among the people.
the tribus had becu granted, were ranked as Still, there was to be distinguished amongst the

citizens. Every Roman citizen was one of three Roman citizens three different classes ;
viz. 1.

orders in the state, either of the Senate, or of Those who were of the city itself, and who en-
the Knights (Equestres), or of the people (p/ebs). joyed the following prerogatives to be com- :

A person did not deprive himself of the title of prised in the census, to give their votes, to take
citizen, when his affairs required him to reside office, to pay the capitation tax, to be enrolled

sometime out of Rome; but he did forfeit it, iu the legions, to sacrifice according to the cus-
when he caused himself to be enrolled amongst tom of Rome; and these were called Quirites,
the citizens of another town. “Nequeenim (says Populusque Romanos 2. . —
The second class
Cicero), jure Quiritiuin, idem duarum civitatum were municipals, who had in common, with the
civis esse potuit.” first mentioned kind, only to be included in the

During the existence of the republic, the census, to give their suffrage, to take part iu
rights of Roman citizenship were accorded to public situations, to pay tribute, whilst they
—
no other nation to no other people. Under were deprived of the other advantages. Finally,
Augustus, however, and his imperial successors, the third class was composed of those who pos-
this restriction was more and more relaxed. sessed the Jus Latii, that is to say, those not

The privileges of this title, which kings them- natives of Rome, but, who having exercised
selves had not disdained to hold, consisted 1st, some magistracy in their own country, had ac-
of being incorporated in a tribe and a century, quired the right of Roman burgesship, together
exercising the electoral frauchisc, and filling with that of voting, and of eligibility to public
public offices. 2nd, iu exemption from the office, as Pliny represents it
—
“ His quoque
punishment by rods, from that of imprisonment, qttibus per Latium civitas Romana patuisset.”
and even from that of death, at least in cases Thus Strabo remarks, that such of the inha-
where sentence of condemnation was passed by bitants of Nismcs, in Gaul, who had exercised
the people. The first of these punishments was the pretorship, or the edileship, became thence-
reserved for slaves; the Porcian and Sentpro man forward Roman citizens. —
See I’itiscus, Lexicon
laws having emancipated the citizens from it Antiq. Rom.
3rd, Roman citizens alone were enrolled in the Soldiers also who had served a long time
legions they alone shared in the rewards dis-
;
honourably, received a diploma admitting them
tributed among the beneficiary soldiers Rh, they : to the rights of citizenship.
 ; k * >

CIVITAS„
GI\ 1TATIBVS ASIAE.
clvls as in the Augustan 207
medal (ob cl vis nations beyond that
servatos). Cwisia often used for region and especially the
Gives, and the ;

long syllable is mostly principal cities throughout

expressed by a taller the whole extent of
character. The ancients the empire. Lastly, a constitutional
terminated nominatives law, i„-
nd accusatives in is. titutcd by the
[It was long that the Emperor Antoninus Pius con-
’ at t ‘ t e
veneration existed towards
the memory of Au- °" aU freetnen within the
nerhl d
penal im-
giistus, of which the dominions. Th, s municipal franchise,
indication is to be found or
on the first brass coins of aS the first insta,lce g'-aoted
DIVO AVGVSTO
Tiberius, inscribed
Q. R. OB CIV1S (or GIVES)
S. P.
fcSEST’ r'
In Course of time the
emperors
rJn
rendered
i ,
S aUd hlch disi ’ la v two themselves masters of this,
capricorns, as of every
ttith r°l'
irith a T
globe, sustaining
’i
-

an oaken crown]
other power of the
state, and some
of them
Livieci, or quemea corona. made it a matter of pecuniary
The civic or were. cities "Inch received There traffic.
oaken crown or wreath, from the emperors a
was thus called, from
the oak leaves and acorns
of which it was com-
posed, and from the custom assisted them in paying the taxes,
of honouring with in defraying
it those who the expenses of sacrifices,
protected the lives of the and in repairing the
— bee Corona.
citizens
of dU„l
" S8; .“d When the prince
had cause
emVM.—See ampliatori civivm, on a
displeasure against them,
he took away their
privileges.
C
°pi°\-T^
nt0nin " S Pius ’ not 'ced in
^ VITAS.— This word,
p. 43
See Pitiscus, Lexicon Antiq.
RoT
in its origin, signi- CIVITATIBVS ASIAE RESTITVTIS.
fied not what we caU a city, cities
(The
but a nation a of Asia
re-established.)— sedent figure
n hVmg "* the same )lace aureated and togated, its
veiledd b
1 °\T
he same ma ist rates, and
S
l go-
under the
>
Stool in the right hand a
;
feet resting on a foot-’

o /fl
Dower of
power patera; in the left
the same laws. Thus Civitas had the the hasta pura.-Obv.-n.
same meaning as Res Ruhlica. caesar divi avg.
The Romans at .avgvst. p m. T r. pot
XXIIrl (Tiberius
fust took the word
wards
in this sense. But after-
Caesar, Dm
Augusti Filius, Augustus,
Pontifex
was made to designate
it Maximus,
the principal TribrntitiaB Potestatis 24.) Iu
p ace the capital of a nation, the
the centre of a field a large S. C.
republic, the seat of the
laws, of the magistrates
and of all authority, and
at length it was era’
pioyed to signify every
town-urbs-oppidum
Civxtas also signified the
same thing as Jus
Qumttum, the right of Roman
citizens], ip.-
- o one was able to
acquire that right, if he
had not previously
attained the second Jus
Ratu, which was very
US
inferior to the other —
necessarily implied the
>„? Civitatis,
J'ts f, .

but it was not all those

who
latt tU enJ°>' cd former.
Cimtan Ce freed en had .‘he f“ i
, w“
having ’i the Jus Quiritium
Civitas, with-
they were
reckoned among the citizens,
but not among the
Qumtes From The large brass of Tiberius,
the moment they
regained on the reverse
of which this remarkable
leir libertythey, the former slaves,
were re- struck in the year of
legend annlf
garded as citizens; but Rome 775 (a d. 22)
the J„s Qmntium, which,
they had still to ask for
cords the munificence
of this emperor
min
once granted, gave caused to be re-built, at who had
them aibmssion into the his own expense Zf-
Tribus of the country,
cmes
and facilitated their
ng
attainment of
Wa
offices : and
in Asia Minor, which in
d »
o^ night
„
“
m=lns
" '
f
fo
, 5
88 V' T
Ved t0 the affranchised
e
tot he forcign freedinen, they
.
Ro-
were tins bestowed on
b, tir fh qu
l’ eme,i, •
“/'of
fi
lfi
,

l
0r as I ),m >g only to the right
of citizen-

i , Uny pret sions to enter

country tribes or to
hold any offices.
f
into the
Those
his
serves
honour; and the coin
above en -rayed f™
who

citizens.
6'
^
quitted their native country
the Privi
to go and live
of Roman %es selfish,
still

avaricious;
fact been so well
more
generous humanity, hardly
lastingly
to record an
act "f
to be credit*/^
and cruel a man
f

ktd '
It th
After the city was burnt authenticated as to
by the Gauls, mea- doubt or V6 n°
sures vvere take to difficulty concernin-
induce individuals to esta- it
6
On fl
•

equally
b ksh themselves at Rome,
as residents, the
by securing to them
deserving of notice af
specimen of monetal
fremti ?’
rights of citizenship. workmanship, and
This uteres mg as
D Wa lrid,SpenSablc for historical monument,' EckLl
v£ f a
vileges °f p
iloman
enjoying the pri-
citizen to their fullest
ex-
U2-3) animadverts to the following
— effect
fvi

tent but it
was accorded also, with certain
I)le who
re-
wcre ,10t ‘lomiciliated t! ?¥?«»•
X
at Rome and
I
°i il°
this was called Municipium.
At
d*.
effects
"bid, h,d
of a violent earthquake,
SOM '"f
Latm ® alone were allowed to were rc-bffilt
tld
tiU3 h
honour then all Italy;
partake of the munificence of f
Tiberius. This liberal
;
afterwards some recorded by many other
writers, wh^x!
 — : ;

208 CIVITATIBVS ASIAE. CIVITATIBVS ASIAE.

prcssious arc quoted by Schlcgcl, iu his cxplana- Certain it is, that in the year following he
tiou of this coin. (Morel!. Impp. i. p. 578). — j

;
allowed a temple to be dedicated to himself and
his mother Livia, at Smyrna indeed, the latter
As regards the number of these cities, Pliny :

is represented with all the attributes of a goddess

j

coincides with Tacitus (Plin. ii. § 86). He

enumerates Sardis, Magnesia uuder Mount on her coins.
Sipylus, Temnos, Philadelphia, .Egea, Apollonia, This colossal statue of Tiberius appears to
have been completed and dedicated in the year
j

the Mosteni, the Hyrcani, Hierociesarea, Myrina,

Cymen, and Tmolus. Others mention 13, 14, u. c. 775 (a. d. 21), aud afterwards represented
and 15 cities, including no doubt those, which, |
—
on coins. In Belleye, Mcdiobarbus, and other
having at a subsequent period suffered the like :
catalogues, however, mention is made of his Trib.
calamity, experienced the beneficent care of potest, xxi. inscribed on coins of similar subject
Tiberius and such we find from Tacitus to have
;
from which circumstance Eekhel infers, that the
been the case with iEga: in Aehia, and Cibyra monument in question was dedicated two years
in Phrygia, in the year 776 (a.d. 23). Indeed, after the calamity to which it alludes.

the famous marble, dug up at Puteoli, at the Dr. Cardwell makes this brass of Tiberius a
end of the last century, which was dedicated to i
subject of one of his lectures, and in his inquiry
Tiberius Ctesar, exhibits fourteen female figures, respecting the cause to which it was owing that
having inscribed uuder them the names of the the medal, clearly intended to commemorate the
same number of Asiatic cities, identical with . munificence of the emperor, was not minted till
those, which are enumerated by Tacitus, with five years afterwards, observes, that such inquiry
is the more necessary,
“ as we have another
the addition of Ephesus and Cibyra.
In order to explain the type of the reverse, medal of similar inscription, which was minted
reference must be had to the account given by j
only two years after the disaster had occurred,
Phlegon Trallianus (de reb. mirab. c. 13), who, and when the bounty of l'lbcrius was fresh in
quoting Apollonius, states, that in the time of
j

every' one’s memory. Now (says the learned

j

might be a sufficient answer to

Tiberius many cities of renown were overthrown Lecturer), it

by an earthquake, and that the Emperor Tiberius observe, that some few years must necessarily
have elapsed before these towns could be again
j

afterwards restored them at his own cost in ;

inhabited and that five years, as we learn from

|

consequence of which a colossal statue was dedi- ;

cated to him at Rome, in the forum, near the Tacitus, was the term actually allowed, in the
temple of Venus, with other statues near it, re- cases in which the emperor granted a remission
presenting the several cities. What Phlcgou of their taxes. We
may also observe that, iu
thus describes, the above-mentioned marble dis- I addition to the cities already noticed, Ephesus
covered at Puteoli brings before our eyes, hav- I
appears to have suffered severely in the following
year, and the continuance of the danger would
ing beyond doubt been sculptured in imitation of
the Roman original, and dedicated at Puteoli to naturally retard the work of restoration. But
perpetuate the memory of Tiberius’s liberality, j
this is not all.” —The Rev. Doctor
then refers
There appears, however, to be no question, that to Phlegon, who probably lived in the days of

the colossal figure alluded to by Phlegon, pre- Hadrian, and whom Eekhel had previously
sented the same appearance as docs Tiberius on quoted as an authority aud after referring to
;

the coin before us. The Putcoliau marble does the fragment of inscribed and sculptured mar-
not contribute to our information on this point, ble above alluded to, and discovered in 1 693,

as only its base remains, the statue, which in all Pozzuoli, he comes to a similar conclu-
probability surmounted it, having been destroyed
at
sion with the Author of Doctrina “ Within —
—
by the effects of time. Whoever wishes to ob- two years after the great earthquake (observes
tain further particulars respecting this monu- l)r. Cardwell), it appears that the Senate had

ment of Puteoli, its form, and inscription, will determined to erect a statue to Tiberius, and
find in the lengthy dissertation of Lauren-
them had issued a new mintage, as a memorial of his
tius Gronovius, inserted in the 7th vol. of An- : bounty that within five years after the same
;

tiquities, by Gronovius, and also Belleyc (b. l. ! event, the statue was completed, and a new die
xxiv. p. 128.) |
was cut from whence the medal iu question was
In the figure itself, on the coin,
as presented minted, and that finally in the year 783 (a. d.
nothing is wanting to express the present and 30), when Tiberius had withdraw n himself from
actual deity. We see the patera, the spear, I
Rome, and was living in the neighbourhood of
and the footstool. When, therefore, it is Puteoli, the inhabitants of that town erected
asserted by Tacitus aud Suetonius, that Tiberius another statue, after the model exhibited at
declined divine honours, such may really have Rome thereby expressing their sorrow for a
;

been the case at the commencement of his reign, calamity, for which their own volcanic couutry
whilst bis government was not firmly established; would t’cach them to feel compassion, and honour-
at a later period, however, he may have enter- ing at the same time the emperor’s repeated acts
tained loftier thoughts of his own dignity, or at of generosity. We may infer, that the seated
least, though never exacting from his subjects figure on the reverse of the medal was intended
colossal statue of Tiberius,
the adoration due to a god, he may so faintly to resemble that
have opposed its tender, as to permit it just ;
which we have traced from the time when the
as, without positively assuming the title of Au- plan of it was first adopted by the Senate, to the
gustus, he with complacency endured to hear it time when it was finally erected at Puteoli.
—
uttered or see it written. (Dion, lvii. $ 8.) Lecture, viii. p. 195.
 — ; —

CLAUDIA. CLAUDIA. 209

Capt. Smyth, after describing a specimen of the coins (comprising 43 varieties) which refer
this first brass in his own collection, says, to this family are the three following :

“Tiberius, to do him justice, behaved on this, 1. Obv. —

makcellin'Vs. Male head, beard-
as in other public calamities, with a generosity less,to the right. Behind it the triquelra.
worthy of his high station for he not only re-— Rev. — marcellvs. cos. Qvinq. Marcellus
mitted the taxes of the ruined cities for five consul quinquies. A figure togated and veiled,
years ; but also presented them with large sums hearing a warlike trophy, as if about to mount
for re-building. A few other such deeds faintly the steps of a temple.
illume the dark picture of the tyrant’s reign
his liberality, as Tacitus remarks, being re-
tained after he had abandoned all other virtues.
This medal countenances the historic record of
Tiberius having been popular in the provinces,
for he declined laying new taxes on them say- ;

ing that a good shepherd may shear, but not flay

his flock.”
The above is amongst the Restituliones, or
restored coins. That by Domitian is rarer than The head on the obverse of this denarius is
the one by Titus. that of Marcus Claudius Marcellus, who, in his
—
CLARA. See didia clara. fifth consulate, 506 (b. c. made
the con-
208),
—
CLARITAS AVG usti. The brightness of the quest of Syracuse, and, it may he
said, of
Emperor. — This legend, with heads of the Sun Sicily. This Roman was the contemporary of
and the Moon, and also with an upright figure Fabius Maximus, and of Scipio. He was one of
of the Sun, radiated, standing with right hand the Consular Generals who distinguished them-
selves in the second Punic war, and had already
elevated, and globe in left hand, appears on gold
and third brass coins of Postumus, Diocletian, acquired a high reputation at the epoch of Han-
and Val. Maximianus. claritas reipvblicae nibal’s invasion. His active character and intrepid

appears on silver and third brass of Coustantinus courage were conspicuouly displayed in single
Constans, Licinius sen., and Crispus. combats. Even in his first consulate the qualities
jun . ,

The heads of the Sun and Moon indicate eternity of a daring valour made him triumph over Vir-
(see p. 23). There is apparently some analogy domarus, or Viromarus, a Gaulish chief, who,
between this Claritas of an Emperor and the at the head of an army of his nation, had come

name of Clara Rea, or the brilliant goddess, as to the succour of his fellow-countrymen, settled
applied to Isis. — See Akerman, vol. 1, p. 256, for some centuries, in the north of Italy, and
then at war with the Romans. Virdoinarus,
Constautinus jun.
who had advanced towards Clastidium (a city of
CLASSICAE ; of the Fleet. Surname of the — Liguria, between Placentia and Tortona, now
1 7th Legion, inscribed on a denarius of M. An-
Chiastezo), with numerous troops, fell beneath
tony. —
See LEG. XVII CLASSICAE.
the blows of the consul, who had darted forth
CLAVD. Claudius, Claudii. nero. clavd. — from the ranks to fight him.
divi. clavd. f. —
Sec the mintages of Nero, who The portrait on this denarius is without beard,
styled himself Filins Claudii, by adoption, in- as usual with the Romans of that period, when they
stead of using his family name of Domitius. had attained a certain age. The triquelra (or three
CLAUDIA gens — a duplex family, i. e. of patri- human legs united to each other by the hips), a
cian as well as plebeian rauk, sprung from the Sa- well-known symbol of Sicily, was placed behind
bines. — Atta Clausus, the head of this house, a the head to designate its victor. —
The legend
man of distinction, having been driven from Re- Marcellinus refers to the magistrate who minted
gillus by a seditious faction, came to Rome, fol- the coin —
one Claudius Marcellus, who, being
lowed by all his clients, to whom the republic adopted into the family of the Cornelii Lcutuli,
granted the rights of citizenship. Clausus, who had taken the surname of Marcellinus, and pro-
afterwards took the name of Appius Claudius, bably transmitted it to his descendants. On the —
was admitted into the order of Patricians and to reverse we read the name of Marcellus, as having
the rank of Senator. Afterwards, having been been five times consul. The type represents him
made consul, he left an illustrious name to his bearing to the temple of Jupiter Feretrius, the
descendants, who sustained it with honour. The spolia opiuia ol Virdomarus. Jupiter was called
surnames of this family were Centho, Crassus, Feretrius, because the triumpher went to his
Glicia, Marcellus, Nero, Fulcher. The surname temple, carrying thither as a trophy the armour,
of Nero follows the preuomen of Drusus. The Pa- offensive and defensive, of the general whom he
tricians fonned four branches, of whom coins are had killed with his own hand in battle, and
extant. The most distinguished members of the which were for that reason denominated opima
Plebeian branch were surnamed Marcellus. Each (great or most honourable). To accomplish this
produced great men who rendered good service religious observance, the conqueror covered his
to the state. The Emperor Nero was the last head with one of the lappets of his toga, accord-
and certainly the worthy of its public cha-
least ing to the rites prescribed in the Roman worship.
racters. The prenomen of Appius was the one Romulus was the first to perform this ceremony,
which the Claudia family appropriated to itself in consecrating the armour of Acron, King of
whilst it repudiated that of Lucius. Amongst the Ceninians which act was repeated only by
;

2 E
 — — :

210 CLAUDIA. CLAVA HERCULEA.

A. Cornelius Cossus, aud afterwards by M.
Claudius MarceUus. Virgil thus celebrates this
in next page).
Riccio, says
——“ On point Rorghesi,
this
Observing that
cited by
this fignre, al-
action in his jEneid :
though holding the simpulum, is seated a pos- ;

Aspice, lit insignis spoliis MarceUus opimis ture in which sacrifice was not performed, there
Ingreditur, victorque viros superemiuet omnes ! appears to me ground for suspecting, rather that
Die rein Romanam, niagno turbante tumultu, it was intended, in this type, to represent a
Sistet eques sternet I’oenos, Gallumquc rebeUem
; ; statue (che qui piuttosto, siesi voluto ctligiarc
Tcrtia arma patri suspendet capta Quirino.
una statua). And supposing this to have been
Lib. vi. v. 855 et seq.
the case, a reason is further afforded for recog-
See great MarceUus bow, untir’d in toils,
!
nising in this image the statue erected to Quinta
lie moves with mauly grace, how rich with regal
spoils !
Claudia.” —
Engraved in Moretl. Yam. Rom. —
He, when his country (threaten’d with alarms) Riccio, p. 54, classes it amongst the iikkk in
Requires his courage, and his conquering arms, gold. A specimen of it brought £13 at the
fine
Shall more than once the Punic bands affright: —
Thomas sale. See vestalis.
Shall kill the Gaulish King in single fight
Then to the capitol in triumph move,
Obv. —
A juvenile head laureated, with hair
tied in a knot, and with ringlets, and ear-pen-
And the third spoils shaU grace Fcretrian Jove. dants. Rehind it a lyre.
Drydeu’s Translation.
Rev. —
p. clodivs. m. f. Diana standing,
This MarceUus was the very man who shewed with a bow and quiver on her shoidders, holding
the Romans that Hannibal was not only to be re- a long lighted torch in each hand.
sisted, as Pabius had done before him, but also
|

to be attacked and defeated. Indeed he beat

the Carthaginian general near Nola, in a daring i

sortie. Aud after the conquest of Sicily, he

assailed him several times with varied success.
But his boldness, too often bordering on rash-
ness, led him to expose himself near Venusia
(now Venosa) to a snare which the sagacity of
Hannibal bad prepared for him. He feU into If the head on the obverse of this coin be that
an ambuscade of the Carthaginians, and died de- of Apollo, as notwithstanding its entirely femi-
fending himself with the greatest valour. The nine appearance, is still to be inferred from the
victor nohlv rendered the funeral honours due to sister of that pagan deity, represented on the
his heroic antagonist. —
Sec Eckhel, v. p. 188 reverse, the whole together may be considered
and 187 —
see also Visconti, lconoyrajdiie lto- as referring to the Apolliiiarian games, which
maine , p. 85, 8vo. edit.
t. i. were splendidly celebrated in 715 (B. c. 39), in
2. Obv. —
C. CLODIUS. C. F. (Caius Claudius, rejoicings at Rome, gained by
for the victory
sou of Caius.) —
Head of Flora, crowned with Vcnlidius over the Parthians, P. Clodius being
flowers, aud with a corolla behind her. Rev. — monctal triumvir 716. Riccio marks the above
vestalis, a female seated, holding a simpulum . in gold burr, aud values it at 30 piastres.
Gold and silver. There are pieces of this family restored by
This denarius was at first ascribed to Caius Trajan. Itsname appears on some of the Ci.t-
Claudius Pulclicr, cdUe in C56 (b. c. 98), and topbori. The brass coins of this house were
consul in 662 (b. c. 92). Rut according to struck by the moncyers of Augustus.
Rorghesi, with whom Cavedoni agrees, it be-
longs to Caius Claudius, a legatns of Rrutus
—
CLAVA Uerculea A long round club, headed
.

with a knob it was one of the peculiar insignia

;

and llortcnsius, in Macedonia, 711 (b. c. 43) ; of Hercules, as that which this hero used instead
the same who caused Caius Autonius (brother of a sword, spear, or other arms, aud with which
of the triumvir), to be put to death, lest he he conquered and slew monsters throughout the
should make his escape. world. On coins, this knotty club of Hercules,
The female head on the obverse recalls to sometimes upright, sometimes reversed, and at
memory the splendid celebration of the Floralia , others in a transverse position, indicates that
or leasts in honour of the goddess Flora, by C. the worship of that deity prevailed amongst the
Claudius Centho, consul in 514 (b. c. 240), in people, by whom the coin was struck.
eolleagueship with Sempronius Tuditauus. The club of Hercules is seen alone on a
With regard to the reverse type, it is matter silver coin of Augustus, inscribed bai.bvs pro-
of dispute amongst numismatists, whether the pr(aetore). The club erect bears reference to
figure of the vestal be meant for the daughter the origin of this Cornelius Ralbus, who de-
of Appius Claudius Pulclicr, consul in 611 (b. scended from a family of Cadiz, in Spain, where
c. 143), who placed herself in front of her
'

Hercules was worshipped with distinguished

father, and defended him when a tribune of the honours. The same massive weapon also ap|>cars
p/eb.i would have dragged him out of bis tri- I
by itself, on coins of Commodus, who ordered
umphal car or whether it was intended to re-
; himself to be called Hcrcidcs the son of Jupiter,
present Quinta Claudia, niece of blind Appius ; and to whom the coiu is accordingly inscribed
that damsel, whom the Roman figment describes by its legend hercvl. homano.
to have drawn, with her girdle, through the The Claim IIerridea appears on the field of
j

Tiber into Rome, the ship which bore from Pes- other coins, in the imperial series, amongst those
sinunta, the sacred image of Cybcle. (Sec cut of Trajan, Gordianus Pius, Maximiauus. It is
 :

CLAUDIA. CLAUDIUS I. 211

seen in the hand of Hercules himself, sometimes CLAUDIUS I. —This

emperor, the son of
the right, at others the left, or by his side, in (Nero Claudius) Drnsus the elder, and of Anto-
nia, was the younger brother of Germanicus.
Born at Lugdunuin (Lyon), in Gaul, a. u. C.
families; and on coins of the Emperors Trajan, 744 (b. c. 10), on the kalends of August, he
Hadrian, Antonine, Aurelius, L. Vcrus, Corn- was named Tiberius Claudius Drusus. (Dion,
modus, Pertinax, Albinos, Sevcrus, Caracalla, lx. § 5.) Brought up from infancy amidst the
Geta, Gordianus Pius, Aemilian, Gallienus, Pos- baneful influences of a feeble constitution, terror,
tnmus, Victorinus, Claud. Gothicus, Tacitus, and the society of debased preceptors, he dis-
l’robus, Cams, Carinus, Numerianus, Diocle- played so extraordinary an amount of obtuseness
tianus, Maximianus, Constantinus Chlorus, Va- and stupidity, that his mother used to speak of
lerius, Severtis, Galerins, Maxentius, Gal. Maxi- him as a monster, a being only half-fashioned by
minus, Constantinus M. nature, and when wishing to charge any person
The Clava at the head of Hercules appears on with senselessness, she said he was more dull
a denarius of M. Antony, who pretended to than her son Claudius. (Sucton. eh. 3.) Being
descend from the son of Alcracna; also on coins on this account neglected by Augustus himself, he
of Lepidus, Trajan, Probus, Maximianus. received no distinction except that of the Augur-
The Clava and a Bow, with quiver, lion’s ship, and w'as left as heir only among those of
skin, &c. is seen on a coin of Gallienus. the third class, and almost as an alien to the
The Clava of Hercules, with bow and quiver, family. (Sueton, c. 4.) On the death of Au-
displays itself on the well-known coin of Corn- gustus, he was nominated Sodalis Augustalis
modus. The same symbols of the monster-kill- (Tacitus, Ann. i. 54); but, excluded by his uncle
ing hero are struck on a coin of Postunnis. Tiberius from all the offices of state which he
And the Herculean Club, with an Eagle, like- solicited, he abandoned every hope of acquiring
wise exhibits itself on coins of Trajan, Maxi- dignity, and surrendered himself to ease, drunken-
mianus, Constantine the Great, &c. —
Sec hek- ness, and companionship of the most degraded
C VLI ROMANO. kind.
Caligula, who in the first year of his reign,
lavished honours upon all the members of his
family, alive or dead, raised his uncle Claudius
also from his obscurity, and in 790 (b. c. 37),
when he was himself cotisul suffectus, appointed
him as his colleague for two months, from the
kalends of July, and designated him consul
iteruai for the fourth year from that time. In
793, Caligula styled himself Jupiter Latialis,
and gave Claudius the title of his priest (sacer-
dos). In spite of this, however, he was despised
by the people even under Caligula for his dul-
ncss; but the low estimation in which he was
held, in the long run, proved his safeguard.
For, when almost all the males of his family
CLAUDIA, a vestal virgin, who, being sus- were put to death, though he had a narrow
pected of unchastity, cleared herself from that escape for his own life, the mcutal deficiencies of
imputation in the following extraordinary man- his character stood him in great stead, and he
ner : —
The image of Cybele or Vesta, being was treated only as a laughing-stock. Caligula
brought from Phrygia to Rome in a galley, and havingJieen slain on the 9th kalends of February,
it happening to stick so fast in the shallows of 794 (Bt-g, 41), Claudius, terrified at the circum-
the Tiber as not to be removable even by the stance, concealed himself in the palace ; but being
strength of a thousand men, she tied her girdle discovered by a soldier passing that way, and re-
to the vessel, and drew it along to the city, in cognised, he was saluted Imperator, and being led
triumph over her calumniators !
—
This story is to the camp, he passed the night amidst the
illustrated by a brass medallion (in the French bivouacs of the soldiers. The Consuls aud Con-
cabinet) above engraved from, struck in honour script Fathers assembled in the capitol to de-
of the elder Faustina of whom, though rumour liberate on the means of re-establishing the
had spread reports unfavourable to her matronly government; and, coming to no agreement among
character, yet there were not wanting Roman themselves, on the following day the soldiers
flatterers to praise her as a wonderful pattern of took the oaths in the name of Claudius, aud
correctness and modesty. —
Sec cybele. compelled acquiescence by force of arms.
CLAUDIA, daughter of the emperor Nero, In this manner elevated to the throne in
by Poppsca, born at Antimn, in the year of his 49th year, Claudius immediately received
Rome 816 (a. d. 64). She died an infant; and all the honours decreed to him, except the
third brass coins (still extant and of extreme titles of Imperator and Pater Patrice ; but
rarity)were struck in honour of her memory, even the latter he soon after permitted to be
under the style of clavd(ia) avgvsta diva — applied to him. He ordered Cassius Clucrea to
clavdia ner. f. On the reverse of one is diva be put to death, not from regret for the murder
—
poppaea avg. round a temple. Mionnet. of Caligula, but for fear of a plot against his own
2 E 2
 212 CLAUDIUS I. CLAUDIUS I.

safety. lie restored to Antiochus, Commagenc, 798 and 799 (a. d. No occur-
45 and 46).
which had been taken from him by Caligula. rence of note took place during these two years,
with the exception of the vile intrigues of
Messalina and the freedmen ; not to omit men-
tioning the directions which he gave respecting
the mode in which statues were to be erected.
800 (a. d. 47). He celebrated the 800th
anniversary of the building of Rome with the
exhibition of secular games, 64 years after their
celebration by Augustus. He appointed as King
over the Cherusci, Italicus, sou of Flavius, the
brother of Arminius. (Tacitus, Ann. xi. 16).
Corbulo continued to command the Roman army
in Lower Germania, and reduced the Frisii to
—
submission whilst Vespasian, with his son
lie sent back toSpain Mithridate9, who had Titus, harrassed the Britons.
been detained in chains by Caius; and on another 801 (a. d. 48). As Censor, having for his
Mithridates he bestowed the Bosporus, giving colleague L. Vitellius, the father of Aulus Yitel-
Polemon a part of Cilicia. For the benefit of lius, afterwards Emperor, lie removed certain
! the Jewish King Agrippa, who was then at members of the Senate, and tilled up their places
Rome, and whose advice he had sought on enter- with others. He conferred upon the inhabitants
ing upon his reign, he enlarged the kingdom of Gallia Transalpine the privileges of Senators at
of Judaea, and to his brother Herod he gave j
Rome, and closed the lustrum this year. (Re-
Chalcidene. In this the first year (a. d. 41) of specting the date of this censorship, sec censor
Claudius’s reign, the Germani were defeated by 11.p. 193, also the mint of vitellius.) Dur- —
Galba and Gabiuius. ing the absence of Claudius at Ostia, his wife
In 795 (a. d. 42). He defeated the Man- |
Messalina publicly married C. Silius at Rome.
ritanians and the Numidians in various engage- Being informed of the circumstance on his re-
ments. He divided Mauritania into Tingitanis I
turn, he ordered her and her paramour to be
and Cresaricnsis. He constructed the port of put to death. —
(Tac. Ann. xi.)
Ostia at au immense cost. Furius Camillas 802 (a. d. 49). At the beginning of this
Scribonianus, the prefect of Dalmatia, excited a year, lie married his graud-daughter Agrippina.
seditious movement against Claudius, which was At the entreaty, of the Parthians, he sent back
soon put down, its instigator beiug slain on the :
Mehcrdatcs [one of the Arsacidsc, i. e. of the line
island of Issa. of the kings of Parthia], who had been de-
796 (a. d. 43). He entered upon his third tained as a hostage at Rome, to become their
consulate, under novel circumstauccs for an em- king. — Mithridates of the Bosporus, making
peror, viz., as substituted (suffectus) in the place fresh attempts against Cotys, was taken pri-
of an individual deceased. —
A. Plautius, having soner to Rome. The Itunei aud Judtei, on the
been sent forward into Britain, carried on the cam- death of their kings Sohcmius and Agrippa,
paign there strenuously; but a still more serious were added to the province of Syria.
disturbance arising, he was superseded by Claudius 803 (a. d. 50). Claudius adopted L. Domi-
himself, who, aiming at military fame, passed tius Ahcnobarbus (afterwards the emperor Nero)
over to the seat of war. Having excellent the son of Agrippina; who herself, the same
officers to do the fighting part, he vanquished year, received the title of Augusta. A colony
the Britons, was declared Imperator over and was sent out to the town of the Ubii, her birth-
over again, and after remaining in the island not place, and to which the name of Agrippina was
more than seventeen days, he returned to the
j

given (now Cologne). —

L. Pomponius subdued
continent. During his absence a triumph had
j

the Catti. —
Caractaeus, king of Britain, after a
been decreed to him by the abject Senate, also war of nine years, was defeated and taken pri-
j

an arch, and the prefix of Britannicus for him- soner.

self and his son. —
(Sec Britannia and Britan, 804 (a. d. 51). Nero prematurely assumed
pp. 137 and 140 of this dictionary.) the toga viri/is, before he completed his four-
“ Mhilst speaking of British affairs it may be teenth year, and was designated consul, upon
added, that he evinced generosity of heart, when, which office he would enter on reaching the age
charmed with the noble boldness of the captive of twenty; a pro-consular jurisdiction without
Caractaeus, lie ordered the liberation of that the walls of Rome was decreed to him, and he
prince and his family; an act, the merit of received the title of Princeps Juventutis. Bur- —
which will be immediately felt, on calling to ros was appointed prefect of the pretorions,
mind the horrid fate too often reserved for royal through the influence of Agrippina.
captives.” Capt. Smyth, p. 33.] 805 (a. d. 52). The Clitse, a wild race of
797 (a. n 4\). Returning to Rome he cele- people in Cilicia, haviug revolted against their
brated his triumph over the Britons. He en- Roman masters, were put down. The famous
larged the patrimonial dominion of M. Julius naumachia, or representation of a sea-fight,
Cottius, which he held in the district of the took place in the presence of the emperor, on
Alps, called by his name (Cot Han), and gave the lake Fucinus, near Rome. —
Claudius com-
him the title of King. pleted, with great magnificence, two aqueducts
 —;; —
O— (( T( —
;

CLAUDIUS I. CLAUDIUS II. 213

of the purest water, one called Aqua Claudia, I abilitiesbeen cultivated by an education worthy
the other the New Anio, and dedicated them.— of a sovereign a post for which, however, he
;

(See aqua-ductus, p. 69 et seq. of this dic- had never seemed to be destined till he had actu-
tionary). — In the succeeding year, Nero Caesar, ally reached it. —
See Eckhel, vi. p. 233 et seq.
in his sixteenth year, married Octavia, the The coins of Claudius are not numerous, yet
daughter of Claudius. !
for the most part easily to be procured. Gold rare,
897 (a. d. 54). Whilst confined to his bed Silver, with certain exceptions, common. Those
j

by illness, Claudius was put to death, on the of the three sizes in brass also, with few ex-
12th of October, by his wife Agrippina, who, ceptions, common. Some pieces representing
through the instrumentality of Locusta, the him with Agrippina junior, and others restored
sorceress, administered poison to him in a dish by Titus and Trajan are very rare. On the
of mushrooms. products of his mint (as on the first brass en-
Thus perished in the 63rd year of his age, graved p. 212), he is styled ti. clavdivs caesak
and 14th of his reign, the Emperor Claudius avg. p. m. tr. p. imp. —
n some obverses ap-
one raised by a remarkable turn of fortune to a pears the surname of germanicus, which he
position, which he had neither expected nor took in memory of his father and brother. But
coveted. The empire thus thrust upon him he that of Britannicus, although awarded him, is
administered much less at his own discretion not assumed amongst his numismatic appella-
than that of his wives and his freedmen, acting tions.
in all measures as best suited their convenience “This emperor (says Mionnet) constantly ab-
or pleasure. It was, therefore, wittily observed stained from placing on any of his coins struck
of him by Seneca, that he celebrated the month at Rome, the title of Tmperator as a prenomen
of Saturn the whole year through ; the mouth, but he used, and repeated frequently, that very
that is to say, in which slaves used to lord it title as a surname.” In two instances only of
over their masters. The most notorious among colonial coins imp. is found prefixed to the name
these freedmen were Narcissus, Pallas prefect clavdivs. “ It is a peculiarity (observes Capt.
of the exchequer, Callistus master of requests, Smyth) of this reign that the tribunitian power
Felix the eunuch, afterwards procurator of isomitted in the legends.” Amongst the rarest —
Juda», Mnestor, the actor, a prime favourite of and most remarkable reverses on this emperor’s
Messalina, Polybius, Posides, and Harpocras coinage are the following :

all of whom, in influencing the conduct of the Silver Medallions. com. asia. Temple —
emperor, availed themselves less of his dulness, and two figures within diana ephesia, with
. —
than of his timidity, which rendered him ab-
surdly superstitious. Thus it was fear which
portraits of Claudius
Mionnet 80 fr.)
at
and Agrippina
(valued by —
induced him to put his signature to the deed of Gold. —
constantiae avgvsti restored by —
settlement, by which the marriage of his own Trajan, priced at 120 fr. by Mionnet .) de —
wife Messalina with Silius was ratified ; and britan. Triumphal arch (40 fr .) de ger- — —
again, a new terror caused him to order the manis. Arch (48 fr.)—DIW3 clavdivs —
re- —
execution of herself and her paramour. And stored by Trajan, 120 fr.) imper. recept.
hence it arose, that all who, during his reign, Pretorian —
camp (40 fr.) Young portrait of —
stood in the way of other’s cupidity, on a hint Nero (72 fr .) —
praetor rf.cept. 48 fr.) —
from his wives or freedmen of some plot against Silver. —
sacerdos divi. avgvsti wo —
himself, were forthwith put to death. Of stu- — torches — (30 — Claudius
fr.) in a quadriga
pidity he gave numerous specimens, especially 34 fr.) — Peace preceded by a serpent. — See
in the absurd laws which he introduced during paci. avgvstae.
his censorship, and in his habit of inviting to First Brass. — de germanis. Trophy
dinner, in a tit of forgetfulness, those whom the (valued by Mionnet at 60 fr.)

day before he had commanded to be destroyed. Second Brass. — constantiae avgvsti.

He had, however, plenty of cruelty in his dis- Helmeted figure.
position; for no spectacle gave him more de- There are no Latin coins in honour of any of
light than that of gladiators lacerated by each the wives of Claudius, except of Agrippina.
other’s blows, or the attacks of beasts, and to Those of Messalina are Greek and colonial.
gaze upon the agonies of their last moments. This emperor established colonies in almost all
But this passion extended itself only to gladia- parts of the Roman world.
tors, and the refuse of the people. Yet this
man was a fair scholar, and was no mean writer
of history ; but even in this pursuit he could not
refrain from trifling, by either introducing new
letters into the alphabet, or by reviving anti-
quated ones, and thus interfering with the public
convenience. Evidence of a loftier and more
energetic spirit will be recognized in his pre-
sence during the campaign in Britain the vast ; CLAUDIUS II. (M. AURELIUS, surnamed
works of the port of Ostia and the aqueducts
;
GOTHICUS) w'as born in Illyria, on the 10th
completed by him. From these it may be con- of May, a. d. 214 or 215. His family descent
cluded that he would have proved himself far was so obscure that even the name of his father
from incapable of noble deeds, had his natural remains u nknown. But indebted for distinction
 ; — — —

214 CLAUDIUS II. CLAUDIUS II.

to liis own talents both as a soldier and a states- jected the greatest fatigues and privations.
to
man, he acquired the confidence of Trajanus To believe his panegyrists, he was of all the em-
Decius, by whom he was entrusted with the de- perors the most beloved during his reign, and
fence of Thermopyl® against the northern in- the most regretted after his death. There is no
vaders of Greece. —
Valerian gave him the rank of doubt, however, that he was a prince of great
military tribune, and in a. d. 250, made him go- merit, and of splendid public qualities. The
vernor of Illyricum, and general in chief of all the Senate heaped honours of every description on
provinces on the Lower Danube. The fame of bis memory a golden buckler (see c/ipeut va-
;

Claudius in the wars, which the indolent Gal- lient) bearing his image, was placed in the
licuus had to sustain against the usurpers who Curia Romuna and a golden statue, six feet
rose under his distracted reign, induced the high, was erected to him in the capitol, at
Senate to honour him with a statue. Having Rome.
been summoned to assist at the siege of Milan, This emperor is styled on coins, at first simply
where Gallienus was engaged in suppressing the IMP. CI.AVDIVS CAESAR AVO. or IMP. C. M. AVR.
revolt of Anrcolus, it was believed, but not on
any assured authority, that he gave his assent to
ci.avdi vs avg. —
After his victory over the
Alcmanni, and his still greater victory over the
the plot, which resulted in the assassination Goths, we read round his portrait imp. c. m.
of the prince, whom he succeeded about the
twentictli of March, a. d. 268. The choice of
avr. ci.avdivs GERM. gothicvs. After his —
death divvs ci.avdivs gothicvs and diws
the army was enthusiastically confirmed by the clavd. opt. imp.
Senate. Claudius fulfilled, with a character un- The following are amongst the rarest and
changed, and a reputation undiminished, the ex- most remarkable reverses in the coinage of
pectations and wishes of the Romans. lie Claudius Gothicus.
seemed to have only one wish, that of restoring
to the republic its ancient liberty and its original
splendour. After having destroyed Aurcolus,
and gained a decisive victory over a large body
of the Alcmanni, on the shores of the Lago di
Garda, near Verona, he commenced the arduous
task of re-establishing order and discipline. It
was to this end that he decreed laws, which had
they been followed out and obeyed, would have
ensured the welfare and happiness of the empire.
—
Gold. concord exerci. A woman with
two ensigns one of which she holds erect in
;

In a. d. 269, Claudius took the consulship, and her right hand, and the other under her left
the same year marched to the encounter of a
more formidable enemy than had, up to that
arm — a singular feature in such a type.
invictvs avg. Helmed head of Claudius.
period, menaced the power of Rome. The memoriae aeternae. Rome withiu a temple.
different tribes of barbarians, known under the The above two are valued at 300 fr. each by
general appellation of Goths, having collected a Mionnet.
fleet of more than two thousand vessels, at the
pax exerc. Peace. Brought £15 15s. at
mouth of the Dniester, embarked on board of it the Thomas sale.
no less, it is said, than 320,000 men, who virtvs clavdii. Emperor on horseback,
were landed on the shores of Macedonia and ; riding over prostrate figures.
thence advanced to meet Claudius, who after a Engraved in Akerman. Deter Cat. ii. pi. 10, .

terrible battle fought near Naissns, in Dardania, No. 2. A finely preserved specimen of this very
(a. d. 269), gained a great victory; 50,000 of
rare aureus brought £14 10s. at the Thomas sale.
them having been slain in one day. The follow- victoria avg. A Victory stauding at her ;
ing year the emperor succeeded in either destroy- feet are two captives one kneels, and is raising
;

ing or dispersing the remainder these achieve-

:

ments, gained for him the title of Gothicus.

up his hands the other is seated.
; [This beau-
tiful and extra rare coin brought £27 10s. at the
—
He then prepared to turn his arms against Queen Thomas sale. It is now in the British Museum.
Zenobia, and the. usurper Tctricus ; but at that See an accurate engraving of it, prefixed to the
moment, a which the Goths
pestilence had foregoing biographical notice of this emperor].
brought with them into the confines of the
proved fatal to their conqueror.
em- Brass Medallions. —adventvs avg. Em-
pire, He was peror on horseback, with Victory and soldiers.
attacked by this widely spread epidemic at Sir- Valued bv Mionnet at 50 fr.
mium (Sirmich), in Pannonia, and died there in consecratio. Altar lighted. mars vltor.
the mouth of May, a. d.
270, aged 56, after a marching with trophy. Marti pacip. With
reign of about two years, recommending with his
parting breath, his general Aurelianus as the
olive branch. —
The above three arc valued by
Mionnet at 40 fr. each.
worthiest candidate for the purple. This heroic consecratio. Square altar. — Valued nt 60 fr.
priucc is described to have had a tall and robust First Brass. —
iovi victoui. Jupiter stand-
person, a broad countenance, and eye full of fire,
lie was dignified in his manners, calm in dis-
ing. — 60 fr.

Second Rrass. virtvs avg. Military

position, temperate in his habits. A foe to figure.
effeminacy, he delighted in warlike exercises ; Third Brass. — deo cahiro. One of the
and set nil example to his soldiers of a life snb- Cnbiri.
 — — — —

CLEMENTIA. CLEMENTIA. 215

reg artis.
i Vulcan standing. Vaillant illustrates the signification of this
vi r. avg. Minerva and one of the Cabiri. coin, by adducing the historical fact, that Vitel-
reqvies optimorvm merit. Figtu’e veiled lius eagerly received thesurname of Germanicus
and seated. awarded to him hv the army of Upper Germany.
CLAUDIUS TACITUS. See tacitus. — On the death of Otho, he spared the life of
C. L. DOM. Casar Lucius Domitius. See — that emperor’s brother Titianus, whom he ex-
AL'llELl ANUS. cused on the ground of fraternal piety, lie
—
CLEMENTIAE. Clemency whom the Ro- — served the consulate with Marius Cclsus, Otho’s
mans worshipped as a goddess, and for the most general, 822 (a. d. 69) nor did he act with
:

part set at naught as a virtue —

had a temple severity either towards the persons or property
erected to her honour, as in memory of the of rcvolters against his government, which makes
mercy which Julius Caesar exercised towards his Tacitus say
—“ Vitellius victor dementia gloriam
enemies after the victories he had gained. On tulit.” (Pnest ant. vol. ii. p. 80).
a denarius of the ./Emilia gens (engraved in CLEMENTIA AUG. — (Clemency of the Em-
Morel/. Thesaur. Fam. Rom.) the obverse bears peror). COS. II. also COS. III. — On silver and
PAVLLVS LRPIDVS concord. A veiled female secoud brass of Albiuus, who in this legend con-
head. Rev. —
CLEMENTIAE. s. c. Head of a trasts his own clemency with the cruel harsh-
female in the middle of an ornamented buckler. ness of Severus, who had behaved with great
L. Paulus is said to have given liberty, in- barbarity towards such of the Senators as he
stead of servitude, to the Macedonians, whom suspected of being hostile to him, and especially
he had fought with and subdued. The memory towards those who followed the fortunes of
of this good action was handed down to pos- Pescennius Niger. —
(Eckhel, vii. 163).
terity, through the durable medium of a coin, CLEMENTIA TEMP, or TEMPORUM.—
by a descendant of his. —
See Morel/. Thesaur. Two figures, representing Jupiter and the em-
Familia, t. i. p. 644. Engraved in t. ii. tab. peror, supporting a globe in their joined hands,
1, F. —
Valued at 40 fr. by Mionnct. or a woman standing by a column, accompany
A denarius of L. Buca, a moueyer of Julius this legend on third brass of Florianus, Tacitus,
Cicsar, exhibits on its reverse the legend cle- Probus, and other Augusti of the lower empire.
MENTIA, and the head of that goddess, with a CLEMENTIAE. To Clemency. S. C.— This
laurel branch before it. dedicatory inscription occurs on a second brass
CLEMENTIAE CAESARIS. A tetrastyle of Tiberius, over a shield, of which the design
temple. —
On a silver coin of Julius Cicsar this is evidently borrowed from the dementia of the

legend and type appear. The latter represents the ./Emilia family already described. The full-faced
temple of Clemency which was erected at Rome, bust in the centre is, in some specimens of this
in memory of Julius, and in honour of that vir- rare coin, that of a female (perhaps personify-
tue, so rare in conquerors, yet which no one ever ing Clemency) ; on others that of a man (pro •

exercised more nobly than he, by the concurrent bably meant for Tiberius himself) immedi- —
voice of all historic writers, is allowed to have ately surrounded by a laurel crown, with double
done on every occasion. Du Choul, in his outer circle of a highly ornamented pattern.
quaint but honest style, says
— “ And
as from See patera.
piety come pity and clemency, in which Julius
Cicsar surpassed all other princes, I have accom-
panied this medal with a sentence worthy to be
engraved iu letters of gold, taken from an an-
tique marble, and which says nihil est qvod
MAGIS DECEAT PRINC1PEM QVAM LIBERAI.ITAS
—
et CLEMENTIA that is to say, there is nothing
which more becomes a prince than clemency and
liberality. And, in truth, there is nothing in
this world more graceful than mercy.” See La —
Religion (les Romains, p. 26. —
See also The-
saur. Morell. Impp. t. iii. tab. v. No. 8.
CLEMENTIA IMP. GERMAN, dementia The praise of clemency, admitted by all an-
Imperatoris Gcrmanici. — On coins of Vitellius cient historians to have been justly bestowed ou
(rare in gold, but not so in Julius Cscsar, was afterwards prostituted to the
silver), this legend accompa- flattery of the most cruel emperors. Thus not
nies a female figure, in the only the clemeneg but the moderation of Tibe-
holding a small
stola, seated, rius is celebrated on his coins and the Roman ;

branch in one hand, and the Senate commanded sacrifices to be made in ac-
hast a pura in the other. knowledgment of the same god-like quality in
On this and other impe- Caligula —
The mark of Senatorial sanction on
!

rial coins, the goddess is re- this coin seems by implication to indicate the
presented both standing and seated, sometimes wish of that obsequious body, that the emperor
holding a branch of olive, as marking peace and should in future be merciful, which for a long
gentleness, or a laurel branch, because (says time previous he had not been. The above re- —
Jobert, citing Pliny’s authority), “ it was used verse is engraved from a specimen, in the pos-
to expiate the guilt of criminals.” session of Goddard Johnson, Esq. Norwich.
 — —

216 CLEOPATRA. CLEOPATRA.

CLEOPATRA, the
7th (or 8th) and last touched by Horace in the Ode (i. 37), on her
Queen of Egypt, was born towards the end defeat at Actium.” Dictionary of Greek and
of 685 (b. c. 69). —
This celebrated woman was Roman Biography, edited by W. Smith, LL. I).
the daughter of Ptolemy Aulctes, and the sis- There arc coins of this Queen, both silver and
ter and wife of Ptolemy (XII.) Dionysius brass, with both Latin and Greek legends, exhi-
Ncoterus, who was slain at the battle of biting her head, either alone or jugated with
Alexandria, fighting against Julius Ciesar, in that of Mark Antony. Amongst these arc the
the year 797 (b. c. 47). Caesar, being ena- two following :

moured of Cleopatra, gave her Ptolemy XIII. CLF.OPATRAE, BEGIN AE KEGVM, FILIORVM
(her brother), for a husband, to cover his own —
regvm. This legend appears on the reverse of
designs. But young Ptolemy was taken off by a denarius of M. Antony, which also exhibits
poison, or drowned
in the Nile, and Cleopatra the head of Cleopatra, beside which is the prow
began to reign alone in the year 712 (b. c. 42). of a ship, or a lituus. The obverse of this re-
The next year Arsinoc, sister of Cleopatra, was markable coin bears the head of Antony, behind
assassinated by command of Mark Antony, who which is the Armenian tiara, and round it M.
had in turn become, after Ciesar’s death, the ANTONI. ARMENIA DEV1CTA.
paramour of Cleopatra; and it was “for love” Antony, having contrived to envciglc into
ot her that this vain ambitious Roman acted as his power Artavasdes, king of Armenia, deposed
if he deemed “ the world well lost.” Antony him and gave his crown and dominions to the
having at length divorced his wife Octavia, the son whom he (Antony) had by Cleopatra to ;

sister of Augustus, a quarrel and a war ensued whom, in sacrifice of all justice and true policy,
between those two unscrupulous men of clash- the infatuated triumvir stamped this reverse
ing interests. —
In 723 (b. c. 31), Cleopatra with her portrait, which has the appearance of
accompanied her lover to Actium, with a fleet neither youth nor beauty to recommend it. He
superbly equipped; and after his defeat fled to also gave her the title of (Regina regum, et
Alexandria, where she put an end to her life in filiorum regum, the word mater being under-
724 (b. c. 30), by the bite of an asp, in an stood) the queen of kings and the mother of the
unfinished Mausoleum (which had already served sons of kings. —
For an engraving of this coin
for the tomb of Antony), that she might not (not of Roman die) —
see page 81 of this dic-
be led in triumph to Rome by the conqueror. tionary.
Augustus, however, determined at least to chain The testimony of Dion Cassius supports the
her golden image to his car; and after his fact, that, in a speech to the people of Alexandria,
triumph, he deposited it in the temple of Venus, Mark Antony commanded that Cleopatra should
of which, according to Dion, it was a principal be styled Queen of Kings, with right and title
ornament. to Egypt and Cyprus. It is also recorded that,
Thus died one of the most captivating but of his sons by Cleopatra, he bestowed Syria on
most unprincipled of sovereign princesses, at the Ptolemy, with all the territories bordering on
age of 39 years, of which she reigned seventeen. the Hellespont on Alexander Armenia, and
;

M itli her fell the dynasty of the Ptolemies in whatever countries he might subdue beyond the
Egypt, and indeed the Egyptian monarchy. Euphrates and on his daughter Cleopatra the
;

Cleopatra had a son by Julius Ctcsar, Ciesarion, district of Cyrcne.

called Ptolemy and three children by Mark
; 2. Obc. — M. ANTONIVS IMP. COS. DESIO. ITER
Antony, viz., a son called Alexander, a daughter et teut. Heads of a man and woman side by side.
named after herself, who was afterwards be-
trothed to Juba the younger (see ivba rex),
—
Re v. hi. vir. r. p. c. Bacchus standing on
the cista between two serpents. Silver of Mark
and Ptolemy, surnamed Philadelphus. Antony. — See Cistophori, p. 204 of this volume.
“The leading points of Cleopatra’s character After having conquered Brutus, Antony made
were ambition and voluptuousness. But in all his entry into Ephesus, with a procession of
the stories of her luxury and lavish expense, men, women, and children, clothed as bac-
there is a splendour and a grandeur that some- chantes and satyrs crowned with ivy and bear-
;

what refines them. In the days of her prosperity ing thyrsi. Plutarch relates au account of
her arrogance was unbounded. She was avaricious these orgia, in which Mark Antony was ho-
to supply her extravagance, and cruel, or at least
had no regard for human life, when her own
noured as a second Bacchus. —
Antony repeated
this folly till he came to the city of Alexandria,
objects were concerned. Her talents were great into which he made the same kind of entry, as
and varied her knowledge of different languages
:
Velleius Paterculus relates. Antony’s cistophori
was peculiarly remarkable and in the midst of
; struck in Asia, were probably coined nt Ephesus,
her most luxurious scenes, proofs are to be which, added to the others, this superior mark
traced of a love for literature and for critical re- of adulation.
search. She added the library of Pergamos to Eekhcl has not pronounced on the doubt en-
that of Alexandria. Her ready and versatile tertained by many numismatists, some of whom
wit ; hey knowledge of human nature, and power have attributed the female head to Octavia, and
of using it ; her attractive manners, and her ex- others to Cleopatra. However, he thinks that
quisitelymusical and flexible voice, compared the latter would have been figured with a
by Plutareb to a many-stringed instrument, arc crow ned head, if it had been meant for her.
also the subject of well-attested praise. The It was in 720 (b. c. 34), that Antony united
higher points in her character are admirably the finest provinces of Asia aud Africa to his
 — — ; — —

C. L. CAESARES. C. L. CAESARES. 217

other conquests ; aud the coinage of Cleopatra account. As according to the record of the same
j

could not be associated with his own till the marble, the same course was pursued with refer-
year 722, when peace was broken between the enee to his brother Lucius, and as he was born
triumviri. He was named consul for the third
j

737 (b. c. 17), it follows that he was designated

The woman’s head on the
J

time, in 720. cista consul a.u. c. 751 (b. c. 3), or as Cardinal

maytherefore be that of Octavia and the dia- ,
Noris fixes it, 752 and iu order that on the
;

demed head joined to his, that of Cleopatra. same analogy he might enter upon office iu 757
(Sec Loci. Num. vol. iv. p. 66, et seq.) See — (a. d. 4), but this was prevented by his death
also Biographical Summary of M. Autonius, occurring in the interim.
aud notice of
this Dictionary.
his mintages, pp. 57, 58, 59, of Principes Juventutis. — That this distinction
was conferred upon them, abundantly testified
is
C. L. CAESARES AVGV S T I F. by historians, coins, and marbles. In the case
COS. DESIG. PRINC. of Caius, the time is fixed by Zonaras, viz.
I WENT. ( Cains et Lu- in 749 (b.c. 5), and as he also records, that
cius Casares Augusti Filii Lucius obtained the same honours in the vear
Consules Lesignati Prin- following, it appears that this title was shared
cipes Juventutis). Two by him also in the year U. c. 750 (b. c. 4).
figures veiled and togated, On the first coin both Cscsars stand veiled and
standing — each holds in togated, no doubt a religious costume; above
his hand a spear, with a them, on one side, is a lituus, on the other a
buckler resting on the capeduncuta (or ewer) though the posilion of
;

ground ;
above is a capeduncuta and tiluns. these instruments varies, according to Pedrusi
2. Rev.— C. L. CAESARES PRINC. IVVEN- (Mus. Farnese), on different coins, so that some
—
TVTIS. Each Caesar on present the lituus on the right, others on the left
horseback, going at a quick side. The capeduncuta certainly belongs to Caius,
rate, lifts up his right for Dion tells us that he entered the "priesthood
hand. — These two silver (sacerdotium) u. C. 748 (b. c. 6). The pon-
coins of Roman die, each tificateof Caius is further confirmed by a coin
having a head of Augustus above quoted under his separate coinage, on
on its obverse, being, in which he is described as font. cos. and also by
the opinion of Eekhel, in- an inscription given by Gruter (p. 234.4).
as serving to
valuable, C. CAESARI. AVGVSTI. F.
illustrate the history of both Caesars (see p. 159) PONTIFICI. COS.
he has given the following detailed account (it DESIG NATO.
were superfluous to add, accurate explanation) riUNCIPI. IVVENTVTIS.
of them : The lituus is the appropriate symbol of Lucius,
Consules Lesignati. ——
On this point Tacitus as being that of an augur. That he held this
says (Annal. 3) “For he had intro-
i. ch. office is proved by a marble published in the
duced the sons of Agrippa, Caius and Lucius, same place by Gruter :

into the family of the Cmsars, before they had L. CAESARI. AVGVSTI F.
laid aside their youthful pratexta and, under AVGVRI. COS.
an affectation of declining those honours, had UESIGNATO.
concealed a vehement desire that they should be PRINCIPI. IVVENTVTIS.
entitled Principes Juventutis, and nominated To which may be added other marbles, dis-
(designari) Consuls.” Again, Suetonius (in played in the same work, and exhibiting the
Aug. ch. 64) —
“And while still mere chil- same titles.
dren he put them forward in offices of state, and Both Cresars hold the hasta and clipeus.
them forth among the
as consules designati sent Each of these arms they received from the
provinces aud the armies of the empire.” The — Equestrian Order to which they belonged, as a
year in which they became consules designati is gift on the occasion of being chosen Principes
fixed by an inscribed marble found at Ancyra,
— Juventutis. —
Dion informs us (lv. § 12), that
“ the golden bucklers and spears of Caius
thus “To do me honour, the Roman Senate and
aud people designated them (Caius and Lucius) Lucius, which they received from the equites
in their 15th year, consuls, that they might enter on assuming the toga virilis, were after their
upon that office after a lapse of five years.” deaths suspended iu the Senate-house.” But —
According to these words, Caius, who was born on the marble of Ancyra, which has greater
734 (b. c. 20), and in 748 (b. c. 6) would be 15 claims to credit, they are said to have been of
years of age, was then made consul designates. silver —“ The Roman equites in a body gave
On a marble which Cardinal Noris quotes from them each the title of Princeps Juventutis, pre-
Panviuius we read respecting the same Caius — senting them at the same time with bucklers
“ Whom the people created consul in his XIVth —
and spears of silver.” A coin of Nero shews
year; ” and consequently on this latter marble that he also was presented, as Princeps Juven-
the completed years only are reckoned. And, tutis, with a similar buckler by the equestrian
indeed, Caius did actually, as the marble of order. — See eqvest. ord.
Ancyra has it, after the interval of five years, These coins were struck between the years
enter upon his consulship in the year u. c. 754 U. C. 752 and 753 (b. c. 2 and 1) not before;
(a. d. 1) ;
the year 748 not being taken into for Augustus, who is styled on them pater
2 F
 — —
— ; — — —

218 CLIPEUS. CUPEL'S.

palria, received this appellation for the first with the head of an elephaut in it, on denarii
time in the year 752 (b. C. 2) nor later ; for in of the Csecilia family, struck by M. mktel-
the year 754 (a.d.1) Caius was no longer consul i.vs, q. P. in memory of his ancestor Cteci-
desiynalus, but actually consul. No imperial lins Metcllus, who for his victory over the Car-
coins have been more frequently imitated by thaginians, was the first to enjoy the honours
foreign moneycrs (barharce oflicina monetario- of a triumph in a chariot drawn by elephauts.
rum), than these we have been describing; so Rut it is on account of the triumph of his graud-
greatis the number which has come down to father for Macedonia that the Macedonian shield
most unfinished, and, indeed, ludicrously bad
us, of —
was assumed in this coin. See p. 149 of this
workmanship. Doct. Num. Vet. vi. 171-172. Dictionary.
Miounet values No. 1, in gold, at 135 fr. CL. V. C/ipeus Votivus. The votive shield.
and No. 2, in silver, at 50 fr. Many of these appear on the gold and silver
C. L. I. COR. —
See corinthus. mintages of Augustus. Amongst the rest the
CLIO, one of the Muses, so called from two following:
«A«os, Gloria because glory
,
is derived to the 1. Rev cl. . v. within a circular buckler, at
poets from their verses. each corner the initials s. p.
On a denarius of Q. Pomponius the laureated q. r. On one side of this
head of a female appears as the obverse type. round buckler is a legionary
On the reverse is the legend Q. pomponivs eagle, on the other a military
MVsa, and the figure of a woman standing. ensign. Above and below
This is supposed to represent Clio, and the lyre the shield signis receptis.
which she holds in her left hand, and on which — 2. Rev. —
ob. ervis ser-
she in the attitude of playing, bears allusion
is vatos. A buckler, on which
to her reputed invention of that musical instru- is inscribed s. P. Q. r. c. L. v. encircled by au
ment, with which she sang the praises of heroes. oaken crown.
—
CUPEL'S a buckler, or shield one of the — These CL ipei Votivi (for so the abbreviation
most ancient pieces of defensive armour. The is to be expanded), are represented in various

Romaus at first made use of the round shield of ways, which may be seen in Morel, or in the
the Argfcans, which they called Clipeiis. After catalogue of the Imperial Museum, p. ii. p. 80.
the union of the Sabines with the Romans, the The custom of dedicating is a very ancient
shields
latter adopted the scutum of the Sabines, which one. Thus, 286) tells, that
Virgil (jEn. v.
had the form of au oblong square, sometimes fiat, .Eneas dedicated a shield to Apollo Actius (or at
concave inside, sometimes convex outside. And Actium) with the inscription, “.Eneas hicc de
this at lengthbecame part of the defensive armour Danais victoribus anna ” —
Pliny records the
of the Roman
infantry. The round buckler of instances of the practice in Rome itself, and
the cavalry was called parma. The shields of adds, that the ancient Trojans, and the Cartha-
the legionaries appear to have been ornamented ginians, were in the habit of engraving their
with designs not unlike heraldic bearings such — portraits on shields (xxxv. ch. 3.) As regards
as a thunderbolt, an anchor, a lion, a wild-boar, the Carthaginians, the statement is confirmed by-
a serpent, or some other symbol. And these, Livy (xxv. 39), who says, that among the spoil
being also painted of a particular colour, served was a silver shield 138 pounds in weight, with a
to distinguish each legion, and each cohort, likeness of Barcinus llasdrubal. In like manuer
from others, and gave rise to the surnames, the Scuate dedicated, in the curia, to Claudius
by which the legions were often designated. (lothicus, a golden shield ;
on which “ was re-
Distinctive signs were also added to mark presented a likeness of his countenance as far as
the buckler of each soldier, because in camp the throat,” according to Trebellius Pollio and ;

the bucklers were all deposited in a tent or so there is ou a coin of Mescinius, struck in the
magazine. A soldier was dishonoured, if he year 738 (b. c. 16), the head of Augustus iu a
abandoned his shield. Warriors, frequently shield and heads of Clementia aud Moderatio
;

after having despoiled their enemy of his buckler, are similarly exhibited on the coins of Tiberius.
offered it in some temple to a deity hence the : The joke of Cicero given by Macrobius is wcll-
appellation of votive shields (see c. L. v. below). knowu seeing in pro-consular Asia a likeness
:

They were soon fabricated of metals and were ;

of his brother Quintus ou a shield, painted in
even made of marble, when placed on monu- immense proportions as far as the chest (whereas
ments but in these instances they enter into
; Quintus was of small stature), he exclaimed, my
the composition of trophies. On coins, Victory brother’s half length is greater than his whole.
is ofteu seen inscribing the date of some great The use, then, of these shields was, that by
military exploit on these bucklers. There is a being suspended in public or private localities,
brass medallion of Antoninus, the reverse type they might either presesent a likeness of an indi-
of which forms a remarkably fine record of vidual, aud that either in paint ing or alto-relievo,
triumph over the Partitions, by inscription on a of which kind were the shields of Homer and
shield. —
Sec vie. parthicae. Virgil, the work of Vulcan, and spoken of by
Cl pens Maccdonicus
i —
the Macedonian shield, Pliny (xxxv. ch. 2) ; or that, by means of an in-
of a round form, was manufactured of gold or scription, the remembrance of some illustrious
silver,or both, with ingenious w’orkmausbip, exploit might be transmitted to posterity.
conspicuous for its various embellishments. The latter mode is very frequently observed
The representation of such a shield is seen, ou the coins of Emperors, l’bilo .ludieus hus
 — — — ——

CLIPEUS. CLOACIN. 219

in one passage mentioned both kinds, where italiot characters, perhaps in allusion to the Salii
he says, that Pilate, the prefect of Judfea, of Aleso, a city which, in the ancient language
“dedicated, in the palace of Herod, which of the country, was named Alse. —
See i.anzi,
stands in the sacred city, gilded shields, exhi- Saggio ii. cited by Millin, Gal. Myth. i. pi.
biting, indeed, no portrait or other device for- xxxviii. No. 148.
bidden by the laws, but only the barely neces- It was the twelve priests of Mars Gradivus,
sary inscription, by which two things might be who were appointed, under the denomination of
understood, viz. the name of the person who Salii, to the office of preserving the twelve
dedicated them, and of the person to gratify ancilia. The feast of the god was annually
w hom the dedication was made.” The shields observed during several days when the Salii
;

of Domitian, which the Senate, on hearing of carried their shields about the city, singing songs
his death, caused to be pulled dow'n from the in praise of Mars, Numa, and Mamurius Vetu-
walls of the curia, and thrown upon the ground, rius (the armourer whom Numa ordered to make
as Suetonius relates (in Domit. ch. 23), were eleven other shields, exactly like the “ heaven-
doubtless distinguished with either the portrait descended” oue). In performing their dance, the
or the names of that tyrant. To the foregoing Salii struck the shields with rods (virgte), so as
may be added the information, which the learned to keep time with their voices, and with the
interpreters of the Herculaneum Antiquities movements of their dance. The above cut shews
have lately gathered respecting these clipei. one of these rods, as represented on the tomb of
CLIPEUS. —
In p. 45 of this dictionary, a pontifex salius, or chief of the salii (Gruter,
ANCILIA, reference has been made to the
article Inscrip.) Its form, as here exhibited, illus-
word Clipeus , with a view to some further re- trates the manner of using it. —
Virgil, describing
marks being offered, respecting the form of those the attire of Picus, a mythical king of Latium,
scuta sancta of the Romans. Since that portion says, he held the ancile in his left hand (Icevaque
of the present work was committed to press, the ancile gerebat, Ain. vii. 1 87-) Other authors
compiler, through the kindness of Messrs. Tay- represent the salii as bearing the ancilia on their
lor, Walton, and Mabberly, tinds himself here necks, or on their shoulders. These accounts
enabled to insert a valuable illustration, employed may be reconciled on the supposition, that
in one of the most useful of their classical the shield was suspended by a leathern baud
publications. By means of the subjoined cut, (lorum, Juv. ii. 1 25), proceeding from the right
nil opportunity is afforded for comparing the shoulder, and passing round the neck. That the
shape of an Ancile, as engraved on the antique weight of the ancile (made of bronze) was con-
gem in the Florentine Museum, with those re- siderable, and that the use of it, in the sacred
presentations of the same thing which appear on dance, required no small exertion, is apparent
coins of Augustus and of Antoninus Pius. The from Juvenal’s expression (ii. 126), “ sudavit
two monetal specimens will be found to agree in clypeis ancilibus.” —
See Dictionary of Greek
most points with each other; but to differ and Roman Antiquities, edited by Dr. VV.
materially from the delineation of the shields on Smith.
the relic from which the subjoined is engraved. —
CLOACIN. Cloacina. From some cloaca,
And now, it is left with the reader to judge, or common-sewer, at Rome, in which a statue
which corresponds the more closely with the of Venus was found ; and, as all events con-
description of those “ sacred bucklers,” given tributed to furnish the Romans with occasions
by Festus and by Plutarch : for giving new names to their divinities, so that
of Cloacina was from this alleged circumstance
-auast. assigned by them to Venus herself. On two
denarii of the Mussidia gens, we see this abbre-
viated name at the bottom of the reverse, as
follows :

1. Obv. — Radiated head of the Sun, full-

faced. Rev. Q. M VSSIDIVS
longvs. A structure in
form like a galley upon it ;

stand two figures. On the

lower part of it we read the
word cloacin. 2. Obv. —
Concordia. Veiled head of
Concord, with sometimes a
star, sometimes a crescent before it. Rev. —
Same legend and type.
The Comitium, or Comitia, oue of two places,
This group exhibits the figures of two Salian where assemblies of the people were held, is
with heads veiled, and wearing the trabea.
priests, here represented, with its stair-case, and its
On the short cloak of oue a hippocampus (or cancelli or lattice work. The figures upon it
sea-horse), is on that of the other a
figured ; are a distributor of electoral tickets, and a citizen
triton. They carry ancilian bucklers on
six in the act of giving his vote, for either the
their shoulders, suspended from a pole. Above making of some law, or the election of a consul,
is inscribed ai.livs, and below alce, in old or other public functionary. With regard to the

2F2
 — — — ; ;

220 CLOVIA. CLOULIA.

legend cloacin, Ecldiel says this word denotes: families, whom Tullius Hostilius, after the rniu
the Comitium itself for T. Tatius, king of the
;
of Alba, attracted to Rome, and united to the
Sabines, in consequence of a statue of Venus patricians. two following
Its coins present the
having been found in a cloaca, named it Cloacina, types, in silver; engraved in Morel!. Fam. Rom.
and dedicated it at a Comitium. 1. Obv. —
roma. Galeated head of Rome:
The cloaca, or common sewers, at Rome, behind it a crown.
were begun by Tarquinius Prisons, and finished —
Rev. t. clovli. Victory in a biga of rear-
by Tarquinius Superbus. They extended under ing horses. Below are two corn -ears.
the whole area of the city. Their construction 2. Obv . —
Head of Jupiter; and K. or some
was so strong, and the stones with which they varying letter of the alphabet.
were built were so large and so firmly cemented, Rev .
T. clovli. Victory crowning a trophy,
that though flushed perpetually by rapid torrents, at the foot of which a naked captive is seated.
they remained in a perfect state for 700 years In the exergue Q. A quiuarius.
—
and upwards. See cancelli comitiorum (p. The numismatists of the elder school have
69), also comitivm, and Mussidia gens. attributed these coins to Titus Cloulius, queestor
CLODIUS MACER. See macek. — nrbanus, in 507 (b. c. 247), remarking, that
—
CLOVIA gens. This Roman family (also they bear allusion to the victories gained in
called Cluvia for both modes of denomination are Sicily by the cousuls, Lucius Ciccilius Metellus
found on ancient monuments), derives its origin and N. Fabius Buteo, over the Carthaginians
from the Cluvii Sexuli, brothers, who were tri- and that the corn ears in the first reverse refer
bunes of the plebs in 572 and 576 (b. c. 182 and to the fertility of that island. But numisma-
178) ; whence it is inferred, that it was plebeian. tists of the present day, and Borghcsi especially,
It was, The extant
however, of consular rank. maintain, that the circumstance of none of these
coins solely in brass (with the exception of one denarii having been fouud amongst the trou-
in lead), were struck by the moneyers of Julius ,
vailles of Ficsole, forms a good reason for car-
Cmsar. Riccio gives six of these having on \
rying them down to the date of 667 (b. c. 87),
’

their obverse type the marks of the as and its and thence to the times of C. Marius ; and he
divisions, with sax. C. sax. and ROM. for their is inclined to believe that they may be assigned

legends of reverse. These coins are ascribed to to the moneyership of T. Cloulius, of whom
Caius Clovius Saxula, pretor in 581 (b. C. 173), Cicero speaks (Pro Sex. Roscio Ameriuo, c. 23),
and a little while before one of the mint-masters previous to the year 674 (b. c. 80). lie after-
— the same who
586 (168) was the legatus,
in wards became one of Casar’s Senators. See —
in Macedonia, of Emilius Paulus. For a cut of Riccio, p. 57.
the following second brass, see p. 153 of this CLU. or CLUS. C/usit the same as Clausit.
dictionary. — IAN. CLU. or CLUS. Jauum Clusit. The —
Obv. — Caesar Die. ter. Bust of a winged temple of Janus was opened in time of war, and
Victory. shut during peace. Augustus shut this temple
Rev c. clovi praef.
. Minerva helmcted at Rome three times the third time, iudecd,
:

and walking. The goddess carries in her right was in 751 (b. c. 3), aud in the 42nd year of
hand a trophy rested on her shoulder, and in her his reign, peace being then established through-
left an oval shield, ou which is figured the out the Romau world. clvsit appears ou brass
head of Medusa. She is preceded by a serpent, coins of Nero. —
Sec pace p. r. &c.
erect on its tail. CLUNIA — a town of liispania Tarraconensis,
Caius Clovius, entitled pretor ou this coin, now Corunna del Conte, in Old Castile, situate
was one of the eight prefects of the city, left on the river Durius (Douro). —
Clunia was a
by Julius Caesar for the government of Rome city of the Arevaci, according to Pliny. And
during his third dictatorship, when with a by Ptolemy it is called a colony. Dion (l. 3,
great army and fleet he went to Spain on his I
p. 115), mentions Clunia, "in an attack ou
expedition against the sons of Pompcy. It which city (he states) Metellus overthrew the
J

must therefore have been minted, in the year of revolted llispaui.” Clunia was also the city
Rome 708 (b. c. 46), in which recurred Caesar's where Galba, pro-consul of Spain in the latter
dictatorship for the third time; and his monever part of Nero’s reign, commenced his proceed-
here prophecies, by the head of Victory and by ings for resisting the tyranny of that emperor,
Belligerent Minerva, typified on this coin, a and for assuming himself the imperial title,
prosperous result to Cicsar’s enterprise. Eckhel, — power, and authority.
with whom Cavedoui accords, expresses an There is an autonomous small brass (see Aker-
opinion that this finely designed coin was not man, Coins of liispania, p. 85), which bears
struck in Rome, and by the urban prefect but ; on its obverse u male head, with a dolphin be-
by a prefect of the Dictator’s fleet, stationed in fore it and on its reverse clovnioq, with a
;

the ports of Lycia, or of Rhodes, and who horseman. The other coins of this place are
assuming the jus cudendi, engraved it in the second brass, having on their obverses the head
same way as the prefects of Mark Antony’s fleet of Tiberius, and on their reverses the legend
afterwards did namely, to pay the troops and
; Clvxia, together with the names of the mone-
seamen with. tary qualuorviri, by whom they were struck,
—
CLOULIA. According to Festus, this gens under that emperor. The type on all, with
had for its primogenitor, Cloelius. the com- varieties, is a bull standing the usual symbol
;

panion of .Eneas. It was one of the Alban of Romano-Spanish colonies and municipia.
 — — : —

COCCEIA. COCLES. 221

although Cluuia itself not designated on any
is siles,he succeeded in his object, by swimming
of them as either the one or the other. —
See en- across the stream, and rejoining his countrymen.
graving in Medailles (le Christine, p. 306, xlviii.
also in ilorell. Impp. vol. iii. tab. ix.
Rasclic (in Lex. Num. vol. i. part 2), places
amongst the coinage of Clunia, the celebrated
first brass of Galba, inscribed iiisfania. clvnia

svl(picia). But that is of Homan die, struck

Senates Consulto, and belongs to the imperial
secies, properly so called. See Hispania.—
—
COCCEIA gens. Respecting this family, it
is uncertain whether it was patrician or plebeiau.

It gave consuls to Rome but its chief title to

;

distinction was that the Emperor Nerva belonged

to it. Only two types arc exhibited in its coin-
age they are in silver, as follow :
:

1. Obv. —
M. ANT. IMP. AVG. IIIVIR. R. P. C.
M. nerva pro. Q. p. Bare head of M. Antony.
Reo. —
l. antonivs cos. (Lucius Antonins As a testimony of admiration for his valour, and
[brother of the triumvir] Consul). Bare head in grateful remembrance of the eminent service
of Lucius. This coin, rare in silver, is of the he had rendered the state, by thus preventing the
highest rarity in gold, and valued by Mionnet Etrurian forces from entering Rome, as they
at 1200 fr. See a specimen of it engraved in p. had designed to do by a sudden and unexpected
60 of this volume. attack, the Senate and People raised a bronze
2. Obv . —
Same legend and type as the fore- statue to his honour in the Comitium ; and al-
going. lowed him as much land as he could plough
Rev —
CAESAR IMP. PONT. IIIVIR. R. P. C.
. round in one day. The citizens too, it is added,
Bare head of Octaviauus Caesar, behind it the when a famine was raging, deprived themselves
lituus. Very rare in gold, valued by Mionnet of food to support him.
at 150 fr. Mr. Macauley, in his Lays of Ancient Rome,
Marcus Nerva, whose name appears on both the observes, “ that among those parts of early Ro-
above denarii, was provincial pro-questor of the man history, which had a poetical origin, was
Antonii, in the Italian campaign of 713 (b. C. doubtless the legend of Iloratius Codes. There
41), that is to say in the war of Pcrusia (now are several versions of the story, and these
Perugia), waged by that party against Octavian versions differ from each other in points of no
this is manifest from the title of Consul given to small importance. According to Polybius, Ilo-
Lucius Antonins. The second coin with the ratius defended the bridge alone, and perished
head of Octavian (possessed and published for in the waters. Whilst according to the Chroni-
the first time by Borghesi), “ must have been cles which Livy and Dionysius followed, Ilora-
minted in the beginning of the year, which fol- tius had two companions, swam safe to shore,
lowed the reconciliation of the two parties. But and was loaded with honours and rewards.”
they having, from infringement made on the The distinguished author of “ The Lays,” re-
compact between them, come to blows, it is gards these discrepancies as capable of easy ex-
clear that the portrait of a foe must soon have planation ;
and points to the literature of our
ceased to appear on a coinage, which, as the own country, as furnishing what he considers
sinews wherewith to carry on that renewed to be au exact parallel to what may have taken
civil war, had been struck by the partizans of place in Rome. He thinks it highly probable
Lucius Autonitis.” Afterwards, this same pro- that the memory of the war of Porsena w as pre-
r

questor (Marcus Nerva) having obtained his served by compositions much resembling the
pardon from Octavianus Ciesar, became twice two ballads which relate to the fight at Otter-
the pcace-tnakcr between Mark Antony and his borne, between the English under Percy aud the
powerful rival. —
Sec Riccio, p. 57. Scots commanded by Douglas. They too differ
COCLES, a word which signifies deprived of in narrating several particulars of the bloody
one eye. It was the surname of the Iloratia “ fraye;” yet both relate to the same event.
gens and Horatius Codes was the name of that
;
And it is (adds Mr. Macauley), “ by no means
hero of Old Rome, who, according to the well- unlikely that there were two old Roman stories
known legend or tradition, had the courage, about the defence of the bridge and that while
;

either alone, or in conjunction with Spurius the story which Livy has transmitted to us, was
Lartius and Titus Herminius, to oppose the preferred by the multitude; the other, which
assault made by the army under Porsena, on the ascribed the whole glory to Horatius aloue, may
Pons Sublicius, defending it, whilst his com- have been the favourite with the Iloratiau
rades were employed in breaking it down behind house.”
him. When tins work of demolition was nearly No one, however youthful or however aged,
accomplished, Codes, all armed as he was, who has read (and who has not read ?) the Ro-
threw himself into the Tiber, after invoking the man story, will ever forget the impression made
god of that river and notwithstanding he re-
;
i on his mind by the stirring incidents of this
ceived a wound in the hip from the enemy’s mis- j
valiant deed of patriotic devotedness, to which,
 — ; — ; —

222 COCLES. COELIA.

a9 well as to the gallant bearing of its reputed the lectisternium or banquetr for the gods, in
,

hero, Mr. Macaulcy, in his ingenious and beau- allusion to which, on the table, is inscribed
tiful work, has done the greatest poetical jus- l. cai.dvs vii. vih. epvl(onum). Beneath is
tice. The ballad is supposed to have been made caldvs IHVIK. —
See the word ep clones, under
about a hundred and twenty years after the war which head an engraved specimen of this re-
which it celebrates, and just before the taking markable denarius is given.
of Rome by the Gauls. Nor is it difficult to This silver coin was minted by the monetary
enter into the nationally proud feelings of some triumvir, Coelius Caldus, in 703 (b. C. 51),
honest citizen of the early republic, whilst re- before the dictatorship of Julius Cicsar, when
citing, with due solemnity of cadence and in- the moneyers of the republic were increased from
tonation, his staple of archaic verse, to an at- three to four, though reduced again by Augustus
tentive group of domestic listeners : to the old number. —
Borghesi and Cavedoni (as
“
cited by Riccio), believe C. Caldus to have been
When young and old in circle
“ Around the firebrands close Cicero’s questor in the year 703, aud monetary
;

“ When the girls are weaving baskets, triumvir about 696 (b. c. 58). This man,
“ Aud the lads are shaping bows besides his own name, had evidently iu view to
“ When the good man mends his armour, recall on these coins the memory of the most
“ And trims his helmet’s plume ;
famous members of his family, viz. :
—
“ When the good wife’s shuttle merrily Caius Calius Caldus, tribune of the plebs,
“ Goes flashing through the loom
; aud consul iu 660 (b. c. 94), whose striking
“ With weeping and with laughter physiognomy appears on the obverse of this
“ Still is the story told,
denarius. After his consulship, he obtained
“ How well Horatius kept the bridge
“ In the brave days ot old.” Spain for his pro-consular province, as is usually
inferred from the coins of this gens, bearing his
On a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius the name, the word his(pania), and the figure of a
reverse bears for its legend Cocl.es and its — boar, which Eckhel refers to the town of Clunia.
type represents lloratius iu the act of swim- To Cains Caldus, imperator, augur, and de-
ming, in his armour, across the Tiber. Five cemvir (viz., one of a commission appointed to
military figures are seen standing on the bridge, superintend the distribution of lands), belong
which is partly broken down. On one side a the two trophies represented on the reverse.
warrior, helmetcd, is striking at the timbers of The subject is known solely through this mone-
the bridge with an axe and on the other side,
; tal remembrance of the grandson (or great
a soldier appears iu the attitude of hurling a nephew). As to whom he gained these warlike
javelin at Codes in the water. Sec the wood- — spoils from when aud on w hat occasion he was
;

cut at the head of this article, accurately en- proclaimed imperator at what time he filled
graved after a cast from the original coin in the the offices recorded on the coin, that coin alone
Cabinet de France. shews, but in so laconic a maimer, as to leave
The name of cocles, with the galeated head the meaning very obscure.
of Rome, (not the head of that valiant Roman, Lucius Coelius Caldus, perhaps the son of the
as erroneously described in the list of illustra- consul, and the father of the mint-master here ;

tions to the Lays of Home, above quoted from, styled Septemvir Epulonum, is he, to w horn apper-
p. 207), appears on a denarius of the Horatia tains the veiled priest that sits or stands at the
gens. — See the word. lectisternium. The epulones were members of the
COELESTIS — CAELESTIS CELEST.— sacerdotal order, whose duty it was to assist the
The Celestial ;
an epithet of Venus found on pontitfs in preparingall things necessary to rites

coins of Domna, Soamiias, Urbica, &c. The and In the earlier times of the re-
sacrifices.
goddess in these stands, with an apple iu the public there were only three of them. Sec sep- —
right and the hasta iu her left hand. On a first TEMVIR EPULONUM.
brass of Sofcmias, a small figure, most probably 2. c. coel. caldvs cos. Head of the Con-
meant for Cupid, stands at the feet of Venus. sul Caius Caldus behind it L. D. in a tabetta.
COELIA, or Coi/ia (for anciently the dip- Rev. — ;

caldvs nrviR. Head of the sun ra-

thong oe was written for oi) was a plebeian gens, diated, to the right before it is a round shield
:

but of consular rank. Some assert that the ornamented behiud is an oblong shield, charged
;

head of this family was Coclius Vibulo Etruscus, with the fnlmcn. Sometimes behind the head
who came to the aid of Romulus against the there appears au isolated S. —
This in gold is
Sabines, and gave his name to the Coeliau rkrr. valued at 40 piastres by Riccio, aud at
Mount at Rome. There arc twenty-one varieties. 300 fr. by Mionnet.
Silver common, Gold of the highest rarity. On this coin, the same moncyer repeats the
The two following arc its rarest coins, as de- portrait of his grandfather or great grandfather,
scribed by Riccio, p. 58 and 59. Caius Coclius Caldus, consul 670 (b. c. 84).
1. Obv. —
c. coel. caldvs cos. A bare and The two letters l. d. behind the head, signify
beardless male head to the right, between a Libero — —
Dam no. I absolve I condemn bear- —
vcxillum inscribed his(pania), and a boar. ing reference to the law which he carried during
Rev. —
C. CALDVS IMP. A. X. (Imperator augur his year of office, 647 (b. c. 107), as tribune of
Xvir agris dicidendis), written iu two per- the p/ebs, and by which the right of secret vot-
pendicular lines. Two trophies, between which ing (by ballot) was conceded to the jicoplc this ;

is a table, or altar, where a priest is preparing lex (abe/taria was also extended to the courts of
 — , : — — — ;

COELA. COGNOMEN. 223

high treason.
justice, iu cases of —
Cicero (Be leg. by Mionnet, the reverse
lii. 10), states that Caldus regretted, through- legend is aeli. mvnici.
out his life, having proposed this law, as it did coel. and the accompa-
injury to the republic. nying type a temple of
The head of the sun has been considered by four columns, in which
sonic numismatic writers to allude to the name a figure, in a short dress,
of the monetarius himself —
namely Coelius, be- stands, holding an idol
cause in the heaven, or firmament, that greater in her right hand, and
star holds his course and Caldus, from the heat
; a cornucopia; in her left.
which the sun produces. —
Borghesi, on the other If the figure be meant
hand, coutcuds that the head of the sun, and for that of Astarte, its appearance on this
the shields, are emblems of the East, and have coin indicates, the Syrian goddess had
that
reference to the victories won by the Itnperator latterly its worshippers amongst the Romau in-
Coelius Caldus in the East, probably in the Mith- habitants of the Thracian Chersonesus.
ridatic war, about the year 680 (b. C. 74), and COGN. otherwise COGNAT. Cognatus .

not later than 696 (b. c. 58), the presumed A kinsman, properly by blood, a cousin. divo
date of the coin in question. Borghesi more- constantio cogn. maxentivs avg. on a coin
over recognizes in the consul of 660 (b. c. 94), of Constantius Chlorus.
the father of the Septemvir Epu/onvm ; and this COGNOMEN, or surname. The third name —
father or brother of the hnperator, from whom of the three (nomen, and preenomen, being the
might have sprung the triumvir of 696, and two first) which the Romans were for the most
questor iu 703 (b. c. 51). part accustomed to bear. —
In his brief but
lucid exposition “ Be cognomine et agnomine,”
COELA or COILA
Chersoncsi Thracim
: the learned Eckhel (vol. v. p. 58) observes that,
municipium — (now
province of Rumilia, Tur- as the Roman families (families) were distin-
key, in Europe). The following Latin imperial guished by the pranomina, so were the races
coins, in second and third brass, are regarded (gentes) by the cognomina. It of course oc-
as correctly assigned to this place, viz. curred that the descendants, by marriage, of
—
Antoninus Pius. MVNICIPI coil. Prow of each house, founded separate families ; and these
a vessel, above which is a cornucopia;. again it was necessary to distinguish by some
Commodus. ael. mvnic. coil. fJElium particular name. Livy relates that in the year
—
Municipium Coila). Same type as preceding, u. c. 442 (b. c. 312), there were in the Potitia
with addition of a dolphin below. gens, twelve families, and amongst these were
Caracalta. — Same legend. Diana Venatrix branches to the number of 30.
walking. On coins are to be found the names of many
Macrinus. — Same legend. Prow of a vessel. different families, springing from one race,
Gordianus Pius ael. mvnic. coel. an.
.
whose root divided itself into extensive ramifi-
Silenus walking, with the wine-skin on his left cations as in the ./Emilia gens (according to
;

shoulder and his right hand raised.

; Vaillant), those of Buca, Lepidus, Paullus, Re-
Trebonianits Ga/lus. — Same legend. Romulus gillus, Scaurus. —
In Caecilia gens, the family
and Remus suckled by the Wolf. of Metellus and these again are distinguished
;

Yaillanl, in his erudite work on the Colonies by seven or eight surnames on their respective
of Rome, had ascribed their mintage to a city denarii. As for example, those of Balcaricus,
in Numidia, at the mouth of the river Amp- Macedonicus, Creticus, Dclmaticus, Numidicus,
sagus, called Cullit by Pliny and Ptolemy, and Calvus, Pius, Coruutus. —
In Claudia gens, the
Chnlli Municipium, in the Itinerary of Anto- Ccnthones, the Marcelli, and the Pulchri. Iu —
nine. And he is supported by
in this opiuion Canidia and Lieinia gentes, the Crassi. In Cor- —
no less judicious a numismatist of the elder nelia gens, the Lcutuli, and Scipiones and these ;

school than Biinard. On the other hand Pel- with others hitherto used as surnames; for instance
lerin, sustaining himself with the corresponding the appellations Asina, Asiagcnes, Africanus, &c.
sentiments of the Abbe Belleye, confidently as- Moreover thcCethcgi, in the same gens (Cornelia)
serts ( Melange, i. p. 276), that the coins which with the Dolabella;, the Sulim, and others,
bear on their reverses ael. mvnicip. coel. and indicate on their coins, not only individuals,
any other similar legend, and which are referred but so many different stocks, or families of the
by Vaillant to Cu/lu, in Africa, “ belong all of same race. It likewise sometimes happened that
them to the city of (Coela, or) Coelura, in the names sprang from surnames, as the respective
Chersonesus of Thrace, which city was a port, coins of Roman families serve to illustrate, in
and also called Cu/la.” Moreover, it is to be which Agrippa, Ahala, Atratinus, Brutus, Cmsar,
observed, that neither Eckhel nor Mionnet has Carbo, Cato, Crassus, Mcssalla, Metellus, Nerva,
thought fit to include Coe/lu Numidia, in his Scipio, Silanus, Sulla, Torquatus, and other
respective lists of Roman Colonies, but they do illustrious Quiri/es, frequently occur, without
enumerate Coela Chersonesi Thracice among the the nomen genti/icium, or family name, and even
municipia. without the first name. Besides which, some less
On a coin of Volusianus, first published and commonly known, as Natta, in Pinaria gens;
engraved by Pcllcriu (Melange i. p. 325, pi. Turdus, iu Papiria Ascisculus, in Valeria
;

xxii. No. 2), to supply an omission of Vo- without any prenomen to cither, and without the
lant's, but which seems to have been overlooked family name of Pinaria, Papiria, or Valeria.
 ) ; ; ——,
; , — ) —

22 1 COGNOMEN. COGNOMEN.
To these are to be added some surnames, scarcely |
Murena,
Asiuia, Bestia, Caecina, Capella, Glicia,
known through any other than numismatic Musa, Sura, Vaala, Vatia, &c.
sources —
at any rate by no means common Cognomina (says Eckhel), “ were derived
which, from the addition we find on coins, from various causes, as well of a base ns of a
of the family name of Roman houses, at once virtuous kind.” Many of these may be traced
indicate whereto they belong ;
as in Accolcia and illustrated from the denarii of Roman
gens, Lariscolus ;
iu Canidia, Crassus ;
in Liiria families. Some of these surnames owe their
Agrippa; in Antestia Reginus; in Claudia, origin to wisdom,
asScmpronius Sophus; Lalius
Glicia ;
in Considia, Rictus ;
in Furia, Brocehus Sa/iieus or from the contrary quality, as
iu Julia, Bnrsio; in Maria, Capito and Trogus; Junius Brutus. From moral disposition, as
in Nievia, Capella and Surdinus iu Sempronia, ;
Tarquinins Superbus, Fabius Gurges, (a riotous
Pitio. spendthrift), Aufidius Lurco, (a glutton.) From
Some surnames are common to many families Art, as Fabius Pictor. From devotedness to
of different gentes, as appears from their coins, rural pursuits, as Cornelius Lentulus (the lentil),
such as, amongst others, those of Balbus, Cras- Tullius Cicero (the vetch), Licinius Sto/o (a
sus, Flaccus, Gallus, Libo, Longus, Magnus, scion or shoot) From a conquered kingdom, or
Maximus, Rufus, Varus. There are also ex- a captured city, Servilius Isauricus, Marcius
tant on this class of Roman coins other sur- Coriolanus.
names were, to certain gentes
peculiar, as it Some surnames are derived from parts of the
such as the Lcpidi, trf that of .'Emilia the ;
human frame from some corporeal deformity
;

Metclli, to Cmcilia; the Centhoncs, the Pulchri, or infirmity, as is shewn on that silver coin of the

the Marcelli, to Claudia the Ccthegi, Dola-;

Furia gens (see p. 12), where the human foot,
bellic, Lentuli, Sulla?, to Cornelia the Bruti ;
placed behind a female head on the obverse, evi-
and Silani, to Juuia; the Scipioncs, to Caecilia; dently alludes to the word crassipes (splay-foot)
the Ciepiones, to Scrvilia the Galbie, to Sul- ; inscribed on its reverse. So in the Pinaria geus
picia the Messalla;, to Valeria
;
except iu cases — we sec thesurname of SCaupus, otherwise car-
where the individuals who bore those surnames pus, a wrist —the palm of a human hand ap-
passed by adoption into another gens. See — pearing in the field of the coin. A singular
Rasche, Cognomina Romanorum. circumstance is exhibited in these coins of Ro-
It has already been observed that some Ro- man families, namely, that they exhibit not only
man had evidently no surnames, the
families honourable appellations, and those which allude
prieuomen and ancestral appellation (gentile to no vice or defect cither of body or of mind ;
nomen alone being designated on their coins. but also those which bespeak defects of each
Thus, in the denarii extant of the gens Antonia, kind, yet without being intended to derogate iu
the surname of Merenda is omitted, though any respect from the signal reputation enjoyed
Livy teaches us that both were formerly by those families.
borne by the Antonii one, however, occurs The surnames of the Straboncs (Volteia) and
with the cognomen of Balbus, viz. q. anto. of the Pa?ti (Considia arc expressly derived
BALB. PR. Quintus, Antonins, Balbus, Prator. from terms signifying diseased or defective eyes.
But on their coins, the following families are [Strabo, goggle-eyed Pains, squint or lcaring-
found to want surnames, viz. Carisia, Coruuficia, cyed]. The Coclites, from codes, one that is born
Ilerennia, Hortcnsia, Numitoria, Rustia, Saufeia, with one eye only, are read on coins of the Poin-
Trebania, Vargunteia, Vatinia also Plsetoria ;
peia, Aelia, and lloratia gentes. Moreover, from
(unless the last with the adopted name of Ces- natural or other marks of the human body, the
tianus be an exception.) Romans took some of their family surnames, as
As L. Sulla was suruamed Felix, and his son appears by coins of the Albini, Atratini, Nigri,
Faustus so Sextus, the son of Pompeius Rufi, Pulchri, Celsi, Longi, Longini, Gracchi,
Magnus, is distinguished on his coins, not only Macri, Crassi, Galbac. It was also from simi-
by the surnames of Magnus, but by that of litudes of no dignified kind, that the Scipioues
Pius also. Some surnames arc verbs, as Caepio; (walking sticks), Lentuli Spintheres (from spin-
for on the coins of Brutus this verb stands thcr a buckle), &c. took their appellatives.
for a name, as is shewn by the inscription From employments and offices of a low and
Q. caepio brvtvs. —
Most Roman mint-mas- sordid description, and even from vile ani-
ters gave their surnames only on their coins, as mals, as we find as well from coins as from
did historians to them in their books, because, authors and from the calendars, the Catulli
during their life-time, they were known by other (from catulus, a whelp), &c. took their names :

names in their capacity of magistrates thus for : so likewise the Caprarii (goat-herds), the Ccr-
example Axsius, on his coins is called simply concs (marmosets), the Vespillones (bearers
NASO. at burials). The name itself ofFabia
the
For an Index of the Names, Surnames, and gens came, according to Pliny, from faba (a
Adopted Names, which occur on Consular coins, bean) ; that of the Pisones, from pisendo
with the Families to which they belong. See — (pounding or stamping of corn in a mortar) —
Eckhcl, Doct. Hum. vol. v. ; Mionnet, Rarete From habits and manners, or from the affec-
des Medai/les Romaines; and Akerman, De- tions and virtues of the mind, denarii, in the
scriptive Catalogue of Homan Coins also Rasche, -,
Calpurnia, Ciccilia, Rubellia, Antonin fami-
Lexicon Numismat. T. i. part. ii. lies, take such inscriptions as the Frugi (thrifty),

Some surnames of men arc feminine, as the Lcpidi (witty or agreeable), the Blaudi (kind
 — —

COGNOMEN. COIIORS. 225

and gentle), the Pii ;
nay they are even marked called Judaicus, in memory of the vanquished
with the very name of pietas. Jews. That surname appears, to have been re-
Taken from the names of brute animals, we pudiated by Vespasian, on account of the hatred
find on consular coins the words Asiuia, Bestia, in which the nation itself was held by the Ro-
Brutus, Capella, Lupus, Murena, Taurus, Vitu- mans, although on his and his son Titus’s mint-
lus, which were surnames of no less illustrious ages we read the inscription— ivdaea capta.
Roman houses, than those of Cornelia, Calpurnia, COH. COHORT. Cohorlis, Cohortium —
Caccilia, Fabia, .Emilia, Nsevia, Rutilia, of the Cohort, or of the Cohorts. — See adlocvt.
Licinia, Mamilia, Pomponia, Voconia, &c. So con. p 6 of this dictionary.
likewise, from the greatness of a man’s actions, COHORS, Cohort, a battalion of Roman foot
attended with good fortune, as indicated by soldiers, as Turma, was a squadron of cavalry.
the epithets Faustus, F'elix, Magnus, Maximus ; Each cohort was composed of three manipuli,
or from an extraordinary manifestation of zeal or companies, and these of two centuries or of
for the interests and liberties of the Roman two hundred men thus forming a body of six
;

people, as in the use of the surname Poplicola

|
hundred men, of which under the emperors
(Publicola, a popular person). Thus it is abun- ten were required to compose the legion.
j

dantly clear from the evidence of coins, that i

Equestrian cohorts (Coliorles Equitata) were
these were not only the true titles of the Memmii, bodies of foot and horse together. There were
the Scipiones, the Metelli, the Sullic, the also cavalry to the number of 130, armed with
Pompeii, the Fabii, the Valcrii, the Gelii, to cuirasses, in the first Cohort of the Legion.
whom they were ascribed ; but also their cog- The Cohors Peditala was wholly composed of
nomina or surnames ; a fact moreover shewn in infantry, in the beginning, and was so called
Roman authors, and by the Fasti Capitolini . in contra-distinction to the Cohors Equitata .

Sec Rasehe, Lex. Num. t. i. pars. 2. See legio.

Old writers, observes Eckliel (vol. v. p. 56), —
Cohors Pretoria. The Pretorian cohort, was
have affirmed, that the cognomen was synonymous a corps d' elite of infantry and cavalry, which
with the agnomen. Of this, he adds, we have under the republic belonged to the Pretor, and
an example in the case of L. Calpurnius Piso —
never quitted him on service in fact a portion
Frugi, respecting whom Cicero (pro M. Fontcio, of the Roman army whose duty it was to act as
c. 13), says, “ But against what a man in ! the body guard of the consul, or commander in
whom there was such virtue and integrity that chief. Julius Caesar and Mark Antony succes-
even in those best of times (optimis temporibus). sively employed many such cohorts. (See chor-
when you could scarcely find a dishonest man, tivm praetoriarvm, p. 198.) Augustus estab-
he in particular should have been termed Frugi. lished nine, each composed of a thousand men,
For when Gracchus summoned him to attend au and taught the people to regard them, under the
assembly of the people, and the messenger above appellation, as a force similar to the old
(viator) asked which Piso? there being more guard of Roman Generals. By succeeding em-
—
than one, he answered you compel me to name
my enemy, Frugi. It was this man to whom
perors, these troops were rendered a powerful
host. Galba augmented them to twelve, which
not even his enemy could give an appellation number they are computed by Dion to have
sufficiently distinguishing, without first praising reached, in the reign of Scverus. That em-
him, whose single cognomen not only marked peror, in further augmenting them, added not
the identity, but also indicated the character of only draughts from the Italian legions, but also
the individual,” &c. This custom prevailed the bravest soldiers from the provinces.
during the flourishing sera of the republic. It Destined exclusively to serve as guards to the
was different, however, both under the kings of emperor’s person, they were, at his command,
Rome, and at the beginning of the republic. It employed to escort aud protect the members of
was again different uuder the emperors and ;
the Imperial family. But it was not customary
the alteration began to be made even during the for the Pretorian guard to perform that duty for
j

reign of Augustus himself. J

any but those of princely rank. They were
For a similar purpose to that of the cognomen, commanded by the Pretorian Prefect, who had
the agnomen (says Eckhel) was invented, viz., ; under him Tribunes and Centurions. Their pay
to distinguish one family from another. Aud was double. Instead of one denarius, worth ten
it was given without any design to convey asses, which was the ordinary pay of other sol-
thereby to the individual who bore it, cither diers, this select body of troops received two,
honour on the one hand, or reproach on the and privileges not assigned to others. The en-
other; as Calpurnius Piso Frugi; Cornelius signs of the Pretorian Cohorts had a crown or
Scipio Africanus ; Cornelius Lcntulus Spinlher; wreath on the top of the staff, and besides the
Cmcilius Metellus Pius. —
See Agnomen. usual military standards each of these “regi-
The Emperors took surnames from conquered ments” displayed its eagle.
nations or from victories, as those of Germanicus, In process of time the Pretorians, abusiug
Britannicus, Dacicus, Sarmaticus, Adiabcuicus, the power which they had been suffered to usurp,
Parthicus, Armcnicus, Gothicus, Pcrsieus; and carried their insolence to such a pitch as to elect
indeed now aud then with the super-added title aud to dethrone, on their own authority, many
of Maximus. Lastly, they arc found assuming emperors, in spite of the senate, whom they
not only the cognomen of Victor, but also that compelled to accept and confirm iu the possession
of Invictus. No one, however, aspired to be of the purple, those they had thus proclaimed.

2 G
 ;

226 COIN MOULDS. COLLEGIUM.

Tiberias built them near Rome a walled-in camp, ledges, w ere placed one upon the
T
other, so
like a fortress, where they were constantly sta- that, with the exception of the first and last,
tioned. (See castra pratoria, p. 191). The they received on each face the impression of the
Emperor Constautine destroyed this camp, after obverse and reverse of a piece. The dies were
having entirely broken the military force of the then notched in order to form a passage for the
pretorians,whose arrogance and excessive power fused metal anil after being hardened in the
;

had occasioned so many revolutions in the em- fire, were replaced one on another, notch over
pire. —
See Pitiscus, Lexicon. Ant. Rom. notch, and luted with clay, so as to form a
COIIO IIS SPECULATORUM.—For an ex- cylinder, and thus three, or even four piles of
planation of this legend, see p. 198. moulds, might be filled with one jet. As re-
gards the localities in which moulds of this des-
COHI I. (sic.) PRAET. VI. (or VII.) P. VI. F.
— On a billon of Gallienus, this legend, allusive
cription were prepared, it has been discovered
by microscopic examination of the clay of which
to the pretorian cohorts of his time, is accom-
those found at Lingwcll gate were formed, that
panied by the type of a lion walking. On another
it contains a species of fossil infusoria which
billon denarius, and also on a gold coin, toge-
abounds in the clay of that neighbourhood at
ther with a first brass of the same emperor, the
this time. With regard to the debasement of
respective legends fidei. puakt; fid. prae-
the Roman silver, see the “assay of denarii,”
TORLANORVM, and COHORT. PRAET. PRINCIPI.
prefixed to the Descriptive Catalogue of Roman
svo. with military standards, legionary caglc3,
Coins, vol. i. p. 14, by J. Y. Akerman, Esq.
and a garland, combine to designate the con-
F.S.A. Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries.
fidence which he was willing to repose in the
precarious loyalty of those formidable troops. COL. Collegium —
See coop, in omn. coi,
.

Cooptatus in Omnia Collegia. On a coin of Nero

COIN MOULDS.—There have been dis-
covered, from time to time, in England, as
COLLEGIUM. — A name given to an assem-

well as in France, clay moulds of circular form,

bly or body of many persons who have the same
functions. The Romans had various commu-
bearing the impressions of Roman denarii, of a
nities who took the names of Colleges. The
period contemporary with, and subsequent to,
four principal ones were those of the Augurs,
the Antonincs. The last discovery in England
the Pontiffs, the Aruspiccs, and the Quindcccm-
was at Lingwcll Gate, near Wakefield, Yorkshire.
virs. Besides these four colleges, which were
known, that in the decline of the empire,
It is well
those of the four great sacerdotal dignities, there
the Roman silver was debased considerably and ;
were several other bodies known by the same
this of course paved the way to the adoption of,
name, as Collegium Arlifictim and Opifcum, in-
or the occasional recurrence to, a different kind
stituted by Numa, and each of which hail a prefect
of mintage. Up to this time Roman coins were
at its head. These workmen, who at first ex-
produced from dies struck with the hammer but ;
ercised their skill and industry only at Rome,
in the reign of Scverus, casting in moulds, though
soon spread themselves over all Italy, and after-
not exclusively, was very generally resorted to.
wards into the various provinces of the empire,
The thickness of the Roman denarii did not
which they furnished w'ith every thing necessary
admit of the usual modern test of ringing and
for the armies, such as arrows, machines, ar-
nothing but a very minute examination, or the
more tedious process of assay, could have detected
—
mour, clothes, &c. See Pitiscus.
the spurious coin. Whether these cast coins were COLIS-EUM. —The Coliseum — a corruption
minted by imperial authority, or are *he work of colossteum, the name given
to the famous
of forgers, remain still questions for discussion ; amphitheatre which Vespasian commenced at
but it appears highly probable that such a pro- Rome, and which Titus finished. The building
cess was authorised by the despot whose effigies, was so named on account of the colossal statue
and those of his sons Caracalla and Geta, they of Nero, that stood on the spot where was
more frequently bear. There arc, it is true, erected that magnificent edifice, whose stupen-
some cast coins of earlier reigns, but tlicir num- dous ruins exist to this day. It is represented on
ber is comparatively few, and it is extremely coins of Titus, &c. Sec Amphitheatrum, p. 41.
probable that this was permitted in order that, COLONIA. —
A colouv, called by the Greeks
in the event of detection, it might be cited as a dwoiKi'a, a portion of a people, which, for
is
precedent for such a practice. various reasons leaving its uative soil, has gone
In Mr. Akcrman’s “ Coins of the Romans in search of a settlement and n homo, iu dis-
relating to Britain,” as well as in the Revue tant lands. Velleius Paterculus, at the com-
Numismatique, are plates shcwiug the mode mencement of his first book, enumerates many
of casting these base coins, a process which migrations of this nature, which took plncc in
often led to the fabrication of blundered pieces the earliest times of Greece, and states the
that have frequently perplexed numismatists. causes which gave rise to them. But besides
Thus a coin of Julia Soicmias has on the re- that they have been largely discussed both by
verse PONT. tr. p. &c. titles which belong to ancient and modern authors, aud arc sufficiently
some denarius of Scverus or Caracalla. An ex- familiar to all who are interested in the subject,
planation of the mode of casting will shew how it is beyond the purpose of the present work to

this may beproduced. The moulds being take note of any other settlements than those of
formed by pressing the coins between dies of the 1 tomans, whethrr called by the name of
plastic clay of large diameter, in order to form ro/nniir or of municipia.
 ;
; —

COLONIAE ROMAN A E. COLONIAE ROMANAE. 227

city already occupied Cicero eloquently

by one.
expresses his disapprobation of such a measure,
when speaking against M. Antony, who settled
a colony at Casilinum :
—
“ I have asserted,” he
says, “ that no new colony can legally be in-
troduced into one already settled with the due
ceremonies, provided the latter be in a prosper-
ous condition I deny that new colonists can be
;

enrolled therein. You, however, carried away

by your arrogance, have, in defiance of all the
rules of auspices (or augury), sent out a colony
to Casilinum, a place already colonized but a
—
few years ago.” But whatever the law on this
subject might have been, in later times it be-
came obsolete; for Augustus, and after him
COLON I AE ROMANAE.— Colonics, in the
Nero, sent a fresh colony to Puteoli, which, ac-
Roman acceptation of the word, were towns or cording to Livy, was one in the year u. c. 560
lands inhabited by citizens sent thither on the
authority of the Senate and People, and allowed,
(b. c. 194). —Hyginus has supplied the cause of
this proceeding in an allusion to Augustus
:

on certain conditions, their respective portions “ He made colonists of the troops which had
of those territories, for the purposes of habi- served under Antony or Lepidus, equally with
tation —
and tillage. It is a well established the soldiers of his own legions, distributing
fact, that from the earliest period of their
them through and the provinces destroy-
Italy ;

existence as a nation, the custom prevailed ing certain cities of the enemy, he established
among the Romans of transplanting colonies new ones ; some he planted in the old towns,
into the country of their conquered enemies and gave them the title of colonists. And
and that it continued as long as their power moreover, to those cities, which had been set-
lasted. The practice was productive of great tled by the kings or the dictators, but exhausted
benefits to Rome. For by its means, a check by the events of the civil wars, he again gave
was provided against the undue increase of a the name of a colony, and increased the num-
poor population, prone to change and the ; bers of their citizens in some instances extend-
;

colonies of Roman citizens thus distributed over

ing their boundaries.”
the world were so many outworks of the city
whilst the soldiery, in the apportionment of the The foregoing information furnishes us with
laud, received the reward of hard service. The the various causes which led to the planting of
colonies of the last mentioned kind, were called colonics, after the commonwealth had fallen

military. — It is further to be observed, that seve- into decay. But, what a difference between
these and the colonics sent out daring the flou-
ral citiesacquired the rights of a colony, though
rishing period of the state It is worth while
stilloccupied by their original inhabitants, and !

without the intermixture of foreign colonists. to note how it is described in the severe lan-
guage of Tacitus, when speaking of the times
It was in this manner that Julius Cmsar, after
his victory over the Pompeys in Spain, bestowed of Nero :
—
“ For not, as in former times, were
upon the various towns, by whose fidelity and legions sent out, with their tribunes and cen-
co-operation he had profited, either freedom, or turions, and soldiers of every rank, that by their

the rights of citizenship, or the privileges of union and attachment they might form a com-
Roman colonies. Ascouius, in allusion to Pom- munity ; but individuals, unknown to each
pey, the father of Pompey the Great, and the other, in straggling bands, with no recognized

colonies beyond the river Po (Trauspadanis), leader, without the bond of mutual goodwill,

has the following expressions

—
“ For Pompey
: gathered together suddenly, as it were, from a
did not establish them with fresh colonists, but, foreign race of beings a motley crowd, rather
;

allowing the original inhabitants to remain, con- than a colony.”

ferred upon them the Jus Lalii.” In other The constitution of the colonies was not the
eases, new colonists were associated with the same in all cases. For some were composed of
native occupants, as at Emporia:, in Spain, or Roman citizens upon some the Jus Latinum,
;

at Agrigeutum, according to Cicero, and at Car- on others the Jus Italicum was conferred, doubt-
teia. —
Indeed it sometimes occurred, that a less according to the humour of the Senate and
colony was' composed partly of soldiers, and People, and afterwards of the Cxsars. “ In
partly of a multitude drawn together from all what, however, consisted the distinction of
sources and classes. Thus we learn, both from these their various conditions what greater ad-
;
coins and from the authority of Strabo, that a vantages accrued to one over another ; what
military colony was planted by Augustus at
Patnc, in Achaia. And l’ausanias further tells us,
was the stamp and character of each has ;
—
(adds Eckhel) continued to furnish the most emi-
that the inhabitants of the neighbouring towns nent authors with a bone of contention, and the
were by the same emperor ordered to migrate to usual results, namely, that they differ even in
that colony. essentials, and that we are left to this very day
According to the ancient law, it was held a with the skein of the controversy still tangled.”
profanation to introduce a new colony into any

2 G 2
 —

228 COLONIAE ROM ANA E. COLONIAE ROMAN AE.

CATALOGUE OF ROMAN COLONIES AND MUNICIFIA.

(According to Eckuel and Mionnet).
Abdera in Boetica. Heliopolis in Cede Syria.
Acci in Tarracouensis. Icouium in Lycaouia.
jElia Capitolina in Judsea. Ilcrcavonia (mun.) in Tarraconensis.
Agrigentum in Sicily. llerda (mun.) in Tarraconensis.
Agrippina in Germania Inferior. Uici in Tarraconensis.
Alexandria in Troas. Italica (mun.) in Boetica.
Antiochia in Pisidia. Julia in Bcetica.
Antiocliia in Syria. Laodicea in Syria.
Apamea (municipium) in Bithynia. Lcptis in Syrtica.
Arva in Bcetica. Neapolis in Samaria.
Asta in Bcctica. Nemausus in Narboncnsis.
Asturica in Tarraconensis. Nisibi in Mesopotamia.
Babba in Mauretania. Obulco in Btctica.
Berytus (mun) in Phoenicia. Occa in Syrtica.
Bilbilis in Tarraconensis. Olbasa (mun) in Pisidia.
Bostra in Arabia. Osca in Tarraconensis.
Brundusium in Calabria. Osicerda in Tarraconensis.
Buthrotum in Epirus. l’icstum in Lucania.
Cabellio in Narboncnsis. Panormus iu Sicilia.
Cresar-augusta in Tarraconensis. Parada in Zeugitana.
Ciesarea ad Libanum in Phoenicia. Parium in Mysia.
C;csarca (mun.) in Samaria. Parlais in Lycaonia.
Calaguiris (mun.) in Tarraconensis. Patra: in Achaia.
Carrha; in Mesopotamia. Pax Julia in Lusitania.
Carteia in Boetica. Pella in Macedonia.
Carthago Nova in Tarraconensis. Philippi in Macedonia.
Carthago Vctus (mun) in Zeugitana. Philippopolis in Thrace.
Cascautum in Tarraconensis. Ptolcmais in Galilee.
Cassandrca in Macedonia. Rhesscna in Mesopotamia.
Celsa in Tarraconensis. Roma in Latium (according to the Roman
Clunia (mun) in Tarraconensis. Coins of Commodus).
Coela in the Thracian Chersonesus. Romula in Boetica.
Comana in Pontus. Ruscino (mun.) in Narbonensis.
Copia in Litgdimcnsis. Saguntum (mun.) in Tarracouensis.
Corduba Patricia in Bcctica. Sebaste in Samaria.
Corinthus in Achaia. Scgobriga in Tarraconensis.
Cremna in Pisidia. Sidon in Phoenicia.
Damascus in Coele Syria. Singara in Mesopotamia.
Dcrtosa in Tarraconensis. Sinope (mun.) in Paphlagonia.
Dcultum in Thracia. Stobi (mun.) in Macedonia.
Dium (mun.) in Macedonia. Tarraco in Tarraconensis.
Ebora in Lusitania. Thessalonica in Macedonia.
Edessa in Mesopotamia. Traducta (mun.) in Bcctica.
Eracrita in Lusitania. Turiaso (mun.) in Tarraconensis.
Emisa (mun) in Syria. Tyana in Cappadocia.
Emporia: in Tarraconensis. Tyrus in Phoenicia.
Enna in Sicilia. Valentin of the Bruttii.
Ercavica in Tarraconensis. Vienna in Narbonensis.
Gadcs (mun) in Boetica. Viminacium in Msesia Superior.
Gcrmc (mun.) in Galatia. Visontium (mun.) in Tarraconensis.
Graccurris (mun) in Tarraconensis. Utica in Zeugitaua.
The following authentic and valuable informa- this practice, that scarcely one of their coins is
tion respecting the titles, magistracies, cus- to be found on which it is omitted. But, not
tomary observances, peculiar privileges, and re- unfrequently, it was rejected by the Spanish
ligious ceremonies, of Roman Colonics, as illus- colonics, and came to be constantly so by the
trated by the inscriptions and types found on Italian and Sicilian, as may be learnt from the
their Latin coins, is compiled from Eckhel’s coins of the colonics of Agrigentum, Brundu-
Dissertation Dc Coloniis Romanis, in the fourth sium, Copia, Picstum, Panormns, &c. In the
volume of his truly great work : Latin inscriptions, it is indicated by the initial
1. Colonial Coins, inscriptions on. Cities — letter C. or the abbreviation col. rarely by the
which were in the condition of colonics, added entire word colonia. —In the Greek, by KOA.
(he word " Colonia ,” and indeed those which or KOAflNIA, the word having been adopted
were situated eastward, so invariably adhered to into the Greek language for the genuine Greek
;
 — S — — ;

COLON 1AE ROMANAE. COLONIAE ROMANAE. 229

term Airoixla is found on only a single coin Scribes, &c. so likewise did the Roman colonics
of Panormus, and that regarded as a doubtful and municipia. Spartianus, whilst enumerating
one. the different offices served by Hadrian in several
As a general rule, the Roman colonics used cities, says, “ throughout the Latin towns he
the Latin tongue on their coins as indeed did
;
was styled Dictator, and Edile, and Duumvir
even Corinth, although situated in the very in his own country’, a Quinquennalis.” On
heart of Greece and also the colonies planted
;
coins connected with the present subject appear
in Phoenician or Arabian cities. But the Greek the following as local magistrates, viz. : Ediles,
language was preferred by Phillipopolis of Decuriones, Duumviri, Quinquennales, Prefecti,
Thrace, and Thcssalonica of Macedonia, in Eu- Quatuorviri, Triumviri. Of all these brief no-
rope ; by Tyana of Cappadocia, Antioch of tices will be found under their respective alpha-
Syria, and the Mesopotamian colonies in Asia. betical heads.
Aelia Capitolina, in Judrea, used both tongues. Colonial Ediles. —
As at Rome, the Ediles
The municipia used only the Latin, and they (see p. 12) were reckoned among the magistrates
indicate their condition by the inscription m. or of the highest rank, their office being to super-
mvn. or srvNiciP. &c. On some appear the intend the management of the commerce, pro-
word vrbs. —
ee those words suis locis. visions, and public games of the city, so also
2. Colonies, additional titles of. Besides the colonies, w'hich were, so to speak, small
the above mentioned words, expressive of the imitations of Rome, had their Ediles, subject to
standing, or constitution, of a town, we find the authority of the chief magistrate. The coins
the addition of epithctical names on coins of of Calagurris, Cclsa, Leptis, Parium, Saguntum,
colonies and of municipia, together with other and Turiaso, shew that those colonies had their
notifications which arc to be explained as fol-
: Duumviri those of Carteia and Clunia, their
;

lows : Quatuorviri and all of them their Ediles.

;

In bestowing on any city the privileges of a Cardinal Noris records further examples be-
colony, or of a municipium, it rarely occurred, sides those on coins. —
Moreover it is certain
that the Romans adopted the plan, so often pur- that there were some colonies aud municipia
sued by other cities, viz. that of abolishing the in which Ediles acted as chief magistrates. A
old name of the place, aud substituting a new proof of this may be found on reference to an
one. Indeed they even went so far as to restore oft-quoted passage of Spartianus, according to
the ancient name to cities, which they had re- w'hich Hadrian “ was Dictator, and Edile, and
suscitated from utter ruin, and peopled with Duumvir, throughout the Latin towns nor is
their colonists —
a circumstance which is known it by any means to be imagined that any honour
to have taken place in the cases of Carthage and would have been conferred by the colonies on an
Coriuth. emperor, which was not held in the highest
Amongst the colonies that lost their an- estimation by themselves. Another clear testi-
cient appellation, were Salduba, in Spain, which mony is furnished from Cicero, speaking of
was named Csesar-augusta Hicrosolyma: (Jeru-
;
Arpinuin :
—
“ For,” lie says, “ in order to esta-
salem), afterwards cailcd yElia Capitolina (see blish a municipium it has this y’ear been my
p. 15), and some others. Whilst the old names wish that my son, my brother’s son, and M.
of the colonies (and municipia) were thus ten- Caesius, should be elected Ediles for that is the
;

derly treated, the colonists were in the habit of only magistracy which it is the custom to create
.”
adding various titles, or laudatory epithets, in our municipium This passage further shews,
either on their own authority, or by permission that there were colonics, and municipia, which
of the Senate, or of the Emperors ; aud setting were governed by three Ediles. Coins do not
them forth on their public monuments. —So on record more than two. There is frequent mention
a brass tablet published by Gmter, the Hatlru- of the Ediles of municipia, on ancient marbles.
metini Byzacenes are styled colonics of “ Con- Calagurris, Cclsa, and other colonics had their
cordia, Ulpia, Trajana, Augusta, Frugifera, and Duumviri, and yet these were not always ex-
Hadrumetina.” —Nor arc coins free from this hibited on their coins, but in their stead some-
display of vanity. Among others the Apame- times the Ediles, a magistracy of au inferior
nians of Bithynia used the legend cor,, ivl. grade. Eckhel’s mode of accounting for this is,
conc. ayg. apaji. (See p. 61 of this diction- that “ the Colonial Ediles had their names in-
ary). The opinion of Vaillant, that Apamea scribed on coins, for the same, or a similar
was called Concordia, in allusion to its alliance reason as that which led to the names of the
with the neighbouring Prusa, has been correctly Curule and Plebeian Ediles being inscribed
refuted by Bellcye, who asserts that the titles on the Roman denarii. For, as at Rome, the
bestowed on colonies did not at all refer to business of striking money was entrusted to the
their ancient but to their actual condition. Pretors, Questors, and Ediles, on which occa-
Eckhcl, in citing the learned Abbe’s authority sions their names were introduced on the coins,
on this point, adds, that he had, however, him- so, in the colonies likewise, whether the pur-
self found in FI. Josephus, a certain place on pose might be to provide corn, or celebrate pub-
the borders of Galilee, which is really named lic games, unstamped brass was given to the
‘Oy Junta, i. e. Concordia. Ediles, which they were then to mint for imme-
3. Colonial Magistrates. —
As the Grecian diate use, with the insertion of their own names,
cities recorded on their coins their magistrates for a similar reason.”
of various ranks, such as Archons, Prctors, Coloniarum Decurionalus. Dccurionatc of
 —

230 COLONIAE ROMANAE. COLONIAE ROMANAE.

the Colonies.See decvriones See also the latter did not receive the impression of the
Municipal Magistracies. plough, because through them would be carried
Coloniarum Duumviratus. See Duumvirate — the bodies of the dead and other impurities.”
of the Colonies. Thus far 1 Iciucccius who quotes his authorities,
Coloniarum Manicipiorum Tgpi. The
et — with whom Florez —
may be compared Eckhel
coins of Colonies have either certain parti- adds a passage from Cato’s “ Origincs,” quoted
cular types, from which they rarely deviate, by Servius, in which the type of similar coins is
or such as vary without any fixed system. Of exactly described “ For the founders of a city
;

the former class, e. g. are a woman standing used to yoke a bull on the off and a cow on the
with military ensigns, peculiar to Viminacium ;
near side, and dressed in the Gabinian fashion,
a head of (Jupiter) Ammon, to Cassandrea; (i. e. using part of the toga as a veil for the

a woman sitting on a rock, with a river flowing head, and girding up the rest of it,) held in
from bcucath it, to Antioch in Syria, &c. Coins their hands the curved plough-tail,” Ac. To
of the second class have types of a changeable the same purport is the statement of Dion, that
and common character, throwing light on the a golden statue of great weight, with figures of
period in which they were struck or in some ; a bull and a cow, was erected in honour of Com-
cases, more elaborate ones, founded doubtless modus, as founder of the Colony of Rome. (See
on traditions preserved amongst themselves and col. com mod i ana.) —
The coins of that emperor
traceable to a remote period of the history of of about the date u. c. 913, (a. d. 190) serve to
the colony though there might be nothing in
; elucidate this point of the subject.
them any longer applicable to the circumstances The religious obligation of tracing with a
of the foreign settlers in those cities. To ad- plough the boundaries of a colony was observed
duce some examples, a common type of the not only in the case of those, which were raised
colony of Corinth, is the fable of Meliccrta, from the very foundation, but also of those,
also of Belleropbon, Chimaera, Pegasus, &c. On which, having already the external form of a
the coins of the Tyrians, and colonies founded city, obtained through the importation of foreign
by them, we see the petree ambrosia, and the colonists, or even merely by the liberality of the
murex, a shell fish used for dying wool purple, Romaos, the rights aud privileges of a colony.
&c. —See corinthus and tyrus.
The following arc the types which only llo-
man colonies adopted, except in cases where in-
dependent cities assumed them :

I. A Man, dressed in the toga, and

veiled, drives (sometimes with, sometimes
without, a whip>), a pair of oxen yoked to
A PLOUGH.
This type, of which an Antiochian specimen,
in large brass (CAEsaria ANTIOCHia COL- As a monetal illustration of the fact here as-
onia Senates Woman us), will be found engraved serted by Eckhel, the above reverse of a beauti-
in p. 227, is presented exclusively on coins of Ro- ful gold coin struck by c. marivs trogvs, one
man Colonies, as the sacred rite alluded to by it, of the moneyers of Augustus, has been eugra\ cd
was not observed except on the occasion of found- after Mionnct’s fine plate, t. i. p. 109. The
ing a colony by the Romans. It is described type of this very rare aureus (valued by the
everywhere by philologists, and among them by French Numismatist at GOO fr.) represents a
Ilcineccius in the following brief and clear colonist driving two oxen harnessed to a plough,
manner: “ Whenever either a new’ city was to before the walls of a town. On the obverse is
be built, or a colony planted, the founder or the bare head of Augustus, with simputum aud
Triumvir of the colony, attired in the Gabinian lituus behind it, and the legend caesak av-
garb, fixed a brazeu piough-share into a plough, gvst. Allusion is doubtless in this instance
and yoking to it a pair of oxen, male and female, made to some colony planted by the first em-
in person turned up a deep furrow around the peror, where a city already existed, but round
boundaries. The colonists and sho-
followed which the sacred ceremonial peculiar to Roman
velled back into the furrow the clods raised by colonization had still to be performed.
the plough. At the spot which they fixed upon Casiliuuin was au example of a city of long
for a gate, they took out the plough-share, lifted standing, and already constituted a colony with
the plough, and left a space. The furrow com- the due rites; and yet when M. Antony scut
pleted, these oxen with other victims, were sa- thither a reinforcement of colonists, he did not
crificed to the Dii medioxutni, (Gods of the neglect the ceremony of the plough, ns Cicero
earth, as middle between heaven and the infernal informs us, in the following invective “ Yon
:
—
regions ?) and lastly they betook themselves to have led over a colony to Casilinum,
building the walls. Other ceremonies were that you might raise the standard (vcxillum) and
added to these, for good omen’s sake, as drive the plough round (the walls).” lienee, it
Festus shews under the word Quat/rala; but is by no means surprising, that the figure of
of the nature of these wc arc as yet ignorant. a plough should be fouud on the coins of colonics
From what has already been described, the fact of remote foundation, such as Berytus, Sidon,
can easily be accounted for, that the walls and Tyre, and Pntnc. According to Cicero, how-
not the gates of a city were held sacred. For ever, the limits, not merely of the city, but of
 ; —— —:; —

C0L0N1AE ROMANAE. 'COLONIAE ROMANAE. 231

the land assigned to the colony, were traced “ For not at this period, as in a former one,
out by the plough. For he thus continues the were whole legions led forth, with their tri-
sentence above quoted: “With the coulter of bunes and centurions, and soldiers of every
which (i. e. Aratrura) you nearly grazed the rank.” — —
And also Hyginus “ It was the lot of
gate of Capua, that the territory of that nourish- many legions, after succcssfid campaigns, to
ing colony might he curtailed.” arrive, by the first act of their warlike appren-
It ought further to be observed, that the type ticeship, at the laborious ease of a farming life.
of a plough is not found on the coins of any For they w ere led out with their ensigns and
r

municipium, and with good reason, for, those eagle, their officers of rank aud tribunes.”
places were not under the same regulations as Sulla is said to have been the originator of
the colonies (sec article mvnicipivm), the lat- military colonies, and his example was followed
ter, as the off-shoots of Rome, using the laws by the Cicsars.
and institutions of that people, and appearing Fahretti is of opinion, that by the help of the

to have been, as it were, imitations of Rome on types already described, viz. of a priest plough-
a small scale. Hence, as Romulus, when found- ing, and of vexilla, a distinction might be
ing Rome (to use Ovid’s expression), grasping established between plebeian aud military colo-
the ploughshare, marked out the walls with a nies. For, he says, the plebeians were dis-
furrow, a white bull and a white cow bearing tinguished by the plough the military, by the
;

the yoke ; so, in planting colonies, a similar eagles and ensigns ; whilst those, which on
rite was practised. And this also, fully accounts various coins exhibit the plough or the ensigns
for the fact, that, on the coins of Greek colo- indiscriminately, and sometimes in combination,
nies, whose custom it was, by various types, to indicate a derivation in the first instance from
indicate their connexion with the metropolis, the civilians, reinforced subsequently by veteran
there never appears a priest ploughing, because soldiers. Fabretti is entirely followed by Vaillant.
thisceremony was peculiar to the Romans alone, Eckhel, however, shows that this opinion is
and never extended to the Greeks. D. N. V. confuted by both authors and coins, lie begius
vol. iv. 490. by comparing with Velleius Paterculus,who
II. Military Ensigns, and the Legions. says
—“ it

I could not easily recall to memory an

These frequently occur on colonial coins, but instance of any colony sent out after this period,
not on them alone. There are various modes which was not a military one.” The period
in which they were represented, and the follow- alluded to, he marks by the sixth consulate of
ing is Eckhel’s enumeration of them :
Marius, which occurred u. c. 654 (b. c. 100).
Military Ensigns alone as they are seen on If, therefore, his testimony may be relied on,
coins of Acci, Csesar-augusta, Emerita, Bery- Berytus, Csesar-augusta, Corinth, Emerita,
tus, &c. Patrae, Sinope, were also military colonies, be-
Military Ensigns, with the names of the ing all planted by Julius Cicsar, or Augustus,
Legions affixed. See Coins of Acci (p. 3), and consequently after the time mentioned by
and Cicsar-augusta (p. 161 of this dictionary). Velleius ; and yet all these colonies exhibit on
Sec also Berytus, Patric, &c. their coins a man ploughing. Nor could Fa-
Military Ensigns, with a Priest ploughing . bretti defend his ploughman by the assertion,
On coins of iElia Capitolina, and Ptolcmais that the first planting by the civilians was de-
also on some of Antioch in Pisidia, and of noted by this type for it is certain, that none
;

Patric, the priest is ploughing ; but instead of of the cities just enumerated were colonies before
his holding the customary whip, a vexillum, or the colonization set on foot by the two Caisars
one or two military standards, appear behind above named; and, therefore, that they were
his oxen. —
See p. 15 & p. 227 of this dictionary. made at the same time colonics, and, according
On a coin of Cicsar-augusta, military ensigns to Velleius, military colonics ; as, indeed is
occupy the obverse ; and a priest ploughing, the proved by the name Emerita itself, which, ac-
reverse. cording to authors, was applied to it from sol-
On the coins of Viminacium, a woman stand- diers who had served their time (emeriti).
ing, holding an eusign in each hand, is the com- Again to adduce Cicero’s declamation against
mon type. —
M. Antony “ You have led forth a colony to
Military ensigns on colonial coins, undoubtedly Casilinum, that you might raise your standard
for the most part indicate military colonics. For (vexillum), and drive your plough round its
soldiers were sent out into the colonies, partly walls.” —That it was a military colony is clear
because they had served their time, partly as a from the expressions of Velleius, and yet the
reward for eminent services (which w as fre- f
custom of ploughing was observed at its founda-
quently the case under the Triumvirate), partly tion. In like manner, the vexillum, though the
for the protection of the frontiers of the empire. symbol of military colonies, yet did not dis-
That, however, may with much greater cer- prove them to be plebeian. For even when ple-
tainty be pronounced a military colony, whose beian colonies were sent out, the colonists
coins exhibit the legions and their numbers —
marched under military ensigns. This we learn
added to the vexilla, as leg. xi. —
But the num- from Plutarch, when he says, that the principal
bers are not unfrequcntly omitted. It is well vexillum was broken off by the wind, when a
known that soldiers, transferred to colonies, pro- colony was led by C. Gracchus to Carthage.
ceeded thither with their ensigns, and by troops. But this colony was composed, not of soldiers,
Tacitus, iu a passage already quoted, says but of poor civilians.
 — ; — — —

232 COLON I AE ROMANAE. COLONIAE ROMANAE.

The foregoing statements go to prove that of attachment, or of adulation, appear also to
the type of a plough is applicable equally to have recommended this type to foreign cities,
plebeian and to military colonies and the same ;
as it is found on a coin of Thyatira, in Lydia,
may be maintained respecting the vexilla al- given by Spon. Connected with the allusion to
though, as far as the present purpose is con- Rome as an original, is a type, in which .Eneas
cerned, it would appear an idle inquiry, how far is represented, carrying Anchises and accompa-
military' ensigns denote a military colony. For nied by Ascanius, tised by the colonics of Apn-
those colonies of which coins are extaut, with mca in Bithynia, and Berytus, in Syria. Sec —
one or two exceptions, were all military, doubt- Pelleriu, Melange i. T. i. pi. 18.
,

less planted by the Cscsars so that it may,

: IV. A Bull, standing. On the coins of —
without hesitation, be pronounced that the vex- Calagurris, Cclsa, in Hispania, and of other colo-
ilia typified on coins of Roman colonies have re- nics, this type appears in allusion to Agricul-
ference to the soldiers who settled in them, in the ture, topromote which colonists were sent from
same mauncr as the vexilla on the coins of cities, Rome, and of which a bull was the customary
which were not colonies, have reference to the symbol. —
Tacitus says, “ therefore from the
cohorts stationed as a guard near them. cattle market, where we see the brazen statue
On coins of Italica a Spanish municipium, there of a bull, because that species of animal
is used
appear vexilla; also on those of Nicsea and in ploughing,” &c. See Akerman, Ancient
Juliopolis in Hithynia, and Hieropolis in Cyr- Coins of Cities, p. 78, pi. viii. No. 6 also —
liestica, none of which were colonies and though ; Havercamp, Medailles de Christine, p. 285,
Egypt had no colonies whatever, the coins of tab. xliv.
Alexandria, struck during the reigns of Nume-
riauus and Carinus, bear the mark of Legio. II.
Trajana, with the type of a legionary eagle.
Bod. Num. Vet. vol". iv. p. 492.

V. Sll.ENUS standing, holds out his right

hand, and with his left supports a wine-shin
thrown over his shoulders (col. laod. metro- .

I’OLEOS.)

111. A SHE WOLF SUCKLING TWO CHILDREN. This device, copied from a first brass of
following colonies offer this type on their
The Laodicca, occurs on coins of the following colo-
coins, viz. Alexandria in the Troad ; Anti-
: nics, viz. Alexandria Troadis; Berg/us Phoe-
:

oehia in I’isidia; Apaniea in Bitliyuia; Coela nicia; ;

Bostra Arabia: ;
Coela {mun.) Thraciic ;

(rnuuicipium) in the Thracian Chersonesus; Damascus Coelesvria; ;

Deultum Thracia: ;
Lao-
Damascus in Code Syria;; Beit!turn in Thrace; dicea Syria: Neapo/is Samaria;
;
Barium, My- ,

Germe in Galatia ; Iconium in Lvcaonia Ita- ;

sia: Patra Achaiic ; Sidon Phoenicia: Tgrus
; ;

lica (mnnicipium) in Bictica (Hispania) Lao- ;

Phoenicia:.
dicea in Syria ;
Neapotis in Samaria Barium
;
That the above type is peculiar to coins of

in Mysia ' Pat r/e in Acliaia; Philippi in Mace- this class, is rendered probable by the fact, not

donia. only that it is found on the coinage of so many

The above cut is after a cast from a coin of colonies, but also that it is found on them alone,
I.aodicea, in the British Museum. The obverse for Sileuus is not represented in the attitude
bears the head and titles of Macrinus the ;
above described on any coins of cities, which
legend of the reverse is romae fel(ici). were not colonics. —
Eekhel, without hesitation,
That the tradition of Romulus and Remus pronounces this type to be strictly a colonial
having been brought up by a she wolf, was the one ; and as a sole exceptional instance, he re-
constant symbol of the origin of the Roman fers to Silcnus which appears, in a similar
the
state, is evident from innumerable monuments. attitude,on a denarius of the Ccnsorini (sec
It was on the colonics parti-
this account that Marcia gens), although for what reason adopted
cularly the above described type, in
affected thereon, is not known.
order to declare themselves sprung as it were Vaillant regards this type, as having reference
from a common parent ; just as l’robus struck to abundant vintages, in which Silcnus is un-
coins, in third brass, with the legend okigixi. derstood to have delighted. And, in this opi-
avo. and the type of the wolf and twins ; no nion, that celebrated writer on Colonial Coins
doubt in order to proclaim himself a Roman is followed by Believe, in his dissertation on the
by birth. Mtmicipia, though but rarely, used this coins of Bostra. —
Eekhel, on the other hand,
type, as they might, by a species of adoption, considers to iudicatc the jus Ita/icum ; and
it

be considered the daughters of Rome. Motives he asks “ how is it that wc do not also find the
 —; — ;

COLON I AE ltOMANAE. COLONIAE ROMANAE. 233

figure of Silenus on the coins of Greek cities of all the other privileges of Tyre, by order of
cities which were so fond of boasting the ex- Elagabalus.”
cellence of their wine, in so many various ways?” By way of support to his conjecture, Eckhel
He then commences an inquiry into the reason adds, that out of all the numerous coins of Tyre,
why the Silenus in question appears almost ex- Sileuus appears on those only which declare
clusively on Homan coins, and to throw light that city to be a colony. On the withdrawal
on this enigma, quotes two passages from Scr- of its colonial rights, hy Elagabalus, it inti-
vius. That ancient grammarian, in the first mated its forlorn condition by the legend tyri-
place, refers to Silenus under the name of Mar- orvm, whilst banished from its
Silenus w’as
syas, as is to be inferred from his asserting that coinage. To this may be conjoined
instance
this Marsyas was under the guardianship of Patr®, in Achaia, on w'hich, as Pansanias informs
Liber Pater (Bacchus), and performed the part ns, Augustus conferred all the advantages which
of his attendant, as is mythologically predi- were usually allowed to a colony and if all, no
;

cated of Silenus and in the next place, Servius

; doubt amongst them was included the jus Itali-
states, that the image of Marsyas (meaning cum. Consequently out of twelve cities, seven
Silenus), was customarily placed in the forum arc seen to have enjoyed that right, and used
of the Italian cities, as the symbol of Liberty, the type of Silenus.
with uplifted hand, proclaiming that the city was This view of the subject, taken by the ac-
under the amplest protection (nihil urbi deesse) knowledged prince of numismatists, is materially
thus pointing out the very posture of the statue, confirmed by the fact, that on the coins of those
resembling that of the figure on their coins. colonics, to which the jurists Ulpian, Paidus,
The learned, acute, and judicious Author of and other learned authors, deny the jus Itali-
Doctrina next observes, that no colonies appear cum, viz. Ptolemais, Cmsarea in Samaria, /Elia
to have used this type but those which had the Capitolina, and Antioch in Syria, not the least
jus llalicum granted to them by the emperors. vestige of the Silenus type is to be found al- ;

This privilege (jus), the most ample of all those though their coins are extant in abundance.
which the Romans were accustomed to confer Of Ptolemais, Ulpian says, “ It has nothing
on cities, involved immunity from capitation beyond the name of a colony and of Caesarea
and land taxes and it was termed llalicum,
; and Aelia, the same writer says, “ Neither of
because Augustus wished that this advantage them possesses the jus Italicum.” Antioch in
should extend to the whole of Italy. Syria is not only passed over entirely by Ulpian
Eckhel then proceeds to the following effect: but Paulus has merely this brief notice of it
— “ It must be evident to every one, that the “ Divus Antoninus constituted the Antiochians
cities which were distinguished by this eminent colonists, but without exemption from tribute
privilege, could, without undue assumption, (sal vis tributis).
—
“ From the circumstance how-
though not strictly in accordance with the Ro- ever that the above named writers do not enu-
man sense of the term, be called free, and make merate among the Urbes Italics, Bostra, Coela,
that boast, which Servius supposes to be inti- Damascus, Deultum, Ncapolis, Patrse, and Sidon,
mated by the attitude of Silenus namely that — all of which exhibit the type of Silenus in their
thenceforward they had no further privilege to mintages, let it not (says Eckhel in conclusion)
wish for. If, then, as may reasonably be con- be supposed that I would have any one infer,
jectured, it was in order to make a display of that those cities did not possess the/«4 Italicum;
this their liberty, that the Italian cities so con- for there is no doubt that some colonies were
stantly represented Silenus as the symbol of admitted to the privilege in question at a later
freedom, Servius, himself a Roman, and one period.” — See Port. Num. Vet. iv. 493, et seq.
who had been an eye-witness of this custom of Colonial Coins —
metal employed in. —
No colo-
the Italian cities, could with propriety state nial coin has yet been found in gold. Ncmausus
the figure of this demi-god to denote the liberty has given several in silver, with the inscription
of cities, notwithstanding his having, as a col. Florez saw only one of Carthago Nova,
writer, made use of expressions not quite cor- and one of Ilicum, and has pronounced them to
rect (as when he substitutes Marsyas for Sile- be the greatest rarities. There are very rare
nus, and the term liberty for that of immunity, silver coins of Agrigentum, in Sicily, without
derived from the jus Italicum). Moreover, if the col. and inscribed only agrigentvm, but
the Italian cities declared their freedom, by the which, Eckhel has no doubt, were struck at
erection of a statue of Silenus in their forum, Agrigentum, after the planting of a colony
it is not surprising that the colonics abroad there. With these exceptions, the whole of the
should have been fond of testifying, in a similar colonial coinage is in brass. It appears that the
manner, that the same privileges had been ex- use of silver was not forbidden to the colonies
tended to themselves. And, indeed, of the planted under the republic ; but that sub-
twelve cities which have employed the type of sequently, brass alone was permitted, from the
Silenus on their coins (see the list given above), time that Augustus, and his successors, re-
there are five which it is certain enjoyed the served to themselves the gold and silver mints.
jus Italicum, that is to say, Alexandria, Bery- —
Colonial mintages cessation of. The latest—
tus, Laodicea, Parium, and Tyre. To these time of striking coins in the colonics of His-
may safely be added Sidon, on which no doubt pania docs not extend beyond the reign of
the jus Italicum, which Tyre possessed, was Caligula. In the Gallic provinces they had
bestowed simultaneously with the transfer to it ceased even under Augustus and earlier still.
,

2 II
 — — :

231 COLONIAE ROMAN AE. COLONUS.

on the continent of Italy ; as there is no coin of fortunate Felicem ) Colony of the world
(
so
an Italian colony, exhibiting a head of Caesar, intent was lie on the city’s being considered as
or of Augustus. The coius of the Sicilian his own colony. But this new “ settlement”
colonics, Agrigentuui and Panormus, furnish the had a very narrow escape from destruction, by
portrait of Augustus alone. 'The colonics of old the hands of the very person who plant rd it
Africa gave up the minting-mallet, under 'Tibe- for he would have set fire to the city, says
rius and Babba alone, in New Africa, continued
;
Lampridius (ch. 15), had he not been prevented
till the reign of Galba. But these limits apply j
by Lfetns.
not only to the coinage of the colonies, and The type of a priest veiled, ploughing, with
mtiiripia of those provinces, but also to that a yoke of oxen, admirably confirms the testimony
of their free cities. As regards the provinces of historians, for (as has been fully demonstrated
situated eastward of the Adriatic, their colonics in the preceding pages), it is a common one on
present examples of the same course, adopted iu coins of cities which were planted as colonics.
reference to money, by their free cities. For The golden statue erected to him, with the figures
both equally abstained from striking money of a bull and a cow, has refcreucc to this foolish
during the reign of Gallienus, with the exception attempt of Commodus, in his pretended capa-
of a very few, which exhibit the portraits of city of founder of a colony. The legend,
some of the emperors immediately succeeding also, perfectly agrees with the type of this re-
him. And this cessation was owing, either to markable coin, as it gives the word COLouia.
the universal feeliug of satiety, or to the glut of “ The whole inscription (adds Eckhel) no doubt
Roman money, in the provinces ; or to the should be thus interpreted COLouia Lucia —
fact, that about this time, mints were in the A'Stoniniana COM
odiana, just as Diospolis in
course of establishment, for the coining of Samaritis, and Elcuthcropolis iu J ml sea, styled
money, which should be common to all the pro •
themselves on coins Lucia Septimia Sevenana.
vinccs of the empire. Still, it is remarkable, that the prienomcn of

Colon iarum cudendi permissio. —Permission Lucia should have been given to Rome, at a
to strike money — Sec
in the colonies. perm, time, when Commodus himself constantly used
avgvsti, and permissv caesaris — (si/ is /oris.) that of Marcus, unless, perhaps, he had in
hismind the revival of the old and long disused
name of Lucius, which he really adopted two
years afterwards.” — Sec vii. 122.
The same subject is alluded to on coins in-
scribed iierc. ROM. cond. Among Vaillant’s
Select tom Numisma/a from the De Camps collec-
tion, now in the Cabinet de France, there is ouc
which exhibits this emi>cror indulging his insane
fancy of guiding the colouial plough, but attired
in the lion’s skin like Hercules. And the im-
personation is completed by a club which he
carries iu his hand. For Lampridius
right
COL. L. AN. COM. P. M. TIC P. XV. records, that “ He
caused himself to be styled
IMP. VIII. COS. VI. S. C. —
A priest veiled, —
Romanos Hercules" adding the reason for that
driving a plough, to which oxen are yoked. designation, viz. “ because he had slaughtered
First and second brass of Commodus. wild beasts in the amphitheatre at Lanuvium.” It
On this reverse, we have the monctal proof was iu memory of his converting the eternal city”
of Rome having been called Colonia Commo- into a colony bearing his own name, and to his
diana, by command of Commodus. Lampri- own honour, as “ Hercules Romanus Condilor,”
dius (chap. 8) informs us that this emperor that the medallion in question was struck, at
reached such a pitch of madness as to desire that the beginning of his 7th consulate, in colleague-
the city of Rome should be called the Commodi- ship with llclvius Pertinax, 915 (a. I). 192),
anian colony ; an act of folly which is said to and during his 17th investiture with the tri-
have been brought about, by the fascinations of bunitinn power. — Sec commodus, biographical
Marcia, his Amazonian mistress. The same his- summary of (p. 210). — Engraved in Akermnu,
torian adds that, at the time when he introduced i. 312, pi. D.

to the Senate his scheme for turning Rome into COLON FS — a term obviously derived from
Commodiana, that degenerate body not only re- colo, to or cultivate the soil
till means an —
ceived it readily, but even gave itself the title of inhabitant of a colony, who was nominally a
(Senatus) Com modi an us. Thus the absurdity citizen of Rome because he had the rights of
;

was fortified even by a Senatus consulturn, as is citizenship, though not in all their extent; uor did
shewn by the coin from which the above is an the co/oni possess what was called Optimum jus.
accurate cut, and which is marked with the s. c. Cicero has given a detail of the privileges of
To show how obstinately Commodus had set his which a colouist was deprived. Addressing
mind on this object, it is stated by Dion himself to the Roman people, the great orator
(Lxxii. § 15), that the people were commanded says, —
Vos verb, Quiritcs, retinetc istam pos-
to call Rome itself Commodiana, and the armies i
scssioncm gratia-, libertntis, sutfragiorum, dig-
Commodiani. And further, that Rome was nitatis, L'rbis, fori, ludorum, festorum, Ac.
styled bv the emperor himself the
“ ctemnl Of whatever rank they were, the co/om were
 — — ‘ — .

COLOSSUS. COLUMNA. 235

eligible to be enrolled among the rural tribes, of a body called the shaft, of a head termed the
so that theybecame equal, by the right of capital, and of a foot denominated the base.
suffrages, to the richest and most distinguished The Romans had
citizens —
Those who wished to become members
ol a new colony were accustomed to give in
insulated
epithets to designate different
columns, used for public purposes
their Those noticeable on their coins were the rostrated
names to the triumvirs charged as commissioners
with the duty of forming such settlement. And
and the triumphal —
The following are well-
.

known examples of each :

thus persons burtheued with the pressure ot

domestic circumstances,
obtained with their
families new and gratuitous means of support.
See Pitiscus, Dictionnaire des Antiquites lio-
maines.
Colonists were frequently sent out by the
Itomaus into the metropolis, or capital city of
a nation or a province. And this was done with
a politic view, in order by the allegiance of one
city the more easily to secure the adherence
of
the other towns in the same province or nation,
lienee we find the united diguities of Colonia
and Metropolis arc marked on coins of Charne,
Edessa, &e. The legends being sometimes in
the vernacular tongue of those places
COLUMNA ANTONINIANA. A magnifi- —
at other ; cent pillar, which still “ lifts its head” in one
times in the Latin language, as introduced by of the finest squares (or piazze) in Rome, is
the colonists themselves. thus called, as having been raised, according to
COLOSSUS — a statue of prodigious grandeur, general belief, by the Senate and People to the
far beyond the memory of Antoninus Pius. And there arc in-
size of life. At first they were
made thus large and lofty only in honour of the
scriptions on itwhich countenance and support
gods, in order to indicate the extent of their
this belief. But inasmuch as certaiu details of
the war against the Marcomanni are recorded
power by the vastuess of their stature. After-
wards, however, when human rulers affected —
on this column a war conducted by his succes-
divine honours, they readily allowed themselves
sor Marcus Aurelius —
it has been therefrom in-

to receive a homage which had till then

ferred that this famous monument was not
been
finishedtill the reign of Commodus. It appeal's,
reserved to their deities. The Asiatics and
Kgyptiau s had a remarkable fondness for gigantic however, more likely to have been erected during
the reign of Marcus Aurelius. That prince
figures. The Greeks also possessed many Co-
having occasionally been called Divus Antoni-
lossi,among which was the celebrated one of
Rhodes, executed by Chares Lindins, a disciple nus, or Marcus Antoninus, has perhaps given
rise to the ambiguity. At any rate, the name
ot Lysippus, and which was 70 cubits
high.—
of Antoninus remains attached to the column,
The Romans adorned their cities with similar
monuments, which at first they brought thither which is 116 French feet in height, and 11 in
from the countries they had conquered. At a diameter. It is entirely of marble, and is sur-

later period the pride and ambition of the em-

rounded with bassi relicvi, which form twenty
spirals around the shaft.
peror* added colossal magnitude to the other at-
Silver and large brass coins, bearing the por-
tributes of their power. Nero caused his colos-
trait of Antoninus Pius, and judging from the
sal statue to be erected in the via sacra at Rome
(near the spot afterwards occupied by Vespasian’s
legend of consecration, evidently struck after
that emperor’s death, exhibit a typificatiou of
amphitheatre) ; and on a large brass of that
the column, with a colossal statue of the hu-
emperor there is a triumphal arch (sec p.
77), perator standing on its summit, holding a spear
in oue of the sides of which wc see a figure
of
extraordinary proportions, compared with the
in his right hand. The base of the pillar is
other statues that adorn it, and which, with
surrounded with a railing. The above cut is
engraved from a well-preserved large brass.
probability, is regarded by Oiselius and others
to represent Nero.
See divo pio.
See also a colossal figure
In describing a choice specimen of this in-
of thatemperor on the large brass of poet,
teresting type in his own collection, Captain
ostia. Domitian and Hadrian also erected
colossal statues. —
Hayin has published a coin,
Smyth (p. 126) observes “ This celebrated —
column, erected by Marcus Aurelius, in the field
on which is a colossus between two tem-
of Mars, in imitation of that of Trajan, w as
ples dedicated to Caracalla and Geta, or to
inferior to it in all respects except that of
Severus and Caracalla. Millingcn has also given
a colonial second brass dedicated to Antoninus
height. The dimensions of this monument arc
Pius, on the reverse of which, in the middle of
thus given by Publius Victor Templum Divi,
a harbour with ships in it (supposed to be meant cum coclide columna, qua; cst alia pedes 175,
lor that of CenchreaJ, stands a colossal image
habet intus gradus 206, et fenestellas (small
of Neptune. — Sec corinthus. windows) 56.”
it
It still exists in situ, although
has been greatly damaged by fire and Pope
COLUMNA. — A column or pillar — round in Sixtus Vth having placed St. Peter on Trajan’s
;

form, and composed (in architectural language), pillar, set up St. Paul on this.”

2 II 2
 ——

236 COLUMNA. COLUMNA.

COLUMN A ROSTRATA. — This was a pil- his name. This noble pillar remained uninjured
lar which the Senate and the Roman People by the wear and tear of ages, except that the
raisedon the occasion of some naval successes, statue of the emperor had disappeared from its
and adorned with the rostra, or prows of con- summit, and that a balustrade of brass, which
quered squadrons. The first rostrated or beaked originally surrounded the top, existed no longer.

columns were erected iu the forum, to comme- Pope Sixtus V. undertook to repair these losses,
morate a victory gained by the Roman fleet and employed the Cuvaliere Fontana iu supply-
under the consul C. Duillius over that of the ing a balustrade of iron but iustcad of raising
;

Carthaginians, B. c. 261. It was a marble pil- another statue of Trajan, copied as it might
lar, found in 1560, and is to be seen in the have been from his coins, His Holiness prefer-
capitol at Rome.— Engraved in Dr. W. Smith’s red to see the vacant place tilled up with a
Dictionary of Roman Antiquities, p. 267. brazen figure of St. Peter, “who (as Eckhel says,
On a silver coin of Augustus, the reverse with classical sarcasm on pontifical taste),
type presents a column, ornamented with beaks
“ marvels no doubt what connection there can
and anchors of ships, on which stands a figure be between himself and the relievos of the
of the emperor, in a military habit, with a spear column, which exhibit the horrors of war
in the right hand, and a short sword, or the —
and the ceremonies of paganism thus trans-
parazonium , in the other, imp. caes. inscribed forming this renowned work into a contemptible
on the field of the coin. hybrid.”
This type bears reference to a circumstance Several ancient historians have made allusion
recorded by Appian (b. c. lib. v. ch. 130), that to this magnificent object, and state its dimen-
on Octavianus Cwsar’s return from the cam- sions, each after his own calculations. —
Dion
paign in Sicily against Pompey, a. u. c. 718 says, inter alia , “ Trajan’s column in the forum
(b. c. 36), amongst other honours decreed to is of vast height.” —
Eutropius affirms, that it was
Augustus was the following— that a gold statue 14 1 feet high. —Cassiodorus 140 feet. —
P. Victor
of him, in the triumphal attire in which he en- says, “ It was 128 feet in height.” —
Modern
tered the city, should be erected to him in the writers, on more minute admeasurement, esti-
forum, on a column to which were aftixed the mate diameter at 12 feet and J (French), and
its

beaks of ships, and inscribed, ob. pacem. div. its height at 100 feet, including the base and

TVRBATAM. TERRA. MARiqVE. RESTITVTAM. capital. The summit of the column is attained
It is to this that Virgil also alludes, when by means of an interior staircase, cut round in
amongst the fainons monuments of Augustus, the marble. This staircase receives the light by
he mentions, “ navali surgentes acre columnas,” 43 openings pierced in the shaft. The sculptured
“ columns soaring aloft, made of, or adorned work with which the whole exterior of the column
with, naval brass.” (Georg, iii. 2D). To which is decorated, makes a spiral ascent of 23 turns

Servius adds, “ Augustus becoming the con- round the pillar like a shell (whence its appella-
queror of all Egypt, part of which Cicsar had tion cochlis). It represents in a series of
reduced, brought away from the naval engage- tableaus the exploits of Trajau, throughout
ment many beaks of ships, which he melted both the Dacian campaigns. They are ex-
down and made into four columns, afterwards tremely curious as regards both art and history,
placed by Domitian in the capitol.” Eckhel, — exhibiting as they do, settings out on marches,
vi. 86. forms of encampment, passages of rivers, sacri-
A rostrated column, as represented in the fices, battles, victories, and trophies. These
annexed cut, surmounted by a male figure, with pictures arc all of fine workmanship, and de-
radiated head, holding the ficient in a graphic sense only as to perspective,
hasta, appears oil gold and the rules of which the ancients seldom if ever
silver coins of Vespasian. appear to have understood. As a means, how-
The statue on the top of the ever, of retracing the most memorable incidents
column seems (says Var- of the Dacian war, and of presenting many
iant), to be that of Vespa- interesting details relative to military autiquitics,
sian, and the coin which the such sculptured relics arc of the greatest value.
legend of reverse, cos. vin.
tr. pot. x. shews to have been minted a. d.
77, refers to some victory perhaps that naval
;

engagement in which he defeated the Jews on the

lake of Geuesarct, as related by Josephus. There
is a similar coin and type of Titus, struck in

remembrance of his naval victories, and on which

his image, with radiated head, surmounts the
rostral column.
COLUMNA TRAJANA. — The superb mo
nurncut bearing this appellation, and existing nt
this moment in the Eternal City, was erected
by the Senate and the Roman People to the
honour of Trqjan, in the forum which that em- Coins in gold and silver, also in first and second
peror had caused to be built at Rome (by Apol- brass,minted a. d. 113, in memory of the time
todorus of Athens), and which wns called after when this triumphal pillar was constructed,
 — — ; — ——
;

COLUMNA. COM. ASIAE. 237

exhibit the statue (of brass gilt) by which it a two-columned temple
was originally surmounted. It represented within which is the figure
Trajan in the garb of war, holding in one hand of a man in a military
a spear, and in the other a globe. On the habit, crowned by a fe-
pedestal, close to the base of the column, stands male figurewho holds a
an eagle on each side. The emperor, however, cornucopise. —
The abbre-
never beheld the column thus raised to record viated words ROM. ET
and perpetuate his military fame: for, returning avg. are inscribed on the
from Persia, he died in the East on his way to frieze of the temple ;
Rome, a. d. 117. His ashes, inclosed in a whilst com. asi. appears
golden urn, were interred uuder the coluum on the field of the coin, the temple being be-
being the first buried within the city. tween them. On the obverse is ti. clavdivs
The legend on the coin in each metal dis- caesar avg. with the bare head of Claudius.
playing this interesting type of reverse, is This medallion was struck at Pergamus, iu
s. p. q. r. optimo pkincipi. (on the brass s. c. Mysia, about 807 (a. d. 54). — Eckliel, vi. 245.
“ It seems,” says Tristan, (Commentaires His-
is added.)
The date
(observes Eckliel) of the completion toriques, T. i. 183) “ that the medal was minted
and dedication of this surprising monument is in honour of Claudius, immediately after his
almost sufficiently defined by the inscription accession to the empire ;
the Asiatics wishing
above the door of the column, viz. : to signify that Claudius was elevated to the Roman
monarchy on account of the love borne him by the
SENATVS. POPVLVSQ. ROMAN VS. Romans, inspired thereto by the divine genius
IMP. CAESAR I. DIVI. NERVAE. F.
of the city of Rome.” Havercamp, on the other
NERVAE. TRAIANO. AVG. GERM.
DACICO. PONTIF. MAXIMO. TRI. hand (see Morell. Thesaur. Impp. vol. ii. p. 15),
expresses the more probable opinion that the
POT. XVII. IMP. VI. COS. VI. P. P.
AI). DECLARANDVM. QVANTAE. temple thus typified is one which the Alaban-
denses of Caria, or some other province of the
ALTITVDINIS. MONS. ET. LOCVS.
*TANTw ojpm'BVS SIT. EGE. Communitas Asia, had built in honour of Roma
and Augustus, and that the coin was struck
ST VS.
simply in congratulation to Claudius, on his
* So Fabretti contends it should be read
recent attainment of the supreme power formerly
others fill up the lacuna differently thus
possessed by Augustus, whom they were then
:

TANTw ex colliBVS SIT. EGESTVS. worshipping as a God.

According to this inscription, the column, Similar medallions, in silver, were coined
among other purposes, auswered that of a under Nerva and Trajan. Vaillant, who gives
measure to indicate the depth (that is to say the former (in Num. Prast. Impp. p. 113), does
its height corresponding to the depth) of soil re- not consider that the temple refers to either of
moved from the Quirinal Mount, make room
to these emperors, as the AVG ustus of the in-
for the foundations of the itnmeusc Forum scription ;
although its type seems to have been
Trajani. The com-
inscription also records the considered worthy of bciug renewed in honour
pletion of the column to have been when Trajan of each respectively, by the community of
liad entered upon his XVIIth Tribunitia Poteslas, Asiatic provinces, comprised uuder the pro-
which occurred in the autumn of the year v. c. consular government of Rome.
8G6 (a. D. 113). Its dedication, therefore, Eckhel, whilst treating of the coinage of Au-
cannot be assigned to an earlier period, nor gustus, under the year of Rome 735 (b. c. 19)
indeed to one much later than the beginning of proves, that these and similar coins of Claudius
the following year for this emperor, iu the year
; aud Nerva were struck at Pergamus, in Mysia.
following (867) adopted, amongst his titles, that
of optimvs; and as the inscription above quoted
COM. ASIAE. —A temple of six columns,
on the frieze of which is inscribed rom. et av-
does not give that title, it follows that the work gvst. — On a silver medallion of Augustus, in
was completed, and the inscription cut within the imperial museum at Vicuna.
the interval already pointed out. —
See JJ. N. V. Eckliel, by the subjoined animadversions on
vol. vi. p. 429-30. this coin, shews how its legend and type com-
The Columna Trajana has been frequently en- bine to throw light on the meaning of those
graved. An
accurate series of plates from the bearing similar inscriptions, struck under Clau-
original designs, with the observations of Gori, dius, aud Nerva, as above described :

are to be found in Morell. Thesau. Impp. T. iii. Suetonius (cap. 52) says of Augustus,
“ Though he was aware that temples used to be
COM. Communitas.
decreed even to pro-consuls, would permit none
COAI. ASI. Communitas Asia. Under the — to be dedicated in any of the provinces, except
pro-consular province of Asia were comprised
jointly to himself and Roma. For in Rome it-
Lydia, Iconia, Caria, Mysia, Phrygia, and Hcl-
self he most resolutely abstained from the dis-
lespontus, which were in consequence called the
Commuuity of Asia.
tinction of a sole dedication.” —
Schlegcl is far
from happy in his conjecture, that the temple
COM. ASI. ET. AVG.— A silver
ROM. on this coin represents that of Jupiter Olyrnpi-
mcdalliou of Claudius has on its reverse the fore- cus, which stood in Athens, and was erected at
going legend ; aud for the accompanying type, the common cost of all the kings of Asia.
 —

238 COMANA. COMMODUS.

From other sources we have indisputable evi- ( Cotonia Julia Augusta Comanorum.) The type
dence, that this is the temple at Pcrganuis, in presents a temple of two columns, within which
Asia. The testimony that of Tacitus stands a woman, clothed in a tunic, and a large
3") — “ Divus Augustus did not
first is
fA/inal. vi. for- veil, which she spreads out with her extended
bid the erection of a temple at Pcrgamus, in arms. —
Eugraved in Vaillant, vol. ii. p. 32.
the joint names of himself and the city Roma.” COMES, a word which means companion, in
— To the same purport also arc certain Greek the proper and natural sense, was used uuder
coins of Pergamus, which, struck not only after the princes of the lower empire, to designate
the decease of Augustus, but also during his those who were of the household, and in the
life-time, exhibit that emperor standing withiu train of the sovereign, and who had some pe-
a temple, with a spear iu his hand, and the in- culiar functions. Comes Imperii signifies a col-
scription 0EON. 2EBA2TON. And again, on league iu government, and is, perhaps, in this
other coins, struck in the same city in the time sense to be taken, when the word is fouud on
of Augustus, we see a turreted head of Roma, coins of the imperial series, whereon it serves as
with the legend 0EAN. PHMHN. And further, a species of flattery to the reigning emperor,
on a coin of Pergamus, in the imperial cabinet, with whose name are associated the names of cer-
struck in the reign of Trajan, is fouud the in- tain deities, such as Hercules, Sol, Victoria, &c.
scription P.QMH. KAI. 2EBA2TH. with the COMITI. — Sec Herccli Comiti Aug. —
type of a temple, withiu which Augustus, stand- Soli Invicto Comiti, &c.
ing and holding a spear in his right haud, is COMITATES AEGG. — (The train or retinue
crowued by Roma, who stands beside him, with of the emperors.) Two horsemen with right
cornucopiie iu her left haud and if with this ;
hands raised, and a sceptre or spear in their left
we compare the silver medallions bearing heads hands.
of Claudius, Nerva, aud Trajan, and inscribed This legend and type, the latter of which is
com. asi. rom. et avg. with a similar type, it evidently borrowed from the C. et L. Casarcs,
will become sufficiently evident, that coins or the Nero et Drusus CWsares of Augustus,
agreeing thus in legend aud type, and differing arc given by Banduri ns those of a very rare
only iu longue, must have been struck in one gold coin of Coustnutius Chlorus, which lie re-
aud the same city, viz. Pergamus. Still more — fers to the date of a. d. 292, when Constantius
to the purpose of the coin before us, Dion Cas- and Galerius were in eolleagueship. —
kbcll (p.
siiu (li. c. 20), after stating that Ctcsar Augus- 215) gives an engraving of a gold coin, of the
tus permitted temples to be erected at Ephesus highest rarity, bearing on its obverse the head
and N'icjea, in honour of Rome aud his father aud legend of dioci.etianvs avgvstvs, with the
Julius, adds
—
“To foreigners, however, whom same legend and type on its reverse as that
he used to term Greeks, lie gave permission to above described, and which he assigns to about
erect temples to himself also, viz. to the Asiatics a. D. 286, when Diocletian and Maxiiniuian
at Pergamus, and to the Bithyuians at Nico- Hercules were joint Angusti. —
Sec Eekhel also
media.” These, therefore, were the same Asi- relative to these coins, viii. 5.
atics who style themselves on this coin CO.M- —
COMIT1EM. Tliis place of public assembly,
m unilas AS1AE, thereby indicating, that the to which reference has already bccu made under
temple there represented was raised iu honour the head of cloacin (see p. 219), was situate
of ROMA aud AVGVSTw by their contribu- iu the forum, beginning, according to Martianns,
tions. Num. Vet. vi. 245.
Doct. from the gate of the palace, and finishing at the
COM. BIT. (Commune Bithynia). —A tem- spot now occupied by the church of S. Maria
ple, on the frieze of which is inscribed ROM. s. Nova. Though surrounded by a wall, the co-
p. avg. — Silver medallion of Hadrian. mitium was without a roof in the early days of
COM. BIT. —
Inscribed on a silver
S. P. R. Rome. It was covered in during that year so
mcdalliou of the same emperor, on the reverse memorable in Roman annals, when Hannibal
of which is a temple of four columns, with a entered Italy and it was afterwards ornamented
— —
;

military figure standing in it. For an explana- with pictures and statues. On a denarius of the
tory notice of both these coins, sec rom. et avg. Silia gens, two figures arc seen ascending by
COM. Commodus. steps to the bridge, or platform of the comitium,
COM. Comes. —
COM. IMP. AVG. Comes to cast their votes into baskets, having taken
Imperatoris August!. their tickets for that purpose from the diribitores,
COMANA in Pontus, Co/onia. This city — or scrutineers, below. —
The comitium is like-
(now A1 Boston) was, according to Vaillant, wise seen on coins of Hostilia, Liciuia, aud
made a colony by Julius Cicsar, after the over- Mussidia families. — Sec Morel!. Thesaur. Pam.
throw of Pharuaccs, sou of Mithridatcs ; hence Rom.
its title of Julia. It was afterwards re-peopled COM M. or COMMOD. Commodus. comm. —
with veterans by Augustus, and for that reason ANT. AVG. BRIT.
also called Augusta. —
The imperial coins of this COMMODES (Lucius Aurelius) AXTONINCS,
city are in large and small brass. They belong who on his coins is also called Marcus, was the
to only three reigns, viz. Antoninus Pius and
: son of M. Aurelius and of Faustina junior ; and
Caracalla, with Latin legends, and Alexander was born at Lanuvium, in Latium, 914 (a. d.
Sevcrus, with a Greek lcgcud. A first brass of 161), the year in which his father entered on
this colony, dedicated to Caracalla, bears for its his third consulate, and succeeded Autoninus in
legend of reverse, cot. ivt. avg. comanorv. the sovereignty —
viz. the day before the calends
 ; ;

COM MODUS. COMMODUS. 239

of September. His mother gave birth at the j
of victories gained, associated him with himself
same time to another son, named Antoninus ,
as Imperator II.
931 (a. n.
178). On the 5th of August, he
I set out with his father for the war in Germania.
932 (a. d. 179). Commodus was present in
I the German campaign. A
bloody victory was
gained over the Marcomanni, the Hermanduri,
J

and the Sarmatae, in consequence of which Au-

relius was styled imp. x. and Commodus imp. hi.
933 (a. d. 180). Marcus Aurelius dying on
the 17th March, Commodus succeeded to the
sole sovereignty.Leaving the war still un-
finished,and concluding a peace with the bar-
barians, for which, as it would appear, lie re-
ceived the victorious title of imp. iv. lie returned
to Rome, and celebrated a triumph.
935 (a. d. 182). Nothing of importance is
and, in reference to the event, Geminus ; hut recorded to have taken place, under this reign,
I hat child died at the age of four years. Capito- during the preceding year. But in the latter
linas, however, gives it as his opinion, that part of this year, Commodus was declared im-
Cominodus was the son, not of Aurelius, but of perator v. by acclamation, according to the
some gladiator. Whichever of the two may be testimony of coins, although in reward of what
the correct version, it is certain that Aurelius victory is not known ; for historians record
constantly acknowledged him as his own child several wars, conducted by his lieutenants, with-
and was much attached to him, frequently carry- out specifying dates.
ing him in his arms, and shewing him to the 936 (a. d. 183). Serving the consulate (tv.)
soldiers and not only endeavoured himself to
;
with Aufidius Victorianus for his colleague,
instil virtuous principles into his mind, but also Commodus was styled IMP. vi. at the close of
committed his education to the care of men re- this year, though it is uncertain for what vic-
markable for their moral and intellectual quali- tory. Tillemont expresses his opinion that it
fications with how little benefit was shewn
;
was for one over the Britons. Commodus
throughout the whole of his atrocious career. escaped a dangerous conspiracy set on foot by
In 919 (a.d. 166), Commodus received the his sister Lucilla, whom, as well as his wife, he
title of Caesar, in conjunction with his brother caused to be put to death. This year the agno-
Auuius Verus, at the request of L. Vcrus, on men of pivs is added to his titles.
the occasion of the triumph celebrated by both 937(a. d. 184). The title poxt. max. be-
emperors, over the Parthians. gins. This year the Caledonians having crossed
925 (a.d. 172). He was styled germanicvs. the wall, an important war w as waged with
r

928 (a. d. Admitted as a priest into

175). them by the Roman forces in Britain, under the
all the sacerdotal colleges, he went the same year generalship of Ulpins Marcellus, a man of the
from Rome into Germania, by order of his highest military renown in consequence of
;

father, who there conferred on him the toga whose victories, Commodus gained first the title
virilis, at the time of the revolt of Avidius of imp. vn. and afterwards of BRIT annieus.
Cassius, i. e. the 7th of July. On that occasion 938 (a. d. 185). The soldiers demanded that
he was also styled princeps iwintvtis, and Perennis, the pretorian prefect, should be given
before the customary time nominated consul. up to execution. Terrified by their threats,
Same year, he set out with his father for the Commodus surrendered him to their fury and ;

East, iu order to put an end to the disturbances they put him to death, with his whole family.
still from the revolt of Cassius. The
resulting After this, Commodus received the title of felix.
title of sarmaticvs, which Aurelius assumed 930 (a. d. 186). In his fifth consulate, Com-
this year, was also shared by Commodus. modus was declared imperator viii. by accla-
929. (a. d. 176). Towards the close of this mation, but for what victory is doubtful. It is
year,’ he returned with his father from the East, also uncertain what occurrences arc to be as-
and received, in conjunction with Aurelius, the signed to the succeeding year.
title of IMPERATOR, on the 27th of November. 941 (a. d. 188) On pretence of an expedi-
The honours of a triumph for victories over the tion to Africa, he levied a vast sum of money.
Gcrmani, and Sarmatsc, were conferred by a Aud in April vota were entered into for his
Scnatus Consultum upon his father and himself success. Detained, however, at Rome, by his
on the 23rd of December. Shortly afterwards faithful Senate and People, he applied the cash
he was associated by Aurelius in the Tribunitia to feasting aud gaming.
Potestas on which occasion a congiarium was 942 (a. d. 189). To this year Tillemont as-
distributed to the people. signs another cowardly abandonment of a public
930 (a.d. 177). In January of this year, he functionary to the vengeance of a mutinous sol-
proceeded Consul about this time he married
;
diery. Oleander, the pretorian prefect, like his
Crispins. The same year Aurelius conferred the predecessor Perennis, was given up by this base
title of Augustus and also that of Pater Pa- emperor at the first summons, and with his
tri.e on his unworthy son ;
and in consequence whole family was slaughtered.
 — — :

240 COMMODUS. COM MODI S.

943 (a. In his sixth consulship, M.

l). 190). sistancc, called in the aid of a gladiator, by
Pctronius Scptimianus bcinar his colleague, Cora- whom he was strangled. Thus Commodus, as
modus named Rome after himself, Colonia Com- he resembled Domitian in his life, met also a
modiana, adding the prenomina of LUCIA AN- similar fate, the cruel designs of both beroming
TONINIANA. fatal to themselves, by being betrayed unwit-
944 (a. d. 191). In this, or the following tingly by a boy. On the report of his death,
year, the magnificent temple of pax was de- the Senate and the People with one voice de-
stroyed by a terrible conflagration. manded that his corpse should be dragged thro’
945 (a. D. 192). In his seventh consulate, the streets with a hook, and thrown into the
Ilelvius Pertinax being his colleague, on the Tiber. —And here, without acquitting Commo-
day before the calends of Jauuary, in the dead dus and other bad emperors, whose just doom
of night, Commodus perished by a violent death, for their crimes is in the hands of Eternal Jus-
aged 31 years and 4 months. —
Eckhel, vii. 102. tice — it may with truth be said, that it was the

For cruelty and profligacy he is to be classed corrupt and pusillanimous conduct of the Senate,
with the worst of the many bad princes who coupled with the wretched weakness of parents,
swayed the affairs of Rome; and by the pro- and the blandishments of base and selfish flat-
ficiency he displayed in gladiatorial exercises, he terers, that mainly contributed to ruin them
gave a colour to the prevalent rumour of his by making them bad, and keeping them so.
having owed his birth, not to Marcus Aurelius,
but to the criminal intimacy of Faustina with
MINTAGES OF COMMODUS.
some gladiator. Alike insensible to the influ- The names and titles are infinitely varied on

ence of good example, and incapable of profit- his coins. Sometimes he takes the prenomen of
ing from the advantages of education, he, soon lucius; sometimes that of Marcus. His other
after the death of his imperial predecessor, de- names were af.i.ius aurf.lius Antoninus pius
veloped the whole wickedness of his disposition, felix, to which he added BRlTanaiVwj.
lie ordained himself to be worshipped as Jupiter The legends on the coins of Commodus are
and as Hercules, whose attributes he assumed. thus classed by Mionnct, after arranging them
Abandoning himself to the grossest intemper- as Eckhel has done, in chronological order, viz.
ance, and to the most odious vices, palaces and Those struck from the tunc that he was created
temples became, under his reign, the scenes of Cmsar, to the year of Rome 933 (a. n. 180),
riot, debauchery, and crime. Pestilence, famine, bear the names of i.vcivs avrelivs commo-
and incendiary conflagrations, visited the wide- dvs. Those struck from the end of the year
spread dominions of which he was at once the 933, to the year 944, bear the names of mar-
sovereign and the scourge. evs commodvs ANTONINVS. And sometimes
That during his reign, the empire maintained MARCVS AVRELIVS COMMODVS ANTONINVS.
its ascendency, in spite of the disaffection of so From that period to his death, the name AELrvs
—
many provinces the Mauritanians, the Dacians, is added to the others.

the Paunonians, the Britons, and the Germans It is to be observed, that this prince obtaiued
is to be attributed solely to the valour and fide- from his father only, in succession, though at
lity of his distinguished gcucrals, Pertinax, Scve- short intervals, all the dignities which consti-
rus, Pcscenu ius Niger, and Albinus. His own tuted the sovereignty. As to the tribunitinn
time was passed at Rome in cowardly inaction ;
powers of Commodus, both their series and their
if we except the fact of his there directing his chronology offer difficulties which have wearied
arras not merely against brutes, both wild and the most learned.
tame, but also against human beings, provided COMMODO. CAES. AVO. FIL. GERM. SARM.
they were wealthy, or ever so lightly suspected This legend round the young head (without n
of designs against himself nay, he declared war
: crown) of Commodus, on a large brass of that
even against the months of the year, to which, emperor, shews him to us as “ Cicsar, son of
instead of the old and received appellations, ac- Augustus” (meaning Marcus Aurelius), and al-
cording to the testimony of Dion, his contem- ready distinguished by the surnames of Germani-
porary, he gave the following : Amazonius,— cus and Sarmaticus.
Invictus, Felix, Pius, Lucius, /Elius, Aurelius, On another large brass coiu we see bis
Commodus, Herculeus, Romanus,
Augustus, young head crowned with laurel, and this legend
Exnpcratorins. At length, having signalized his IMP. L. AVREL. COMMODVS GEU. SAR. Here the
government by deeds of monstrous folly and of title Imperator, which (as shewn by tk. p. ii.)
unspeakable infamy, of which many of iiis coins had just been granted to him, is put before all
furnish the proof, and after having escaped from his names. When Commodus had been named
repeated attempts upon his life, this execrable Augustus, and wished to designate the number
tyrant perished at last by a conspiracy of his of bis “ victories,” or his “ liberalities,” the
favourite concubine Marcia. This woman, seeing same title imp. then followed by some number,
in the hands of a boy, to whom Commodus was appeared only at the end of, or rather amongst,
much nltachcd, a tablet which he had taken in the other titles as for example, M. commodvs
:

play from his sleeping master, and on which she ANT. FELIX AVG. BRIT. P. M. TR. P. XI. IMP. VII.
discovered her own name in a list of intended COS. v. P. P. —
Sec Numismatique Romaine.
victims, on that very evening, which was the The Latin coins of this emperor from his —
last in the year, first attempted to administer —
boyhood to his death are found in every form
poison to Commodus, and when he oflcrcd re- and metal all the gold coins aud most of the
;
 ———————— — ——— —— — —— — — —— — — —— —
—

COM MODUS. CONCORDIA. 241

brass medallions, are of fine workmanship, and imp. omnia feucia. Neptune and Emperor.
very rare ; the qninarii, and the small brass, are teli.vs stabil. The earth personified. Obv.
the rarest —
and there is an abundance of them Jauiform bust of Commodus. (Thomas, £19 5s.)
that were struck iu Greece and the colonies. — salvs. (150 fr.) vota pvblica. Etuperor
The following are amongst the rarest and most and many figures sacrificing. (150 fr.) votis.
remarkable reverses, minted under this reign : felicibvs. Remarkable type. (150 fr.)
Gold Medallions. Rev. fort. fel. For- — [Many other brass medallions of great value,
tune standing. paci aetf.u. Peace seated. without legend of reverse].
(These are valued by Mionnet at 1000 fr. each). —
First Brass. Rev. annivs vervs. Obv.
Gold. Rev. — advf.ntvs avg. Emperor ou commodvs. (600 fr.) — apol. moneta. (See
horseback. conc. mil. Emperor and four sol- p. 66).— —col. l. an. com. &c. Priest at plough.
diers. de germ. (Brought £9 15s. at the (See p. 234). dina dina (sic.) pia avgysta.
Thomas sale). de sarmatis. fid. exerc. — — Emperor, Serapis, and Isis. favstina avg.
herc. com. Emperor sacrificing to Hercules. pii fel. avg. Head of Faustina jun. (160 fr.)
(Thomas, £7). —
herc. romano. avg. (Thomas, Felicia tempora. Four Seasons. temporvm
£6 iierc. rom. coxd.
17s. 6d.) Commodus felicitas. — vota. soLv. pro. sal. Emperor
a3 Hercules,and two oxen. (Mionnet, 150 fr.) and five figures sacrificing.
liueral(itas) v. Emperor and 3 other figures. —
Second Brass. vota svscepta. Temple
(Thomas, £10 15s.) and eight sacrificial figures.
COMOB.—Sec OB.
COMPITALIA.—Feasts, in cross streets and
ways, celebrated the second day of January, by
the Romans, in honour of their rural gods,
hence called Lares, or Compita/itia. They are
alluded to in the reverse type of a family dena-
rius.— See Ciesia gens, p. 163.
CON. Constantinopoli.
— — —
CONC. CONGO. CONCOR. Concordia.
Rev min. avg. p. m. tr. p. xvi. cos. vi.
.
—
CONCORDIA. The Goddess of Concord was
Minerva hclmeted, with branch in right hand, an object of religious faith and worship with the
and spear and shield in left, walking and looking Romans, because through her authority and in-
back. Obv. —
M. comm. ant. p. fel. avg. brit. fluence “ small things were rendered great.”
Bust of Commodus, bearded, laureated, and pa- As Sallust expresses it, “ Concordia parvsc res
ludatcd. (Pembroke sale, £7 10s. for British crcscunt, discordia verb dilabuntur.”
Museum). A magnificent temple was erected to her ho-
nobili(tas) avg. (Mionnet, 120 fr.)— print, nour at Rome, which, having been consumed
iv vent. Commodus and trophy. (Thomas, £5 by a fire, was rebuilt by the Senate and People.
6s.)— providentiae avg. Commodus, as Her- Tiberius added some splendid embellishments to
cules, and Africa. (Thomas, £10 8s.) sf.cv- that edifice, and consecrated it to divvs avgvs-
ritas pvblica. Female seated. (Thomas, £9). tvs. There were also temples of Concord in
SERAPIDI conserv. avg. tr. p. vim. Jupi- — other quarters of the city. The feast of this
ter Victor seated. (Thomas, £10 15s.) vic- deity was celebrated on the 16th of January, the
toria avg. Victory standing. virt. aeter. day when her principal temple was dedicated.
Mars walking. vot. svsc. dec. Emperor sacri- Concord was worshipped under the form of a
ficing. stork, either because that bird was held sacred
Silver. — consecratio. Eagle and globe. to Concord, or because it was accustomed to
(50 fr.) — be Kalitas.
I,! A congiariuin of four shew much agreement with, and attachment
figures. matri. devm.Cybcle on a lion. towards, its parents. On other coins she is sym-
Brass Medallions. Rev. apol. pala- — bolised under the figure of a dove. See Con-
tino. Apollo and Victory. (See p. 66). bkit- cordia of Faustina jun. On a silver coin of
tania. (Seep. 136). fortvnae redvci. For- Julia Titi, “the Concord of the Empress” is
tune seated. (Thomas, £8 5s.) fides exercit. accompanied with a peacock.
An allocution. herc commodiano. Hercules Concord's more common types (particularly
sacrificing. herc. rom. conditori. Hercules the concordia avgvsti, or avgvstorvm), are
at plough. (Thomas, £5 7s. 6d.) hercvli those in which she is represented under the
romano avg. Bow, club, and quiver. (Brought figure of a woman, either seated or standing by
at the Thomas sale, £13.) herself, holding in one hand a patera, or a branch,
[The above seven, and three or four more, and in the other a hasta, or a cornucopia;. Two
having on their obverses the bearded head of right hands joined is a frequent symbol of Con-
Commodus, covered with the lion’s skiu, iu cord. These sometimes hold a caduceus, to
imitation of that of Hercules, are valued by which are now and then united two horns of
Mionnet at from 200 to120 fr. each.] plenty.— Two right hands joined, holding a
iovi ivveni. Commodus and Jupiter. (200 winged caduceus, may be seen on coins of An-
fr.) m. avrf.l. antoninvs and the infant Coin- tonia and other families, either denoting concord
modus. (400 miner, vict. Minerva Vic-
fr.) and peace between the Triumviri Reipubliea;
trix near a trophy. (Thomas, only £6 12s.) Constituendac, or as indicating the concord aud
—
moneta and pif.tas. (150 fr. each). pro. harmony of Caisar with the Senate.
2 I
 — : ; —

242 CONCORDIA. CONCORDIA.

Concord holds forth her patera over the altav, dispositions, it must have been due to the philo-
that she may be strengthened and confirmed by sophy and inherent forbearance of the latter.
religions rites. On
these occasions she displays In the Pembroke collection was a gold coin
a double cornucopia:, and sometimes a star is of Crispina, hearing for its reverse legend venvs
placed near her. felix, and fortype the Empress, as Venus,
CONCORDIA. S. C. — Concord stands with seated on a throne a winged Cupid, with bow,
;

patera and double cornucopia:, near a lighted on her extended right hand, and a sceptre in her
altar. — See aqvilia seyera, p. 71. left : a dove under the throne.
CONCORDIA. The head of the goddess [This coin, iu very good preservation, and of
veiled, appears on coins of the ./Emilia and great rarity, sold for £7 7s. See Sale Catalogue,
Scribonia families, to shew the concord subsist- p. 157, lot 733],
ing between Paulus Lepidus and Scribonius Libo; Whilst touching on the Columbus, or Columba,
or Paulus adopts this legend and type to denote as a bird consecrated in mythology to Venus, we
his state of good understanding with his adopted may not irrelevantly refer to p. 72, in which, as
brother M. Lepidus. — See ter. pavi.vs. illustrative of the article ara, a wood-cut is in-
troduced, which had been carefully copied from
a first brass of Faustina senior. The reverse
type of this coin, in perfect preservation (with
legend pietas avg.) is a high square altar, and
flame in the centre a device sufficiently com-
:

mon. But there are besides, at each end, two ob-

jects, similar to each other, yet both so different
in conformation from the usual horns of a Roman
altar, and so decidedly bird- like, as to induce
the compiler (in whose possession the specimen
remains), to class, in his own mind, their ap-
pearance there, with the foregoing examples
CONCORDIAE. S. C. —Antoninus, holding of doves delineated on coins of empresses.
in his left hand a figure of Concordia, and Faus- llis friend Mr. Goddard Johnson has another
tina, with a sceptre in her left hand, standing good specimen of this first brass of the same
on a pedestal, join their right hands below are ; empress, and is fully impressed with the belief
two smaller figures, also joining their right that the two little objects alluded to, are the
hands; between them an altar. First brass of figures of birds, aud probably meant for doves.
Antoninus Pius. (British Museum). — See Faustina junior.
This coin elegantly typifies the concord sub-
sisting between the imperial cousorts, viz. Anto-
ninus and Faustina senior; and at the sanje
time, by means of the smaller figures, it alludes
to the matrimonial alliance which had been re-
cently formed between M. Aurelius and their
daughter, Faustina junior. — Eckhel, vii. p. 14.
CONCORDIA. — On a gold coin of Faustina
junior, a Doveis typified as the symbol of Con-

cord. Onother coins of the same empress,

with the same legend, in gold, silver, and first
brass, the type is a woman standing, who draws
her cloak closer with her right hand, aud in her CONCORDIAE AVGG. S. C.— Caracalla
left holds a cornucopia:. On others, a woman is and Gcta, both in military dress, with spears,
seated, with a flower in her right hand. Gold, staud joining hands. Hercules from behind
and first and second brass. crowns Caracalla, and Bacchus, Gcta. On first —
Eckhcl (vii. 77), noting all these from the brass of Geta.
imperial cabinet, observes, that a Dove is a This coin (above engraved from a well pre-
novel type of Concordia, but ouc appropriately served specimen in the British Museum) is
adopted in allusion to that bird’s nature, the admirably explained by Dion (lxxvii. $ 1.) It ap-
idea having been long ago expressed by Horace, pears that, when the dissensions of the brothers,
where he says of himself and his frieud Fuscus Rome,
destined to be so fatal to the interests of
Aristius (Epist . x. v. 4) :
became matter of observation, “ it was decreed
Fratcrnis animis, quidquid negat alter, et alter by the Senate, that for their mutual concord
Annuimus pariter, vetuli, notique colnmbi. sacrifices should be offered up to the immortal
Like twin-born brothers, are onr souls allied ; gods, and especially to Concordia. But even,
And, as a pair of fondly constant dotes, at that very moment, proof was given that all
What one dislikes the other disapproves. such prayers were in vain for the worst of
;

Francis. omens made appearance, at the time of

its
Ancient historians have in more than oue in- sacrifice, in the shape of two wolves, which were
stance alluded to the concord which existed be- seen to ascend the capitol. The Greek cities
tween Faustina aud her husband (Aurelius) followed the example of Rome, in celebrating
though, considering the opposite nature of their everywhere games called 4>iAaSfA<pua, as their
 — —
—
*

CONCORDIA. CONCORDIA. 243

coins abundantly testify. Hercules and Bacchus of the great difference of their characters, is to
are presented on the above coin, as the adopted be ascribed to the noble disposition and well
deities of Severus the father, and the national regulated mind of Aurelius, who bore with
gods of Caraealla and Geta, as though they were equanimity the pretensions of a rival, endea-
charged with bringing about that unanimity voured to screen the faults of a brother, and
between the brothers, which was the first object above all by his influence aud high example
of a nation’s prayers. —
Eckhcl, vii. 231. imposed a wholesome restraint on his excesses.
CONCORDIA AVGVSTORVM. S. C.— The Eckhel, vii. 48.
Emperor Alexander Severus, and the Empress CONCORD. AVGG. S. C—
Concord seated.
Barbia Orbiana, standing, and giving each the Two hands joined. Both large brass of Balbiuus.
right hand to the other. First brass of Alexander Balbinus and Pupienus (of the latter there is
Severus, and first and second brass of Orbiana. an exactly similar medal) were the two first em-
Other coins of Orhiana, in gold and silver, perors elected with rights absolutely equal even ;

exhibit Concord seated. —

See orbiana. the grand pontificate was equally divided between
The state of domestic harmony subsisting be- the tw o.r
It was therefore still more necessary
tween an emperor and his Augusta, or rather that the two princes should, in a manner, have
that which their subjects were supposed to wish but one heart aud spirit, and it is to this that
them, was represented, sometimes hy one, some- their coins make continual allusion.
times by the other, of these types. Concordia Conjugalis.— Harmony in wedded
CONCORDIAE AETERNAE. Busts of life is marked on coins of the imperial series ;

Severus and Julia Domna, side by side. On gold but generally by the “ rule of contraries as iu
of Caraealla. ri’his very rare coin, iu fine con- Julia Cornelia Paula, first wife of Elagabalus,
dition, brought £6 8s. (id. at the Trattle, and who repudiated her before she had been married
£10 10s. at the Thomas sale]. to him a tw elvemonth ;
on this (gold) medal,
the goddess is seen joining the hands of the em-
peror and empress, with the words concordia
AETERNA —
See JULIA PAULA.
!

Coins of Aquilia Severa, second and quickly

divorced wife of the same tickle and infamous
emperor, exhibit concordia, sacrificing at an
altar. —
See aquilia severa, p. 71.
And Aunia Faustina, his third and equally
unfortunate spouse, appeal's on a very rare first
brass, joining hands with him, in Concord, to
be as speedily cast off with contempt and
neglect. —
See Faustina axnia.

CONCORD. AVGVSTOR. TR. P. COS. II.

S. C. —M. Aurelius and L. Verus standing, ha-
bited in the toga, extend the right hand to each
other. First brass of Verus —
also iu gold, with
tr. p. xv. cos. III.

CONCORDIA. AVGVST. TR. P. XV. COS.

III. — Aurelius and Verus stauding, togated, join
their right hands. Gold, and first and second
brass of M. Aurelius.
These fine coins contribute to prove what
historians affirm, that on the death of his father,
Aurelius immediately associated L. Verus with
himself in the sovereignty, assigning to him all
t he honours of an emperor, excepting only the title CONCORDIA EXERCITWM. —Two right
of Pontifex Maximus ; though, as Capitoliuus hands joined hold a legionary eagle, fixed into
expressly informs us, the Senate, after Antonine’s the prow of a vessel. Gold and silver, and with
decease, had conferred the empire upon Aurelius S. C. first brass, of Ncrva.
alone. And thus, for the first time, the Romans The type of this reverse alludes to the con-
beheld two Augusli at the head of the State, currence and union of the forces, both on land
invested with equal authority and as it acci-
;
and at sea, during the reign of this good prince.
dentally happened that both of them w ere hold- CONCORDIA FELIX.— Caraealla, Plautilla,
ing the office of consul for the third time in 911 aud Domna, standing. Gold of Caraealla.
(a. d. 161), the year itself was afterwards dis- (Brought £11 at the Thomas sale).
tinguished in the public records as the Consulate CONCORDIA AVG. Two hands joined.
of the two Augusti. That the Concord, which Silver. —
See herennius etruscus, who though
this coiu indicates, should at the commencement only Caesar, still shares on this coin the honours
of their colleagueship have existed between the of his father, Trajan Decius.
two princes, is by no means surprising but CONCORDIA AVGG. Tranquillina and
— En-
;

t hat it shoidd have remained unimpaired till the Gordianus Pius, joining hands. Silver.
death of Verus, a period of nine years, iu spite graved in Akennan, i. 476, pi. viii. No. — 4.

2 I 2
 — . —

244 CONCORDIA. CONGIARIUM.

[Brought £25 at the Henderson sale].—There sometimes inscribed at full. The word
ated, but

is the same legend and type in

first brass. comes from congius (a measure of liquids, as
CONCORDIA AVGG. Concord seated — modius was a measure of solids) because ori- ;

very rare. ginally the gifts distributed to the people con-

Silver of Tranquillina ;

CONCORDIA AVGG. D.D. NN. Concordia sisted’ of oil and wine, which was measured by
On coins congii. The imperial presents, on the other
Augustoru.nl Dominorum Nostrorum.
hand, consisted of silver, of spices, of com, as
of Licinius senior and junior, and of Constantins
Chlorus, we see two figures in military dress thingsmore suitable to the occasion but the ;

(representing the two emperors) each with spears name remained the same. On the reverse of —
and with the right sustaining
in the left hand,
coins recording these largesses, as a Congiarium

a globe, on which is a Victoriola. With the datum Populo, the emperor is usually depic-
tured, seated on a cnrulc chair, which is placed
same legends we see a galeated Rome, sitting
with globe and hasta, or with the right foot on a suggestum, or raised platform, in the midst
placed on a ship’s prow —
or holding a banner of several figures, several of whom appear in the
delivering, others in that of receiving,
with the monogram of Christ, as in Honorius, act of

4 alentiniau, aud others of the lower empire. the benefaction! When the reigning prince

—
Concordia Militaris. The Concord of the thought proper to grant a second, or a third,
armies, or of the soldiers comprising
those &c. we read on the coin Congiarium Secundum,
Tertium, &c. Sometimes we see, standing on
armies, is generally symbolised by legionary
eagles and joined ha nils, or by a female
figure the same estradc with the emperor, the personi-
fication of Liberalitas, under the figure of a
holding two military ensigns, accompanied either
woman, having a tessera, or sort of square tab-
by the legends concordia exercitwm, as on
in her right hand and, occasionally, a
the preceding coin of Ncrva, or hv the legends let, ;

cornucopia: resting on her left arm. It is fur-

CONC. MIL. or CONCORD M1LIT. Or CONCORDIA
ther to be observed, that the Congiarium was a
mi lit. or by the words at full length CON-
present from the emperor to the people. His
cordia militvm. On a gold coin of Didius
(so rare that it brought £27 10s Od. gifts to the soldier)' were called, not congiaria
.1 ulianus

at the Thomas sale), we see the

above de- but, —
donut iva. Thus it was said— Congiarium
scribed type and legend, also on a coin of
populo dedit, militibus donativum addidit. See —
Vetranio.— Sec julianus i. and vetranio, in Kolb, Traile Elementaire, vol. i. p. 248.

this dictionary.
Nero is the first emperor whose congiaria arc
.

CON COR Diff MILITkw FELICitos ROMA- recorded on coins and he carried the practice
;

stands holding his club, itself of distributing gifts to the people, or

NORaw. Hercules
rather the populace, to the most preposterous
and joining hands with a veiled figure, who
holds the hasta pura— Gold of Maximianus excess. He frequently established a species of
lottery, for which the tessera served as tickets,
Hercules, engraved in Akermau, Descr. Cat. ii.
11, No. 1. (£4 16s. Thomas). and of which the numbers entitled the bearer to
141, pi.
gifts of from the lowest to the highest value.
COSCordiu MlLiViiw. P. M. TR. P. XI.
IMP. VII. COS. V. P. P.— (See below).— After the reign of M. Aurelius,
On a very rare gold coin of the word congiarium disappears from numis-
Commodus, from which the matic legends, and the term Liberalitas is alone
annexed cut is engraved, the employed. Indeed, considering the ancient sim-
legend is accompanied by the plicity of such distributions, the original phrase

type of the Emperor, in the no longer corresponded with the munificence

paludamenlum, standing in which the emperors afterwards displayed.
an elevated position between
four soldiers, two of whom join hands before
him. This particular device, for a military cou-
cord, is to be found in the mint of no other
emperor.
CONCORDIA PROVI NCI ARUM.—
A female standing, with a branch in her right
hand, and a cornucopia: in her left. Gold and
silver of Galba. [Engraved in Morel!. Thesaur.
Impp. tom. iii. tab. iii. No. 11.] A remark- —
able coin, from which we learn, that in the first
instance, at the instigation of Vindcx, and sub-
sequently, with the sanction of the Senate, the
provinces, one after another, gave in their alle-
CONGIAR. PR. CCongiarium PrimumJ
—
giance to Galba.
CONDITORT.— See her. rom On a brass of Nervn, the emperor togated,
first
COND. and
of which is
conditori of Commodus. sits on a raised tribunal, the base

CON.— CON G. — CONGI A R.— Congiarium marked C. S. —

Before him sits another togated

CONGIARH'M. — A gift made to the people figure, inthe attitude of making distribution.

by the emperors, and the presentation of which The statue of Liberality stands near, holding a
accompanied tessera whilst a togated citizen is ascending the
is often exhibited on Boman coins,
.

steps of the platform.— Sec wood-cut

above.
by the legend above named, generally abbrevi-
 — ; ; ;

CONGIARIUM. CONGIARIUM. 245

This coiu, an interesting product of the Ro- Minerva in any of the congiaria of Nero, en-
man imperial brass mint is sufficiently known; graved in either the Moretl. Thesaur. Impp. or
but there is no mention by the ancient histo- the Medailles de Christine. The figure in both
rians of the largess to which it refers, and but plates holds a victory in right hand and spear in
for this coin, posterity would have been entirely the left].
ignorant of such an expensive act of liberality CONGIAR. PRIMVM. P. R. DAT.— First
on the part of this prudent emperor. brass of Titus.
CONG. DAT. POP. S. C. — The Emperor This coin bears testimony to the first con-
sitting on a raised seat or tribune near him a;
giarium given to the Roman people by the em-
stutuc of Minerva, holding in her extended right peror above named. At his side is the image of
hand an owl, and in her left a spear and Libe- ;
Minerva. Below the tribunal on which Titus is
ral it as standiug with a tessera in her right seated, stands an officer, holding in his hand the
hand; in front of the emperor sits a togated tessera, which authorised those who received it,
figure, which offers something to a citizen, or to to go for their assignment of corn to the public
a woman, who is ascending the steps, followed by granaries. A Roman citizen approaches this
the figure of a child. First brass of Nero. man the posture of an applicant for a share
in
Imperial Museum. of these liberalities. —
Engraved in the Cabinet
CONG. II. DAT. POP. S. C. —The Emperor des Medail/es de Christine, tab. vi. p. 40.
on a raised seat; near him a statue of Minerva; CONG. II. COS. II. S. C. Domitian,
and above him another figure standing below a ;
togated, sitting on an estrade, with Liberalitas
man standing and holding out a tessera to a standing by his side, holding tessera and cornu-
citizen, who receives the gift behind is a build-
;
copia; ;
and below a up the dress
figure holding
ing supported by columns. First brass of Nero, to receive a congiarium. Second brass of Domi-
engraved in the Cabinet de Christine, TAB. iv. tian. —
Engraved in Morell. Impp. vol. iii. tab.
Antiquaries have discovered that there are xiv. No. 16.
three donations (congiaria) made by Nero, con- The above is a remarkable coin, and of the
memorated on coins. The first is mentioned by greatest rarity. Suetonius informs us (eh. 9),
the authors above cited (i. e. Morel and Haver- that whilst still in private rank, and during the
camp) the second is frequently seen recorded first years of his reign, Domitian displayed ex-
;

on coins; and the third is alluded to only by cessive liberality studying with great assiduity
:

Vaillant, and that quite en passant, without any and expense by mean3 of congiaries and largesses,
statement of the legend or type, but with the as well as by military donatives, to conciliate
remark that it is exceedingly rare (Vaill. Nnm. the Roman public, and to render them well
Prast. i. p. 22.) There is nothing satisfactory affected towards himself. — Eckhel, vi. 370.
in the statements of antiquaries respecting the CONG. PR. COS. P. P. S. C.
II. The
dates of these largesses. Suetonius (Nero, c. ii.) emperor togated, sits intent on the distribution
informs us that a congiarium was given by Nero of a congiarium other figures attending on
at the games, which he exhibited pro aternitate him. First brass of Trajan. (Vaillant, Imp.
imperii, when, he says, “ there were scattered Mas.) — Pliny expressly records, that on his re-
among the people, as long as the games lasted, turn to the city, Trajan “ enriched the
tribes,

every day a thousand missiles of all kinds of and gave a congiarium to the people.” (In
articles. A vast store of all species of birds, Paneg. ch. 25), the same writer adds, that “ the
tickets for coru, clothing, gold, silver, jewels, whole surplus was given to the people, after the
pearls, painting, slaves, beasts of burden, and soldiers had received their share” (et datum
even tamed wild beasts, and last of all ships, totum, cinn donativi partem milites accepissent.)
islands, and fields.” These games were the same — The letters PR. are doubtless explained by
as that which was denominated the certamen Primum, as they are not separated by a stop
qvinquennale. See the observations made by otherwise they might be understood to mean
Eckhel on the mintage of Nero, under the year Populi Romani. It is under the year 857 (a. d.
U. c. 813 (a. d. 60.) —
Tacitus mentions another 104) that we see the second congiarium (con-
congiarium in the year 810 (a. d. 57) He — giar. secvnd.) of Trajan. —
See D.N. V. vi. 413.
says, “ And a congiarium was given to the peo-
ple, of four hundred sesterces (numi) to each
man.” (Ann. xiii. 31.) But these writers do
not record the number of the congiarium and
the other largesses, which they say Nero
bestowed, bore reference only to the pretorian
guards, and not to the people so that we have
;

only the vaguest conjecture to rest upon in

assigning to certain years the congiaria men-
tioned oil coins.
—
“ I have not (adds Eckhel) as
yet been able to discover the allusion intended
by the statue of Minerva for that it is hers, is
;

proved by the owl in the right hand, presented

by till the coins of this subject in the Imperial
Museum.” V. N. V. vi. 271. CONGIARIVM TERT1VM. S. C.— First
[This owl does not appear in the hand of brass of Trajan. The emperor, as on the pre-
 —— — ; ;

246 CONGIARIUM. CONSECRATION.

ceding coin, is seated on a suggestum, super- that turbulent state of human affairs, in which
intending one of the largesses to the people.
The grouping and workmanship of this reverse
she and her husband lived. —
See Ant. Augustino,
Dialog, p. 163.
render it one of the finest among the congiaria ;
. —
CONS Constantinopo/is.
and what claims remark, as something extraordi- CONSECRATION. —The custom in ancient
nary in the type, is a high and singularly formed times of paying divine honours to individuals,
tripod placed near the emperor, instead, as on who had acquired renown from various cir-
similar coins of Nero and Domitian, of the figure cumstances, was of frequent occurrence amongst
of Minerva with an owl. “ Whether (says Haver- the Greeks, by whom it was called Airo0«Wis.
camp in his notes snr les Medailles de Christine) It was their favourite superstition to include in
this refers to the place where the congiarium was the number of their gods, men whom they re-
given, as if one largess was distributed before garded as heroes, and as the founders of colonics
the temple of Minerva, and another before the and cities. Afterwards the name of God was
temple of Apollo or whether some other
; assumed by living princes on coins and other
mystery is concealed under these respective monuments. This, however, is not the place
symbols, Lector judicet.” The tripod may even to touch upon the origin of this observance,
certainly be held to denote some sacerdotal or the ceremonies used on such occasions by
office. —
Eckhel (vi. 426) is unable to decide various nations of antiquity. Information re-
when this third congiary was bestowed by Trajan specting these and other branches of the subject
on the people. may be gathered from various treatises both by
From his own cabinet of large brass, Capt. the old writers and in works of modern date.
Smyth quotes a Consul quintum Congiarium ,
The object of the following notice is limited to
Secundum of Trajan, with exactly the same type the customs of the Romans, who duriug many
as the foregoing. Besc. Cat. p. 81. years had contented themselves with rcudering
Mr. Roach Smith thinks it probable, that to Romulus alone the honours of the apotheosis,
these distributions took place, for the most part, and who did not begin to imitate the Greeks, in
in or near the temple of Minerva, as the god- this respect, until the extinction of the free re-
dess of justice and fair dealing an opinion — with public. It was from the period of the Cresars,
which our own coincides. whom universal flattery and their own ambition
CONG. AVG. III. TR. POT. XX. IMP. raised above the condition of mortality, that the

III. COS. III. practice was introduced and continued as loug as

Rome was governed by princes attached to
CONG. AVG. IIII. TR. P. XXI. IMP.
paganism, and even by the first succession of
IIII. COS. III.
so-called Christian Emperors.
Two togated figures sitting together on an
Eckhel divides his masterly observations re-
estradc, the impersonation of Liberality with
lative to this subject into
two parts, the first of
tessera and cornucopi®, standing before them
which treats of the consecration of individuals
a male figure is ascending the stairs, spreading
during their life-time and the second of the
his garment for the reception of the imperial ;

consecration of the dead.

bounty.
The reverse types, on the two large brass coins I. — Consecration of the Living.
of which the foregoing are the respective legends,
Ancient history records the names of many,
represent two different congiarics given by M.
who, cither of their own accord aspired to divine
Aurelius and L. Verus being (says Ilavercamp)
honours, or on whom popular consent, actuated
;

the third and fourth of this kiud of presentations

by motives of flattery or fear, conferred such dis-
which the above-named princes jointly made to
tinction, even when there was no expectation of
the Roman people and they were distributed
;
their death. This consecration of the living had
during the 20th and 21st years of their Tri-
its gradations, so to speak but, to pass over
bunitian power, as is marked on the coins in ;

that lowest grade which was confined to oral de-

question. The only difference in their types is
monstrations and the impulse of enthusiasm,
that on the former the prefect, or commander,
and of which numismatics furnish no examples
of the pretorian guard, stands behind the two
emperors. —
Engraved in the Cabinet de Christine,
— there is a middle rank, in which may be enu-
merated, the names, attributes, and marks, com-
TA l< xviii. Medailles de M. Aurelius.
.

monly appropriated by heathen votaries to their

“These liberalities (says Eckhel, vii. 53) were
deities; but which sovereign priuces assumed,
the more acceptable and pleasing to the people,
or allowed to be conferred upon them, with-
because about this time, they were afflicted with
out, as they professed to think, irreverence to-
a grievous famine, as Capitolinus relates. The
wards the gods, but so as to make it appear
congiaria were therefore distributed at Rome, in
that they participated in certain of their quali-
the presence of the two emperors.
ties,which were denied to private individuals.
CONOB.— Sec OB. Among the appellations, that of Numen, is the
CONS. S. Conservatori suo. — caes. avo. first to be observed, not only as a mark of
cons. s. on a coin of Augustus. heavenly power, but one which was on all occa-
CONS. Conservatrici on coins of Saloninn. sions permitted continuously to be given to
See Diana:, Junoni, &c. For whilst Gallienus the sovereign princes as well of the lower as of
invoked the greater male deities, as Consercafores, the earlier empire, much like that of sacred
his wife also invoked the principal goddesses, in majesty to kings of the present day.
 —
; ; —;

CONSECRATION. CONSECRATION. 247

In the number of the divine attributes which desired to be called gods, yet the dignity of the
the emperors borrowed from the gods, .eterxi- Moneta ltomana kept this disgrace at a distance.
tas claims the first place. For some of the Nero was, on coins with Greek legends, styled
most remarkable types, by which the Romans Apollo yet this name of Apollo is not to be
;

represented Eternity, the reader is referred to found on those very coins, struck at Rome, on
pp. 22, 23, 24, and 25 of this work particu-
;
which that emperor is represented in the garb
larly those of coins struck under Trajan, during of a harp-player ( cilharoedus ). Commodus was
his fifth consulate, 856 (a. d. 103) ; and under the first who blazoned his impudence on the
Scvcrus, of the year u. c. 955 (a. d. 202). coinage of the city, when he vaunted himself as
The genivs avgvsti, so frequent on imperial the Roman Hercules, indicated by the head
coins, was also a species of divinity, whether it covered with the lion’s skin. —
Not less memor-
be understood as the soul of the emperor, aud his able was the arrogance of Aurelian, who in-
divine spirit, or some celestial beiug of an infe- scribed himself on his coins deus, ac dominus
rior order, such as in their superstition the an- noster; an example followed by Cams.
cients believed to have been attached to every It was but consistent in the ancients to ho-
mortal.— See the word genius. nour with altars, shrines, sacrifices, and every
Other less direct indications of assumed divi- other superstitious device, the individual whom
nity, on coins of the Augusti, were the radi- they declared to be a god. The commencement
ated crown, au explanation of which will be of this mania was, indeed, identical with that
found under the coinage of Nero, bearing the of the empire itself. This fact is attested by
legend of avgvstvs germanicvs. (Sec p. 109). the well-known coins inscribed liOMa<? ET
There is also the bright cloudy circlet on the AUGiato, minted throughout the various pro-
heads of both emperors and empresses, found vinces, with the type of an altar or a tem-
on coins of the lower empire. See Nimbus ple
. also the altar dedicated to Augustus, on
;

Likewise the chariot drawn by two mules. See coins of Tarraco. It is however to be observed,
coins of Livia. that no altar, or temple, was consecrated to
The highest degree of Consecration during Augustus, in Rome itself, during his life-time
life is placed, by Eckhcl (vi. p. 11), partly in nor indeed to Csesar, the Dictator, although the
divine appellations, partly in divine honours, people overwhelmed him with honours almost
xthich latter consist in solemn games, altars, divine. Some of his successors, however, were
temples, and sacrifices, all of which were con- not so forbearing. —
Suetonius informs us, that
ferred either at the instance of the emperors Caligula wished to be styled Optimus Maximus,
themselves, or were decreed to them in adulation, the title of Jupiter and that he exhibited him-
;

by their subjects. Examples of the custom were self in the temple of Castor and Pollux, between
set, not only in the most remote period of the statues of those deities, to share the adora-
Greece, but also in epochas of more recent tion of the worshippers. The same writer adds
date, such as the instance of Alexander the that “ he (Caligula) erected a temple devoted
Great, styled at his own desire Jupiter Ammon. to his own divinity, and instituted priests and
— Habituated pay such honours to foreign
to elaborate sacrificial ceremonies. In the temple
princes, it was an easy matter for the Greeks, there stood a gold statue in his likeness, dressed
familiar with acts of servility, to transfer the in the fashion he was accustomed to adopt.
same honours to the magistrates set over them The wealthiest individuals eagerly canvassed, and
by the Romans, and then to the emperors, who outbid each other, for their turn in the higher
were the arbiters of the world. Even during offices of this priesthood The victims were
!

the government of the republic, sacred and an- parrots, peacocks, bustards, turkies, guinea fowls,
nual games, altars, temples, and the titles of pheasants, &c. The several species of which
divinity, were dedicated to pro-consols, pro-pre- —
were sacrificed every day.” Domitian also de-
tors, and other individuals of high station, desired to be styled dominus et deus and ac-
either in recompense of signal benefits conferred cording to Pliny the orator, “ the vile image of
by them, or from motives of fear. In after that most cruel prince was worshipped with as
times these honours were bestowed still more profuse an effusion of the blood of beasts, as he
profusely upon the emperors and their families. himself used to shed of man’s.” But these dis-
It may suffice here to adduce the following few plays of impious presumption (with the excep-
instances of divine appellations, invented by the tion ofCommodus in the character of Hercules,
fertile imagination, and prompted by the base and the gods Aurelianus and Carus), never dis-
sycophancy, of the Greeks on whose coins
;
graced the Roman coinage doubtless because,
,

Livia, the wife of Augustus, is styled ©EA. to the very perpetrators themselves, it appeared
AIBIA, AIBIAN. HPAN. (Liviarn Junonem) matter of reproach, that honours above the
the daughter of Augustus, IOTAIAN. A4P0AI- mortal condition, whether sought for or decreed
THN (Juliam Venerem) ; Drusus, the son of to them, should be exhibited throughout the
Tiberius, and Germauicus C;esnr, were called by empire.
the Greeks NEOJ. 0EOI. 4>lAAAEA<f>OI ( novi Seneca, in his satire on the death of Claudius,
dei, fratres se mutub amantes ). and Lucian, in his treatise on the assembly of
The actual mint of Rome admitted these deifi- the gods, both laugh (says Spanheim) pleasantly
cations of her living princes more sparingly, and enough, at these pretended deifications, and at
at a much later period. For example, although the heap of new gods to which this absurd cus-
it be well known that Caligula and Doinitian —
tom gave rise. Plutarch likewise, in the life of
 — —

248 CONSECRATION. CONSECRATION.

Romulus, judiciously censures this practice. is the act of a god,” says Pliny the elder, "when
As to Augustus and other emperors (adds the one mortal He/jts or does good to another, and
translator and annotator of Julian’s Casars, this is the high road to immortal fame. By it
p. 275), it is well known, that policy and an have passed the great ones of Rome ; and by it
iutercsted regard, not for the dead but, for the now,, with heavenly tread, walks the greatest
living prince, or his destined successor, had most sovereign of any age, Vespasian Augustus, ad-
to do with this multiplication of divinities. vancing to the rescue of a tottering stale. It is

the most ancient mode of recompensing a bene-

II. — Consecration of the Dead. factor, to enrol bis name among the deities.”
The succeeding age, however, produced judges
unfairly biassed in their bestowal of such ho-
nours. Pliny the younger asserted, that “ Tibe-
rius promoted Augustus to heaven. Nero did
the same for Claudius, but merely to ridicule
him Titus to Vespasian, and Domitian to Titus;
;

but the former that he might be regarded as the

son, the latter as the brother, of a god.”
What would have been Pliny’s indignation had
lie lived to sec Faustina junior, Commodus, and

Caracalla thus raised to the skies P Pausanias,

after remarking that in former times men were
numbered among the gods on reasonable grounds,
as Hercules, the Dioscuri, &c. adds, that in his
own age, when fraud and audacity usurped the
It was at a comparatively late period, that jdacc of worthy deeds, none were received into
the mania for trauforming men into deities dis- the celestial rauks, but through the acclamations
honoured the annals of Rome. In his peculiar and outrageous flattery of their fellow men.
positiou as the founder of the nation, Romulus Pliny the elder lashes the absurdity of his con-
had indeed been apothcosised under the name of temporaries, “ for paying adoration to the manes,
Quiriuus. But neither L. Brutus, nor Camil- and making a god of one, who had ceased to be
lus, nor the Scipios, though eminent benefactors even a man.” Juvenal too, appropriately calls
of their country, were distinguished with divine the emperors “ rivals of the gods,” on accouut
honours. This contempt for the laws of mor- of this same system of apotheosis.
tality was reserved for the last days of the com- The consecration of a deceased emperor was
monwealth and the beginning of the empire. usually urged by his successor, from motives
Cicsar the Dictator was the first, on whom the cither of piety and gratitude, or of ambition, or
suffrages of the people conferred both the title some other anticipated advantage. Thus piety
and the honours of divinity. Dazzled no doubt and gratitude may naturally be supposed to be
by the prodigies of his valour and the acquire- the feelings which induced Titus to transfer Ves-
ments of his lofty intellect, and already won pasian to Olympus ; which prompted Trajan to
by the attractions of the newlv-risen snpersti- pay the same honours to Ncrva; Hadrian to
tiou, they readily surrendered themselves to the Trajan; Autoniuus to Hadrian M. Aurelius to
;

belief that in such a man a soul of more than L. Verus ;

each, indeed, in the case of his ow n
mortal nature had fixed its abode. The Senate father or brother. Different motives produced
had already decreed to him during his life-time, the same result in different cases as for in-
;

the thensa, the ferculum, a pulvinar, a Jlamen, stance, the wish to have a deity for a father or
and luperci; all of them honours exclusively a near relation, or to avoid the suspicion of foul
attached to the ceremonial worship of a god. play, in the death of an individual, was the
But after his death, during the shews which reason for Domitian’s deification of Titus. The
Augustus gave in celebration of his memory, consecration of Commodus, whose real deserts
there appeared a comet, which the people looked entitled him to the same quarter with Sysiphus
upon as a sign that Cicsar had been admitted aud Tantalus, took place under unwonted cir-
into heaven. Augustus gave him the name of cumstances. Condemned to everlasting infamy
Divus, aud caused divine honours to he assigned by the Senate, he was placed amongst the im-
to him. mortal gods by Sept. Scvcrus whose probable
;

With this precedent before their eyes, the Ro- rensous for so doing are attempted to be ex-
mans found no difficulty in unanimously accord- plained under the head of Pivvs commodvs.
ing the honours of consecration to Augustus, un- If any during their life time had incurred
der whom they experienced not only a lengthened public hatred, like Tiberius, Caligula, aud Do-
reign, but one marked with moderation and mitian, they were left to pass an obscure exist-
equity. And iudecd, if in this rite of conse- ence amongst the manes. Others, as Caracalla,
cration regard had always been had to a real, were indebted to their popularity with the army.
not a counterfeited, gratitude for services con- There are instances of emperors to whom the
ferred on mnukind, the institution might at least houours of divinity were accorded, not imme-
have been productive of one bcucficial result, \
diately after death but, at a subsequent period.
namely that of inducing princes to act virtu- j
Accordingly, Livin was at leugth consecrated by
ously, by the prospect of such exaltation. “ It Claudius, Commodus by Severus, Domna by
j
 — —a

CONSECRATION. CONSECRATION. 249

Elagabalus. But ’remarkable, that the writers, as well as by coins and other monu-
it is

piety of some of the Augusti induced them to ments. Tertullian says

— “ It was an old esta-
thrust into heaven their parents, though in a blished custom, that no emperor should be dei-
private station, and deceased before they were fiedwithout the concurrence of the Senate” —
themselves elevated to the throne. Thus did statement repeated by Orosius, and confirmed
Vespasian in the case of his mother Domitilla, by Prudentius.
and Trajan in that of his father Trajan and ;

the honour thus conferred they exhibited on

their coins; nay, Vespasian, not content with
this, bestowed on his mother the title of Au-
gusta.
Eckhcl has collected from coins the following
names of persons consecrated after the Roman
custom :

Julius Caesar.
Augustus.
Julia, wife of Augustus.
Claudius.
Poppma, wife of Nero.
Claudia, daughter of Nero. The Senate long opposed the petition of An-
Vespasian. toniuus Pius that they would decree the honours
Domitilla, wife of Vespasian. of consecration on his father by adoption, Ha-
Titus. drian. M. Aurelius earnestly besought the same
Julia,daughter of Titus. distinction from the Senate for his wife Faus-
C:csar (anonymous), son of Domitian. tina. The fact is also clearly proved by the
Nerva. '

coins of Claudius and Vespasian, both gold and

Trajan, the father. silver, bearing the type of consecration, and on
Trajan, the emperor. which we read exs. c. and more fully on a
Plotina, wife of Trajan. coin of Marciana, ex senatvs consvlto.
Marciana, sister of Trajan. Nor does the rule appear at all disproved by the
Matidia, grand daughter of Trajan. fact, that sometimes the emperors or the sol-
Hadrian. diers forcibly extorted a consecration from the
Sabina, wife of Hadrian. Senate. —
See Macrinus and Gordianus Pius.
Antoninus Pius. Coins relating to Consecration . —
These had
Faustina, wife of Antoninus Pius. j
their peculiar legends and types. By the ex-
M. Aurelius. pression, coins of consecration, however, arc to
Faustina, wife of M. Aurelius. be understood, only those which were struck
L. Verus. on the occasion of the ceremony, and for the
Commodus. purpose of publishing it to the world and such
;

Pertinax. as exhibit, on the reverse, types which invalu-

Scverus. ably represent this rite, and the soul received
Julia Domna, wife of Severus. into heaven. For there are not a few coins,
Caracal] a. whose obverse, indeed, gives the title divvs to
Julia Msesa. the emperor, but whose reverse offers nothing
Alexander Severus. at all connected with consecration. Of this
Paulina, wife of Maximinus I. kind, for instance, is a coin of Divus Augustus,
Mariniana, wife of Valerian. on the reverse of which we read signis recep-
Gallienus (identity uncertain). tis and so, on the reverse of coins of Divus
—
;

Saloninus. Vespasianus, ceres avgvst. victoria avgvsti

Victorious. — to which may be added coins of Domitilla, the
Tctricus (probably). Faustina, &c. the execution of which was dic-
Claudius Gothicus. tated by affection, to preserve the memory of
Cams. ancestors, parents, and wives.
Numcriauus. In bringing forward first the inscriptions, and
Nigrinianus. then the types, of the coins which are properly
Maximianus Herculcus. to be connected with the subject of consecra-
Constantius Chlorus. tion, Eckhel (vol. vi.) observes that, “ in the
Gal. Maximianus. times of the first emperors, consecration was
Romulus, son of Maxentius. more by types, than by verbal formula.
indicated
Constantine the Great. The word consecratio (which an Alexandrine
Some particulars respecting the rites and cere- coin of Carus renders Aiptepucris), was intro-
monies observed in the consecration of princes, duced at a later period. I do not find it (says
as illustrating the types of coins, are given under he), inserted on any genuine coins before Plotina,
the head of Funeral Pile, p. 251. Marciana, and Matulia. In after times, nothing
That the apotheosis of emperors was sanc- was more common than the use of this word.”
tioned by the authority of the Senate, and usu- For some observations on divvs and devs as
ally decreed by that body, is testified by ancient titles of consecration, and also with regard to

2 K
 . — —

250 CONSECRATION. CONSECRATION.

the legend memoriae, see those words, suis type of the consecrations restored (rcstitutie)
locis. in the time of Trebonianus Gallus.
Consecration Types. The various legends
having thus been enumerated, the next subject
tor inquiry is into the types usually employed
to indicate a Consecration.
The obverse exhibits the portrait of the per-
son to whom
the honour was decreed, but is
Variable in the style of the head-dress. On his
coins Julius C;esar appears with a star over his
head, which denoted a comet, popularly believed
to have been the soul of Caesar after his recep-
tion into heaven. This type, therefore, as being
peculiar to him alone, did not occur in the case
of his successors. The radiated head of Au-
gustus is a sure sign of consecration ; for before AnEagle, bearing aloft the soul of an Em-
Nero, no prince adopted the radiated crown press, appears on coins of Sabina, both the
during his life-time. On those coins, in which Faustina;, and Julia Mrcsa. On the celebrated
Trebonianns or some other emperor immediately base of the column of Antoninus Pius, on which
preceding him, restored a consecration (i. e. de- is represented that emperor, aud his wife Faus-
creed divine honours which had been neglected tina, carried aloftby a winged Genius, an eagle
before), we always find a radiated head. Ves- accompanies both Antonine and Faustina.
pasian, Titus, Nerva, and Antoninus Pius, have According to Artemidorus, “ It is an ancient
the laureated head after their consecration, practice, to represent deceased princes as borne

though they also exhibit the radiated crown. on high upon the wings of eagles.”
The bare head (caput nudum) was introduced 2. A Peacock, on the coins of Empresses

bv Nerva, and this fashion prevailed long after- only; as for example, both the Faustin®, Julia
wards. Divus Saloninus appears on most of his Domna, and Mariniana. In these are clearly to
coins with a radiated head. Divus Claudius be recognised new rivals of Juno; the peacock
Gothicus exhibits sometimes the laurel crown, being the bird of Juno, as the eagle was that of
sometimes the radii ; and he is, moreover, the first Jupiter. —
See Pavo.
on whose coins the veiled head occurs, which A Peacock, carrying aloft the soul of an
afterwards appears in Constautius Chlorus, and Empress . —
See mariniana.
Gal. Maximianus, though both these emperors 3. A
Victory, bearing aloft the soul of an
have occasionally the bare or the laureated head. Empress, appears on coins of both the Faustinas.
The head also of Divus Constantinus Magnus is — sec the aeternitas type of consecration en-

veiled, and frequently laureated, on the same graved in p. 24 of this dictionary.

coin. The veil was generally regarded as a reli- 4. A Funeral Pile (Rogus). —
From the time
gious dress the pontiffs were veiled when en- of Antoninus Pius this is the common type of
;

gaged in sacred functions ; so were the augurs, consecration, on the coins of both emperors aud
and the vestals; and artists frequently repre- empresses. —
See next page.
sented the souls of men with veils, as when 5. An
Altar is not an unfrequent type, and
they were escorted by Mercury. In the case of it is chiefly observable on coins recording the

consecrated Empresses, there is often no pecu- consecrations, awarded probably at the instance
liar attire to distinguish them, as for instance, of Trebonianus. At any rate it is self-evident
in those of Domitilla, Julia the daughter of that the altar is that of a consecrated prince.

Titus, Plotiua, Marciana, Matidia, Sabina, and 0. A

Chariot, drawn by two or four elephants.
But Sabina, and both the This also is no unfrequent type. Sec the coins
Faustina senior.
Faustime, not unfrequently added the veil to of Augustus, Vespasian, Julia the w ife of Titus,
their ordinary head-dress. Afterwards, Micsa and Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, L. Vents, aud
Mariniana used the veil. Diva Julia, the wife Pcrtinax, and the explanation of the type there
of Augustus, has a head crowned with ears of given. —
See Thensa.
corn, after the manner of Ceres. A Chariot and four horses —
Vespasian.
.

'flic reverse presents various types, as w ill be A Chariot (enrpentum) drawn by two or three
seen by the following list, from which, be it female mules, on coins of Julia, wife of Titus, a
observed, are excluded those which are in reality sacred type, and one not unfrequent on the coins
unconnected with, and indeed irrelevant to, the of women. Examples of these appear on coins
subject of consecration. of Livia, Agrippina sen. aud Domitilla —
for the

1 The Eagle is common on coins of the early latter sec p. 185.

consecrated emperors and empresses such as ;

7. A Phoenix, the symbol of Eteniity. p. 22.
those of Plotina, Marciana, Matidia, lladrianus, 8. A Lectisternium to Juno, on coins of
Sabina, M. Aurelius, L. Yerus. (Sec preceding Faustina junior, now, ns it were, another Juno.
cut). The reason for the introduction of this 0. ATemple, on coins of Divus Augustus,
bird is, that in the. ceremonies attending conse- and Romulus Caesar. Nevertheless, temples w ere
cration, a funeral pile was lighted, and an eagle privately erected in honour of illustrious persons,

let loose from its summit, as if to bear the soul who had not been consecrated, as exemplified on
to heaven. This eagle is the more frequent coins of Domitinnns Ang.
 ;;

CONSECRATION. CONSECRATION. 251

Other types of inferior note are passed over. mented with statues.” Herodiau describes it as
— Those used by princes calling themselves a mass of quadrangular shape, filled at the bot-
Christians, at their consecration, may he learned
from coins of Constantine the Great and his
family.
The coins hitherto treated of are those which
were struck soon after the consecration of the
princes or princesses, whose portraits they bear,
and for the purpose of giving publicity to the
event. But there is another class of coins,
which on the obverse present the effigy of some
emperor and on the reverse the legend con-
;

seckatio, with the type of an eagle, ou a lighted

altar. — For a list of these, with observations
thereupon, see the words divo and ntvus.
IV ith regard to the remaining subject of in- tom with combustibles, on which again a second
quiry — namely, how long the custom of con- tierwas placed of similar form and appearance,
secrating emperors prevailed amongst the Ro- but narrower and furnished with openings
mans, Eckhel says —
“ So long as the worship of to this a third and a fourth were added, each
the gods was in force, it is by no means sur- gradually diminishing in size, till the whole re-
prising that this absurd system should have con- —
sembled a watch-tower.” The ceremony of con-
tinued. But it is extraordinary that Christian secration was very solemn and imposing. After
princes shoidd have followed the example of the the body had been clothed in the habiliments of
heathen. Besides Constantine the Great, Entro- death, it was placed on a bed of ivory young;

pies has told us that his son Constantius, and men, chosen from the equestrian order, bore it
Jovianus, were deified and that the same
; on their shoulders to the pile. The corpse be-
honour was paid to Valentinian by his son ing then introduced into the second layer or
Gratian is recorded by Ausonius in these words: story, it was surrounded with aromatics and
‘
The most abundant testimony of his merit, is precious balms. The usual ceremonies being
his father connected with divine honours.’ completed, a torch was applied, and the mass
Meanwhile, it cannot be doubted, that in these was consumed. After this apotheosis, the de-
latter consecrations, ceremonial differed
the ceased emperor or empress had temples, altars,
greatly from that of former days, and was such and priests dedicated to his or her honour, and
as could easily’ [?] be blended with the Christian the same worship was paid to the defunct, as
rites. For the ceremonies observed by the paganism rendered to its gods and goddesses
Christians at the funeral of Constantine the whilst the Augusti, or August®, were thence-
Great, were quite compatible with the regula- forth called divi and divae. The form of the
tions of the Christian religion [?] Sec a de- royus, described as above by ancient writers, is
scription of them by Eusebius. Nor is a different brought to our view’, with remarkable clearness,
light thrown on the subject by the coins, which on numerous coins. “ Amongst these,” adds
were dedicated to his honour after death. But Eckhel, “ there is one which I am told, stands
they were the last which were struck iu memory conspicuous. This is a Julia Xlresa, discovered
of a deceased emperor.” at Rome respecting which its then possessor.
;

[On the two points against which a note of Viscount Ennius, a renowned antiquary, w’rote
interrogation has bceu placed, the compiler of to Garampi, papal nuncio at Vienna, that it is
this dictionary is not disposed to acquiesce in so well executed, and in such high preservation,
the conclusion drawn by the transcendent author that iu the second layer of the funeral pile, the
of Doclrina. However the old ecclesiastical corpse of the empress is seen recumbent on a
writers may describe the ceremonies which actu- bed a minute particular, never before distin-
;

ally took place, the legends and types on the guished iu the inonetal representation of these
cousecration coins of Constantine and his suc- funeral structures.”
cessors are far too clearly those of unmitigated CONSECRAT'IO. S. C. —There are two other
paganism, to be “ easily blended” with any cor- large brass consecrations, struck by authority
rect ideas of pure and scriptural Christianity.] of the Senate, in memory of XIarcus Aurelius
—
CONSECItATIO. On the reverse of a first (divvs), which exhibit fiirther examples of the
brass struck in honour of XI. Aurelius, after his types that represent the deification of this
death, a. d. 180, the type is a funeral pile of prince, and bear reference to its various cere-
four stories, the basement ornamented with fes- —
monies namely: 1. An eagle, as if about to
toons the upper tiers adorned with statues,
; take flight from the top of an altar decorated
and at the summit an imperial quadriga. On with a festoon of ribbands. —
2. A car, convey-
the obverse the head of that emperor is repre- ing the defunct emperor’s statue, drawn by four
sented under the features of an old man, with elephauts, each mounted by its driver —
a device
this legend,— DIVVS Marcus ANTON IN VS which serves to represent those preliminary dis-
PI VS. plays of funeral pomp, in which the new em-
The Royus, or Funeral Pile, is described by peror, or the surviving husband of an empress,
Dion, as “ a structure in the form of a turret, made an ostentatious exhibition of costly mag-
with three stories, of ivory and gold, and orua- nificence.

2 K 2
 — — — N : — —

252 CONSECRATION. CONSENSVS.

CONSECRATIO. The emperor — seated on CONSECRATIO. Eagle with expanded
an eagle, holds a sceptre. Below, in a re- wings. Small brass. — See Nigrinianus.
cumbent posture, is a female figure, personifying CONSESVS (sic.) EXERCIT. Two mili-
the Earth. This elegant, remarkable, and very tary figures, joining right
rare type, appears on a brass medallion of hands with each other, and
Antoninus Pius, edited by Veuuti, from the holding in their left a
Mus. Albani, i. 26, i. — See an engraving of it legionary eagle. Gold and
p. 248.
—
CONSECRATIO. An eagle, with expanded
This
silver of Vespasian. —
very rare coin refers to the
wings, standing on a globe, which is ornamented unanimity (consesus being
with stars. a blunder of the inoneycr
This very finely executed large brass coin, of for consensus) of the Roman armies of Judiea,
which the above described forms the legend and Syria, and Egypt, in raising Vespasian to the
type of reverse, was struck to celebrate the con- empire. There is a similar legend in the mint
secration of Lucius Verus, associate in the empire of Vitellius, viz.
with Marcus Aurelius, whose own benignity of CONSENSVS EXERCITVV.M. — Mars hcl-
disposition was so great (says the historian meted, aud marching, bears in his right hand a
Capitolinus), that he always concealed and ex- spear, aud in his left a military ensign, or laba-
cused, so far as he was able, the vices of Verus, rum, or trophy, resting on his shoulders.
although they extremely displeased him and ; Gold, silver, and second brass of Vitellius.
that he caused him, after death, to be called These coins, says Vaillant, were struck by
Divus, and to be honoured with all the marks of Vitellius, before the death of Otho. They exhi-
worship usually decreed to consecrated emperors. bit Mars, as gradivus, that is, in his attri-
See an engraving of this inserted in p. 249. buted capacity of a warrior, to drive away the
CONSECRATIO. —Eagle on a
S.
— DIVO. ANTONINO. C.magno. globe. l'oc. This deity Vitellius invoked by a favour-
Obv. Bare head of able omen, when some one brought to him the
Caracalla. On silver and large brass. sword of Julius Osar, takcu from the temple of
“ These coins (observes the author of Lemons
Mars, according to Tacitus, after he had, by the
de Numismatique llomaine) may well excite consent aud agreement of both armies of Ger-
astonishment. What (he exclaims) were the
! many, been elected emperor.
honours of consecration and the title of “Great” CONSENSV. SENATkj ET EQuestris OR
conferred upon a monster, abhorred by all honest is Populi
and good men? But it must be borne in mind,
I) I Q ue Romani. Statue of Augustus
seated, holding in the right hand a branch, and
that his death was regretted by the soldiers; and a globe, or patera, in the left. On the obverse
to make friends of them the Senate aud Macri-
, of this second brass coin is diws avgvstvs,
nus both stooped to this base flattery. Caracalla s. c. Bare head of the emperor.
had foolishly presumed to compare himself with Augustus during his life-time had, in the
Alexander the Great.” provinces, already been admitted to the rank of
—
CONSECRATIO. Empress in a quadriga, a the gods ; and this coin represents the statue
female guides the horses at full speed. Obv. — which was decreed to him as Divus Augustus,
—
diva avgvsta favstina. For an engraving of by the unanimous votes of all the orders of the
this beautiful and rare gold coin, see Faustina state. Many of these Dion informs
statues,
senior. us, were erected in his honour after his decease.
—
CONSECRATIO. Eagle standing with ex- Such is the subject of the coin here described,
panded wings, on a sceptre. Gold and first brass respecting which Eckhcl (vi. 126), observes,
of Marciana. The former engraved in Aker- the three orders, into which the Romans were
man, i. 226, pi. vi. No. 1. divided, arc here inscribed according to their
—
CONSECRATIO. Eagle with expanded scale of rank, viz. Senate, Knights, and People.
wings. Silver.— See Matidia. — Pliny has given the order differently (xxxiii.
—
CONSECRATIO. S. C. A carpcutum drawn § 8)— From that period (i. e. the consulate of
by two mules ; and the same legend, with the Cicero), this (i. e. the equites), was distinctly
statue of the empress on a thensa drawn by two made a third body in the republic, and the
elephants —both first brass of Marciana en- ; Equestrian Order began to be added to the
graved in Havercamp, cabinet of Christina. Senate and to the Roman People. Whence it
—
CONSECRATIO. Hadrian holding a sceptre, arises, that even now-a days it is inscribed after
borne by an eagle in full flight. Gold.— En- the People, as having been the most recently
graved in Akcrman, i. p. 231, pi. vi. No. 3. added.” In the writings of the poets, this order
CONSECRATIO. Sabina on an eagle. of dignity has been either inverted or otherwise
First brass. Engraved in p. 250. disturbed by the requirements of the metre, as
—
CONSECRATIO. S. C. Ceres seated on a for example in Martial (l. viii. Ep. 15) :

modius, near a lighted altar, with patera and

Pat populus, dat grains eques, dat thura Senates.
torch. First brass of Faustina senior.
—
CONSECRATIO, S. C. Funeral pile. First [The people, the grateful knights, the Senate, all
—
brass of Pertinax. —
Engraved in Mionnet, i. 269.
give frankincense]. Also in Ovid, Fasti, ii. 123.

—
CONSECRATIO. Empress on a peacock. CONSER. CONSERV. Conservator or Con-
Silver. — See Marininas. Conservator! or Conserratriri.
serratrir.
CONSECRATIO.— Do. Silver. See Paulina. CONSERVATOR. Preserver, Protector, or
 ;

CONSERVATOR. CONSE11VATORES. 253

Defender. This term frequently occurs on Ro- CONSERVATORES KART. SVAE. A
man coins ; and has reference, in the first place, temple of six columns, in which a w oman stands,
to those deities whom the emperors honoured with a branch in each hand. Second brass of
as their favourite tutelaries, in professed acknow- Maximian Hercules.
ledgment cither of their general protection, or The same remarks apply to this as to the pre-
of some particular favours. (Jobert, i. 231). ceding coin. A like reverse is frequent on the
The attributes of a conservator are an- coins of Maxentius and Constantine.
nexed on coins, to the names of Jupiter, Apollo CONSERV. or CONSERVATORES VRBw
(or Sol), Neptune, Mars, Hercules, and also of SVAE. —
A temple of six columns, in which is
Bacchus, under the appellation of Liber Pater. seated Rome, galcated, with a globe in her right
In the next place, it refers to the Emperors hand, and a spear in her left hand. Second
themselves, some of whom were so called on their brass of Maximian Hercules.
coins; as in the CONSERVATOR PIETaffy of Why the above specimen should be reckoned
Gallienus. The emperor standing with spear in in this class of coins, notwithstanding the ab-
left hand, holds his right extended above the sence of the w'ord sen. {Senior) in the legend
head of a kneeling figure. Also CQNSERVafor of the obverse —is a point which Eckhel regards

& Mm PATRIAE, VRBIS SVAE (Roma),

tit, as of easy explanation. That this distinctive
AFRICAE, KART%t»w, EXERCITWM, and title was not always added in the mintages of
M1LITVM. Maximian Hercules, is shewn by the fact,
CONSERVATOR AVG. A quadriga, con- — that coins inscribed conserv. vrb. svae, &c.
veying a conical-shaped stone, together with an are found only with the head of Maximian
eagle, spreading its wings. In the field a star. Hercules, Maxentius, or Constantine, who were
Gold of Elagabalus. contemporaneous emperors (sgnehroni Angus ti),
The stone fashioned in a couc-like form repre- and none with the head of Diocletian. And it
sent* the Syrian deity whose worship Elagabalus would be very singular, whilst they are common
introduced into Rome. See this remarkable re- in the case of Maximian, if, supposing any to
verse, engraved and annotated in Akerman, have been struck during the colleagueship of
vol. i. 414, pi. vii. No. 7- —
See also sanct. Diocletian, none were forthcoming which bore
deo sou elagabal. bearing allusion to the his portrait, when it is well known, that they
same object of that emperor’s oriental idolatry. almost invariably used the same reverses. Similar
CONSERVAT. AVGG. A naked Apollo, reverses, which Banduri has connected with the
standing with a branch in the right hand, and heads of other emperors, Eckhel considers un-
the left resting on a lyre. Diana stands beside worthy of notice, since they are derived solely
him, in a dress closely girded, drawing an arrow from Mediobarbus. No doubt, afterbeingharassed
from a quiver with her right hand, and holding by the factions of Maxentius and Severus, Rome
a bow in her left. Silver of Valerianus. welcomed Maximianus, on his return from Luca-
Coins exhibiting Apollo alone, with this in- nia and re-assumption of the purple, as a regener-
scription, arc well known but till this instance,
; ator, and, as the coins call him, a conservator
none have been discovered which associate with and his services to the city are oratorically
him liis sister Diana. For the reason why both lauded by the unknown author of a panegyric
those deities were worshipped, especially during dedicated to Maximian and Constantine, chap,
the period from the reign of Trebonianus Callus x. and xi. —
See Doct. Nnm. Vet. viii. 25.
to that of Valerianus, see Apollo, p. 65 et seq.
of this dictionary. Khell, who, in his supple-
ment to Vaillant (p. 175), has given an engrav-
ing of this elegant and extremely rare denarius,
alludes to the plague which raged throughout
the empire, from a.d. 251 to a. d. 260, both
years inclusive and pertinently remarks, in re-
;

ference to this coin, that just as the sad bereave-

ment of Niobc, so also any grievous pestilence
w as attributed by the superstition of those times
r

to the wrath of both Apollo and Diana.

CONSERVATOR AFRICAE SVAE. A
woman standing, her head covered with an CONSERV. or CONSERVATORES VRB.
elephant's proboscis , at her feet a lion and a bull SVAE. — A temple of four columns, in the pedi-
lying down. Second brass (Imperial Museum). ment of which are the wolf and twins and at ;

Maximum Hercules. each end of the entablature stand two victories

An almost similar type appears on coins of holding crowns. Within the temple, Rome,
Diocletian and Maximian, inscribed felix ad- galeated, sits on a buckler, resting her right
vent avgg. nn. The emperor defeated the
latter hand on the and w ith her left hand offers
hasta, r

Quiuquegcntiaui in Africa, a. d. 297 and hence ; a globe to a military figure, who stands before
his popularity with the Africans aud Cartha- her, with spear in the right hand, and planting
ginians, which he now' endeavoured to revive, ;
his right foot on a captive. In the exergue a.
in order to strengthen his hold on the empire. p. Q. On second brass of Maxentius, whence
The same reverse occurs on coins of flaxen- this reverse, so replete with interesting details
tins, and also on Constantine’s. of typification, is engraved as above. PcUcriu has
 —— — —A ; —

25 1 CONSE RV ATORES. CONSIDIA.

published an exactly similar coin of the same Auctor Pietatis, aud Gallieuus as her Conserva-
usurper of the purple, described to be of pure tor. From the type of a boy in a suppliant pos-
ture, it may be inferred, that by this reverse allu-
silver, and of the medallion size.
CONSERVATOR. AFRICAE SVAE.
woman
Mel. i. 191.

treading on a crocodile, in her right

— sionis made to the piety (or benevolence) shewn

towards the children maintained by the state

hand a military standard, in her left the tusk of fpueris alimentariis), many instances of which
au elephant. Maxentius. Second brass. arc recorded from the time of Trajan. The same
The coin (says Eckhel), must have been reverse occurs on a coin of Claudius. vii. 406. —
struck the commencement of this man’s
at CONSIDIA, an ancient gens of plebeian rank.
assumption of imperial rank aud authority, to Its surnames Xoiiianns and Pat us. Its coins

conciliate the good will of so rich a province; have eight varieties. The following alone pos-
on which subject see further remarks uuder the sesses interest :

next coin, conservatories kart. svae.

lie barbarously harassed the same province at
a later period, viz. about a. d. 308. Whether
the animal, on which the woman treads, be
really a crocodile, though Banduri atlirms it, one
may be pardoned for doubting. The crocodile
was not a symbol of Africa, but of Egypt,
which being under the domiuion of Maximinus
Daza, never had any connexion with Maxentius. Obv. —
c. considi. noxiani. s. c. Head of —
On coins of Diocletian, inscribed eel. advent, Venus, Untreated and adorned with a mitre,
avg. a lion aud a bull are represented at the feet necklace, and car-rings. Before it s. C.

of a figure of Africa. The author of the Museum. Rev. —

ervc. A small temple on the top of
Theupoli Catalogue, iu describing a similar coiu, a steep rock, surrounded by walls in the front
:

has not ventured to determine the species of the of which, above the gate, is inscribed the above

animal represented. viii. 57.— abbreviation for Erucina, or Erycina.

The head aud the temple of this coiu apper-
CONSERV ATORES KART. SVAE.— A tem-
columns, in which a woman, stand- tain to Venus Erycina, so called from Ervx, iu
ple of six
ing, holds in each hand extended a branch or Sicily. The moneyer who coined the denarius,
some kind of fruit. Second brass of Maxen- named Cuius Cousidius Noniauus, was a pro-
(Imperial Museum). vincial questor, and a kinsman, if not the son,
tius.
Banduri asserts, that the two princes, whom according to Borghesi, of M. Cousidius, pretor
Cartilage acknowledges as her couservatores, ap- of the year 702 (b. c. 52), destined successor

pear to be Maxentius and Maximiauus. But of Ciesar in the government of Gallia Citerior,
Eckhel considers it beyond a doubt, that this and who was with Cicero at Capua, at the time
title pertained to three princes, Maximiauus of Pompey’s flight. By a decree of the Seuate,
this Cousidius had the honour of exhibiting these
Herculius, Maxentius, and Constantinus, siuce
types on his miutage, either because his family
it occurs on the coins of them all individually.
From these coins, then (he adds), it is proved belonged to the city of Eryx, or from liaviug
incontestably, that Africa and Carthage gave in by gifts aud liberalities glorified the temple of
their adhesion to Maximiauus when he became
—
Venus there one of the most ancient and
emperor a second time, and to his son Maxen- famous edifices raised in honour of the goddess,
tius, in gratitude, probably, for benefits con- and which was accustomed to be visited and en-
him on that province during the reign riched by cousuls, pretors, and every one en-
ferred by
trusted by the Roman government with power
of Diocletian (of which also coins inform us)
and that Constantine was invited to a share of
—
aud authority in Sicily. See lliccio, (telle famig-
this honour, as they considered his friendship
tie rti Roma, p. 59.

essential to their interests. Consequently, as is That mythical personage Diedalus, amongst

shewn by the coins of Maxentius, whilst still numerous works of sculpture and architec-
Africa soon attached herself to his ture ascribed to him by the Greek writers, is
Ciesar,
and also espoused the cause of his father, said to have “ enlarged the summit of mount
side,
on recovery of the empire.
liis — It is matter of Eryx by a wall, so as to make a firm foundation
For this same
for the temple of Aphrodite.
certainty, that Maxentius did not for the first
time receive the submission of Africa when his temple he made a honeycomb of gold, which
father died, and Alexander, the usurper of that could scarcely be distinguished from a real
province had beeu vanquished, as some have —
honeycomb.” See Dr. Smith’s Dictionary of
understood from the imperfect narrative of Zo- Greek amt Roman Riog. i. 927.
lliccio gives a silver sesterce, with c. considi.
siinus, though the error has siut-e beeu entirely
confuted by TiUcmont with arguments drawn and the head of Cupid on its obverse and a ;

from history. D. N. V. viii. 58. globe, surmounted by a coniucopiie, with fillet,

CONSERV AT. PIETAT. The Emperor, on its reverse. The Caius Cousidius by whom,
stauding, with his right hand extended, in his as moueyer of the republic, this very rare mo-
uetal specimen of the gens was struck in 705
left a spear, and before him a
small figure, on
bended kuoe, raising its hands. Silver and 3rd (b. c. 09), belonged to the Pompeian party.
brass of Gallicnus. (Banduri. Imp. Mus.) CONS. PHINC. AVG. — Emperor standing,

Commodus proclaimed himself on coins ns places his right hand on a trophy, at the foot
 — — —— — — —

CONSTANS. CONSTANS. 255

of which are two captives. In his left lie holds avaricious, he allowed his ministers to render his
a spear. Billon of Aurelian. (Banduri). government, by their exactions, odious to the
The epigraph of this reverse is unusual. people, and disliked even by the soldiery. lie
The word Princeps is here used as an augmen- bad, however, courage and activity enough to
tation of that of Augustus. Aminian calls Au- preserve his dominions with a glory not inferior
relius “ Marcus Princeps.” to any of his predecessors.

MINTAGES OF CONSTANS.
His brass coins are common : his gold and
silver, His stvle and
rare. titles asemperor
arc FL. CONSTANS Pius Mr AVG.— L>. N.
CONSTANS PERP. AVG.
The coins of Constans exhibit the head of
that emperor with diadem ornamented with pre-
cious stones, and with the paludamevtum, and
CONSTANS (Flavius Julius) Cicsar and sometimes the lorica, on the breast ;
in the
Augustus; youngest son of Constantine the right hand a javelin, in the left a buckler. On
Great and Fausta born about a. n. 320, he
;
some of the coins the head is laurcated, on
was declared Ctcsar by his father in 333 and ;
others bound with a diadem of gems.
obtained two years afterwards the government Amongst the more rare and curious reverses
of Italy, Illyria, and Africa. lie shared in the are the following :

partition of the empire, after the death of Con- —

Gold Medallions. Felicia decennai.ia.
stantine, A. D. 337- And his elder brother, Two cupids supporting a crown. (Valued by
Constantine the younger, being slain in 340, Mionnet at 400 fr.)
uear Aquileia, whilst treacherously invading bis Gloria repvblicae. Two figures. (150 fr.)

territory, he became master of the whole West, TRIVMFATOR GENTIVJI BARUARARVM. Emperor
as Constantins was of the East. In the follow- witli labarum, and monogram of Christ. (500 fr.)
ing year he undertonk an expedition against the —
Silver Medallions. fei.icitas perfbtva.
Franks, who had passed the Rhine in order to Three figures seated. (Mionuct, 150 fr.)
ravage Raid, lie conducted this war in person TRIVMFATOR GENTIVM BARBARAllVM (£6 12s.
with vigour; and having first defeated, he formed Pembroke sale.)
an alliance with, the invaders, whom he obliged virtvs exercitvm (sic). Four military en-
to return in peace to their own country. Pass- signs, Alpha and Omega. (Engraved in p. 118.)
ing afterwards into Britain, he restored that —
Gold. secvritas perpetva. (Mt. 50 fr.)
important province of the empire to a degree of victoria avgvstorvm. Victory marching
tranquillity, to which it had long beeu a stranger. with garland and trophy. Obv. —
fl. ivl. con-
Before he quitted the island on his return to stans. p. f. avg. Diademed head of the em-
Gaul, Constaus established such laws there, peror. (See engraving above.)
as whilst they caused the Roman name to be ob victoriam trivmfalem. Two victories
respected, were a credit to his own judgment and a buckler. victoria dd. nn. avg. Two
and policy. The remainder of his reign pro- Victories. (£2 3s. Pembroke sale.) victor
mised to be undisturbed and prosperous, but his oxinivm gentivsi. Emperor with labarum. (50
passion for the chase, and his indtdgcnce in a fr.) virtvs exercitvs gall. Mars. (40 fr.)
false security, afi'oided the opportunity to Mar- Brass Medallions, boxonia oceanen.
cellinus, his financial minister, and Chreste, one (Engraved in p. 132.)
of his military officers, to form a conspiracy debellatori gentt. barbarr. Emperor
against his life. These two wretches came to a on horseback. —
(Mionnet, 30 fr.)
secret understanding with Magnentius, whom on gloria rosianorvsi. Emperor standing.
the 18th January, 350, during the night, they GAVD1VM POPVLI ROSIANI, &C. &C.
invested with the purple, at the finish of a —
Second Brass. trivmfvs (sic.) caesarvm.
banquet in the city of Autun, where the Imperial Full-faced Victory in a quadriga.
Court then was. Magnentius, after having been CONSTANS, son of Constanlinus Tyrannus,
saluted emperor by the conspirators, sent Gaison, and styled on his very rare coin, in silver, d. n.
a Ganlish officer, with some soldiers, to murder constans p. f. avg. was associated in the
Constans. But that prince apprised of what usurpation of government with his father, a. d.
had just occurred, had taken horse to save him- 408. He was assassinated at Vienne, in the
self in Spain. Gaison, with his band of assassins, Narbonnaise Gaul, by Gerontius, his father’s
followed and overtook him at Elne, in the general (who had quarrelled with his master),
Pyrenees, where, having dragged him out of a a. d. 411, a short time after the tragical end of
church into which he had fled for refuge, they Constautinus himself. The quiuarii bear on
put him to death with their daggers. Thus their reverse victoria aaavggg. A belmeted
perished Constans, iu the 30th year of his age, female seated, holding a Victory and the hasta
on the 27th of February, 350, after having pura. In the exergue con. Small brass, spes
reigued, from the period of his father’s death, avg. with the gate of a castrum.
twelve years, nine months, and five days. —
CONSTANTIA. Constancy, the symbol of
This prince protected the Christians, and was the Emperor Claudius; though it was an attribute
a good warrior ; but cruel, debauched, and not always prominent in him. For his bio-
 — — — — —

256 CONS'MNTIA. CONSTANTINOPOL1S.

grapher Suetonius says of him, “In the faculties constancy (or perseverance, or endurance), he
of reflection and discernment, his mind was proved himself superior. This opinion is sup-
remarkably variable and contrasted, he being ported by the gesture of both figures, female and
sometimes circumspect and sagacious; at others male (2 & 3), which appear to be imposing silence
inconsiderate and hasty, often frivolous and as on themselves, a quality which constitutes the
—
though he were out of his wits.” The following main part of constantia. The Roman mythology
three arc examples of this legend :
contains two female deities who presided over
1. constantiae avgvsti. A woman stand- silence, viz. Angerona and Tacita, respecting
ing, with a long torch in her right hand, and a which I long ago treated copiously. (Sylloge, i.
cornucopia! in her left. On gold and silver of p. 71). I am not aware, whether the same
—
Antonia Engraved in p. 55 of this dictionary. source supplies a male being of the same cha-
The torch is to be referred to the cere- racter, such as Harpocrates was reckoned in
monial of the priesthood of Augustus (Antonia Egypt.”
was called sacerdos divi avgvsti), and that CONST ANTINI AYG. —Two victories stand-
in the hand of the woman on the present ing, hold together a crown, within which we
coin, intended no donbt for Antonia, appears read vot. xxx. Gold medallion of Constantinus
to have been added in allusion to the same Magnns, engraved in Steinbiichcl, Notice sur
office. But the difficulty is to reconcile the tes Medaittons en or da M
a.see Imperial, No. 3.
legend with the type. Havercamp thinks The subjects of tvpification most frequent in
that the constancy of Antonia is afinded to, this age of the empire were those which record
which she displayed in adhering to widowhood, vota deccnnalia, viccnnalia, tricennalia (vows
and compelling her daughter Livilla to suffer lasting ten, twenty, thirty years).
death. But if sueli constancy really shewed CONSTANTINIANA DAFNE. — A woman
itself in Antonia, why is the merit, according trampling on a captive, and holding in each
to the sense of the legend attributed to Augustus? hand a palm branch. On one side a trophy.
For it should have been written avgvstae, not Iu the exergue cons. This epigraph occnrs on
avgvsti. To this may be added, that the legend a gold and a silver and on a third brass coin of
is a common one on the coins of her son Clau- Constantinus M. Various have been the opi-
dius, and appears to be peculiar to him, as will nions expressed by the learned respecting it.
be seeu below. But if the legend refers to Eckhel (viii. 81), in citing them all, considers
Claudius, and the type to Antonia, it is difficult that interpretation to be decidedly the most pro-
to assign the reason for such an anomaly. bable, which Gretser and Spanheim drew from
D. N. V. sixth vol. p. 179. Procopius, viz. that by Constantiniana Dafnc
2. constantiae avgvsti. A woman seated, is to be understood the castle or camp (cast rum)

touches her face with her right hand. Obv. Bafne, constructed by Constantine on the bank
Laurcatcd head of Claudius. —
On gold and silver of the Danube.
of that emperor; engraved in Caylus, Nam. CONSTANTINO P. AVG. B. R. P. NAT.
Aar. Impp. Rom. No. 92. — The Emperor in a military habit, stands
3. constantiae avgvsti. s. c. A youth, holding a globe and spear. Second brass of Con-
wearing a helmet, and attired in a thin garment stantine the Great.
reaching to the knees, and with a cloke flowing For a long time the inscription on this coin
beliiud him holds up his right hand, and with
; was read by antiquaries BAP. NAT. for BRP.
the fore-finger touches his face; his left hand NAT. and hence they were induced to regard it
grasps a spear. Obv. Bare head of Claudius. as a sure and genuine memorial of the Baptism
Second brass. Engraved in Havercamp, Me- of Constantine. Ilardouiu w as the first to detect
dailles de Christine., tab. 49. Restored by this inveterate error, which he felicitously re-
Vespasian. moved by restoring (as Eckhel observes), the
Respecting the second coin, Eckhcl (vi. 236), true reading B ono RW P ublicts Halo, which is
makes the following observations :
—
“ I find the supported by inscriptions on marbles, cited in
type variously described by antiquaries. The Gruter. Besides, Magnus Maximus and his
one which 1 have here produced, is selected from son FI. Victor are, on a coin of his, called bong
five, in the most perfect state of preservation, reipvblice nati. See p. 132.
in the imperial museum. The same legend (as CONSTANTINOPOLIS, formerly Byzan-
above shewn), is found on coins of Antonia, tium, the most celebrated city of Thrace, derives
mother of Claudius, struck during the reign of its name from Constantine the Great, by whom
that emperor but in these there is a difference
; it was enlarged with new buildings, and rendered

in the type, which consists of a woman stand- almost equal to Old Rome in order that Con-
;

ing, with a long torch in her right hand, and a stantinople should be the capital of the empire
cornucopia! in her left (sec No. 1). It is difficult in the east, as Rome was in the west. It was
to reconcile the legend with the type, but that the taken by the Turks in the year 1453, by whom
legend undoubtedly refers to Claudius is an opi- it is now called Stambut, and in whose posses-

nion confirmed by the coins now before us. sion it still remains a great metropolitan and
Yet even in these, there is the same difficulty, royal city. The coins which make mention of
though there appears to be no doubt, that the it, were struck cither by Constantine or by his

moncycrs had in view the life of Claudius, passed sons.

from infancy amidst contempt, ridicule, and CONSTANTINOPOLIS.— This legend ap-
fear; to all which disadvantages, by his inviucible pears on the obverse of several brass medallions.
 —

CONSTANTINUS. CONSTANTINUS. 257

accompanied by the helmeted bust of the city of coins begau forthwith to be struck with his
Constantinople, personified ;
the hasta pura on name under that title.

her shoulders on the reverses are the several a. u. 306. Ilis father’s provinces, Gaul and
—
:

legends of fel. temp, reparatio restitvtor Britain, were assigned to Constantine. Gale-
RF.IP. — —
VICTORIA AVGVSTI. VICT. AVGG. &C. rius nominated Severus Caesar as Augustus, in
all allusive to the reparations, restorations, and the room of Constantins I. deceased. Soon after-
military successes, claimed to have been achieved wards Maxentius also assumed the imperial title
for the empire, by Constantine and the princes atHome, and restored the purple to his father
of his family. —Engraved in Havercamp, Cabinet Maximianus Iierculeus, recalling him from Lu-
de Christine, tab. xl. cania. Constantine gained a victory over the
Constantinople, in a later age, was one amongst Franci and the Bructeri, and commenced the
the number of those cities to which the right building of a bridge over the Rhine, near Agrip-
of coining money was granted. Hence on so pina (Cologne).
many coins, we read, at the bottom, con. 307. Constantine this year entered on his
const. &c. first consulate, according to the records of
the Fasti, confused as they are at this period.
The same year Severus blockaded Maxentius in
Rome, but being compelled to raise the siege,
and taken prisoner at Ravenna, he w'as put to
death by order of Iierculeus Maximianus. Her-
culeus, dreading the vengeance of Galcrius for
this act, went into Gaul, and there, in order to
win him over to his cause, gave Constantine the
title of Augustus, and his daughter Fausta in
marriage. Galerius attempted to take Rome,
but being repulsed by Maxentius, and driven out
of Italy, created Licinius emperor in the room
of Severus. In the same year also Constantine
and Maximinus Daza each received from Galerius
the title of Fi/ius Augnstorum (filivs avgg.)
308. Maximinus Daza assumed the title
CONSTANTINUS (Flavius Galerins Vale- of Augustus, at first against the wishes of
ri anus), surnamed Magnus or Maximus, was Galerius, but afterwards with his assent, Con-
tbe son of Constantins Chlorus, and of Helena, stantine being admitted to a participation of the
first wife of that prince, son in law of Maxi- same honour. In this year, accordingly, Con-
mianus llerculcus, and brother in law of Lici- stantine began to be acknowledged as emperor
nius. He was born at Naissus, in Dardania, throughout the entire empire. And thus there
a. u. c. 1027 (a. d. 274). His birth-day is were at the same time, in addition to Maximia-
fixed by the calendar of Dionysius I’hilocalu3, nus Iierculeus, five Augusti, viz. Galcrius Maxi-
on the 3rd before the calends of March. When mianus, Constantine, Maximinus, Licinius, and
Diocletian, a. d. 292, sent his father with the Maxentius. —
Constantiue, being informed of the
titleof CV.sar into Gaul, he detained Constan- plots organized against himself by Iierculeus,
tine as a kind of pledge, and became greatly at- besieged him in Massilia (Marseilles), and re-
tached to him on account of his amiability and duced him to a surrender, and the condition of
integrity of disposition. On the abdication of a private citizen.
Diocletian and Maximian, a. d. 305, Constan- 310. Maximianus Herculeus having been
tine, in the midst of his satisfaction at seeing convicted of fresh plots, Constantine put him
his father raised from the Cicsarian to the Im- to death. The same year he proceeded with
perial dignity, still found himself placed in a the war against the Alemanni.
most precarious position, since Gal. Maximianus, 311. Gal. Maximianus dying, Licinius aud
who succeeded to Diocletian, not only opposed his Maximianus took possession of his provinces.
joining his father, but openly plotted against his Constantine, on hearing that Maxentius had
life. He therefore made his escape from Nico- caused his statues to be thrown down at Rome,
media, after disabling the public horses in order aud was preparing hostilities against him in re-
to delay pursuit, and reached his father in Bri- taliation for his father’s death, prepared for war.
tain about tbe beginning of a. n. 306 ;
and — Under these circumstances, from motives of
on the death of Constantius, which happened policy, he betrothed his sister Constantia to
shortly afterwards at York, on the 25th of July, Licinius. According to Eusebius, having seen
Constantine himself was on the same day pro- in the heavens the figure of the cross, with the
claimed Augustus by the unanimous voice of the words, “ In hoc signo victor eris,” lie openly
army. This choice, not daring openly to dis- adopted the Christian religion, and caused the
pute, Gal. Maximianus (who in consequence of sign of the cross to be displayed on the imperial
his being the successor of Diocletian, had arro- standards and shields.
gated to himself the supreme authority over 312. lie defeated the Generals of Maxentius,
the empire and even over its rulers), found him- first at Taurinus (Turin), and afterwards at Ve-
self compelled to acknowledge Constantine at rona and, in a final action at the Pons Milvius,
;

least as Caesar, though with reluctance; and near Rome, vanquished Maxentius himself, and
2 L
 — :

258 CONSTANTINUS. CONSTANTINUS.

thus put an eud to a bloody war. Immediately
after this victory, Constantine entered Rome iu
— The Vota tricennalia
(of paganism) were dis-
charged this year.
triumph. —313. Licinius defeated Maximinus a. d. 337. In his eighth consulate, and
Daza, who died shortly after at Tarsus, and Lici-
amidst preparations for a war, into which he
nius succeeded to the entire dominion of the East.
had been provoked, against Sapor the Persian,
314. A
war arose this year between Constan- Constantine fell sick and died, near Nicomedia,
tine and Licinius, on what grounds is uncertain,
in Bithynia, on the 22nd of May, in the 32nd
but probably on accouut of mutual envy and mis-
year of his reign, and the 64th of his age.
trust. After various engagements in Pannonia In estimating the character and deeds of so
au(l Thrace, a peace was concluded with such great a prince (says the judicious Ecklicl), much
a division of the empire between them, that the
caution is requisite, lest, by relying wholly on
East, Thrace, and part of Mtesia
fell to the the testimony of Christian writers, we should be
share of Licinius, while Constantine held all the led to regard Constantine less iu the light of a
rest. On the calends of March, Crispus and mortal man than of a god or by following, on
;
Constantius, the sons of Constantine the Great, the other hand, the aspersions of the enemies
and Licinius, received the title of Casar. From of the Christian faith, such as Zositnus and
a. d. 318 to a. d. 321, both inclusive, no record Julian, we should him to ourselves as a
picture
ol any important transactions appears in the man disgraced by the foulest vices. It is suffi-
annals of this reign. —
322. To this year is re- ciently evident that the former class of writers
ferred the war with the Sarmat®, of which men- were not in all instances unbiased judges of the
tion is made also on coins. quality of his life aud morals, from a fear of ad-
323. Another furious war with Licinius com- mitting the imperfections of the champion of
menced, from no other cause, apparently, than their faith. The preferable plan is to follow the
rivalry. Constantine was victorious over him, accounts of Eutropius, who steers a middle
first near Iladrianopolis, on the 3rd of July, course, giving way neither to partiality nor to
then in a naval engagement under Crispus, and hostility, and who has asserted that Constantine
lastly near Chalcedou, on the 18th of September,
displayed surpassing excellencies of mind and
Licinius having surrendered at Nicomedia, Con- body ; that he was eager iu the extreme for
stantine sent him to Thessalouica, but shortly military distinction, and fortunate iu his warlike
afterwards (as some say contrary to his pledged enterprizes that he was also devoted to the arts
;

word), ordered him to be put to death. of peace and the pursuits of literature and an
;

325. Having now got rid of all his rivals at ardent candidate for a well founded popularity,
home, subdued his foreign enemies, aud attaiued ! which he endeavoured to conciliate by his liberal
a state of sole responsibility, Constantine directed acts and atfable demeanour. Others, without
his attention to the suppression of paganism denying him these merits say that he was,
;

razed the temples, and erected in their stead nevertheless, immoderate in his ambition, which
places of Christian worship. He assisted at the brooked no rival, and embroiled him in civil
Council of Nice ; entered into a discussion with war that he paid too much attention to his
;

the Bishops on the subjects of the divinity of personal adornment ;

that he was profuse in his
our Saviour, and the proper time for the celebra- expenditure on the building aud decoration of
tion of Easter and at the same time, according
; the different cities, to meet which he was in the
to Eusebius, solemnized his Vicennalia. habit of recruiting his treasury by unjustifiable
326. Coustautiue this year went to Rome, and acts of spoliation. That prosperity had a dete-
remaining there a few months, proceeded into riorating effect upon his character, Eutropius
Pannonia, destined never again to re-visit the hesitates not to assert, comparing him iu the
“ eternal city.” He ordered his son Crispus, earlier period of his reign with the best of his
and his wife Fausta, to be put to death, as is I
predecessors, and at its close with the worst
generally thought most unadvisedly, aud much and Victor says, that had he but shewn more
|

to his discredit. The same year he commenced j

self-control in some particulars, he would, in
the building of Constantinople. the opinion of all who were woutto extol him to
a. l). 330. Constantine, with magnificent the skies, have been little less than a god.
I
By
solemnities, dedicated the city of Constantinople, taking the lives of his amiable son Crispus, and
the building of which was begun four years of his wife Fausta, though in her case at least
before. — 332. He conducted a campaign against he acted justifiably, yet it was not surprising,
the Goths, who were liarrassiug the Sarmatm that he gained a character for cruelty, or for
;

and afterwards against the Sarinatse themselves, hasty judgment, and that an unfavourable com-
whom he reduced to submission. parison was drawn between him aud M. Aurelius,
335. This year Constantine divided the who bore with the profligacy of his sou, and the
empire amongst his sons and nephews (nepotes conduct of an abandoned wife.
|
With regard to
ex fratre, says Eckbel), so as to give his eldest I
his relinquishing the religion of his ancestors,
sou, Constantine, the territory held by Con- '

and cmhraciug Christianity, as it was a step in-

stantius Chlorus ;
to Constantins, the East to tolerable to the adherents of the ancient super-
;

Constans, Dlyricum, Italy, and Africa to his ;

'

stition, so with the professors of the new faith

nephew Delmatius, whom he had this year j
it became matter of the highest encomium.
created Cicsar, Thrace, Maccdon, and Achaia ; But he lost the credit thus acquired, when in the
to his brother Ilannibnlliantis, Armenia Minor, later years of his reign, he exhibited himself in
Cappadocia, and Pontus, with the title of king. I the capacity rather of a theological disputant.
 — ————— ———————— — —— —— —

C 0 X S T A N'T I N US. CONSTANTINES. 259

than of a sovereign prince Hut Constantine exceptions, common. Brass medallions rare ;

struck a severe blow at the welfare of the empire, some very rare.
both in building a New Rome on the shores of The following are amongst the most rare and
the Propontis, and in dividing his dominions, remarkable legends aud types of reverse in each
unwarned by recent fatal examples, among his metal :

three sons and two nephews, destined thence- Gold Medallions. adventvs avg. n.—
forth to be so many exasperated rivals, bent on Emperor on horseback, and Victory.
each others destruction.— See Roc/. Nam. Vet. constantini avg. Two Victories supporting
viii. 17, et scq. a crown. felicitas peupetva. avgeat. rem.
Niebuhr makes the following just remarks on DD. NN. —
GAVDIV1I AVGVSTI. NOSTRI. Two
Constantine’s belief: —
“ The religion which he winged Genii. gloria romanorvm. Rome
had in his head must have been a strange com- seated. pietas avgvsti nostri. The emperor
pound indeed. The man who had on his coins
the inscription Sol invictus, who worshipped
between two figures. —
[The above five valued by
Mionnet at 150 francs each.]
pagan divinities, consulted haruspices, indulged salvs et spes. reipvblicae. The emperor
in a number of pagan superstitious and on the ;
seated between two military figures. (Mt. 600 fr.)
other hand, built churches, shut up pagan tem- eqvis (sic.) roman vs. (£4 12s. Thomas sale.)
ples, and interfered with the council of Nic;ca, — gloria constantini avg. (£13 Thomas
must have been a repulsive pheenomenon, and sale.) senatvs. Full length figure of Con-
was certainly not a Christian. He did not stantine (brought £38 at the Thomas sale.)
allow himself to be baptized till the last mo- — —
Silver Medallions. Rev. caesar a in
ments of his life; and those who praise him for crown. — Giu-Head of Constantine, with legend
this, do not know what they are doing. To avgvstvs. (Mionnet, 60 fr.) constantinvs
speak of him as a saint (which some oriental avg. Four military ensigns. felicitas ro-
writers do), is a profanation of the word.” manorvm. Three military figures under au
History of Rome, vol. v. arch. Marti, patri. conservatori. Mars
MINTAGES of CONSTANTINE GREAT. standing. prixciPT ivventvtis. I'igurc and
the
two ensigns. vota oubis et vubis. sen. et pr.
Constantine,
on his coins, after a. d. 305, —
Gold. adventvs avgvsti. (Mt. 120 fr.)
is styled Casar and Princeps Juventutis. fl. constantini ana dafne. (£5 1 7s. 6d. Thomas).
CL. CONSTANTIN VS NOB. CAES.
fil.
CONSTANTINVS—
avggo. Filins Augustorum, a mere titular
— consvl. dd. nn. Emperor standing in the
toga. (Mt. 90 fr.) constantinvs et crispvs.
distinction received by Constantine from Galerius
(120 fr.) consvl pp. proconsvl. Same type.
Maximianus, who refused him at first that of — debellatori gentivm barbararvm. Seve-
Augustus). —
From aud after a. d. 308, he is ral figures. GOTIIIA. — FELICIA TEMPORA. The
styled Augustus. — In a. d. 315, his coins re- four Seasons. (Mt. 100 felicitas reipvb-
fr.)
cord his fourth, and in 320, his sixth consulate.
licae. (£4 12s. 6d. Thomas, £5 Pembroke).
His full style and titles are imp. c. fl. val.
—
CONSTANTINVS. p. f. avg. The types of his
FELIX PROCESSVS COS. till. GAVUIVM ROMAN- —
ORVM. (£3 16s. Thomas). gloria exercitvs
obverses sometimes exhibit a galeated, at others
gall. (£4 Thomas). pietas avgvsti nostri.
a laurcatcd, head. Ilis monetal portraiture also
Emperor crowned by Victory. (£6 2s. 6d. Thos.)
appears as a bust, with helmet or laurel, aud
with cither the paludamentum, or a coat of
—
RESTITVTORI LIBERTATIS. SALVS REIP. DANV-
bivs. Bridge of three arches. (Mt. 100 fr.)
armour, on his shoulders and breast holding in — — soli, comiti. avg. —
vdilve victor. (Pem-
his right hand a spear, in bis left a shield. Ou broke, £3 6s.) vbiqve vicroRES. A quinarius.
other coins a sceptre surmounted by an eagle in
(£3 4s. Thomas). victoria constantini avg.
his right hand, also with a diademed head-dress,
(£7. Thomas).
enriched with jewellery, a globe with Victory
victoria avgvstorvm. Victory crowning
in his hand. On the coins struck after his the Emperor, who holds a globe in the right
death the head is veiled, and the legend divo
hand, and a spear reversed in the left ; on the
Constantino. — There are coins of this emperor, exergue SM. TS. —
On the obverse the laureated
in gold as well as silver, on which his head is
head of the Emperor, with legeud of constan-
encircled with the diadem, but without legend.
In these the countenance is looking upward, as,
tinvs. p. f. avg. —
(See cut, left-hand column).
victoria constantini avg. (£3 Is. Thomas,
according to Eusebius, it would seem, beholding
£3 5s. Pembroke). virtvs exercitvs gall.
the heavens. —
See Diadem. (£4 4s. Thomas). victoriae laetae princ.
perp. (£4, Thomas £8, Pembroke). victo-
;

RICSO SEMPER. (200 fl'.) VOTA PVBLICA.—

Silver. —
delmativs nob. caesar. (60 fr.
Mionnet.) liberator orbis. (50 fr.) vic-
—
toria DD. NN. AVGG. VIRTVS MILITVM. (£1
6s. Thomas).
Brass Medallions. — constantinvs .max.
avg. Bust of Constantine, with diadem. For
The coins of this emperor arc rare in gold and the reverse of this medallion (which brought
in silver — the medallions in both these metals £3 5s. at the Thomas sale), see gloria secvi.i
very rare. Second and third brass, with certain virtvs caess.
2 L 2
 —— — — — — — ;

260 CONSTANTIN US II. CONSTANTINUS II.

CONST ANTINOPOLIS PEL. TEMP. 11EPAKATIO. he was encountered by Constans, who had re-
debellatori cent. barbarr. Emperor on — turned from Dacia to defend his Italian domi-
horseback, charging an enemy. 06 v. Con- — nions. Constantine, proceeding iu the confi-
stantin vs max. avg. Diademed head of Con- dence of victory, but without due precaution,
stantine. —
See engraving at the head of the fell into au ambuscade, where his army was cut to
biographical summary, p. 257. pieces aud he himself being mortally wounded,
;

exvperator omnivm gentivm. Emperor fell from his horse, and w as dispatched on the
seated between two captives. (100 fr. Miounct). spot. His body was throwu into the river Alsa
in hoc. sin. (sic.J vie. Monogram of Christ. (now Ansa) but was afterwards found, and in-
— salvs et spes. reipvbeicae. Constantine
;

terred at Constantinople with imperial honours.

between his two sons. (120 fr. each, Mionnet.) Thus perished, a. d. 340, Constantinus junior,
salvs reip. danvbivs. Emperor and Vic- iu his 25th year, aud the third of his reign,
tory on a bridge. (150 fr. victoria coruicA. “ regretted,” (says Beauvais), “ for his piety,
Rome and Victory. vrbs roma. (Conlorniate). his mildness of character, and his love for his
—
Second Brass. genio pil. avgg. virtvs — subjects.” not known whether he left
It is
PERPETVA AVG. children by the two Priuccsses whom he mar-
—
Third Brass. plvra. natal, fel. recv- — ried, and whose names are not known.
—
PERATOR VRBIS SVAE. SAPIENTIAL PRINCIPIS.
MINTAGES
Owl on cippus. spes pvblica. Labarum and of CONSTANTINE the Younger.
monogram of Christ, on a serpent. virt. ex- This prince from the year 317 to 337, is on
ercit. galliae.— vota pvblica. Isis Pliaria. his coins styled Casar and Princejis Juventutis
and from 337 to 340 Augustus. His style, as
Ciesar, is dn. fl. ivl. constantinvs ivnior.
nob. or nobiliss. caesar. —
His style as Au-
gustus, is FL. CL. CONSTANTINVS PIVS FELIX
I AVG.
That to him, as Augustus, coins were struck,
even during the life time of his father appears
not to be doubted. And many of these which
CONSTANTINUS {Flavins Claudius Julius). are assigned to Constantine the Great most pro-
Constantine or junior, eldest son of Constan-
II. bably belonged to this prince, although destitute
tine the Great, and the first whom the emperor of tlic proper criterion. For this reason Eckhcl
had by his second wife, Fausta, was born at ,
(Cat. ii., p. 488), subscribes to the opinion of
Arelatum, now Arles, in France, the 14th May, Banduri, who says (t. ii. p. 333.) “ We arc
or according to some authors the 7th of August, hitherto enabled to find no other coin, which
a. D. 316. As early as the following year he wc can refer to the younger Constantine, as
was named C.esar, at Sardis, by his father and Augustus, so like are all his to those of Con-
by Liciuius, who at the same time gave him for stantinus Maguus.”
j

colleagues in that dignity, Crispns and Liciuius, Corroborative of the above observations, is
jun. —Constantine declared him consul four times the following note of Mionnet (ii. p. 244). “The
during his youth and sent him at the age of
; coins which give to Constantine the younger, the
sixteen years, on a campaign against the Goths, title of Augustus arc difficult to distinguish from
who had invaded Mtesia and Thrace, a. d. 332, those, which belong to Constautiue the Great.
In this war he greatly distinguished himself, They are therefore generally classed umongst
defeating King Alaric, w ho, in the action, and in those of the latter. We must, however, except
the retreat, according to contemporary writers, from arrangement, those coius on which wc
this
|

lost nearly a hundred thousand of his barbaric read the name of Claudius. These coins arc to
host. In 335, the government of Gaul, Britain, be assigned to the son, because the name of
,

and Spain was entrusted to him. And, in con- Claudius is not found on any genuine coin of
I

formity to the division of the Empire so fatally the father’s mint, whilst wc find it on indubit-
made by his father, be received after that em- able coins of the son.”
peror’s death, the same provinces of which he The coins of this emperor are of high rarity
had had the administration under Constantine, in gold medallions especially.
;
Silver medal-
and also a part of Africa. In 337, this young lions arc even more rare. Of pure silver scarcely
prince was acknowledged Augustus by both any are to be fouud. Potin and billon arc rare.
Senate and Army. The death of Dclmatius and Brass medallions very rare, aud some few ex-
of Hanuiballianus caused a uew division of ter- ceedingly so. Third brass very commou.
ritories between Constantine junior and his The following arc among the most remarkable
brothers but impelled by a restless spirit, and
;

besides being dissatisfied with the territorial

treaty he had made, he demanded of Conslans
reverses :

Gold Medallions. —
felicitas perpetva.
Emperor seated between two military figures.
to be put in possession of the African provinces. salvs f.t spes. (Valued by Mionnet at 500
— Constans, who reigned in Italy, refused. And francs each.)
the eldest sou of Constantine declared war against j
PRINCIPI ivvent. Emperor standing, with
his own brother. With a large military
aud naval labarum. (200 fr.) virtvs CONSTANTINI cars.
force, he invaded Italy, and his army ndvnuccd (100 fr.)
a- far ns the city of Aquileiu. There, however, Gold. — claritas reipvblicae. — coxstan-
 — —— — — — — .

CONSTANTINUS TYRANNUS. CONSTANTINUS TYRANNUS. 2G1

TIN VS CAESAR, OT 1VN. HOB. CAES. —

FELIX PRO- great importance in the history of Britain (as is

CESSVS. COS. II. —GAVD1VM ROM. SAHMATIA. justly observed by a writer in Dr. Smith’s Dic-
—
VICTORIA CAESAR. NN. VICTORIA CONST AHTINI tionary of Roman Biography, i. 331), since, in
caes. — (The above six valued by Miounet from consequence of it, and the rebellion of the inha-
—
100 to 150 fr.) P1UNCIPI ivvextvtis. Empe- bitants against the officers of Constantine, the
ror standing, with labarum, &c. Obv. ivnior — Emperor Honorius gave up all hopes of restor-
in the legend. (£4 Is. Thomas). ing his authority over that country, and re-
—
Brass Medallions. moneta vrbis ves- cognized its independence of Rome a circum- —
— —
TRAE. SACRA MONETA VRBIS. VICTORIA AVG. stance that led to the conquest of Britain by
—
Emperor in a galley. victoria beatissimo- the Saxons.”
RVM CAESS. On a gold coin published by Banduri, the
Third Brass. —
felicitas romanorvm. only one which gives the prenomina of this
Constantine between his two sous. —
virt. exerc. usurper, he is styled fl. cl. constantinvs avg.
The Sun standing on the plan of a camp. On others the legend round the head is n. N.
vota vicennalior (sic.) Emperor holding in CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG.
“ The coins of this Constantine (says Mion-
his hand a human head.
net, 354) , have often been confounded with
ii.

those of Constantine the Great, or with those

of Constantine junior. It is, however, easy to
distinguish them.”
“ It is now agreed (says Akerman, ii. 349),
that those coins which, with the name of Con-
stantinus, bear avggg. or avgggg. belong to
this usurper, as legends of this description were
not used so early as the reigns of the two pre-
ceding emperors of the same name. Those,
CONSTANTINUS (Flavins Claudius), therefore, which are assigued by Beger to Con-
usurper during the reigu of Honorius (com- stantinus the younger, and others given by Ban-
monly called Constantine III.) A soldier from duri to Constantinus Magnus, are restored to
the ranks, he was proclaimed Augustus by the Constantinus III. Those also which are similar
legions in Britain, a. d. 407. This man, who to the denarius with victoria avgggg. although
owed his elevation to the venerated name which differing from it in the legend of the obverse,
he bore, rather than to his talents, passed over and having on the reverse the same type of the
into Gaul, at the head of the troops who had female sedent figure, are appropriated to this
elected him, and caused himself to be acknow- usurper, as they resemble in fabric the coins of
ledged as Emperor from Boulogne to the Alps. Constans II. his son. Eckhel is of this opinion.”
On his march through the country, which for The following are reverses of the coins as-
the most part had beeu left undefended, he was cribed to the usurper called Constantine the
defeated by Sarus, general of Honorius, who Third :

besieged him in Vienne (Dauphine) but assisted

; —
victoria aaavggg. The Emperor standing,
by Geroutius, an able commander but a treacher- clothed in the paludamenluin, holds the laba-
ous ally, he compelled Sarus to fall back beyond rum in his right hand, and a globe surmounted
the Alps. Constantine then established his re- by a victory in his left. On the ground is a
sidence at Arles (Arelatum) and sent into
; prostrated captive, whom he treads under foot.
Spain his son Constans, who soon established his In the exergue comob. Obv. d. n. constan- —
which he was recom-
father’s authority there, for tinvs p. f. avg. Diademed bust of Constanti-
pensed with the title of Augustus. Master of nus Tyrannus. —
Engraved above from a gold coin
Spain, of a large portion of Gaul, and of Bri- victoria avgg. Same type. In the exergue
tain, Constantine forced Honorius to send him troas or trobs. In gold.
the purple, and to acknowledge him as emperor, victoria avgggg. Same type. In gold.
on condition that he should assist in defending victoria aaavggg. or aaavgggg. A gale-
the empire against the Goths. A short time ated female seated, bearing on the right hand a
afterwards Geroutius, his own general, revolted small victory in her ;
left she holds the Aasla
agaiust him in Spain, drove his sou Constans pura. In silver.
out of that country, and caused him to be as- [Mionnct values the gold at 30 francs and the
sassinated in Gaul. The next step of Gcrontius silver at 6 francs each].
was to besiege Constantine in Arles. But Con- Third Brass. Obv. — d. n. constantinvs
the general of Honorius, compelled
stantius, p. f.avg. Diademed head of the Emperor.
Gcrontius to raise the siege, and took the place Rev. —
victoria avggg. Same type as on the
himself. Constantinus became a priest, in the gold and silver. See preceding cut.
hope of saving his life. This, however, did not [The coins struck by Constaus, sou of the
deter Constantius from sending him and his !
above (commonly called Coustans II.) are somc-
second son Julianus to Honorius, who, contrary times confounded with those of Constans, the
to the promise which had been made on their
|

!
son of Constantine the Great. — Sec p. 255.]
surrender, caused them both to be decapitated, CONSTANTINUS. There were fourteen
near Ravenna. I princes of thisname, from Constantine the
“ The revolt of Constantinus [Tvrannus] is of Great, a. d. 323, to Constantinus Palmologus,
 — ; —;

262 CONSTANTIUS I. CONSTANTIUS 1.

the able and heroic defender of Constantinople of the Emperors, so called, belong to wbat is
against its Turkish besiegers, by whom, in the called the Byzantine series, with Greek legends.
general assault on that unfortunate city, he was They consequently do not come within the notice
slain, a. D. 1453. With the exception of the of this dictionary, which is confined to such
three first Constantines already noticed, the coins ancient coins as hear Latin legends.

CONSTA NTIUS I. (^Flavius Vaterianus), cognised as Auyusti, and reigned as co- empe-
snrnamed Chlorus, from the alleged paleness of rors with Maximinus Daza and FI. Severus.
his countenance — the father of
Constantine the Another partition of the empire was then made
Great — was son of Eutropius, a Dardanian noble- between the four princes. G'oustantius remained
man, and of Claudia, niece of Claudius Gothicus, in his old dominions of Gaul and Britain, where
horn in Upper Micsia, about a.d.282. Little he governed with the title of senior Augustus
enough addicted to literary pursuits, but de- during the space of fifteen months, at the ex-
cidedly inclined for a military life, he entered piration of which (July 25th, 30C), he died at
early into the service of the pretorian guards, Eboracum, now York, aged 56. This event
and attained to the rank of tribune in that corps. took place, just as he was returned from a suc-
He distinguished himself under Aurelianus and cessful expedition against the Piets in Caledonia, i

Probus, against the Sarmatians and Germans. in which he was accompanied by his son Con-
In 232, lie was appointed governor of Dalmatia, stantine. His remains were interred at York
"under Cams, who held him in such high esteem, and his memory continued long to be held in
as to have intended to appoint G'oustantius as veneration by the Romans; who placed him by
his successor, instead of his own unworthy son consecration in the rank of the gods.
Carinus. But the death of Carus, unhappily This prince was worthy of being compared
for the empire, prevented this design from being with the best sovereigns that ever held the im-
carried into execution. —
In 292, he was adopted, perial sceptre. It had been well for the Roman
and declared Cicsar, by Maximian Hercules world had he been permitted to govern it alone.
Diocletian at the same time proclaiming Galc- In person well made, of a majestic demeanor,
rius Maximian as the first of the two. Both and great benignity of countenance calmness ;
Cicsars received their appointment at Nicomcdia. of temper, mildness of disposition, modesty
— In the apportionment of the empire between and temperance, are described to have been
the four princes, Constantins had assigned to amongst most distinguishing characteristics.
his
him the government of Gaul, Spain, and Bri- Humane, benevolent, true to his word of pro-
tain. This island had been taken possession of mise, just and equitable in his dealings, he en-
by Carausius, who soon rendered himself inde- tertained for his subjects a tenderness of regard,
pendent of Diocletian and Maximian. Allectus, which made him always studious to promote
having murdered, succeeded, Carausius, 293.
in Although he never openly pro-
their happiness.
But Constantins resolved that this usurpation fessed Christianity, lie exhibited not only "toler-
should not much longer continue. After the ance, but a pious sympathy towards the per-
re-establishment of tranquillity in Gaul, this secuted members of that religion. Convinced
energetic prince brought Britain into subjection, of their fidelity, he afforded them an asylum in
and re-united it to the empire. (See carausius his own palace, entrusted them with important
and ai.lkctus). —
In 298, he returned to Gaul, affairs, and confided the safety of his person to
which the Alemanni had invaded, and into their guardianship.
which they had advanced as far as Uingoncs, in Constantius was twice married. His first wife
Lugduncnsis Prima, now Langrcs. There, after was Helena, whom lie repudiated at the require-
a great battle, in which the Homans were on the ment of Maximian Hercules, whose daughter
point of being utterly defeated, Constantins re- Theodora became his second wife. By the for-
stored the fortune of the day, and the barbarians mer he had Constantine; by the second he had
were slaughtered by tens of thousands, lie was six children.
not less successful against the Helvetians, whom
he is said not only to have driven out of Gaul, MINTAGES OF CONSTANTIUS I.

but, following up, to have vanquished them in On coins of Constantius Chlorus, published
the heart of their country. by Banduri, with the inscription of nob. c. or
On the 1st of May, 305, Diocletian and Nobi/issimi Otaris, bis head is for the most
Maximian Hercules haviug abdicated, Constau- part seen adorned with a crown of laurel, except
tius Chlorus and Galerius Maximianus were re- two coins in which the radiated crown appears.
 ; —— — — —
; ; ——

CON STANTIUS I. CONSTANTIUS II. 263

A similar crown of laurel is usually found on whom emperor had by his second wife
that
some coins of Constantinus Magnus, and like- Fausta, was born at Sirminm, capital of Pan-
wise of his sons, Crispus, Constantine, and Con- nonia (now Sirmich, in Sclavonia, between the
stantins, whilst as yet they were only Csesars. Drave and the Suave), on the 7th or 13th
The coinsof the emperor are common in
brass they are rare in silver but in gold most
rare. He is styled Ctesar, and Princeps Juven-
tiitis , from a. d. 292, as far as 305. And in
the same year 305, and following, 306, he is
designated Augustus when the numismatic
titles run —
imp. c. fl. val. constantivs p. f.
AVO. — DIVVS CONSTANTIVS PIVS PRINCEPS.
DIVVS CONSTANTIVS. ADFINIS. or COGN. (or
COGnatmjJ, perhaps of Maxentius. (see p. 5.) of August, a. d. 317. He was declared
The subjoined are amongst the rarest reverses : Ctesar, and Princeps Juventutis on the 8th
—
Silver Medallions. genio popvli. ro- of November, 323 ; and being created Con-
mani. (Mt. 40 fr.) —
moneta avgg. (20 fr.) sul in 326, he was entrusted by his father,
—
Gold. comes avg. Female with helmet at the age of 15 years, with the adminis-
and armed. (Unpublished type, brought £5 7s. tration of affairs in Gaul. In the "partition
6d. at the Thomas sale). which that emperor made of his dominion 335,
COMITATVS AVG. — CONCORDIA AVGG. ET Asia, Syria, and Egypt were assigned to Con-
caess. (£4 13s. Thomas). stantins. At the death of his celebrated father in
—
consec ratio. Funeral pile. (Valued at 200 337, he immediately quitted the eastern pro-
fr. by Miounet). vinces of which he was holding the government,
—
CONSVL CAES. CONSVL V. P. P. PROCOS. and hastening to Constantinople, was there ac-
hercvli. cons. caes. Hercules. Engraved in knowledged as Augustus, at the same time with
Akerman, ii. pi. 11, No. 3. (£5 5s. Thomas). his brothers (Constantine jail, and Constans).
iovi fvlgeratori. —
virtvs avg. Hercules. — In the arrangements afterwards made, he kept
VIRTVS hercvli. caesaris. Emperor on horse- the East for himself. The army had already
back. —
(The above six valued by Mionnet at proclaimed their determination, that none should
150 francs each). reign but the sons of Constantine thus ex-
;

MARTI, propvgnatori. Mars combatting. cluding Delmatius and Ilanniballianus from the
(200 fr. Mionnet). vict. constant, avg. sovereignty of those provinces w'hich their uncle
(£4 4s. Pembroke sale). had assigned to them. So far from evincing auy
Silver. —
fe. advent, avg. n. n. displeasure at this instance of military dictation,
victoria sarmat. Four soldiers. (80 fr.) it was he who, according to general belief, in-
provi dentiae avgg. Four figures sacri- stigated the soldiers to massacre the male de-
ficing before a pretorian camp. Obv. con- — scendants of his grand-father Constantius Chlo-
stantivs caes. Laureated head of Constau- rus, with the exception only of Gallus and
tius. —
Sec engraving, p. 191. Juliauus. After implicating himself in this
Brass Medallions. Rev. memoria divi — atrocious act of perfidy and bloodshed, Con-
constant!. Round temple. Obv. divo con- — stautius met his brothers at Sirmiutn, in 337, for
stants avg. Veiled head of the emperor. the purpose of dividiug the empire anew and
SACRA MONETA AVGG. ET CAESS. NOSTR. SAL- — three youths of twenty-one, twenty, and seven-
;

VIS AVGG. ET CAESS. AVCT. KART. VICTORIA teen years of age, partitioned out between them-
beatissimorvm caess. (The above four valued selves the government of the Roman world.
by Mionnet at 50 fr. each). But scarcely had Constantius taken possession of
Obv. —
constantivs nobil. c. Head of Con- his share of the spoil (which share comprised
stantius. Rev. —
maximianvs nob. c. Head Thrace, Macedonia, Greece, the Asiatic pro-
ot Gal. Maximianus. —
(200 fr. Mionnet). vinces, and Egypt), when he found himself
—
Second Brass. adlocvtio avg. n. Allo- engaged in a war with Sapor the Second, King
cution type. —
aeterna memoria. Round tem- of Persia, a war chiefly waged in Mesopotamia
ple. —CONSTANTIVS ET MAXIMIANVS. Heads of and the Syrian frontier, and which, with brief
Constantius Chlorus and Gal. Maximian. intervals, continued during the whole of this
memoria felix. A lighted altar, between prince’s reign. He was accustomed to pass the
two eagles, with wings expanded. In the ex- winters at Antioch, and to employ the'summers
ergue p. tr. On the obverse is the veiled head in ravaging the Persian territories. In these
of Constantius Chlorus, with this legend— divo campaigns Constantius fought the enemy, some-
CONSTANTS PIO. times with glory, but frequently with dishonour.
[A specimen of this not rare but interesting Amongst the many battles which turned to his
coin has beenengraved from a well-preserved disadvantage, was that of Siogara, in 343, when
coin, and appears at the head of the foregoing he commanded in person; and, after having been
biographical summary, p. 262]. victorious during the day, he was defeated in the
—
Third Brass. praesidia reipvblic. re- — succeeding night, with immense loss to his army.
QVIES OPTIMORVM ME1UTORVM. VBIQVE VIC. — In 350, having left Persia to oppose Mag-
CONSTANTIUS II. (Flavius Julius), third nentius, who, after causing Constans to be mur-
son of Constantine the Great, and the second dered, had succeeded in his attempt to become
 — —— — — ——
—

264 CONSTANTIUS II. CONSTANTIUS GALLUS.

master of the western empire, Constantins was CONSTANTIVS. — As Augustus, it is IMP.
for some time under the necessity of tolerating Yhavius I VL'«.? CONSTANTIVS MAXimwj
a colleagueship with Vetranio, who commanded AVGustus. Also D. N. FL. CONSTANTIVS
the Illyrian legions, and who, like Magncntius, P. F. PERIWkhj AVGustus.
had assumed the purple, and the title of Au- —
Gold Medallions. constantinvs victor
gustus. Constautius at length, however, having semper avg. Emperor in triumphal car.
compelled Vetranio to renounce his imperial (Valued by Mionnet at 600 francs.)
rank aud government, proceeded, a. d. 351, in gavdivm romanorvm. Constantine between
search of Magneutius, whom he defeated at Constantine jun. and Constans. (Mionnet, 600 fr.)
Mursa, now Essek, a town on the hanks of the gavdivm romanorvm. Four figures. (En-
Drave, in —
Hungary. Magneutius fled iuto graved in Steinbiichcl, No. 4. Valued by
Gaul, and being again routed in two consecu- Mionnet at 2000 francs.]
tive engagements by the armies of the emperor, Same legend . — Female seated. (Mionnet, 600
this usurper put an end to his own life at Lyon, francs). Engraved iu Stcinbiiehel, l. c. No. 5.
a. D. 353 his brother Dccentius following his
;
gloria romanorvm. Unique medallion.
tragical example. Constantius thus became Engraved in Akerman, vol. ii. pi. G. No. 2.
master of the whole west. Meanwhile he had Brought £17 10s. at the Thomas sale. Lot 3006.
given the title of Csesar to his cousin Gallus ; OB. VICTORIAM TRIVMPH ALEM. (Mt. 100 fr.)
but the crimes to which that young prince aban- principi iwentvtis. Unique medallion.
doned himself, were such that, by the emperor’s Engraved in Akerman, vol. ii. pi. G. No. 1.
order, he was beheaded, after a reign of about Brought £14 14s at the Thomas sale. Lot 3007.
four years. (See constantius gallus.) On — SAL VS ET SPF.S REirVBLICAE. (Mt. 600 fr.)
the sixth of November, 355, Constantius con- SECVRITAS PERPETVAE (sic). 200 fr. —
ferred the title of Caesar on Julian, the brother virtvs constanti avg. Unique medallion.
of Gallus, to whom he gave his sister Helena in Engraved in Akerman, vol. ii. p. F. No. 5.
r marriage, investing him, at the same time, with Brought £1 1 at the Thomas sale. Lot 3008.
the government of the Gauls, Spain, aud Britain. Silver Medallions. gavdivm popvi.i
Having obtained peace for the empire, Con- —
ROMANI. (Mt. 100 fr.) TRIVMFATOR GF.NTIVM
stantius made preparations to visit Rome, which BARB ARARVM. (Mt. 100 fr.) VIRTVS F.XER- —
he had not yet seen. lie made his entry there CITVS. (Mt. 50 fr.)— VIRTVS D. N. AVG. (£1,
on the 28th of April, 357, in the habiliments Thomas.) gloria reipvblicae. (Pembroke,
of a Triumpher, although no captives followed £1 15s.) victoria avg. nostri. (Valued by
his chariot, and he was surrounded by none but Mionnet at 50 fr.)
his courtiers and a detachment of his troops. Gold. pelicitas perpf.tva. gavdivm
Astonished and enraptured at the magnificence —
POPVLI ROMANI. SECVRITAS REIPVBLICAE.
of the city, he ordered the great obelisk, which VICTORIA CONSTANTI. -VIRTVS F.XERCITVS GALL.
his father had caused to be brought from Helio- — (rhe foregoing five valued by Mionnet at 30
polis, in Egypt, and which was remaining at francs each).
Alexandria, to be transported to Rome, where principi iwentvtis. —
(Pembroke, £1 8s.)
it was erected in the Circus Maximus. Re- —
Silver. constantivs avg. gloria rei- —
turned to Mesopotamia, in 359, to meet the in- pvblicae. Two women seated. pax avgvs-
viyliug armies of Sapor, lie received the tidings —
torvm. (Valued by Mionnet at 20 fr. each).
that Julian had been proclaimed Emperor of the —
Brass Medallions. debellatori gentt.
West. This event induced Constantius to re- bariiarr. (Mionnet, 20 fr.) pel. temp, re-—
trace his steps and in 360, having rc-asscm-
: paratio. (24 fr.) la itomo. —(50 fr.) sa-
bled nearly all the legions of the East, he 1UNAE. (50 fr.) VIRTVS AVG. NOSTRI. (24 fr.)
marched with them to eneouuter his relation and —
Second Brass. hoc signo victor eris.
rival. But agitation and excitement, added to Emperor with labarum, charged with the mono-
the fatigue of the expedition, threw him into a gram of Christ. moneta avg. The 3 Monctic.
fever. He halted at Mopsocrene, a small town
situated at the foot of Mount Taurus and after ;

having declared Julian his successor and sole

master of the empire, he died on the third of
November, a. i>. 361, in the 25th year of his
reign, and 45th of his age. —
Julian caused his
remains to be conveyed to Constantinople; re-
ceived the body at the gates of that city, amidst
his soldiers under arms and interred it in the
;

tomb of Constantine the Great. CONSTANTIUS GALLUS.— It is after this

appellation that one of the nephews of Constan-
MINTAGES OF CONSTANTIUS II.
tius II., aud the eldest brother of Julianus,
Many of his gold and silver medallions are afterwards emperor, is commonly called by his-
of the highest rarity gold of the usual size torians, although on coins he is named simply
—
;

common silver of usual size rare brass medal-

; ; Constantius. Gallus, born a.d. 325, was the
lions rare second and third brass very com- son of Julius Constautius, youngest son of Con-
—The
;

mon. style of this emperor, on the ob- stantins Chlorus, and of Galla. At the age of
verses of his coins, as Cicsar, is Dam inns N osier 12 years, he was, with Julian, spared from the
 — ( — —— ——

CONSTANTIUS GALLUS. CONSTANTIUS III. 2G5

sweeping massacre which their ambitious uncle there underwent a sort of trial for the crimes he
Coustautius perfidiously connived at, and which had committed, and was couvicted of them all.
deprived their father of life. In 351, that His judges, after receiving orders from Constan-
very kinsman created him Caesar; associated tius, condemned him to death and having been;

him in theimperial government and caused

;
conducted to the place of execution, with his
him to add to his own the name of Con- hauds tied behind him, like a culprit of the
stantius. Having also given him for wife his lowest class, he was beheaded, at the close of
sister Constantins, the widow of llannibal- the year 354, when he was in his second con-
lianus, the artful emperor assigned to Gallus sulate. He was then only 29 years old, and had
the defence of the eastern provinces against reigned, as Cresar, but three years and eight
the Persians, and sent him to reside at An- months. —Most of those who had participated
tioch. The young prince was gifted with in his crimes were doomed by Constantius to
a well formed person, and a prepossessing share the same fate with him.
countenance : he had also an imposing air of
grandeur in his deportment. His brother Julian
MINTAGES of CONSTANTIUS GALLUS.
and himself had passed their youth together, in a On which are all very rare, in each
his coins,
kind of exile, and their education had been con- metal, except second and third brass, he is styled
fined to the study of ecclesiastical literature, and —
CONSTANTIVS CAES. FI.. IVL. CONSTANT! VS NOB.
to the practices of ascetic piety. This course of CAES. DN. CONSTANTIVS NOB. CAES. DN.
instruction had attached Gallus to the Christian CONSTANTIVS IVN. NOB. C.
Church, but it had not taught him to repress Gold Medallions. gloria romanorvm. —
his passions, which were of such a haughty, in- Two types. (Valued by Miounct at 200 fr. each.)
solent, and savage description, as to render him Silver Medallions. felicitas romano- —
an object of dread and hatred during the whole rvm. GLORIA EXERCITVS. VIRTVS EXER-
period of his residence in Syria. It was there citvs. —200 francs each.)
that lie showed himself in the undisguised vio- —
Gold. felicitas romanorvm. (100 fr.)
lence and brutality of his natural character. He GLORIA REIPVBLICAE. (80 fr.) VICTORIA
perpetrated, both out of his own vicious dispo- AVGVSTORVM. (50 fr.)
sition, and at the instigation of his wife who —
Silver. principia iwentvtis. TheCtesar
was not less guilty than himself, acts of the stands between two military ensigns, to one of
most flagrant injustice, and of the most revolt- which he extends his left hand, whilst he holds
ing cruelty. At once the spy upon, and the a sceptre or baton in his right. Obv fl. ivl. .

accuser of, his subjects, he caused all, of whose constantivs nob. caes. Diademed head of
wealth he was covetous, to be put to death with- Gallus. —Engraved in preceding page, from a
out any form of legal procedure. The death of finely preserved silver specimen in the British
Thcophilus, governor of Syria, whom he aban- Museum.
doned to the merciless fury of an Antiochian Brass Medallions. gloria romanorvm. —
populace; and the atrocious barbarity with which — —
VRBS ROMA. VICTORIA AVGVSTORVM (Mion-
he delivered numerous other personages of dis- nct, 40 fr. each ). —
viiitvs avg. virtvs av- —
tinguished rank, into the hands of the public gystorvm. (48 fr. each).
executioner, roused a general spirit of resistance
to his tyranny and he was denounced to the
;

emperor. —Constantins II. sent Domitianus pre-

torian prefect of the East, and Montius questor
of the palace, to his residence at Antioch, for the
purpose of inquiring into his conduct. Justly
charged with mal-administration, disobedience,
and cruelty, in his government of the East, lie
enormously increased his guilt by putting the —
Third Brass. FELur TEMPoma REPA-
above-named imperial commissioners to death. UATIO. Military figure pierces with his spear
It appears that these servants of Constantius, a prostrate horse and its rider. Obv d. n. .

instead of ensnaring him with gentle persuasions, constantivs nob. caes. Diademed head of
in conformity with their instructions, had the Constantius Gallus ;
as is seen in the above
imprudence to adopt towards Gallus the language engraving.
of menace and defiance; and the consequence CONSTANTIUS III. surnamed Patricius,
was, they were torn to pieces by an infuriated was born at Naissus, in Illyria his family ;

multitude, whom Gallus had excited to destroy unknown. He was the husband of the sister of
them. The emperor fearing that, after this, his Ilonorius, and a. d. 411 was appointed by that
nephew woidd, in desperation, be led to add emperor to be the general of his armies. In
open rebellion to his other offences, had recourse 421, he was declared Augustus, and associated
to new promises, with the view of drawing him in the government of the western empire. He
away from Antioch fully resolved to punish him
;
died the same year at Ravenna, having borne
afterwards. Accordingly he wrote to him let- the title of Augustus only seven months. The
ters full of professed affection, deceived by which coins of this last of the name stand in the highest
Gallus set out to meet his uncle at Milan. degree of rarity. On these he is styled d. n.
At Petovio (Pettau) in Panuonia, however, he constantivs p. f. avg. — The reverses are as
was arrested, and sent to Pola, in Istria. Gallus follow, viz. :

2 M
 — ; — )

2CC CONSULATES. CONSULATUS.

Gold. — victoria avgg.
The emperor hold- the elucidation of the medallic science. But so
ing the labarum. (Valued by Miounct at 400 far as the office of Consul, exercised under the
fr.) victoria avgvstorvm. Victory march- Ciesars and Emperors, is referred to in monetal
ing. A quinarius. (300 fr.) legends and types, the following analysis of

Silver. —
victoria romanorvm. — votis v.
Eckhcl’s learned dissertation on the subject will

mvltis. —(100 fr. each.)

be found replete with useful information, and
can hardly prove otherwise than acceptable to
CONSULATUS, the consulate or olHee of the numismatic studeut.
CONSUL. This, the highest of the Roman ma- Since, from the time of Julius Cresar, to the
gistracies conferred, as is well known, upon him lower empire, the practice prevailed of princes
who held it, the possession of sovereign autho- insenbing on their coins their own consulates,
rity during his term of office, which was for aud the repetitions of them, an acquaintance
only one year. The consulate was established with the Caesarian consulates is unquestionably
immediately after the abolition of royalty, in the of the greatest importance to a right under-
year of Rome 244 (b. c. 510), at the first form- standing of the chronological history of the em-
ation of the republic. It was then that the perors and their times. After having, in op-
people, instead of any longer submitting to the position to the published opinions of certain
rule of a king, began to confide their government learned authors, expressed his own firm convic-
to two persons, whom they called Consuls, tion, that iu the assumption of the consulate,
Pitiscus says, a consulendo, from the act of con- the emperors observed no fixed rules, but, as iu
sulting, because they gave their care and their most other matters, followed their owu inclina-
counsel to their country. —
J. W. D. in Smith’s tion, — Eckhel proceeds to explain the condi-
Dictionary, on the other hand says, “ Without tions of the office in question, as established
doubt the name consu/es means nothing more from the time of Julius Cicsar, and continuing
than simply colleagues?’ As these annually in force through subsequent reigns, up to the
elected magistrates were substituted in the place period of its abolition, arranging under separate
of a monarch, so were they invested with all the heads, the various branches of the subject, as
prerogatives and powers of royalty, together with follows :

all the exterior marks of regal dignity. The I. —Consules Continue — on the list
First
consuls, so long as they remained in Rome, had appear the continued consulates, which were
under their controul every thing that related to cither conferred upon princes or assumed by
public affairs. The other magistrates, with the them. —It had been provided by a decree of the
exception of the tribunes, came under their people (plebiscite that no one should be re-
cognizance. The consulate, however, even at elected consul till after an iuterval of tcu years.
au early period of the republic, began to descend But, at the close of the republic, when the laws
from its high estate, when tribunes of the people uo longer ruled, but were over-ruled, the au-
were established with the right of opposing all cient statute was infringed. The seven consu-
the acts of the consuls. The only remedy in lates of Marius are well known and soon after,
;

pressing times for the evils arising out of a L. Sulla suffered only eight years to elapse be-
factious exercise of the tribunitian veto, was one fore he was chosen consul for the second time,
as dangerous as the disease to the state itself, aud also at the same moment dictator aud his ;

viz., the dictatorship, So great, however, was example was followed by Julius Cicsar, who
the jcgal weight of the consulate —
so prominent “ received a renewed (continuum) consulate and
a place did its occupiers rctaiu in the veneration a perpetual dictatorship and the fart of this
and attachment of the people ; and such were renewal of office is continued also by his coins.
the external attributes of supreme grandeur with When Artaxata was taken by Corbulo, in the
which the persons of the consuls themselves year of Rome 811 (b. c. 58), the Senate de-
were gifted and surrounded, that the office never creed to Nero a continuous (or renewed) consu-
lost its political importance, nor its popular late. But the Fasti and coins prove that he did
influence, so long as the republic lasted. Nor not accept the honour. Yitcllius nominated
did this magistracy cease when the government himself a perpetual consul, but his intentions
fell into the hands of a single individual. The were frustrated. In the case of some of the
two consuls contiuucd to be annually named Augusti the assumed consulates differed little
,

the consular fasti verified, as before, the chrono- from the continuous. Vespasian, during a reign
logical series of all the years aud these offices
;
of ten years, renewed the consulate eight times;
were solicited, from the favour of the prince, as and Titus also was much inclined for this dis-
they had before been asked at the suffrages of tinction still more Domitiau, whose consulates
;

the citizens. The emperors distinguished their numbered seventeen. To these may be added
favourites and their relations with this title, Elagabidus. All preceding emperors were sur-
already become purely of an honorary kind, and passed by Theodosius II. on whose Fasti (and
they likewise frequently took it for themselves. perhaps his coins also), there appear eighteen
To describe at large the origin, the dignity, consulates.
and changes of the Roman cousidatc, docs not II. — Consuls appointed by the Empe-
come within the plan of this compilation. Such rors. —That, under the imperial government,
particulars are fully understood by those who the power of appointing consuls rested with the
are conversant with the history of Rome iu her reigning princes, is shewn by the entire history
free state, whilst they contribute but little to of the augustal age uor can the fact be called
;
 — ; ) —

CONSULATUS. CONSULATUS. 267

in question,considering the unlimited authority or had not despised the office after their becom-
of the emperors. The Augusli, indeed, took ing emperors, this circumstauce must be at-
upon themselves the office of consul, though tended to, in order to reconcile apparent con-
they at all times combined the consular with the tradictions, which may sometimes present them-
imperial authority ;
either to throw in the teeth selves on a comparison of the consulates with
of the disaffected a certain resemblance to the the tribunitian powers.
old commonwealth, following, as Appian sup-
poses, the example of Sulla or to render still
;

more famous, by their consulate, a year in which

some extraordinary festival was to occur; or
from vanity, or from the desire of outvying
others, which Ausonius cleverly attacks in the
case of Domitian or from some other motive.
;

For, from the circumstance that there was not

one even of the most rational and moderate
amongst them, who did not several times renew
to himself that distinction, it may be inferred
that the consulship was a post most gratifying
to the emperors.
III. Consules suffecti. —This term (from Consules ordinarii. —
Those who entered upon
was used
sufficio to put in the place of another) office on the calends of January, were called
to denote substituted or added consuls. They ordinarii and it was they who gave a name to
were unknown in Free Rome, except in the case the year, and consequently enjoyed a higher
of one of them dying, during his year of office, authority than the suffecti consules, who were
when it became necessary that some person scarcely known beyond the bounds of Rome and
should be deputed to fill his place for the re- Italy,and were therefore styled consules minores.
mainder of the period. Julius Caisar set the Consuls by substitution, when they afterwards
first example of a consul suffectus. In the year— obtained the regular ( ordinarium consulship,
709 (n. c. 45), according to Dion, “He entered were in the habit of reckoning the substituted
upon the consulate immediately, and before his one. Octavianus was chosen in the place of the
arrival in Rome, lie did not, however, retain consulswho fell in battle, a. u. c. 711 (n. c.
it for a whole year, but after his return to Rome, 43) and when in the year 721 (b. c. 33), he
;

he resigned the office, and conferred it upon Q. again became consul, he was on all records
F'abius and C. Trebouius. And as Fabius ex- styled consul iterum. Caligula being consul
pired on the last day of his consulship, he suffectus from the calends of July, 790 (a. d.
(Ciesar) deputed to it C. Caniuius for the few 37), proceeded consul iterum (consul for the
remaining hours.” second time), on the calends of January, 792.
Cicero, in recording this same fact, wittily
— — Domitian numbered five suffecti consulatus,
adds “ So, you must know, that during the which he had passed before his accession.
whole consulship of Caninius not a soul dined. Many other instances are recorded in the annals
Nevertheless, whilst he was consul, no mischief of his reign. “ Nevertheless (adds Eckhel), in
took place. For so marvellous was his vigilance, the mintage of Domitian, under date of 832
that he slept not once all the time he was con- (a. 79), there is a coin on
i). which no mention
sul.” After the precedent thus established, it is made of his five consulates by substitution.”
rarely happened that the individuals who entered IV. — —
Consules Designati’. Consuls elect
upon office on the calends of January, retained (from designare), a term used to distiuguish
it for the whole year as the emperors, in return
;
those who were appointed to fill that and other
for services performed, used to invite others to public offices. Magistrates were first designati,
a participation in this honour. And there and some mouths after that formality, they "
en-
was a time, when this licence was carried beyond tered upon the exercise of their authority.
all bounds as Clcandcr, who from the position
;
During the times of the common-wealth, con-
of a slave, had risen to be the all powerful suls were not considered as elect, except in rela-
chamberlain of Commodus, is related to have ap- tion to the year immediately following. Rut even
pointed twenty-five consuls in one year. There that custom began very early to be disregarded.
arc also instances of emperors, but those only of In the year 715 (b. c. 39), during the sove-
a weak capacity, who deposed the legitimate reignty of the Triumvirs Rei Publica Consti-
and thrust themselves into their places.
consuls, tuenda, consuls were styled elect for eight years,
And in this manner Caligula and Elagabalus of which a. u. c. 720 and 723 were assigned to
held their first consulates by substitution, Mark Antony. He is called, therefore, on his
(suffcctum consulatum), and Nero his last, as coins, simply cos. from the year 710, when he
their respective eoius attest. was first made consul, till the year 715 above
The names of these substituted consuls were mentioned. And from that date to 720 (b. c.
written on the consular Fasti, but the year was 34), cos. desig. iter. et. tert. From 720
reckoned by the name of the Consules ordinarii to 723, cos. desig. hi. From 723, when he
(sec next column). Now, as many princes, before actually entered upon his third consulate, cos.
their accession to the imperial throne, had been in. ; aud this order is plainly to be recognised
invested with this kind of honorary consulship, on his coins. The same regulation was observed
2 M 2
268 CONSULATUS. CONSULATUS.
by Octavianus, wlio was, in the same year 715, their consulate, when they subsequently entered
designates consul for the years 721 and 723. upon the regular way.
office in Dion negatives
Augustus made his daughter’s sons, Caius and this, in his life of Octavianus. For when this
Lucius, consuls elect, but on the condition of emperor first assumed consular honours, and
their taking office in five years’ time (see p. 217 shortly after, the consulate itself, he did not
of this dictionary). —
Nero was consul elect at ambitiously call it his second. Indeed, the
the age of fourteen, intending to enter upon the author above quoted, immediately adds, that the
consulate at twenty whence he is styled on his
;
practice was observed from that period to his
coins cos. design. own times, in all similar cases, and that Seve-
And this pre-appointment the emperors were rus was the first to alter it ; inasmuch as, when
not backward in notifying on coins and other he had first bestowed these honours, aud after-
public monuments, when they felt a desire to wards the office of consul itself, upon I’lauti-
enrol themselves as consuls. Whence it is usual anus, he commanded him to be proclaimed as
to read on them, amongst other inscriptions, consul ( iterum for the second time ;
aud that
cos. hi. des. mi. — Sometimes consulates sim- this example was followed by others. Never-
ply promised, or designated, seem to have been theless, he was averse to this rule being observed
confounded with consulates really acquired and in his own case.
held, or at least the word has been VI. — Motives of Princes for assuming
omitted. But instances of this sort are very the Consulate. — Having assigned some of the
rare ;and it would even appear that the greater reasons which usually actuated the emperors in
part of the medals cited as examples of the case, either undertaking or multiplying their consul-
have been incorrectly' read : the error being ships, Eckhel proceeds to cxplaiu with greater
doubtless caused by the nun^bers expressed hav- distinctness their various inducements to as-
ing been effaced by the lapse of time or by fric- sume the office in some particular year.
tion. It is, however, to be remarked that, Without denying, that many princes were in the
although the consulate existed until the reign of habit of being inaugurated consuls on the first
Justinian, who united this dignity to the im- calends of January after their accession to em-
perial crown, yet long before that epocha, and pire, Eckhel shews that as a rule, it fails in the
indeed from the commencement of what is called majority of instances. The custom appears to
the lower empire, the emperors, for the most have been derived from Nero. At auy rate, his
part, neglected to mention it on their money, immediate successors, Galba, Vespasian, Titus,
where it appears only at very wide intervals.
—
V. Oknamenta Consul aria. — By this
term was meant those consular honours which,
Doinitian, aud Nerva, followed his example, by
entering upon their consulate on the next calcmls
of January after their accession. —
When Trajan
decreed to any individual by the emperors, were was averse to this practice, Pliny thus expressed
a kind of semblance of the consulate. Dion —
himself “ You refused at the commencement
Cassius, indeed, tells ns that, as early as the of your reign the consulate, which all new em-
year of Route 687 (b. c. 147), and consequently perors used to transfer to themselves, though it
whilst the common-wealth was still in existence, was destined for others.” From these very'
C. Carbo, though as yet he had discharged only words of Pliny, therefore, it is sufficiently evi-
the tribuneship of the plebs, received the dis- dent, that the custom was, even at that time,
tinction of the ornamenta consu/aria. observed by the emperors, aud it is confirmed
not, however, sufficiently understood in what
It is
—
by Spartiau, in speaking of .Elius Cicsar “ He
these honours consisted. Their real origin is was soon created consul, and having been de-
doubtless to be traced to Julius Cmsar, who, puted to hold the reins of government, he was
when in his endeavour to confer favours on a styled consul for the second time.” —
After Tra-
number of persons, he found himself unable to jan, not a few departed from the practice. They
give to all either the regular (ordinaritim or have been collected by Mazzoleni, aud may be
the substituted (suffectum ) consulate, invented seen in the Fasti. It must therefore be con-
this fictitious distinction. He admitted many, cluded, that the custom was approved of by
says Dion, into the patrician and consular ranks. many of the emperors, but that the rule did not
And Suetonius also observes, “ he bestowed hold universally.
consular honours on ten individuals who had It also occurred, that the emperors assumed
been I’retors (viris prtetoriis).” —
When Octa- the consulate on account of public solemnities
vianus, after the deaths of the consuls Hirtius of various kinds. Suetonius has observed of
and Pansa, was aiming at the consulate, the Augustus, that he was desirous of entering upon
Senate, unwilling to confer so high a post upon his thirteenth nnd last considate, in order that
a mere boy, nevertheless decreed to him, in its he might, in that high capacity, attend upon
stead, consular honours. Several instances in his sons Caius and Lucius, when they were in-
w hich this dignity was awarded afterwards occur, troduced into the forum, on the occasion of their
and that too even to foreigners as for example,
; first public appearance ( tgroeinio ). The princes
Claudius procured it for Agrippa, the grandson of the lower empire —
at least those who were
of Herod the Great the Senate having before,
; called consuls of the East —
according to Thc-
during the reign of Caligula, decreed him pre- mistius, always took great pains to prevent other
toriau honours. individuals from holding this office on the re-
It isa question, whether those, who were thus currence of the quiuqueunial or decennial pe-
distinguished, raised thereby the number of riod, when it gave a name to the year.
 CONSULATUS. CONSULATUS. 269
Whence, he seemed u remarkable cir-
says, on public records ran thus
pirc, the inscription
it

cumstance, that Theodosius Magnus should, at — “ The consuls being N. and whosoever shall
:

the quinquennalia, have ceded this honour to be hereafter declared ;” or, “ The consuls, one
Saturuinus, a private individual. Iu general of whom Aristametus, for the name of his
is
terms it may be allirmed, that, as in most other colleague not known.”
is
matters, so in the assumption and repetition of “ Post Consul at urn,” formula. Whenever,
the consulate, the will and pleasure of the either from quarrels among the riding powers,

VII. —
emperors were their sole motive aud guide.
Consulship under the empire
only honorary. From the time when the —
or from wars, or the assassination of emperors,
or other causes, the year was deficient in its
consuls, at least the regular and legitimate ones,
emperors had brought every species of authority it not unfrequently occurred, that this vacant

under their own control, it no longer came year or years received its name from the regular
within the province of the consuls to conduct consul of the preceding year, the inscription
foreign wars, or to watch over the safety of the running thus, e. g. Basilio V. C. consule. Anno
state ; but, distinguished only by their robes of secundo post C. Basilii, Anno tertio post C.
office, they were compelled to lead a life of Basilii ; such being the designation of the years
ignoble ease at Rome, instead of attending to a. d. 541, 542, and 543. This formula first
the weighty concerns of government. Truly, appears a. d. 307, when the consuls of the pre-
therefore, did Mamertinus speak of the con- ceding year had been Constantius Chlorus (VI.)
sulates of the imperial age:
— “Iu the adminis- and Gal. Maximianus (VI.) ;
and it was more
tration of state afTairs (in administrationibus), frequent in the latter periods of the emperors,
labour conjoined with honour but in the con-
is ; when the regulations were various and often
sulate honour
only is involved, without the confused.
labour.” —
Cassiodorus is still more severe upon X. Consularia Insignia. The marks
the slothfulness of consuls. The only advantage and badges of office by which the consuls were
which this office conferred from that time for- distinguished.
— —
Floras says of Tarquiuius Pris-
ward, has been explained by the Emperor “ By constant warfare, he subdued the
Julian :
—
“To private individuals (he says) it is
cus
twelve nations of Etniria, and from thence were
a sort of recompense of virtue, or of fidelity and derived the fasces, the trabete, the curule chairs,
zeal in the service of the emperors, or for some the rings, trappings, paludamenta, pnetexta,
deed of renown ;
whilst in the case of the princes the practice of being carried in triumph on a
themselves, it is a kind of decoration and golden chariot, drawn by four horses, the embroi-
embellishment, added to the advantage they dered toga, the tunic covered with broad golden
already possess.” ornaments (pa/mata), in short all the decora-
VIII. —
Consulates Dimidius. Amongst tions and insignia for which the imperial dig-
other particulars connected with the consulate nity is conspicuous.” — Dionysius
of Halicar-
previous to the final abolition of the office, the nassus, among the badges of sovereignty, which
office of Consulat its Dimidius
is to be briefly Priscus at that time transferred to Rome, men-
noticed. seems that this “ half consulship”
It tions “ the crown of gold, and the staff sur-
consisted of but one consul that is to say, a ; mounted by the figure of an eagle, the purple
consul without a colleague. The first instance tunic, ornamented with gold, aud the purple
of this occurred in the year of Rome 702 (b. c. embroidered toga (or that of many colours, toga
52), in the third consulate of Pompey the Great, picta).” He adds, that on the expulsion of
who was elected sole consul by the Comitia. the kings, these insignia were permitted to the
As this case arose during the republic in con- consuls, with the exception of the crown and
sequence of dissensions among the citizens, so, the embroidered toga, though, when they ap-
at a much namely, in the reign of
later period, peared in a triumph, they wore these also.
Constantine the Great, it was occasioned by a The Family Coins give us but little informa-
disagreement among a plurality of reigning tion as to the number of the badges that were
powers. —
Several, indeed, of the ancient Fasti allowed to the consuls whilst Rome remained
have marked the year a. d. 310 and 313, with free. On coins of the Junia gens we find re-
the consulate of Maxentius alone. presented the elder Bratus, who was also the
IX. —Consulatus Orientalis et Occiden- first who held the office of consul, between two
—
tals. Constantine the Great, on the division lictors formidable from their fasces and axes.
of the Roman Empire into the Eastern and — But it was already established from other
Western, determined that of the two annual sources, that the consuls used to be preceded
consuls, the one should be appointed at Rome, by the twelve fasces.
the other at Constantinople. This practice came On the denarii of Sulla (sec Cornelia gens),
into operation a. d. 338, on the calends of which exhibit the names of two consuls, Sulla
January in which year, Constantine having just
; and Pompeius Rufus, as also on a denarius of
before died and the empire, according to his
;
Valerius Messala, inscribed patre cos. the sella
desire, being divided amongst his three sons, the curulis is attributed to the consuls but this ;

first consuls under this new arrangement were distinction w'as enjoyed by other officers of in-
elected ; Ursus in the West, and Polcmius in the feriorrank to the consuls.
East. In consequence of this, when it hap- In a denarius of Augustus, struck in the year
pened that there was any uncertainty respecting of Rome 752 (sec parent, cons, svo.) there
the consul of one or other portion of the cra- appear the staff with the eagle, the embroidered
 5.

270 CONSULATES. CONSULATE'S.

toga, and the laurel chaplet ;
all of which, how- The reverse of a gold coin struck under
ever,may more probably be considered as tri- Constantine the younger, exhibits the togated
umphal rather than as consular decorations. and laureated figure of the imperial consul, with
Onthis subject, the subsequent age, viz that globe aud sceptre, accompanied with the ex-
of the empire, supplies more abundant and planatory legend of felix pkocessvs cos. ii.
trust-worthy information. —
In Vopiscus, the avg. —
[Numbers 2, 3, and 5, are eugraved in
Emperor Valerian thus addresses Aurelian Khell’s
—Supplement to Vaillant.]
:

“ Take, therefore, in recompense for your ex- XI. Consui.aris Processus. The con-
ploits, the toga pradexta, the sular procession, as represented on coins,
it is

palinated tunic, the embroidered toga, the chair still remains to be explained. Consuls were said
inlaid with ivory. For I this day nominate procedere (to go in state) when, having been
you consul, and am about to write directions to consuls elect in the year immediately preceding,
the Senate, that it confer upon you the staff, they entered upon the office, on the calends of
—
aud the fasces.” Cassiodorus gives a similar January, with the customary pomp and retinue
account, inveighing bitterly against those whom and this solemn occasion was commonly termed
the Augusti, for no adequate merits, decorated
— processus consularis, as coins prove. See the —
with the consular insignia “ But now you legend felix processka consvl avg. n.
assume these distinctions under more fortunate But there are also examples which shew that
auspices, whilst we sustain the toils of the con- ancient authors used the word processus alone,
sulate, aud you enjoy the delights of dignity. omitting all mention of the consul, to indicate
— Picture to yourself, your broad shoulders the consularis processus. —
When, however, the
adorned with the varied colours of the palmatcd emperor represented on coins in a quadriga,
is

tunic ; your strong hand grasping the staff of cither of horses or elephants, and carrying the
victory ; approach your own tire-side with even staff surmounted by an eagle, it is difficult at
your shoes glittering with gold ascend by many ;
times to determine whether by this type is to
steps your lofty curule chair, that by lying at be understood a triumph, or a consular proces-
your case, you may earn that which we assume sion because from all that has hitherto been
;

by the severest labour in the administration of seen, this eagle is common both to those who
affairs.” —
And indeed, on the coins of the Au- enjoyed a triumph, and to those who proceeded
gusti from the time when the empire began to
,
as consuls. Still it not unfrcquently happens,
decline, there frequently occurs a half-length that the coin itself suggests a plan by which
bust (protome) of the emperor, with the pal-
'
the one may be distinguished from the other
mated robe, and carrying in his hand the staff solemnity.
surmounted by au eagle, from which is to be When a similar type is found on a coin of
inferred an emperor serving the office of consul. that year in which it is certain that the em-
The following examples are selected to
five peror entered upon his consulate, and especially
shew the accordance of legend and type in con- if history records no triumph performed during
7

nection with the consulate, on certain coins of that year, there can be no doubt that a consular
the lower empire :
— procession is intended, and that it is exhibited
1. On a gold coin of Maximinus Daza (see on the coins in the same way as all other events
the annexed engraving, co- of importance were so handed down.
pied from Pellerin, Melange, Amongst the first brass in Queen Christina’s
1, pi. vi.) the reverse type cabinet is one of Antoninus Pius (sec the reverse
represents the emperor, to-
l
engraved in p. 267), which Havercamp, with
gated and laureated, standing great probability, describes as recording one of
with a globe, or an auriim the consular proccssious made by that good em-
coronarium, in his left hand, peror. The is typified with the (ivory)
prince
and a sceptre reversed in his sceptre in his hand, and with his right hand
left

right —
surrounded by the legend CONSVL P. P. stretched forth and open, standing in a chariot
PRO-CONSVL. drawn by four horses. In the exergue of this
2. On
gold of Maximianus llcrculcus, given reverse is the legend cos. mi. s. c. (Consul
in Banduri, the emperor stands in the toga, and for the 4th time by decree of the Senate), a. d.
laureated, holding a globe, the symbol of the 145.
Roman world, in his right baud, whilst with his For further remarks and additional engraviugs
left he gathers up his robe and holds a roll or illustrative of this branch of the subject, sec
volume. The legend of reverse is consvl nil. PROCESSUS.
p. P. PRO-COS. Some notice of the custom of scattering
3. On gold of Galcrius Maximianus, with money amongst the people by consuls, during
legend of consvl caess. the Cicsar stands with be found affixed to the
their procession, will
globe and sceptre. legend petronius maxsimus u. c. cons.
4. On a gold medallion of Constantine the XII. —
The Consulate after a time very
Great, the reverse presents a remarkably7 fine seldom inscribed on Coins. Though the —
whole-length figure of an emperor, standing with consulates were recorded on monuments of vari-
laureated head, full-dressed in the consular in- ous kinds, and in private chronicles, especially
palmatcd tunic, and the
siguia, consisting of the when the occurrence of some particular event
—
embroidered toga holding a globe in the right was to be established, yet they at length ceased
hand, and a sceptre in the left. Sec senatvs. — to be inscribed on coins. From flic time of
 CONTORNIATE COINS. CONTORNIATE COINS. 271
Constantine the Great, anil his sons, the Ctcsars, Roman mint, by a ring of globules, which is
a long interval elapsed till the time of Theodo- rarely found on the coins now in the course of
sius II. who inscribed on his coins his 17th and being described. This is the most certain token
18th consulates. The were Hcraclius II.
last of a contorniate, and it is the circumstance,
(Coustantiuus) son of Heraclius I. on whose which, as already observed, probably gave rise
unique coin is inscribed eracaio consva. to the term. There appears to be no doubt,
At length this venerable office, retaining now that this line was made with a graving tool,
nothing of its ancient spleudor, began to sink after the coin was struck ; for, on many speci-
so low in general estimation, that Leo Vlth, mens, the heads of the letters are divided by the
Sapiens, who came to the empire a. d. 886, or- instrument.
dered to be struck out of the catalogue of laws, Secondly — The next characteristic is the mo-
with other useless matter, the Novella cv. of nogram, as exhibited on the foregoing cut, together
Justinian, which treats of the consulate, and with various small figures, placed beside the por-
contains the law, which no longer bore any re- trait of the obverse, among which the most fre-
ference to the existing state of thiugs. And it quent is the palm branch. When this, and the
became thenceforth the practice in the East, for monogram are both present, the coin may assur-
the purpose of distinguishing the years, to use edly be regarded as a contorniate. There are
the epoch of the creation of the world ( epocha other figures, though more rarely to be seen, such
orbis conditi), which by the calculation of the as a star, an ivy leaf, a bow and quiver, and a
Scptuagint translators, whether truly or falsely, flying victory. — There arc contorniates, however,
was fixed on the first day of September, in the which display none of these marks. It is to
5508th year, the third month, and 25th day be noted, that neither the monogram, nor the
before the birth of Christ. On this subject— figures are in relief, but cut into the coin, and
consult the chronologists, and Gibbons’ Com- frequently filled up with silver. The monogram,
'
pendium, chap. 40, at the end. which is resolved into ep. or pe. no one has yet
CONSULAR COINS. — Sec Numi Consulares. been found to explain with any degree of pro-
bability. This identical f,p. has, however, been
CONTORNIATE COINS.— Both for abun- seen inscribed on contorniates, near the mono-
dance and for superiority of curious interest, the
gram of Christ and the palm branch, on a brass
numi contorniati, as they arc termed in
plate, published by Pignori. Consequently,
Latin works, hold the foremost place amongst
(adds Eckhel), as these letters ep. or pe. are on
the pseudo moneta of ancient times. It is pro-
this monument found conjoined with the palm
bable that this word is derived from the Italian
branch, and as on many contorniates they sup-
contorno, or from the French contour, signify-
ply the place of that branch, it may fairly be
ing the outline of anything ; since most of these
conjectured, that they signify something con-
coins actually exhibit, on the outer edge of both
nected with victory.
obverse and reverse, a circular line deeply en-
graved. The subject is treated of, with his
—
Thirdly. All contorniates are of brass. Gold
and silver of this class are unknown.
Fourthly. —Their
usual mastery and with his accustomed justice
size is the same as that of
to the labours of others, by Eckhel, who (in
medallions, but not so their weight, for they
Boctrina, has divided it into six
viii. 277)
are of thinner brass. There are some, how-
heads, viz. the the types, the
characteristics,
ever, though very rare, of smaller size, and
date, the use, and the merit, of Contorniates.
somewhat thicker metal, likethe coins called in
The following is a summary :

Italian medaglioncini. Of this kind is a coin

of Constantine the Great, in the imperial cabi-
net, but which is clearly proved to be a contor-
niate by the monogram ep. engraven on it.
Havercamp (Num. 56), has published one of
unusual size, with the head of Placidius Valcn-
tinianus, from the cabinet of Queen Christiua.
Fifthly.—Contorniates exhibit a workman-
ship peculiar to themselves, with the figures
flat, and very little raised from the surface, no

doubt because, as above stated, they are of thin

metal. Occasionally the whole of the figures
are engraved into the coin. Of this kind are
those classed among the decursiones, under the
heads of toxxotes, cosmvs, and selevcvs ;
silver being also run into the cavities, as before
I. — Peculiar Characteristics. — These are described. In these specimens the style of
of a kind readily to strike the eye, and to dis- workmanship, at the best, does not surpass
tinguish this class of medals from the genuine mediocrity. In many instances they afford evi-
coinage. dence of a rough and unskilful hand.
First. —The line on the edge of the coin, on II. Of Contorniate Types generally.
both sides, marked circularly, and in the mode —The obverses of this class of coins, as well as
of a furrow ;
generally deep, in the place usu- others, present for the most part some head or
ally occupied, on the regular products of the bust. The types of the reverses arc generally
 CONTORNIATE COINS, CONTORNIATE COINS,
borrowed from the Circensian games and other I exclusion of individuals of equal renown among
spectacles, though there arc not wanting sub- both Greeks and Romans.
jects derived from mythic and heroic tradition, III. Specific Examples of Contorniatf.
whilst some arc abstruse or altogether unin-
j

|
—
Types. llavercamp, in his elaborate standard
telligiblc. work on this peculiar class of medals, has
Contorniatc medals present this peculiarity, given the heads of emperors and illustrious in-
that there is scarcely ever any apparent con- dividuals ; but in so doing has been under the
nexion between the obverse and the reverse. necessity of frequently repeating the same re-
For no one will find it easy to reconcile the verses, in consequence of their being common
portrait of Alexander the Great with a repre- to several princes. Eckhel (viii. p. 283 et scq.)

sentation of the Roman Circus, Scylla, or the properly regarding the reverses as of greater
—
,

Rape of the Sabines; or again, Horace, Apol- interest than the imperial portraits, already

lonius of Tyana, or Sallust, with the charioteers sufficiently known from other and better sources,

of the circus, wrestlers, and mountebanks or has, in enumerating and describing these con-

Nero with Faustina junior. The arbitrary prin- tomiates, confined himself principally to the
ciple, on which the obverses and reverses are reverses. His arrangement, as most to the pur-
joined, will appear the more strikingly, when it ;
pose, has been adopted in the subjoined no-
is observed, that the same types
are presented tices. And as these types are of various kinds,
with different portraits. Thus we have the fable , they will be found arranged according to Eck-
hcl’s classification, under distinct heads. The
of Scylla connected with the heads of Alexan-
der tlic Great, of Nero, of Trajan, and of Roma
l

1st embraces Mythology; 2nd History; 3rd

Cybelc and her Atys, in company with the head Illustrious Persons, such as heroes and heroines,

of Homer, of Nero, of Vespasian, and ot kings, and men renowned for their learning

Trajan. — To how little purpose the learned 4th Spectacles, subdivided into decursiones,
venationes (or huntings), pugilistic encounters,
llavercamp laboured, in the endeavour to recon- [

cile, in every instance, the

obverse and reverse ! and dramatic exhibitions.
of contorniatcs, is clearly proved in every
page The different works which contain engravings
made to de- Contorniatc types, and to which particular
of the most laborious attempt ever of

scribe and Illustrate Contorniatc Coins.

See — references will in each instance be found, are as
Dissertations de Atexandri M. Numismat. &c. follow Morel! Thesaur. Famitiarum ltoman-
: .

The portraits, which occupy the obverses, are arum, and Imperatorum Romanorum ; Numis-
those of men of various fortunes, ranks, and mata Cimelii A us triad Vindobonensis (Coins
professions, both high and low. But no un- of the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, by Froclich)
llavercamp, de Numis Contornuitis Pcdrusi,
doubted representation of deity has ever yet
been discovered on these coins. On some, how- Cabinet du Musee Farnese ; Coins of the Pem-
ever, there appears the head, with
the legend broke Collection, &c.
of ROMA, or IXVICTA KOMA FELIX
SENATVS. 1. —Mythological.
The majority of them present the portraits of
J

Rev . — Cybelc and Atys quadriga of

in a lions,

going at a rapid pace. Obv. — A head

of Homer.
Roman emperors, and frequently that of Alex-
ander the Great, as also of such celebrated indi- (Engraved in Cabiuct of \ ienna).
A head of Augustus. l)o. of Nero. (Mo-
|

viduals asHomer, Terence, Horace, and others.

not a few of them exhibit a figure, rell. Impp.) —
Do. of Vespasian and Trajan.
And, lastly,
holding a whip in the right hand, and with the
|

(Pcdrusi, Mus. Farucsc, and llavercamp). On —

leftleading a horse by the bridle, by which type a coin of Vespasian, above the quadriga, are two
shields, on one of which appears a lion, on the
some suppose is intended the portrait of various
emperors, but Eckhel shews, in his remarks on other a crab ; below, a woman seated on the
(Mus. Farnese).
the contorniatc decursiones, that they arc the ground.
Agrippina and Faustina senior MATRT. .
figures of charioteers.
The following is a list of all the emperors —
devm. salvtari. A temple, before the en-
and Augusta whose names and portraits arc trance of which is seated Cybelc between two
lions, with the tympanum in her left hand
found on contorniatcs, according to trust-worthy
authorities, viz.: —
Julius Cscsar, Mark Antony, outside stands Atys, w ith the pedum, or sheep*
Augustus, Agrippina senior, Caligula, Nero
1

hook, in the right hand, and touching a pine tree

(whose contorniatcs arc common), Galba, Ves- with the left. —
(Morcll. Thesaur. Impp. vol. iii.

pasian, Doinitian, Trajan (common), Antoninus

I
tab. xiv. No. 12: also in Imperial Cabinet
Pius, Faustina senior, M. Aurelius, Faustina at Vienna.

junior, Lucilla, Caracalla, Constantine the Great, Julius Casar. —

Without legend. Jupiter sit-
Honorius, Theodosius II. PlacidiusValcntiuianus, |
ting on a rock, with an eagle watching near
and Anthemius.
I

him ; a military figure stands close at hand

holding-in a horse by the bridle. (Morcll.
To some of the emperors no contorniatcs were j

dedicated ; to others only a very few but to Impp. and in Fam. Julia;).

Nero and Trajan a large number.

;

— Eckhel ex- Augustus. —Without

legend. The emperor
presses his decided opinion, that in their total laurcated, cuirassed, and pnludatcd, is stnuding,

neglect, or rare introduction of others, those with both hands raised, between two seated
who struck them were guided solely by caprice
j

figures —
one a veiled woman, holding a palin
and that the same cause may be assigned for t
—
branch in her left hand the other a man, semi-
nude, holding the hasta pura iu right aud a
their selection of Homer,
Horace, &c. to the I
 CONTORNIATE COINS, CONTORNIATE COINS. 273
globe iu left —
hand at the foot of the emperor ofMessina, is here typified, at the moment
stands an eagle with expanded wings, and a when, according to the Homeric narration, she
small figure of Victory offering a laurel crown made her tragical assault on the ship and
to the emperor. Below are two recumbent companions of the sou of Laertes. The upper
females, as if river deities, one resting her left part of her body is that of a gigantic female,
hand on a lion, and the other her right hand on her w aist is girdled with ravenous dogs ; the
a ship’s prow, both with cornucopia. (Morell. lower extremity terminates in a fish’s tail. In
Thcsaur. Impp.) —A
similar type of reverse her right hand, she holds a rudder with her ;

appears also on a contoruiate, with the name of left she has seized by the hair of his head one

Homer and his portrait on the obverse, in Pc- of the crew, as if about to drag him out of the
drusi, Mus. Farnese, tab. i. vessel. A man standing close by, armed with a
Trajan —A
naked Bacchus stands, holding
. shield and javelin, is vainly attempting to de-
out a cluster of grapes to a panther, and with fend his unfortunate comrade. A third holds
the thyrsus in the left hand around him arc ;
up his hands, as if paralysed with fear and hor
dancing a female flute-player, and another female ror, at beholding such a spectacle. On one
brandishing a thyrsus; also a boy with a sheep- side of Scylla is a huge fish, with head down-
book, and another with a branch. (Imp. Mus.) ward, and tail broadly spread and erect. Two
Do. of Caracalla. (Imp. Mus. and Havcrcamp.) human figures are seen struggling in the trou-
Nero —
Bacchus riding in a biga of panthers,
. bled w'aves, the previous victims of the mon-
with a satyr going before him, and a flute-player ster’s resistless attack. Behind the whole group
in attendance. (Engraved in Havcrcamp and rises a tree, allusive probably to the immense
in Morel.) —
Same type of reverse with head of fig tree, which grew over a rocky cavern, where
Trajan. Havcrcamp, n. 20 and 70).
(In another traditionary monster named Charybdis,
Nero .
—
A naked Mars, with his left foot on whose whirlpool, on the Sicilian coast, was
the prow of a ship, is hurrying onward with equally the dread of ancient mariners, held his
spear and scaling ladder. or her dark abode. —
See Scylla.
Vespasian —
Same type. (In Morell. Impp.)
. [The same type is fouud on reverses of con -
Vespasian. Mars walking, with spear in torniates, of which the respective obverses bear
right hand, and trophy in left, trampling on a the heads of Alexander the Great, in the Vienna
prostrate foe. (Mus. Theupoli). Cabinet, and Ilavercamp, No. 64 of Nero, in;

Nero —
Diana sitting opposite the sleeping
. Morell. Impp. and of Trajan, in the Imp. Mu-
;

Endymion, beside whom a dog is watching, seum, and Ilavercamp, ami Museum Farnpse.]
whilst overhead a Cupid is hovering. (Pedrusi). Bellcrophon, on Pegasus, fighting with the
Trajan —
Same reverse. (Havcrcamp).
. Chimrera. Obv. —
Head of Alexander the Great.
Hercules fighting with the centaur Ncssus. — See Pegasus, in this dictionary.
Hercules head of, behind which is a club. Trajan , —
Amphiou and Zcthus, carrying off
Hercules struggling with a lion. (Imp. Mus.) their stepmother Dirce, tied to a bull. (Mus.
Com. Vitzai).
soli invicto. —
The Sun, with his face turned
towards yon, in a quadriga. Obv. Head of —
Alexander the Great. (Ilavercamp, p. 38).
Ilonorius. —
sapientia. Pallas standing, with
branch of laurel or olive in the right hand.
(Tanini, Supplement to Banduri)
2. — Historical.
Eckhel remarks, that he has discovered only
one example of this class, viz. :

sabixae. The Roman soldiers engaged in

the rape cf the Sabine women ; behind, three
obelisks, composing one of the Circcnsian mct;e.
Obv. —
Head of Alexander the Great. (Ilaver-
—
camp, p. 1.) Do. of Nero (Morell. Impp.)
Do. of Constantius II. (Banduri, t. ii. p. 378,
Obv. Alexander. Head covered with lion’s
skin. Before it the usual contorniate monogram
—
Mus. Florcnt. tab. c.) Also head of Agrippina
senior, with the legend agrippina m. f. mat.
(see engraving, p. 27 L).— Rev. Ulysses, on
board his vessel, passing before Scylla.
— caesaris AVGVSTI. " (Mus. Prince de Waldeck).
One of the most striking, though not the 3. Types relating to Illustrious Persons,
most rare, amongst the various subjects on this Heroes, Heroines, and Kings,
class of ancient medals, is that which, having achillis pentesilia. Achilles armed, raises
the head of Alexander the Great, or the from the ground the prostrate Penthcsilea be- ;
head of Trajan, for the type of its obverse, hind is a horse also lying on the ground. Obv.
as indicated by the legend expressing his
Head of Divus Trajan. (Pedrusi, Mus. Faro.)
name, represents on its reverse, without le- aeneas. iEneas, bearing Ancliiscs on his
gend, the fable of Scylla. This formidable shoulder, and leading Ascanius by the hand.
sea-monster, personifying a dangerous rock and
whirlpool on the Italian side of the straits
Obv. —
Head of Nero. (In Morell. Impp.) Do. —
of Trajan. (Imperial Cabinet and Havcrcamp.^
2 N
274 CONTORNIATE COIN'S. CONTORNIATE COINS.
llcro, watching from a tower the approach of Socrates. — There are two contorniatcs of this
Lcandcr swimming in the sea ;
a cupid flying philosopher. One
them has been taken by
of
above. On another coin, Hero standing ou a Havcrcamp, from Ursinus: cGkpathc. Bare
tower, holds out a torch in her right hand, head, with beard. Reverse not given. The
whilst Lcandcr is swimming below ; on the shore other has been taken from the Farncse Cabinet,
is a fisherman casting a hook into the sea. by Pcdrnsi, tab. i. on which is a bearded head,
O/jv. —
Head of Vespasian. (Morcll. Impp. and without legend. Eckhel docs not understand
Mus. Farncse.) why it should have been attributed to Socrates.
Laocoon and two sons, entwined in the
his tebentivs. Bare head, without beard.
folds of serpents. Obv. —
Head of Nero. (Imp. - - - ivs. A man leading a horse by the
Mus.) Do. of Vespasian. (Morcll. Imp.) bridle. (Morell. Fam. Rom. Tcrcutia gens also ;

—
pentesilka. See above, Achilles. in Pembroke Museum, and in Licbe Gotha
agit. spe. tesevs. Theseus, galcated and Numaria, p. 449.
naked, standing with spear and shield, is forcing sai.vstivs avtor. A bare head, bearded; on
a centaur to kneel who holds a lyre, by placing other coins beardless. Rev. petuoni placeas. —
his hand on his neck. Obv. — Head of Nero. Three men in the toga, standing, &c. (Morcll.
(Morell. Impp.) Fam. Rom. Salustia gens.) See the rest below,
stefanas. A victor in the games, in a in dramatic types.
quadriga, with crown in right hand and palm horativs. A bare head, beardless.
branch in left. (Mus. Thcupoli.) alsan. A man leading a horse by the bridle.
Without legend. Head of Alexander the (Havcrcamp, p. 152); also Morcll. Fam. Rom.
Great, diademed, looking up to heaven. lloratiagens — and in Pembroke, T. ii. 244-245.
Alexander mag. macedon. —Alexander on apolonivs tyanevs. Laureatcd and bearded
horseback, hurling a spear at a prostrate bar- head. stefan. nika. Stcphanus the charioteer,
barian. (Imperial Cabinet.) in a quadriga. (Havercamp, p. 152).
ALEXANDER MAGNVS MACEDON. Diademed apvi.eivs. A juvenile head, with the hair
head, looking up to heaven. Rev. — Rape of the bound backward with a ribbon. (Morcll. Fain.
Sabines, as above. (Havcrcamp, p. 1.) Rom. Apnleia gens.) — A bearded soldier, stand-
Without legend. Diademed head of Alexander ing and looking up at a temple of two columns,
the Great, with a ram’s horn, looking up to on the summit of which arc fixed three human
heaven. —
A naked man, standing, with a whip heads. (Morelli Specimen, p. 45).
in Ilia right hand, and with his left grasping a
serpent about to spring. (Imperial Cabinet.)
5. — Public Spectacles.
Alexander. Head of Alexander M. with 1 . Decursiones, or Chariot and Horse Racing.
lion’s skin. A circus. (Havcrcamp, n. 48). Circus Maximus, with all its apparatus, and
Bellcrophon fighting with the chimicra. (Ibid, —
quadrig® in motion. Head of Alexander the
n. 49.) Scylla, as before. (Imp. Mus.) Great, Nero, Trajan, Caracalla, &c.
Alexander. Dead with lion’s skin. D. N. — alsan. A man leading by the bridle a horse
ms. xps. dei. filivs. An ass, with head erect, decorated with a palm branch. Head of Horace. —
suckling her foal. (Havcrcamp, Morel, and Pembroke).
olympias (on most specimens olimpias) ARTEMIYS VINCAS IMPERATOR PLENA. A
Regina. Olympias veiled, and lying on a bed, victor in a quadriga, with whip and crown in
stretches out her right hand towards a serpent the right hand, and palm branch in the left.
raising itself; her left hand rests on a dolphin. 1 lead of Ilonorius. (Thcupoli, but not engraved).
Head of Nero. (Morell. Impp.) Do. of Trajan. avrelianvs. A victor in the games stand-
(Havcrcamp, num. 68.) ing in a chariot, which is drawn at a slow pace
Without legend, The same type, except that by four horses, ornamented with palm branches ;
instead of the dolphin, there is simply the sup- in the right hand is a crown and a whip, and in
port (or leg) of the bed. Obv. —
Head of Nero. the left a palm branch; the figure is looking
—
(Imp. Mus. and elsewhere.) behind him. Beneath is inserted placf.as.
PETRONIVS MAXSIMVS (sic.J V. C. CONS. Pc- Head of Nero. (Imperial Cabinet). Do. of
tronius sitting, clothed in the consular garb, Trajan. (Prince dc Waldcck).
with a roll in the right hand, in the left a dagger babvlvs. A victor in the games, with whip
with an eagle ; at the bottom are two bags in right hand, and holding-in a horse by the
stuffed with coins, one of which is open and ex- bridle with the left behind him is his cap.
;

poses the money. bonifativs. A victor in the games, with

Head of Valentinian III. (Banduri.) Sec crown and whip in the right hnnd, and palm
an engraving of this coin in Tanini, tab. viii. branch in the left, is coming towards you in a
quadriga, at a slow pace the lower part of the
4. —Types relating to men renowned for
;

coin is occupied by four monograms, each con-

THEIR LEARNING, OR ANY OTHER CAUSE. taining several letters. —
Head of Placidius Va-
Bare head of Homer, with beard.
n.MHROC. lenti nianus. (Ducangc, Banduri, Havcrcamp.)
A man leading a horse by the bridle. (Imp. cervomti vs. A victor in the games, borne
Mus.) Cybclc and Atys in n quadriga of lions. in a chariot drawn by four horses at full speed,
A man, gnleated and palndated, standing, &c. stands looking behind him ; in the right hand a
See Pembroke Museum, t. ii. pi. 231, and crown and whip, in the left a palm branch.
Havcrcamp, fig. 1. p. 148. Head of Caracalla. (Havcrcamp).
 CONTORNIATE COINS. CONTORNIATE COINS. 275
uirysopolvs. Eekhel says, “l find a coin
j
palm branches. Obv. — Head of Trajan. (Ha-
mentioning this name among the medallions of vcrcamp, num. 30).
the Museum Theupoli, with the following de- lisifonvs. A victor with whip and crown
scription — C. CAESAR AVG. GERM ANICVS FON. in right hand, and palm branch in left, borne iu
m. tb. p. A head of Caligula laurcatcd before a quadriga of palm-bearing horses going slowly.
— Laureated
;

which is the name chrysopolvs. Rev. A vic- — head of Divus Augustus Pater.
tor in a quadriga, with crown in right hand, (Morell. Impp. in Aug. tab. xxiii.)
and palm branch in left. olimpivs. Himself standing, in a coat of
cosmvs. A victor standing, with whip in mail, with whip in right hand, and palm branch
right hand, and spear in left. in left. —
Galeated and beardless head of Con-
seracvsvs. A winning horse, with palm stantine the Great, as llavcrcamp thinks, n. 51.
branch on his head. (Theupoli.) olympi. nika. A victor standing naked in a
desid. nc. The bust of a man, with bare biga going rapidly, and looking behind him
head and bearded, in his left hand holding a with whip in right hand, and crown iu left.
horse by the rein, and in his right a whip. Obv. —Head of Nero. (llavcrcamp, num. 14.)
maccommo. A man sitting on a rock, lean- pannoni. nika. A victor in a slow-going
ing his head on his left hand, and looking be- quadriga of palm -bearing horses, looking behind
hind him. (llavcrcamp, num. 72). him, with whip and crown in right hand, and
domninvs. A victor in the games, holding palm branch in the left.— A bust with bare and
the reins in his right hand, and palm branch in bearded head, with whip in right hand, and
his left, is borne in a quadriga of horses, orna- holding a horse by the rein with the left.. (Ha-
mented with palm, going at a slow pace. Head vercamp, num. 71). Head of Ilonorius.
of Trajan. (Imperial Cabinet). (Tanin. Suppl. ad Banduri.)
domnvs piiilocomvs. A victor in the games, selevcvs. A victor standing, with whip in
with whip in right hand, and palm branch in right hand, and palm branch in left at his feet
;

left, advances towards you in a quadriga, at a on either side an altar, with palm branches rising
slow pace. Obv. —
Head of Severus. (Haver- out of it. —A victor iu a biga going rapidly.
camp, num. 63). (Pembroke, p. iii. tab. 118).
elianvs. A victor in the games standing in stefanvs. A victor in a quadriga. A head —
a chariot, drawn by four horses, with palm of Alexander M. (Theupoli). —
Do. of Nero.
branches, and looking behind him, with whip in (Havcrcamp, Morel! Impp.)
the right hand, and palm branch in the left. stefanvs. A victor naked, with whip iu
Bust of a man, with bare head, holding a right hand, and palm branch iu left, borne in a
whip in the right hand, and restraining a horse quadriga of palm-bearing horses. Head of
with the left around are the letters stvp. r.
;
l)ivus Trajan. (Mus. Farncse).
cut in has relief, and filled up with silver. stefan. nika. A victor in quadriga going
(Mus. Prince de Waldeck, and of C. Vitzai). slowly, is coming* towards you, with whip in
evgeniys. A victor in the games, with right hand, and palm branch in left. Obv .
crown in right hand, and palm branch in left, Head of Apollonius Tyanensis. (Havercamp).
is comiug towards you in a slow-going quadriga vrse vincas. A naked man standing, with
of four palm-bearing horses, near which are whip in his elevated right hand, and a palm
inscribed their names, spesciosvs dignvs. branch in the left, which hangs down. Bust —
ACH ILL. DF.SIDEREVS. Obv. — Head of Ilono- with bare head, spear (or more correctly, a
rius. (llavcrcamp, num. 54). whip) in the right hand, and holding-in a horse
EVTHYM1VS, or EVTVMIVS, or EVTIMIVS. A with the left ; behind, a palm branch. (Haver-
victor, with whip and crown in right hand, and camp, num. 50).
palm branch iu left, is coming towards you in a eternit. r. r. A victor with crown and
slow-going quadriga of palm-bearing horses. whip in the right hand, and palm branch in the
Head of Nero, or Trajan, or Ilonorius. (Haver- left, comes towards yon in a chariot at a slow
camp, fig. 31, p. 55; Imperial Cabinet; and pace, drawn by four palm-bearing horses. divo
Pedrusi, Mus. Farncsc, tav. iv.) ivlio. Head of Julius Caesar laureated. (Mo-
evtimi. vincas. Bust of a man with bare rcll. Impp.)
head and bearded, holds-in a horse with left toxxotes. A
horse walking, with a mark on
hand, and carries a whip in the right behind, the thigh ; him a palm branch.
in front of
—
;

a helmet. Obv. An emperor on horseback, go- amor. A

horse standing, witli a similar mark,
ing at speed, with right hand elevated on the ;
and a palm branch. Both horses arc in bas-re-
ground, a lion transfixed by a spear. (Imperial lief, and filled up with silver. (Morell. Speci-
Museum). men, p. 43).
evtimi. vinicas (sic.) A charioteer coming 2. Venationes (or Sports of the Chase).
towards you in a quadriga at a slow pace, with A hunting of stags and hares iu an amphi-
crown in right hand and palm branch iu left theatre. —
A head of Divus Augustus. (Imperial
at the bottom mvsalliger. (sic.)— Obv. Head — Cabinet, and Morell. Impp.) —
Do. of Nero.
and legend of Theodosius M. On another coin, (Morell. Impp.) —
Do. of Trajan. (Havercamp,
a head of Ilonorius. (Tauini, Supplement ad num. 67).
Bandnri). colendvs. A hunter on horseback is pur-
evtimivs — below, tyriei. cat. - - -. A vic- suing a stag and a hare with drawn bow, in an
tor standing between two horses, decorated with amphitheatre. — Head of Trajan. (Farncse Col.)

2 N 2
276 CONTORNIATE COINS. CONTORNIATE COINS.
A hunter attacking a boar with a hunting- RENTIN avg. — Morcll. lavbextinvs. (Impp-
spear, whilst a dog also leaps at it. Head of — in Neronc). — Tristran, lavrentinvm.]
Nero. (Havcrcamp, n. 5, Morcll. Impp.) petroni. placeas. Three togated figures
Do. of Vespasian. (Imp. and Farucse Cabinets). standing, of which the middle one holds a very
Two hunters, one of whom is on horseback, small hydraulic machine, another a flute, and
attacking a bear, the other a boar, on foot. the third is gesticulating like a person engaged
Obv. —
Head of Nero. (Morcll. Impp.) in conversation. —
Head and legend of Sallus-
A hunter is defending himself against the tins. (Mus. Imp. ;
Havcrcamp, p. 150; aud
charge of a bear with some instrument, whilst others).
above, five spectators are awaiting with alarm placeas petri. An hydraulic machine, on
the issue of the combat. Obv. —
Head of Nero. cither side of which stands a figure, apparently
(Morell. Impp. aud Mus. Farnese). engaged in animating it near it a terminus of
— Head
;

A single man is holding two savage bulls by the Sun. Obv. of Pla. Valentinian.
the horns. —
FIcad of Nero. (Morell. Impp.) This a coin of extraordinary size, originally
is
An emperor on horseback, striking a lion with in the collection of Queen Christina.
a javelin. —
Head of Nero. (Morcll. Impp.) Margarita vincas. A woman standing, with
Do. of Trajan. (Havcrcamp, num. 21). Bust — crown in uplifted right hand, gathering up her
of Eutimius the charioteer. dress with the left; a small Victory flying to-
A man riding on a bull and combatting with wards her, offers a crown ; below arc two palm
a bear. —
Head of Nero. (Morell. Impp.) ! branches. —
Head of Pla. Valentinian. (Taniui
A bestiarius standing, with a spear in his i Suppl. ad Band. tab. xviii. Pembroke, p. 3,
right hand, aud in his left something resembling tab. 102).
a globe ; at his feet a prostrate panther on one IV. Contorniates with well-known
side of the field three met sc, and on the other
;

types OF the Roman Mint. These consist of —

something that looks like a cave. Obv. Bust — j

'
the memoriae agrippinae, with a earpeutum.
of a charioteer, with a whip in right hand, and -
pace p. r. &c. Temple of Janus, of Nero.
with the left holding-iu a horse. (Imp. Mus. I roma, Rome seated, of Nero. decvrsio,
and Pcllerin, Suppl. ii. tab. 7). Horsemen. libertas pvblica, Liberty stand-
REPA RATIO. MVNERIS. FELICITER. A hunter ing, of Galba. annona avgvsta ceres, Cen s
receiving the charge of a bear, with spear pre- and Annona, of Trajan. diva favstina avg.
sented. Obv. —
JNVJCTA ROMA FELIX SENATVS. Faustina juu. standing at au altar, of Nero.
Galeatcd head of Rome. (Morell. num. fain. Victoria constantini, Victory writing on a
tab. i. ROMA.) shield, of Constantine the Great. These will —
3. Pugilistic Encounters. be found engraved in Morcll. Impp. and in the

filinvs. A
naked athleta, with a crown in
Imperial Cabinet at Vienna. —
vota xx. A circus
in which two quadrigic are careering, aud hunters
his elevated right hand, and palm branch in his
stands between two togated figures, of
I

are fighting with wild beasts. Obv. Head of —

left,
w'hich the one on the right holds aloft a dagger,
Pla. Valentinianus. — Catalogue D’Enncry.
—
and the other a flute. A head of Trajan. (Mus.
Eckhel devotes a concluding section to twelve
Contorniates, “ the explanation of which is
Farucse, and llavercamp, num. 69). |

I
doubtful.” Engravings of most of them arc
ioiiannes micas. Au athlete and an auointer
given in llavercamp, Morel, and Pedrusi. But,
(or trainer) standing. Head
of Pla. Valentinian.
as the author of Doctrina himself does not
A naked pugilist seated on the ground, presses I

venture to do more than simply describe the

to the earth the head of an antagonist with his
respective types of these “ inexplicable” coins,
feet, and masters his hand wr ith his own. (Morell. j

it would be useless to quote the list in question,

Impp.) d. n. const a xt in vs max. AVG. F’igurc
— See viii. 305, D. N. V.
of an emperor as far as the middle, with a gem-
med crown a sceptre in the right hand, and a
j

V. —
Date of Contorniates. Respecting —
the age, in which the use of such coins began,
;

globe in the left. (Mus. l’rinc. dc Waldcck).

various opinions have been held by the learned.
4. Dramatic Exhibitions. ;
Some have thought, that those contorniates,
A naked man, carrying in either baud an im- which bear the heads of emperors, arc coeval
mense theatrical mask ;
behind, a tree. — Head with such emperors respectively. Among other
of Nero. (Mus. l’arncse). writers of the elder numismatic school is that
An hydraulic machine, with a figure on either ;
erudite and ingenious antiquary Spunheim, who
side, of which the one to the right exhibits in explains a coin of Nero, as though it had been
his uplifted hand an instrument resembling a struck during the reign of that prince. Ducangc
fan. Obv. —
Head of Nero. (Imperial Cabinet and Pinkerton, in their respective works, enter-
and llavercamp, num. 11). —
Do. of Trajan. tain the same idea. But Eckhel refutes this no-
(Havcrcamp, num. 27). I
lion, in the first place, by referring to the work-
Lavrenti nica. An hydraulic machine, on manship, which is of great assistance, in deter-
one side of which stands a figure with some- mining the date of other descriptions of coins.
thing resembling a fan there are also two vases
;
“ Experience (says he) teaches us, that each
standing near; on the other side leaves scat- age of the emperors had its own style of art.
tered on the ground. —
Head of Nero. (Imperial Aud if in this respect alone there be a wide
Cabinet). difference between the coins of Augustus and
LHavercamp, on a similar coin, reads, lav- Trajan, how mueh wider must it be between
 CONTORNLYTE COINS. CONTORNLYTE COINS. 277
those of Augustus and of PlacidiusValcntiuiauus ? ou the reverse of which arc two horsemen
Aud yet we see that the same tone and style (eques) going at speed, spears in hand, with
pervades all the contorniatcs —a
convincing S. C. inscribed beueath. But it is not from
proof, that the times at which they were severally these initials, he observes, for any one to
struek could not be far distant from each other ;
suppose that the coin in question was minted by
and we are, therefore, certain, that the coins a Senatus Consultant, but rather that such types
bearing portraits of Julius Caisar, of Augustus, of the Becursiones were copied from coins of
aud the immediately succeeding princes, must, Nero, even to the insertion of the letters S. C.
ou account of this similarity to the coins of Lastly, with respect to the opinion of several
llouorius aud Valcutiniau, be connected with learned writers that contorniatcs were intended
them also in point of time ; and consequently, for the purposes of the circus and the arena
that the contorniatcs of Julius Caisar aud Au- an opinion founded by them on the fact that
gustus are not contemporaneous with those em- athletic aud Circensian exercises constituted the
perors. For the same reason, antiquaries have usual subjects of these types —Eckhel remarks
— “Assuredly the games
long ago agreed, that certain imperial coins of as follows :
the
of circus
Consecration, from their being all of the same are pointed at in the figures of successful cha-
workmanship, and with the same admixture of rioteers in their quadrigae, frequently with their
bad silver, were also struck at the same date. names inscribed, or their busts, “winning horses,”
On this account, it is necessary to lay it down pugilists, beast-fighters, venaliones, aud palms
as a rule, that all contorniates are to be assigned as the prizes of victory. Besides which, such for-
to au age subsequent to the emperors, whose mula; as VRSE. VINCAS. —
OLYMPJ. NIKA. PET- —
portraits they bear. We see, ou these coins, roni. placeas. —
and the like, are the very
many attributes appropriated to the earlier em- words of good omen and encouragement, which
perors, which were really either unknown or in the spectators used to shout out to their favour-
disuse in their days. The head of Julius Ciesar, ites from the cunei. The fact, moreover, of
adorned, not only with the laurel crown,
e. <j. is Nero and Trajan being more frequently intro-
but also with the diadem, which, for well-known duced on these coins than any other emperors,
reasons, does uot appear on his contemporaneous is a satisfactory evidence that they were struck
coins. —
Trajan, on a coin in the Imperial for Circensian purposes. Not that I agree with
Cabinet at Vienna, is styled Pint Felix, which the Frenchman M
ahudcl, that those princes
titles conjoined were uuknown before the time were selected who were most addicted to the
of Coramodus. On auother, in the same col- sports of the circus. For most writers say that
lection, Trajan is called Pro-consul, a title the preference was given to Nero, on account of
never read except on coins of the lower empire. his well-known infatuation, in adorning vic-
Doubtless, the persons who struck these coins, torious and worn-out steeds with the slo/a, and
accommodated their style aud legends to the assigning them rations whilst during his reign
;

times in which they lived. —

Lastly, even that charioteers reached such a pitch of arrogance,
unique coin, bearing on its obverse the head of as to oppose the authority of consuls and pre-
Nero, and on its reverse Faustina junior, of tors. If this, however, were the correct view,
itself sufficiently proves, that it could uot have why omit mention of others) did not Coin-
(to
been struck during the reign of Nero. Jobcrt’s — modus come in for his share of such honour?
opinion, that contorniates were struck as early For his devotion to the circus was not a whit
as the reign of Gallieuus, has been refuted by interior, considering that he himself drove quad-
his auuotator Bimard, and requires no further rig®, and publicly slew beasts in the arena ; and
notice. — The soimdcr view
is that of Morel aud yet but one contomiatc of this emperor has ever
M ahudcl, who pronounce this class of medals been discovered. Aud again, why load Trajan
to have begun to be minted about the time of with such numbers of these medals, when no
Constautiue the Great, and to have been con- historian records of that emperor any violent
tinued under his immediate successors down to attachment to the circensian scenes? Some
Fla. Valentiuian, when cortorniates almost other reason, therefore, must be sought for the
wholly cease.” B. N. V. viii. 310. frequent appearance of Nero and Trajan on con-
VI. Of the use of Contokxiates. — All torniates; and this is to be found in the fact,
writers on this branch of the subject appear to that the former instituted the quinquennale cer-
agree in considering, that contorniatcs were not tamen at Rome, whilst in honour of the latter,
of the nature and value of money, in con- after his decease, there were celebrated ludi Par-
sequence of their differing so entirely from the t/iici, or triumphal games. Add to this, that
ordinary coinage. It is also universally ad- Trajan expended vast sums on the embellish-
mitted, that they were not struck by public ment and enlargement of the Circus Maximus.
authority, but by private individuals, and those The directors, therefore, of similar spectacles,
of an uneducated class, since the types are gene- in after ages, w ould naturally revive the me-
r

rally borrowed from humble life, objects the mory of those emperors more frequently, who
most incongruous placed in juxta-position, and had furnished them with such abundant material
mistakes committed in orthography, which pre- for victory aud its rewards. That the memory
clude the inference of their proceeding from of Nero, in consequence of this his predilection,
public authority. was not only cherished for many succeeding
Eckhcl informs us that, in the cabinet of the centuries by the votaries of the Roman circus,
Prince of Waldeck, there is a conlorniatc, but was also hailed with gratitude by the arena
 278 CONTORNIATE COINS. CONTORNIATE COINS.
of Constantinople, is remarkably evidenced by be useful in various respects. Others, however,
;

a cameo, published by Caylus. (Rcc. d’Antiq. have entertained a lower opinion of them; no
t. i. tab. 86). It represents Nero, with radi- .
doubt in consequence of the want of connection
ated head, borne in a quadriga, with the face '
between the obverse aud reverse ; the uuskilful
turned towards you, as is usual on contorniates grouping of the figures; and the subjects being
\

in his right baud he holds a napkin (the mappa, for the most part derived from the feats of
|

see Circus, pp. 203-4), in the left a consular charioteers and wrestlers and seldom affording
;

sceptre, with the legend NiI'un. AlVFcTe (sic.)

I

any gratification to the mind or to the eye. The

The scene, and its accompaniments, together fastidious take alarm also at the errors in spell-
with the faulty inscription, clearly prove, that ing, such as TESEVS, PEXTESILIA, STEFANVS,
this gem was the work of a later age of the OLIMPIAS, SALVST1VS, APOLONIVS, ETERNITAS,
lower empire, and, from the Greek legend, not and the like; together with the perpetual mis-
belonging to Italy, but doubtless to Constanti- take of flMHROC for omhpoc the surest proof
nople, where it is well known that the rage for that these contorniates were put forth in an
the sports of the Circus reached a greater height ignorant age, by people of an inferior class, aud
than even in the metropolis of Rome.” under no sanction of the state.
As to what was the actual use for which the “ It might be supposed (observes Eckhel) that
Contorniates were designed, in connexion with they would be of service to portraiture, as pro-
the ludi Circenses ; this is a question which, in fessedly exhibiting the heads of various eminent
the absence of historical, and in the paucity of individuals sought for iu vain ou other monu-
numismatic, testimony, cannot be answered with ments of antiquity. But it is easy to imagine,
confidence. The opiuions of writers on the sub- what slight reliance cau be placed on likenesses
ject rest on the merest conjecture. Morel sus- engraved many centuries after the death of the
pects that they were struck for the purpose of personages, iu an age inimical to the arts, and
being given as prizes for the athletic games. for the most part by unskilful bands.”
Ilavercamp (in his elaborate description of, and It is, however, in the face of this remark of
commentary on, Contorniates), supposes they the illustrious German, that a scarcely less illus-
were coined by the leaders and victors of the trious Italian antiquary, professes to regard as
circus, who wished thus to celebrate the praises authentic, up to a certain point, some portraits
of their conquering steeds. But this can apply which are found only on contorniatc medals.
only to those coins on which horses appear. “ These
heads (says M. Visconti), were struck
Henry Cannegicter, one of the latest writers at the epocha when the arts had declined that —
on the subject (in his Misc. Observat. Crit. is to say, in the fourth and fifth centuries of the
Novis, t. i. anni 1740), takes a remarkable Christian era. And although reproduced by the
view viz. that these medals were distributed baud of art, after an interval of several cen-
:

among the spectators by the partizaus of the turies, are not to be considered as imaginary
charioteers, in order that their success might be portraits. Collections of monuments of every
favoured by the words of good omen with which kind, which exist at this day at Constantinople
they were inscribed, and the figures portrayed aud at Rome, present models, from which the
upon them. For it was the popular belief, that engravers of the contorniates had the oppor-
the speed of the horses could be increased or tunity of copying. And, in fact, they directed
retarded by the arts of magic. And, to put in their entire attention to them, as may be proved
force or to counteract such influences, these con- by a comparison of the portraits iu question
torniatc medals were struck, bearing expressions with those which are preserved to us ou monu-
of good omen and the same virtue was believed ments of greater autiquity.
; The ouly material
to reside in the likenesses of Alexander the ditfercnce to be remarked, is that which results
Great, of Olympias, Nero, Virgil, Apollonius from the unskilfulucss of the contorniatc die-
of Tyana, Apulcius, Anchises, /Eneas, &c. be- sinkers. (Sec Iconograph. Grec. tab. i. Disc,
cause it was matter of tradition that those wor- pretiminaire, p. 15, 8vo. edition).
thies were cither addicted to the practice of PeLler iu confesses liis aversion to this descrip-
magic, or at any rate skilled in it. The same tion of coins and though some would include
;

power also was attributed to the dragons often them, others would as resolutely exclude them
seen on these coins and lastly, to the sign of from the list of true medallions.
;
—
“ Iu this
the cross found inscribed on a quadriga in a coin diversity of opinion (concludes the Author of
given by Ilavercamp. But, as Eckhel observes, Doctrina), the middle is the safer course. For
in citing the above opinion, it is deserving only although so little reliance can be placed on cou-
of the praise which is due to a learned and in- torniates, they arc stiR useful, as witnesses of
genious conjecture. Of a later day, Pinkerton their age, and its manners ; aud of the notorious
has supposed that they were used as tesserce, or fondness of the Roman people for public sports
tickets, and were distributed among the people aud spectacles. Some interest is also to be de-
before the commencement of the games, en- rived from their lively representations of the
titling each individual to n “ reserved scat” on Circus and its equipages, the charioteering, the
the beuches. huutings, the dress and “ turn-out” of the cha-
VII. On tiie merit of Contorniates. rioteers, the names of themselves and of their
Whatever may be its real merits, this class of horses, together with the acclamations of ap-
coins has its patrons, to whom it has appeared plause and encouragement, with which they
—
worthy of being diligently sought after, aud to were greeted by the spectators. Lastly, on ccr-
 CONTORNIATE COINS. COPIA. — COPONIA. 279
tain specimens of them may be seen subjects by —
by profession.” On the other hand, M. Ch
uo means deficient in elegance and classicality ; Lenormant, after comparing the Marquis’s con-
some of which cannot be found on other antique torniatc with that in the French National cabi-
monuments nay, in a very few instances, a
;
net, proves by evidence derived from three me-
workmanship worthy of a better age.” dals of the Antoninian mint, that the seated
—
Unedited Contorniates. In vol. iii. of
“ Revue Numismatique, annee 1840,” there arc
figure, with bristled hair on end, above described,
can be no other than the skilful and robust, but
three papers on Contorniate medals. Two are slovenly Vulcan. He further suggests that the
from the pen of the Abbe Grcppo (author of circular object, having the twelve celestial signs
a numismatic Memoire stir les Voyages de VEm- round its outer compartment, and the sun and
peretir Hadrien), and the third is by that dis- moon in the centre, is the shield of Achilles,
tinguished French antiquary M. Ch. Lenormant. on w hich the god of all artists who worked
r

1.The former of these pieces is thus described metals, is employed in the presence of Minerva,
(p. 89) antonin vs pivs. Bust of Antoninus
:
and that the tripod on which it is placed, is
Pins, to the right, bare head, the shoulders co- probably one of those famous tripods which
vered with the paludamentum. Vulcan was occupied in fabricating when Thetis
Rev. —
salvs avg. (as it would seem for the entered his dwelling. —
See M. Ijcuormant’s brief
deep circular furrow on the outer edge of the but judicious and classical remarks on this sub -

medal, peculiar to contorniates, has obliterated ject, p. 309, in the excellent French periodical
much of the lettering). Type, a ram, turned to above named. —
See also, in this dictionary, the
the right, standing near a tree, feeding out of a word VULCANUS.
crib standing on feet. Under the belly of the COOP. Cooptatus. — Associated, elected.
animal hangs a man, with the pileus on his head, See Sacerdos.
holding on by his hands to the front of the COPIA (Lueanice) colonia an opulent town ;

ram’s fleece, and throwing up his feet on the of Magna Grsccia, originally called Sybaris,
rump of the animal. afterwardsThurium and lastly by the Romans
This curious reverse, in a learned and ingenious named Copia (now Sibari Kovinata, Southern
dissertation, the Abbe interprets, with great shew Italy). Of this place, under the name of Sy-
of probability, to adumbrate a passage in the baris and Thurium, there are, according to
Odyssey (ix. v. 434), where Ulysses, in order to M ion net and Hennin, autonomous coins, in small
effect his own and his companions’ rescue from brass, of considerable rarity, with the legends
the sanguinary cruelties of Polyphemus, suspends copia and lcc. copia, and the types of Minerva,
himself, according to Homer’s recital, under the Hercules, and Mercury but none to indicate
;

belly of a large ram and by this means, the

;
that it was a colony under the emperors.
King of Ithaca and all his men, who adopted the COPIA LUGDUNENSIS. — See Lugdunum
same stratagem with others of the cyclops’ flock, Copia.
succeeded in accomplishing their escape from the —
COPONIA gens a plebeian family but of
cavern of the giant, whom they had already noble origin. There arc two varieties of coin
deprived of sight. The following silver is rare
The second medal is thus described: Obv. —
divo traiano avgvsto. Bust of Trajan to the
right, with the paludamentum, head laurcatcd.
Rev. —
Without legend. A bearded man, seated
on a chair, to the right, clothed in a short gar-
ment, that leaves the breast and lower extre-
mities bare the muscles of the arms and legs
:

strongly marked hair bristled up on the top of

;

the head. lie seems occupied in contemplating Obv. — Q. sicinivs. in. vir. Head of Apollo,
a circular object placed on a tripod (much re- diadcinated ; beneath it a star.
sembling the zodiacal type on an Alcxaudrine Rev. — c. —
copoxivs. pr. s. c. Spoils of the
medallion of Antoninus Pius, in Zoega), placed lion raised on a club. In the field a bow and
before him. In the field of the coin, above, is an arrow.
a figure of Pallas hehneted, holding the hasta “ It is certain (says Borghesi), that the mo-
and resting on a buckler. Behind the principal nctal triumvirs of 705 n. c. 49), although exiles,
fignre is a parazonium with its baldrick. caused coins to be minted, there being a mani-
There are, it seems, two specimens of this fest proof of this fact, in the present example
contoruiatc, one in the Cabinet National dc of Q. Sicinius, who was assuredly one of them.
France, the other in the possession of the Mar- And these denarii were in all probability coined
quis de Pina. They are from different dies, and in some city recommended to the protection
of
vary in some particulars, though they corres- the l’retor C. Coponius.” —
And Cavcdoni adds,
pond in general. The Abbe Grcppo writes his “ We learn from Cicero, that C. Caponius com-
dissertation with M.
de Pina’s coin before him, manded a fleet at Rhodes, prretorio imperio.
and he inclines to the opinion that the type re- And, considering that the very singular type of
lates to judicial astrology, that the seated figure one of his denarii, the club, or upright post,
“ that
is of a charioteer of the circus, or at from the top of which is suspended the lion's
least of some other person employed at public skin, appears to have been taken from one of
spectacles, rather than of a judicial astrologer the coins of A/inda in Caria (or some other
280 CORDUBA.—CORDIA. CORINTHUS.
city in that neighbourhood), it seems evident
that the triumvir C. Sicinins struck part at least
of his monies at or near Aliuda, or some town
nearer the Carian coast, opposite to the island
of Rhodes, then under the government of the
Pretor Coponius.” —
Cited by Riccio, p. 60.
Eckhel has no doubt but that the arms and
attributes of Hercules, on the reverse of this
silver coin, refer to the origin of Coponius, at the hasta pura in her left ,
with a cupid hung
Tibur (a town of the Sabines, about 20 miles to her neck behind.
from Rome), where great honours were paid to There is a denarius of this gens, on which a
that demi-god. Whilst Riccio says “ The bow
— Cupid appears dancing, with crown and palm
and arrow may refer as much to Hercules as to branch in his hands and another with Cupid
;

Apollo, whose diademated head is on the ob- riding on a dolphin.

verse and this may possibly point to the go-
;
These coins are ascribed to Manias Cordius
vernment of the Pretor, in the island of Rhodes, Rufus, monetary- triumvir under Julius Csesar,
where Apollo was peculiarly the object of wor- before or after the dictatorship. The type of
ship.” Venus, with the balance, refers to the origin of
CORDUBA, Hispania Beetleee, colonia (now Cicsar, and to his justice ; that of the owl to
Cordova, in Southern Spain). This city was his prudence and wisdom; the warlike helmet
founded by Marcellus and made a colony in
;
and the Egis to his valour lastly, the palm and
;

the time of the republic. But its colonists hav- crown borne by the dancing Cupid, alludes to
ing been diminished by war, Augustus, as soon the triumphs of Julius.
as he had pacificated Spain, gave it, according The heads of the Dioscuri connect themselves
to Pliny, the name of Patricia, and granted it with the worship paid to those demi-gods in
the privilege of striking money. (Vaillant). Etruria, the native country of the moncyer,
The coins of this city, says .Mionnet (Supplt Cordius Rufus, who was pretor and pro-consul
tab. consist of a Latin autonomc in small
1), under Augustus, according to a marble dis-
brass,and of imperial Latin colonials in first covered at Tusculum by the Abate Amati. Sec —
and second brass, struck only under Augustus, further remarks on the types of the Cordia gens,
whose portrait, without laurel, they bear on cited from Cavedoni, by Riccio, p. 61.
their obverses.The legends of their reverses CORINTHUS, colonia, now Korito, or Co-
are colonia Patricia, within a laurel wreath, —
riii/o. Corinth was the most celebrated city of
or accompanied with types, some representing Achaia, situate at the end, and on the southern
pontifical instruments, others military cusigus shore, of the Sinus Corinthiacus (Gulf of Lc-
and the names of legions. The following three panto), near the isthmus which bears its name,
are specimens of the imperial class, viz. : l'or its beauty and elegance, its riches and luxu-
1. permissv caesaris avgvsti. Bare head rious abundance, Cicero terms Corinth the light
of the Emperor. of all Greece (totius Grtecia lumen). Its more
Rev. —
col. path. leg. v. x. (Colonia Patri- ancient appellation was Ephgra. From its local
cia Legiones quinta et decimaj. legionary A position, between the two seas, this place was
eagle between two military ensigns. Engraved — called Bimaris by the poets in reference to
:

in Vaillant, Colonies, t. i. p. 42. Sec that which, says Pcllerin, it is also several times re-
writer’s learned remarks on this historical coin. presented on coins, under the emblem of a naked
2. per. caes. avgvsti. Bare head of Augus- figure— that is to say, the Genius of the City,
tus. Rev. —
colonia Patricia, within a civic who holds an oar in each hand, as in Elagabalus.
garland. —
Engraved in Akcrman, Ancient Coins Corinth had two ports, Lechicutn on the Sinus
of Cities, p. 30, pi. iii. No. 11. Corinthiacus, and Cenchrca on the Sinus Saro-
Rev. —
colon, patr. Pontifical instruments. nicus (Gulf of Egina). It had also a citadel on
Ibid. pi. iv. No. 1. a lofty rock, called Aerocorinthus. This far-
3. Latin Autonome cn. ivli. l. f. q.
. famed city was taken and destroyed by the con-
Head of Venus. sul Mummius, general of the invading army of
Rev. —
cordvba. Cupid standing with torch the Romans, a. U. C. 609 (b. c. 145), w ho made
—
and cornucopia-. Engraved in the same work, its territories tributary to the republic. It was
p. 29, plate iii. No. 10. restored by Julius Cicsar, who also in 710 (b. c.
CORDIA gens, of Tuscan origin, and of ple- 44) made it a colony, and after whom it re-
beian rank its surname Rufus.
; This family — ceived the denomination of Laus Jn/ii. In the
has live varieties in its coins. The following are civil war, Corinth sided with Mark Antony
its two rarest denarii :
against Octavianus.
rvpvs. An owl on a helmet.
1. Rev. The — The coins of this city consist (besides Greek
/Eg is of Minerva, with the words MANti/j COU- autonomes) of Latin colouial autonomes, and of
—
D1VS around it. Engraved in MorcU. Fam. Latin colonial imperial, in first, second, and
Rom. third brass. Corinth struck money by permis-
2. rvfvs ill. vir. The conjoined heads of sion, and to the honour, of the following per-
the Dioscuri, with diademed bonnets, and stars
— sonages, viz.: —
Julius Cicsar, M. Antony, Au-
above each. Rev. man. cokdivs. Venus stand- gustus, Livia, M. Agrippa, Cains and Lucius,
ing, holding the balance in her right hand, and Agrippa junior, Tiberius, Antonia, Germanicus,
 CORINTII US. CORINTHUS. 281
Drusus Cccsar, Caligula, Agrippiua senior, Clau and Hygeia, Bacchus, Diana, Hercules, Jupiter,
dius, Domitiau, Trajan, Plotina, Hadrian, Sa- Mars, Mercury, Minerva, Neptune, aud Venus.
biua, Antoninus Pius, Faustina senior, M. Au- The annexed wood-cut represents the type of
relius, L. Verus, Lucilla, Commodus, S. Scve- a second brass, which Eckhcl places amoug the
rus, Domna, Caracalla, Gcta, Plautilla, Macri- Latin autonomes.
uus, Elagabalus, Gordiauus Pius.
In fact, no colony struck more imperial coins
than Corinth, especially from the commence-
ment of Nero’s reign. When, indeed, that
prince visited Corinth, at the celebration of the |

Isthmian games, the citizens recorded his arrival

on various coins, having already dedicated their
mouctal flattery to him, whilst he was yet but
a youth, during the life-time of his father by
adoption, the Emperor Claudius. It will be re-
marked, from the foregoing list, that no coins
of the Corinthians were consecrated to cither coiunthvm. — Bellerophon taming Pegasus
Vespasian or Titus. But the great number before one of the gates of Corinth.
struck under Domitian seems to indicate a resti- Subjoined is an alphabetical notice of some of
tution of liberties, or a remission of taxation, the principal types, which appear on the re-
by the last named prince to this colony, which verses of the Latin imperial coins of this colony :

it had uot enjoyed during the reigns of his Attar, with a tree upon it. —
On coins of M.
father and brother. The coins minted at Corinth Aurelius and L. Verus this type appears. It is

with the respective efligies of Antoninus Pius, considered by Patin, with whom Vaillant agrees,
M. Aurelius, and L. Verus, are very numerous to be the altar of Melicerta, whose body, accord-
and varied in their types, particularly those of ing to that most foolish and confused of Greek
the latter emperor, who lingered a long time in myths, was found near a pine-tree, and an altar
that seat of abandoned voluptuousness, on his erected there. —
See the word Melicerta.
way to wage war against the Parthiaus. Very Allocution. The emperor addressing his
considerable issues from the Latin colonial mint Nero.
soldiers, as in
of Corinth took place under Commodus and Arch, with statues on it, as in Augustus, to
Septimius Severus. —
Sec Mionnet, Supplt. t. iv. whose honour as victor at Actium, a triumphal
The legends ou the colonial imperial coins of arch was erected at Corinth. — Engraved in
Corinth are as follow, viz. C. cor. Colonia— Vaillant’s Colonia;, vol. i.

Corinthus. —
c. L. 1. cor. and col. lavs. ivl. Adoenlus Augusti. c. cor. — This legend, re-
cor. Colonia Laus Julia Corinthus. col. ivl. — ferring to the arrival of Nero at Corinth, has
avg. cor. Colonia Julia Augusta Corinthus . for its accompanying types, the togated figure
It also, in flattery of Domitiau, took the surname of the emperor, and the pretorian galley.
of his family col. flav. avg. cor. Colonia
: Of this journey made by Nero into Greece,
Fla via Augusta Corinthus thus leaving out the Dion Cassius (lib. 63, p. 7i9) observes, that he
name of Julius, who founded the colony. The — went thither, “ not as his warlike ancestors and
legend of a coin struck at Corinth uuder the predecessors (Flaminius Mummius, Agrippa,
same emperor, is cor. perm. imp. Corinthi Per- and Augustus) had done but that he might
;

missu Imperaloris alluding to the privilege of drive the chariot, sing to his own playing on the
coining mouey, conceded by the emperors to harp, fill the office of herald at public games,
this and other colouies. aud perform in tragedies.”
The series of Corinthian money, both auto- Bellerophon. —
This favourite hero of the
nomous and imperial, are extremely interesting, Corinthians appears on their coins, sometimes
from the great number of types which refer mounted ou the horse Pegasus and fighting the
cither to the history of their city, in its earlier Chiimera, as in Julius C.csar sometimes on ;

ages, or which offer views of temples and other horseback without the Chiimera, as in Domitiau,
public edifices. — The Corinthians were great L. Verus, and S. Severus. The same destroyer
lovers of the fabulous and whatever at-
;
of the triple monster appears on foot, holding
tached itself to their traditions and annals, Pegasus by the bridle (see the above cut). A1J
whether true or
vided it served to
false — probable or absurd, pro-
their celebrity, was
augment
these types were intended to indicate the remote
antiquity of the city. —
See p. 125, and p. 198
alluded to ou their mouuments. As Roman of this dictionary —
see also cossutia, and the
colonists, but in the servile spirit of Greek word PEGASUS.
adulation, they sometimes represented the em- Caius and Lucius, Casa res. — These two young
perors in their mintages, under the form aud princes (p.217) are named together on coins
with the attributes of gods. They were also of Augustus struck at Rome, but their portraits
accustomed to strike on their mouey the names placed opposite to each other arc found only on
of one of, or both, the duumviri, by whom as a a few colonial pieces, amongst which are those
colony they were governed. of Corinth. On the obverse of these is the bare
Amongst the divinities worshipped, and to head of Augustus, with legend caesar corint.
whom temples were dedicated and coins minted —Engraved in Vaillant, T. i.
with their images, at Corinth, were Esculapius Colonist driving oxen at plough. — The only

2 O
 282 CORINTHUS. CORINTHUS.
piece struck by the Roman colony of Corinth,
which bears the common colonial symbol, is a
second brass dedicated to Augustus, who 1

re-
inforccd, with his disbanded veterans,
the too
scanty population originally planted
there by
Julius.
Crown of Parsley (corona ex apio), within ^

which is the word isthmia, as in

Nero, alluding
to the Isthmian games (ccrtamina
Isthmiaca),
celebrated near Corinth, on the isthmus,
every
fifth year. —Engraved
in Vaillant, i. p. ] 18. made of scales, allusive to the divine rites paid
Chimara (see
198).p. The Corinthians to Melicerta.— The same figure of a child is on
struck this enigmatical object on their
coins, in another coin recumbent on a dolphin, near a
tree,
remembrance of their champion Bellerophon, as on the opposite side of which is Sisyphus
in Domitian, M. Aurelius, and L. Vcrus. under
the figure of a naked man, holding
in his right
Emperor* in triumphal quadriyte, and on hand a victorio/a, and in his left a palm branch.
horseback, appear on first and second
brass of I his type, which appears on a coin of M.
this colony, dedicated to Domitian, and L. Vcrus J

Aurelius, is supposed by \ aillant to refer to

Engraved the
in Vaillant, i. p. 201. Isthmian games instituted in honour of Meli-
Genius^ of the Colony of Corinth, (gen. col. ccrta.
COE.)— This appears under the form of a half- Neptune is a frequent type on the coins of the
naked man, holding a patera and
cornucopia:, Roman colony, as being the tutelary deity of the
on a second brass of Nero, who in the
charac- Corinthians. He had a temple at Lcchieum.
teristic spirit of adulation to
that tyrant, is ex- And on coins of Augustus, Octavia Neronis,
hibited by the Corinthians, just as the
Genius and Antoninus Pius, he is typified, holding
Populi Romani the
was customarily depicted on trident, and drawn in a sheli-formed
car by two
coins of Roman die— Engraved in Vaillant, sea-horses. On
i. a first brass of Domitian, the
Pellerin, in Melange , vol. i. pi. xvi. p. 2C4, god appears sitting on a rock, on which his
gives a Corinthian coin of Agrippina
Claudii right hand rests, his left being
which, with gen. col. for its legend, extended towards
exhibits a a woman who stands before him, holding
woman habited in the stola, standing with patera an
and cornucopia:. There is a similar
dedication
infant in her arms.
—
[This refers to Ino, the
unhappy wife of Athamas, imploring the assist-
ot a second brass coin, by
the Corinthians, to ance of Neptune to save her newly born son,
—
M. Aurelius. See the word genius.
Melicerta (in Ovid, Metam. 4.) The rock is
Ino. On a second brass, bearing on one side that of Moluris, and the dolphin reeals
the head and titles of Sept. Scverus, to re-
and on the collection the fish on which the boy was carried.
other c. l. i. con. The type is a woman stand-
ing* with one foot on a rock, and
— Sec the word ino.
the other sus- On coins of Domitian, Hadrian, and M.
pended, her right arm holds out an infant
at : Aurelius, Neptune sits, or stands, with trident
the bottom of the rock is a dolphin.
This wo- and dolphin on some his left foot is planted on
man is 1 no, daughter of Cadmus and Hermione,
;

the prow of a vessel, as in Commodus

wife of Athamas, king of Thebes. on a ;
She was the second brass of which last-named emperor, the
mother of Mclicerta, and regarded as a
goddess god of the Sea stands holding his right hand
—
by <he Greeks. Engraved in Vaillant, ii.
p. 9. over an altar, on the other side of which is a
Melicerta. —
Types connected with this le- tree —
On a first brass dedicated to M. Aurelius,
gendary “nothing” about which, the Corin- the Corinthians have figured Neptune, standing
thians made so “ much ado,” upon their coins in a triumphal car, a trident in his right,
and other monuments, appears on second and
brass an image of Victory in his left hand, which
dedicated by this colony to Sabina,
Antoninus obviously refers to the honours of the Triumph
Pius, M. Aurelius, L. Yerus,
Coramodus, Sept conferred on the Emperor by the Senate at
Scverus, and Caracalla.
Rome, for some signal success which he had
The son of I no is represented under the figure
just gained, and he is here displayed as Neptune
of a naked boy on a dolphin,
astride the fish, on other
sometimes sitting
reverses he stands
himself. — The above are engraved in Vaillaut’s
Colonial work, vol. i. pp. 140, 181.— Pellerin
upright on its back in a third typification he
;
gives a coin of this colony, dedicated to Julia
lies stretched out at
length, with his face down- Domna,
oil which is Ncptuue with his right foot
wards, oil the dolphin which
is placed on a placed on the head of a bull, and holding in his
table. On some of these there is a tree behind
right hand the apluslrum. (Mel. T. i. pi. xviii
the boy and the dolphin. This alludes to a pine No. 5, p. 289.)
tree, near which was found
the dead body of Obelisk , on which is a naked image, with a
Melicerta, m
memory of whom the victore at spear in the left hand. On each side of the obe-
the lstbnuan games were crowned with 1pine lisk is an equestriau figure, in a military dress,
leaves.
as if galloping.
On a well known and elegant coin of Corinth
This appears on n coin of Corinth, dedicated
struck in honour of M. Aurelius and L. Vcrus]
to M. Aurelius, and which Vaillant thinks was
the boy, the dolphin, and the pine
tree, arc ex- intended to represent statues raised in honour of
hibited within a round temple, having
a dome M. Aurelius aud L. t erns the obelisk
I

; itself be-
 CORINTHUS. CORINTHUS. 283
ing one on which were inscribed their warlike of the port is doubtless meant to signify th
j

exploits respectively achieved against the Par- pine, near which Sisyphus found the body of
thians and other enemies of Rome. Engraved — Mclicerta and where Theseus compelled Sinis
;

in Vaillant, i. 187. to undergo the same fate to which he had sub-

Pegasus the winged horse of Apollo, is re- jected those wretched people who fell into his
presented flying, on Corinthian coins of Au- hands. Although this tree was near Crommyon,
gustus, Caligula, aud Domitian, he is figured and at a great distance from Cenchrea, yet by a
standing on coins of M. Aurelius, L. Verus, and license which ancient
artists often allowed them-
Commodus, also on the summit of the Acro-Corin- selves, represented close to this port.”
it is On
thus in a medal of Claudius. For other types of another rare Corinthian coin this same tree
this fabulous auimal, iu association with the is found transported to the foot of the Acro-
traditions of Corinth, see wood-cuts in this Corinthus ; probably intended to indicate the
—
article see also the word pegasus. Isthmian games, about which such great pains
Pirene . —
On a third brass of Sept. Scvcrus were taken to cause their frequent re-celebration.
is the figure of a young woman, sitting on a The head of the Emperor Antonine, which ap-
rock, on which her left hand rests with her ; pears on the obverse of this remarkable speci-
right hand she supports a vase on her knee. men, may warrant the inference that the port
Vaillant (ii. 10) regards this to represent the of Cenchrea underwent certain reparations and
nymph Pirene, who in consequence of Diana embellishments, under the orders of that prince,
haviug rashly slain her son, is said to have shed of which history furnishes no record.— See Re-
tears so abundantly, that she was changed iuto cueil, & c. p. 48.
the fountain which bears her name, and which
is situate near the Acro-Corinthus.

In his “ Recueil de que/ques Medailles Grec-

ques Inedites,” the late M. Milliugen (p. 46),
has given the following second brass of L. Verus :

This autique delineation of the port of Ceu-

chrea derives additional interest from the circum-
stance of its local connection with the apostolic
labours of St. Paul at Corinth, and of its hav-
ing been the place of embarkation on his voy-
imp. caes. aveel. VEKVS avg. Bare head age to Ephesus, and thence to Caesarea, in his
of the Emperor Verus to the right. way to Jerusalem. (Acts, c. xviii.)
Rev . col. I. cos. A woman seated, hold- Sol. —
On a small brass of M. Aurelius, with
ing a vase on her knees, at the foot of the Acro- the legend of C olonia Laus lulia Corinthus, ap-
Corinthus ; before her stands a winged horse, pears the head of the Sun, ornamented with
drinking. rays. —
A second brass of Nero exhibits the Sun,
This type, as the learned numismatist above under the figure of a young man, with radiated
uamed remarks, has evident allusion to the myth head, and with a whip in his right hand, driv-
of Pegasus, captured whilst quenching his thirst ing a quadriga at full speed. —
Sol is also repre-
at the fountain of Pirene, by Bellerophou, with sented under the type of a male figure, clothed
the aid of Minerva. in a tunic, and crowned with rays, on coins
Port of Cenchrea —
On a second brass of this
. dedicated by this colony to M. Aurelius and L.
colony, struck under Antoninus Pius, with the Verus.
legend c. L. i. cor. the reverse type exhibits a Apollo, in quality of the god of day, was re-
port of semi-circular form, at each extremity of garded, next to Neptunus, as the tutelary deity
which is a temple, and in the centre of the har- of the Coriuthians. For, according to Pausanias,
bour is a statue of Neptune. Before it arc three Neptunus and Sol competed with each other for
vessels and to the left is the trunk of a tree.
;
the office of protector to their city and Briarcus ;

M. Millingen, in publishing an engraving of being appointed to arbitrate between them,

this perhaps unique coin, (an accurate copy of awarded the Isthmus to Neptune ; and the pro-
which appears in the right-hand column, observes, montory which commands the city, viz. the Acro-
that “ the port here represented must, accord- Corinthus, to the Sun’s especial guardianship.
ing to the description of Pausanias, be that of Iu the case of L. Verus, it probably associates
Cenchrea. Its form was semi-circular, and at itself with the successful result of his eastern
each extremity was a temple that to the right
;
expedition, the flattery of the Achaians appro-
was probably dedicated to iEsculapius and Isis ; priating to imperial princes the form and fashion
that on the opposite side, to Venus. A colossal of the very gods they worshipped. These types —
bronze statue of Neptune was placed on a rock, are engraved by Vaillant, in Coloniis, i. 199 ;

or a massive foundation of masonry, raised in and in llavcrCamp, Cabinet de Christine, second

the midst of the current. The tree on the side |
brass series.
2 0 2
 284 CORINTHXJS. CORNELIA.
Temples . — Types of this description, under licentia vitae liberioris, sed etiain adidteriis et
several varieties, appear on many coins conse- juventutis amoribus infamatus est.”
crated to the Roman Emperors and their Au- Venus, standing undressed in a marine car,
gusta hy this colony, such as Augustus, Oetavia, drawn by a triton and ancreid, with legend COR.
Tiberius, Nero, Galba, L. Vcrus, &c. ; some are and the names of the duumviri of Corinth at the
of four, others of six, columns; some with, time : a most elegant coin ill second brass,
others without, flights of steps to them. struck in honour of Agrippina, wife of Claudius,
Temple of Venus . —
A second brass, which and also another of the same type, dedicated to
offers on one side the name, titles, and portrait Nero. —
Engraved in Vaillant, i. p. 113. On a —
of the Emperor Lucius Verus, exhibits on its coin of Autoninus Pins, the same goddess is re-
reverse the legend c. l. i. cor. and the type of presented as a yonng woman clothed in the
the Acro-Connthus, or citadel of Corinth, stola, and holding the apple awarded to her hy
with the temple of Venus on its summit. From Paris as the prize of beauty. —
On a second brass
the extremity of the rock, the horse Pegasus of L. Verus she holds a shield in both hands,
takes his flight into the air, seemingly ascending and Cupid stands before her feet. On second —
towards the heavens, as there to take a place
if brass of M. Aurelius, Lucilla, and Plautilla, the
amongst the constellations. At the foot of the image of this grossly cherished deity of the Co-
mountain is an edifice and a grotto, on the left rinthians, stands within a temple placed on a high
is a tree. summit. — It was to Venus that the sensual peo-
under various
ple of this colony raised temples,
names, and erected statues, not only on the
summit of the Acro-Corinthus, but also in the
suburbs and in the port of Cenchrea. See the —
word VENUS.
|

Victory. —The Corinthians, like the inha-

bitants of the Greek cities, were accustomed to
flatter their imperial masters, with this symbol
of military success and triumph on their coins.
Types of Victory, with palm branch and laurel
wreath, standing on the ground, or in a gallop-
ing quadriga, nppear on coins dedicated to
It is very difficult to determine what are the Commodus, Sept. Severus, Julia Domna, and
two architectural objects, in the lower part of CaracaUa. —
Pellerin gives us au engraving
the reverse. It is believed that the one on the (Melange, i. pi. xvi.) of a Corinthian small
right baud is meant for the temple of Neptune, brass of Galba, whose coins struck in the colo-
and that on the opposite side is the grotto where nies are rare, on the reverse of which is Victory
Sisyphus deposited the body of Meliccrta. The standing with garland and palm branch. Also
tree on the left hand side is probably the same another of the same emperor, with type of two
of which mention has already been made. hands joined, not given in Vaillant.
This type of a temple on the top of a rock, —
CORNELIA gens. This wns of plebeian as
with an edifice and a grotto at the base of the well as patrician rank ; Sabine in origin, and
same perpendicular acclivity, is by no means divided into various branches. In its patrician
rare ;
hut the additional feature of Pegasus, stem, the highest and most noble of all the Ro-
springing up from the summit, has never dis- man families, it gave many remarkable and
played itself on a coin of Corinth, until published illustrious subjects to the republic. Amongst
by Millingen, from whose “ Recueil,” tab. ii. its nutnerons surnames, those which appear ou
No. 20, the above is copied. coins are Balbus, Blasio, Ccthcgus, Ciuna, Cos-
On a second brass of this colony, struck sus, Faustus, Lentulus, Scipio, Siscuna, Spin-
under L. Verus, is the side view of a four- ther, Sulla, &c. —
No less than 121 varieties arc
columned temple, with steps to its portico. ascribed by Morel, confirmed by Mionnel, to the
This temple, namely that of Venus, on the coins of Cornelia gens, whose name is also read
summit of the Acro-Corinthian rock, Pausanias, on the cislophori. The brass pieces are the As,
confirmed by Strabo, stamps with an infamous or some of its parts, or they were struck by
celebrity, in the following terms, which Vaillant the moncyers of Augustus.
(i. 203), quoting from the Greek, gives in a The following arc some of the rarest and most
Latin dress :
interesting of the Cornelian mintages:
“ Et fanum Veneris Corinthi fuit locuples, ut !
1. blasio. cn. F. llclmctcd head of a sol-
plurcs quam cio. habuerit sacromm famulas
|
dier, without beard. Rev. —
A male figure,
incrctrices, qnas Dew viri mulieresque dcdica- !

runt. Ob bice igitur ct magna horainum multi-

tudo ea in urbe ct divitiie fuerunt.
The Corinthians seem to have chosen this
temple of Venus, as a fit type for a medal dedi-
j

rated to L. Verus, because he was an especial

worshipper of that goddess for Capitolinas, his
;

biographer, states him to have been so entire a

slave to lust, that when in Syria, “ non solum I
 CORNELIA. CORNELIA. 285
naked, with liasta in the right, and arrows or same name, and consul himself in 753 (b. c. 1).
the fidnicu in the left hand, stands between two They were both minted about the year 731 (b. c.
clothed female figures, one of them galeated, 23), certainly not beyond 742 (b. c. 12), in
and who holds a crown over the central figure. which year Agrippa died.— Riccio, 67.
In the exergue koma. In the former of the two most probably is
The head on the obverse of this denarius has represented the statue of Augustus, erected on
all the appearance of being a portrait. Visconti the occasion of his victory at Actium, to which
and Borgbcsi agree in attributing it to the first the ship’s prow refers that adorns the base of
Scipio Africanus, as struck by the rnoncyer the statue.
Cneus Cornelius Blasio, in honour and praise of On the second reverse is the head of Agrippa,
his own family. Its likeness to the bust of that general and afterwards son-in-law of Augus-
great man, preserved in the capitol, seems to tus, who greatly contributed by his counsels
warrant the supposition. and by his military valour to advance the
Eckhcl (v. p. 180), treats the reverse of this fortunes and to embellish the life of the first
coin as representing Dionysus (Bacchus), with Roman emperor. (Sec p. 27 of this dictionary.)
Pallas on his left hand, in the act of crowning — The rostral crown was awarded to victors in
him the other female figure he leaves uniden-
;
naval engagements, and that which is seen on
tified. —
See his remarks on the group as quoted the head of Agrippa is referable to the above-
in p. 120 of this dictionary. — Mionnct—gives a mentioned battle of Actium, gained by him
similar description of the reverse, viz. :
“ Bac- whilst in commaud of Octavian’s fleet against
chus debout eutre Pallas et unc femme.” that of Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
Riccio, on the other hand, pronounces the 5. ex. s. c. Female head with a helmet,
three figures to be “ Jove stauding with hasta terminated with the head of a griffin. Rev .

and fulmen, Juno on his right, and Pallas on cethegvs or cetegvs (sic.) A naked man,
his left hand,” adding that “ the type is conse- with Phrygian bonnet, riding on a goat at full
crated to the three principal deities of paganism, speed. Below roma, all within a crown of ivy.
to which the Romans paid the highest worship, —Valued by Miounet at 200 fr. — Engraved in
and which were the objects of peculiar adora- Morell. Tam. Rom. Cornelia.
tion in the interior recess of the Capitolinc tem- In the mintages of the Fonteia family Eckhel
ple, where Scipio paid his devotions (faccndosi recognises the genius of Apollo Vcjovis riding
supporre figlio di Giove), affecting to be the son on the goat, which was held sacred to him.
of Jupiter. By the same rule, Cavcdoni is disposed to view,
2.balbvs pro pr. A club.- -Rev. Head — in the above reverse, the genius of Juno Lanu-
of Octavian. c. caesare hi. vir. r. p. c. vina, and to suppose that it alludes to a passage

Engraved in Morell. Tam. Rom. Cornelia. in the life of Cains Cornelius Cethegus, consul
This coin belongs to Lucius Balbns, provin- in 557 (b. c. 197) who, at a battle with the
cial pro-pretor in 712 and afterwards
(b. c. 42), Insubres (people of Lombardy), made the vow
consul, although of Spanish origin. He was of a temple to the goddess ; and that the goat
one of the early adherents of Octavianus, whose and ivy crown refers to the cognomen of Cethe-
head he has stamped on this coin and the club ;
gns, which in the Greek language corresponds
on the reverse may perhaps refer to the worship with edera and capra. The workmanship of
of Hercules by the Gaditani (people of Cadiz), this denarius, of classic rarity, carries it to the
of whom he was a fellow countryman. Riccio, — latest age of the republic. —
Riccio, p. 63.
p. 67, who gives an engraving. —
See also Morell. 6. L. scip. asiag. Jupiter in a quadriga at
3. L. LENTVLVS FLAMEN. MARTIALIS. Sec — fullspeed, holding a sceptre and the reins in his
Flamett. right hand. Obv. —
Head of Jupiter Capitoliuus.
4. cossvs cn. p. lentylvs. —
An equestrian
statue, holds on his left shoulder a trophy, and
has for pedestal the prow of a ship. Obv. —
avgvstvs Divi. f. Laurcated head of Augustus.
A rare denarius from the original mintage
under Augustus, but of the highest rarity, as
restored by Trajan. —
Engraved in Caylus, and
in Morel.
M. AGRIPPA COS. TF.RT. COSSVS LENTVLVS.
Head of Agrippa, with the mural and rostrated This denarius, Eckhcl, agreeing with preced
crown. Obv. —
avgvstvs cos. xi. Laurcated ing numismatists, considers to have been coined
head of Augustus. in reference to Lucius Cornelius Scipio, consul in
This is of great rarity, as contemporaneous the year of Rome 564 (b. c. 190), to whom the
with the mintages of Augustus, but the resti- people then and not before, decreed the govern-
tution by Trajan, especially in gold, is rare in the ment of Greece, and the carrying on of the war
highest degree. —
See an engraving from a well with Antiochus the Great. He was the eldest
preserved specimen of this coin, under the head brother of Publius Scipio. And as Publius Scipio
of corona rostrata et muralis. took the name of Africanus, for his conquests in
The above two coins were struck by Cneus Africa, so Lucius Scipio, having subdued the
Cornelius Lcntulus, called Cossus, one of the Syrian monarch and restored peace in Asia, re-
moneyers of Augustus, son of the consul of the ceived the name of Asiagenes , or Asiatic us.
286 CORNELIA. CORNELIA.
Onthe other hand, Borghesi contends that in the above reverse, that
it was not with im-
this denarius does not belong to the consul of punity that the power of the Roman people
564, but to another Lucius posterior to 600 could be disparaged or insulted ; and that as the
(b. c. 154), and Cavedoni refers it to the consul daring Titans were destroyed by the extermin-
of 671, viz. L. Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus (b. c. ating thunderbolts of Jupiter, so the enemies of
83). The head of Jupiter on the obverse, and Rome were pulverised and dispersed by the Ro-
the same deity in the quadriga of the reverse,
appears to allude to the protection extended by
—
man sword. Eckhel himself regards it as a

that deity to the Romans. —

See Iliccio, p. 68.
’
symbolical representation
—
qui ceterum sim-
:

bolicus totus videtur, et notare seditionem ali-

7. Laureated and bearded head of Jupiter. quam Roraae felieiter sopitam. (v. p. 189).
Rev. —
c. N. l.E.vrv'L«i. Eagle on a thunderbolt. Cavedoni, cited by Riccio (p. 68), says, “ I
In gold. —Valued by Mionuet at 150 fr. by Ric- am inclined to think that the busts of the Sun
cio at 30 piastres. and the crescent Moon are introduced here by
Borghesi ascribes this to Cn. Lentulus Clo- way of allusion to the name of Cornelius, com-
dianus consul in 682 (b. c. 72), probably questor posed of Cornu and /E/ius.” A far-fetched and
in 670 (b. c. 84), and two or three years previ- unsatisfactory conjecture. The appearance of
ously one of the monetal triumvirs. these two planets is more likely to connect it-
NERI. Q. vrb.
8. Bearded male head. Rev. self with some incident relating to the giants’
1*.lent. c. marc. cos. A legionary eagle be- war.
tween two standards. On one H. on the other 11. C. CASSI IMP. LE1BERTAS. Head of
p. —
See neria family. Liberty diademed. Rev. —
lentvlvs spint.
9. L. lentvlvs c. marc. cos.
Statue of
Diana of Ephesus, with a prop, or support in
—
The prefericulum aud the lit uns. See this coin,
rare in gold, engraved in p. 189 of this volume.
each hand. Obv. —
Head with husliy hair and 12. brvtvs. The simpuluw, axe, and the
beard.
The obverse type represents Jupiter Pluvius
secespita. Rev . —
lentvlvs spint. Riccio
values this in gold at 30 piastre.
and the Ephesian Diana, mammifera, on the 13. c. cassi imp. Tripod with coriina. —
reverse, designates the place where this rare Rev .LENTVLVS SPUTTER. Prefericulum aud
denarius was coined. In fact towards the close lituus. —
See tripos.
of 705 (b. c. 49), Lucius Cornelius Lentulus. These coins were struck in Asia by Publius
and his colleague in the consulate, Caius Clau- Cornelius Leutulus Spiuther, son of P. Cornelius
dius Marcellus were residing at Ephesus. Ric- — Lentulus Spiuther, consul in 697 (b. c. 57).
cio, p. 65. He was augur, aud opposed to Cresar in the civil
10. sisena. roma. Galeated head of Rome, war, in which he lost his father.
before it x. Rev. — cn. cornel, l. f. Jupiter battle of Pharsalia
After the
he fled to Alexandria, and
in a rapid quadriga strikes Titan with a thun- was pardoned by Julius. On the death of the
derbolt, whilst his horses gallop over the rebel- Dictator, he followed the party of the conspira-
lious giant. Above are the heads of the sun tors, aud held military command under them,
and moon, and two stars. with rauk of pro-pretor and pro-questor. After —
the battle of Philippi he was put to death by
order of Mark Antony and Octavian. It was
iu 711 or 712 (b. c. 43 or 42), that as pro-
questor of Brutus and Cassius, in Asia, he caused
these coins to be struck, the types of which
shew him to have been appointed to the auguratc
—
and also to the priesthood. See Riccio, p. 65.
14. L. SVU.A. —
Head of Venus Victrix, much
ornamented before it stands Cupid, with a bow
is acquainted with the myth
Almost every one
;

and long palm branch in his hands. Rev. —

of the Titans, who attempted to invade the imper. itervm. Prefericulum and lituus be-
throne of Jove, and were all destroyed by the —
tween two trophies. In gold, brought £7 7s.
Thunderer, in punishment of their impious at the sale of the Pembroke collection.
audacity. IV hat object the moneyer may have
contemplated in borrowing such a fabulous inci-
dent, is not to be deciphered by any help that
history supplies. But an endeavour may be
made to interpret the meaning, by resorting to
the assistance of proximate and contempora-
neous events.
Cueus Cornelius Siscnna, son of Lucius, was
quastor urban us, some year previous to 623
(B. c. 131), in which year he occupied the pre- This coin bears on its obverse the head of
torship. At that time the consul Perpcnna hav- Venus, because, according to Plutarch, Sidln in-
ing defeated and taken prisoner Aristonicus (who scribed Mars, Fortnna, Venus, on a trophy.
in Asia attempted to throw off the Roman yoke), Cupid with a palm branch obviously denotes
was rewarded in consequence with triumphal Venus Victrix. The two trophies on the reverse
honours. Siseuna wished perhaps to indicate, allude totwo victories which, in the year 667
 CORNELIA. CORNELIA. 287
(b. c. 87), liegained over Archclaiis, the general Rufus, son of Quintus, that is to say, a nephew
of Mithridatcs, on Mount Thurius, and in the descendant of the consul, and maternal nephew
field of Cheronea, on which account two tro- of Sulla, because bom of Fausta his daughter
phies were erected. And for this twofold mea- and thus he re-commemorated his ancestors both
sure of success he was called IMP erator 1TE- paternal and maternal. The curule chairs recal
RVM (General in Chief for the second time). to mind the insignia of the two consuls. The
According to universal admission, this coin, in branch and the crown of laurel allude to the
gold and silver, was struck in Sulla’s life-time. triumphs of Sulla ; or, according to Cavedoni,
The guttus and lituus, sure signs of the augural they are introduced here, perhaps, to indicate
office, shew Sulla to have been Augur, as was that Sulla was one of the Decemviri sacris
also Faustus his son. —
Appian affirms that the faciundis. The lituus attests the fact of his
former was also invested with the Priesthood. augurate. The arrow refers to the Apolliuarian
See Doctrina vol. v. p. 190.
, games, the celebration of which belonged to the
15. L. MANLI. PROQ«<?j/or. Head of Pal- pretor, an office certainly held by those two
las, with winged helmet. Rev. —
l. svlla imp. consuls. Sulla effectively obtained the pro-pre-
Sulla in a triumphal quadriga, a flying Victory torship in 660 (b. c. 94), prior to his being
holding out a crown over him. sent on his Asiatic expedition against Mithri-
A highly-preserved specimen of this very rare dates and Ariobarzanes.
coin, in gold, brought £22 10s. at the Thomas 19. feelix. A heroic head diademed, with
sale ; and a somewhat less perfect specimen of small beard, and the skin of a lion tied to the
the same obtained £15 10s. at the Pembroke shoulders. Rev. —
favstvs. Diana in a biga
sale. at full speed, with whip or lituus in her right
This type of reverse seems to shadow forth hand, and three stars in the field of the coin.
one or more of the signal triumphs which the 20. favstvs. Head of Diana, surmounted
Dictator achieved, and enjoyed the honours of, by a half moon, behind it the lituus. Rev.
over Mithridatcs, King of Pontus. —
For an en- FELIX. Sulla in the toga, seated on an elevated
graving of this denarius see the word svlla. platform ; behind him, below, is an old man
Lucius Manlius, who caused the above coin kneeling on one knee, with his hands tied behind
to be minted, was pro-questor in 673 (b. c. 81). him. Before him kneels another figure, who
lie was allied to the family of the Torquati, presents to Sulla a branch of laurel. For an —
according to Cavedoni.
18.
engraving of this coin see the words faustus —
16 The head of Pallas helmctcd, on which FELIX.
a small figure of Victory' behind is placing a The above and other money with these legends,
garland. Rev. —
Sulla in military dress, stand- were coined by Faustus the son of Sulla, in the
ing with parazonium in his left haud, joins his time of Pompey the Great, of whom he was the
right to that of another military figure, who son in law, and in the year 700 (b. c. 54), when
holds a short javelin. Behind is a ship, whence he was urban questor.
Sulla appears to have disembarked. —
See this 21. l. svlla imp. Figure on horseback, in
extremely rare coin engraved under the head of the garb of pacificator, or ambassador. Obv.
SULLA. —
a. manli. a. f. Q. Head of Rome or of
17- svlla cos.
— Beardless head of a man. Minerva. —
In gold, valued by Mionnet at 200 fr.
Rev. q. POM. KVFI. BVFVS cos. Another bare
—
and beardless head. See the word svlla.
SVLLA COS. Q. POMPEI. KVF. A CUmlc
chair, between a lituus and a crown. Rev. —
q.
pompei. q. f. rvfvs cos. A curule chair, be-
tween an arrow and a branch of laurel.

22. l. svlla fe(lix). Same type of reverse.

— Obv — Same
— A specimen —
. legend and type. [Valued by
Mionnet at 300 fr. of
this almost
unique gold coin brought £19 10s. at the Pem-
broke sale].
These two aurei seem to borrow light from a
passage in Cicero, wherein he mentions a gilt
Lucius Cornelius Sulla (Felix), and Quintus equestrian statue raised to the honour of Sulla.
Pompeius Rufus were both consuls contempora- Eckhel considers either that the equestrian figure
neously in 666 (b. c. 88). It is contended by represents a statue which was dedicated to Sulla,
the old numismatists, that Faustus, son of the or that it refers to the peace obtained for the
consul and dictator Sulla, born of Cecilia Ale- republic by means of his famous victories.
tclla, his fourth wife, wished to celebrate such
A. Manlius, whose name is inscribed on these
consulate on this medal by typifying the sym- coins, appears to be the same person who was
bols of two consuls. But this, says Riccio, is lieutenant to C. Marius, in the war against
contrary to the reading of the legend both on Jugurtha, and was sent, together with Sulla, to
the obverse and reverse, which shcws.it to have
the Numidian, Bocclius, when that artful king
been minted by a certain Quintus Pompeius was desirous of peace with the Romaus. After-
 288 CORNELIA. CORNU.— CORN UCOPIAE.
wards, Manlius appears to have adhered to Sulla. CORNU. A horn. —This was the symbol of
Eckliel further remarks, that the two gold coins power and strength, by which men in ancient
above mentioned, much exceed the usual and times sought to imitate that “ glory of the fore-
prescribed weight of the aurei. And JSarthe- head,” which nature has given to certain ani-
lciny regards them as being of that kind which mals. The ram’s horn decorates the head of
was struck in the Peloponnessus, during Sulla’s Alexander the Great aud his successors. But
government in Greece, through the instrumen- that token most frequently designates Jupiter
tality of Lucullus for which reason they were
;
Amnion himself, on coins of Alexandria, Bostra,
called peeunia Lucullea. —
See Num. Vet. v. 191. Cassaudrca, Laodicica, and other Egyptian and
23. Head of Venus, aud a globe. Rev. — Greek cities. Moreover it appears on denarii
figure reclining between Diana aud Victory. In — and aurei of the Coruuficia and Piuaria families.
silver, valued by Mionnet at 30 fr. —
See an en- Lastly on imperial coins of Augustus, M. Auto-
graving of this rare reverse from a denarius of nius, Trajanus, Hadrianus, M. Aurelius, and S.
the .Emilia gens, L. buca, p. 146 of this dic- Scverus. (See Ammon, p. 40). Serapis with
tionary.— See also the word sui.la. horns is seen on coins of Trajanus, Hadrianus,
.24. Head of Venus, behind it a sceptre and Antoninus, M. Aurelius, struck in Egypt.
s. c. Rev. —
favst. in monogram. Three tro- Juno having her head covered with horns of the
phies, between the prefericulu.ni and the lituus. goat, appears on coins of the Papia, Procilia,
— See the word SULLA. Roscia, and Tituria families, and of the Empe-
25. favst. Beardless head of the young Her- rors Antoninus and Commodus.
cules, covered with the spoils of the lion be- —
Cornua Fluviorum. Horns on the heads of
—
;

hind it s. c. Rev. A globe in the midst of four river-gods are metaphorically exhibited from
crowns ; below it an acrostoHum aud a corn-ear. bulls, whose chief strength is in their horns.
The trophies on No. 24 allude to those of The ancients depicted the heads of personified
Sulla, that is to say, two gained against Arche- rivers as adorned with horns, to indicate the
laus and Dorilaus, the generals in chief of Mith- violence of waters, with which the earth was
ridates and the third against Fimbria, general torn up as with the horns of a bull. —
Spanheim,
—
;

of the Marian faction. Eckhel believes that Pr. i. 394. See F/uvitu.
they refer to the entire successes of Sulla in the —
Cornu Amalthea. See Amalthea, p. 40.
Mithridatic war ; that is to say, the battles of CORNUCOPIAE. This well-known, and,
Cheronea, Thurius, and Orcomencs. on coins, often recurring symbol of abundance,
The last, with the crowns, alludes, according fecundity, fertility, and happiness, is by some
to the general opinion of numismatic antiqua- mythological writers identified with the horn of
ries, rather to the victorious achievements of Amalthea, the nurse of Jupiter, aud from which
Pompeius Magnus than to those of Sulla. The horn fruits aud flowers, and all the riches of
acrostolium refers to the destruction of the nature and of art, arc represented as issuing.
pirates, and the ear of corn to the victualling Others pretend that it was the horn which Her-
of Rome through commerce promoted by the cules tore from the head of Areheloiis, iu his
restored freedom of the seas. —
See Riccio, p. 74. encounter w ith that protean monster, and which
26. The trinacria in the centre Medusa’s the nymphs picked up and couvcrted into the
;

head three ears of corn, one in each angle.

;
—
horn of plenty. This ornament appears on a
—
Rev. LENT«/«j MARC. COS. Jupiter stand- variety of antique monuments, both sculptural
“ It is (says Millin, Diction-
ing; in his left hand an eagle, in bis right the and numismatic.
—
fulmen. Engraved in Morell. Ram. Rom. aud naire rles Beaux Arts), the characteristic attri-
in Riccio. bute of Euthemia, a goddess of the Greeks
The trinacria or triquetra, weU known as a Abundantia of the Romans ;
to mark the fer-
symbol of Sicily, obviously refers to the place which they produce.”
tility

where this aud other denarii classed to the Cor- Cornucopia, filled with fruits, or inclosed
nelia family, were minted, by Lucius Lcntulus within a wreath, formed of corn-cars aud flowers,
and Caius Marcellus, consuls in 705 (b. c. 49), appear either as the symbol of the inonetal
but exiles from Rome, in consequence of the triumvirs, denoting the abundance of all things,
civil war between Cajsar and Pompcy having to be supplied by means of money, or as the
then commenced. Moreover the head of Medusa symbol of the curulc ediles, and are found on
in the centre of the trinacria, suflicicntly indi- coins of the .Emilia, Annin, C'arisia, Claudia,
cates the mint of Syracuse. The Syracusans, Fabia, Livineia, Mussidia, Julia, and Statilia
colonists of Sicily from Corinth, were fond of families. It is also displayed on coins of Lcpi-

allusions to the Corinthian fable of Perseus, who dus, Domitian, Hadrian, and others. It is like-

cut the throat of the snake-haired Gorgon, from wise seen on a denarius of Augustus, placed on
whose blood sprang Pegasus, of whom Bellc- the back of a Capricorn, which holds between
rophon availed himself to coinbat and vauquish its fore feet a globe aud rudder (sec p. 172).

the Chiimcra. This winged horse is common to Also on a little pillar, as in M. Aurelius. The
the money of Corinth and its colonies, amongst horn is filled with money, which a woman is
—
which was Syracuse. Sec Riccio, p. 65. pouring out, as iu Abundantia, Liberalitas, &c.
CORNELIA SUPERA, wife of the Emperor Cornucopia and balance appear on a coin of
ASmilius. — See supf.ua. Hadrian. It is seen on the cunde chair, as in
CORNELIA SALON1NA, wife of GaUienna. Julius Cicsar, Augustus, and Titus also with :

— Sec SALONIKA. the caducous, rudder, globe, and apex, as on

 CORNUCOPIA K. CORNUFICIA. 289

silver of Julius Caesar. — For a cornucopia, with as in Galba, Vespasian, and many of the suc-
thunderbolt at the back of it, see Fabia gens. ceeding Emperors to Constantine the Great of —
The born of plenty in the bauds of Abundantia Fides Publica, on coins of Vespasian, Volusianus,
appears on coins of Julia Mamsca, Trajanus Carausius —
of a recumbent Riser God, as in
Decius, Gallienus, Salonina, Tetricus senior and Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, /El ins Caesar, Com-
juuior (see pp. 2, 3, of this dictionary). —
modus, &c. of the goddess Fortune, on im-
Cornucopia is seen in the bands of JEquitas, perial medals from Augustus to Constantins
or of Moneta, on coins of the imperial scries, Chlorus.
from Vitellius to Honorius. In those of /Eter - The cornucopia appears in the left hand of
nitas on a coin of Titus — of Africa, as in Ha- the personified Genii of the Roman People, Em-
drian and Constantine the Great — of Anttona, perors, and Colonies, on numerous coins, as well
as in, Nero, Titus, Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, An- consular as imperial —
such as those of Cor-
tonine, M. Aurelius, Commodus, Scvcrus, Cara- nelia gens; and of Nero, Hadrian, Antoninus
calla, Alexander Sevcrus, &c. It is an attribute Pius, Commodus, Albinus, Severus, Licinius
of Asia, as in Claudius — of Ceres, as in Faus- senior, Domitius Domitianus, Constantinus Mag-
—
tina juu. and Domna — in those of Concordia, nus, &c. &c. Sec GENIO I’OPVI.l ROMANI.
as in denarii of the /Emilia family, and of Mark genio avgvsti, &c. in this volume.
Antony, Caligula, Nero, Galba, Vitellius, Titus, The Cornucopia appears in the hands of Gal-
Domitian, Trajan, Sabina, and many others of lia, personified on coins of Gallienus and'Pos-
the Amjusti and Augusta, as far down as the tumus — of Honos (the God of Ilouour), as in
age of Constantine and bis family. Galba, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, Antonine,
and M. Aurelius — ofItalia, as in the Fusia and
Mucia families, aud on the imperials of Ves-
pasian, Titus,Hadrian, Antonine, &c. of La- —
titia, M. Aurelius, Faustina jun.
as in Hadrian,
Lucilla, Commodus, &c. —
of Liberal i las, as in
Hadrian, Antonine, M. Aurelius, L. Verus, &c.
— of Felicitas Teinporuin and of Libertas, as in
Vespasian, Antoninus, Severus, &c. of Fax, as —
in Augustus, Galba, Vespasian, &c. of Pietas, —
as in Mark Antony, Trajan, the Faustina:, &c.
— of Procidentia, as in M. Aurelius, and other
emperors as far as Constantine M. of Roma, —
as in Hadrian, Commodus, Probus, &e. of —
Two Cornucopia, with a caduceus between Salas, as in M. Aurelius, Valerian, &c. — ot

them, form a symbolical type on a coin of Securitas, as in Trajan, Hadrian, Decius, Gal-
Drusus junior, elegantly allusive to the fecun- lienus— of Utilitas Publico, on a coin of Con-
dity, and consequent happiness, of the imperial stantine the Great.
family. The heads of the two infants repre- — CORNUFICIA gens, of the plebeian order,
sented on the large brass from which the above but of consular rank. —
Morel assigns five varie-
cut is engraved, and which, instead of the usual ties to the coins of this family and Mionnct :

issue, of corn-ears, fruits, and flowers, surmount gives a fin? engraving from the gold specimen
each horn typified on this coin —
are those of the of one described as follows •.

twin children, to whom young Livia, wife of

Drusus, son of Tiberius, gave birth in the year
of Rome 776 (a. d. 23), to the exceeding great
joy of that emperor, who notified the auspi-
cious event, in rapturous terms, to the Senate ;

and by their ordinance the piece was struck,

Drusus Cscsar then exercising the tribunitian
power for the second time, as the legend of re-
verse sets forth. 1. Head of Jupiter Ammon, horned aud
Double Cornucopia fastened together, most crowned. Rev
Without legend. Q. cornv- .

commonly brimful of fruits, exhibit themselves fici. imp. A figure, iu the augural habit,
avovr
on Latin coins of Julius Ciesar, Livia, Tiberius, holding in the right hand the liluits, is crowned
Domitian, Antouine. by Juno Sispita, who stands beliiud him, aud
Two Cornucopia, with a winged caducous be- who holds on her left arm a shield.
tween them, appear on medals of Augustus, M. 2. Head of Ceres, crowned with corn-ears.
Antony, Tiberius, Claudius, Titus, Domitian, Samereverse aud legend as the first.
&c. —A duplex horn of plenty, on which a wo- 3. of Africa, personified as that of a
Head
man is seated, presents itself on a coin of Tra- woman covered with an elephaut’s proboscis.
jau, and on another of Antoninus Pius. All these are of the highest rarity both in

The Cornucopia held by Constantia is found silver aud gold, especially No. 2, restored by
on coins of Caligula, Antonia minor, and Clau- Trajan.
dius —
in the bauds of Fecunditas, on medals of Quintus Cornificius, to whom these coins
the Empresses Julia Miesa, Orbiana, Mamma, belong, was an adherent of Julius Caesar, under
Etruscilla, Salonina, aud Sevcriua— of Felicitas, whom he served as pro-pretor iu Illyria 706
2 P
2lH> COROLLA— CORONA E. CORONAE.
and perhaps, says Eckhel, through that
us. c. 48), cording to the purpose for which they wer c
cause obtained the title of IMP erator, stamped intended. Thus the crown of gold, corona
ou the reverse of coin No. 1; or according aurea, was an extraordinary recompense of
to others, he acquired it at a later date in Africa. bravery as well amongst the Romans as the
— After and disliking the san-
Caisar’s death, Greeks. Those who obtained it, were privileged
guinary government of the triumvirate, he seceded to wear it at theatres and other public places.
to the opposite party, at the time when the Crowns of gold were also consecrated to various
proscribed conspirators made their retreat into deities, especially to Jupiter. —
Crowns of the
Asia, under the leadership of Brutus and Cassius, same precious metal were likewise presented by
and he went as their appointed lieutenant into different provinces of the empire to the reigning
old Africa. These coins, it appears probable, prince. — See Aurum Coronarium, p. 115.
were struck in Africa in 711 (b. c. 43). For The Romans gave Crowns to those whose
African Ceres, Jupiter Ammon, and the head military exploits and civil services entitled them
itself of Africa, covered with the elephant’s skin, to distinction and reward. The subjoined
allude to the place, and its principal deities, notices on the subject are exclusively limited to
where Cornificius held for a short period the such corona as are represented on coins :

chief command.
From the type of Juno Sispita (sec the word),
it is inferred that this Quintus Cornificius wa3 a

native of Lanuvium, where the worship of the

goddess was specially observed. The inscription —
AVGVR shews not only that he was an augur,
whilst the type represents him in his augural
dress, but also designates one whom Cicero,
himself an augur, salutes in many letters, as a
colleague (conlcga), and speaks of (b. c. 45) as a
man of literary judgment, habits, and tastes.
COROLLA, a diminutive from corona —
litlle crown, or garland, either composed of
flowers, or formed of thin plates of brass lightly
gilt. This ornament appears on coins of Faus-
tina jun. Com mod us, Crispins, Pertinax, and 1. corona civica (or Corona Qnema or
several others of the imperial series. It also QncrceaJ. —
The civic crown. This was, with
surrounds the Putca / Libonis on a denarius of the Romans, the greatest military recompense,
the /Emilia and Scribonin family and is seen in ;
the most distinguished personal ornameut. It
the hand of Latitia. was awarded to him who had saved the life of a
—
CORONAE. Crowns were employed from a citizen in battle. The emperors themselves dis-
remote period of antiquity, either to ornament tributed this high reward of valour and merit,
the statues of deities, in reference to their attri- and even decked their own heads therewith.
butes, or to decorate the heads of great men in It was formed, or after the appearance, of oak
recompense of their ascribed virtues. They also leaves with the acorns. For this reason it was
came into use amongst the people at spectacles called qv.ercus drifts, or oak of citizenship.
during days of public rejoicing, and amongst And the decoration was esteemed so honourable
private individuals at banquets and festivals ; in that, at Rome, when lie who had received it
the one case they were regarded as rewards of went to the public shews, the spectators rose at
valour and as proofs of merit, in the other as his entrance ;
and a conspicuous place was as-
sources of amusement and as pledges of con- signed to him near that of the Senators. He
viviality. —
Sec Pitiscus. was also exempted from the obligation of serving
Crowns were not indiscriminately bestowed public offices. —
In the case of Augustus, the
by the ancients each god and each hero
; Senate granted to him the peculiar and unpre-
had his distinctive embellishment of this cedented honour of a civic crown suspended from
kind. Olympian Jupiter appears crowned with the summit of his palace. —
See the word Eagle.
laurel Dodonian Jove with oak
; Jupiter Oli- ; During the calends of March, 727 (B. c. 27),
varius with olive ; Ceres has a crown of corn- and yearly thereafter, a gold crown formed of
cars Apollo a crown of laurel Cybelc and the
; ; leaves in imitation of oak, was tendered by the
deified cities wear turreted
personifications of Senate to Augustus. Accordingly wc sec on
corouets Venus wears the golden crown given
; these coins the oaken crown (corona quercea),
to her hv the Hours, or a crown of myrtle and read o. c. s. or ob cives servatos, with,
Minerva a crown of olive leaves; that of Flora or without, s. c. for having saved the lives of
is of roses that of Bacchus and his followers is
; citizens, being an ullusiou to the peace which
composed of vine leaves, or of ivy; the crown that prince had restored to the empire (sec p.
of Hercules of poplar, because he carried thnt
is 106). In like manner, the silver and large brass
tree into Sylvunus and the woodland
Greece ; coins of Claudius exhibit ou their reverses s. r.
gods were crowned with pine; whilst Arethusa, Q. K. OB. C. S. or EX. S. C. OB. CIVES SEUVATO-S,
and the divinities of the water, bound their within a crown of oak leaves. —
(See the above
—
brows with reeds. Millin, Die. ties Beaux Arts. engraving from a well-preserved first brass spe-
Crowns were made of different materials, ac- cimen of Claudius).
 CORONAE. CORONAE. 291
The civic crown of oak leaves, with inscrip- the Tnbunitia Potestas, and associated with his
tions or figures, appears on coins of the Aclia, father in the empire but what right to the
;

Aquilia, Durmia, Liciuia, and other families ;

laurel crown could Domitian possess, when yet
and (besides those above mentioned) on coins of ouly Caesar, and deficient in all these other
Tiberius, Caligula, Nero, Galba, Vespasian, titles?
Titus, Domitian, Ncrva, Trajan, and several It is evident, therefore, that the laurea did
others. not, denote the highest post iu
at that period,
2. corona lavrea. —Thelaureatcd crown was the realm. Was then an arbitrary distinc-
it

the most ancient head-dress of the emperors, as tion ? Far from it. For it could be conferred
it began to be used as early as the time of Julius as a reward for great exploits in war, of which
Ciesar. This honour was publicly decreed, and species of merit the laurel has at all times been
was moreover particularly gratifying to him, the symbol. Victory always carries it in her
as a means of concealing, on public occasions, hand, and letters bearing news of a victory
that baldness of the head, which some time before were always bound with laurel. We know, that
his death had come on to his great annoyance. Drnsus, on account of his tried valour in battle,
This laurea of Julius Ciesar, as plaiuly appears not only received the title of l/nperator, but
from his coins (see pp. 152, 154, 155, 156), was also statues and a triumphal arch. L. Vitellius
a simple one, whereas that, which Octaviauus too, for bringing back to his allegiance the
and his successors wore, was bound with a Parthian Artabauus, gained no small credit.
diadem, or fillet, which was tied in a knot at the And as for the warlike deeds of Titus, and the
back of the head, the two ends descending to honours heaped upon him in consequence, who
the shoulders. does not remember them ? It is, indeed, more
Etkhel, in an inquiry which he enters into difficult to associate with such men Domitian.
(viii. 360 —
61, et seq.), as to whether the Yet it is highly probable, that, by the indul-
corona laurea was a badge of sovereignty, makes gence of Vespasian and Titus, when they en-
the following instructive remarks :
joyed their Jewish triumph, some of the out-
Here is an involved question, since the sig- ward distinctions of military renown were per-
nification of this crown, as of many other things, mitted to Domitian. Iudeed, it is well known,
no doubt varied at different periods. That that he was present at that triumph ou horse-
which was at the first decreed to Julius Ciesar, back, and on the coins of that year, viz. 824
and afterwards to Octaviauus, was but a part of (a. d. 71), he appears, habited in the palutla-
those so liberally showered by
distinctions menlum, and holding a short sword in his left
flatteryupon both those individuals though it, ;
hand, and that it is only from that time that he
nevertheless, by the manner in which it was is represented with a laurel crown, having always

conferred, carried with it a peculiar mark of before beeu giveu bare headed.
dignity and superiority. It is now a well- That in after times it passed into a law, that
established fact, that neither Julius Ciesar, nor no one but an emperor should be crowned with
Octaviauus (afterwards Augustus), bore any laurel, is distinctly proved by coins. In the ease
honours but such as were publicly decreed of Commodus alone this honour was anticipated,
to them. And M. Agrippa, accordingly, does and even there only under the circumstances of
not appear on coins with a laureated head, his being associated with his father in the em-
because the laurel was never decreed to him. pire, as Titus was, though the title of emperor
For the same reason Tiberius also abstained from had not been actnally conferred. From that
its use, being always represented with bare head, period, then, all the Cicsars, at least on coins
as long as Augustus was alive, and he himself struck in Rome, were represented with bare
was only Caesar. On the death of Augustus he heads; the radiated crown being afterwards per-
immediately assumed it, and iudeed all the other mitted, but never the laurel. The laurel, how-
honours and privileges of his father by adoption, ever, was considered one of the insignia of sove-
as his own by right. In like manner, Nero, till reignty in other parts of the world, as well as
he became emperor, declined the laurel crown. atRome. According to Herodian (vii. ch. 6),
From which instances we might infer, that
all wheu Gordiauus Africanus senior entered Car-
this badge belonged properly to the emperors thage, on the occasion of the Africans declaring
ouly, unless the cases of Drusus Senior, Titus and him, who was their pro-consul, emperor, out of
Domitian, be considered as invalidating such a hatred to Maximinus, “ laureated fasces were
rule. And yet the elder Drusus was not even borne before him, which was the sign to dis-
Ciesar, though he is generally seen ou coins tinguish the fasces of sovereigns from those of
with a laureated head; and notwithstanding it private individuals.” From the time of Diocle-
is well-known that his coins were not struck till tian, all the Cicsars admitted as associates of
after his death, yet the laurel could not have the Augusti (Ctesares collegee), in opposition
been given to him, had it been the proper and to long received custom, assumed the laui-el, viz.
peculiarmark of sovereignty. To his instance Constautius Chlorus, Gal. Maximianus, Maxi-
may be added that of L. Vitellius, the father of minus Daza, FI. Severus, and Constantine the
the Emperor Aulus Vitellius, who, though he Great. The reason for this may have been, that
died in a private rank of life, yet appears with a each of them ruled his own province with almost
laureated head on the coins struck by his son. plenary powers. Their example was afterwards
I would not be severe upon Titus, though he followed by the Cicsars Crispus, Delmatius,
was at the same time Ciesar, yet endowed with and the sons of Constantine the Great. But
2 P 2
292 CORONAE. CORONAE.
the king Hanniballianus, Decentius, Constantins seating the vivid irradiations of his light. An
Gallus, and Cwsars, being held in
Juliatius, as illustration of this presents itself on a silver coin
less repute, appear with bare head. After the of the Mussidia gens (engraved in Morell. Tam.
sons of Constantine the Great, the laurel began Rom.), the obverse of which exhibits a youthful
to fall into disuse, and the preference was given male head, from around which sharp-pointed
to the diadem. rays diverge as from the centre, personifying
The crown of on the reverse of
laurel appears Apollo, in his quality of the God of Day.
many coins of families, and on numberless coins In like manner are some of Jupiter’s statues
of emperors, either by itself, or held by some adorned. (See p. 117). — Serapis also has the
figure over the head of another figure. head radiated The Sun of the Egyptian pan-
For a fine engraved specimen of the laurel theon, he was regarded as the eternal benefac-
rrnten, see Casarea Philippi, p. 1621 tor of mankind, and his attribute of the rays be-
Representations of the laurel crown on the came the symbol of eternity aud beneficence.
heads of emperors, engraved from well-pre- Amongst the Romans, Julius Ctesar was the
served specimens in large brass and medallions, first who
obtaiued the radiated crown. It is,
are given in pages 104, 112, 155, 168, 173, 187, however, only on coins which were struck after
207, 212, 239, kc. of this dictionary. his death, that the head of Cicsar appears with
this decoration. —
Augustus is represented with a
radiated head on several coins, struck after his
decease. —
The radiated crown, as the ornament
of an emperor’s head during his life-time, was
introduced in the first instance by Nero. (See
Augustus Augusta p. 108 ; and Augustus
Gennanicus, p. 109). —
Vespasian afterwurds
adopted it. But for a long period it made its
appearance only on second brass.
As exemplified on coins of S. Several, struck
in 955 (a. u. 202), the radiated portraits of
emperors, and a head of the moon placed on the
coins of their wives, denote the Sun and the
Moon and by such devices is shadowed forth
;

the Eternity attributed to Princes by the

3. CORONA LAUREATA ET ROSTRATA.-A CTOWn ancients. (See p. 23 24). — —
Under Caracalla
composed of and berries, inter-
laurel leaves the radiated crown seen on brass coins of the
is

laced with the prows and stems of gallics, second size and also on the silver, but ouly on
;

placed alternately, in the centre of which is in- those, which as a novelty, he caused to be struck
scribed the word avgvstvs, appeal's on a brass of a larger size an example followed by his
;

medallion and on a large brass of that emperor. immediate successors. In later times the use
The above engraving of this reverse is from a of it tluctuatiug, as may be
was various and
specimen in the British Museum. It was struck observed on reference to the coins themselves.
in commemoration of the decisive naval victory Though the lanrcated crown was for a long time
gained by Octavian over Mark Antony at Actium. withheld from those who were only Ctrsars, yet
4. corona mvraLIS. —
The mural crown was the radiated one began to be permitted them as
of gold or of silver, made in the form of a wall early as the time of Diadumenianus. On the
with towers and curtains. It was given by the other baud, coins give the laureated crown to
general to him who had been the first to scale Domitiau, w hilst still CVsar but never the
;

the ramparts of an enemy’s towru, or who had radiated, though his brother Titus, in the same
entered by the breach. These turreted crowns station, wears both indiscriminately. The ra-
are frequently seen on Roman coins ornamenting diated crown was afterwards in less esteem than
the heads of Genii, and of Divinities, to whom the laureated. This is proved by a silver coin,
the guardianship of cities was supposed to be exhibiting the heads of Balbinus and Pupienus
committed. Hence Cybele, goddess of the earth, Augg, aud Gordianus Ctesar, the two former
and the rest of those tutelary deities who pre- laureated, the latter rndinted. The crown of
sided over provinces and colonics, are repre- rays was also a symbol of consecration. And
sented on coins, with mural crowns on their that it was the peculiarly appropriated badge
heads. —
Sec p. 12 (Furia gens) ; p. 171 (Cappa- of the emperors, or at least of those of the
docia) ;
also see Corona Jlostrala el Mural is, in lower empire, is clearly shewn, by the pane-
the nest page. gyric of Mamertinus on Maximianus Augustus
5. —
corona PAMPINEA. On a silver medallion (chap, iii.) ; where, besides “ the triumphal
of Mark Antony, the triumvir’s head appears, robes, the consular fasces, the curule chairs,
within a crown of mingled vine and ivy leaves. the retinue of courtiers, and the glittering
6. corona RAD1ATA. —
The radiated crown, pageant,” which he says were the usual accom-
that is to say, a crown composed of rays, is of fre- paniments of an emperor’s presence; he also
quent occurrence on coins. It owes its origin to
—
mentions “ that light which encircled his god-
the nimbus (see the word), with which the like head with a bright halo by which ex-
ancients decorated the heads of their gods. The pression was doubtless meant the radiated crown,
statues of the Sun were thus crowned, as repre- as illustrated by certain types of coins, minted
 CORONAE. CORVUS.— COS. 293

under Constantine the Great. —

See Eckhel, vi. is also distinguished by the same ornament.
270, and viii. 362.
i
See p. 12.

For representations of the radiated crown on On a coin, having for its obverse legend
the head of au emperor, see pages 39, 105, 109, agrippinae avgvstae, there a female head
is

181, 187.— See also rnvvs avgvstvs pater,

1

crowned with corn ears. Agrippina was the

and nero. first of the wives of Claudius, whose portrait
7. corona rostrata, muralis. —The rostral i that emperor permitted to be stamped on coins,
crown, so from its ornaments, which
called in the same manner as his own from which ;

imitated the prows and sterns of ships, was the very fact it is evident, how much influence she
peculiar mark of honour conferred upon the assumed in public affairs. The corona
spicea,

maritime prefect for naval commander in chief), is seen also on the heads of Livia and Autonia,

who had gained some great victory at sea in ;

in imitation of Ceres. —
On a very rare coin,
contra-distinction to the naval crown (corona |
with obverse legend sabina avgvsta, we see
nava/is), which was given to him who had first Sabina’s head crowned with ears of corn, as re-
boarded an enemy’s vessel. Illustrative of this presenting Ceres. —
See Eckhel, vi. 257 and 522.
point, there is extant a gold coin of the highest 9. corona triumphalis. The triumphal
rarity, which bears on it crown was of two kinds. One was given by the
xi. and the head of Augustus,
avgvstvs cos. army to its general, and he wore it during the
laureated. Rev. M. agrippa cos. tert. triumphal procession. It was composed of laurel
cossvs. LENTVLVS. Head of Agrippa, encircled branches, or of gold fashioned after the form of
with a crown, on which the turreted pecu- laurel leaves. The other was that presented by
liarities of the mural are commingled with the
,
foreign cities, or conquered provinces, to a Ro-
naval attributes of the rostral crown. man general, to grace the triumphs which he
was about to celebrate at Rome, and iu which
they were carried before them, with great parade,
as Livy frequently records.
— —
Festus on this sub-
ject says “ Triumphal crowns are those which
are carried before a victorious general, and made
of gold though in earlier times, for lack of
;

means, they used to be of laurel.” Julius Caesar —

is stated, by Appianus, to have had carried be-
fore him, in his triumphs, 2822 of these crowns.
The
first particular to be noted (says Eckhel,

164) in the above coin, is the crown iu part

—See Aurum Coronarium, or crown-gold, p.
vi.

composed of the beaks of ships, which the 1 15 —

also a symbol of it in the bauds of asia,

ancients used to term the (corona) navalis,

on a first brass of Antoninus Pius, p. 90.
classica, or rostrata. —
Octaviauus conferred this
—
CORVUS. The crow was sacred to Apollo
(sec p. 64), because, as Ovid writes, the god
on Agrippa after his naval victory over Sextus
Pompeius and that he was the only Roman changed himself into that bird. The crow ap-
;
pears standing on a branch of laurel, iu a coin
who was so honoured, we have the testimony
of Domitian, and beneath a tripod on a denarius
of various writers — among whom are Velleius
of Vitellius. —
See xvvir. sac. fac.
81), Livy (in epitome cxxxix), Seneca
ch.
(ii.

(de benefic. ch. 32), and Dion Cassius (xlix. § 3),

—
COS. Consul. PATRE COS. Patre Con-
suls, on a denarius of Valerius Messala.
who further states that the crown was of gold.
Pliny, however, (xvi. § 3), says, that a corona
COS. DES. or DESIG. Consul Designates.
rostrata was given to M. Yarro, by Pompey the
— Consul Elect, that is to say, before he entered
Great, after the piratic war. This crown of
—
upon his first consulate. See consulatus, p.
Agrippa is celebrated by Virgil (see pp. 27 and 267.
—
And Ovid also speaks allusively to the COS. DESIG. ITER. ET. TERT. Consul
28).
same valiant and successful commander (in arte,
Designatus, Iterum et Tedium. Consul Elect—
for the second and third lime. On a coin of
iii. 392.)
Mark Antony.
“ Navaliquc gener cinctus honore caput.”
COS. ITER. DESIG. TERT.— Consul a
[And
(his) son-in-law, having his brows second time, elected for a third time. On a
adorned with the naval decoration.] denarius of Augustus.
The author of Doctrina next briefly directs COS. II. Consul Secundum. DESIGN. III. —
attention to the mural or turreted crown Designatus Tertium, as iu Nerva.
observing, however, that he had not been able to COS. III. Consul Tertium. Consul for the —
discover, from ancient writers, at what time third time.
Agrippa earned this distinction. For the name — COS. IIII. Consul Quantum. — Consul for
of Lentulus, the moneyer who struck the above the fourth time.
engraved coin, sec Cornelia gens, p. 285 of this COS. LUD. SAEC. FEC. Consid, Ludot
dictionary. Saeculares Fecit. — See Ludi Seeculares.
8. corona spicea, from Spica, cars of corn, COS. PREIVER. CAPTU. Caius Plan tint
the token of Annona, or of provisions (chiefly Hgpsaus in suo Consulate. Privernum taken —
corn), procured for the public use by the Curulc in the consulate of C. P. Hypsseus. On a de-
Ediles, to whom that care appertained, as is narius of the Plautia gens. — See hypsae (p)
shewn on their family coins. The head of Ceres aed. CVR.
 294 COSCONIA. — COSSUTIA. COUNTERFEIT COINS.
COS. A. or QUINQ. Consul Quinquies. The two following have historical references,
COS. TER. DICT. ITER. Consul Tedium, viz. :

Dictator Iterum. —
Julius Cicsar, contrary to 1. CAESAR DICT. PERPETVO. Head of Jlllius
ancient usage and law, was both consul and
dictator for, before him no one was consul
;
Caesar, and laurcated.
veiled Rev. c. mahi-
dianvs. Venus Victrix, holding a Victory in
—
and dictator, at the same time. her right hand, and in her left a buckler resting
COS. \ 1. 4 II. Consul Sextum and Septiinum. on a globe. Of the highest rarity in gold.
— Consul for the sixth aud 7th time, as on 2. caesar parens, patriae. The head of
coins of Vespasian, Titus, and Commodus. Caesar. Rev. c. cossvtivs maridianvs, iu
COS. OCTAVO DESIG. IX. Consul elect two lines crosswise, round it a. a. a. p. F. En- —
for the eighth time. — Augustus. — (See Eckliel, graved iu p. 157.
vi. 89). 3. sabvla. Head of Medusa, winged and
COS. XIII. and XIIII.
—Domitian.
and 14th time.
Consul for the 13th hair braided with serpents. Rev. L. cossvti. —
c. f. Bellcrophon on Pegasus, brandishing a
COSS. Consules Consulibus. — Consuls.
or spear in his raised right hand.
COS. ITERO. — Hadrian.
AVG. GER. DAC. PAR. M. COS. ITERO.
P. TR. P.
—A
(sic.) s. p. q. r. military figure, standing,
with a spear in hand, and
the right a short
sword the
in (Imperial Museum.) — “
left. I
published this coin (says Eckhel), some time
ago (Sytloye, i. p. 101), not only because in
many respects it differs from all the coins of
Hadrian hitherto discovered, but also on ac-
count of the singular substitution of itero for It seems, from the respective legends and
the customary itervm. The coin, however, is types of the above coius, that the two first were
of elegant workmanship, as is most of this em- struck by Caius Cossutius Maridianus, one of
peror’s coinage, and its genuineness is indis- Julius Cicsar’s monevers, just before the dicta-
putable.” 477.
vi. tator’s death, viz. in 710 (b. c. aud that the
44) ;

COSCONIA appears to have been yens p!e- same Caius Cossutius Maridianus continued for
beia for a member of it is recorded as having some time to take part in the direction of the
held the tribuneship of the people. There is only public mint, under the Triumviri Reipubtica Con-
one coin of this family, a denarius, on which is st ifuenda ;and that the coiu of L. Cossutius,
read I., cosco. m. f. Lucius Cosconius, Marci the son perhaps of the preceding, might be dated
Filius. Winged head of Minerva. Rev. L. Lie. — 711, because it commemorates the foundation
c.v. dom. Lucius Licinius, C’neus Domitius. Mars of the Roman colony at Corinth, with the em-
standing in a biga at full speed, brandishes a blems of .Medusa, and of Pegasus mounted by
spear in the right hand, and holds a shield and Bellcrophon— the planting of that colony having
a military lituus in the left. See Lituus Mili- — |

been accomplished by Julius Cicsar in the before

tant. mentioned year 710.
The reverse of this silver coin is uniform iu Venus the victorious is well known to have
type with that of one belonging to the Aurelia been the favourite symbol of Julius, allusive to
gens (Scaurus), hereto subjoined :
the assumed origin of his family. The position
of the legend in No. 2, crosswise and round-
about combined, is uuique amongst the family
class of Roman coins.

COSTA, surname of the Pedania family.

COSTA LEG. Costa was one of Brutus’s
Leyati, or lieutenant-generals.

COUNTERFEIT COINS.— These arc of two

distinct kiuds, namely :

A similar type presents itself on denarii of I. Those which are of unquestionable nuti-
the Domitia, Pompouia, l’oblicia, and l’orcia quity, fabricated to impose as the current money
gentes. —
The denarii in question were each of
!

of the country or district, and those which are

them struck in commemoration of the mouetal the productions of forgers in modern times, to
triumvirs, iu the four years of the censorship of deceive the amateur and collector. Of the for-
Lucius Licinius Crnssus, aud Cucus Domitius mer, examples nre known which arc almost
Aheuobarbus. Lucius Cosconius struck his, coeval with the coinage of stamped money.
from 658 (b. c.
96) to 662, according to Eck- Iu the Roman series ancient forgeries are of very
hel’s opinion. It seems that he never figured common occurrence, both in the consular and
in more conspicuous employments. Riccio, 75. — the imperial money. They consist of casts, ap-
COSSUTIA. —An opulent gens of the eques- parently from the true coins, in copper, most
trian order. The surnames arc
Maridianus ingeniously plated with silver, so that they are
and Sabula. Its coius are contemporaneous with only to be detected by an experienced eye. In
the dictatorship of Julius Cicsar, when the re- many specimens this coating of silver has been
public was extinct. There arc three varieties. worn away in circulation, and the copper or
 COl NTE RFEITS.— CR E M N V CREPUSIA. — CRISl’INA. 295
ammo, of the ancient forgery is easily perceived now called Kebrinaz, in Anatolia. —The coins of
but in those which have not been subjected to this city are Latin imperial in brass, dedicated
wear, the deception is only to be detected by to Caracalla, Geta, Elagabalus, Etruscilla, and
very close examination. Plinv mentions that Tranquillina. Their legends are col. cr. pro.
in his time these false pieces were prized for the p. (Colonia Crernna Provincia Pisulice) col. —
ingenuity of their fabrication, and states that ivl. avg. fe. cremna. (Colonia Julia Augusta
many true denarii were often exchanged for a Felix Cremna). —
The accompanying types are
forged example an assertion which it is difficult a Cupid standing, drawing a bow —
and a legion-
to reconcile with the fact, that ancient forgeries ary eagle between two military ensigns also —
of both consular and imperial denarii are con- Bacchus and Mercury, with their respective at-
stantly' to be met with in our times, and that tributes. —
There is a first brass of great rarity
—
some types, the denarius of Claudius with nE and elegance, struck at Cremna, in honour of
—
bkitann. for example, are almost invariably Etruscilla, wife of Trajan Decius, which has
found to be plated. for its reverse type the radiated head of Decius
II. The forgeries of ancient coins, in modern between that of Herennius and Ilostilianus, his
times, date probably from the latter half of the two sons, above which is an eagle with wings
1 6th century, when the productions of ancient spread. — Engraved in Vaillant, ii. 202.
medallic art had begun to excite attention and
invite the study of the learned, who, destitute of
CREPEREIA gens. — A family of the eques-
trian order, respecting whom little, if anything,
practical knowledge, were doubtless easily de- isknown. Its surname on coins is Rocns.
ceived in those days hence we find spurious
; There are six varieties. The rarest denarius is
coins of Julius Csesar with veni. vidi. vici. inscribed Q. crefer. m. rocvs, and has for
f.
and acgypto capta. —
Also the effigies of Priam, the type of its reverse, Neptunus or Portnnus,
Dido, /Eneas, Plato, Artemisia, Alcibiades, and standing in a car drawn by two sea-horses, and
other personages of antiquity, specimens of a brandishing the trident in his right hand. On
nefarious art, which would not in our times de- the obverse is a female bust, probably intended
ceive the merest tyro in numismatics. Modern — to represent some marine deity behind it is a
;

counterfeit coins have been arranged under seve- fish. Eckhel regards this coin as referring to
ral classes, viz :
the colony of Corinth, founded by Julius Cfesar.
1 . Coins well-known to be modern imitations,
j

— This Quintus Crepereius is not known.

chiefly in large brass, the work of the Paduan
j

—
CREPUSIA gens. Ancient but little known
perhaps not originally designed to impose
artists,
upon the ignorant or unwary, but simply exe-
— even its order is uncertain. There are only
two types, but many varieties, on its coins :

cuted in rivalry' of the ancient examples. Of 1. CENSORIN. Female bust, well adorned,
these many specimens still exist, and are now with veiled head. Rev. —
l. lijieta. p. crepvsi.
little valued. Woman seated in a biga, with left shoulder to-
2.Coins cast from the former. wards the horses guides them at full speed,
;

3. Coins, or rather casts, taken from moulds with both hands holding the reins.
formed from ancient specimens. 2. A young head, probably that of Apollo,
4. Retouched ancient coins which have been with a shell before and a sceptre behind. Rev.
expertly altered with the graving tool. p. crepvsi. A man on horseback, galloping,
5. Spurious pieces formed by the union of
two faces of different coins, namely by placing the
brandishing a javelin in his right hand in the —
round of the coin various numerals or symbols.
head of .dElius as the reverse of a coin of Ha- The former of these denarii informs us that
drian, or a head of Aurelius to a reverse of An- Publius Crepusius was monctal triumvir with
touinus Pins. The last type occurs as a true Lucius Censorinus. Beyond the record of this
coin, and has been often imitated in this way. fact nothing can be positively affirmed respect-
The above described fraud, when dexterously ing them. Cavcdoni is of opinion that the year
executed, is difficult to delect. Beauvais, who 660 (b. c. 94), is to be assigned as the date of
has written an elaborate treatise on this subject, these silver coins.
enters into many details which may be perused
with advantage but it is very obvious that no
;

written instructions can be sufficient to guard the

collector against an ingenious forgery', and that
nothing but the constant examination of well-
authenticated coins, of which there are abun-
dant examples, can afford him the means of
judging of the integrity of any rare specimen
that may be offered to him. CRISPINA (Rrutlia), daughter of Bruttius
On this subject the reader is referred to that Prsesens, a man of consular rank. She was a —
section of Mr. Akerman’s “ Introduction to the woman of great beauty, and wa3 married to the
Study of Ancient and Modern Coins,” which Emperor Commodus, in the year of Rome 930
treats of “ Forgeries of Public Money" an — (a. d. 177). On account of adultery she was
essay, which like the other contents of that in- divorced, a few years after his accession to the
structive little volume, will amply repay perusal. throne, by her infinitely more profligate and aban-
Sec also altered medals, p. 39. doned husband ; and, having been exiled to
CREMNA (Pisidia: — Asia Minor) colonia, Caprese, was there, by his orders, put to death
 296 CBISPUS. CHITONI A.— CROCODILE.
by strangulation, at an early age (a. d. 183). — PRINCIPI lWENTVTis.(Brought £14 10s. at
Her coins in brass and silver arc common ;
gold theThomas sale).
and brass medallions very rare. Ou Latin coins
]

Brass Medallions. iwentvs. moneta — —

she is styled crisfina avg(vsta) imp. com- —
CAESARVM. SALVS ET SPES XRPVBI.ICAE. (sic.
modi. avg. Some pieces represent her with 150 fr.)
Commodns. j

—
Small Brass. alamannia devicta (6ee p.
The rarest reverses amongst the coins struck 32). —
BEATA TRANQVILLITAS VOTIS XX. P. T. R.
inhonour of this empress are (see p. 125).
— —
Gold. ceres. dis. genitalibvs. (Value CRITONIA, gens plebeia, of which the fol-
150 and 300 fr. according to Miounct). dis. lowing is the only coin :

coni vga lib vs. (Brought £10 10s. Od. at the aed. pl. Head of Ceres, crowned with corn-
Thomas sale). pvdicitia. (£11 at the same). cars. Rev— m. fan. L. crit. Two togated
— VENVS FELIX. (£16 at do.) men, seated. To their right arc the letters
—
Brass Medallions. Diana standing, hold- P. a. aud to their left a corn-ear. Silver, rare.
ing a bow and an arrow (see diana.) commo- — — See a cut of this denarius in p. 12.
dvs and crispina, with reverse of Concordia. That Lucius Critouius was AEDiVij PLebis is
— VOTA pvblica. (300 fr. each). (observes Eckhel, v. 199) sufficiently evidenced
Large Brass. — romae aeternae. (24 fr.) by the obverse legend and the reverse type of
this denarius ; for the latter represents him
seated, with his colleague Marcus Fannins, each
on a common sedile whereas the curulc ediles
used a curulc chair, from which circumstance of
honour they derived their name of office a dis- —
tinction exhibited with the greatest clearness, on
the denarii of Furius Crassipcs, curule edile (see
p. 12). The two ediles are here represented,
CRISPDS(Flavius Julius), eldest of the sons iu the act of distributing corn among the
of Coustantiue the Great, by Miuerviua, born, Roman people, as is indicated by the spica
some say, in the East, others, at Arles, about before them ; and by the head of Ceres, on the
a. d. 300. He derived his name from his great obverse, symbolising the diviuity who presided
grandfather Crispus, brother of Claudius Go- over the culture of wheat. The letters p. a.
tliicus. According to St. Jerome he received his on the reverse, have been variously interpreted.
education under Lactantius. Be that as it may, Eckhcl believes them, aud with apparent pro-
certain it is his father made him Ctesar on the 1st bability, to signify the same thing that, in a
of March, a. d. 317, together with his brother
Constautinus, and Licinius junior; and he was
greater number of letters viz. arg. pvb. — is in- —
scribed ou coius of the Sentia family. Aud he
nominated eonsid the following year. A prince considers it to shew, that the cost of providing
of great talents and virtues, Crispus distin- corn for the population of Rome was defrayed
guished himself at an early age by his military out of the public money (ex aryenlo publico). —
skill and valour. In the war carried on by his I

See Annona, p. 48, et seq.

imperial father in Gaul, he turned the tide of I According to Riccio (p. 77) referring to the
victory against the incursive Franks, a. d. 320. I
authority of Cavcdoni, it seems that to the
The following year he served the office of con- father of that Critouius, stated by Appiauus to
sul for the second time, with Constantiuus have been edile in 710 (B. c. 44), this coin
Caesar for his colleague. Iu 323 he destroyed should be ascribed.
the fleet of the Emperor Licinius at Gallipoli. CROCODILE, the usual symbol of Egypt
By a rash and cruel order of his father, in 326, and the Nile, especially on coins; because that
Crispus was put to death, before he had com- amphibious quadruped is indigenous to the Egyp-
pleted his thirtieth year, on a false accusation tian soil, aud to the other regions which are
brought against him by his mother-in-law Fausta, watered by the Nile. The Romans placed this
whose criminal love, it is said, he had repelled; formidable animal amongst the number of those
and to whose revenge or jealousy he fell a victim. wild beasts, about which they were so curious iu
Ilis numismatic style is d. n. fl. ivl. crispvs their triumphal pageants and theatric exhibi-
—
nob. caes. Crispus and his brother Constan- tions. — Pitiscus.
tine the youugcr, associated ou coins, iire called On
the medals of the Ncmauscnsiau colony
CRISPVS ET CONSTANTIN VS NOBB. CAESS. (Nismes) struck under Augustus, a crocodile
chained to a palm tree is the sign of Egypt sub-
MINTAGES OF CRISPUS.
dued to the power of Rome. It is also con-
The gold are of great, some of extreme, spicuous, with open mouth, on silver aud gold
rarity. There arc no silver. Small brass mostly medals of Augustus, accompanied by the his-
common.
The following are amongst the rarest reverses:
torical legend of Eyypt captured. Ou gold and —
silver coins of Hadrian, aud on first brass of M.
Gold. concordia avgg. crispvs nob. Aurelius, we
also see the crocodile and hippo-
CAES. —
GLORIA ROM ANORVM. (Vnlllcd by Mion- potamus the feet of the recumbcut personi-
at
nct at 120 fr. each). —
gavdivm roma’norvm. fication of the Nile. Miounct. —
See afgyfto —
ALAMANNIA. (130 fr. CUch). VBIQVE VIC- CAPTA (p. 13), NILES, aud NEU. COL.
—
TORES. VICTOR OMNIVM GENT (150 fr. each). The crocodile was worshipped in many cities
 CROTALUM. — CRUMENA. CRUX. 297
of ancient Egypt, amongst others in Thebes, at Christian monuments, especially from the period
Arsinoc, called on that account Crocodilopolis, when Constantine the Great issued his commands
at Coptos, &c. whilst in other countries it was for putting it on the labarum and other mili-
regarded as a noxious animal, and treated as such tary ensigns. Thenceforward he also prohibited
by the inhabitants. —
Millin, de Beaux Arts. the punishment of death by crucifixion, through-
—
CROTALUM. This instrument, which is out the whole extent of the Roman empire.
seen on coins, in the left hand, or by the side, of Aud from the time of that prince, it docs not
the goddess Cybelc, was a species of castanets appear ever to have been inflicted again. But
made of thin brass plates, which were struck one from having been an instrument of horror and
against the other with different movements of of ignominy, the Cross was converted into a
the fingers, and from which was produced a mark of reverence and honour, which figured
sound like that which a stork makes with its not only on imperial coins and sculptures, but
beak. Players on this rude music were admitted on the standards, and even on the arms of the
to feasts, to regale the ears and eyes of the soldiers. — —
Pitiscus. Millin.
guests, with the tone of their crotala, and with Crucis signum. —
Cross on a globe frequent ;

their gestures, not always the most decent. on coins of the lower empire. A globe was —
Pitiscus. —
See Cybele. considered as the type of dominion over the
—
CRUMENA. The purse was one of the in- world, from as early a date as the reign of Au-
signia of Mercury, who (says Suidas) was the gustus. Afterwards a figure of Victory was
author of trade, and presided over commerce placed upon the globe, inasmuch as to her was
for which reason in statues and on coins he is ascribed not only the conquest, but the reten-
seen holding the money-bag. Mercury appears tion, of such dominion. And when, in later
with the crumena in his hand, in the mintages times, Christian emperors were inclined to attri-
of M. Aurelius, Trajanus Deeius, Herennius, bute their successes to the sign of the cross, they
Hostiliamis.Valerianus, father and son, Gallienus, substituted it in the place of Victory. A globe —
Postumus, Claudius Gothiens, Numerianus, and and cross appear, first, on coins of Joviauus,
Carinus. —
See also a medal of Colonia Helio- in the hand of Victory subsequently, it is
:

politana, inscribed to Philip seuior. —

Mercury often seen in the emperor’s hand. See Victo-—
has the purse in his right hand, on a coin ria avgvstorvm, gold of Joviauus (Banduri),
of Sinope colonia, in Pcllerin, Melange, i. pi. and victoria romanorvm, brass medallion and
xix. No. 3. —Also see the word mekcurius in second brass of Jovianus (Tanini).
this volume. On a second brass of Constantius II. with
The Crumena is likewise the symbol of Abun •
legcud hoc. siono. victor eris. Victory is
dance, and appears iu the right hand of a female seen crowning the emperor, who stands habited
figure, who has the cornucopia; iu her left, with in the paludamentum, and holds in his right
the epigraph vbkritas or vbertas, on coins of hand the labarum, on which is the monogram
Deeius, Gallus, Gallienus, Postumus, Claudius of Christ. —
See df.centivs for this monogram.
II. Tacitus, &c. By which mouetal type is in- Some account of the “ Holy Cross,” as
dicated that Plenty holds a full purse, because figured by order of Constantine the Great on
all things are obtainable by money. —
Raschc. the imperial standard, when about to engage
The Crumena is likewise an attribute of Litti - with Maxentius, will be found under the legend
tia, and of Securitas, as is seen on coius of S. spes. pvblica. It was borne on that occasion
Scvcrus and of Trajanus Deeius. amidst the ranks of his army, where the conflict
—
CRUX. The Cross, an instrument of punish- appeared to be sharpest and, according to
;

ment amongst the Romans and several other Eusebius and his transcribers, this new ensign
nations of antiquity. Cicero calls it crude/issi- was invariably accompanied by decisive vic-
mum, teterimumque. In fact none but slaves, tory. Ilcncc it began to be looked upon as
and malefactors of the lowest description, were alone sufficient to ensure success; and hence also
subjected to it. The word crux was applied by the force of the legend IIoc Signo Victor eris,
the Romans to every species of punishment, which no doubt was also inscribed on the stand-
whether it was a tree, or simply a stake, to ard. By some writers this reverse is referred to
which the criminal was bound or nailed. Hence the cross, which Constantine boldly asserted that
it was designated under the names of arlor in- he beheld in the heavens, accompanied by the
felix, infame lignum, cruciatus servilis. Gene-— words en. TOVToil. nika. in hoc (signo) vince
rally speaking, however, it is usual to under- —See Eckhel, viii. 117 —
and 505.
stand by the appellation Cross, a long beam Crux. —
The cross by itself, or within a laurel
traversed at its upper end by a much shorter crown, appears on coins of Valentinian I. Victor,
piece, of wood, whereon to fasten the arms of Arcadius, Theodosius, Ilonorius, Justinianus,
the sufferer, whilst the body is placed on the Leo and other emperors, professing Chris-
I.

beam. Such was the “accursed tree” on which tianity. —

See julius nepos in this dictionary
the Jews, in the reign of Tiberius (7 8fi, a. d. for a specimen of the type.
33), “hanged” the living Bodv of OUR
DI- A cross, with one or two stars, is found on
VINE AND EVER-BLESSED SAVIOUR— coins of Eudocia, wife of Arcadius, Eudocia,
and the instrument of HIS
death has become wife of Theodosius II. and others.
the revered sign of Christianity. From the A cross in the hand of an emperor, or of
establishment of the Religion of Jesus of I
Victory, or placed on a globe, appears on coins
Nazareth, that sacred symbol is found on all |
of Valentinian, Valens, Theodosius I. and II.

2 Q
298 CRUX— CULTER. CUPID.— CURIATIA.
F'lacilla, Maximus,Martianus and Mauritius jumping, dancing,
toying, playing, climbing
(sec the mimes), also Zeno, Leo, Mujorianus
trees, orplunging into water sometimes seated ;
(see the name), and other princes, to almost on animals; at others riding in a chariot. In
the end ot the Byzantine age. The same sign— short he is made to perforin all sorts of parts
;
appears either by itself, or with a globe, in the and he is most frequently depictured gambolling
hand of Victory, on coins of Valcntinian I.
Theodosius, Arcadius, Honorius, and Zeno, down
with his beautiful mother. Millin, Diction-—
naire de la Fable.
to Phocas and Leontius II. It is also exhibited on
gold coins of Gaila Placidia, and .Elia Flacilla, a
female figure with wings, holding the cross in her
right hand. Likewise, w ith or without a globe,
in the hands of a female, seated, as in the
instances of the Valcutiuiani, the Theodosii, &c.
The cross upon a graduated pedestal is seen on \K_p
medals of Justinian I. Justin II. and other
Byzantine Emperors. On
a denarius of the Egnatia gens, as in the
A cross, surmounting a globe placed on a gra- above cut, the naked bust of Cupid, with bow
duated pedestal, with the legend of devs adivta and arrow' on his shoulders, appears as the ob-

romanis is stamped od the reverse of a silver verse type. —

On another silver coin of the same
medallion of Heraelius 1. who undertook an family, a winged Cupid is seen clinging to the

expedition against Cosraes, King of the Persians, back of a bust of Venus. —

On a denarius of the
“ ut crucis signum ah eo Ilierosolymis Julia family, two Cupids arc drawing the cha-
auctum
repctcret.-Spanheim, Pr. ii. 638.-Mion. ii. 434. riot of Venns.
CUDENDAE area moneta jus, vel permissio. On coins of the Cordia and Lucrctia families,
— The privilege, or permission, of coining brass
he is seen sitting on a dolphin, which he guides
money. That this was granted to, and exercised with reins an elegant type. Sec Lucretia gens.
; —
by, the Roman colonies, may be gathered, in
On
a coin of the Julia family, Cupid appears
most protruding from the breast of Venus.
from the
instances, coins themselves,
especially trom the Hispaniau and Corinthian, on In the imperial scries, lie stands on the hand
w hich the duplex n. or dd. explained as Decreto of Venus, as in Faustina junior. And there is
Decurionum, is usually understood to indicate a brass medallion of Lucilla, with venvs for its
the right of stamping coins. reverse legend, in which tic is represented of
Nay, even the
special permission of Augustus appears on cer- adolescent stature, standing opposite the figure
tain products of the colonial mint. See coi.o- — of the goddess. —
This type is finely engraved in
niaf. romanae, p. 233 —
see also perm. avg.
Iconographie des Empereurs Domains, by M.
Ch. Lcuormant.
and 1NDVLGENT1AE AVG. MONETA.
C. V. —
Consul Quintum. C. V. P. P. Con- Cupid also appears on coins of Julia Domna
(Venus Genetrix), Julia Mamma, and Salonina.
sul for the fifth time, Father of the Couutry, on
a silver coin of Commodus. On a colonial imperial of Crcnma, struck
C. V. CUpeus otivus. V — A votive buckler. under Geta, he stands with bended bow ready to
See p. 218. — See also Dedication of Bucklers.
discharge an arrow. On a small brass colonial
C'1 LLA or CI LLU. — See coela, p. 223.
of Corduba, he stands, winged, holding a torch
and a cornucopia:, a diademed head of Venus
CULTER Victimarius or Sacrificus, also
being the obverse type.— See Akcrman, Coins of
called secespita (a seco). The appellation
given to the knife which the fiamincs, tlamiuian llispania, pi. iii. No. 10, p. 29.

virgins, and pontiffs, used at sacrifices. This Cl. l’lENNIA. —

Of this family, whose very
instrument had a long blade, with a round solid order is uncertain, Eckhcl laconically says “ geus
handle, of either ivory or bronze, bound at the parum cognita.”
Its coins consist of three dif.
hilt with gold or silver. It was with this that ferent types, which have nothing iu them to in-
the assistant cut the throat, of the victim, and terest. The brass pieces arc divisions of the As.
the sacerdos afterwards examined its entrails. The silver has the galeated head of Rome, with
This sacrificial knife is seen, by itself, on a coin the mark X before, and a cornucopia: behind,
of Julius Ciesar (engraved in Morell. Impp. p.
'

it. Rev. — l.. cvp. The dioscuri on horseback.

72). —It appears, with the seenris or axe, and Below roma.
the simpylum, on a denarius of the Cornelia CUR. Cundis, as AED. CUR. Aedi/is Cum -
gens, with the word brvtvs below it. En- — Its . — See akdii.es, p. 12.
graved in Morel and Riccio. CURIATIA, a very aneient gens of the ple-
CLM EXER. SUO. Cum Exerrito suo. — beian order. It was originally from Alba, and
Sec coinage of Gallienus. admitted, with others of its inhabitants, into
CE NIC! LIS — rabbit. A symbol of His- citizenship at Rome, after the destruction of the
pania. — Sec coinage of Hadrian. former city, uuder Tullus llostilius (b. e. 673
CUPID, god
difficult to trace
of love and pleasure. It is — to 641). The family is famous chiefly for the
the true mythological origin of association of its name with that of the three
him whom the Greeks called Eros, and the brothers who fought with the three Horntii
Latins Cupido. The opinion most generally the well-known result of which particular com-
followed is that he was the son of Mars and of bat was the annexation and subjection of the
Venus. He is represented as a boy with wings; I

Alban to the Roman people. Its coins have

 CURIATIA. — CYBELE. CYBELE. 299
four varieties. The
brass pieces are parts of the worship was adopted from the oriental regions
M. The following is the ouly one in silver :
!
of ancient superstition into the pantheistic sys-
tern of the Romans, is replete with contradic-
j

tion, obscurity, and confusion. —

Nevertheless,
“ It would,” as M. Lenormant observes, “
be to
l
call in question the universal testimonies of an-
tiquity, to refuse a rccoguitiou of the primitive
j

affinities which have united the religion of Cybele

I

I
to that of Rhea (the wife of Saturn), in Crete
and in Arcadia; of Ops and of Main, in the
Italian peninsula. But, without speaking tl the
TRIG, or trige. Galeatcd head of Rome. differenceswhich may have existed between
Reo c. cvr. f.
.
A woman, habited in the Cybele, Ops, and Rhea, the continued worship
tunic, guides a quadriga at full speed, holding of the first-named of these goddesses, its more
in the left hand a long sceptre, and crowned by and more flourishing state in Asia Minor, must
Victory standing behind her. have contributed to throw back the worship of
Eckhcl observes, that to Cains Curiatius [who the two other remaining divinities, in Greece
was tribune of the plebs in 016 (b c. 138), under and in I taly, among religious recollectious, rather
the consuls Decius Brutus and Scipio Nasica], than add it to the number of deities of whom
or to a son of his, this denarius probably be- the worship had been maintained with fervour.
longs; and that, in adopting the surname of From this last fact it results that the monuments
Trigeminus, aud causing it to be inscribed on of Ops and of Rhea must be rare, whilst the
thisand other coins of the family, lie doubtless number of those which relate to Cybele must
wished to appear as having descended from the have increased in a large proportion, and that
Curiatii of Tcrgemiuos (says l’liuy,
Alba. ‘
to an epoch comparatively recent.”
1. vii. $ 2), nosci certum
st Horatiorum, Curia-
( Admitting the almost insurmountable diffi-
—
tiorumque exemplo.” Who the female deity is, culties which oppose themselves to affording
with the long sceptre or husta pura, in the anything like a satisfactory explanation of the
quadriga, or to what the type refers, does not mysterious attributes of Cybele, through the
appear to have met with any satisfactory explan- medium of graphic illustrations, the distin-
ation from numismatic antiquaries, either of the guished French writer refers the reader to his
elder or of the modern school. See Rieeio’s — work, sur la Religion Phrygienne de Cybele,
remarks, p. 78. whilst in LaNouvelle Galeric Mylhologique (p. 10
CURRUS. See Cur, p. 176. Also see et seq.) he directs his sole attention to the exte-
QUADRIGA, and TRIUMPH. rior aud to the materiel of the Phrygian worship.
CURSUS PUBLICUS.— Public conveyance, With regard to the parents of Cybele we are
or posting. — See vehiculatio. in reality left ignorant of them ; unless she may be
CURTLA gens, known ouly by its name agree- considered as the daughter of Uranus (Heaven),
ing with that of the Roman knight who, for his aud of Gma (Earth). Amongst the surnames
country’s sake, precipitated himself into a gulf of this goddess there arc some which refer to
in the Forum. That it was of the plebeian localities of Asia Minor, such as those of the
order is shewn by the tribuneship of a Quintus Idaan, of Bindymene, of goddess of Pessinus,
CURTt'wj, whose coins, as connected with that or of Berecynthia, &c. Other siuaiames of
family, are still extant, in four varieties of type, the Phrygian goddess are drawn from qualifica-
none of which, however, make the least allu- tions simply titular, which have often, how-
sion to the self-devoting patriot of the Roman ever, the isolated and independent quality of a
legend. — The brass pieces arc Tricntcs and Sc- proper name Such are the names of Magna
misses. The following is the only denarius ;
but Mater, of Mater Balm, Sec. For the more
it is common :
perspicuous but less becoming incidents of the
Q. cvrt. Galcated head of Rome. Rev. si. — great and god bearing Mother’s history, re-
sila. Jupiter Tonans in a quadriga at speed, ference may be had to atys (p. 94), her youthfid
holding the sceptre in his left hand. Above is priest and lover. (See also matri devm salv-
the tituus, below rosia. tari). —Numerous coins are extant which prove
This silver coin records the name of Quintus how extensively the worship of Cybele prevailed
Curtius and of Marcus Junius Silanus, monctal among the cities of Asia Minor.
triumvirs.- -Riccio (p. 79), from its fabric, con- Cybele is uniformly represented on Roman,
siders it to have been struck about the middle as well as on Greek coins, as a dignified matron,
|
of the seventh century of Rome. robed aud veiled, having her head ornamented
CURULE EDILES. Sec aediles curules,— with a crowm of towers. She holds sometimes
p. 12. See also annona, p. 48. the crolalum, but more usually the tympanum,
CUSTODES Dll, or DEAE, with the type in one hand, aud a sceptre, or sometimes a
of Fortune. —
See dis custodihus. branch of pine, in the other. Her chariot is
CUSTOS, an epithet of Jupiter. iovis evs- drawn by lions, or lions couch by her side, or
tos is read on coins of Titus and Caracalla. she herself is seated on a lion (seep. 186).
In like manner ivpiter (or ivppiter) evsros More rarely she carries cars of corn as designat-
appears on coins of Nero and Hadrian. [

ing the fertility and abundance with which the

C\BELE. —The myth of this goddess, whose earth brings forth all things.
2 Q 2
300 CYBELE. CYBELE.
The turreted such as coins display on
croton, standing with his face towards the goddess his ;
j

the head of Cybelc, forms the most common head covered with the Phrygian cap. 11c holds
attribute of personified cities. in his left hand the pedum, or crooked stick,
The pine was the tree of Cybele, being that and in his right the syrinx, or flute of reeds.
into which Atys was changed (Ovid, Metom. x. This fine medallion presents to us the united
104). The oak was also sacred to the mother personifications of Cybelc and Atys, under the
of the gods. most frequently recurring form in the domain
The tympanum, as the attribute of Cybelc, of figured antiquity.
—
“The resinous pine, con-
is not designed solely to retrace the furious secrated to Atys, reminds us,” says M. Lcnor-
running of the Galli (priests of Cybele), and mant, “ of the myrrh tree, into which the
the noise which they made with their drums. mother of Adonis was transformed, and of the
The tympanum, from its round form, and the bark, from which the young god was drawn by
manner in which the sound was obtained (by the women of Arabia, wheu the moment of his
sliding the finger, and by pressing it on the birth was come (Ovid,Metam. x. 490, seq.
* * * *
exterior surface of the skiu, which was stretched 512, et seq.) The pine of Atys, aud
at the bottom of the tambourine), belonged the tree of Adonis, are forms of the same idea
to all the mysteries of antiquity. It is found appropriated to the productions of two different
to have been regarded as a sacred object at climates.” —These approximations, M. Leuor-
Eleusis —
that mystical centre from which the mant considers to be, in the Phrygian religion,
excesses, similar to those practised by the representations of the doctrine of the \&yos,
Galli, had been carefully excluded. To the from which, conformably to the genius of the
idea of the circle already expressed by the the reform of Zoroaster, every authropomor-
crenelated crown, and the modius, the tympanum phique appearauce had been banished.” See —
joined that of the circular movement equally ex- Nouvelle Galerie Mylhol. p. 14.
pressed by the rhombus of Eleusis. It is this On a first brass of Faustina senior, the
circular movement, and this perpetual course mother of the gods (Cybele), with a crown of
round the same which, according to Plato (in towers, seated on a throne, holds the tympanum
the Dialogue of the Cratylus) constitute the on her knee — on each side
the throne is a lion.
essence of the gods. p. 12, Nouvelle Galerie — See MATRI DEVS! SAI.VTAR1.
Mythologique On a large brass of Faustina junior, there is a
The Hon consecrated to Cybelc has not yet re- similar type of Cybele. See mathi magnae. —
ceived a satisfactory elucidation. The respective On a brass mcdalliou of the elder Faustina,
explanations which Lucretius, Fulgentius, Ser- with veiled portrait, the great Pcssiuuutiau god-
vius, &c. have given in reference to the lions of dess, of whom Kiug
Attains had made u pre-
that goddess, savour, more or less, of the spirit sent to the Romans, is represented as brought
of the allegorical school, which it is necessary to to Rome, in a ship drawn by the vestal Claudia
avoid confounding with the symbolic school. Quinta, who gives a proof of her virtue by
At any rate these explanations belong to that causing the vessel to advance by means of her
epoeha, when, under the name of natural theo- girdle which she attaches to it. Many matrons,
toyy, the aim was to open a way to the pro- with torches in their hauds, are uear the vestal.
gress of the sciences, in a religion based on a — See ci.avdia, p. 211.
complete ignorance of the laws of physics and On a brass medallion of Hadriau, Cybele hold-
of astronomy. Ibid, p. 13. ing the is seated on a car drawn by-
tympanum,
Cybele is, in the Roman mint, for the most four lions. Cybelc also appears on medallions
part typified on coins of Empresses : and first brass coins of Sabina, Antoninus Pius,
Lucilla, Com modus, Julia Domna, &c.
On a brass medallion of Hadrian, Cybele,
holding the tympanum in her left hand, rested
on her knees, is seated on a car drawn by four
lions. On the exergue of this reverse is CO/i-
S«/ III.
The figure of Cybele, in the quadriga, re-
calls in a manner the verse of Lucre-
striking
tius (De Nat. Her. ii. 600-604) :

Dane veteres Graiftm docti cccinere poetic

Subliniem in curru bijugos agitare leones :

Aeris in spatio magnam pendere doccntcs

Tellurem ;
ncque posse in terra sistere terrain.

[She it is, whom the ancient aud skilled bards

of Greece have sung, as guiding aloft two lions
yoked to her ear maintaining, that this vast
;

On
a brass medallion of the younger Faustina, world haugs poised in mid air and that earth ;

Cybelc is represented seated on a throne with a cannot rest on earth.]

foot-stool, holding with one hand the tympanum “ There is,” says M. Lcnormant, in aptly-
and in the other a branch of pine. On each side citing this illustrative passage from the Latin
of the throne is n lion. Crotu/a arc suspended poet, “ no other difference offered by Lucretius,
near her from a pine tree. On the left is Atys, and the type of the medal in question, than the
 CYBELE. DACIA. 301
number of lions, which is two in Lucretius and D. Dictator . — CAESAR D. PERPETVO, on a
four on the coin. The last verse of the poet is silver coin of J ulius Cicsar.
remarkable inasmuch as it seems to unite a
;
DAC. Dacicus.
knowledge proceeding from a physical science . —
DAT. Datum See Congiarium, p. 244.
(d’une physique) already sufficiently advanced, DACIA, a region of European Scythia, now
that of the rotatory movement of the earth on comprehending the modern countries of Hungary,
itself, and the application of this notion to the Transylvania, Wallachia, and Moldavia. Under —
primitive belief already quoted, following which Augustus, the Dacians first came into warlike
the gods, or the world (which is the same thing collision with the Romans, and were driven back
with the ancients), would have been drawn into beyond the Danube by Lentulus. A hundred
a perpetual movement of concentric rotation. years afterwards, Trajan, at the head of his
This movement, by its constancy and regularity, cohorts, penetrated into the interior of Dacia,
explains the apparently contrary idea of a per- difficult as it w'as of access, being closed up and
fect stability. Accordingly, we have no hesita- fortified by narrow gorges of mountains. That
tion in comparing this medallion of Hadrian prince, in two successive wars, met with a
with another of the same prince, on which we vigorous resistance but at length, having con-
;

read, TELLVS stabilita, and medals in gold and quered Decebalus, whose death shortly followed,
silver, also of Hadrian, with the same legend. he converted the Dacian king’s dominions into a
The meauing of these last mentioned pieces has —
Roman province. Hadrian at first, it is said,
been very justly considered by Eckhel (D. N. was inclined to abandon these hard-earned con-
vi. 509), as an allegory of order and of peace, quests of his great predecessor ; but continued to
re-established by Hadrian throughout the Roman occupy the province with a powerful army.
world. In following the indication of Lucre- Decius (Trajanus), about a. d. 249 struggled suc-
tius, the medallion above described would ex- cessfully, but with great difficulty, to defend
press the same idea in a more indirect manner. the province against repeated incursions of the
In each case, this concentration of the person Goths. But at his death, it soou became an
of Cybele in the personification of the Earth, object of assault, and a scene of devastation, for
appears to us conformable to the principles of fresh hordes of northern barbarians. —
Dacia, at
natural theology', and consequently to agree with length lost to Rome uuder Gallienus, was re-
a learned period like that of Hadrian.” * * * covered by Aurelianus ; but he, despairing of
“ As to the rest,” adds the learned and ingenious being able to retain it permanently as a pos-
author of La Nouvelle Galerie (p. 13), “ it is session of the empire, transported the inhabitants
possible that this reverse alludes only to the into Mscsia, which (according to Vopiscus) then
translation of the Bona Dea from one temple took the name of Dacia Cis-Istrensis, or Dacia
to another, which, according to Spartian, took on this side the Danube. Although eventually
place at Rome, during Hadrian’s reign.” compelled to give way before the strategic skill
A contorniate, bearing on its obverse the head and superior discipline of the imperial legiou-
of Nero, typifies Cybele and Atys together in a aries, the Dacian people, both before aud after
car drawn by four running lions. The goddess their subjection to the Romans, shewed them-
has a crown of towers, and holds a sceptre. selves to be
Atys wears the Phrygian cap, and bears the pas- Prodiga gens animai, stndiisque asperrima belli.
toral crook in his left hand.
belong to the lower empire.
[The contorniates
They were pieces
—
distributed at the Circensian games. — See p. 271
et scq. of this dictionary.]
On a dcuarius of the Cestia gens (p. 197),
Cybele is sealed in a biga of lions. For a type
of that goddess, as an emblem of Eternity, or
rather Faustina senior represented, after death,
under Cybele’s image, sec p. 23, left hand col.

D.

I). fourth letter in the alphabet of the Romans.

— Amongst numerals it signifies five hundred —
DACIA. S. C. On a first brass of Hadrian,
(quingenii .) bearing on the exergue this simple legend, with
D. as an initial letter indicates Dacia, d. f. the mark of senatorial authority in the field of
Dacia Felix, occurs on the vexillum, or stand- the reverse, the province is personified uuder
ard, on coins of the province of Dacia. the figure of a young man, bareheaded, habited
D. Dacicus. — g. d. parth. Germanicus, in a short dress, a military cloak thrown across
Dacicus, Parthicus, on coins of Trajan, whose his shoulders, and half-boots with ornamented
surnames as Emperor, arc derived from the tops. This figure is seated on a rock, with a
names of conquered nations. legionary eagle in the right hand, and a palm
D. Damno. I condemn. — See Coclia gens, branch in the left his right foot rests on an
:

p. 222. oval-formed stone.

D. Decreto . —
n. d. Decreto Decnrionum. The above is engraved from a well-preserved
D. Decim us. Divas, Desiynatus. specimen in the British Museum. It is thus
302 DACIA, DACIA.
also that the coin is delineated in
tina’s and the Farnese cabinets ;
Queen Chris- DACIA. S. C. —A woman, clothed in the
and Captain stola, stands, holding in her right hand a staff
Smyth notes a similar type of Hadrian in his
own collection. It is however to be observed,
that Eckhel describes the first and second brass
Dacia of Hadrian’s mint, as personified by a
woman, who holds in her left hand a curved
sword (gladium incurvum). But all numismatic
descriptions agree as to the military ensigns be-
ing put into the right hand of the conquered
province, seated on a rock— the last feature of
typification denoting the peculiar situation and
national habitudes of the Dacians, allusive to
which L. Florianus (lib. 4), says, the Dacians
cleave to their mountains (Dad montibus inhe- surmounted by an ass’s head. This legend, and
rent). —It appears from Spartiau, that, before he very singular type, present themselves ou gold
ascended the throne, Hadrian was twice in and silver, as well as on first and second brass, of
Dacia, and took part as an officer in Trajan’s Trajanus Dceius.
two expeditions against that country. At the On coins of Trajan (with lcgcud of Provincia
period of the second war he commanded the 1st Dacia Augusti), the genius of the Dacian pro-
legion, suruamed Minervia. vince, is seated on a rock, holding a military
We distinctly from Eutropius (lib. 8),
learn standard and on coins struck in the province
;

that as Hadrian, on at best a doubtful policy, itself, under Philip senior (with Provincia Dacia
had given up possession of Syria, Mesopotamia, for their reverse legend) the same personifica-
Armenia, and other conquests of Trajan in the tion of the province carries the bent sword of
East, so if left to himself, he would have re- her country. On the present second brass of
nounced even Dacia but that he was otherwise
; Trajanus Decius, both the above mentioned
persuaded by his friends, w ho remonstrated with
r
attributes nre omitted ; and in their place is
him against such a withdrawal of the legions, clearly displayed the veritable head of an ass.
ne multi cives Romani barbaris traderentur . “ What may be the meaning of this symbol,
For, immediately after the annexation of Dacia I shall not (says Eckhel) in the absence of any
to the empire by Trajan, many Roman colonies ancient testimony, attempt to prououncc. For
were established there, which would all have if, as some suppose, an allegory is concealed
been immediately exposed to, and in subsequent under it, the risk of error is in the ratio of the
reigns were actually ravaged by, the inroads of vagueness of all allegory, and I have an aversion
fierce enemies, without the means of defending to the troubled sea of conjecture. Instead of
themselves. He was therefore induced to make the ass’s head, Engclius sees on these coins the
no change in this quarter, except the dis- head of the Dacian dragon, fixed on a pole, the
creditable one of causing Trajan’s celebrated body and being left out, either by the care-
tail
bridge over the Danube to be thrown down ,
lessness the moneyer, or to shorten his
of
lest (according to Dion, labour, or for want of space in the coin.
68, s. 16), the bar- (En-
barians should overpower the guard of the bridge, gel Comment, de Exped. Traj. p. 201).
. We
and cuter Mtesia. Historians make no mention know, indeed, from the relievos ou Trajan’s
of any journey by Hadrian in that country when column, that dragons supported on spears,
emperor. —
But from his geographical coins it is served the Dacians as military standards. 1
to he iuferred that he visited the Dacian province would readily give in my adhesiou to this view
also. One of these, inscribed solely with the name of the subject, as we should then have a tangible
dacia, presents its type of personification, as point to start from, without being reduced to
given in the above and’ other examples. Others, the uncertainties of allegory. But, on the most
purely military, repeat the usual type of an perfect of these coins, so long are the cars of
emperor addressing his soldiers, with a corres- the animal, as to leave no doubt on the mind
—
ponding legend. See exehcitvs dacicvs. that they represent those of an ass.”
The Abbe Greppo, in his work, “ sur tes Voy- Among the mintages of Philip scuior there is
ages d’ Uadrien,” observes, that there arc seve- a coin inscribed tkanqvii.i.itas avgg. on which
ral inscriptions of Dacia which connect them- is a woman stauding, with a dragon in her right
selves with the history of Hadrian. One de- hand, by which type is probably intended one
serves to be cited in this place. Although it be of the dragons, which, among the Romans, quite
of a date posterior to the probable period of that as much ns among the barbarian nations, used to
prince’s advent in the province, yet the public be carried, suspended from a pole, in the frout
works which mentions may be regarded as a
it ranks of an army. —
“ If this head (observes
result of that journey. It relates to water con- Eckhel), be compared with that which appears
veyed (aQva indycta) into the ancient capital on the coin before us, the difference between the
of Deccbalus, which, having become a Roman two instantly strikes the eye. Whoever is in-
colony, is recorded on ancient marbles COLO- — clined to refer this type to the religion of the
NS VLPta TRAIANA AVG usta DACICA Dacians, may suppose that it alludes to the ass,
SARMIZ. —The inscription is given in Gruter, which, among the Scythians, is one of Apollo's
Corpus Inscrip. Antiq. vol. 1, clxxvii. 3 M. victims, according to ('lemens Alexandrians
|
 DACIA FELIX. DACICVS. 303
(Protreplicos , p. 25, Edit. Oxon.) — “ Phoebus is incursions of the barbarians, by whom that tract
worshipped with the Hyperborean sacrifice of of country was, during his reign, most grievously
asses.” harrassed. And hence, in an inscription pre-
DACtrt CATla(conquest of Dacia). On a — served by Muratori (page 1101, 3), he is styled
silver coin of Trajan, having for the legend of eestitvtor daciarvm. The legend dacia—
its reverse dac. cap. cos. v. felix explains the letters d. f. found on so
P.P. S.P.Q.R. OPTIMO PRINC. many of the coins of Dacia, inscribed on a
appears a captive, with his standard.
hands tied behind him, seated DACIA PROVINCIA. — See provincia
on three bucklers ; behind dacia.
him are two swords, bent in DACIA PROVINCIA AVGVST.— See pro-
the Dacian fashion, and be- vincia DACIA AVGVST.
fore him are two javelins. —
DACICVS. It was not without having fairly
Obv . — IMP. TRAIANO AVG. GER. DAC. P.M.TR.P. earned it, as a victorious commander, that
Laurcatcd head of Trajan. Trajan was honoured with this surname, after
Trajan having finished the construction of his first contest with the Dacians. At almost
that stupendous work, his bridge over the Da- the beginning of his reign, when that warlike
nube, entered Dacia a second time (a. D. 105), people again invaded the Roman provinces, he
and again attacked Decebalus its king, who had immediately took the field against them with a
been the terror of the Romans under Domitian. powerful force, and compelled Decebalus, who was
That emperor declared war against the Dacians, feared at the time like another Hannibal, to sup-
but the result proving seriously unfavourable to plicate peace, by his ambassadors, at the hands
the Roman arms, he soon gave up the enter- of the Roman Senate. Thereupon the title of
prise, and settled affairs by submitting to pay Dacicus was conferred upon Trajan, together with
an annual tribute. Trajan, incapable of any the most signal honours of the triumph. Hence
longer enduring such a national humiliation, we find him styled on his coins imp. nerva
marched his army into the territories of Dece- traianvs avg. ger. dacicvs, &c. This dis-
balus, and compelled him to sue for peace, which, tinguished appellation was not given to him,
however, was granted only on very hard condi- however, till about the autumn of the year u. c.
tions. I?ut the king not having fulfilled his 856 (a. d. 103), and the end of the sixth year
promise, it became necessary for Trajan to re- of his tribunitian power, to which date it is
commence hostilities. Having sustained a total sufficiently agreed upon, amongst historical anti-
defeat, and being deprived of every thing, Dece- quaries, that this Dacian victory
is to be re-
balus slew himself. The emperor found the ferred; and the confirmed by the non-
fact is

treasures of the unfortunate monarch either in appearance of the word Dacicus on the coins of
the river Sargetia, or buried in caves. This this emperor until the year above-mentioned.
took place in the year of Rome 859 (a. d. 106). It is in the following year, namely a.d. 104,
It was then that Dacia became a Roman pro- that the title of Oplimtis Princeps begins to ap-
vince and Trajan, returning to Rome, triumph-
;
pear on the mintages of Trajan. See dac. cap.
ed for thus ending the Dacian wars. Other coins —
Dacicus gladius. The curved sword of the
of this prince relate to this important event. Dacians, on Roman coins, is held in the right
Eckhel remarks that “ the coins struck after hand of the. personified province. It was called
Trajan’s first war with the Dacians, do not bear Hpiry, falx (a falchion, or short crooked sword),
the inscriptive record of dac(ia) cap(ta) ; be-
cause Decebalus was still permitted to retain
such as the Thracians first used. —
[It may not
be irrelevant to remark, that the descendants of
possession of his kingdom, though on very dis- those who inhabited a part of ancient Dacia
advantageous and degrading terms. Rut now namely, Hungary that now is, —
have long been
we read capla, as, according to Dion and others, famous for military prowess, and for skill in the
it was a conquest in reality (capta revera).” use of their favourite weapon, the sabre.~\
The above reverseis copied from pi. iv. fig. In his Collectanea Antiqua, vol. ii. Mr.
12, of Kolb’s Traite de Numismatique Ancienne, Roach Smith fully describes, and by ctchiugs
the illustrative engravings of which elementary illustrates, several specimens of Saxon and
work are remarkable for their artistic fidelity to Frankish short, knife-shaped swords, amongst
the originals and have evidently becu selected
;
which is a very remarkable example of one,
from genuine specimens. It is also engraved in found in the bed of the Thames, and now in his
M. Lcnormant’s Iconographie des Empereurs. own possession. On this subject, our observant
This explanation seems the more requisite, and discriminating Archmologist makes the fol-
because neither Mionnct, nor Akcrman, includes lowing observations :

that important historical legend dac. cap. in “ In ancient representations of the arms of
their respective Catalogues. the Germans, swords slightly curved are almost
DACIA FELIX. S. C. A woman standing, — always introduced. It would be easy to cite
with a military ensign in her right hand. On numerous instances; but the sculptures on Tra-
gold, silver, and first and second brass of jan’s column, of scenes in the Dacian wars, and
Trajanus Decius. the coins of that emperor, afford types which,
The frequency with which Daeia is alluded to, allowing for a certain conventionality in the
on the coius of Decius, is attributable to the artistic treatment, are not very unlike some of
activity he displayed in protecting it from the these knife-swords. — The Dacians on the column
304 DACICVS. DAMASCUS.
of Trajan arc almost always armed with this Empress Plotina, adopted him as his imperial
single-edged weapon, which curves slightly, some- successor. Thisrendered still more clear
is

times inwards, sometimes outwards, but in one by the coin of Hadrian himself.” The Italian —
or two instances the weapon is straight like antiquary then describes the portrait of Hadrian
those under consideration. And until we dis- on the coin in question as that of a young man
cover ancient swords which are curved, we must, (which it is), and quotes the legend of the
as in the case of the double axe, and barbed obverse, as given in the preceding column.
javelin, consider the representations referred to, Angcloni concludes as follows “ This coin re-
:
—
as having been influenced by the fancy of the presents, in my the above-mentioned
opinion,
artist.” p. 46-47. adoption, and also Trajan’s admission of Hadrian
to share with him the government of the empire,
together with a concession, to his adopted son,
of the titles usually borne by the Emperors, and
especially those which the Senate aud People
conferred on himself.” —
Eckhel evidently takes
the same view for in noticing a specimen, from
;

the Vienna collection (vi. 475), he describes the

type as “ Trajanus et Hadrianus [ not jEliusj
togati stantes, globum una tenent." But at the
same time observes, that this coin, and some
others of the same date (a. D. 117), in assigning
to Hadrian the appellation of Pater Patriot is
opposed to the oracle of historians foracu/o
DAC. PARTII1CO P. M. T. R. P. COS. historicorum). —
See what the Author of Doc-
P. P. —
Two figures, clothed in the toga, sup- trina says on this point, in vii. p. 515 ct scq.
Also consult his animadversions on the names
porting a globe. First brass of Hadrian.
The above appears on the reverse of one of which Hadrian assumed by right of his adop-
those coins, which, alike interesting from the tion. (vii. 518.)
beauty of their types, and from their connection DAMASCUS, cofonia, now Damisk, or Da-

with historical facts, exhibit all the various maseo, as Europeans call it Sciam or Chiam,;

titles of honour bestowed, together with the as it is named by the Turks. —

The most ancient
imperial purple, by the Emperor Trajan on the city of Coclc-Syria (the Hollow Syria), it is

fortunate Hadrian, his adopted successor. The — situated in a beautiful and fertile valley, at the
obverse of this coin bears the laureated head of foot ofMount Hcrmon, from which flow two
Hadrian, and the following legend IMP
eratori
: Ahana and the Pharpar. Of these
rivers, the
AVG
usliYilio TRA- mountain streams mention is made in Holy
CAESars HI VI TRAIANI
IANO HADRIANO OPTtmo AVG. GER. to Writ (Kings, bk. 2, ch. 5, v. 12) “ Are not —
which, in reading, is to be joined the legend Abana and Pharpar, rivers of Damascus, bet-
of the reverse, namely, DACico PARTI11CO ter than all the waters of Israel ?” The former
Yontifici Maximo TRibunitid Yotestate COw- passes through the middle of the city ; the other

S uli Yatri Y atria. S. C. And the whole ex- rolls its waters amidst gardens and orchards be-

presses itself as follows:— To the Emperor, yond the walls both afterwards unite, and form
;

Cicsar, son of the Divine Trajanus Augustus, one river named the Chrvsorrhoas, or golden
Trajanus Hadrianus the most excellent Augus- river (now the Barrada). In more remote anti-
tus —
the German —
the Dacian, the Parthian, quity', the metropolis of Phoenicia, and in later

Sovereign Pontiff, exercising the Tribimitian ages, comprehended in the patriarchate of An-
Power, Consul, Father of the Country. By de- tioch, Damascus is still, according to descrip-
cree of the Senate. tion, the most agreeable, as it was once the

In his annotations on this coin (p. 56 Cabinet most celebrated, city in the East, on account of
tie Christine Havercamp, after giving an the grandeur of its public edifices, and the ele-
gance of its private habitations. Conflicting
accurate copy of its inscription on both sides,
“ the opinions arc entertained respecting the origin of
states the type of the reverse to represent
the word Damascus ainougst which Vaillant
adoption of .'Elius Ca:sar made by Hadrian, in ;

like manner as he had himself been adopted by (in Co/oniis, i. 232) suggests, on the s*rength
Trajan.” Having given this strange interpreta- of a frequent type on its coins, the derivation to
tion of what he admits to be a very curious coin, be “ a Damn nutrice et Asro pucro ” (from the
Havercamp professes to recollect no author who boy Aseus nourished by a Doc). This city had
had spoken of it, unless it was Angcloni to the;
at an early period from the foundation its own

125th page of whose work, he expressly refers kings. Josephus (Antiq. 7, cap. 6), speaks of
and where indeed a delineation of the eoin is to Admins, in the time of David, as king of Da-
be found. But, so far from bearing out the dictum mascus, and whose posterity retained that royal
title and authority to the tenth generation.
of Havercamp, Angcloni adduces it as an ad-
ditional testimony of the clearest kind to the Overthrown by the Assyrians, it became sub-
truth of history, as to the fact of Trajan’s ject to the Selcuaidte, whose a-rn dates from the

adoption of Hadrian:
—
"Every author (says he) year of Rome 442, 31 2 years before Christ.
concurs in stating that Hadrian was cousin The Arabians subsequently gained possession of
to Trajan, who, through the intlucucc of the it;
and at length Pompcy annexed it to the llo-
 DAMAS( l S. Damascus. 3or>

man was not made a colony until

republic. It origin of its reputed founder. quotes—Vaillant
the reign of the emperor Philippus senior. And, some of the interpretations put upon it but ;

although on coins its title of colonia takes pre- does not argue in favour of any of them, lie
cedence of its dignity of metropolis, viz. col. simply remarks, that these, and other coins of
damas METRO . &c. yet it had enjoyed the latter similar type, seem intended to preserve in re-
prerogative long before it obtained its colonial membrance the tradition of Ascus, who having
character. On many coins, with Greek legends, been exposed in infancy, was suckled by a Dama,
from Hadrian to Alexander Sevcrus, is read I or female deer, and afterwards, rising to emi-
Metropoleos, given to it as an honorary dis- nence, laid the foundations of Damascus.
tinction, on account of the amplitude and im- But here let this eminent numismatist of the
portance of the place. seventeenth century, speak his own sentiments
Besides Greek autonomes, and Greek impe- on this point, iu his own way, if not indeed in
rials in brass, there arc bilingual (viz. Greek his native tongue :

and Latin brass coins of this colony, dedicated “ Should we venture (says Vaillant, in Col.
consecutively to Philip senior, and to Otacilia, ii. p. 271), to regard this type of a boy sucking
Philip junior, Herennius Etruscns, Trajanus a doe, as referring to the origin of the city of
Dccius, Trcbouianus Gallus, Volusianus, Aemi- Damascus and should we further assert, that
;

liauus, \ alerianus senior, Gallienus, and Salo- thename itself of that city is derived from the
nina. These coins are inscribed col. damas. words dama (the doe) and Ascus (the boy), the
METRO, or DAMASCO COLONIA, or COL. DAMA. whole host of the learned would be ready to cry
METR. or MET. out against us : let us, notwithstanding, pro-
Bacchus and Silenus were the two tutelary pound our own conjectures. What is the im-
deities of Damascus. Temples were erected to port of the boy suckled by a doe, who so fre-
their worship in that city ; and they are typified quently appears on the coins of Damascus?
on coins of Trebonianus Gallus and Philip sen. Does not that type illustrate the history of some
The following arc amongst the principal types boy nourished by a doe, just as that of the wolf
which appear on the reverses of coins struck in suckling Romulus and Remus, depicts the first
this city, with bilingual legends :
mode in which those infants were nourished
1. Bacchus. —
On second brass of Trebonianus and was not another boy, similarly brought up
Gallus. —
See type described iu p. 120. by a deer (airi nuos l\d<pou) named, accord-
Cypress tree.
2. —
On a rare second brass, ingly, Telephus ? The animal dama, however,
struck in honour of Volusianus, with the legend derives its name from Sapdfa ( to tame), by the
of Colonia Damascus Metropolis, this tree figure antiphrasis. Stephens, iu his Thesaurus,
stands between a horse and a bull. [The mean-
ing of this singular type is far from having been
— v. Aagaa-uiis, that Damascus was so
states,
called from Ascus, a giant. Now, this giant
satisfactorily explained. Vaillant, who seems to might have been brought up by a deer and it ;

reject the idea of any local allusion in the case, is a reasonable conjecture, that the name of
the
puts interrogatively whether this combined
it city, Aagatruds, was compounded of the two
group of the tree and the two quadrupeds may words Adfxa and 'Arruhs —
but if this etymo-
not have a mystic signification? For an inge- — logy does not meet with approbation, we take re-
nious conjecture sec that author, in Coloniis, ii. fuge in another founder of the city, by name
222 ], Damascus, after whom Damascus, the noblest
On second and third brass of Philip senior, city in Syria, was as Justin thus relates,
Silenus stands before a cypress, which tree was xxxvi. 2
— ‘
called,
The name was given to the city by
held in veneration by the Phoenicians, being, I its kiug Damascus, in whose honour the Syrians
according to Plutarch, dedicated to the Sun. — I
reverenced the sepulchre of his wife Arathis as
Vaillant, ii. p. 161. a temple, and paid her the highest adoration as
a deity.’ —Perhaps this king had been exposed,
aud tended by a deer, aud so by the act of suck-
ing that animal, he points to the memory of
the founder, and the origin of the city.”
In a learned Dissertation on certain coins of
Damascus, inserted in the Revue Numismatique
(vol. vii. year 1844, p. 1. et seq.) M. J. De
Witte, who has illustrated his subject with ap-
propriate engravings, enters at great length into
the traditions, often as contradictory "as they
3. Doe (Dama) giving suck
to a little hog . arc various, which have been furnished by my-
On and second brass coins of this colony,
first thographers, but which (he observes), residt in
minted under Philip senior, Otacilia his wife, shewing only that the name of the city owes its
aud Trebonianus Gallus. origin to oue of those jetix de mots in which the
This type, accompanied by the legend of re- ancients, especially the Greeks, took delight.
j

verse col. damas. metr. occurs on coins of this “ Mythological legends (says in substance
this
colony, during the above reigns and has given ; living French numismatist), relate that a per-
rise among the learned to a variety of conjec- sonage of the family of the earth-born Giants,
tures. It is generally regarded as bearing re- bearing the uamc of Ascus (who, from a numis-
ference to the name of the city, aud to the matic type, is supposed to have been deserted
2 R
 300 DAMASCUS. DAMASCUS.
in his infancy, and suckled by a doe), pursued above advanced. The reverse of the piece,
in his manhood a heroic and successful career which belongs to the reign of Philip the younger,
until, having cut down the vineyards which is described (in Co/, ii. p. 271) as follows:
Dionysus (Bacchus) had planted in Syria, that Rev. —
col. dama. meteop. A
naked infant
god, in his wrath, flayed the offender ; and of standing, crowns a woman whose head is tur-
his skin was made a leathern bottle or sack, reted.
which served to contain wine.” Vaillant recognises iu this type Ascus offer-
Vaillant, it will have been seen, in explaining ing a crown to the city which he had founded.
the type of the above reverse, recoguises in the — But this jumbling together of boyhood and
infant suckled by an animal resembling a female manhood, at one time and in one action, offers
deer (Lama) the young Asms; and suggests a much more difficult subject for interpretation
that the word Lama being prefixed to that of than the foregoing. And we must leave both
Asciis, which assimilates with aauos, signifying the text of the elder, and the coinciding animad-
in Greek a wine skin, Aa^ia Aauos, abbreviated versions of the modern, commentator, to the
to Lamascus, became the name of the city. criticism of the Revue Numismatique (t. vii. p.
Eckhel (L. N. V. iii. p. 332), refuses to ad- 22), and to the judgment of its readers.
mit the explanation given, in this iustaucc, by 4. Genius of the City and River Gods. —
Vaillant, first of all, because the word Aaga, There is a first brass, inscribed to llereuuius,
as used to designate a doc, is not Greek and ;
which Pelleriu assigns to this colony, and which
secondly, because the doe appears by itself on is remarkable not only for its size and for the

pieces struck whilst Damascus enjoyed a govern- manner iu which the first characters of its re-
ment and laws of is own, long before the epoch verse legend arc formed, but also for the type
when that city was declared a Roman colony. which it presents, viz. :

M. Dc Witte combats both these objections, Rev. — —

aaasco. colonia. The genius of the
firstby pointing to the bilingual feature of the city, under the figure of a woman, having
legends on the colonial imperial coins of Damas- towers on her head, and holding corn-ears in her
cus, and next by a series of arguments founded right hand, is seated on rocks, between two
on philological, historical, and mythological data, rivers, which are represented, at her feet, by two
to which, as well as to the entire dissertation, men who seem to throw themselves partly out
the numismatic student will be advantaged by of the water, as if in the act of swimming.
referring; for they throw light on other types Besides these two aquatic deities, there is also,
of the Damascene colonial mintages, with both on each side of the seated female figure, a mili-
Greek and Latin inscriptions. The following tary ensigu, on one of which is the letter s. and
arc his concluding remarks on this disputed and on the other the letter T. (Sec Rccueil
point :
j
des Medailles L’Asie, tom. ii. title page of
“ Vaillant, confining himself to the study of second part, p. vii.)
an isolated numismatic type, has not pushed his [Such is the description which Tellerin gives
investigations far enough. But his explanation of this singular reverse, and with which the
perfectly elucidates the p/ay upon words con- eugiaviug he has furnished of it, from a specimen
cealed in the type of the infant Asciis suckled in his owu collection, perfectly corresponds. He
by the doc ( dama ). The animal, however, which pronounces the coin in question to beloug to
nomislies Ascus does not figure in the tradition- Lamas, in Syria, and shews that the legeud,
ary legends of Damascus, at least in those with of which the first four letters are in Greek mo-
which we arc acquainted. On what ground has nogram, ought to be read Aamasco coloxia.
a doe been given as a nurse for Ascus ? M ould The type (says he)marks the situation of Damas-
this animal have been chosen for any other rea- cus at the foot of Mount llcrmon, w hence the two
son than to complete the jeu de mots? These rivers Adana aud Pharpar flowing, passed round
are questions which we should wish to clear up. the city, and arc on this coin symbolised under the
“ The legends we have drawn from ancieut !
figures of the two men emerging from the water.
sources tcaeh us that Ascus was a giant, y'eyas. — The same practised
-
numismatist of the elder
Now, all the giants appear to us iu mythology school adds, that this particular coin differs
as sons of the Earth. Lama then would here from every other which had, up to his time,
represent the Earth nourishing the children, been published, inasmuch as thereon Damascus
IT) Kovporpiipos (Tausanias, i. 22-3). In effect, takes the title of colony only, instead, as in all
we discover again in the word Saga the primi- other instances, of assuming the additional title
tive -1/a, whence comes Meter, Mater; as a of metro/io/is. With respect to the S. and the T.
consequence of this comparison, we arrive at on the ensigns, Pellcrin observes that “those
Aagarnp, Ceres, the nutritive Earth, the mother letters hold there the place of cyphers or nume-
of the giant Ascus. Demeter is besides the rals, which are commonly inscribed on such re-

same as Lamia, honoured with Auxesia, at presentations of military standards, in order to

Egina, at Epidaurus, at Trczen. The legend designate the legions, from which the veteran
thus completes itself, and in the pun (jeu de soldiers were sent into the different Roman
mots), we find again the mythological beings put colonies. Those legions, in their origin were
on the stage by the my Biographers.” pp. 22-23. distinguished solely by the name respectively of
M. De Witte, moreover, regards the com- first, second, third, aud so ou with the rest,
\

nientary of Vaillant ou another coin of Damas- As it happened, however, iu the sequel, that
j

cus, as serving to sustain what he has himself there were many which were called first, second.
|
 DAMASCUS. DANUVIUS. 307
third, &c. sosurnames, for their farther designa- Syrian superstition referred all things. See en- —
tion, and distinction one from another, were graving in Vaillaut, ii. p. 100].
given them, either of deities, or of emperors, 9. Vexillum. —
A second brass, dedicated by
or of provinces, or other surnames, which cir- Damascus to Trebonianus Gallus, exhibits on its
cumstances and events caused the Romans to reverse the above-named military standard, on
adopt. Conformably to this idea, he considers which is LEO. in. gal. Legio Tertia Gallica :
it is the more probable interpretation, that the on each side is an eagle.
letter S. denotes the III Ith Legion, surnamed [Evidence is here adduced that the veterans of
Scythica, and the letter T. points to the find the Third Gallic Legion, which at the time of
Legion, surnamed Trajana; since ancient authors, Philip’s assumption of the imperial power was
in speaking of legions, sometimes call them by in winter quarters in Phatnicia, were transplant-
their surnames.”] ed as colonists to Damascus, by that emperor
5. Ram (Aries) on a second brass, inscribed a fact confirmed by the two eagles at the foot of
to Philip senior. —
[This type which refers to the vexillum ].
the Zodiacal sign of that name, frequently occurs 10. Wolf and Twins. —
On first and second
on Syrian, Phoenician, and Coele-Svrian coins. brass of Otacilia, this well known type appears,
The ancients differed, not only as to the number with the addition of the labarum, on which is
and arrangement of the months composing the inscribed leg. vi. f. —
See Genius of the City,
solar year, hut also as to its beginning. For No. 4.
with some nations it commenced under the vernal [The coins of Damascus, dedicated to Philip
equinox, when the Sun enters Aries. Others senior, shew, it was not until his murderous
made the year begin under the autumnal equinox, usurpation of the empire, that this celebrated
because they believed that the world was at that city became a Roman colony. And this medal,
season created, with its fruits ripe. Vaillant, ii. — struck w'ith others, in honour of his wife, points
p. 162. —
See M. De Witte’s observations in Re- out from which legion, after the assassination of
vue Namismalique, t. vii. 11, on this type of Gordian III. the veterans were sent by Philip
the Ruin']. to Damascus —
namely, Legio Sexta Ferrata. —
6. River God, in a recumbent posture, naked Vaillaut, ii. p. 179].
to the waist, holding a small image on his right 11. Woman, wit h t arreted head, sitting on
hand ; a coruucopiie in his left, and his left a mount before her stands Silenus, bearing the
;

elbow resting on an urn, out of which issues goat-skin on his shoulder. At the top of the
—
water on a first brass dedicated to Philip sen. coin is Pegasus. Below the seated female are
[The figure denotes the site of Damascus, five other women, with turreted heads, who stand
washed by two streams, whose continence as has This curious type appears
sacrificing at an altar.
already been noticed forms the Chrysorrhoas on a rare brass coin, dedicated by the citizens
(Barrada or Bsrdines), which the river deity of Damascus to Otacilia, in compliment to her
seems to represent. —
Vaill. ii. p. 162. “The — husband Philip.
1 ittle figure doubtless is au image of the young [The female figure seated represents the city
Aseus.” —
Dc Witte see Dissert, above quoted],
;
she is turreted as being a metropolis she sits ;

7. Si/enus — see Cypress, No. 3. on a mountain, as indicating the situation of

8. Temple. On a first brass, struck in Damascus, whose territory embraced the spurs
Damascus to the honour of Otacilia, wife of the of Mount Hcrmon she bears a cornucopia: to
;

emperor who made that city a Roman colony. denote the plenty which reigned within her bor-
Besides the usual Latin legend col. damas. ders. Above her is the flying horse Pegasus,
metro, the Greek word nHTAI, Fountains, ap- the city’s sign or token before her stands
;

pears at the bottom of the reverse. The type Silenus, whom the Damascenes worshipped, as
is a temple of four columns, in which stands the has already been noticed. The five women at
image of Silenus. Below' the base of the tem- the bottom of the medal, in the act of perform-
ple is an arch, beneath which reclines a river ing sacrifice, personify the principal cities of
deity, without beard, holding in his right hand Coele-Syria, of which Damascus was the chief.
a branch, his left arm resting on an urn in his ;
— Vaillant, ii. p. 178-9].
left hand is a horn of plenty. On one side a DANUVIUS and DANUBIUS, Donau or
star, on the other the moon on the right side
;
Danube the grandest river in Europe. A part
a small altar. of it was called Is ter, but the differences of an-
[The temple is that of Silenus, who was an cient writers reuder it uncertain through which
object of especial worship with the inhabitants regions of course the name of Danubius, and
its
of Damascus, in common with all the people of which that of Ister, was appropriated to it.
Phoenicia and Syria. The personified river under Xiphilinus affirms that Trajan’s bridge was built
the arch refers to Damascus. It represents the over the Ister. The Danube was worshipped as a
plain where the stream of the Abaua was dis- divinity by the Getfe, the Dacians, Thracians, &c.
tributed in fountains through the whole city The Danube rises at Donausehingeu, in the
(see River-god above described). The river mountains of the Black Forest, territory of Ba-
bears a cornucopia: in indication of the abun- den, in Suahia (“ Mous Abnoha’, of Tacitus) ;

dance that springs from the irrigation of its and after receiving more than 100 fine tributaries
waters. The altar belongs to Silenus’s temple. in its course of 2,100 miles, discharges its waters
— The star and the crescent designate Sol and into the Black Sea (Poutus Euxiuus), in Bes-
Luna, to whom, as to presiding deities, the |
sarabia.

2 R 2
 30S DANUVIUS. DANUVIUS.
M*sia Superior (now
In Servia), east of Danube. Apollodorus Dumasccnus is named as
Vimmiacum (near whose site is the small town the architect.
of Alt Golnubac), on the river’s
bank was Tali- i W riters, however
(Marsilius and Rcimar
atis, 01 aliata.
I Near this place was a ridge of among others), are not wanting, who have rigor-
rocks, remarkable as thought
to be the spot ously examined that passage of Dion, in which
uliere the Danube changes its
name, the eastcru he describes the bridge; and these deuy the
part of it being called Istcr by
the ancients, as possibility of reconciling the measurements there
the western was termed Danub'ius.
little east A given with the rules of architecture. They say
ol this place was l’ons
Trajani (now called that, so far as can be gathered from the remains
rajan’s Ilock), the bridge built
by the Emperor w hich are extant at the present day, at the “ Iron
lrajan to pass into his province of
Dp. Butler, Geog. pp.
Dacia. See — Gate (porta ferrea), between Servia and Wal-
IOC— 189— 195, whose laebia, the entire work could not have been so
account corroborates the assertion
of Xiphilinus large as is represented and that the piles only
above cited, that rajan’s bridge was built over
I
;

of the bridge were of stone, whilst the arches

that part of the river anciently
called the Ister. were of wood. According to Procopius, at each
ll S C0
" Su/i P atria OPTIMO end of this bridge stood a castle (or fort). Sec —
1 BINCyw (Consul for the fifth time. Father of Eckhel’s Commentary, vi. 418, et seq.
llle Country, Excellent Prince),
The obverse of the coin exhibits the laurcated
he Danube, under the form head of Trajan to the right, bearing the .Fig is ;
/j* 8 ^carded man, crowned with with the following legend: imi*. traiano avg.
D* fS reeds, in a recumbent pos- ger. i) ac. !. m. tr. p. To the Emperor Tra-
ture -
The right hand of the janus, Augustus, the Germauicus, the Dacicus,
,

/ personified river is extended Sovereign Pontiff (invested) with the tribuuitiau

X^AWWiV^/ to n galley, the left rests upon power. The silver alone (from a specimen of
his urn
|

a drapery is placed
:
which the above cut is copied), is catalogued
under the arms of the god, a portion of which, by Mionnet and Akerman. The gold is beauti-
tilled by the wind, floats scmi-circularly
above fully engraved in Iconographie des Empereurs,
his head. par M. Ch. Lenormant, p. 47, No. 13.
This reverse, which appears on gold as well was not to be expected that
It Hadrian would
as silver of Trajan, was struck in the 858th
year have struck a coin allusive to that mighty stream
of Rome (a. d. 105), after the passage of the whose name was associated with his predecessor’s
Danube by the legionary troops. The famous conquests; for Hadrian caused the Roman bridge
riverwhose name occupies the exergue, was in- over it to be destroyed. But it is singular that,
deed well worthy a place on coins, both on ac- with the exception of the coin above described
count of its close proximity to the scene of con- and commented upon, there should not, in the
flict in the Dacian wars, and also because
it had fertile mints of Trajau, be any instance in which
to be crossed by the imperial forces, in order to l

the word danyvivs or danvbivs forms part of

reach the enemy’s territory. P,ut the highest the legend on a contemporaneous coin of his.
glory was gained by Trajan on the river itself, There is indeed, a first brass of that emperor,
when he adorned it with a stone bridge a work,
which, if credit may be given to Dion’s descrip-
— bearing the date of his fifth consulate, on which
the most intelligent numismatists, as well of the
tion (lxviii. $ 13), far surpassed all others ac- present day as of flic elder school, recognise one
complished by that prince, and which furnished arch of the bridge in question (sec Pons), but it
proof that scarcely any enterprise is too vast for is only probable conjecture, not positive identifi-
the genius, hardihood, aud perseverance of man. Another first brass of Trajan (common,
cation.
[It was 3325 English feet in length], Learned
writers have imagined that they recognised the
— but of good design aud workmanship), is gene-
rally regarded ns having been meant to symbo-
architectural features on the column of Tra- lizc the Danube, and to refer to the first victories
|

jan, still seen at Rome (and indeed it is so

given of imperial Rome over her brave Dacian foe, viz..-
in Table E, segment Ixxiv. No. 2f>0,
of n Rev Q. R. OPTIMO PRINCIPI. s. c.
. S. P. A
scries of engravings placed at the end of More/l.
river-god,holding a reed in the left hand,
Thesaurus hupp. Rom. Numismala). presses with the right knee on the thigh, and
Among other passages in Dion’s detailed ac- with flic right hand on the neck, of a recum-
count of this gigantic structure, is the follow- bent male figure, clothed in the Dacian habit.
ing “ Trajan caused
:
that stone bridge to be But this is allegory, of which the meaning may
built on the Danube, of which I
cannot suffi- be shrewdly guessed at, not the open record
ciently express my admiration. For although and typifiention which might have been ex-
there arc many other magnificent works
of his, pected, relative to an event so important as Tra-
yet this bridge far surpasses them all.”
same author enters into copious
— The J

I jan’s first successes on the Danube. Sec river- —

particulars on god.
the subject, stating for example, how many "
piles I The personification (says Ecldicl, iu his no-
it was supported by, their heighth
aud breadth ;
I tice of this coin, vi. 418), as displayed on the
adding what distance those piles, conjoined
bv above coin, appears by the gesture of laying
arches, were from each other. It may be ima- '

violent bauds on the prostrate Dacian, to inti-

giued how many aud how great were the obsta-
|
mate that the river also had some share iu the
clcs to be overcome, in order to erect
such a merit of reducing that nation. That a fleet
bridge over a river so broad and so deep as the
really had its station in Micsia, aud consequently
 dancvhjs. DANUVIUS. 309
on the Danube to repress the incursions of the the dimensions of its various parts. It is very
barbarians, is proved by an inscription published possible, that the bridge built by Constantine had
by Gruter (p. 575, i.), in which mention is more than three arches. There was no occasion
made of a classis F/avia Mcesica.” to represent them all in order to impart an idea
The following notice of a brass medallion, re- of its construction, and to convey a knowledge
lates toanother bridge over the Danube, said to of the military exploit, which it was intended
be the work of Constantine the Great :
to designate by the same type.” (p. 215-16).
Eckhel, who treats with doubtless well -me-
rited condemnation another medallion of the
Vienna cabinet, which bears
largest size, in the
the same legend of reverse, but not the same,
though in some respects a similar, type, has
handled the claims of the present one to be re-
garded as authentic, with very little more in-
dulgence. He observes, that “ the shape of the-
letters upon it, provided the copy be true to the
original, savours of the time of Nero or there-
abouts, and that does not belong to the age
it

of Constantine.” We should not venture to

dissent from the great master and highest autho-
rity in numismatic science, did he not himself
plainly intimate that he had never seen the ori-
ginal piece of which Pellcrin’s work had fi-
CONSTANTINVS MAXm«i kXGustus — nished him with a copy. Neither has it fallen
Dust of Constantine the Great, to the right, to our lot to have seen the medallion itself but ;

diademed. we now write with a skilfully-taken cast from it

Rev. —
SALVS REIIVW/Vvr. A stone bridge before us; and after comparing the lettering, on
of three arches, over which Victory walking, both obverse aud reverse, with that of other
carries in her left hand a trophy resting on her
shoulder, and with her right hand points out
medallions of the same reign
Exvperator omnivm gentivm),
—example, the
(for
we, with de-
the way to the emperor, who follows with spear ference, but without hesitation, affirm, that the
and buckler. At the extremity of the bridge, a conformation of the letters exhibited on the
barbarian kneeling holds up his hands in an Danvbivs medallion of the French museum, per-
attitude of supplication to both. Below is the fectly assimilates, on both sides, with that of
figure of a river-god in a recumbent posture, the one just cited, as a well-known specimen.
with right hand uplifted. On the exergue the And with respect to Pellerin’s print of his own
word DANVBIVS. coin, they who are most familiar with the style
A brass medallion corresponding in legends of numismatic engraving adopted by the artists
and types with the one above described, is in the employed to illustrate that eminent antiquary’s
Cabinet of the Bibliotheque Nationale at Paris. numerous volumes, will, we believe, be amongst
Our wood-cut is after a cast from that original. the most ready to acknowledge that though the
Pellerin (Melange, 1, pi. xii. No. 3, p. 215), types of his coins are delineated with compara-
published a specimen of it, which closely agrees tive truthfulness, yet no regard is paid in them to
with that iu the French Cabiuct, to which grand those peculiarities of lettering which distinguish
repertory it was probably, after his death, trans- the respective ages of the Roman coinage but ;

ferred with numerous other medals, from his that on the contrary, all his legends aud inscrip-
own collection. tions, whether Greek or Latin, exhibit a uuifonn
Ill referring his readers medallion,
to this sameness of character.
Pellerin says
—“ It type that Con
shews by its •
Having thus endeavoured to meet those argu-
stantinc had passed the Danube on a bridge, and ments against the recognition of this coin as a
gained a victory in the country through which genuine antique, which are derived, by the learned
it flows, either over the Sarmatians, or over Author of Doctrina, according to his supposi-
the Goths, or other barbarians with whom he tion, from its workmanship, it might suffice for
was at war. It is stated in the Chronicle of us here to close with simply adding, that Mion-
Alexandria, aud in the histories of both the net, in his Recueil des Medailles Romanies (t.
Victors, that this emperor built on the Danube ii. p. 230), describes the legend and type of this
a stone bridge of three arches only, as that remarkable reverse, nearly in the terms above
seems to be which is represented on the medal- quoted, and gives his attestation to the genuine-
lion here given. Learned men have judged it ness of the medallion, by affixing to it the value
scarcely possible, from the width and depth of of 150 francs.— But in justice to such argu-
the river, in that country, that a bridge of such ments as the illustrious numismatist of Vienna
a kind should have been erected there, and hence employs from historical sources to support his
they have looked upon the medallion as suspi- suspicions of Pellerin’s coin, a luminous passage
cious (comme suspect). Nevertheless historians from Eckhel’s commentary (see viii. 86-87), is
and coins of Trajan leave no room to doubt but hereto subjoined and the reader left to form his
;

that that emperor built on the same river a own judgment on the subject :

bridge, which Dion has described, and even given “The vastness of such an undertaking as a
 310 DANUVIUS. DARDANICI.
stone bridge over the Danube, where its stream the Danube. If, however, we allow these coins
is so wide as it is in Mmsia, prevents our accord- to be authentic, Eumenius (vii. p. 409), has used
ing any credence to the Chrouicon of Alexan- most graphic language in accordance with their
dria, filled as it is with so many old woman’s type:
—
‘And above all, by building the bridge
tales. And, indeed, had it been constructed of at Agrippina, you trample upon the remnant of
cemented materials, there would of neccessity a wretched people, preventing their ever laying
have remained some vestiges of it even to the aside their terrors, but keeping them ever in
present day, as is the case with the bridge of alarm, ever stretching out their hands in sup-
Trajan, nearly two centuries older, though even plication.'
”
these are not found to extend completely across
the bed of the river. I am aware, that Constan-
DARDAXICI. —
This word, on a third brass
of Trajan, accompanied by a type in which a
is
tine, a. D. 310, planned a stone bridge over the woman stands, with corn-cars in one hand, and
Rhine, at Agrippina (Cologne), of which fact there gathering her robe with the other.
can be no doubt, since Eumenius asserts it in Eckhel classes this, not with the coins of Ro-
the panegyric which he delivered in the presence man fabric aud of Senatorial authority, but
of Constantine fPaneggr vii. eh. 13). But at amongst what he terms Numi Metaltorum.
— —
the time when Eumenius used those expressions, He observes “ Dardania was a region situated
the bridge was only just begun and that the; in Upper Maesia, over against Macedonia, aud
work was interrupted, by learned
is inferred often mentioned by ancient historians as well as
writers from the fact, that no remains of so vast geographers and on a marble of the age of
;

a work are to be found on the spot in the river- Trajan, L. Befius is called pkaef. alae. dak-
bed. And, that the design of a stone bridge danoevm. This appellation of its district con-
over the Danube was liable to greater obstacles tinued as long as the reign of Diocletian; for
than a like work over the Rhine, is evident from Trcbcllius Pollio states, that Dardania was the
the superiority of the former river, in Mtcsia, birth-place of Claudius Gothicus. Now it is
to the latter, in the volume of its waters. certain that in this tract of country there were
The testimonies of both the Victors, which many mines, which having takeu their name from that
quote on this subject, lead to no practical deci- region, supplied metal ; wherewith, like those
sion, as the ouc, in his Constantine, says — ‘ A of Dalmatia aud Rauuonia, coins were struck
bridge was built over the Danube
— * lie (i. c.
and tlie other
Constantine) constructed a bridge
with the epigraph simply of dakdanici, sup-
pressing the word metali.i, by which pan.no-
over the Danube but neither of them tell us nici, delm(atici), and vlpiani, are preceded,
that it was of stone. It is more probable, there- on other medals of a similar nature, which the
j

fore, that it was a bridge of boats, which, sup- industry and avarice of the Romans established
posing it to have been put together at the point and circulated in various provinces, and of which
wheie the river hastens to its outlet, and is there exist several inscribed with the name of
swelled to an immense volume by the combined
waters of central Europe, it must have been a
Trajan and of Hadrian.” —
See D. N. V. vol. vi.
I p. 446.
work not inferior in magnitude to that of Xerxes
over the Hellespont, described at large by so
DCCCLXXIIII. —The year of Rome 874
(a. n.121), appears on a coiu of Hadrian, which,
many writers, it was at about the same spot !
struck in the fifth year of his reign, remarkably
that Darius, the son of llystaspes, in the inva- illustrates the year of the city’s foundation, by
sion of Scythia, crossed the Danube with his the following inscription— ann. DCCCLXXttlt.
:

forces,bv a bridge, as recorded by Herodotus, nat. van. & (Natali Urbis). — Sec ann.
c . 46. p.
Strabo (vii. p. 409), and Trognsj but this also D. C. A. Dives Ctesar Augustus.
was composed only of boats. Marsilius, speak- D. D. Decreto Decurionum. — This usunlly is
ing of this vaunted bridge of Constantine understood as referring to the liberty of striking
(Danub. ii. p. 37), says, that having searched coins in colonics, as S. C. Seua/us Consnlto,
the whole stream throughout this tract of coun- denoted coins struck at Rome by authority of
try, without discovering the remains of so great the Senate.
a work, he was informed by the inhabitants, that DD. Domini, speaking of two, and DDD.
when the river subsides below a certain level, of three.
there appear above the surface some wooden DD. NN. Domini Nostri, or Domiiormn
piles, a little higher up than the place where the —
Nostrornm Our Lords, two Ns signify two,
Aluta mingles with the Danube. I can scarcely
credit the fact of the remains of a wooden
j
and NNN. three Lords or Emperors. Sec no- —
MINt’S NOSTER.
—
j

bridge being extant after a lapse of thirteen cen- DE GER. De Gennanis. Sec OEr.MANtS
turies and more; but let others inquire into the I)E rVD. —
De .Judteis. Sec iudaitis. —
truth of this statement. It is sufficient for my
present purpose, to know, that Marsilius, after
—
DE SARM. De Sarmatis. See saum \T ls. —
DEAE. or Dll. arc for the most part repre-
a diligent investigation of the whole neighbour- 1

sented on coins, with the body, or at least as

hood, and the course of the river, discovered no far ns the breast, naked. For nudity, in an-
vestiges of a stone bridge built by Constantine. cient sculpture aud painting, denoted beatitude
And, consequently, till I find such a coin ns the and immortality. Rasche. —
one in question, approved by several numisma-
tistsof acknowledged eminence, 1 must be al-
. —
Dearum simulacra The images of goddesses
are distinguished on ancient coins by the fol-
lowed to doubt the fact of a stone bridge over lowing attributes; Deltona, by spear nnd
 DEARUM.—DEBELLATOR. DECENNALIA. 31

pursuing Ills successes beyond the Danube, until

buckler. Ceres, by crown of corn cars, torch,
the fugitive remains of both these tribes were
and car drawn by serpents. Cybele, by turreted
almost exterminated by the Roman sword.
crown and lions. Diana, by' hunting dress,
Banduri, ii. p. 244, obs. 3.
bow, arrow, and quiver; also car drawn by
Diana On a brass medallion of Constantius II. in
stags, and by a small horned moon.
the Cabinet de France, after a cast from which
Ephesia, by her many breasts, stags at her
the above reverse has been engraved, the follow-
feet, and small basket filled with fruit ou her
ing legends and types appear :

head, Flora, by flowers. Isis, the Egyptian

goddess, by star, sistrum, and flower on her

CONSTANTIUS Vius Yetis; us tits AUG .

Bust, to the right, of Constantius the Second,

bead. Juno, by veiled head and peacock.
Juno Moneta, by the balance, because coins
were minted in the temple of Juno at Rome.
diademed.
Rev.
BARm/«.
—
DEBELLATORI
The emperor, bare-headed, wear-
BAR- GENTLm
Juno Sospita or Sispita, by the goat-skin aud
ing the paludamentum, mounted on a horse,
horns. Minetva, by the owl, olive branch, ser-
which gallops to the right, strikes with the point
pent, helmet, buckler, spear, and thunderbolt.
of his lance a warrior, who meets the blow on
Venus by the apple, Cupid, rudder, aud dove.
one knee whilst another enemy lies under the
— Venus Paphia, by the terminal or conical
;

—
s t 0 ne. Vesta, by veiled head, simpulum, palla-
horse.

dium, and torch. —

Ilasche.
Flattery here awards to the second son of
Constantine the Great a title which his father
Dearum templa. — The
temples of goddesses,
had acquired for successive triumphs in many a
as exhibited on coins, arc not of the common
slaughterous battle, fought with “ barbarians.”
square-formed structure, but round either as
;

For the younger Constantius was heir, neither

on the medallion of Faustina senior, inscribed
to the valour nor to the good fortune of the
Matri Deum Salutari (Cybele) ; or on the coin
First Constantine, being ofleuer vanquished than
of Trcboniauus Gallus, with legend of Junotii
victorious, except in the civil wars with his
or the temple of Vesta, as on the
Martiali
coin of Lucilla, and ou a denarius of the Cassia
brothers and cousins. —
See Eckhel, viii. 83-

gens, with the letters a. c. — See Tetnplum. 116. —

Sec also Biog. Notice, in p. 263 of this

DEAE. SEGETIAE. — On the reverse of gold dictionary.

—
DEC. Decius, Decennalia, &c.
aud billon of Salouina, wife of Gallienus, are this
epigraph, and a temple supported by four co-
—
DEC. ANN. (Decern. Annus) Decennalis, of
ten years : Decennial.
lumns, within which the deity, wearing a cres-
cent on her head, appears with uplifted hands.
Decern. —The usual mark of the denarius
It would seem by the testimony of this coin
w as thus stamped X.
r
— See denarivs.
DECEN. DECENNAL.
Decennales ludi,
or Decennalia Festa. —
(sec saj.ONINa), that the empress had erected a
celebrated under
Festivals
temple to the goddess Segetia, who before that
the Emperors, Rome, every ten years. Their
at
had only an altar in the Circus Maximus. She
origin w follows — Augustus,
as as : having after
was called Segetia, as being (prafecta segetibus)
tranquilliscd the empire, aud enjoyed ten years
a presiding divinity over the harvests when they
of peaceful sovereignty, wearied with state fati-
were sprung up from the soil. (See Eckhel, vii.
— — —
399 419). Mr. Akennan, in a note on this
gues, aud failing iu health, affected to be desir-
ous of abdicating the government. Accordingly
legend, observes “ Some authors are of opinion,
he assembled the Senate, to whom he rendered
that Segetia was the same as Fortune, called
an account of his administration, and commu-
also Sejana, to whom, as Pliny informs us, Nero
nicated his wish to resign. But the Senators
built a temple of transparent marble.” Descr.
pressed upon him a continuance of his reign for
Cat. ii. 42.
torn years longer, and he was not so obdurate
-

DEBELLATOR GENTIUM BARBARA- as to decline compliance with their importuni-

RUM. The Vanquisher of Barbarian Nations. !
ties. At the expiration of this period, they
Constantine, called the Great, was rewarded with obliged him to load himself with five years
more of imperial care ; aud at the end of that
term ten more were required of him insomuch :

that from one ten years’ end to another this un-

ambitious but yielding prince held sway for life,
Dion Cass. 53, 13). Some of his successors
(cf.

made similar tenders every' ten years aud after ;

the refusal to accept, which they were sure enough

to meet w'ith from those to whom the offer was
made, they gave a public feast on such renewal
of power. The celebration consisted of sacrifices
to the gods, of donatives to the soldiers, aud
of largesses to the people, accompanied with
shows and games on the most magnificent aud
costly scale.

this title, when in the year 322 of the Chris- DECENNALES PRIMI. — On gold and sil-
tian era, he gained repeated victories over the ver, and with on second brass of Anto-
S. C.

Goths aud Sarmatians, in Illyria and in Maesia, ninus Pius, we see primi decennales within
 312 DECENNALIA. DECENT! US.
an oaken crown — with the addition, on some the examples to this effect, are vot. cos. lilt,
specimens, of cos. im. j

s. c. on first and second

brass of Antoninus
The Decenna/es, and Vota (vows), cither un- Dins the emperor sacrificing before a tripod
dertaken or accomplished, that is to say, for the vota svscepta x. cos. mi. same reign and
safety of the prince, make their appearance for type, in silver. vot. or votis x. et xx. iu a
the first time on coins of Antoninus Pius crown, of Gallicnus. vot. x. et xv. in a crown
although from the commencement of the em- of laurel, of Constautinus II.
pire, certain public vows were sometimes re- In like manner the Vi cennalia, or vot. xx.
corded on them, and though destined thereafter, were accomplished at the expiration of the twen-
and especially during the age of Constantine, tieth year ol a reign and after each had, iu a
;

to form the constant subject of coins. happy manner, come to pass, it was usual to
DECEM. ANNALES SECVND. COS. IIII. record them thus: votis vicennalibvs (in a
S. C. —On a very rare first brass, the legend laurel crown), as on gold and silver of Alexan-
of reverse reads as above, inscribed in a garland der Sevcrus and vot. x. sic. xx. (iu a crown),
;

of oak leaves. as on silver of Constantius Chlorns.

The Decennales of Antonine closed on
first On
coins of Commodus, Sever ua, and Cara-
the 10th of July, a. d. 148; and the second ealla, we read vot. svsc. dec. (Vota Suscepta
began, in which vows were fulfilled for the pros- Decennalia), also vota svscepta x. and xx.
perous issue of the past ten years, and fresh
ones undertaken for the like period to come.
—
with figures sacrificing. These decennial vows
being solvta (redeemed) by the fulfilment of
That first-rate numismatist, the author of Lefons the term, others for auothcr ten years were
de Numismatique Romaine (p. 127), who cites undertaken (suscepta).
the above legend from a very rare first brass in
his own collection, observes
—
“ The Romans (a of
See phimi decennai.es ; see also the system
vota explained, in Eckhel’s treatise dedicated
people essentially of a religious disposition), to the subject, iu vol. viii. of D. N. V. p. 475
often addressed solemn vows to their deities ct seq.
in other words, prayers, accompanied with sacri-
fices. It was thus that Augustus celebrated his
pretended re-acceptances of sovereign authority.
And it was with equally feigned, but not always
equally credited, modesty, that his successors
imitated him, in these decennial sacrifices ,

offered up principally for the preservation of the

prince, and the welfare of the empire.”

DECENT1LS (Magnus), brother or cousin

of Maguentius, by whom, after the death of
Constans, he was named Cicsar, at Milan, a. d.
351, and raised to the consulship the following
year. Maguentius appointed him to command
iu Gaul, for the purpose of keeping in check
the German tribes but he was defeated by
;

Chnodomarins, leader of the Allcmanui, and

other barbarians. On this, or some previous
occasion, the people of Treves revolting, closed
the gates of their city against him. On beiug
apprised of the death of Magnentius, to whose
assistance lie was hastening; apprehensive of
falling into the hands of Constantius Chlorus,
—
DECENNALIA. A gold medallion of Con- who had already defeated his brother and sur- ;
staus presents on its reverse the legend Felicia rounded by foes without hope of escape, Decen-
decennalia and the elegant type of two young
;

genii, or winged boys, supporting between them,

t us strangled himself at
i Sens, a. d. 353. His —
brass coins are common, except medallions,
in their hands, a crown, in which are inscribed
VOTIS x. mvi.tis XX. that is to say, Votis De-
which are rare — silver very rare, cs|)ccialJy me-
carnalih us, Mult is VicennaUbus. In the ex-
dallions —gold still rarer, one medallion iu gold
is of extreme rarity. He is styled on these
ergue tes. signifying that it was minted at Tes- Mommas N osier DECENT! VS FORTimiwim
—
I

salonica (so spelt for Tnessatonica). The above CAESar; also D. N. MAGmu DECENTJVS
cut is from a remarkably well preserved speci-
men ot this fine and very rare coin iu the
i
S(Hii/issimus CAESur. D. N. — DECENTIVS
NOB. CAES. The head always The
Cabinet de France. —
For some of Tristan’s re- verse of second brass, bears generally the mo-
bare. re-

marks on it (iii. 615) see Felicia decennalia. nogram of Christ, with the letters a. and in.
The fact that decennial vows were reckoned It has been pretended (says Mionnet), that
ns accomplished, not at the beginuiug but at the
Dcecntius had also the title of Augustus but ;
termination of the tenth year of an emperor's no historian makes any mention of such a fact
reign, is shown by numismatic inscriptions, con-
;

and the medal on which the assertion founded

currently with the voice of antiquity. Amongst itself is suspicious.
 DEC US TRAJANUS.
l DECIUS TRAJANUS. 313
MINTAGES OF DECENTIUS. of Dccius to his quiet man, aud
demeanor as a

Gold Medallion. —
gloria komanorvm.
Roma Nicephoros seated. (Valued by Mionnet
;

to his promptness and energy as a soldier. In

all these characteristics he is represented by Zo-

at 200 fr.) victoria avg. libertas roman- simus, as being greatly the superior of Philip.
or(vm.) Published for the first time in Lcnor- The most remarkable event by which the records

mant’s Iconographie des Empereurs, 126, No. 5. of his life aud government are distinguished,
—
Silver Medallion. principi ivventvtis. was his revival and restoration to the Senate, of
the office of Censor, so many years disused, and,
Mionnet 150 fr.)
—
Gold. victoria avg. lib. rom. (Brought — till this time, discharged almost universally by

at the Pembroke sale £4 2s.) virtvs exerciti. the Emperor. Eutropius, ever liberal in award-
(Mionnet 72 fr.) ing divine honours to princes, states, that De-
—
Brass Medallions. victoria avgg. and cius and his son were numbered among the gods.

virtvs avg. (30 fr. each). — By ecclesiastical historians, however, he is

Small Brass. d. n. decentivs nob. caes. accused of having, in a spirit of injustice and
Bust of Dccentius. Rev. —
salvs. dd. nn. avg. persecution, exercised great cruelty towards the
et caes. The monogram of Christ, between Christians during bis reign. He perished in the
a. and u. In the exergue Die. —
See the cut 55th year of his age, after holding the imperial
sceptre somewhat more than two years. He
in preceding page.
married Ilcrennia Etrnscilla, who bore to him
two sons, namely, Herennius above named, and
Hostilianus. —
See D. N. Vet. viii. 342-43.
The coins of this Emperor are common in
brass, except two or three medallions. In silver
they are also common, except a medallion. The
gold are all of very great raritv. On these he
is styled IMP. TRAIANVS AVG. IMP. Caesar —
M. 'Q. TRAIANVS DECIVS AVG. or Tins
—
F etix Avg. [The last tw o titles arc confined to
r

DECIUS {Cains, or Cnscus, Messius ,Quin- colonial coins],

tus, Trajaniis ). — This Emperor was born at
MINTAGES OF TRAJANUS DECIUS.
Bubalia, town of the Sirmienses, in Lower
a
Pannonia (near what is now Micowitz, in Hun- Silver Medallion. concordia avgg. —
gary), a. 201. Descended from an Illyrian
I). Etrnscilla and her two sons. (Valued by Mion- —
family of rank, he proved himself an able states- net at 300 fr.]
man and a great captain. But by what means —
Gold. abvndantia. adventvs. af.qvi- — —
he acquired his earliest promotion is not re- tas. —
dacia. —
dacia felix. (Mionnet 150 fr.
corded. Whilst the Mtcsian and Pannonian each), —genivs exerc. illyriciani. (Brought
legions were in revolt, he was at Rome ; in £9 5s. at the Thomas sale). genivs illyrici. —
favour with Philip, and free from all suspicion (Mionnet 200 fr.) —
pannoniae.-victoria avg.
on the score of his loyalty. Accordingly he (200 fr. each). — vberitas. avg. (Fine, brought
was selected by that prince for the task of set- £6 at the Thomas sale).
tling the seditions tumult of the insurgent sol- Silver. —
Victoria germanica. Emperor
diers, who had proclaimed Marinus. But no and Victory.
sooner did he appear in their sight, than, in Brass Medallions. — concordia avgvsti.
order to avoid the threatened chastisement, they, Heads of Decius and Etrnscilla. Rev. — dacia.
without his consent, proclaimed him Imperator. (200 fr.) —
concordia av gvstorvm. Heads of
Yielding, therefore, to the necessity of the mo- Dccius and Etrnscilla. Rev. pif.tas avgvs- —
ment, he struck his tents, and hastened into torvm. Heads of Hostilianus and Herennius.
Italy ; where in an engagement with Philip, —(250 fr.)

near Verona, lie gained the victory, a. i>. 2-19. Second Brass. imp. c. m. q. traianvs
On the defeat and death of Philip, Decins was imp. avg. Radiated head of the Emperor. Rev.
acknowledged as Emperor at Rome, and de- pannoniae. Two women, one of whom holds
clared Augustus by the Senate at least as early a military ensign. —
See the engraving above.
as the beginning of autumn. In the year 250 DECURIONES. Decurions. — Officers who,
he conferred the dignity of Caesar, and the ollice in the colonies, corresponded to the Senators of
of Consul, on his son llercnnius Etruscus, and Rome. They were denominated Decuriones, be-
sent him against the Illyrians, who routed the cause, at the time when Roman citizens and
son, hut were energetically repulsed by the soldiers w ere sent as colonists to occupy the
:

father. In a battle with the Goths, fought near conquered countries, ten men were chosen to
Abricium, in Thrace, a. d. 251, he was, thro’ compose a Senate, or a Court of Councillors,
the treachery of Trcbonianus Gallus, lost in a who were charged with the administration of
morass, his body never having been recovered for justice, and were intitled Curia Decurionum,
burial. In the same engagement the young and Minor Senatus. Pitiscus. —
llercnnius also perished. This occurred after It was requisite that they should possess an
the month of October. income of 100,000 sestertii; and from their
The historian, Victor (ii.) hears testimony to ranks were chosen the magistrates, just as, by
the eminent virtues and great accomplishments the votes of the latter, the Duumviri, the Pre-
2 S
314 D ECU RSI ONES, DECURSIO.
foots for enforcing obedience to the laws, and DECURSIO. — A manoeuvre, evolution, hos-
other functionaries, were respectively created. tile incursion. —This word appears on the ex-
The enrolled Dccurions (decuriones conscript i),
were called (after the appellation given to the
Senate) Obdo, with the addition of the opithet9
amplissimvs, spi.ENDiDtssiMvs, &c. They were
also, sometimes, in imitation of Rome, styled
Senaiores, and Patres, chiefly during the decline
of the empire ;
whilst the rest of the inhabit-
ants were called ptebs populus, cives, and coloni.
,

The names of the Decuriones are never found

inscribed on the coins of colonics ;
hut in their
stead, are frequently read (not only on those of
Europe, but of Asia and Africa), the abbrevia-
tions D. D. or EX. D. D. that is, EX. D ecreto
Decurionum which is equivalent to the EX. S.C.
,

of the Roman Senate. —

The abbreviations D. D. ergue of two large brass coins, struck by the
or EX. D. D. arc exhibited on the coins of Ab- Senate, during the reign of Nero.
dcra, Apamca, Babba, Buthrotum, Carteia, Car- There were three kinds of Dccursio, viz. :

thago Nova, Parium, and Sinope. They are I. That of military evolution, and mock com-
remarkable on the coins of Babba, in Maure- bats. — 2. The decursio circensis, or manoeuvres
tania D. D. PVBL. that is D ecreto Decurio-
; of the circus, in which, at public spectacles,
num PYBLico; and EX. CONSENSV. D.D. feats of dexterity and swiftness were performed,
That there were decuriones in the municipia as well by horse-riders as by charioteers. (See
also is rendered certain, both by coins of Osca, Contorniate Coins, p. 274-75). ——
3. Cavalcades
given in Florez, and of Utica, on which D. D. setting out on hostile incursions See expe-
is found and also by ancient authors, among ditio and pkofectio (suis locis).
;

whom is Suetonius —
“ The decuriones of the
:
The above type represents the Emperor Nero
municipia and colonies conveyed the body [of on horseback, with lance couched in his right
Augustus] from Nola (a city in Campania), as hand, as if ready to engage iu some combat a
—
;

far as Bovillse” (a tow'n in Latium). The same soldier on foot precedes him, with a veritlum on
letters occur also on coins of the municipia his shoulder, and another closely follows. This
Calagurris, Emporia;, Ercavica, and Saguntum is taken from a remarkably well-preserved spe-
— “ hut with such an appearance (adds Eckhel), cimen in the British Museum. It is almost of
that they cannot have been engraved on the medallion size, and wants the Senates Consu/to,
die, or matrix , but were added afterwards, like Suetonius states, that whilst Nero was yet
marks cut into the metal a fact which has
; only Ca;sar, the decursio was instituted at the
never been observed on coins of colonies. And same time as the pretorian guards (cum prteto-
from this I infer, that Traducta, in Boetica, of rianis). That youths of noble birth were trained
w hich there is a coin exhibiting the same mark, to these martial exercises is evident from the
enjoyed the privileges only of a municipium.” observations of learned authors on the coins
It is highly probable that the Decuriones were alluding to the Princeps Juveututis. And hence
indicated on coins, in consequence of 'heir being the Emperor Julian, speaking of Constantins
charged with the direction of the mint a posi- ;
II. mentions with approbation, that lie was
tion which they had been permitted to occupy early instructed in “ the practice of leaping and
cither by the Angusti, or by the Senate of running, in full armour, and in the art of horse-
Rome, and involving the superintendance of the —
manship.” (Oral. i. p. 11). In like manner
weight, types, and number of the money. As Livy has used the expression “ exercitum de-
then the Roman Senate, to whom pertained the currere,” and applied those of “ dccursum, et
care of striking brass money, had their S. C. en- simulacrum ludicrum pugme,” on the occasion
graved upon it, so the Decuriones, who were the of Perseus and Demetrius, sons of Philip V.
representatives of Senators in the colonies, took king of Maecdon, tilting with each other in a
care to stamp on their coins their own Deere turn —
mock fight, (xl. ch. 6, 9). According to the
D ccurionum. — Sec D. N. V. De Num is Colo- same author, Gracchus, when in Spain, ordered
niarum, vol. iv. p. 481, et seq. all his troops, infantry and cavalry, to run in
Speaking of the functions of the Decuriones, fullarmour, in order to display their strength
Pitiscus observes, thnt they were as onerous as to Celtibcrian ambassadors,
the (ch. 48).
they were honourable, for, besides the exercise According to Dion, Nero was so delighted with
of the monctnl privilege, the core devolved to the running of horses ( lirwobponia), that when
them of making every arrangement for the shews the animals engaged in the contest distinguished
of the circus, ami for the spectacles of the themselves, on their growing old, he used to
theatre ; in addition to which it was their duty adorn them, like men, with the stola forensis
to furnish the means of defraying all expenses. (out-of-door dress of the Romans), and appro-
They had also to levy imposts, and, what wa9 priated to their use a sum of money for their
more scrion9 to themselves, they were compelled maintenance.
to supply, out of their owu resources, what was See Eckhel, vi. 271, who for some learned
deficient. remarks on the three kinds of decursio refers to
 DECl’RSIO.—DECUSSIS. DEDICATIO. — DELMATIU8. 315
the letters of Cuper, p. 259, and to an anony- is stamped roma, and has the type of Victory
mous writer in the Memoires tie Trevaux, April, in a biga. —
Ilennin —
Mionnet. See denarius. —
1709. DEDICATIO AEDIS. A temple of six
columns. —
This inscription and type appear on
silver and gold coins of Faustina senior and ;

refer to the temple erected in memory of that

empress by her husband Antoninus Pius. It
was built in the Via Sacra at Rome, aud its
remains exist to this day. At first it was dedi-
cated to Faustina alone, but after the death of
Autonine, worship was paid in it to both, as its
front bespeaks, on which is read divo antonino
et divae favstinae ex. s. c. The same tem-
ple is seen on the coins of Faustina, with aed.
div. favstinae. and between the two centre
columns of the building stands or sits the image

—
DECVRSIO. S. C. Nero, bare-headed, hold- of the empress. —
See Templum.

ing a spear on the rest, and mounted on a horse

DEDICATION of Shields. On a silver coin —
of Augustus are the following legend and type :

gallopping to the right. He is followed by an- caesar avgvstvs s. p. q. r. Buckler between

other warrior, also on horseback, and who car-
two olive branches, c. l. v.
ries a vexillum.
The custom of dedicating shields (says Eck-
In describing the spirited group on his en-
hel, vi. 121), is of a very ancient date. Ac-
graved spcciraeu of this finely fabricated large
cordingly, even Virgil repre-
brass, M. Lenorman* observes, that it refers to
sents /Eneas as dedicating
Nero’s institution of cavalry manoeuvres for the
his shield to Apollo Actius,
pretorian soldiers ;
or perhaps to the presence
with the epigraph “ /Eneas
—
of the emperor at some equestrian evolutions
hate de Danais victoribus
performed in their armour, offensive and defen-
sive, by the young patricians, in the Campus
—
arma.” On a coin struck
by Mescinius, one of the
Martius, at Rome. But notwithstanding the
moneyers of Augustus, w e r

very decided taste of Nero for running horses,

find the portrait of that emperor iu the centre
there is nothing in the above type to correspond
of a shield ; and the heads of Clemency and
with the legend, in that acceptation of the word
Moderation are similarly exhibited on coins of
Decursio. The speed of the horsesis not suf-
ficiently rapid ;
nor
the attitude of the eques-
is
Tiberius. —
See c. L. Clipeus Volicus, p. 218,
and CLEMENT1A, p. 215, of this dictionary.
trians that of men either charging an enemy or
riding a race. In order to be convinced of the
—
DEI PENATES. On a coin of the Antia
gens appears this legend, with the type of two
difference, it is only needful to look at the coins
young heads, jugated and diademed, of house-
of the Calpurnia gens, which represent the
hold gods indicating that Roman family to
horses actually racing. The horsemen in those ;

have originally come from Lavinium. See

types are absolutely in the attitude of the
PENATES.
jockies of our own times.” Iconographie des
Empereurs Remains, p. 31.
There is a very rare silver coin of Nero, bear-
ing on its reverse the exergal legend decvr. and
the type of a horseman attended by a foot sol-
dier, and riding down an enemy. No such
type in silver has been catalogued by either
Mionuct orAkermau; but there is a well-pre- DELMATIUS (Flavius Julius) or Dalmatius,
served specimen of it in the British Museum.
for the name is ways on coins aud
spelt in both
See denarius, p. 317, in which an engraving
by authors, was the son of Delmatius, brother
of it is inserted.
of Constantine the Great, who was elevated to
DECUSSIS. —The name of an early Roman the office of Censor. lie was born at Toulouse,
brass coin, a multiple of the as. The value of or, as some say, at Arles. His mother’s name
ten asses was assigned to the decussis, at the is unknown. Being a favourite with his uncle
time when the as Jibralis was established. But Constautine, whom he resembled in character,
the as was changed under the dictatorship of he was elected Consul U. C. 1086 (a. d. 333),
Q,. Fabius, and continued in a course of diminu- aud two years afterwards (335) was created
tion until the passing of the Lex Papiria, which Ciesar. Whilst yet in a private capacity, he
authoritatively lived the decussis of brass, and defeated Calocerus, who had revolted in Cyprus,
the denarius of silver, at 16 semi-uncial asses. and brought him prisoner to his uncle, who con-
(Sec Jssis diminutio, p. 85, et seq of this dic- signed him to the flames. In the memorable
tionary) —
These pieces, which are of the highest partition of the empire, which Constantine
rarity, bear on one side the galcated head of made iu this latter year, Delmatius received as
Minerva ; on the other the prow of a vessel his share Thrace, Macedonia, and Achaia but ;

and arc marked with the sign X. One of them shortly after the decease of Constantine, he was

2 S 2
31 DENARIUS. DENARIUS.
put to death by the soldiers, a. d. 337, under subsequent date, and adduces proofs to shew,
the pretence of desiring to be governed only by ,
that those, which exceed the w'cight just speci-
the children of Constantine; and this was done fied, must be regarded as belonging to a foreign
with the connivance of Constantius II. who was mint.
envious of him. As to the statement of those who assert that
On his coins, which are rare even in brass, the ancient denarius was equivalent to the Attic
and of the highest rarity in gold and silver, lie drachma, Eckhcl (vol. v. page 18, et scq.), in
is styled delmativs caesaii —
delmativs no- quoting from Eiscnschmid, their names and
—
b(ilissimvs) caesar —
and kl. ivl. delmativs testimonies, observes :“ You may constantly
(orDALMATIVS) NOB. C. remark, that writers, when comparing the Greek
The following are the rarest reverses of coins and Roman coinages, use the denarius, or, what
minted hy, or struck in honour of, this young comes to the same thing, four sestertii, for the
prince :
attic drachma. Of the promiscuous employ-
Gold. —
delmativs caesar. Victory walk- ment of the words innumerable instances arc to
ing. pbjncipi 1WENTVTIS. Delmatius stands be found, and this accounts for the fact, that
holding a spear and military ensign.
by Mionuct at 200 fr. each).
(Valued — several Latin authors, though most incorrectly,
give the name of denarius to the drachma of
—
Silver. delmativs nob. cae. Laureatcd the Greeks. But, though public opinion and
head of Constantine the Great. (00 fr.) — the usage of commerce have assigned the same
—
Small Brass. gloria exercitvs. Two weight to the denarius aud the drachma, it is
military figures, armed with spear and buckler, nevertheless ascertained hy the accurate re-
standing one on each side a tripod, on others a searches of Eisenschmid and Barre, that the
labarum, with the monogram of Christ. On attic drachma is somewhat heavier than the de-
the exergue sis. or shka. Obv. — —
fl. ivl. del- narius, and stands in relation to it as 112 to
mativs nob. c. Diademed head of Delmatius. 100, or to come still nearer, as 9 to 8. And,
— Sec the preceding cut (p. 315). indeed, the same proportion is arrived at on a
comparison of the respective weights of some
attic tctra-drachmie (pieces of four drachma. ), 1

and some denarii of Augustus ; so that not only

the authorities quoted by learned writers, but also
experience founded on the coinages of the two
nations, serve to establish the true proportion
of the drachma to the denarius. But this pro-
portion applies only to those denarii which were
struck under the republic, or at least as early
DENARIUS. — This well-known coin of the as the reign of Augustus.
Romans derived its appellation a denis assibus [A specimen of that emperor’s silver coinage,
(from ten asses), for which it used to be ex- as struck about U. c. 735 (b. c. 19), by Dur-
changed, weighing a pound each, as they did at mius, one of his moneyers, is hereto subjoined.]
the time when silver first began to be coined
at Rome, namely, a. u. c. 485 (b. c. 269).
According to l’liny, it was established that the
denarius should be given in exchange for ten
pounds of brass, the quinarius for five pounds,
and the sestertius for two pounds and a half.
But when the as, about the year u. c. 537 (b.c.
217), was reduced in weight to one ounce, it
was established, that the denarius should be
given in exchaugc for sixteen asses, the quina- “ Under the successors of Augustus, and espe-
rius for eight, and the sestertius for four. And cially from the time of Nero, they were re-
though the reason for its being so called no duced to nearly an eighth part of their original
longer existed, yet the denarius retained its weight ; though even these lighter coins were
original name. The difficulties which embar- by the tyrant custom, who always prefers the old-
rass this theory of Pliny are adverted to in the fashioned to the true, still held equivalent to
citations made from Eckhcl, under the head of the drachma.”
Assis Diminutio (p. 85 et scq. of this diction- The mark of the consular denarius was X or
ary), but which he leaves without solving them. one or two variations in the form of that letter.
There arc specimens of the early minted dena- A similar mark was used on the brass coinage
rius, bearing on the obverse a double beardless (sec p. 135) to indicate the weight of X asses ;
head and on the reverse Jupiter in a quadriga,
; but on denarii also it denotes the value of X
and the word roma in indented letters. asses, for w hich, as already stated, the denarius
With respect to the weight of the denarius, was given iu exchange. Instead of this mark,
it appears, according to Pliny, and other writers, however, ou coins of the At ilia, Aufidia, Julia,
that there were, in the aucicnt libra, 84 denarii. Titinin, aud Valeria families, appears the uuineral
The author of Doctrina (v. p. 18), denies that XVI. by which doubtless is indicated the value
there is any well-grounded argument to prove of a denarius of 16 asses, to which it was re-
that ancient denarii were heavier than those of duced when the second l’nnic war was at its
 DENARIUS. DENARIUS. 317
height, under the dictatorship of Q “ Fabius
• (p. — Caligula and Agrippina 28) — An-
105) (p.

Maximus, u. c. 537 (b. c. 217)- Hence tonia 55) — Balbinits

(p. 122) — Alexander (p.

(iulds Ecklicl), it has been thought by not a lew Severus 33) — Plotina
(p. 74) — For a quina- (p.
antiquaries, that deuarii marked X\ I. were rius ofAugustus (p. 89). To these we add the
struck during that war, when the regulation was subjoined cut from a rare Decursio in silver, as
introduced, and that shortly afterwards, the old a specimen of the denarius under Nero’s reign :

mark X. was resumed; an opinion which 1 shall

not venture either to confirm or to deny, tho’

1 consider it more probable, that it was left to
the discretion of the inoneyer to use whichever
mark he preferred. For as the mark X. refers
to the name of denarius given to the coiu, so
does the mark XVI. to its value. Indeed, de-
narii of Valerius Flaccus, of the ancient form,
which are proved incontestably to have been all Frequent mention made of the denarius or
is

stmek at one and the same time, are marked (Roman) penny, Holy Writ, wherein it is
in
—
some X. and others XVI.” See Aufidia gens, spoken of as the daily wages of a labourer, and
“ Whose is this
p. 94 in this dictionary. also as the tribute money.
With respect to the types of denarii, Pliuy image and superscription ?”
simply states (xxxiii. 13), that “ the type of In his “ Numismatic Illustrations of the Nar-
silver —
was bigee and quadriga .” This is the fact rative Portions of the New Testament,” Mr.
with reference to a large portion, but many Akermau, quoting from St. Matthew, xx. v. 2,
bear other types. Tacitus (De Morib. Germ.) the words “ a penny a day,” makes the following
has mentioned the higali, and so has Livy fre- observations :

quently, whilst describing the booty taken in “ The penny here mentioned was the dena-
llispania and Gallia Cisalpina. On denarii struck rius which, at the time of Our Lord’s ministry,
during the later periods of the republic, the was equivalent in value to about sevenpencc
types varied in many ways, conformably to the halfpenny of our money. With the decline of
will of consular magistrates, and finally of the the Roman empire, the denarius was by degrees
monctal triumvirs. The obverses of these silver debased and before the time of Diocletian had
;

coins were stamped with the galeated head of entirely disappeared, or rather had ceased to be
Rome, whilst their reverses exhibit representa- struck in the imperial mints but that emperor ;

tions of the Dioscuri on horseback (as on the restored the coinage of silver and denarii were ;

fine denarius of the Horatia family, inserted again minted, though reduced in weight. This
as a specimen in p. 316, left-haud column) ; also reduction went on, after the division of the em-
figures drawing biga and quadrigae (see those pire, until the denarius, once a very beautiful
words) from which circumstance the pieces
;
medalet, became a coin of very inferior execu-
were termed bigati and quadrigati (p. 129). tion, low relief, and reduced thickness and
They were also called Victoriati, when their weight. * * * The term ‘ denarius’ is yet pre-
types displayed a figure of Victory, as in the served in our notation of pounds, shillings, and
subjoined cut, from a denarius of Fannia gens, pence, by &. s. d. * * * It is worthy of re-
in which the goddess is driving her chariot and mark, that, in this country, a penny a day ap-
four horses at full speed. pears to have been the pay of a field labourer,
in the middle ages ; whilst, among the Romans
(see Tacitus, Ami. lib. i. c. 17) the daily pay
of a soldier was a denarius,” pp. 7 and 8."
From the 6th section of the same work (pp.
10 and 11), another passage referring to the im-
perial denarius, as circulated during the latter
period of Our Saviour’s appearance on earth,
will be found cited in this dictionary, amongst
This was the case with the half denarius, de- the mintages of tiberius.
nominated quinarius (see egnatia and egna- Respecting base deuarii, see the words ma-
TULEIa), or piece of five asses. Of this and of JOR1NA PECUNIA.
the small silver coin called sestertius, but few DEO. AESC. SVB. —
On a colonial coin of
specimens arc extant. Parium, in Mysia, as identified by the usual
Eugravcd examples of the consular denarius initials C. G. l. H. p. Colonia Gemella Julia
will be found in this volume, under the re- Uadriana Pariana, noticed by the Abbe Bellev,
spective heads of Atilia ( Dioscuri , p. 93) An- — from the collection of
nia (Victory in a quadriga, p. 48) Hiebia, Pellerin, there appeal's
(Quadriga, p. 121) —
Cfccilia (Biga of elephants, on one side the head of
p. 150) —
Cipia (Victory in Bigis citis, p. 200) Commodus, and on the
— Cornelia (Jupiter in Quadrigis, p. 286) other the figure of a man,
Curiatia (Quadriga, p. 299) —
Saufeia (Victoria with naked head, and
in citis Bigis, p. 129), &c. &c. without beard, sitting,
For specimens of the imperial denarius see to whom an ox, which is
Cicsar Augustus (p. 13) —
Agrippa and Augustus before him, presents its
318 DEO AVGVSTO. DEO CABIRO.
foot, as if to have examined.
it Above this mauy liviugemperors did not refuse to accept
group is inscribed deo. aesc. svb. Belley has— that fulsome aud presumptuous honour. Nay
given to the word svb. the interpretation of they even courted the appellation of Deus ; as
Subvenienti Pelleriu that of Suburbano. — j Eutropius writes of Doraitian, who commanded
Each, however, regards the type as referring to j
to have himself called Dominus and Deus, but
iEsculapius. Pellerin (in his Additions aux Re- after death did not either merit or obtain even
cueils, p. 29), in support of his own reading, ob- the less obnoxious title of Divus .”
serves, that “ iEsculapius on this medal is repre- —
DEO CABIRO. Cabirus, or rather oue of
sented young, without crown and without beard. the Cabiri, with cap on his head, aud a band
This gives occasion to presume that he is thus rouud the body, stauding, a hammer in his
figured in his youth, as allusive to the time right and a pair of nippers or tongs in his left
when he began to practice medicine, in which hand. Third brass of Claudius Gothicus. (See —
he had received instructions, not only from his Banduri, ii. p. 340, who describes, but does not
father Apollo, but also from the Centaur Chiron, give, an engraving of the coin).
aud that the first essays of his art were exer- The Cabiri were sons of Vulcan and of Cabira,
cised on animals.” —
.Esculapius is always repre- daughter of Proteus, who taught men the use
sented old and bearded, on medals of cities with- of fire, and the manufacture of iron. The ad-
in whose walls temples were erected to him as vantages thence derived to the human race esta-
a divinity. But, Pelleriu goes on to shew, on blished a claim for them to divine honours, and
the authority of many ancient authors, that j
they were adored as gods in different places.
almost all the cities had temples of Esculapius j
Their mysteries were celebrated with pro-
in their suburbs, which seems to him to prove j
found secrecy, and the most remarkable feature,
that the sense which he gives to the word svb. according to what has been related of them, is
is the true one —
viz. a suburban edifice, W'here
|

that those who had the good fortune to be initi-

the inhabitants of Parium and its neighbour- ated, were protected from all dangers, as well by
hood went to offer gifts to the god, in supplica- land as by sea. —
See below, deo volkano.
tion for the blessing of health. —
The above cut Eckhel says that “ this is the only coin of
is from a second brass coin in the British Mu-
|
Roman die (commatis llomani), itself of the
seum. It will be found closely to correspond greatest rarity, upon which [the name and type
with the reverse engraved in Melange I. plate of] Cabirus is found but of whom frequent
—
;

xvii. of Pelleriu. See also Parium. mention is made on the coins of the Thcssa-
—
DEO AVGVSTO. Statue of Augustus, who i

1
louians, whose tutelary deity he w'as. Banduri
sits in the manner of Jupiter, with radiated therefore imputes the impress of the deity’s
head, and having a spear in his left hand, and a [
image on this coin to a grateful feeling on the
figure of Victory in his right, c. v. t. t. Colo- part of Claudius, inasmuch as the Goths, at-
nia Viclrix Togata Tarraco. —
On the reverse tempting the siege of Thcssalouica, as Zosimus
aeteun’itatis avgvstae. A magnificent tem- and Trebellius relate, were repulsed by the tute-
ple of eight columns. —
Large brass colonial. — j
lary deity of that place.” Doct. Num. Vet.
The colonists of Tarragona, in Spain, after the vol. vii. p. 472.
apotheosis of Augustus, sent an embassy to —
DEO VOLKANO. A temple of four co-
Rome, petitioning for leave to erect a temple to lumns, in which Vulcan stands before an anvil,
him a privilege which they were the first to holding in his right hand
;

obtain. (Vaillant, in Col. i. p. 45). —

See Aker- a hammer, aud in his left
uian, Coins of Cities, &c. No. 3, pi. ix. p. 188. a pair of fire-tongs (for
— See also in this dictionary tarraco. cej/s). The above ap-
DEO AVGVSTO. —This epigraph round the pears on a billon coin of
head of Augustus, appears on the obverse of a Valerianus senior, who,
gold coin, having on its reverse the head of according to Tristau,
Gallienus. “ built,” or according to
Most of the Consecration medals of his im- Vaillant, “ restored,” the
perial predecessors were restored by Gallienus, temple of Vulcan, at Rome, in order to render
aud round the etligy of each is commonly read that god propitious to him and his arms, for
Divo. But on this gold coiu Gallienus conjoins which he had at the time great employment
with the effigy of the founder of the empire, against so many barbarous nations as then as-
the epigraph of deo avovsto. Thus substitut- sailed the empire. — See vulcanus.
ing for Divvs or divine, the unusual and still DEO ET DOMINO CARO. AVG. The
more outrageous assumption of devs, God 1 heads opposite to each other of the Sun radi-
Scrvius thus draws the distinction between ated, and of Carus also radiated. This appears—
—
Deos aud Divos viz. that the eternals are called on a third brass of Carus, “ who desired (says
by the former name but Did were those who,
; Banduri) while still liviug, to be worshipped as
from bciug mere mortal men, were placed by —
and called a god a fact indicated by the poets
the ceremony of apotheosis amongst the gods. of that age, by whom, when yet reigniug, he
The title of Did was at first conferred after is honoured as a deity.” —
There is also a gold
death on those Roman princes who in their life- coin of Carus bearing the saute legend and the
time had performed some illustrious service for head of that emperor on its obverse, aud vic-
the republic or state. Afterwards, however, as toria avo. with the type of a Victory stauding
the spirit and love of adulation daily increased, on n globe, on its reverse.
 DEO MARTI. DERTOSA.—DESTINATO. 319
DEO ET DOMINO NATO. AYREL1ANO DEO SANCTO SERAPIDI.— The radiated
AVG. A radiated head. Rev. — restitvt. or- head of Serapis, with the modius, and w'ith the
bis. A woman standing, offers a crown to the paludamentum on his shoulders. — Engraved in
emperor, dressed iu the paludamentum. Second Spanheim’s Ciesars of Julian p. 67.
brass. —(Spanheim, vol. ii. p. 491. Banduri). — ,

This is one of four brass coius which, bearing

DEO ET DOMINO NOSTRO AVRELIANO the inscription deo serapidi or deo sarapidi,
AVG. A radiated head. Rev. — restitvt. or- are assigned by antiquaries to Julian II. sur-
ris. A woman crown to the emperor,
offering a named the Apostate. They are regarded as evi-
who stands beside her in the paludamentum. dences of his singular and superstitious defer-
Third brass. —
(Mus. Genov, tab. xxi. No. 11). ence towards that Egyptian deity, who, on coius
Spanheim, in his comments on the former of aud inscriptions, is called Sarapis or Serapis .

these coius, cleverly remarks, that Aurelian is These types are the more exclusively attributed
on this coin styled Rem et Rominm NATVS, to to him, because having embraced, he endea-
distinguish him from Sol, who was one of the voured to restore, paganism and all its idola-
unbegotten and eternal deities, and who, on trous rites, in prejudice to the Christian reli-
some coins of not much later date, is styled gion, to which Constantine the Great, liaviug
Dominus Imperii Romani. And this opinion made public profession of his faith, had given
appears to Eekhel (vol. vii. p. 482), much more the chief place. —
See serapis.
probable than that of Banduri, who considers —
DEOR. Dcomm. Sec felicitas, and pro-
this coin to have bceu struck after the death of videntia.
Aurelian. \Ye have here, says he, a memorable DERTOSA, a city of Ilispania Tarrnconensis,
instance of the greatest arrogance of which a now Torlosa, in South Catalonia, situate near
mortal can be guilty. Up to this time the title the mouth of the Ebro. Pliny says the people
of dominm had been thought too proud a one, of Dertosa were comprised in the juridical con-
and had accordingly beeu excluded from the vention of Tarragona; and Strabo speaks of it
coinage of Rome, though in the salutations and as a colony planted by Julius Caesar. Coins
common it was applied
conversation of courtiers confirm this statement, there being second brass
to the emperors. But now we find Aurelian struck in honour of Augustus, and of Tiberius,
openly introducing it on his coius, and not con- bearing on their respective obverses c. i. a. d.
tent with monopolizing, by this invidious appel- avg. Colonia Julia Avgusta Dertosa Augusta
lation, the empire of the whole world, lie rashly with radiated head of Augustus; and on their
invades the honours of heaven, and even during reverse C. I. a. i>. ti. Caes. with laureated head
his life-time, insigniticant mortal as he is, allows of Tiberius— Avhich sIicavs that they were struck
himself to be described on public monuments as after the deathand consecration of Augustus.
a god; so that our surprise is greatly dimi- (Engraved in Vaillant, i. p. 23 ; also in the
nished at finding Cams afterwards glorying iu Cabinet de Christine, p. 305). —
In Akcrman,
both those titles. —
In the case of Domitian, not Coins of Hispania, &c. the following small brass
only has Passeri (Lucern. vol. i. tab. 74, vol. of Dertosa is quoted from Sestini, viz. Obv.
:

iii. tab. 26, 28), seen the titles dens and do- c. ivl. tanc. c. arri. af. c. I. d. Laureated
minus ascribed to him on works of pottery, but head of Julius Caesar. Rev. —
A plough which ;

Suetonius (Domit. ch. 13), also has recorded type, together Avith the letters c. i. d. seems to
that they were eagerly desired by that infatu- confirm the asserted claim of this city to be
ated emperor and hence, in allusion to him,
;
—
ranked amongst the Roman colonics. There are
Martial uses the words coins of the same place Avhich, with the type of
“ Edictum domini deique nostri.” (Epig v. 8.) — a galley, also exhibit the name of Ilercavonia,
DEO MARTI. — Mars naked, except the head, demonstrating that the two towns Avere in alli-
which is galeated, stands with a spear in one baud, ance Avith each other.
and resting his other hand DES. alias DESIG. Dcsignatus. Elected,
on a buckler ; in a temple appointed! —COS. DES. Consul Dcsignatus.
of four columns. —
This le- Consul Elect ; that is to say, before he entered
gend and type appear on (See consulates, p. 267).
his first consulate.
a silver coin of r. l. cob- The term Dcsignatus, or Designati, applied to
NELIVS SALONIKA'S VALE- those AA'ho, in the comitia, Avere for the ensuing
RIANA'S caes. son of Gal- year elected consuls, questors, edilcs, &c.
lienus & Salonina, struck DESTINATO IMPERATon?. Designation
in memory of the temple to the Empire.— Ou a silver coin of Caracalla,
of Mars, which his father Yalcrianus had re- with accompanying type of pontifical instruments
stored in the Elaminian way for says Banduri,
;
(viz. lituus, apex, tripus, simpulum) ; behind

as Gallienus styled Jupiter Victor the educator them the skeleton head of an ox (allusive to the
(nutritor) of his son, so it Avas likewise his wish sacrificial victim).

to shew that by his example, his son had become Spanheim explains this coin, when he says
a Avorshippcr of the god of war. See mars. — that the Emperor Severus “ demanded of the
DEO SANCTO N1LO. — On a third brass of Senate that his eldest son, Bassianus Antoninus
Julianus II. — See a lengthened commentary on (Caracalla), should be proclaimed Cfesar, and
this and other coins of the same description, invested with the usual imperial insignia.”
struck under Julian, viii. p. 137 of Eekhel. This was done at that period in which, after
See also nilo. subduing and putting to death his rival Albinus,
320 DESULTOR. DES U LTO R .
— DEV 1CTA.
iu Gaul, Scverus returned to Rome, and before Luciau (Dial. deor. 36), who calls them roC
he proceeded to wage war in person against the —
&ov fig'iTofiov “ the half segment of an egg,”
Many
J

Parthians. inscriptive marbles (in Gru- 1

by which was indicated the myth which affirms

ter and
imperator.
Muratori) also call Caracalla destinatns
In the same manner, the cenotaph
their being sprung from an egg. Eckhel then —
quotes the verses of Homer (Iliad, O. v. 679),
at Pisa describes Caius Caesar, the son of so graphically descriptive of the exploits of a
“
Agnppa, as already designated prince, of the desultor, to the following effect :
most just character, and perfectly resembling “ As when a man, well-skilled iu the manage-
his parent inall virtues,” i. e. Augustus, who ment of race horses, who, after selecting from
adopted him aud, on coins of the year U. c.
; a multitude four steeds, hurrying them from the
821 (a. d. 71), Titus is called imperator desig- plain, drives them to the city by the much-fre-
nates . —
See Eckhel, vii. 20U. quented road and crowds gaze on him with
;

The pontifical instruments refer to the sove- admiration, both men and women whilst he, ;
reign priesthood conferred npon Caracalla by with firm seat and in security, leaps alternately
his father, and they supply the place of the from one to another; they flying the while.”
titular initials p. M. (Pontfex Maximus), omit- Manilius also well illustrates this type (As-
ted iu the legend of this coiu. tron. v. 85) :

DESULTOR, a lcapcr, a vaulter; the technical Necnon alterno desultor sidere dorso
appellation of a sort of riders, whose practice Quadrupedum, et stabiles poterit defigere plant ns ,
itwas, iu the circus games, to urge two horses l’erque volabit equos, ludens per terga volantum.
to their utmost speed, leaping from one to the
[The vaulter, too, may alight alternately on
other with surprising agility, without stopping.
the back of each quadruped, and plant his firm
The term was also applied to those youug Ro- feet, flying amidst the horses, and playing his
mans, some of them of the highest rank, who, pranks over their backs, as they go at full speed.]
not content with driving big* and quadrigae iu lhis type was selected by Ccnsorinus in me-
the circus, carried the reigning taste for these mory of a celebrated seer (rates) of the Marcia
exercises to the utmost excess. They, too, family, named Manaus, who suggested to the
mounted bare backed horses, riding one of them Senate the establishment of the Ludi Apolli-
and leading another in hand. On these they
alternately vaulted whilst gallopping, and thus
nares —
Equestrian games iu honour of Apollo.
As a numismatic
illustration, the foregoing
changed their position many times, with won- cut inserted from
is a coin of the Marcia gens,
derful celerity, after the manner of a troop of which exhibits one of the des it Hares with coni-
horse in the Numidian army, as described by
cal cap, aud with whip in right hand, urging
Livy (xxiii. 29). The Roman desuitor wore a to their fullest speed two horses, one of which
pilots, or cap of felt, aud his horse was without
lie is riding, the wreath and palm, as symbols
a saddle, but he had the use of both whip and of victory, accompany the equestrian group, on
bridle.
the Scpullia and other family' coins. Sec Cal-
puruia gens (p. 167), on a coiu of which is a
figure of a man, with a palm branch on his
shoulder, riding a horse at a rapid rate but —
which Eckhel does not consider to typify the
who he observes had at least two horses
desultor,
in hand, as exemplified in the denarius en-
graved in left-hand column. —For three other
From these volatile feats of horsemanship the illustrations of the subject, sec Dr. Smith’s Dic-
term desidtor was, by a metaphor, applied to tionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, p. 327,
the fickle and inconstant, and to those who were article desultor.
prone to betray a cause. And so, Ovid says of DEVICT. Devictis.
himself (Amor. i. cleg. 3, v. 15) : DEVICTJS PROVIXCI.E. -Conquered coun-
Non milii niille placent, non sura desuitor tries,or provinces, arc indicated on Roman coins,
araoris.
" very frequently, by figures seated aud weeping
that is, I am not a fickle lover.” :

for not only amongst the Jews, and people of

The remarkable type
exhibited on the reverse the East generally, the sitting posture signified
of the above cugraved denarius (the obverse grief; but also amongst the Greeks, the Etrus-
bears the heads of Numn aud Aliens), is de- aud others, as Gori shews in
cans, his Museum
scribed by Hyginus (tab. 80), when speaking
of the Dioscuri —
“ Whence also the Romans
Etruscum.
DEVICTA. — Sec alaxanxia df.victa (p.
keep up the custom, wheu they exhibit a desul-
tor for one individual manages two horses
32) — ARMENIA DEVICTA 81 — JUD.EA (p. ) DE-
VICTA SAIIMATIA DEVICTA.
with a cap on his head, aud leaps from one horse DEVICTIS GERMAXIS. SIGNIS RE-
to the other, in memory of his (i. e. Pollux) C eptis. See gekmanicus caesar sec also
representing his brother (Castor) ns well as him- SION1S.
self.” —In conformity with this account, the de- DEULTUM (Thracia) Colonia, now Dcrkon,
sultor is represented wearing a cap of a conical in Rumilia, European Turkey. Ancient Deul-
form, doubtless the more closely to imitate the tum was situated on the Parysus, near the out-
Dioscuri, whose caps were of this kind, as is flow of that river into the Euxine, between
testified by numerous monuments, and also by —
Mcsembrin and Apollonia. According to Poly-
 DEULTUM. DEUS. 321
bias, Thrace was colonised, not only by the [There is another reverse of this coin, vary-
Homans, but also long before, by the Greeks, ing in the grouping of the objects from the
and this city is said to have been originally above, also given in Vaillant (ii. 144), who ob-
founded by Milesian emigrants. Its name is serves, that “ Rivers emptying themselves iuto
differently spelt by different authors. Ptolemy the sea, arc depicted on ancient medals under
ca h Deceit us ; Ammiauus, Debultus ; and
it the figures of old men, with flowing beards, as
in the “ Acta Couciliorum,” it is denominated though they were the fathers of other streams.
Debeltus, — Vaillaut (in Coloniis) adopts the But the pcrsouifications of those rivers which
appellation given to it by Pliny, namely Deul- discharge their waters into other rivers, arc re-
tum where a colony of veterans was planted
;
presented without beards. The name of the
by Vespasian. This Roman settlement assumed river which issues into the Parysus (near the
his family name, Flavia; and on account of his banks of which Deultum appears to have been
remarkable tokens of devotion to the goddess of situated), is not found in the geographies of
Peace (to whom that emperor built a temple at antiquity. The sailing vessel denotes that the
Rome) it was called Pacensis, or Pacifica
;
. Parysus was navigable. The cornucopia: indi-
The place was once surrounded with strong walls, cates the affluence derived to the city from its
and still exhibits the remains of its ramparts. navigation. According to Pliny, Deultum was
The coins of Dcultuin are Latin imperial, in situated ou a lake.”]
small, middle, and first brass. They commence
a. d. 97 and end A. D. 249, and are inscribed
DEUS. — is to be credited on the
If Plutarch

either with the initial letters c. f. p. d. or with

subject, Numa Pompilius had given to the Ro-
mans so sublime an idea of the Supreme Beiug,
the abbreviated words con. fl. pac. DEVLT.
that, convinced of the impossibility of arriving
(Colon ia Flavia Pacensis [or Pacifica] Dcultum).
at a knowledge of Him, except through the
The Emperors, Caesars, and Empresses to understanding, they regarded it as a sacrilege
whom this colony dedicated the products of her to represent the Deity under auy human form.
—
mint were Trajanu3, Macrinus, Diadumcninnus, And accordingly, for a time, it is affirmed,
Alexander Severus, Mamma, Maximinus, Maxi- neither figure nor painting the gods was
of
mus, Gordianus Pius, Tranquillina, Philippus seen at Rome, although temples were erected
senior, Otacilia, and Philippus junior. to them, in which they were worshipped.
The deities worshipped at Deultum, and whose The use of idols was derived to the Romans
images with their respective attributes appear from the Tuscans, and from the Greeks. It was
on her coins, arc as follow Apollo (the tute- : — mainly from those two sources that they drew
telary god of the city) TEsculapius, Bacchus, their superstitions ; and they afterwards im-
Ceres, Cybcle, Diana, Fortuua, ilygeia, Jupi- proved upon their models. For when Rome be-
ter, Minerva, Nemesis, Silenus, and Seraph. came mistress of a great part of the world, she
allowed almost every foreign religion to be in-
Besides the above types there are others on
troduced within her walls and there might be
;
the colonial coinage of this Thracian city such ;
seen in that city as many diviuities as worship-
as a bull’s headon a third brass of Trajan ; the
pers. So great, in fact, was the number of
Genius Urbis, uuder Alexander Severus a liou, ;
statues raised in honour of these gods, as to
with Philip senior and junior on its obverse ;
give rise to the saying, that the inanimate por-
legionary eagles and other Roman military
tion of the people in Rome was larger than that
standards, referring to the original peopling of
which was living, although, the latter amounted
the colony with veteran soldiers (engraved in
to millions. The Romans divided
all these dei-
Vaillaut, ii. p. 155) the Wolf and twins, on
;
ties into different classes; those of t lie first
viz.
second brass of Caracalla and Macrinus the ;
order, which depended, like the rest, on Fate.
dolphin, in small brass, dedicated to Maximus
Those of an inferior order, and all the other
Cesar the three Graces, inscribed to Alexan-
;
miuor gods and goddesses. Those who presided
der Severus, &c. &c. Ouly two subjects have
over each place or each nation. Those which were
any direct allusion to the locality of Deultum.
assigned to each individual being, and even to
An engraving of one of them is hereto sub-
most human actions. The named were, in-
last
joined :

many whomthey made some-

River-deities. — Two of these fluvial personifi-
deed, so genii,
times masculine, sometimes feminine and to ;
cations, one bearded, holds a reed in the right
these they paid a particular worship, following
hand, in the left a cor-
the bent of their supposed wants, and conform-
nucopia, resting on an
ing to the caprice of their devotions.
urn, whence water flows.
For all sueh classes of deities as are found
The other a female figure,
alluded to in the legends or types of Roman
in long drapery, also
Coins, sec dii, &c. (p. 328).
holds a reed in one .

hand, and resting in like DEVS ADIVTA ROMANIS. A cross stand- —

manner to the other on —
ing on steps. This legend and type appear on
an urn. Above the female a large silver medallion of Heraclius I. Eckhcl
figure is a ship with sail. says of it
— “ This pious medal appears with
This appears on a second brass of Gordianus others, to have been coined from that silver
III. with legend of col. FL. pac. devlt. Colo- which, on the eve of a war with the Persians,
nia Flavin Pacensis Deultana. the emperor, to supply a deficient treasury, took

2 T
 322 DIADEMA.
DIADEMA.
Ibr this purpose, out of the sacred edifices.”—
pterions stones, you wear them in your crowns,
vol. viii. 223.
and your shoes, fasten your girdles with them,
DM. SO
SONIENSI.
or DEUSONA. — Sec iikhcui.i deu-
in
make of them your bracelets and your brooches,
DEXTRAE DILE
Hands joined.
JI NCT/E. — See Bight
nay, even adorn your seats with
that he might not appear to express
them ?’ And’
himself too
D. F. Divi Filins —
avg. d. f. j.vd. saec.
violently, he has softened down the
ofTonsive-
— ‘Not
EEC. —
See Lvdi Steadares. j
ness of his remarks, with this prelude
that this has arisen from your fault,
:

—
DIADEM A. It was hy this name that the theirs, who were
but from
the originators of this morbid
white fillet, or band, was called, which
bound passion, and who
transmitted to after times this
the temples of kings in the earliest
head of Bacchus (to whom fable has
ages. The
ascribed
highly prized infection.’ —
That these words were
intended as a hit at Constantine, mav be
the invention of that head-dress), in-
also the heads ferred from
ol Neptune, of Hercules, of
what is stated above.”— See Doct
Victory, and some Num. Vet. viii. pp. 79-360-502.
other divinities, appear on coins
encircled w ith Diademed head- of Constantine in coelum
the diadem. Considering it certain, therefore,
that this ornament was distinguished,
horn a
spectans. —
It is to lie observed, that the head
turned upwards to the heavens, which occurs
remote antiquity, as an essentially roval on
badge, the gold and silver coins of this emperor,
it is not surprising that lias
amongst 'a free people,
such as the Romans were after the expulsion no former or
parallel in
of in
the larquins, and the abolition of subsequent times.
monarchical Eckhcl, iu consulting the
government, the diadem should have been held
in universal abhorrence. opinions of writers upon
For this reason both
this peculiarity of pos-
Augustus and Tiberius had the wisdom to ab-
ture, first quotes Euse-
stain from wearing it. Nevertheless, certain
vain emperors entertained a great desire bius as follows :
— ‘ In-
to as-
sume the diadem, although they wanted deed, the fervent faith
the w hich had taken posses-
courage to do so. —
According to Suetonius, Cali-
sion of his mind, may
gula was much inclined to try the
experiment be recognized in the fact of his
on the popular feeling, but refrained.— causing his por-
Lam- fiait to be so represented on his gold coins,
pridius states, that Elagabalus wished as
to use to give him the appearance of gazing
the gemmed diadem, as a means upwards,
of making like one engaged iu prayer to the Deity.
himself more attractive, and because it was In-
more stances of this eoiu were common
adapted to the female countenance and this throughout
; he the Roman dominions.’— Thus far
wore w ithin doors (domij
have been the first among the Romans
.
—
Aurelian is said to tical historian. “ Rut (continues
the ecclesias-
Eckhcl), 1 am
who much mistaken if Julian has not held up to de-
decked his brows with the" diadem but ; coins rision this position of the head
do not confirm this statement. It was by as well as everv
Con- thing else connected with Constantine.
stantine the Great that the example was For it
jntldicly is at this
appears to aim his shaft when he
lie
set of a Roman Emperor wearing
this royal elates that Constantine, when
badge, either in its simple form, or summoned to
adorned the council ol the gods, remained
will clasps or jewels, and that too divested
i

fixed at the

both the laurel and the radiated crown.—

of
Victor
threshold of Luna —
For, to use his own words,
he was desperately enamoured of her,
'

alludes to the fact of Constantine “ I

and,
decking his "copied solely with gazing upon her, he paid
royal robes with gems, and his head [

with the no heed lo Victory.’ Certainly, the attitude,

invariable diadem.” And its introduction is which the coin icprcscuts, is that of a man
clearly shewn on his numismatic look-
portraitures. ing at the moon
or the stars; whence the joke.
“It (observes Eckhel) to this fashion, in
is

part, that Julian must have referred,

— In an inquiry like the present, I think that
when he implicit reliance should not "be placed
so bitterly commented on the on cither
voluptuousness of these writers ; the former of whom
and extravagance of that emperor, his effemi- ran see
in Constantine nothing but what is holy and
nate mode of head-dress, and all the
other topics divine, vvliilst the latter treats every'
of reproach, which be thing with
spitefully heaps upon sarcasm and abuse.
him, as on a sccoud Sardauapalus. Perhaps the main ambition
't hese ac- of Coustantine was to resemble Alexander
counts are confirmed by the Chronicon the
Atejran- Great, whom not only aucient authors,
drtHuni, which informs us, that but ex-
he lirst ‘
tant monuments, prove to huve been
adopted the diadem enriched with repre-
pearls,’ and sented iu a very similar manner
olhei gems. as may be
Syncsius, whilst lashing with more ;

seen under the coinage of that king.”

than Grecian license, in his oration D. N. V.
iapl &am- vol. viii. 80.
Aetas (concerning the kingdom), the
luxury of [The above cut is from a highlv preserved
A readme and the princes of that period, speak-
specimen iu the British Museum, for the reverse
as follows, according to the translation
of IVta- of which sec l.I.OKIA
vius: At what time, think vou, COK8TANT1NI avg.]
were the According to Ainmianus, and the testimony
affairs of Rome in better plight ? Is it since of coins, Julian the Apostate, notwithstanding
you have covered yourselves from head to
foot all he has said (iu his satire
with purple and gold, mid fetchingf'from on the Ciesars) to
the disparage and ridicule his predecessor and uncle,
mountains of the barharii (lauds beyond seal
wore a diadem of the suine form, and with the
 DIADUMEMAN1 S. DIANA. 323
same embellishments, as Constantine’s. Another —
Gold. princ. ivventvtis (valued by Mion-
proof of the inconsistency of that pagan prince net at 400 & 600 fr.) spes. pvblica (600 fr.)
This royal decoration of the head prevailed long Silver. — fides militvm. (60 fr.)

afterwards, though it occasionally gave place to Brass Medallion. — piunc. ivventvtis.

the helmet. —
On this subject, see the word —
First Brass. m. opei, antoninvs diadv-
Head-dresses. mexianvs. Bust of Diadumcnian, to the right,
On a coin of the Tcrentia family, the bearded bare head, habited iu the paludameutum.
head of Quirinus (Romulus) appears bound with Rev . princ(eps) ivventvtis. Prince of
the diadem, after the example of other kings, the Youth .
—
The young Ciesar, wearing the
both European and Asiatic. On a denarius of paludameutum, stands bare-headed, holding iu
the Calpurnia gens, the bearded head of NVMA the right hand an ensign, and in the left a spear
exhibits itself with the diadem. On a coin of on his left are two other ensigns planted on the
Coponia the diademed head of Apollo.
is On a ground. In the field s. c.
coin of Marcia is the head of ancvs, also with [A fine specimen of this large brass brought
the diadem. One of the constant symbols of —
£3 at the Devonshire sale. From another, in
the imperial dignity, the diadem, in modern the highest state of preservation, the preceding
times, though its form is very different, has in type of the obverse has been faithfully engraved ;

name become synonimous with the word croien. and an accurate cut from its reverse, equally
For a fine example of an imperial diadem, see remarkable for its fine workmanship as the por-
Constautiue the Great (p. 257). trait, will be found under princ. ivventvtis].

1)1 ADU MEN I ANUS (Marcus Opehus),

son of Macrinus, and of Nouia Cclsa, was born DIANA, an Italian Divinity, afterwards re-
in the year of Rome 9(il (a. d. 208), on the garded as identical with the goddess whom the
19th of December, the anniversary day of the Greeks called ’Aprcpis .
—
According to Cicero
birth Antoninus Pius.
of Macrinus, become (Nat. Deor.J there were three of this name, of
emperor a. d. 217, gave to his son the name of whom that most commonly celebrated among
Antoninus, and the titles of Caesar and of Prince mythologists was the daughter of Jupiter and
of the Youth and in 218 named him Augustus,
;
Latoua, and twin sister of Apollo. Diana was
although lie was then only ten years of age.— worshipped in various ways, and under various
The fall of Macrinus followed so closely on the figures, by divers ancient nations. Iu rivalship
elevation of his son to the dignity of Augustus, with the similar claims of Delos, the Ephesians
that no coins struck in the name of this young assumed the honour of their city having wit-
prince arc known to have this title. Macrinus nessed the birth of Diana, and the most famous
having been defeated, sent Diadumcniauus to of her temples was that in their city. Skilful,
Artabaues, King of the Partitions but the sol-
;
like Apollo, iu the use of the bow, her employ-
diers entrusted with the charge of conducting ment on earth was the chase ;
and if her bro-
him to the territories of that eastern monarch, ther were the god of day, she under the name
delivered him over to the partisans of Elaga- of Luna, the moon, enlightened mortals during
balus, and he was slain. From his maternal the night. She was the patroness of virginity,
grandfather he inherited the name of Diadume- and the presiding deity over child-birth, on which
nns, which, on his pretended adoption into the account she was called Lucina, or Juno Pronuba,
family of the Antoniues, was changed into Dia- when invoked by women in parturitiou and ;

dumeuiauus. His portrait on coins does not Trivia, when worshipped iu the cross-ways,
answer to the description which Lampridius where her statues were generally erected. The
gives of the extreme beauty of this child. He earliest trace of her worship at Rome occurs in
is, on numismatic monuments, styled M. opel. the tradition, that Servius Tullius dedicated to
ANTON I NTS IMADVMENI ANVS CAES(ar), Or M. OP. her a temple on the Avenline mount. Diana was
diadvmkn. The silver coins of Diadumcnian protectress of the slaves and the day, on which
;

are rare the gold, of the highest rarity. Second

; that temple had becu dedicated, is said to have
brass are rare; first brass very rare. Notwith- — been afterwards celebrated every year by slaves
standing the shortness of his life and reign, the of both sexes, and was called the day of the
number of coins minted in his name, particu- slaves. (See Dr. Smith’s Dictionary of Homan
larly out of Rome, is considerable. The fol- Mi/tholoi///). —
On coins, gems, and other monu-
lowing are among the rarest reverses :
— ments of antiquity, Diana, as the Ephesian
2 T 2
324 DIANA, DIANA EPHESIA.
goddess, represented by an image with many
is DI.VNAE CONS. AVG. Diana Consercatrij
breasts, indicating the plenteousness of nature.
As Lucifera, she stands cither dressed in the
August's. A stag. — This legend and
type, with
variations, frequently appearson coins of Gal-
stola, holding a lighted torch transversely, in
lienus, whose father Yalcrianus was singularly
both hands, or she wears the lunar crescent on attached to the worship of Diaua the Preserver,
her head, and drives a chariot drawn by two insomuch that he dedicated a temple to her
stags, holding the reins in one hand, and a burn- honour at Rome, called JEdes Valeriana. —
ing torch in the other. —
As Diana Peryensis (or similar epigraph —
diana cons. with the same—
ot Perga), her symbol is cither a stone, or some symbol of the goddess of the chase, appears on
cylinder-shaped vase, marked with celestial signs a third brass of Carausius, who also professed
—
and figures. As Diana Venal ru- (the huutress), greatly to honour the sylvan deity.
she appeal's with bow and arrow, as on a coin of DIAN. EPI1E. Diana Ephesia Diana of . —
Gallienus. —
On a consecration medal of Faus- Ephesus. —This appears on a silver medallion of
tina senior, the figure of Diana in a biga, is the Claudius, struck in Asia. The goddess is re-
type of the Empress’s eternity. —
When she per- presented in an elegant temple of four columus,
forms the part of Luna , she wears a crescent not with tucked-up dress (ceste sucrinctd), as
on her head, and her chariot is a biga of bulls, the agile huntress, but with her Asiatic at-
as on a first brass of Julia Domna. tributes of heavy head-dress, many-breasted
[On a brass medallion of Crispina, without bust (poly-manunia), swaddling-clothed body,
legend of reverse, is the graceful figure of a supported on each side with props, resembliug
leinale, dressed in the stola or long flowing robe trideuts reversed, on which she rests each hand,
,
of itomnn matrons; recognizable as Diana by just as she was worshipped by the Ephesians iu
the bow she holds in her left, and the arrow St. Paul’s time. The temple here deliucated
in her right hand. —
See preceding cut from a was obviously intended to associate the honour
cast after a rare specimen in the Cabinet de of Diana, with that once celebrated edifice at
France]. Ephesus, which took all Asia 220 years to build,
The goddess appears, with attributes of
also and cost Herostratus, the incendiary, but a mo-
either bow, dog, or torch, on coins of Augus-
tus, Plotina, Faustina jun. Lucilla, Plautilla,
—
ment to fire and destroy. See M. Dumersan’s
beautiful engraving of this medal, in the Allier
Gordian us Pius, \ alerianus, Salonina, Postuinus, dTIauteroche collection, PI. xiv. No. 18.
Claudius Gothicus, Quintillus. It is, however, “ The authors of antiquity are not agreed as
a comparatively rare type ou Roman coins. to the order of the temple of Diana: Pliny as-
On a denarius of a consular family, having for serting that it was Attic, whilst Vitruvius says
its legend of reverse Lucius Hosli/ius Saserna, it was Ionic. Again, the image of the goddess
Diana stands, with face to the front, holding in is said by Vitruvius to have been formed of
the lelt hand a lance, and in the right the horns cedar and Xenophon describes it as of gold
of a stag rearing by her side. —
Sec llostilia gens.
;

discrepancies which may be reconciled by a re-

On a denarius of the Axsia gens (see p. 117), ference to the description which l’ausauias gives
the reverse presents Diana standing, armed with of many gilded statues. The words of Pliny
a javelin, in a car drawn by two stags she is shew that there was some doubt as to the mate-
;

preceded by a dog, and followed by two others. rial of which it was formed but whatever that
;

——Ibis denarius is attributed to Lucius Axius may have been, the figure was never changed,
Naso, who was proscribed in the last civil war though the temple was restored seven times.”
of the republic. See Numismatic Illustrations of the New Testa-
On a silver coin of the Cornelia gens, Diana ment, by J. Y. Akerman, F.S.A. p. 48.
appears standing in the Ephesian attitude and —
DIANA EPHESIA. Another silver medal-
dress. — (Engraved in Morell. Fain. Horn. tab. lion bears on its obverse TI berius CLAVD/ia
ii. No. 6). CAESar AVG ustus AGRIPPm* AVGVSTA,
The following arc among
the most remark- and the jugated heads of Claudius and Agrip-
able reverses on which Diana is typified in the
imperial series of Roman coins
pina. —
On its reverse arc the above legend, aud
:
the type of Diaua of Ephesus.

The above engraving (for the loau of which “ The above medallion (says our eminent
the compiler is indebted to the kindness of Mr. numismatic authority) appears to offer the best
Akerman), renders it unnecessary to give a representation of this remarkable image, and is
minute description of the form under which the more curious, as, in bearing the heads of
Diana Ephesia was worshipped. Claudius and Agrippina, it proves itself to bp
 DIANA LUCIFERA. DIANA VENATR1X. 325
nearly contemporaneous with the period of St. In exchanging the how and arrow for the
Paul’s visit to Ephesus. These pieces were torch, allusion is here made to her other titles
doubtless in circulation throughout all Asia and qualities, as Lucfera, or as Luna, whose
Minor, and could be obtained by devotees at the light being borrowed from the Sun, she was
shrine of the Ephesian goddess. styled his sister.
“ It seems probable that the vulgar were not On a denarius of the Claudia gens, Diana, in
allowed to approach too near to this grotesque long clothing, but designated by the quiver at
but time-honoured figure ; and that the artists her -back, stands holding in each hand a long
of antiquity sometimes drew on their fancies in torch planted on the ground. —
See p. 210 of this
their representations of her; for even in the dictionary.
coins of Ephesus the goddess is not always re- On a bronze medallion of Antoninus Pins,
presented in precisely the same manner. The Diana Lucifcra is represented sitting with a torch
idol was preserved from decay by resinous gums, in her hands, on a horse galloping to the right.
which were inserted in cavities made for that Aud on a bronze medallion of Faustina junior,
purpose.” Ibid. p. 49. the light-bringing goddess appears veiled, hold-
In commenting on that passage in Acts, xix. ing a torch in the left hand, and sittiug on a
27, wherein “ the town clerk” speaks of
“ the stag, accompanying the legend of aeternitas
temple of the great goddess Diana, whom all a vgvsta. —
Both these medallions are engraved
Asia and the world worshippeth,” the writer in Nouce/le Gal. Mythol. p. 142, pi. xlix. Nos.
above quoted observes, that “ the singular ar- 4 and 5.
chaic figure uuder which Diana Ephesia was DIANA PERG. Diana Pergens is. —A rare
worshipped, is not to be confounded with that silver medallion of Nerva, bearing the date of
of Diana the huntress, but is distinguished by cos. in. exhibits the foregoing legend on the
her characteristic attributes as nutrix of all front of a temple, in which stands an image of
living things.” Ibia. p. 47- Diana of Perga.
—
“ The inscription itself, as well
DIANA —
EPHESIA. On a coin of Hadrian, as the form of this medal, show' that it first saw
struck at Ephesus, having the foregoing appel- light among the Pergenscs of Pamphylia.”
lation on its reverse, the statue of the goddess Eckliel, vi. 410.
stands between two stags. On another silver The same legend and type appear on a silver
coin of the same emperor, having consvi, ill. medallion of Trajan (cos. ii.) The city of
for its legend of reverse, a similar type appears. Perga was a place peculiarly addicted to the
Both these are engraved in Nouvelle Galerie worship of the inu/ti-mammian Diana.
Mythol. par M. Leuormaut, p. 143, pi. xlix. DIANAE REDUCE To the return of
Nos. 10 and 11. Diana — who, in appropriate dress as the huntress,
DIANA LAPIIltlA. C. P. Colonia Patren- leads a stag her right hand, and holds a bow
in
sis . — On colonial coins of Patrie, respectively in her — Of this inscription and type, which
left.

dedicated to Nero and to Domitian, bearing the appears on a silver coin of Postumus senior,
above legend, and of which Vaillant (in Cot. i. Eckliel laconically remarks
—
“ Novelty recom-
24), gives au engraving, Diana stands, clothed mends it, but its cause is unknown.”
in a short dress, with a quiver at her shoulder, —
Diana Venatrix. This title is not used as
her right hand placed on the hip, and her left a legend on any Roman
coins ; but it serves
—
hand resting on a bow\ On small brass of M. with numismatists to designate those types, in
Aurelius and of L. Veins, struck in the same which Diana, in quality of huntress, appears
colony, is the image of Diana Laphria, as Vena- with short habit, and the usual weapons and
trix, in the attitude of walking quick, with a dogs of the chase, together with her favourite
lighted torch in her right hand, a spear in her attribute, the stag. Of this class is the
left, and a hound running before her. (En- diana feux of Gallienus (in first brass), the
graved in Vaillant, i. 199). —
Laphria was a accompanying type of which, as the annexed cut
name given to Diana, in consequence of La- serves to shew, typifies the goddess in her sport-
phrius, a Phoenician, having erected a statue to
her honour in Calydon (.Etolia). With the
name of this city is associated the legend of the
wild boar, which was sent by Diana to ravage
the surrounding district, and which Meleager
killed, giving the head to Atalauta, of whom he
—
was enamoured. With the Patrenses she was
an object of supreme adoratiou. According to
Pausanias, when jEtolia was laid waste by Au-
gustus, her image was removed from Calydon,
aud placed in a shrine at Patraj.
DIANA LUCIFERA. Diana the hringer of
light . — On first and second brass of Faustina,
and on gold of Julia Domna, bearing this legend ing dress, with bow' in left hand, and right hand
of reverse, the image of the goddess stands, raised to head, as hating just discharged an ar-
holding transversely, with both hands, a lighted row. She is attended by a small stag.
torch. Engraved in Spanhciin’s Casars of On denarii of Augustus, the hunting Diana
Julian, p. 45. |
also appears. — See sicil.
 26 DICTATOR. DICTATOR
The reverse of a brass medallion of Anto- functionary, were the purple robe, the
curulc
ninus exhibits the goddess in this character, and j

phair, caparisoned horses, and 20 lictors,

i

bear-
at the same time, with quiver on shoulder be- ing the fasces with axes. The decision of
;
peace
hind her a tree; before her a hind or stag.
is and war resided with him; and the fortunes and
Engraved in Nouv. Gal. Mythol. pi. 48, No. 10. lives of soldiers, citizens, and
magistrates were
On another brass medallion of the same em- alike subject to his absolute government.
Dur-
peror, Diana Venatrix, leaving the bath, stands ing the dictature, the authority of all
the other
already re-clothed with a short tunic, and is magistrates ceased, except that of the tribunes
covering herself with other drapery. Act .Ton, of the plebs nor was any appeal allowed from
already metamorphosed into a stag, is in front the sentence, or judgment, of the dictator,
until
of her, and a dog is rushing upon the indiscreet u. c. 303 451), when the lex Duillia was
(b. c.
hunter. —
Engraved in NouveUe Gat. Mythol. passed, which provided that, thenceforward, no
pi. xlix. No. 4, p. 143. magistrate should be appoiuted, without his
On a second brass, struck by the Roman public acts being open to be appealed against
colony of Corinth, the goddess stands with a before the people. This office so potent, so dig-
bow in her extended left hand, whilst the right nified, inthe earlier periods of the republic,
is raised in the attitude of drawing an arrow became at length odious to the Romans, from
from her quiver. At her side is a stag. En-
graved in Vaillant, ii .—Corinth, Geta.
— the despotic usurpations of Sulla, and of
Julius
Caesar; the former to glut the cruelty of
his
DIAXAE VICTRICI. To Diana the Vic- personal vengeance ; and the latter to
compass
torious . — Diana standing with bow and arrow. the schemes of his own boundless ambition.
This legend, which first occurs on silver of Tre- W hen Caesar, therefore, not dariug to assume
bonianus Callus, is also seen on coins (gold as the titles of Rex, and Dominus, accepted
well as silver) of Aemilianus. —
“ It is probable of Imperator (seep. 155), he
that
was not long in
(says Eckhcl), that in the common calamities of becoming Dictator; and in a short time after-
those times, it was out of respect to Apollo that wards Perpetual Dictator. That is to say, he
his sister was joined with him. Otherwise, it received the dictature v. c. 705 (b. c.
49), M.
would appear (from a coiu of Trebonianus, de- -Emilias Lcpidus (afterwards the triumvir)
be-
dicated APOLA'm! COXSERVATorij, that iu ing pretor at the time, convened the people,
and
the celebration of the secular games, for the procured that all-superseding power for Cesar,
safety of the empire, the principal houours were then absent from Rome, but who, quicklv ar-
j

customarily paid to Apollo and Diana.” vii. 372. riving there, entered upon the office aud’ hav-
—
!

;
DIC. Dictator. I)IC. III. Dictator for the ing accomplished his object in taking
it, laid
third time. down the name of dictator, retaining, however,
DICT. ITER«»). Dictator for the second I not au atom less than all the authority of ouc.
time. —
DIC. QVART. for the fourth time. From that period we read on a chronological
DICT. l’ERP. Dictator Perpetuus. Per- — j

series of his coins— caes. dic. next Die. iter

petual Dictator. then me. TF.R.— But why Dictator Tertium ?—
DICTATOR. A magistrate extraordinary, “ Without doubt
(says Schlcgcl, ad Morell.) he
appointed by the Romans only under circum- j

was named for the third time by the consul

stances of alleged public and pressing necessity. Lcpidus, u.c. 709 (b. c. 45), after he had
|
en-
IJc was originally called Magister Popu/i, and tered Rome in triumph, as conqueror from
also Pr/rtor Maximus ; afterwards Dictator, be- Africa. Iu like manner we read me. qvaiit.
cause (Dictus) named by the consul for the Dictator Qiuirhtm, because for the fourth time
time, or because the people implicitly obeyed his that office was offered to him, about
710 (b. c.
commands. The first Dictator created at Rome |

44), in which year he entered the city from

was T. Lartius Flavus, in the year d. c 253 Mount Albauo, with the houours of au ovation.
(b. c. 501). lie, being then one of the consuls, And it was during the same fourth dictatorship,
was nominated to this office, under an cxpccta- that Cicsar obtained from the Senate the
j
|
right
tion of war with the Sabines and Latins. The iu perpetuity of wearing the laurel
: crown, nc-
consuls, at that time of emergency, being found cording to Appianus and Dion ; the latter of
unable to make levies among the plebeians, who
'I

whom thus pursues the subject —

" In this year,
:

had refused to enlist without a remission of their Oie fourth dictatorship fijuarta dicta/ uraj
i
was
debts by the patricians, the Senate elected this decreed to him, not merely for so long as
I
the
officer, whom they invested with absolute and j
state of public affairs required, but for the
term
unbounded authority. The dictaturc was for a of his natural life, to govern aud administer
time confined to the patricians, but the ple- |

with dictatorial power.” Thus on gold and

beians were afterwards admitted to share in it. silver coins, struck by his moneyers, L. Buca,
The dictator remained in power for six months, and C. Maridiauus, we find him called me!
after which he was again elected, if the state of
J

PE If PET VO CAESAR, and DICT. IN PKKPETVO

affairsseemed desperate otherwise he generally
;
caksar, on others, iuct. in perpktvvm. See
resigned before the nllottcd period hail expired. Mintages of Cicsar, pp. 155, 156, aud 157 of
The dictatorship was on n pnr with even this dictionary.
regal dignity, and armed with more tlinn regal And this oltiec the Great Julius held to the
power, yet, unlike royalty, it was not held in day of his death after w hich Mark Antony, as
;

hatred by the people. Amongst the insignia consul, obtained the passing of a law, which
which distinguished this supreme ami unusual expressly and permanently abolished both the
 DECIM1A. — DIDIA. DIDIA. 327
name ami functions powerful, but at
of this caused an allusiou to be made to the circum-
length, to the public liberties, fatally dangerous, stance on this coin, which represents a centurion
magistracy. inflicting corporal punishment on an undisci-
—
DECIMIA. A plebeian family, of which ;
plined soldier. — Among modern Archaeologists
only the following denarius of eminence, P. Cavedoni, concurring with the
there
Obv.
is

— Galeatcd head of Rome, to the right

:

;
I

!
the above explanation, says
—
“ It is clear, that
behind X.
it Rev. — FLAWS. Diar.a with the
j
in the type of this medal, it is the centurion
crescent moon on her head, driving a biga at I
who punishes a soldier with the vine twig divided
full speed ;
below bom a. j
into two twists, or lashes. In fact, the array
“This coin (says Kiccio, p. 79), has for a long having been re-organised by Didius, and brought
time been ascribed to the Flavia family but the ; |
again under the regulations of true military sub-
learned Borghesi has assigned it to the Decimia ordination and exactitude, he attacked the euemy,
gens, and properly to Cains Deeimius Flavus, defeated them, and obtained for his victory the
j

pretor in L’. c. 570 (b. c. 184), coeval with P. t

houours of a triumph. Perhaps he caused these
Cornelius Silla, who was in the magistracy, a denarii to be minted, and distributed as dona-
little after the government of Sillanus. Modern tives, that should remind the Roman army, that

lovers of antiquity have concurred iu opinion the foe was to he beaten only hy the observance
|

with
Mionnet
Borghesi.” — [Neither by Morel nor by
among Roman
of perfect discipline, and by threats of punish-
ment carried into effect against unbridled and
is this name included the
families]. refractory soldiers.If in that cpocha, and under
DIDIA gens, of the plebeian order. Three — those circumstances, this coin was struck, its
varieties in silver, rare. —
The following denarius date is to be carried back to the 640th year of
has givcu rise to a controversy amongst the Rome (b. c. 114), the year in which Didius
learned, which, as E<-khcl observes, “ is of long triumphed for his successes over the Scordisci.”
standing, and, as it seems, continues undecided.” Le Monele delle Faniiglie di Roma, p. 80.
1 Obv. —
Head of Rome, to the right, below Another and a much rarer denarius of the
2.
x, behind boma. Rev. T. DEIDI. —
A soldier Didia family has on the obverse p. FONTElVS
with a spear (or sword) is feebly contending CAPITO. mviR. concokdia ; with the veiled
against another military man, who has a sword head of Concord. Whilst the reverse is in-
girded to his right side, but is brandishing a scribed t. didi. imp. vil. pvb. the type exhi-
whip, or vine switch, upraised iu his right hand. biting a grand portico formed of two tiers of
Each is armed with a buckler on the left arm. columns.

[This silver coin was, according to Eckhel,

restored by Trajan, and is of the highest degree Of the Y 1 1 .la VXB/ica alluded to in the above
of rarity]. legend, Varro explains the use, by comparing it
Some writers have supposed that the inflic- with the Villa Reatina (so called from Reate, a
tion of military punishment, or at least the very ancient town of the Sabines, now Rieti).
castigation ofsome deserter from his post iu the “The former (viz. the publica) was the place
day of battle, is meant to be indicated in the into which the citizens went from [the tield (b
above type. Others treat it only as a combat campoj the latter that into which were put
between two men, whose offensive weapons, how- horses and asses (of which latter animal Rcate
ever, are very different from each other. In the was lamous for a valuable breed). The villa
latter case, he of the flagellum has evidently the publica w as moreover useful for purposes of pub-
advantage over him of the hasta. lic business as a [dace where the cohorts might
;

ltiecio, in his remarks on the Didia gens, says take up their quarters, when called together by
(p. 80)
—
“ Most antiquaries join iu attributing the consul, where the show of arms was made;
this coin to Titus Didius, son of Titus, and also where the censors might admit the people
nephew of Spreuius, who having been scut as to by the census.
citizenship Another use
pretor into lllyrium, in the year of Rome 640 for these villa publica, erected extra urbem,
(b. c. 114), fouud the affairs of that Roman was to receive such ambassadors from hostile
province iu a most perilous state for the Thra- ;
states as it was not deemed expedient to in-
and a ferocious people called Scordieei, troduce into the city. This
cians,
had put the consul Porcius Cato to flight. On Livy (lxxxiii. c. 9)
— ‘The is referred to
Macedonians
by
were
investigating the causes of this disaster, Didius conducted out of the city to the villa publica,
discovered that the army had conducted itself where accommodation and provisions were
in a base and cowardly manner, and no longer afforded them.’ ” —
Eckhel, v. 201.
sustained the rigor of military discipline with The reason of this type of the portico being
becoming endurance or obedience. IV ishing struck is “ Perhaps (says Kiccio,
uncertain.
therefore to correct such great disorders, he p. 80), on the occasion of some civic office held
 328 DIDIA CLARA. Dll.
by Diilius
caused to be
subsequent to 660
built,
(b.
or restored, the above
C. 94), he Dii In <hyet es. —
These were the heroes whose
men- rare merit had raised them, after death,
in pagan
tioned edifice, lie is called on this numismatic credence to the rank of gods, and who were
monument IMPerator, a
which he obtained
title regarded as the patron deities of their country.
after his mission into Northern Spain, which See dii patrii.
ascends to that epocha, and in which he defeated
the Ccltiberians, and received triumphal ho-
Dii Genitafes. (Sec dis oenitai.ibus). The
same, according to some, as the Indigetes or,
—
nours on that account.” ;

according to others, they were those who were

Sallust,
quoted by Gcllins (l. 11, c. 27), thus believed to be the parents and proercators of all
alludes to Titus DIDIbj IMP era tor " Magna things, both animate and inanimate.
gloria tribunus militum in Uispania T. Didio
To these
deities of universal production Ausouius
imperatore.” —
lie [Scrtorinsj gained great cre- (in Perioclue, l. iv.) :
alludes

dit as military tribune, T. Didius being general Juppiter in terracum Pis Geni/atibus una
in chief.
Concilium cogit superum de rebus Achivis.
Dii Marini. Sea Deities.
dinate to the Consentes and Selecti.
—These were subor-
Some were
represented under the figure of old men with
white beards, in allusion to the froth of the sea;
others as young men, and as females,
but ter-
minaitng in the form of a
NEREID, &c.
fish. —See triton,

Dii Ntipliales. Plutarch counts three of

DIDIA CLARA, daughter of the Emperor these, viz. Juno, Diana (or Lucina),
Didius Julianus, and of Manlia Scantilla. and Venus.
She Vows were made to these nuptial goddesses to
is described to have been the most
beautiful of propitiate their favours, in rendering marriages
the young women of her age; in which case
her medallic portraits, especially those in brass,
happy. — See dis conjugalibus.
—
do her no justice. She was boru about the year Dii Penates. Household gods. These divi-
nities were brought to Rome from
—
of Rome 906 (a. d. 153). Married to Corne- Lanuvium,
and were also worshipped in Sicily. They arc
lius Repcutinus, who was appointed Prcfcctus
seen with their heads jugated, on coins of
Urbis, in the room of Flavins Sulpiciauus, she Roman
was, at the accession of her father, named Au-
families. —
Sec penates.
gusta, together with her mother, by the Senate
Dii Semones or Semi Dii. —
Half gods and half
men. These were a class of divinities to whom,
and was deprived of both title and rank alter
says Lipsius, the heavens were not given
Julian’s death. Coins were struck as a record for a
dwelling-place, because they were not found
of the high but short-lived honours conferred
upon her. They are all of the highest rarity. — sufficiently
too much
deserving of it, and who were yet
the objects of veneration to be left on
A gold specimen, of the usual module, brought
earth amongst the number of mortals.
£13 5s. at the Thomas sale. Silver (see the — |

ot these demi-gods, however, nrc

Some
found to have
above cut), autique but plated, brought £5 7s.
j
inhabited the earth, and to have differed from
6d. at the same sale. Mionnet values a solid
silver specimen at 210 fr.— First brass, £2
mankind only in their being immortal. Sec —
the hotnas sale. — On the obverse of each she at I

Dioscuri (Castor and Pollux) also see Her- —

st \
I

led didia clara avg.— 1 lie reverse has for

is
j —
cules AESCULAPIUS, &C.
legend iiilak. temp. (IlUaritas TemporuniJ Dii Superi and Dii Inferi.— The gods of the
A woman standing, holds a
palm branch, &c. I
celestial differed
from those of the infernal re-
DII. Divinities. (See Di.cs).— The Romans, I
I
gions, iu the number
of their altars, aud iu the
generally speaki.ig, reckoned two classes of the manner of The Consentes and
their sacrifices.
|

gods, the dii majorum gentium, or dii consent. Selecti above named, belonged to the celestial
and the dii miuorum gentium, or dii selecti.
s, j

deities or Dii Superi —

Pluto and Proscrpiue were
The names and typifieations of the following Inferi, inhabiting the shades, aud regarded as
appear on Roman coins : implacable ; death being as “a necessary end”
—
Dd Consentes These formed the council of imposed on all men.
the gods, and especially of Jupiter, under whose I
Dii Cast odes, the preservers— amongst whom
supremacy, i/itusi erant consentientes. the goddess Fortuna was a particular object of
They
were also called celestial aud great divinities.
— j
ancicut worship. —
See dis custodibus.
l hey were twelve in number, 1 here was a kind of solemn flattery
comprised iu the '
amongst
following distich of Ennius : the Roman people, whereby they assigned to

Juno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus. the emperors and their wives the figures and
Mars titles peculiar to the deities whom they
Merc u ri us, Jovis, Ncptunus, Vuleanus, Apollo. ’ wor-
shipped. Hence on coins nnd other monu-
Dii Selecti. — These
were eight in number, ments, relating to Augustus, Antoninus Pius,
associated with the Consentes, aud classed
with ( ommodus, and others, it is common to sec
the great divinities. They were also railed Po- such inscriptions as the following: apol-
pulares, and their respective names were Janus
Saturn us, Cybele, Rhea, Pluto, Sol (or Apollo),
I.INI AVGVSTO — IOVI
AVGVSTO IIERCVLI RO- —
Liber Pater (or Bacchus), Luua.
MANO AVGVSTO— UIBCVLI COMMODIANO. In —
like manner, iovivs diocletianvs. in the case
 DIOCLETIAN. DIOCLETIAN. 329
of Diocletian and hf.rcvltvs maximianvs,
; Numerianus. In 28
he was declared Augustus’
1
in that of Maximianus. —
On coins of the im- at Chalcedon, by the army of the East, after
perial scries we also frequently see the words the assassination of Numerianus; and he slew
ivno, or ceres, or venvs avgvsta, with the with his own hand Arrius Aper, prefect of the
dress and attributes of those goddesses, but with pretorians, who had taken part in the murder of
the respective effigies of the Augusta themselves. that good young prince, which happened the
DII NVTR1TORES. —Jupiter standing, holds following year. In possession of the purple, lie
in his left hand the and with
hasta, right ex- his immediately created Maximianus Cresar and
a Victory to the emperor. — For an
;

tended offers towards the close of the year, set out for the
engraving of this reverse see saloninvs. East. [Here commences the celebrated sera of
Respecting the above legend, which appears on Diocletian, also called the cera of Martyrs].
silver and small brass coins of Saloninus Ca'sar, The same year he prepared to wage war against
son of Gallienus and of Salonina, the follcwing Carinus. 285, Diocletian was consul for
remarks are made by Eckhel .
— We sec Deos
a. d.
the second time same year he gave battle to
;

Genitales, in Crispina, Auspices, in S. Severus; Carinus, near Widdin, in Bulgaria (Viminaeium,

Patrios, in Caracalla and Geta. But until this in Upper Msesia). At the first encounter, Dio-
time (a. d. 253 to 259), of Saloninus, we meet cletian had the worst of it; but Carinus having
with no mention of dii nvtritores (the fos- been killed by his own people, Diocletian gained
tering, rearing, educating gods). Libanus calls a victory, thus become easy, and found himself
them Seouj Kovporpotpovs Tristan makes out
.
— sole master of the Roman world. In 280 of —
the figure standing opposite Jupiter to be in- our sera, being at Nicomedia, in Bythinia, lie
tended for Gallienus himself, and affirms that proclaimed as Augustus, and associated with
tlie latter, together with Jove, is the god and himself in the empire, Maximianus, afterwards
bringer up ( nutritor of his son. This I believe surnamed Herculius, to whom he assigned the
to be the meaning, because the epigraph pro- government of the Western provinces, reserving
claims more deities than one, and therefore for himself the administration of affairs in the
would not be correct, unless it had also em- East. The new Augustus entered actively upon
braced within the scope of its meaning the other his duties, by proceeding into Gaul, and sup-
tigure. There is no doubt of this being the true pressing an insurrection raised there by /Elianus
interpretation for from the head of the figure
; —
and Amandus. Diocletian served the consulate
joining hands with Jupiter, being crowned with for the third time, 287. Maximianus defeated
laurel, which Saloninus never wore so long as he the Germans, who had invaded Gaul, and drove
was Caesar, it clearly must be the Emperor them back beyond the Danube (288).
Gallienus.” D. N. Vet. vii. p. 421.
DII or DI PATRI. — This epigraph, with the
type of Hercules and Bacchus standing, each
with their respective attributes, appears on a
rare gold coin of Caracalla (engraved in Caylus,
No. 740), and on second brass of Geta.
The Dii Patrii were the gods of a man’s an-
cestors, family, and country. They presided
over the pious affections of parents towards their
children, and of children towards their parents.
“ Dii Patrii serrate donmm, servate uepotem,”
as Virgil expresses it. — Eckhel (vii. 205-220),
observes, that the same deities, standing thus
together, on coins of S. Severus, are called DU
avspices but in Caracalla and Geta they are After vain efforts made against Carausius,
;
who
designated as dii patrii ; whence it is evident, had proclaimed himself Emperor in Britain, the
that the two princes professed this worship (of two Augusti gave up that island to the success-
Hercules and Bacchus) hereditarily from their ful usurper. In 290, Diocletian served his
father.” —
See the same type engraved in dis fourth consulship. In 291, he regulated affairs
AVSPICIBVS. in those provinces of the empire which he had
DIOCLETIANUS ( Cuius Valerianus), at first retained to himself. In addition to the old
named Dtocles, a native of Dioclea, in Dalmatia, dangers of barbarian incursions, new perils had
the town from which he ‘took his surname.
Born a. d 254, of an obscure family, that cir-
begun to manifest themselves namely, in the —
East, on the part of the Persians in Africa, ;
cumstance did not, when he had obtained the on the part of the Mauritanians, called Qu.in-
empire, deter him from pretending to have de- quegentani in Egypt, from a pretender to the
scended from Claudius Gothicus. He had be- purple named Acliilleus Diocletian, therefore,
:

come an able general, and commanded the le- being at Nicomedia, March 1 a. d. 292, de- ,
gions in Maisia, under Probus. Having risen clared Csesars Constantius Chlorus and Galerius
to the highest military dignities, he followed Maximianus, and decided that he, Diocletianus
Carus, in that emperor’s Persian campaign, a.d. Jovius, should govern the East, and that his
283 aud was made consul stiffectus the same
; colleague Maximianus Herculius should govern
year. After the death of Carus, he was of the Italy, Africa, and the Isles, whilst Thrace and
number of those who attached themselves to Illyria were assigned to Galerius, and the Gallic
2 U
330 DIOCLETIAN, DIOCLETIAN.
provinces, with Britain, Spain, anil
together violence. He
left it strong and compact, at
Mauritania, to Constantins Chlorus. In 293, peace within, and triumphant abroad, stretching
Diocletian was consul for the fifth time, and the from the Tigris to the Nile, from the shores of
following year served his sixth consulate. Holland to the Euxinc.” —
But these great qua-
Carausius assassinated, a. d. 296, and Allectns lities of a wise and usually discreet prince, were
slain, the province of Britain returned under obscured by great defects, and tarnished by
the yoke of the emperors. In 297, Diocletian enormous wickedness. From the rank of a pri-
sent Galerius against Narses, King of the Per- vate soldier, arrived at the summit of worldly
sians, who was at first victorious, but the war dignity, Diocletian, either following the bent of
ended triumphantly for Galerius. The seventh his own injustice and inhumauity, or yielding
and eighth consulates of Diocletian took place with equal culpability to the influence of his
in 298 and 303. At the commencement of the colleagues, after atwenty years reign of glory,
latter year, the instigation of
at Galerius, and only two years bcfoi e his abdication, com-
Diocletian ordered at Nicoincdia a persecution mitted himself to the promulgation of decrees
against the Christians. Soon afterwards he de- against the Christians, which loug continued to
parted for Rome, where he and Maximiauus Ilcr- arm the hands of the blood-thirsty against the
culius jointly enjoyed the honours of a triumph lives of the innocent, and have associated his
for victories over the enemy gained since their memory ignomiuiously with all the atrocities of
accession to the empire. 304, Diocletian,
a. d. a most cruel persecution.
consul for the ninth time, returned to Nicome
dia, disordered in body and wretched in mind.
MINTAGES OF DIOCLETIANUS.
In 305, advised or compelled by Galerius Maxi- On his coins Diocletian is stvled IMP. CAIVS
rnian, Diocletian, enfeebled perhaps by sickness, VALER1VS DIOCLETIAN VS P. F. AVG.—
and tired of power and its increasing anxieties, Also Dow in us Nosier DIOCLETIAXVS P. F.
abdicated the government, at Nicomedia. The SENtor AVG. — Theemperor are
silver of this
same day, following his senior colleague’s ex- rare ; the brass (second and
the gold very rare ;

ample, -Maximianus Herculius laid down the third) common, except some medallions, which
purple at Milan. Galerius and Constantius arc very rare. —
Diocletiau was suruamed Jovius,
Chlorus were declared Auyusti Severus and as his colleague Maximiau was called Jlercu-
Maximinus Daza, Ciesars. Diocletian retired as lius; either on account of a peculiar worship,
a private individual to Salona, in Dalmatia, the in which Diocletian invoked Jupiter, and Maxi-
province in which he was born. lie retained miau the powerful Hercules, against the poor
the title of Augustus, and the honours attached defenceless Christians ; or because it was meant
to that title. But, solely to distinguish him to be expressed that Diocletian by his wisdom
from the emperors in actual government, he was in council, and Maximian by his valour in the
thenceforward called on coins Bealissimus, or field, had preserved the state.
Felicissiwus senior Augustus . — Diocletian died The following are amongst the rarest reverses
a. d. 313, during the reign of Constantine the in each metal :

Great. He had been married, but his wife’s Gold Medallions. The two Emperors,
name remains unknown whoever she was, he
; crowned by Victory, stauding in a car drawn by
had by her a daughter, Galeria Valeria, the wife four elephants. (Valued by Mionnct at 600 fr.)
of Galerius Maximianus. Olv . —
Busts of Diocletian aud Maximian hold-
As emperor, Diocletian exhibited in his ad- ing the castle. Rev. tovi r.T hercvlio. — io- —
ministrative capacity the skill and courage of a cletian and Maximian standing, are in the act of
great commander, combined with abilities of performing sacrifice above them, on a small plat-
;

the highest order for civil government. Intro- form, stand Jupiter and Hercules. The obverse —
ducing as he did a most comprehensive and im- presents the laurcated heads of the two empe-
portant change in the political system of the rors facing each other. — This beautiful coin is
empire, his object was evidently not so much to engraved in Mionnct (ii. p. 141), by whom it
gratify his own love of imperial splendour, as i- valm >1 at ISO fr.
to “ hedge round” his person, and the persons Silver Medallions. — With laurcated head
of his associates and successors in power, with and cuirosscd bust of Diocletian on one side, and
a barrier of superstitious as well as of real pro- the laurcated head of Maximian ou the other.
tection against insurrectionary violence and pre- —
Gold. comitatvs avgo. patis victrici- —
torian treachery. But his plans, however well bvs. —virtvs illyrici. (Valued by Miounct nt
concerted, and energetically carried into effect, 150 fr. each). adventvs avgvstorvm. (200
being founded on the necessity of pressing emer- fr.) —concordiae avgo. n. n. primis x. mvl- —
gencies, scarcely remained in effective operation tis xx. providentia avg. Pretorinn camp.
during his own life-time,and at his death fell — VOTIS ROMANOUVU. XX. DIOCLETIANI AVG. —
to pieces amidst the sanguinary struggles of (80 fr. each). iovi fvlgeratoki. Jupiter
— £2
J

rivalEmperors and Ciesars. Still, to his states- striking a Titan. (£2 2s. Borrcll 12s. 6d.
manlike sagacity and military talent, the events Trattle). consvlprocos. The Em-
yi. p. p.
of his reign pay this tribute, as expressed in the peror holding globe and parazonium. (Au ex-
language of a living biographer [Smith's Dic- tremely tine spccimeu brought £14 14s. at the
tionary, i. 1’014] :
—
“ He found the empire Borrell sale). romae aeternae. (£4 4s. at
weak and shattered, threatened with immediate the Campana sale).
dissolution from iutcstinc discord and external
l

Silver. — victoria avg. Prctorian camp.

 DIOSCURI. DIOSCURI. 331

(80 fr.) — Obv. — DIOCLETianvs avg. Lanrented at a moment when, on account of the distance
head of Diocletian. Rev . VIRTVS MIUTVM. of that city from the scene of slaughter, no ouc
Four soldiers sacrificing before the gate of the could as yet have become acquainted with the
pretorian cam]) (as in the cut subjoined) : event. It is also related that, during the action,
two young men, mounted on two white horses,
were seen fighting valiantly for the Romans.
This legend is alluded to in the type of a con-
sular denarius. — See postumia gens.
It also forms the subject of one of the most
spirit-stirring poems in Mr. Macaulay’s “Lays
of Ancient Rome,” under the title of “ the Bat-
tle of the Lake Regillus, as sung at the Feast

Brass Medallions. —
Diocletian and Maxi-
of Castor aud Pollux, on the ides of Quintilis,

mian. Busts facing each other. Rev Tlie . — in the year of the city ccccli.” (b. c. 303).
— This characteristic tradition of supernatural
two Emperors in a triumphal car drawn by four
powers crowning with victory the arms of the
elephants; behind is a Victory crowning them;
yet young republic, is, by the author’s genius
eight pretorian soldiers accompany them carry-
and his conversance with classic lore, filled to
ing palms. —
[This medallion is finely engraved
in Iconographie des Empereurs, par M. Leuor-
overflowing with warlike incident, and with pa-
triotic animation. After proclaiming to a great
mant], moneta iovi et hbrcvli avgg. The
throng of people,
goddess Moneta standing between Jupiter and
Hercules. —
[The obverse of this medallion has
for its legend imp. c. c. val. diocletianvs
This day by lake Regillus,
Under the Porcian height,
All in the lands of Tusculum,
avg. aud for its type the Emperor laureated,
Was fought a glorious fight,
and richly cuirassed, carrying a barbed javelin
on his shoulder. For an accurate engraving of the two strange horsemen, recognised by their
this fine bust, from a specimen in the highest pointed caps, and the stars above them, as the
“ Great Twin Brethren, to whom the Dorians
state of preservation, see the head of our bio-
graphical notice. An
engraving of the reverse pray,”
will be found under the head of moneta, &c. When they drew nigh to Vesta,
They vaulted down amain,
Miouuct values the above at 120 fr. another ;
And wash’d their horses in the well
with the same reverse, but with the heads of
That springs by Vesta’s fane.
both emperors on the obverse, he values at 200 And straight again they mounted,
fr.] iovi conservatori avg. Jupiter in a And rode to Vesta’s door,
six columned temple. hercvlio maximiano Then like a blast, away they past,
avg. rom. (150 fr. each). providentia And no man saw them more. (p. 137.)
—
deor(vm) qvies avg. vota rvBLiCA. Scrapis.
(120 fr. each).
Second Brass. — conservatores avgg.
Jupiter and Hercules; with the heads, face to
face, of Diocletian and Maximian on the ob-
verse. (Mionnet, 50 fr.)

DIOSCURI. —A name which signifies sons

of Jupiter, aud which was given in common to
Castor and Pollux, who were also sometimes On a denarius of the Sulpicia gens, struck in
called Tyndarides, because their mother, Leda, memovy of l. servivs rvfvs (son of Servius
was the wife of Tyndarus, King of Sparta. Sulpicius Rufus, a friend of Cicero’s), the Dios-
There were festivals iu their honour, celebrated curi are represented as two naked men, galeated,
by the people of Corcvra (Corfu), and chiefly by standing together, front faced, armed with spears,
the Lacedeinouians. —
In Rome, their festival was which they hold transversely, as iu the above
celebrated on the 28th of January (Ovid, Fasti, engraving. On another denarius, they stand
i. 705), on which day Tiberius consecrated to holding their spears, with a horse on each side
them a temple, near the locus Juturna. Ac- — of them, and a star over each of their heads.
cording to Morel (Tam. Rom.) the worship of See memmia gens.
the Dioscuri, as divinities, had its origin at The Dioscuri most frequently appear, on
Rome, from the victory which the consul Postu- family coins, as horsemen gallopping, with
mius gained, near the Lake Rcgillus, over the couched lances, and stars above their pilei .

Latins and the sous of Turquinius Superbus (n.c. See Atilia (p. 93); Horatia (p. 316); Cordia,
493 or 496.) conjoined heads of twin brothers (p. 280) ; the
It was said that, after that engagement, the same in Fouteia Servilia (on horseback, pro-
;

Dioscuri appeared iu the forum of Rome, weav- ceeding in opposite directions), aud many other
ing conical bounets, over each of which was a consular denarii.
star. They stood resting upon their lances, be- In the imperial series, this type (which was
side their horses, which were drinking at a meant to denote brotherly concord), is of rare
fouutain. These twin heroes disappeared as soon occurrence. On a brass medallion of M. Aure-
as they had announced the uews of the battle, lius, and a second brass of Geta, oue of the
2 U 2
 332 DIS ADSPICIBUS. DIS CONJl'GALIBUS.
Dioscuri, holding a spear, stauds beside his his patrons,Bacchus and Hercules, whom an-
horse. —
See castor (p. 190). cient traditionshad designated as the first cou-
On a brass medallion of Maxeutius (valued querors of that region. The same divinities, on
by Mionnet at 100 fr.) they stand each with the coins of his sons Caracallaand Gcta, arc called
pileus on his head, and the pallium hanging be- dii patrii. (Sec p. 329).
hind his back, holding his spear with one hand DIS CONIVGALIBVS. — A round altar, or-
and his horse’s bridle with the other. There is namented with a festoon, aud —On gold
lighted.
a second brass of the same reign and type, the of Crispins.
legend being on both aeterxitas avg. n. Mionnet appears to have been the first to
Dioscurorum stellte . —
The stars placed over describe this remarkable aud extremely rare
the caps of Leda’s sons, have, on ancient coins, aureus ; and he has given an engraving of it in
-
a symbolical reference to maritime cities his Rarete des Medailles Romanies ( r. i. p.
(Wilde, num. set. 50), and also to the constel- 267). The legend of reverse occurs only in
lation of Castor and Pollux those twin stars
; this instance throughout the imperial scries.
(Gemini) serving as a guide to mariners. Tacitus alludes to deities presiding over the state
(Ilorat. Ep. ii. 1-5). —
See Pilei: also Stella. of marriage (hos conjugates deos arbitrantur).
DIRIB1TOR (so called a diribendo, to dis- And it may be presumed that they were iden-
tribute), an officer who, at the Roman elections, tified with the Dii Nuptiales (see p. 328), to
marshalled the tribes into their several classes, whom vows were made to propitiate their favour
and distributed the tablets (tabelUe) among the towards the matrimonial relations of their vota-
people when they voted. Such a functionary of ries. That the beautiful Crispins, “ more sin-
the republic is represented on a family denarius ned against than sinning,” as the wife of Coin-
inscribed P. nerva, the type of which also ex- modus, was, before that profligate tyrant divorced
hibits the inclosure of the Comitia See silia . — her, a worshipper of one at least of the nup-
gens; also cloacin 220). (p. tial tutelarics, is shewn by her adoption of
DIS AYSPICI B«i TR ibunicia Votestale II. vex vs, and vex vs felix, on the reverses of
CO«S«f II. Pater Patria Two male figures
. — her coins. It is no less evident, that she had
stand together undraped. The one is that of dedicated an altar to the dii conjugates, as well
Hercules, with the spoils of the Neimean lion as,in broader terms, to the dii genilales, in the
hanging on his left arm, and his right hand hope that her union in wedlock to the emperor
resting on the club. The other is that of Bac- might be blessed with fecundity. Mionnet
chus, who holds the cantharus in his right hand, values this coin at 300 fr.
and rests his left on the thyrsus a panther sits DIS CVSTODIBVS. A woman standing,
at his feet. —
On gold, silver, and brass of S. with the helm of a ship in her right hand, and
Severus, struck about a. d. 194. a cornucopia; in her left. —
On silver and first
brass of Pertinax. —
The latter engraved from
in Dr. King’s plates, and in Spanheuu’s Ciesars
of Julian, p. 91.
This reverse presents the figure of Fortuna ;
and as there were many different forms of wor-
ship paid by the Romans to Fortune, and under
various appellations of that deity, which are
copiously detailed by Plutarch (de Fort. Rom.)
so on this coin they are all indicated under the
title of dii custodes (the guardiuu gods), to
whom, on his accession to the empire, Pertinax
here commends his safety. (D. N. V. voL vii.
141). IVith the aucicuts, Fortune had the chief
The title of DU
Auspices (the gods-protcc- place amongst those genii, who watched over
tors), was given to the deities in general, and and preserved mankind. The Fortuna aurea, or
to each of them in particular, thus indicating golden image of Fortune, was worshipped in the
acknowledgment of their special protection and ;
bed-chamber of the emperor ; and, together with
sacrificeswere offered to them accordingly. the empire itself, was handed down to his suc-
This legcud and type “ serve (says Eckhcl, vii. cessor.
171) completely to prove what Dion states, that —
DIS GENITALIBUS. A square altar, on
Severus caused a grand temple to be built in which appears a flame. —
Silver of Crispiua.
honour of Bacchus and Hercules, and they also Engraved in Yaillant, Num. Priest, ii. 192.
shew the peculiar name by which those deities From this imperial denarius it would seem,
were called by that emperor and whose respec- that the empress hud dedicated an altar to the
tive images frequently occur on his coins. dii genilales, cither for having had children, or
The author of Lefons Numismatiques Ro - that she might obtain fertility from them, or
waines, describes as in his collection a very rare that she might commend the child, with which
brass medallion, having on the obverse L. sep- she was preguant, to their care and protection.
timivs severvs pertinax a vo. imp. iii. with “ Genitalis (says Eckhel, vii. 139), or in the
the laurelled bust of Severus. The emperor, he neuter gender, genitale, is that which possesses,
remarks, in carrying the war into
the East or imparts, the faculty of generating.”
against Pcsceunius Niger, affected to choose for DIS GEMTOKI —
BYS. Cybtlc standing be-
 DISCIPLINA. DIVA. 333
fore a tripod;
on the other side of which is a the regulations then introduced remained to his
small figure seated on a globe. —
On a rare first own day, as au integral part of Roman military
—
brass of Pertiuax. discipline. —
Victor, too, says (in Epit.) “ lie
This good old man who, at thecommencc- reduced the offices of state, of the household,
ment of his brief reign, a. D. 193, had com- and also of the army, to the form in which they
mended himself to his guardian deities (dis cvs- remain to the present day, with the exception
todibvs), now dedicates a coin, dis genitoki- of a few alterations made by Constantine.”
nvs, that is, to the generative or creative divi- See Eckliel, vi. 503.
nities, from whom
he selects one for his type, Among the inscriptions found on the Hue of
viz. C’vbele, the most ancient of them, com- Hadrian’s wall, in Britain, is one reading dis-
monly called mater dftvm, the mother of the CIPVLINAE avg. (sic.), which Mr. Roach Smith,
gods. “The youth (Eckhcl slyly observes), comparing with coins, considers to refer to Ha-
standing by her side, will no doubt be of the drian. Collect. Antiq. vol. ii. p. 175.
number of those, in relation to whom she had —
DIVA. With this title a deceased Augusta,
acquired the title of Genetrix.” (vii. 141.) or Empress, was distinguished ou Roman coins,
DISCIPLINA AYG. S. C. The discipline after the ceremony of consecration. On medals
of the Emperor. —
On a first brass (and also ou struck iu memory of Empresses, or ladies of
gold) of Hadrian, whom the type represents the imperial family, received into the rank of
marching, bare-headed, with his military cloak female deities (inter divas retata), the back
drawn round him, and a baton, or a volumen, part of the head is found covered with a drapery,
held in his left hand, followed by the pretorian as tlio’ in token of divinity. —
See Consecralio.
prefect, and by three soldiers, bearing a legionary —
DIVA AUGUSTA. A woman dressed in the
eagle and two military ensigns. —
On other coins stola or long robe, holding a patera aud hasta.
(see Yaillaut) the legend is discipvlina avg. The above appears on gold, silver, and brass of
Galba, who was greatly indebted to Livia, the
wife of Augustus on which account he held her
;

memory in gratitude, and caused her image to

be struck on his coius. The gold is engraved
in Caylus, No. 115.
DIVA FAUSTINA and DIVA AUGUSTA
FA l STINA. — After the death of Faustina sen.
in the third year of her husband’s reign, Anto-
ninus Pins caused several coins, in each metal,
to be struck, on which, by the title diva, which
precedes her name, the ceremony of her apo-
theosis is more or less directly recalled to mind.
In the same spirit of flattery this princess was
Although Hadriau carried on no wars in per- successively compared to almost all the god-
son, and was desirous of peace rather than of desses, and typified on coins accordingly. See —
war, yet he exercised his troops as though hos- FAUSTINA ANTONINI.
tilities were immediately impeuding. For the DIVA FAUSTINA PIA. — Head of Faustina
proper explanation of this reverse, reference junior, who death, was, in
after her spite of
should be had to Spartiauus (Hadrian, eh. 10), her great aud notorious immoralities, mourned
—
who says “ This prince trained the soldier as for, and placed in the rank of divinities, by
regularly as[if on actual service, with lessons of Marcus Aurelius, her husband, whilst coins
patience, accustoming him to the food of were struck in gold, silver, and bronze, which
the camp, in the open air, that is to say, cheese, offer various new types of consecration. See —
bacon, and weak sour wine, in imitation of the SIDERIBUS RECEPTA, &C.
practice of yEmilianus, Metcllus, and his own DIVAE MATIDIAE SOCRUI. S. C .—To
model, Trajan rewarding many with money,
;
the divine Matidia, mother in law [of the Em-
and some with honours, to enable them to bear peror Hadrian]. —
A temple in which is a sedeut
the more willingly his rigorous commands in- ;
female figure, clothed in the stola, aud having
deed, he restored the discipline, which through on each side of it a female figure, standing on a
carelessness of preceding emperors had become pedestal. From each flank of the temple an
relaxed from the time of Cicsar Octavius elegant portico of two tiers extends itself to the
Encouraging, by the example of his own ener- front. —
On the obverse, imp. Caesar traian.
gies, the conduct of others, he used to march HADRIANVS AVG. P. M. TR. P. COS. III. A lau-
twenty miles [a day] on foot, in full armour reated head of Hadrian. —
Engraved, as a brass
banished from the camp all such luxuries as the medallion, iu Cabinet of Vienna, pi. 21, p. 5.
triclinia , the porticoes, the cloisters, and the Eekhel makes the following observations re-
arbours frequently wore the commonest attire,
;
lative to this remarkable coin, on which both
a sword-belt unadorned with gold ; removed Baldini (in his Roman edition of Yaillant’s
everything of an enervating tendency, and re- Impp. iii. 118), and Froelich (in the work above
formed the arms and baggage of the soldiers, referred to), have pronounced a verdict of
&c.” —Dion also speaks in the same strain (Lxix. i

I genuine •.

k 9), adding, that all the soldiers were so tho- “ Conspicuous from its large size ; for not
roughly drilled aud instructed by Hadrian, that only does it exceed the dimensions of first brass
 334 DIVI CAESARIS. DIVI M. PII.
coins, but it is also
thicker than usual; this The legitimacy of the last was long in question,
medal has been transferred from the museum of although Enncry had bought a whole collection
the Carthusians at Rome to Vienna. Its ob- to secure it ; but my friend Mr. Hawkins, in
verse appears to be free from all suspicion of whose charge it is, informed me that the erudite
fraud; but the workmanship of the reverse is Steinbiichel of 1 ienna, after repeated examina-
not equally pure. The reader will pardon me, tions, pronounced it to be a genuine medal.”
if I am severe in my judgment of coins, on Descr. Cal. p. 74.
whose acknowledged genuineness the truth of For an engraving of that interesting gold coin
history is made to depend. If this coin be really which represents the empress on one side, and
genuine, we may be certain, that Matidia died on the other her deified.son, sitting naked on a
and was consecrated during the reign of Hadrian, globe, in the midst of seven stars, see domitia.
a fact which is rendered doubtful by other cir- DIVI F. Divi Filins. —
Son of the divine
cumstances. I cannot imagine what blindness
can have induced Casaubon to represent Mar-
[Julius.] —Augustus was thus named, having
been adopted by Ciesar as his son, and consti-
ciana, instead of Matidia, as the mother-in-law tuted his heir bv will.
of Hadrian.” vi. 472. DIVI M. PII. F. P. M. TR. P. 111. COS. II.
DIVI CAES. MATER. S. C.— A veiled
female, stands with hasta pura in left hand, and
P. P. S. C. — The emperor, with laurelled head,
and in th o. paludamentum, stauding with a small
patera in right baud, sacrificing at a lighted
altar. Obv. —
domitia avg. caes. dtvi. f. do-
\ ictory in his right hand, and a spear in the
left, is crowned by a military figure, holding a
ji itian avg. Head of Domitian. On second — club in the left hand. — On first aud second brass
brass of Domitia, engraved in llavercamp’s of Sept. Severus.
Cabinet de Christine, tab. liv.
DIVI CAESAR/.? MATRI. S. C.— A female
seated, her right hand extended towards a child,
standing at her knees, her left hand holding the
hasta. On brass of Domitia.
first The obverse —
is inscribed domitiae avg. imp. caes. divi f.
domitian avg. and exhibits a striking portrait
of the empress, with an elaborately dressed che-
vehire. An engraving
of it is given in Aker-
man, forming the vignette to title-page.
vol. i.

On both the above coins we find the legends

styling the wife of Domitian the mother of the I The occasion, which these coins serve to com-
divine Gesar. The child typified on the" large !
memorate, has already been briefly noticed under
brass specimen, standing near the sedent figure, the head of Adoption self assumed (p. 8). The
is clothed in the gown called jtrtetexla, and is I legend of reverse above quoted confirms nearly
supposed to represent that anonymous son whom :

all the augustal historians in recording not only

the empress bore to Domitian in his second con- that Severus, at the commencement of his reign,
j

sulate, but who died in his infancy, and was promised to emulate in his future government
afterwards apotheosised. This coin was minted the example of Marcus Aurelius
i

but also that;

to commemorate his birth ;

1

a circumstance the same bold ambitious man otfered himself to

which accounts for Domitia’s beiug styled divi adoption by that renowned emperor, who had
—
CAESARIS MATER. Eckhel, in placing it with
j

hecn dead fifteen years

—
1

others struck under Domitian, says This coin On (his extraordinary circumstance, which
is “ rarissimus, si modo cerla: fidei.” Mionnet occurred in the year of Rome 948 (a. I). 195),
and Akcrman unqualifiedly recognise its authen- Dion, his contemporary, remarks “ But he in-
—
ticity. spired us (the Senators) with the greatest terror,
Capt. Smyth, R. N. in describing a well-con- when he called himself the son of Marcus
ditioned specimen of this rare coin, in his own [DIVI Jtlarci PII F/Yius] and the brother of
cabinet of large brass, says
—
“ I cannot entirely j
,

Coinmodus.” (lxxv. j 7). And Spartian states,

omit my doubts as to its being really genuine. that he was desirous of being numbered among
As Eckhel says, it has not the look of antiquity, I the family of Marcus, (ch. 10). Victor tells us
a vexatious pativinity interferes with its appa- that Commodus was reckoned among the gods
rent purity of legend, edge, and other usual tests, by Severus, and called his brother. And thus,
and recals to mind the fraudulent brothers, who I
by this absurd species of adoption, he traced
headed the fa/sarii of the sixteenth century.
It is unquestionably a fine and correct likeness
— j
his descent through an uninterrupted scries to
Ncrva, as is testified by numerous marbles, more
[

of the empress, but from the objection advanced, explicit than coins.
it was knocked down for only five guineas at This conduct of Severus, observes Eckhel
Mr. Henderson’s sale, in 1830. It is singular (vii. 173-174), appeared to the ancients them-
(adds our distinguished antiquary), that the selves most ludicrous, as it was natural it
head-dress of this specimen and that of Vail- should indeed, Dion informs ns of a witty ex-
;

lant’s arc identical, while those in the cabinet pression of a certain Aspax (or Aspaces), a sar-
of Queen Christina and the British Museum castic individual, whose racy speeches were theu
have the hair braided round the head; the in every one’s mouth, and who, on hearing that
legends and reverses being alike in all the four. Severus had enrolled himself of the family of
 DIVI NE11VA. D1UM. — DIVO. 335
Marcus, thus addressed him “ I congratulate
— continues the mint of Trajan, and recommends
you, O Ca;sar, on having found a lather as the consecration of Nerva and of Plotina.”
though he had till then been without a father, Engraved in Caylus gold of the French cabi-
;

so obscure and unknown was his parentage, net, No. 277.

(lxxvi. 9). This proceeding, however, in the DIVI T T I 1 or at full leugth FI LI
F. A
case of Sevcrus, was no evidence of folly or (daughter of the divine Titus). —
This appears on
madness, from which he was perfectly free, but gold and silver of ivlia avgvsta, the handsome
rather of the qualities for which he was remark- but unworthy daughter of the conqueror of
able acuteness and tact.
: For, by this false Judsea. They were struck after her father’s
assumption of an illustrious genealogy, he ren- death, and when she was incestuously connected
dered himself particularly acceptable to the sol- with Domitian. — See ivlia titi.
diersand to the uneducated classes of the people DIMS PARENTIBVS. The heads face to
and it was from this circumstance that he ac- and Plotina, each surmounted by
face of Trajan
quired the power of conferring upon his son a star. —
On gold of Hadrian. Engraved iu —
Bassianus (Caracalla) the name of Antoninus, Akerman, i. plate vi. No. 5.
and by its prestige making object ofhim an Hadrian obtained the ceremony of deification
universal veneration. may
be said that Seve-
It not only for Trajan but also for Plotina. Grate-
rus was, in this act, guilty of falsehood. He ful towards both the father and the mother by
was so ; but with him it was unusual to refrain whom he had been adopted, and resolved to
from any thing which furthered his interests. hand down the record of the event to posterity,
Similar motives were professed by Alexander the he caused their effigies, with the astral tokens
when desirous of being called the sou of
Great,
Ammon: — “Would that (said he), the Indians
of consecration, to be represented on one of his
coins, accompanied by the inscription Divis
also could believe me to be a god ! For the Durentibus. (To his parent deities). Vaillant, —
success of war depends on reputation ;
and fre- Dr. ii. p. 242.
quently has a false belief .answered all the pur- The above coin is further elucidated by a
pose of the real truth.” (Curt. viii. ch. 8). marble, which Donati has cited on the authority
And in the same terms does be excuse himself of Maffei, viz. divo nervae traiano et di-
iu Luciau (Dial. mort. 14). Nero furnishes a VAE PLOTINAE, &C. IMP. UADRIANVS, &C. PA-
still older example of the ambition of a noble RENTIBVS — (Eckhel).
svis.
genealogy, iu preferring to be considered as a DIUM now Standia,
(Macedoniic) colonia, in
scion of the Julian family, though belonging European Turkey. — A maritime of Mace- city
by adoption to the Claudian. donia, situate between the mouths of the rivers
[Eckhel describes this historical coin from a Ilaliacmon (the Mauro) and Bapbyrus (the Mau-
specimen of it in the imperial cabinet at Vienna. ronero), on the shores of the Thermajus Sinus
Neither Mionuet, nor Akerman, includes it in (Gulf of Salonica), iu the Pierian region, ac-
his respective catalogue. — The preceding cut is cording to Ptolemy, beyond it, according to
engraved after a cast from a specimen for- Strabo. It was made a colony by Julius Cicsar,
merly belonging to an Italian collection], and replenished afterwards by settlers under
DIVI NERVA ET TRAIANVS PATER. Augustus ; consequently the titles assumed on
A laureated head of Nerva, and a bare head of its coins arc COL ouia WLia iWiCutsta D1EN-
Trajanus Pater, facing each other. SIS, or COL. DIENSIS, or COL. CLA udia
This reverse appears on a rare gold coin of —
DIVM. The mintages of this city are imperial
Trajan who, in order to manifest his piety
; Latin, in small and middle brass; and were
towards his relations, placed by consecration his struck under the following emperors :

own father, and his parent by adoption, in the Tiberius, Nero (col. cla. divm), Domitianus,
rank of deities “ and to preserve the memory
; Trajanus, Hadrianus, Antoninus Pius, Faustina
of this double apotheosis (adds Vaillant), he junior, Scptimius Scverus, Caracalla, Geta, Ma-
consigned the event to the perpetuation, which criuus, Elagabalus, Soemias Elagabali Mater,
medals, more durable than written history, were Scverus Alexander, Maximinus, Maximus, Gor-
calculated to ensure it.” Engraved in Pem- dianus Pius, Philippus senior, Philippus junior,
broke, x. 1C, tig. 12; also iu Caylus, No. 276. .Emilianus, Gallienus, Salonina. See Mionuet, —
— See TRAIANVS PATER. Supp/t. t. iii. p. 61.
DIVI NERVA P. ET PLOTINA IMPmi- The types indicative of the deities worshipped
torisTRAIANi. Heads of the Emperor Nerva, by the colonists of Dium, are
and Plotina, the wife of Trajan, face to face. Jupiter, Minerva, Neptune, yEsculapius, and
This gold coin was struck iu the time of Cupid, in honour of which last-named god, the
Hadrian, although its obverse bears the head of Dicnsians erected a temple, celebrated festivals,
Trajan for Plotina survived her husband’s reign,
; and, according to both Pausanias and Plutarch,
and could not, therefore, until after his and her instituted splendid games, called Thespienses
own decease, have the appellation of diva pre- Erotidia, that is to say, sacred to Love, which
fixed to her name. —
See Morcll. Specimen rei took place every five years. —
On a very rare
Kumar. lib. 5, p. —
58. Vaillant, in noticing the second brass, Decreto Decurionum of Colonia
above singularly elegant and rare coin (Dr. Julia Diensis, dedicated to Alexander Severus,
p. 119), says
—
“This aureus, struck by
ii.

Ha- a winged Cupid stands within a temple of two

drian, is auothcr exemplification of a grateful columns. — See Vaillant (in Col.) ii. p. 120.
mind cherished towards parents for ;
he here DIVO. — On most of those Roman coins which
336 DIVO AUGUSTO. lHVO CONSTANTINO.
were struck to attest the ceremony of placing imitation (as will be seen ou reference to the
an emperor, or some member of his family, preceding notice), of the same monetal houour
after death, amongst the gods, it was usual to paid by Tiberius to Augustus. The only material
omit those multiplied ami various names and points in which the two examples differ from
titles which such personages, when living, were each other is, that the statue of the deified Ves-
accustomed to have inscribed on their coins. pasian is bare-headed instead of radiated, and
—
Hence we read divo avgvsto divo antonino holds a small figure of Victory instead of an
pio — —
divo alexandro on the respective con- olive branch. Also that one of the four ele-
secration medals of Augustus, Antoninus Pius, phant-drivers has a staff, aud another holds out
Alexander Scverus, &c. minted after their death. a wreath. In workmanship and relief it is far
DIVO AVGVSTO. S. P. Q. R. (To the superior to Augustus’s consecration medal.
divine Augustus, the Senate, and the Roman DIVO VVG. T 1)1 \ I. \ ESP. F. \ B8PA
People). —The image of Augustus, clothed, the SIAN. (To the divine Augustus, Titus Vespa-
head radiated, holding a branch of olive in his sian, son of the divine Vespasian). S. C. The —
extended right hand, aud resting his left on a statue of Titus, with bare head, sits clothed in
sceptre, is seated on a four-wheeled ear of honour, the toga, on a curulc chair, surrounded by war-
drawn by four elephants, each of which has a like spoils won from the enemy, holding a
conductor sitting on its hack. On the reverse branch in his right and a scroll in his left hand.
we read tj. CAESAn divi avg. f. avgvst. p. m. On the reverse of a large brass, struck by
tr. p. xxxvii. (Tiberius Caesar, son of the order of the Senate, after the death of Titus, in
divine Augustus, sovereign pontiff [invested] for honour of that emperor’s memory, a. u. c. 834
the 37th time with the Tribunitian power). (a. d. 81). The Flavian amphitheatre forms the
In the field of the coiu the initials s. c. (by de- type on the other side. —
Engraved in llavcr-
cree of the Senate). eamp, Cabinet de Christine, pi. vii. p. 41.
This type aud accompanying legends appear The type of reverse is nhnost an exact copy of
on a large brass, which, struck towards the that on a large brass of Nero Claudius Drusus,
close of Tiberius’s reign (a. d. 35), alludes to son of Tiberius. —
Sec drusus junior.
some display of funereal pomp, in houour of DIVO COM MODO.— Head of Commodus,
the memoryof Augustus, which the policy of with radiated crown. Her. —
An eagle, or (on
his immediate successor induced him frequently others) an altar, with the fire kindled. On one —
to renew. That Augustus was thus honoured of the coins in billon, restored by Gallicnus.
after his death is a fact particularised by Sue- See Akcrmati, ii. 33.
j

tonius, who, in the Life of Claudius, eh. xi. Respecting the title Dims, as applied to Coin-
says
—“ He decreed divine honours to Li via, his
\

modus, Eckhcl makes the following instructive

grandmother; aud ordered that, on the grand observations :

days of the Circus, her statue should be borne, I

“ This monster, disgraced by every vice, was
like that of Augustus, on a car drawn by ele- nevertheless enrolled by Scverus among the
phants.” Dion also makes mention of the ele- —
immortal gods. Lampridius, who records the
phants, which drew the car of Augustus. circumstance (in Comm. c. 17), is of opinion
that Scverus took this step through motives
of hostility to the Senate and in this view
;

Spartian coincides, where he states (c. 11) that

Scverus, in order to gratify his feelings of re-
venge towards the Senate, determined to con-
secrate Commodus, aud was the first to bestow
upon him the title of Dices Commodus, iu the
hearing of the soldiers, after the defeat of Al-
bums, notifying the fact in the letter he ad-
dressed to the Senate announcing his victory.
Another reason for this consecration may have
been the ambition of Scverus to be regarded as
the son of Marcus, and the brother of Com-
j
modus. And thus, in bestowing divine honours
DIVO AUGnifo VESPonatto, S. P. Q. R. upon his brother, he appeared to be actuated by
A quadriga of elephants, with their rectores, affectionate feelings, aud so procured a more
as in the coin above described, drawing the ready credence for the impression he wished to
statue of Vespasian on a car. —
The legend of re- produce amongst the people at large, so univer-
verse is IM l* era tor Titus CAESnr DIVI VES- sally under the influence of superstition. It
Yasiani Yilius AVG tutus P. M. TRP. P. P. should, however, be remarked, that hitherto no
—
COS. VIII. Large brass. (S. P. Q. R. equi- coin has been discovered which bears nllnsion to
valent to S. C. as a mark of Senatorial autho- the consecratiou of Commodus, struck iu the
rity). Engraved from a specimen in the liritish reign of Scverus. All that we possess, nre of
Museum. that class, which were struck at a later period
This type represents one striking feature of in memory of emperors who had been conse-
the pompous ceremonies attendant upon the apo- crated." (vii. p. 132).
theosis of Vespasian. It was minted by order DIVO CONSTANTINO. —The — head
veiled
of his son Titus, between a. n. 79 and 80, in of Constantine the Great. Rev. aeterna
 DIVUS CONSTANTIN US. DIVUS. 337
1*1 etas. A military figure, wearing helmet ami its height is 50 Roman feet. Aud no less re-
puludamentum, stands with spear in the right markable is its pedestal of solid Parian marble,

hand ; in his left is a globe, on which is fixed all the sides of which are 12 feet in breadth,
the monogram of Christ’s name. On third — and 1 and on one of which is in-
1 in heighth,
brass, Bandori, ii. p. 267. scribed DIVO ANTONINO AVQ. PIO. ANTONIN VS
DV. CON STANTIN VS, &c. (Dirus Con - avgvstvs et veuvs avgvstvs filii on an- ;

stantinus). Veiled head of Constantine. Rev. other side is a beautiful work in relief, repre-
Without legend. The emperor, with a star over senting Antoninus Pius and Faustina carried
his head, in a quadriga, carried upwards ; a hand aloft by a winged genius, whilst beneath arc
stretched forth from above to receive him. seen in a sitting posture a figure of Rome, in
Below, s. m. n. t. Fourth brass. Cat. Mas. the usual garb, and of Eternity, clasping an
Cces. Num. Vet. ii. 479. —
Engraved iu Banduri, obelisk wfith her left arm. The other two sides
ii. 219. exhibit equestrian processions (decursiones) such
“ That Constantine received the honours of as usually formed part of the ceremonial at great
consecration, we from Eutro-
learn expressly funerals.
pius and coins as plainly teach us that he w as
;
r
DIVO PIO AVG. — First brass of Caligula.
called nivvs (divine). It is most probable, how- — See Sacrijicia.
ever, that this posthumous distinction was be- DIVOS instead of DIVVS. — This substitution,
stowed, with accompanying ceremonies differing made uo other known reason than that the
for
from those in which hitherto we sec emperors letters V and O were in the earlier ages of Rome
translated to the skies, and in a way not re- frequently used the one for the other, is exem-
pugnant the laws of Christianity.
to Indeed, plified on marbles and on coins ex. gr. ivi.ios,
there arc coins still extant, as above, which iu AEGYPTOS, VOLTEIA, VOLCANO, CONSOLES, HER-
reference to this subject, exhibit nothing which COLI, for Julius, Aeggptus, Vulteia, Vulcano,
is profane, or which can offend our religion Consu/es, Ilerculi.
(quod nostra possit stoinachari religio).” DIVOS 1VLIVS DIVI YUins. —The heads
[Such are the terms in which the learned Eck- facing each other of Julius Csesar and Augustus,
hel animadverts on the legend “ Divus Coustanti- the one laureated the other bare. —
On gold and
nus.” (See D. N. Vet. viii. 92). —
We here find silver. — Engraved Dr. King’s Plates.
in
him expressing his opinion that there is nothing That this coin was struck after the assassina-
iu these coins —
not even in the appellation of tion of Jidius Cmsar is shewn not only iu the
Divus, as applied to a created being, which can flattery of Dlvvs, but also in his successor and
possibly be offensive to his “ religion.” Now, to adopted son’s appearing with him on the same
our religion, nothing can be more offensive than coin —an union which, at the same time, Augus-
this portentous medley of Christian symbols tus knew* how to turn to his own advantage,
—
and pagan superstitions these titles of poly- aud to conciliate thence to himself greater ho-
theism and false worship conjoined with the nour and authority with the Roman people.
name in monogram of God’s true and only Son. Augustus called himself nivi filivs, because,
But Constantine was, indeed, uo Christian, ex- according to Suetonius, he was testameutarily
cept politically. —
See his coins, soi.i invicto appointed Cfesar’s heir.
comiti, and others. DIVUS, the mark of consecration. This
DIVO. On
most monetal monuments of word Divus given to any one on a coin, indi-
Consecration, that is to say, such as were struck cates that the same was struck after his or her
to record the pagan ceremony of placing a Roman apotheosis. A question has been raised among
Emperor, after death, amongst the gods, it was the learned, whether ther# be any distinction
usual to omit those multiplied and various names between deum and divum. Vaillant for instance
and titles, by which, when living, he was ac- (in Col. i. 45), on the authority of Servius,
customed to be styled, lienee we read simply thus distinguishes between dei and did, viz.
DIVO AVGVSTO, DIVO ANTONINO PIO, DIVO VES- “ Dii dieantur seterni, Divi autein ex hominibus
pasiano, divo alexandko, & c. on the respec- Hunt.” The former are gods from eternity*, but
tive consecration coins of Augustus, Antoninus the latter have been made deities from human
Pius, Vespasian, Alexander Sevcrus, &c. beings. —
On this point Eckhel, also consulting
—
DIVO PIO. A column inclosed by palisades, the old writers, seems to be of opinion, that
on the top of which is placed a statue of the there is no difference in the meaning of the two
emperor, wfith a spear in his left hand. — Oho. names, as used on coins. He observes that the
Dlvvs anton invs. A bare head. On silver, — word divus was always turned by the Greeks
and on first aud second brass of Antoninus Pius. into 0EO2, which certainly is the Dens of the
For an engraving of this reverse see columna, Latins. Thus, where the latter inscribed divvs
p. 235. —
avgvstvs divo caro, &c. the former wrote
The followingthe tenour of Eckhcl’s com-
is 0EO2 2EBA2T02— 0Efl KAPfl, &c. See
ments on the legend and type (vii. 28) -.
465-6.
vol. viii.
This is the famous column of solid marble,
variegated with red spots (or veins), extant in
DI\ VSIV LI VS. A comet. This legend —
and type occur on silver of Augustus, whose
Rome but unfortunately fal-
at the present day, laureated head appears on the obverse of the
len to the ground, and which
is to be seen at coin. —
Sec Stella.
the back of the magnificent senate-house (curia), In his supplement to Vaillant (p. 1), Khell
which derives its name from the Mons Cytorius gives from the Cabinet de France, the engraving
2 X
333 DIVUS AUGUSTUS, DOLPIIIN.
of a gold eoiu having on the obverse the legend plaining that these honours were decreed to
all

mvx iv li, and for type a comet. This also it him by the concurrence of the three orders of
is to be observed, was struck after Caesar's death, the state; the Senate, the Equestrian order, and
by order of Augustus. —
See astiia, p. 92. the Roman People. — Sec consensv, &c. p. 252.
—
DIVUS AUGUSTUS. That Augustus, dur-
ing his life-time, was treated as a deity, is mani-
fest on good authority and Tacitus relates, that
;

he was commonly reproached with this “ Nihil

—
deorum houoribus relictum, cum sc templis, et
effigic numinum per Flamiucs, ct sacerdotes coli
vellet.” Moreover Appianus state* that, after
the defeat of Sextus Pompcy, and the abdica-
tion of Lepidus, “ he was in every town (oppi-
datim) consecrated among the tutelary gods.”
The Pisanian cenotaph, illustrated by Cardinal
Noris, shews that, whilst living, he had, besides
altars and temples, his Jlamen also and priests.
Other marbles and monuments also attest the DIVVS AVGVSTVS PATER. Augustus,
fact that divine honours were paid to the living with radiated head, and in the toga, seated near
—
Augustus take, for example, the coins in- an altar, on which fire is kindled, holds a branch
scribed rosi. et avg. But it is no less true in his extended right baud, and rests his left
that Augustus did not permit those divine ho- —
on the hasta pura. The legend of the ob-
nours to be paid him at Rome, which he al- verse is Tl. CAESAR DIVI AVG. P. AVGVST. P.
lowed the provinces to confer on him. At m. tr. pot. xxim. in the middle S. C. On first —
length, on the death of Augustus, it became brass of Tiberius.
necessary for the Senate to decree to him the Tacitus, amongst the events of the year of
honours of consecration, as that body had al- Rome 775 (a. d. 22), records the following:
ready committed the same insane act in the case “ About the same time, the severe indisposition
of his father Julius, and thus established an of Julia Augnsta (widow of Augustus), rendered
absurd example which found imitators in plenty necessary the immediate return of the emperor
during succeeding ages of the empire. Dion (Tiberius, her son by adoption), to Rome the ;

and Tacitus both atlirm that Augustus was re- good understanding between the mother and son
ceived among the immortal gods, and that fa- being up to this moment undisturbed, or at
milies, and a priesthood with sacred rites, were least their animosity was disguised for it was ;

instituted to his honour. not long before this that, when Julia dedicated
On coins of the Roman mint he is invariably a statue to Divas Augustus, near the theatre of
styled divvs, but on consecration medals, struck Marcellus, she placed the name of Tiberius after
out of Rome, the word devs is used. Thus we her own.” (Tac. Ann. iii. 64).
find on coins of Tarraco (Tarragoua, in Spain), Here (says Eckhel) we find the year of the
dko avgvsto. On an unique coin of Gallienus coin, as expressed by the 24th tribunate, per-
of Roman die, Augustus is called devs. Con- — fectly coinciding with the year assigned by
nected also with the consecration of Augustus Tacitus aud we caunot, therefore, doubt, that
;

were the groves (luci) dedicated to him in the the figure on the coin is intended to represent
provinces, to which allusion is made on
medal a the statue to which Tacitus refers. But there
of Juba II. King of Mauretania, inscribed lvcv. is still stronger testimony to adduce. lu the
avg. That is to say, according to Servitis (a Fasti of Verrius, at the date of the 24th of
commentator on the Mantuan bard) “ Ubicnn-
— April, we find — divo avgvsto patri ad
sig.
que Virgilius lucuui ponit, sequitur ctinm eon- THEATRVM MAR IVLIA AVGVSTA ET Tl. AV-
- - -

secratio.” GVSTVS dedicarvnt. Thus, from the coin,

Numerous coins attest the fact of Augustus's and from Tacitus, we learn the year in which
consecration, struck not only by his successor this dedication took place, and the record in the
Tiberius, but afterwards under many other em- Fasti just quoted, gives the very day of the
perors. — See Eckliel, vi. pp. 124-125. mouth, viz. the 24th of April; in addition to
DIVVS AVG VST VS. S. C. (Head radiated). which, it exhibits the same verbal formula as
— On a middle bra.-s coin, struck after the death the coin, and confirms the statement of Tacitus,
of Augustus, the foregoing legend appears on that Julia had the courage to inscribe the name
the obverse. The legend of the reverse is con- of Tiberius after her own and lastly, it is con-
;

SENSV. SENAT. ET EQ. ORDIN. P. Q. R. The type clusive on the point, that the severe indisposi-
isa statnc of Augustus seated, holding in his tion of Julia could not have shewn itself till
righthand a branch, and in his left a globe. after the dnv in question, (vi. 193-4).

Engraved in the Cabinet de Christine, p. 285, DIVVS PATER TRAIANVS, also DIVVS
tab. xliv. No. 2. TRA1AN. PART II. PATER.— See traianvs
Augustus, already admitted in the provinces PATER.
to the rank of deity, had this last homage puid DOG of rEsciita/niis. — Sec Ui/geia and .£sen-
him at Rome after his death statues were also
; tapins.
raised to him. Such is the subject of this me- DOLPHIN. (Detphinus). —The representa-
dal, the epigraph of which is particular in cx- tion of this fish offers itself on ancient coins in
 DOLPHIN. DOMINUS. 339
more than one fashion ;
sometimes in a quiet legend is continued on the reverse, viz. \~Slpe-
and fixed position, at others in a state of move- rator VII1I. TR. P. COnSul VIII. Below,
ment. The dolphin was cousecrated to Apollo, Senates Consullo. The type Delphinus an- —
who, according to Homer, had transformed him- choras implicitus.
self into one. Hence we see a Delphic tripod [The cast, after which this cut is engraved,
with a dolphin upon it, on a silver com of Vilcl- was purchased of Mr. Doubleday. The impres-
lius, that emperor having, as the inscription sions of both obverse and reverse vouch for the
teaches us, been one of the xv. viri appointed original being in good condition. Aud although
to the care of sacrificial ceremonies. A similar in none of the numismatic books, either by
type appears on a denarius of Titus, hut not old or modern writers, to which the com-
with the same legend. —
See XV. VI It. SACItw piler has access, does this type appear as a
FACiundis. brass coin, yet there seems to be uo reason
The Dolphin was also sacred to Ncptuue, the whatever to doubt the authenticity of the spe-
deity who presided over the sea and atfairs of cimen in question. This not inelegant device
navigation ; hence we find the dolphin in the has, down to our own times, been constantly
hand of that god, on coins of Agrippa, Augus- adopted as a naval emblem and, to say nothing
;

tus, Caligula, Vespasian, Hadrian, and other as to the conformation of the fish, it presents,
Roman Emperors. doubtless, a correct delineation of the Roman
The Dolphin was likewise sacred to Venus. ship -anchor],
On early Roman money the figure of a dol- D. N. Domina Nostra. Our Lady. This —
phin occurs on the triens, the quadrant, and title, thus abbreviated, appears on coins of the
sextans. Thus the dolphin, with four globules Empresses jElia liacilla, Galla Placidia, Ilono-
under it, is a mark of the triens. ria, &c. Spauheim observes, that wives were
The Dolphin, with Cupid on its back, appears called Domina by the Romans.
on coins of the Cordia and Lucretia families D. N. Dominus Noster. A title conferred, —
and, bearing Melicerta, is frequently repeated in the declining ages of the empire, on the Au-
on the colonial mintages of Corinth. gusti aud the Casars. —
The following arc among
The Dolphin and an eagle, with a sceptre the remarks which Eekhel makes on this subject:
between them, form the reverse of a denarius Dominus, a word so repugnant to liberty
of the Terentia gens, struck in honour of Pom- (as it generally implied the authority over
pey the Great, with legend magn. pro. cos. slaves), was not adopted by the first emperors,
lu this instance, the sceptre indicates supreme nor afterwards by those who preferred to rule
power, and undivided command; the fish refer- rather through the affection than the fears of
ring to the sea, and the bird to the land. See — their subjects aud at any rate they did not ap-
;

Eagle. prove of it. Augustus declined it, and, to use

The Dolphin, entwined round an anchor, was the words of Tcrtullian, Though the founder
‘

at one time a symbol of Augustus. —

It is also of the empire, he would not allow himself to be
seen on coins struck by princes of the Flavia styled Dominus; and, indeed, it is an appella-
family, sous of Vespasian. tion applicable only to the deity.’ And, further
In Morell. Thesaur. Lapp. Rom. t. iii. tab. on, he adds, ‘ IIow can he, who is the father
vi. No. 64, there is an engraving of this type, of his country, be also its Lord (Dominus) ?’
from gold of Titus (tb. p. ix. imp. xv. cos. Even 'Tiberius also avoided it, openly declaring,
viii.) also one from silver of the same emperor, ‘
that he was lord (dominus) over the slaves,
and with the same legend of reverse (tab. viii. general (hnperator) of the soldiers, and sove-
No. 84). Moreover, amongst the silver coinage reign (princeps) of the rest of his people:’
of Domitian, engraved iu the same staudard nay, according to Suetonius, he went so far as
work, we find two examples of the dolphin and to address the Senators by that very invidious
anchor (cos. vii. design, viii.) see t. iii. tab. title, which in his own case he refused to accept,
viii. Nos. 36 and 39. The subjoined cut is saying, ‘
I have ever esteemed you, and still do
from a first brass of Domitian, having on its so, as my good, and just, and kiud Lords (Do-
obverse minos).' — Caligula was the first whose arrogant
IMP erator CAESar DIVI VESPaji««i Films ears could endure the appellation dominus, and
DOMITIANkj AVG aslus Font fex Maximus. his example was followed by that rival of his
Laurcated head of Domitian to the right. —
The vices, Domitian. — Victor, whilst satirizing the
character of Diocletian, remarks, 11c was the ‘

first, and Domitian, who allowed

after Caligula
himself to be Dominus.’
called openly This
was the less remarkable in Domitian, as he
wished to be called not only dominus but deus,
of both which appellations Martial furnishes
many instances. By degrees, however, the
offensiveness of this titlebecame softened from
use and familiarity, so that by the time of Ti.
Claudius it was regarded merely as a term
of courtesy. —
Seneca says, You have called ‘

him friend, just in the same way a3 we call all

candidates good men, or as we salute persous
2X2
340 DOMITIA GENS. DOMIT1A GEN'S.
whom we meet, should we not remember their £22 1 Os. at the The above cut
Pembroke
sale. —
names, as Domini.’ —
It is not surprising that is after afrom a beautiful specimen in the
cast
Trajan himself should have permitted Pliny British Museum. The head on the obverse is
to address him constantly in his epistles as evidently a portraiture, and Visconti at once
Dominus. ascribes it to Cneus Domitius Ahcuobarbus].
Antoninus Pius was the firsj to whom the 2. AHENOBAR. A bare head, slightly
title of Dominus was applied on coins hut it ;
bearded. Rev. —
c. N. domitivs imp. Prow of
—
was Greece and Asia conquered Greece and a ship on which is a trophy. [This silver coin, —
captured Asia —
which furnished the instances, as valued by Mionnet at 40 fr. brought 19s. at the
usual, of extreme adulation. The word Knpios Brumell sale].
(Lord) is found on a coin of Antioch ad Hip- The cognomen Ahenobarbus was derived to
pum, in Decapolis— thus ATTOKP. KTP. AN- this family from an event said to have occurred
THNEINOC. Shortly afterwards, on coins of to the Consul Lucius Domitius. As the fable
M. Aurelius and his family, struck in Mesopo- goes, it was to him that the Dioscuri announced
tamia, a similar use is made of the word Kopios. the Roman victory at Rcgillus; and in conse-
On coins of the colony of Antioch, in Pisidia, quence of this unexpected encounter with Castor
with the heads of Caracalla and Geta, we read and Pollux, or through the exultation which
vict. DD. nn. And on a coin of Gordiauus the good news excited iu him, the Consul’s beard
Pius, minted in the same colony, appears vie- ;
became red.
toria DOMINI. For a more ample notice of this popular tra-
The foregoing examples, however, belong only dition, together with an explanation of the ship
j

to the foreign coinage. It was the Emperor and trophy type on the former of these two re-
Aurelian who first introduced the title Do min in ]
verses, and of the temple (dedicated to Neptune)
upon coins of Roman die, when he allowed the i —
on the latter both coins being struck in the
following inscription to appear DEO et do- : f
year of Rome 713 (a. d. 41), the reader is re-
m i no nato (on others nostro) avreuano avo. ferred to p. 31 and 32, article ahenobarbus.
(see p. 319 of this dictionary). Next to the Also to Dioscuri, p. 331.
above, in point of time, Diocletianus and Maxi-
[

3. CN. DOMITIVS AHEXOBARBYS IMP.

mianus. received the distinction of d. n. but not Ship’s prow, above which is a star. Obv. ant. — —
until their abdication of the empire (a. d. 305). imp. iiivir. r. p. c. Bare head of Mark Au-
Afterwards, it was conferred more frequently on I
tony, behind it the lituus.
the Ciesars than on the Emperors, though for Cneus Domitius, who minted this coin out of
what reason is uncertain. Lastly, from the Rome, was son of Lucius Domitius, and uephew
the times of the sous of Constantine the Great, of the consul and censor Cncius Domitius, grand-
it became a common prenomen, that of IMIV- father of Nero, nephew on the sister’s side to
rator being gradually abolished. And at length Cato of Utica, and fifth cousin of M. Brutus.
it was
1. rendered so much a matter of course, that Attaching himself at the commencement of the
if any one in the reign of Justinian, had used civilwar to the conspirators’ party, he after-
the word Imperalor instead of Dominus, and of wards became Antony’s naval commander against
Augusta instead of Domina, he would have been Octavian but after the death of the former
;

considered guilty of an insult, or at least of triumvir, he became reconciled to Augustus, and

great ignorance. —
See Doct. Num. Vet. viii. p.
j

in722 (b. c. 32), served the office of consul at

364-5-6. Rome. — See Riccio, p. 82.
DOMITIA —
gens at first plebeian, afterwards [Mionnet values this coin in gold at 200 fr.]
patrician bearing the respective surnames of M. AVRELI. ROMA. Galcatcd head of
4.
—
;

—
Ahenobarbus and Calvinus. U’he gold coins of Rome, with mark of the denarius. Rev. L.
this family are very rare the silver, with a few
;
LIC. CN. DOMiri'wj. Mars, undrnped, stands
exceptions, common. The brass are semi-asses, in a biga going at full speed he brandishes a ,

—
,

and other parts of the as. Among other varie- !

spear in his right hand, and holds a buckler aud
ties of legends and types arc the following : a military lituus on his left arm. Under the
horses is the word scavri. See au engraving —
of the same coin iu cosconia gens, p. 294.
5. Same obverse. Rev CN. uom. below .

roma. Victory iu a biga beneath the horses ;

of which, a gladiator, armed with a spear, is

seen fighting with a lion. See llorell. Fam. —
Rom. plate 1, No. vi.

The Domitius of and the preceding dena-

this
AHENOBARAhj. — head, nearly bald, rius appears to Eekhel uncertain. Older numis-
and with beard closely cropped. Rev. CN. 1

matists ascribe it to Domitius, son of auother

DOMITIYS L F. IMPorator. A temple of Cneus, and nephew of Lucius, grand-father of
four columns, represented iu perspective, near Domitius the censor. It was coined perhaps on
the pediment of which we read NEPT. (Nep- the occasion of his filliug a municipal office,
j

tunus). differentfrom that of moneyer; or rather it

[Mionnet quotes this extremely rare gold coin, might have been minted by some descendant of
from the cabinet of the Duke dc Blaeas, and his, who desired to commemorate the municipal
values it at 600 fr. —
A fine specimen brought honours of his family. Gladiatorial spectacles,
 DOMITIA LONGINA. DOMITIANUS. 341
indeed, and the care of supplying an abundant —
Gold. domitia avg. imp. domitian avg.
annona, belonged to the ediles, and these public germ. Head of the empress. Rev. Concor-
shews aud responsibilities are plainly indi-
cated in the symbols of the last described coin.
dia avgvst. A peacock. —
[A specimen of this
imperial aureus brought £8 15s. at the Devon-
(Riceio, p. 81). shire sale another, £6 6s. at the Pembroke,
—
;

6. OSCA. Head of a bearded man. Rev. aud a third, £J.6 15s. at the Thomas, from
do.w. cos. iteh. imp. with the type of poutilieal the Trattle sale, where it was bought for £14
instruments. 5s. Od. and afterwards another specimen ob-
;

This denarius is considered by Eckhel to be- tained £9

7s. 6d. at the Brumell auction.]
long to Cncus Domitius Calvinus, who served These coins are considered to have been struck
his lirst consulate inthe year u. c. 701 (u. c. on the occasuSn of Domitian becoming “recon-
53), in colleagueship with M. Valerius Messala, ciled” to Domitia, after he had repudiated her
aud was cousul for the second time, with C. ou a charge of adultery, as above mentioned.
Asinius Pollio, in 714 (b. c. 40). lie followed Obv. —
domitia avgvsta imp. DOMIT. Head
Cmsar’s party through various circumstances,
r
of the empress. Rev. — imp. caes. domitianvs
and was the rival and enemy of the above men-
tioned Domitius Aheuobarbus. The present
avg.
men
p. m. Head
of Domitian. —
[A fine speci-
of this the rarest coiu of Domitia, brought
coin was struck at Osca, a city of the Ilergeti, £27 at the Campana sale].
in HispamaTarraconcusis, Calvinus having, after Obv. —domitia avgvsta imp. domit. Head
his second cousidship, triumphed over the re- of the empress. Rev. —
divvs caesar imp.
bellious Ceretaui, of the Pyrenees. domitiani. A child on a globe, surrounded by
Eckhel believes the head to be that of some
native hero of Spain. Cavedoni thinks it meant
seven stars. —
[Mionnet values the gold at 150
fr. and the silver at 50 fr. A specimen of the
for that of Iberus, son of Hercules,reputed latter sold for about £2 at the Devonshire sale].
founder of that nation. The emblems of the These coins record the consecration of that
reverse all allude to the Sovereigu Pontificate. nameless son of Domitia and Domitian, who
was born, as it would appear, a. d. 82, aud
—
who died very young. See the preceding en-
graving, from a specimen in the British Museum
Silver. —
concordia avg. A Peacock.
[Brought £4 18s. at the Devonshire aud £4 3s.
at the Thomas sale], pietas avgvst. Domitia
seated, holds in her left hand the hasta pura,
and extends the right hand towards a young
DOMITIA Longina, daughter of Domitius child standing before her, clothed in the toga.
Corbulo, and wife of the Emperor Domitian, [A specimen brought £3 12s. at the Devonshire
who took her away by force from her first hus- and another obtained £1 15s. at the Thomas
band, L. Lamia Aemilianus, in the year of
Koine 823 (a. d. 70). She bore the tyrant one
sale], —The young child represented on this re-
verse, can be no other than the son of Domitian
son in a. d. 82, whose name is not handed dow n, already alluded to. See pietas aug. for an en-
but who died in his infancy, and was conse- graving of it.
crated, as appears by one of her coins. In 83,
ou account of her adultery with Paris, an actor, Large Brass. — divi caesaris mater. — See
this reverse described in p. 334. It serves, with
Domitian divorced her, put her paramour to
preceding coins, to recal the birth and prema-
death, and thenceforth lived with Julia, his bro-
ther’s daughter. Shortly after, the imperial pro-
ture death of Domitian’s son. — Same legend. A
fligate restored Domitilla to his bed, but continued
woman standing, sacrifices at an altar.

his incestuous intercourse with Julia. At length,

[Mionnet values the above two at 550 fr. each].
iuformed that her own life was in danger from Middle Brass. Same legend. — A veiled
her husband, she encouraged the conspiracy
woman stands holding a patera, and the hasta
which she knew was ou foot against him, and to pura. (Mt. 150 fr.) divi caesaris mater.
which he fell a merited victim in a. d. 96. The empress sacrificing, as in the large brass
She died under the reign of Trajan. specimen. —
Engraved in the Cabinet de Chris-
tine, plate liv. No. 4, p. 345.
The coins of Doinitia are, of| all the Em-
presses, amongst the most rare. On these she is DOMITIANUS (Ttavius), the younger of
styledDOMITIA AVGVSTA—DOMITIA AV- the two sons of Vespasian, by Flavia Domitilla,
ffVSTA Peraloris DO M ITiani (by implica-
I was born at Rome, the 24th of October, in the
tion VXOB)— DOMITIA AVG. IMP. CAES. year u. c. 804 (a. d. 51), when his father was
DIVI F. DOMITIAN* AVG usti (that is vxor). consul designatus, and about entering upon
The following is an account of their estimated office in the following month. This was the
value, aud of the prices at which some of them first consulate of Vespasian, still a private citi-
have been sold :
zen ; and it was a consulatus suffectus, held
—
Silver Medallions. With the laureated during the two last months of the above named
head of Domitian on one side, and her own ou year. Vespasian, having been proclaimed im-
the other. (Valued by Mionnet at 100 fr.) peraior by the legions of the east, Domitian,
venvs avg. (Brought £3 at the Devonshire who was left at Rome, finding himself exposed
sale). to the vengeance of the partizaus of Vitellius,
 342 DOM ITI ANUS, DOM ITI ANUS.
took refuge in the eapitol, with his uucle Sabi- 823 he entered upon the government
(a. d. 70),
n us, at the end of December. And, after that of the city, and discharged its functions in an
building had been besieged and set fire to, even- unprincipled manner, distributing capriciously
tuallymade his escape, disguised as a priest of the public offices ; insomuch as to cause the
Isis,his hiding-place being sought for in every absent Vespasian to express his surprise, that his
i other direction. (Suetonius, chap. i. Tacitus son did not send out some one to supersede him-
llist. iv.) —
Vitcllius haviug been put to death, self. He with Mucianus against the
set out
about the 20th of December, 822 (a. d. 69), and Gcrmani, who were in revolt
Galli, Batavi,
Domitian issued from his retreat, and was hailed but, hearing by the way that success had at-
as Caesar by the army. The choice of the sol- tended the operations of Petilius Cerealis, he
diers was confirmed by the Senate* who, in ad- stopped at Lugduuum (Lyon). Same year, he
dition, decreed to Domitian the pretorship of married Domitia Longina, whom he took away
the city, and the consular dignity. In January, by force from her husband .Emilianus.

—
824 (a. d. 71). This year, consul suffectus, cession to the throne by the introduction of
and afterwards consul desiynatus for the second salutary laws. He restored the Capitol magni-
time, he assisted at the triumph of his father ficently. A son was born to him, respecting
and brother, for the capture of Jerusalem an — whom see domitia.
object of notice on that occasion from being 836 (a. d. 83). — Agricola defeated the Cale-
mounted on a white horse. donians. Uudcr (liatj able,] brave, and active
—
825 (a. I). 72). During this and the six fol- commander, it was theu for the first time ascer-
lowing years, no particulars of Domitiau’s life tained that Britain is entirely surrounded by
are furnished by public records. But coins had water. Domitian undertook
—
begun to be abundant. “ It is very probable dition against the Ca/li (people of Hesse).
this year an expe-

(observes Eckhcl), that suspicions being enter- —

837 (a. d. 84). The war with the Catti was
tained of his revolutionary designs, he now as- put an end to by Domitiau without coming to
sumed a modesty and simplicity of demeanour, blows with the enemy. The title of Qtrmanicu*
and affected especially a passion for literature, appeared for the first time on coins of this year.
in order to conceal the real bent of his mind.” By the valour of Agricola, Britain was for a
Volagascs I. King of Parthia, in 828 (a. d. 75), time reduced to a state of pcacefid subjection.
requesting succours from Vespasian against the —
838 (a. d. S5). Foreign wars, relative to
Alani, and another general from among his sons, which there is no certain information; and at
Domitian used every effort to procure the ap- home atrocious acts of cruelty on the part of
pointment for himself. But Vespasian refused Domitian.
the required aid altogether. 839 (a. d. 86). —The first Capitolinc games
832 (a. d. 79). — His father dying on the 9th were celebrated this year, intended, like the
kalends of July, his elder brother Titus succeeded Olympic, to recur even fifth year. The Dacian
to the empire. Domitian complained, that tho’ war commenced, being set on foot by Dccebalus,
left a share in the sovereignty, the will of his king of that nation, nnd was carried on for
father hail been tampered with. His brother many years with varied success, but with great
endeavoured to console him with the assurance, discredit to the Homan arms.
that he should be not only the sharer of the 841 (a. d. 88). Celebration of the Secular
empire, but should also be his successor. Games. — To this year (though the matter is in
833 (a. d. 80). He unceasingly, both in great uncertainty), Tillcmont refers the revolt
secret and openly, engaged in plots against his of L. Antonins, governor of Upper Germany,
brother, attempting to seduce the army, and who made an attempt to invade the empire.
meditated flight. Titus, all the while, bearing Domitian went out to repel his advance, but
those annoyances with patience and sometimes
; returned on learning that Antonius had becu
with tears entreating his brother to return to defeated and slain by L. Maximus.
terms of affection. 842-843 (a. d. 89 aud 90) There arc no —
—
834 (a. d. 81). This year Domitian was certain records of the events of these two years.
proclaimed emperor, on the death of Titus his —
344 (a. D. 91). Eusebius refers the triumph
brother. over the Dacians to this year, as recorded also by
835 (a. d. 82). — Domitiau signalised his ac- Suetonius, but without a date.
 DOMITIANUS. DOMITIANUS. 343
846 (a. i>. 93). —
probable that the war
It is banquet which he set before the most dignified
with the SannaUc by Domitiau was undertaken personages of Rome, and which Dion lias so
this year,when a whole legion, with its general, minutely described (lxvii. § 9). No wonder, —
was destroyed, as Suetonius states. theu, that the Senate should have shewn then-
—
848 (a. d. 95). Domitiau ordered Flavius satisfaction at his death, by ordering ladders to
Clemens, his cousin-german, and the then con- be immediately brought, and his shields' and
sul, to be put to death for his attachment to busts to be pulled down and scattered on the
the Christian religion, or as it was then termed, ground, his titles erased, and every memorial of
the superstition of the Jews, and this occasion his existence banished from their sight. (Suet,
is treated of by ecclesiastical writers as the ch. 23). This, indeed, is the chief reason why
second persecution of the Church. Procopius asserts, that in his time but oue statue
—
849 (a. n. 9G). On the 18th of September, of this emperor remained though there is reason
;

at the instigation of his wife, whom with other to suspect some egregious falsehood to be mixed
friends he, in his insupportable tyranny, had —
up with his account. The army, how-ever, were
doomed to be slaughtered, Domitian was assas- much incensed at the murder of Domitian, and
sinated by his freedman Stcphauus, in the 45 th instautly endeavoured to procure him the title of
year of his age, after a reign of 15 years and Dims, demanding that the perpetrators of the
sis days. crime should be given up to punishment. (Suet.
The character of this most execrable prince ch. 23). The motive for this display of affec-
is thus ably summed up and commented upon tion on their parts, was his having increased
by the pen of Eckhcl (vi. 391-2) : their pay one fourth the result of which incon-
;

There could not have appeared anything pre- siderate liberality was, that the treasury being
mature in the death of a ruler, who, for so inadequate to meet the additional expense, be
long a space iu the life-time of man, displayed was compelled to reduce the numbers of the
the greatest cruelty towards all worthy men ;
army and the provinces, thus deprived of their
;

appropriated the property of the citizens, as if necessary garrisons, became more open to the
it had been his own and who detested as crimes
;
incursions of barbarian tribes.
the virtues and noble deeds of the illustrious, Domitiau died without any progeny surviving
punishing them as such with death and exile. him. By his wife he had oue son, who died at
His inhuman disposition is thus severely touched nine years of age. —
Sec domitia.
on by Tacitus (in vitd Agricola, ch. 2), whilst
speaking of this reign of oppression and impiety:
MINTAGES OF DOMITIAN.
“ We have, indeed, afforded a notable example “ The medals of this emperor (as Capt. Smyth
of patience and, as the olden times witnessed
; observes), are abundant and cheap, and are
the ne plus ultra of liberty, so have we that of prized according to their preservation, and the
servitude, when the very intercourse of speaking degree of interest attached to their reverses.
and listening has been taken from us by an in- Many of them were struck in the life-time of
quisitorial superintendence. We should have his father.” —
With the exception of medallions
lost our memory too with our voices, had it been in gold, silver, and brass, and some reverses, in
equally within the power of our volition to for- each metal, of the usual size, all are common.
get, as to be silcut.” And this cruelty of dis- On these he is styled IMPerator CAESAR DO-
position was the less endurable from its being MITIANVS G lilt \[(u/icu.s AVG usti Yilitts (viz.
conjoined with incredible arrogance and vanity. the son of Vespasian) Voter Vatria. On a sil-
The same individual, who, on entering upon a ver coin, struck a. d. 69, when Vespasian was
campaign, would suddenly retrace his steps with- reigning, and Titus and Domitian were both
out even seeing his enemy, and who was satis •
only Cicsars, we see the respective bare heads of
tied with such a triumph over the Dacians, that the two brothers facing each other, as in token
he was not ashamed to pay them a yearly tri- of that fraternal concord which the latter never
—
bute could, nevertheless, erect so many arches, sincerely manifested a desire to maintain.
surmounted by quadriga:, and other triumphal Other denarii, for a like purpose, exhibit them
insignia (as even coins testify), that they were both seated on a cnrule chair, holding olive
equalled by no preceding emperor. According to branches, and with the legend TITVS ET DO-
Suetonius, he called the months of September and yilTianus C A ESam
PRINeyxw IVVENfe^w.
October after his own names of Germanicus and (Morell. Impp. Roman, tab. vii. figs. 17 & 18).
Domitianus , because in the one he had succeeded Among the rarest reverses are the following
to the empire, and in the other was born (ch. 13).
He built a temple iu honour of the gens Flavia
Gold Medallions. Obv. imp. caes. do- —
mit. AVG. GEU. p. m. TR. p. vii. Laurelled bust
(his own family), and at length styling himself of the emperor, with amulet (Medusa’s head)
Dominus and Dens, desired those titles to be ap-
plied to him by others and though they never
on the throat. Rev. —
imp. xiiii. cos. xim.
; cens. pp. p. Minerva standing on a ship’s
appear on his coins, they are still to be found prow, holding a spear in the right hand, and a
on the works of pottery, given by Passeri, buckler on the left arm at her feet is an owl.
;

not to mention the flatteries of contemporary —

On the prow e. a. There is nothing rare in the
writers, especially the poets. And this Lord reverse of this medallion, its type being simi-
and God was wont to devote an hour in each day lar to that of the commonest denarius of Do-
to the catching and transfixing of flies!
thing was ever more absurd than the funereal
No- mitian.
gold,
—
[Mionnet values this at 1200 fr. in
and 600 fr. in silver].
344 D0M1T1LLA FLAVIA. DOM ITIUS DOMITI ANUS.
See cut at the head of the foregoing biogra- and consecration coins struck, during the reign
phical notice, engraved after a cast from the
}

of her son Titus. —

“This public deification (re-
original in the Cabinet de France . marks Capt. Smyth, p. 59), though unnoticed
—
Silver Medallions. capit. restit. Jupi- by either Tacitus, Dion, or Suetonius, is re-
ter Capitolinus, seated in a temple, between two corded on gold and silver medals of extreme
standing figures. See an engraving of the coin rarity and we learn from an inscription pre-
;

in p. 170 of this dictionary. princip. ivven- served by Grutcr, the excellent philologist, that
tvt. Emperor on horseback. (Mionnet values an order of priests was instituted for her altars
the above two at 80 fr. each). Sacerdos Diva Domitilla.”
—
Gold. germanicvs cos. xiiii. A German Although l’lavia Domitilla, wife of Vespasian,
captive seated, with broken spear. (Two of this was dead before the accession of her husband to
subject brought £3 16s. at the Devonshire, and the empire, she was not on that accouut deemed
another [cos. xv.] £4 3s. at the Thomas sale). less worthy to be declared Augusta. It is un-
— DOMIT1ANVS AVGVSTVS. Reo. GERMANICVS known whether it was her husband or her son
cos. xiiii. Miuerva. (Pembroke sale, £4 8s.) who caused this posthumous honour to be ren-
— lvd. saec. pec. Salian priest. (Mt. 60 fr.) dered to her. It is the first example of an em-
— DOMITIA AVGVSTA IMP. DOMITI. Head of Do- peror’s wife declared Augusta and Diva, having
mitia. (Mt. 200 fr.) lvd. saec. ff.c. cos. died without having occupied the supreme rank
xiiii. Ou a cippus. (Mt. 60 fr.) princeps of empress.
ivventvtis. Helmet ou a curule chair. (£2 12s. The following arc the coins dedicated to her
Devonshire). Same legend. Goat within a memory by her eldest son ; and on the obverses
crown of laurel. (Mt. 40 fr.) vesta. Temple of which she is styled DIVA DOMITILLA
—
and 3 figures. (48 fr.) Cornucopia, a beautiful AVGVSTA, aud the legend is accompanied by
aureus, with this type of reverse, brought £3 her portrait.
at the Thomas sale.
—
Silver Medallion. — pif.tas avgvsta. A
Silver. concordia avg. Woman seated. woman seated. (Valued by Mionnet at 300 fr.)

(Mt. 25 fr.) DIVVS CAESAR IMP. DOMITIANI F. Gold. Rev. divvs avgvstvs vespasianvs.
Infant on a globe. (Devonshire, £2 10s.) domi- Head of Vespasian. (Valued by Mionnet at 600
tia avgvsta. Head of Domitia. (90 fr.) fr. Brought at the Trattlc sale £29 10s.)
domitianv caes. avg. Bare head of Doini- Silver. Obv. diva domitilla avgvsta.
tian,with the bust cuirassed. iiee.-PACl. avg. Bust of the wife of Vespasian. Rev. fortvna
(Mt. 25 fr.) avgvsta. Fortune standing with her usual at-
Brass Medallions. — s. c. The Emperor, tributes. —
(See the above engraving; it is also
with a river-god at his feet. —
s. c. The Emperor figured in Akerman, i. plate 5, No. 8. —
Mion-
crowned by Victory. (Miounet values these two net values this excessively rare denarius at 125
medallions, which are surrounded with a large fr. A
specimen of it, in extremely fine condi-
circle, at 150 fr. each). tion,brought £20 IDs. Od. at thcTovev sale.)
Large Brass. — lvd.
saec. fec. The Empe- paci avgvstae. The type of l’eace. pietas
ror and several figures. (Mionnet, 40 fr. Sold avg vst. A woman seated to the right, having
for £1 19s. at the Pembroke sale). fides ex- near her a young child, whom she seems to pro-
ercit. Emperor and soldiers sacrificing. (20 fr.) tect. Allusion is doubtless here made to the
— s. c. Flavian Amphitheatre. (60 fr.) s. c. — virtues of Vespasian’s deceased wife. The child
Emperor in a temple, a soldier on each side. is most probably meant for Titus, elder son of
(50 fr.) —
s. c. Two quadriga: of elephants ou Vespasian. [The legend and type of reverse arc
an arch. (24 fr.) —
s. c. Woman in a temple, the same as appear on a denarius of Domitia,
soldier on each side. (80 fr.) the latter obviously borrowed from Domitilla’s
coiu. Mionnet values the Pari aud the Pietas at
125 fr. each.]
DOMITILLAE MEMORIAE.— It is matter
of dispute amongst numismatic antiquaries, whe-
ther a large brass, which, minted by Titus,
bears the foregoing legend aud the type of a
carpentum drawn by two nudes, is to he re-
ferred to Domitilla, the mother of that emperor,
or to his sister, of the same name. As an in-
DOMITILLA (Uluvia), wife of Vespasian, vestigation of the principal arguments, adduced
by whom he had three children, Titus, Domi- 011 both sides of this question, so far from being

tian, and a daughter Domitilla. She was of profitless, is calculated to afford some useful in-
obscure birth, being the daughter of Flavius formation, a summary will be found given of
Libcralis, a questorian scribe. She was origiu- them under the head of memoriae DOMITILLAE.
allv a bond woman, or slave, to Statilius Ga- DOM 111 IS DOM ITT ANUS.— These names
pcila, a Roman eques. Subsequently, however, j
appear only on coins, and arc supposed to be
she was manumitted, and Vespasian married her those of one ol Diocletian’s generals, who dc-
a. D. 40. She as well as her daughter died ;
clarcd himselfemperor at Alexandria, whilst in
before Vespasian became emperor. Aud her command of the imperial legions iu Egypt ; in
name was scarcely known iu Koine until it was w hich year is not known but it is supposed to
;

drawn from oblivion by divine houours paid, have been about the time of Diocletian's abdica-
 DOMIT1 L S DOMIT1AN US. DOMITIUS DOM 1 ANUS. 1 1 345
tion. The subjoiued engraving is from one of Obo.—mVerator CAESAR Lucius DOMI-
the only coins with Latin legends ascribed to TIVS DO MIT I AN VS WGustus. Rust, to the
this usurper; and although uo doubt whatever right, of Domitius Domitianus, laureated. Rev.
exists as to its authenticity, yet the subject it- gknio POPVU ROMANI. The Genius of the
self presents difficulties which are far from being Roman People unclothed, except with the pal-
resolved satisfactorily, by either preceding or lium on his shoulders the face beardless, hold-
;

present numismatists. ing in the right hand a patera , and in the other

a cornucopia. At his feet is an eagle. In the butes the Greek medal to a Domitianus, con-
field r.(mark of the year iii.) On the exergue temporary of Gallienus, and conqueror of the
ale. (for Alexandria). —
This coin, in middle two Macriani, whilst he makes the Latin piece
brass, was considered almost unique in D’En- descend down as far as the epocha of Diocletiau.
nery’s time. —
The above cut is after a cast from This opinion I consider to be unstable at its very
a specimen in the British Museum. foundation. As to the opiuion of numismatists,
Without pretending to unravel a skein of his- who have recognised in the Latin medal the
torical uncertainties, which environs the researches style and workmanship of the .era of Diocle-

and baftlcs the conjectures of learned and inge- tian, it appears to be well warranted ;
and we
nious antiquaries, we may cite the following do not hesitate to regard the personage, whose
passages in reference to this still unsettled ques-
'
portrait it represents, as a contemporary of that

tion of identity and date, from two of the most emperor. The two pieces were minted at Alex-
celebrated of modern uumismatists :
andria. The one belongs to the monetary series
“ Of of that city, which was verging upon its close
Domitius Domitianus (says Mion-
this
the other is a Latin middle brass, but bcar-
nct) the name, career, and fate are equally
iug the same distinction (different) as the great
unknown. But on the reverse of these Latin
gold medal of Diocletian (see leonographie
medals, the exergue presents the letters ale.
Romaine, No. 7, plate lv.) ale, mark of
which shews that they were struck at Alexan-
dria. Now, at the period when Latin coins
the money of Alexandria. — The Greek medal
indicates the second year of this Domitianus
began to be struck in that Greek ones had
city,
the Latin middle brass has in the field a T,
ceased to appear. The latest Greek medals of
which it is by no means rash to consider as
Alexandria, of which we have any knowledge,
a mark of the third year. The pretender, re-
arc Diocletian’s, and bear the date te (15), which
presented on these pieces, is not one of those
answers to the year of Rome 1051 (a. d. 298).
ephemeral usurpers, whose trace can have dis-
The Latin medals of Domit. Domitianus cannot,
appeared from history. Although the texts re-
therefore, be anterior to that epocha. Neither
lative to the reign of Diocletiau be extremely
arc they greatly posterior to that time ;
because
succinct, it would be far too extraordinary that
the type, the workmanship, and the value of
no literary record should have bceu preserved of
these medals unite in proving that they are of
a prince who wore the purple jn Egypt for three,
Diocletian’s age.” (Rurete, & c. ii. 171).
or at least for two, years. These texts, never-
The above piece is not an isolated one. theless, say nothiug of Domitius Domitianus
There exist Greek coins of Alexandria equally but they enter into some details in connection
indubitable, aud which also belong to a Domi- with the usurpation of an Achilleus, who was,
tianus. M. Ch. Lenormant, in his splendid during a sufficiently long time, master of Alex-
work, Iconographie des Empereurs, gives a andria.” (p. 114).
wood-cut of one of these. The following is a The learned and accomplished Author of the
description of it :

work above quoted, then submits to his

DOMITIANOC OEBcurros. (Domitianus readers jvhether it would not be “ possible to
Augustus). Radiated head of Domitiau, turned ascribe to this Achilleus the coins which bear
to the right. the name of Domitius Domitianus?” aud he
Rev. — Serapis, walking to the right, the right
proceeds to employ some ingenious arguments
hand and holding a long sceptre in the
raised,
by analogy drawn from the early empire, and
left. In the field a palm branch, and L. B. backed by references to the events during the
(AvKaSayros Seurepov) the year II. .'E. 4. reign of Diocletian, to shew, that such might
“When we compare (says M. Lenormant), have been the case. At the same time how-
the Latin coin with the Greek one, it is impos- ever he confesses, that to justify his suspicion
sible to doubt but that they both belong to one (souppon) it was needful to have some inscrip-
aud the same personage. Eckhcl, indeed, attri- tion [at present undiscovered] which should

2 Y
 3W DOMNA. DOMNA.
fjive ii> a manner mere complete than coins do, ceeded in dissembling her grief, to secure the
the names of this usurping emperor. good will of her surviving son, who in recom-
i_My esteemed friend, Mr. Matthew Young, pense for this condescension, bestowed upon her
the late eminent medallist, once sent down for abundant honours, and even conferred upon her
my inspection, a specimen of this usurper's Latin
coin, which, as to both legends and types, was
a portion of his imperial authority. Spartianus, —
Eutropius, aud Aurelius Victor, relate an odious
in the most beautifully perfect preservation,
scandal against this celebrated but liceutious
covered with a smooth, dark brown-coloured woman, in reference to Caracalla. It is not
patina; and in every respect accordant with the mentioned, however, by contemporaneous writers;
above cited description of Mionnct; who (be it and, for the honour of womanhood, and espe-
observed), places this second brass in the fourth cially of maternity, it is to be hoped there was
degree of rarity, and he values it at only 15 fr. no truth in the accusation, even though alluded
Mr. Young’s price for his flower
of the die was to in the severe jests of the Alexandrians.
t~. the exact sum which it afterwards brought After the death of Caracalla, she stayed at An-
at the Ikomas sale. —
Mr. Roach Smith informs
me, that oue of these was lately fonud in Ger-
tioch and not being able to reconcile herself
;

to private life, she determined to put an end to

many, with a large number of Diocletian’s and her existence by starvation, overwhelming Ma-
Maximian’s coins. — Note by the compiler.] criuus with reproaches aud maledictions. But
soon laying aside her assumed grief for the death
of Caracalla, she took heart at finding herself
courteously addressed, in the letters of the new
emperor who, however, when he discovered
;

that she had obvious designs on the sovereignty,

ordered her to quit Antioch, aud go whither so-
ever she pleased. Driven to desperation by this
affront, Julia refused all nourishment, ami died
a.d. 217. Her remains were transported to
DOMNA (Julia), second wife of Septimius Rome and deposited, at first, in the tomb of
;

Sevcrus, was the offspring of a plebeian family, Cains and Lucius. Afterwards, her sister Mtcsa
of Emesa, in Syria. Her father was Julius Bas- caused them to be placed, together with the
siauus (a name which was given to Caracalla, bones of Geta, in the mausoleum of Antoninus
and which he bore till Sevcrus made him ex- Pius (according to Dion, Ixxviii. $ 23, 24).
change it for that of Antoninus). Her mother’s The children of Domna were Caracalla and
name was Soemias. YV hat Julia wauted in no- Geta, and some daughters of uo celebrity.
bility of birth was supplied by the planet of her She is suruamed Felix and Domna
the latter
nativity. Her horoscope was of such a kind, is her own
family appellation, and, according to
that she professed a perfect assurance of being, Spanheim, a Syrian word; inscribed with which
at some time or other, the wife of a king. her coins are more prized than when they have
Sevcrus hearing of this circumstance, w hilst yet Pia, a name given to Jidia at Rome, in honour
in a private station, and being addicted himself
to astrology, through a strong ambition of sove-
of Fulvia Pia, the mother of Sevcrus. Her —
numismatic style is IVLIA AVGVSTA (with
reignty, married her after the death of his wife Mater Castrorum or Augustorum often ou the
Marcia. That this event cannot be fixed later
than the year u. c. 928 (a. d. 175), is proved
reverse). Also IVLIA PIA FELIX DOMNA
AVG. Mater Pat rim on the reverse).
(with
by the express assertion of Dion (lxxiv. The brass coins minted in honour of this em-
$ 3),
that Faustina, the wife of Marcus Aurelius, pre- press (except medallions and some others with
pared for this marriage, a nuptial couch, in the the word Domna), are very common ; the gold
temple of Venus, which was situated near the arc rare the silver of usual
; size, for the most
palace. Tor it was in this year thut
Faustina part common.
junior set out for the East, in coiupatiy with The follow ing arc amongst the rarest reverses,
her husband, aud died on the journey. Domna in each metal :

possessed beauty, wit, learning, eloquence. Her Gold Medallion.-yenvs gknetrix. Venus
talents and her ambition were alike remarkable
and notwithstanding her notoriously loose cha-
seated. — (Small size; brought All 5s. at the
Tint tie sale).
racter. and the treasonable attempts of which Gold. — aetebmt. IMPEKI. Busts of Scverus
she was suspected, continued always to be a
favourite with Sevcrus.
aud Caracalla. (Mt. 150 fr.) Same epigraph, —
After his death, Julia with heads of Caracalla and Geta. (£9 its. Ud.
had the grief to see her sons despise her en- Thomas; £11
Prattle, 10s.) DIANA lvciekra
treaties, aud remain enemies. Although treated standing. (£7 7s. Od. at the Thomas sale).
with some degree of deference by her son Cara- eecvnihtas. Female seated, and four children
calln, she was forced to witness’ the murder of
Geta by his own brother, in her very arms, npd
uear n globe. (£11 Thomas). HlLAttlTAS. A —
female, with cornucopia; and palm branch. (£8
to sec herself covered with the blood of one of at the Thomas). —
rVNO hegina. (£7 15s. at
her own sons. Aud, when her lamentations for the Devonshire). laetitia. lvna lvcifera. —
Gelu’s death became too bitter for his liking,
Caracalla nearly went the length of doubling
— mater avg. (Mt. SO fr. each). mater avgo. —
Cybele in quadriga of lions. (£7 15s. at Devon-
hi- crime in her person. After wards, she suc- shire ; £9 at the Thonius). mater DEVM. (£3
 DONA.— DONATIVA. DRACO. 347
10s. at the Thomas; £5 Trattle.) mat. avgg. ring of donatives on the soldiery, or on the
MAT. SEN. M. PATH. (£9 Thomas). MATRI people, is sometimes alluded to on Roman coins,
Castrorvm. The Empress standing, sacrificing as appears from those on which the pretovian
before two military ensigns. Engraved in Mion- guards stand before the imperial tribune.
net (i. 303), who values that, and another with Sometimes cong. is read, with the additiou of
the Empressseated, at 100 fr. each. sever vs il. or some other number (Spanlieim, Pr. ii.
pivs avg. Must of Scverus. (Mt. 100 fr.) p. 533, et seq.) Of all monarchs the Roman
vesta mater. Sacrifice by six females before emperors alone returned their superfluous wealth
a temple. (£5 10s. Trattle; £8 15s. Thomas). to the people a system doubtless founded on
:

vener. victr. Venus resting on a column. the best policy ;

since the usefulness of money
(Highly preserved, obtained £8 at Thomas sale; lies more in giving it circulation, than in lock-
bought at the Tiattle for £5 7s. (id.) venvs ing it up in a treasury especially since, on any
;

gexetrix. (A specimen of this extremely rare emergency, they had the power of recalling it
aureus, in perfect condition,£5 7s. at the Bru- again. Nor was it otherwise than a free gift to
mell, brought £6 Pembroke sale).
6s. at the the people, inasmuch as it consisted of the
pi ft ati. Figure and spoils of conquered nations.
Silver Medallion.
altar.
—
(£12 10s. Trattle).
aeqvitas pvbuca.
The three monetae. (Mionuet, 30 l'r.)
part 1, p. 434.)
Liberalitas.
(Rasclie, T. ii.
See Conyiaria Largitio — —
Silver. —
antonixvs pivs avg. bkit. Head D. P. Du Penates, or Dis Penatibus.
of Caracalla. (Mt. 50 fr.) cereri frvgif. This abbreviation appears on coins of the Sul-
[Seewood-cut head of biographical
at notice.] picia family, accompanied with the type of two
— Concordia Felix. Two Engraved figures. jugated and lanreated heads of the Dii Penates
in Khell,page 114. (24 sept. geta.fr.) p. or household gods.
Head of Geta. (45 — severvs avg. partii.
fr.) —
DR. Drusus. DR. CAE. Q. PR. Drusn
max. Head of Scverus. (60 fr.) vf.sta Ceesare Qiueslore Provincia/i.-{\u"e\oui, p. 28.)
mater. Sacrifice before a temple. (40 fr.) DRACO, dragon, so called from a Greek
Brass Medallions. —
ceres, staudiug near word which signifies to see clearly, was distin -

an (150 fr .)
altar. —
fecvnditati avg. Woman guished from the serpent (serpens), by its mag-
seated with children. (Mionnet, 300 fr.) nitude, crest, and beard ; also sometimes by the
Large Brass —
aeqvitati pvblicae. (Mt. addition of wings and feet, and was considered
72 fr.) —
ivnonem. (Beautiful specimen, £2 as tutelary genius and guardian in many ancient
9s. Thomas). —
lvna lvcif. mater avg. pie- — — nations. On a consecration coin of Faustina,
tati avg. —
prim i decennales. (24 fr. each). two of them draw a ear. On denarii of the
— septimivs severvs. Head of Scverus. (72fr.) Vibia, Vipsania, aud Volteia families, we see
— VESTA MATER & VOTA PVBL1CA. (30 fr. each). big.c of dragons, driven by Ceres.
— vesta. The goddess seated. Obv. ivlia The Dragon served as a Roman ensign under
domna avg. (£8 8s. at the Thomas sale). the emperors. They borrowed the custom, most
DOMNUS.— DOMNUS PIIILOCOMUS.— probably, from the Dacians and Parthians, who
These epigraphs appear, the former on a con- themselves adopted it from the people of India.
torniate of Trajan, the latter on a contorniate (Pitiscus). And the Romans haviug once
of Sept. Severus. The type of both represents brought these figures of a fabulous animal into
hieronicus, or victor at the Circeusian games, military use, dragons became common to all the
holding a whip in his right hand, a palm brauch cohorts, as is expressly stated by Vegetius :

in his left, and carried in a triumphal quadriga. Primum signum totius legionis est Aquila, quam
It is known that palms were amongst the re- aquilifer portat ; Dracones ctiam per siugulas
wards distributed to the successful charioteers cohortes a dracouariis feruntur ad pradium.
on those occasions. That the officer who bore the image itself of a
—
DONA. AVG. This legend, which Vaillant dragon, or an ensign, on which the figure w’as
and Banduri quote as inscribed on the reverse woven into the vexi llum, had the appellation
of a silver coiu of Gallienus, has for its type of Draconarius, we learn from Ammianus, in
Mercury staudiug, with the crumena in one describing the solemn entry of Coustantius II.
hand, and the caduceus in the other, and a dog into Rome.
at his feet. —
See Mercury. On
a large brass of Philip senior, a woman
All antiquaries (says Eckhcl) who have com- stands holding a two-footed dragon in her right
mented on this coin, explain its reverse in the hand, and a spear in her left. —
For Eckhel’s ex-
words of Trcbellius, who says, that Gallienus planation of this enigmatical type, see tran-
was renowned for his accomplishments in ora- QUILLITAS AUG.
tory, in poetry, and in all arts, of which [ac- Draco Lanuvius, or symbolical serpent of
cording to the popular superstition of his day]. Juno Sospita, winding its folds round, aud erect-
Mercury was the author and giver. Hence we ing its head above, an altar, is a frequent type
learn the cause why Gallicuus, in this coin, is on the denarii of Roman families.
exhibited under the form of that god. The mystical dragon, lying prostrate, is re-
DONATIVA, donatives, or presents in money, presented on some coins of the Christian Em-
which the emperors made to the soldiers, either perors. Thus the dragou is seen under the feet
I

after a victory,by way of rccorapence to them, of Theodosius, and in like manner of Valen-
or at the beginning of a reign, to gain their I tinian junior, of Libius Severus, of Hcraclius,
friendship, or on other occasions. The confer- and others. — See Serpens.
2 Y 2
343 DRUS1LLA. DRUSI S SENIOR
DRUSILLA. — The appellation of this woman |
DKCSUS s tutor. Nero Claudins Drusns
isthus read, unaccompanied by the title of Am- t Germanicus, commonly called Drnsus senior, was
qmta, on a iarge brass of Caligula, in associa- the son of Ti. Claudius Nero and of Livia. He
tion with the names of her two sisters, agrip- came into the world in the year of Rome
PtNA and iylia, both objects, with herself, of 716 (b. c. 33), not however at his father's
that tyrant’s incestuous lore. Julia Drnsilla, house, but in that of Octavianus (afterwards
the daughter of Agrippina senior and of Ger- Augustus), three months after he had, with the
manicus, was born 763 (a. d. 15), at Treves; permission of her husband, married Livia, then
married by Tiberius to L. Cassias Longinus, enceinlt with Drusns ; a circumstance which
grandson of Cassias, and taken from her hus- —
gave rise to the line Beatis trimestres liberos
—
band by her own execrable brother to cohabit nasci “ To the fortunate, children of three
with him. Drnsilla died a. d. 3S. —
See the re- months art born.” (Sueton. in Claud, c. 1).
verse engraved in p. 29. His prenomen was at first Decimut, and after-

ward- .V'tro, by which he is invariably desig- !

which he publicly expressed on the loss of the
nated on coins, thus xero clavdivs drvsvs, free republic, rendered his name popular
; and
so as to indicate by the names Xero, and Clau- his premature death, which took place during
dia* his paternal, and by that of Drnsus his his journey homewards, before he reached the
maternal, genealogy, through the gens Livia. Rhine, contributed to render his memory still
For, according to Suetonius (in Tiber, c. 8), he more dear to the Romans. His remains were
was enrolled also in the family of the Iivii, by conveyed to Rome, and placed, with the highest
the adoption into it of his maternal grandfather. honours, in the family mausoleum of Angustus.
Being promoted, by the influence of Augustus, His brass coins (only those of the large sixe
to an earlier share in public honours than the are extant), struck under Claudios, are not rare
strict letter of the law wonld have permitted, with the exception of those restored by Titus
he was enabled to devote himself to the cam- aud by Domitian. On these he is styled
paigns in Germany, from the year r. C. 739
(b. C. 15), for six years till his death; daring
1. NERO CLAVDIVS DRVSVS GER-
wh.ch period he panly ken? in check the Snevi,
MANICVS IMPenrtor. Bare head of Dru-us
Sicambri, Cherusci, and Frisii, and partly re-
senior to the left. —Rer.-TIAcriw CLAVDIVS
duced them to the Roman allegiance. He com-
CAESAR AVGmIm Pontifex Mmimw TRi-
buuit'ur VotestatU I M Verator. (Tiberius Clau-
pleted with vast labour a dam, or dyke, across
dius Caesar Augustus, Sovereign Pontiff, in-
the Rhine, to moderate the force of the stream,
vested with the tribnnitian power). Statue of
and which, as late as the time of Snetonius, was
the eldrr Drusns, clothed in the toga, turned to
called the (Fosta) Drutina. and is to this day
the right, seated on a heap of arms, and hold-
an object of wonder. At the beginning of his
ing a branch in the right hand. Below is the
consulate, in the year r. c. 745 (b. c. 9), he
mark of Senatorial authority for striking the
proceeded into Germany, and was the first Ro-
man who penetrated as far as the Albis (now
coin. — Engraved as above from a specimen in
the Elbe). — Eekbel, vi 175-76.
the compiler’s possession.
This brass coin, and the two following aurei,
Drnsus senior died the same year, thirty days
after a fall from bis horse, caused doubtless by were minted by order of the Emperor Claudius,
a frightful apparition, under the superstitions and in honour of his father’s memory. They
iafaeore of which he was deterred from pursu- renew the memory of the statues, both eques-
ing the Germans beyond the Elbe. trian and pedestrian, which, with other honours,
He was so
distinguished a favourite of Augustus, on ac- were dedicated to him after his decease. The
count of his valour and integrity, that, in the surname of Germaaictu, attached here to the
oration which that emperor delivered at his Wend of Drusns, was not decreed to him until
burial, he prayed “ the gods to make his own after his death — the Senate at the same time
Ciesars like the deceased, and grant to himself authorising all his descendants to bear a name
as honourable an end as his had been.” —
Vale-
which recalled the glory of their aucestor.
rias Maximus speaks in high terms of his moral 2. Obr. —
Same Wend, with laureated bead
qualities, and of his conjugal fidelity. The of Drusns senior. —
Rer.-DE GERM. (Victory
forrien victories of Drnsus, and the regrets over the Germans). Equestriafi statue to the
 DRUSUS JUNIOR. DRUSUS JUNIOR. 349
right, ou a triumphal arch, between two tro- brass common, except with the reverse of Tibe-
phies. Silver. rius, which are very rare. The silver are all
extremely rare. —
The following is a description
of legends and tvpcs, in each metal :

1. Rev . — DRVSVS - - - AYG. COC. II. TR.

P. Bare head of Drusus the voungcr. Obv.
TI. CAES. AYG. 1>. M. TR. P.‘ XXXV. Lau-
reated head of Tiberius. Silver. — Engraved in
Kliell, p. 16.
This medal of Drusus the younger belongs to
The arch of Drnsus here
represented still a suite of pieces struck out of Rome, and pro-
exists almost entire near the Appian Gate, now- bably at Caesarsea, in Cappadocia, a short time
called the Gate of St. Sebastian, at Rome. The after the union of that province to the Roman
group of sculptures which crowned the arch empire. The unusual titles which Tiberius bears
have disappeared. —
(Lenorinaut). ou these pieces confirm this conjecture. Eckhcl,
3. Obv. —
Same legend, with the laureated who was the first to hazard it, thinks also that
head of Drusns. Rev. —
1)E GERMANIS. the epocha of the medals in question answers to
Trophy composed of German arms. that in which Tiberius having become acquainted
—
DRUSUS junior. Drnsus called the younger, with the part which Sejanus and Livilla had
to distinguish him from his uncle Nero Claudius taken in the death of Drusus junior, the pro-
Drnsus, was born during the marriage of Tibe- vinces of the empire eagerly seized the occasion
rius and of Vipsania Agrippina, probably about to flatter the emperor by dedicating money to
the year of Rome 740 (b. c. 14). Being early his son’s memory.
advanced to public honours, he was Qucstor in
764 (a. r>. 11), and Consul Designates in 767
(a. d. 14), when he was sent by his father Tibe-
rius into Pannonia, and there recalled to its
allegiauce the army of that region, which on
the death of Augustus had betrayed symptoms
of revolt. Consul for the first time in 768
(a. d. 15), he entered Rome in an Ovation de-
creed to him in 773 (a. d. 20), on account of his
settlement of the affairs of Germany, and esta-
blishment of Vannius as king of the Suevi.
In 774 he became cousul for the second time, 2. DRVSVS CAESAR T Iberii AVG usf*
and in 775 (a. d. 22), received from his father Fi/ius DIY1 AN Gusli N epos. Bare head of
the Tribunitia Potestas. Nor did he long sur- Drusus the younger to the left. Rev. — PON-
vive this period, being cut off in the flower of TIFF TRlBVNift* POTESTafw lTER///« —
his age For, incensed at the influence of Sc- I In the field, the initials S. C. (struck by autho-
janns, he went the length of striking him in a rity of the Senate.) Middle brass.
j

quarrel. Sejanus, burning for revenge, and The first tribuuitian power of Drusus the
already meditating his death, communicated his younger dates from the year of Rome 776 (a. d.
designs to Livia or Livilla, the wife of Drnsus, 23), one year before his death.
whose co-operation he had secured by the cri- 3. Rev. — DRVSVS CAESAR TI. AVG. F.
minal intimacy subsisting between them, and D1VI AVG. N. PONT. TR. POT. II. In
poisoned him in the midst of his security, in the field, S. C. Obv. —A
caduceus, at the foot
the year u. c. 776 (a. d. 23). The crime was of which two cornucopia: cross themselves, sup-
hushed up for a time through fear of Sejanus porting two children’s heads, facing each other.
but on his death in 784 (a. d. 31), it was —
Large brass. See au engraving of it, p. 289.
brought to light by the declaration of Apicata, The two infants represented on this obverse
the wife of Sejanus ; who, finding that her arc the two twins born of the marriage of Dru-
children were involved in her husband’s fate, sus junior and Livilla. One of these sons, whose
and losing her reason in her grief, sent a letter name is unknown, died at about four years of
to Tiberius, in which she betrayed the perpe- age the other added to his name of Tiberius
;

trators of the murder of Drusus, and then put the surname of Gemellus. This latter youth,
an end to her own existence. This Drusus was whom Tiberius designed to have shared his
considered an able soldier but a man of no
; heritage with Caligula, died suddenly in the
stability of character, and dissolute in his habits. year 790 (a. D. 37), at the age of nineteen, vic-
He delighted in bloodshed, even of the vilest tim of Caligula’s jealousy. Amongst other evi-
ot mankind ; and so marked was this trait, that i
deuces of the great joy with which the birth of
sharp swords used to be called Drusiani (gladii). I
these twin brothers tilled the heart of Tiberius,
11c was thought inferior to his father in every that old emperor made it a matter of boast, in
respect, except his passion for drinking. Cas- full Senate, that until then, no Roman of a rank
siodorus says, he was honoured with a
that as elevated as his own had had the happiness of
public burial. D. N. Vet. vi. 202. seeing twin children born in his family :

His first brass coins, with bis portrait on one Nulli ante Romanorum ejusdem fastigii viro
side, and Tiberius on the other, are rare 2ud ; geminam stirpem editam. (Tac. Ann. ii. 84).
350 DRUSUS C.ESAR. DURM1A.
“ The aneieuts had particular reasons con- — to two Emperors.
signify Or it is written
nected with the most profound branch of their AVGGG. as on a coin of Licinius, and on some
religious beliefs —
for attaching a superstitious of Carausius, to denote three Augusti. In like
importance to the birth of twins.” M. Lcnor- manner CAESS. for two C;csars; and CAESSS.
maut, in making the above remark in his Ico- for three Ciesars. By the same rule, on coins
nograpliie (p. 20), refers his readers for an ex- of a lower age, are observed DD. NN. or more
position of those reasons to his Nouvel/e Gal. rarely DDD. NNN. Domini Nostri. On medals
Mgthologique. also of Sept. Scverus and Caracalla is read,
DRUSUS Casar, second son of Germanieus IMPP. INVICTI PI I AVGG. Imperatores
and of Agrippina senior, was born about the Invicti Fii Augusti. See p. 95.—
year 761 (a. d. 8); assumed the toga virilis in Besides these titles of Emperors, the redu-
776 (a. d. 23); and being the same year re- plication of letters is a mark of the plural when
commended by Tiberius to the Senate, together
with his brother Nero, is said by Tacitus {Ann.
it occurs as follows : —
DD. Decurioues. DPP.
Dii Penates. 1)E B E L L A T O R I G E N T T.
iv. 36), to have been appointed prefect of the BARBARR. Gentium Barbararum. COIIH. —
city, 778 (a. d. 25). He was a youth of an PRAET. Cohortes Prceloriana, &c.
extremely cruel disposition, and through ambi-
DUPOND1US, a weight of two pounds ;

tion of power conspired with Sejanus against

also a piece of Roman money, valued at two
his own brother Nero. But he very early paid
asses,aud which preserved the same name, not-
the penalty ; for after his brother had been got
withstanding [the diminution of the as, which
rid of, becoming himself the next obstacle to
the projects of Sejanus, he fell a victim to the
was reduced below the pound. See as and its —
parts.
same machinations, and was closely confined iu
the dungeons of the Pa/atium.
DURMIA gens. — A family of uncertain rank,
l’lis death was
aud scarcely known till the age of Augustus.
deferred, not from motives of mercy, but in
There are six varieties of its coins. Gold rare
order that Tiberius might have some one to take
silver common. Marcus Durmius was Augus-
part against Sejanus, then destined to destruc-
tus’s moneyer in 735 (b. c. 19), conjointly with
tion, in the event of his resorting to violent
Marcus Aquilius Floras, and Publius Petronius
measures as the inclinations of the people were
;
Turpiliauus. Four of his coins have ou their
strongly biassed in favour of the sou of Germani-
obverses the head of Honour, aud on their re-
cus. But when Sejanus had been put to death, the
verses types which regard the exploits and the
imperial tyrant, feeling secure of his safety, had
honours ascribed to Augustus Caesar. Four
the cruelty to deprive Drusus of food. And, thus
others have each on their obverses the head of
reduced to gnaw the very wool of his bed, the
Augustus, aud on their reverses four different
wretched young prince protracted an agonizing
types as singular as any iu the scries of family
existence till the ninth day, when he expired,
coins and which have, more or less, employed
;
786 (a. d. 33). Tiberius ordered his ashes to
the pens of the most cmiucut uumismatologists
be scattered, that he might never receive the
—
honours of burial. Eckhel, vi. 217.
for a series of year's.

The equestrian clligies of Drusus and his bro-

ther Nero appear on second brass of Caligula.
— See NERO et drusus caesares.
—
DUCENTISS1 MA. See R. CC. Remissa
Ducentissima.
DUILLIA —
a plebeian gens, little known.
The coins ascribed to it are brass, consisting
solely of the as, and some of its divisions, viz.
the scinis, the triens, and the sextaus. Under 1. [CAESAR] AVGVSTVS. Bare head of
the head of Duillia, Riccio (p. 83, plate xix. Augustus. Rev. M. — DVRMIVS III. V 111.
No. 1), gives engravings of two pieces one ;
(Mouetal Triumvir). A wild boar transfixed
with double-headed Janus, the second with the with a hunting spear. Silver.
head of Mercury on one side, and on the re- CAESAR AVGVSTVS.
2. Same tvpe as
verse of both a ship’s prow, on the top of which above. Rev. — M. DVRMIVS VI R
III. A
stauds a small figure of a bull at the bottom
;
lion devouring a stag. Silver. Sec engraving, —
roma. In the upper part of the field are the p. 316, article DENARIUS.
letters md, being the only mark that distin- [The above devices of the wild boar and the
guishes them from common specimens of the as lion evidently refer to those sumptuous hunting
coinage, without names of families. With this parties, in which, according to both Dion and
slight clue, however, Borghesi reads ill. Dultius, Suetonius, Augustus took very great delight].
and assigus them both to the Duillia family. 3 HONOR1. M. DVRMIVS IIIVIR. The
DUPLEX Comucop'ue a double horn of
—This conjunction, which appears on
bare juvenile head of Honour. /ice. -CAESAR —
plenty. AVGVSTVS. Augustus standing in a biga of
some Roman coins, served to predict a future clephauts, holds iu the right hand a branch of
abuudaucc of all things to the government of laurel, and in the left the sccptie. Silver.
the prince. 4. Same legend and young head. Iter. -CAE-
DUPLICATION of Letters, a mark of the SAR AVGVSTVS, S. C. A basket with a
plural number. Thus we find A YGG. written flower, ou a quadriga. Silver. — Sec F/ns.
 DURMIA. DUUMVIRI. 351
. Same young head between two
legend, and utter obscurity. Riccio remarks, that “ it is a
stars. Rev. —
AVGVSTO OH. C. S. in a crown type peculiar to almost all the cities of Cam-
of oak leaves. Gold. —
Eekliel marks it rrkk. pania, as the wild boar transfixed, or not trans-
Mionnct values it at 48 fr. fixed, belongs to Capua and Psestum ; aud as
. M. DVRMIVS JIIVIR. IIONORI — to Vtlia belongs the type of the lion devouring
Same juvenile head. Rev.—CA USA R AVGVS- a stag].
TVS SIGN/* R KCEIV/j. A male figure kneel- DUUMVIRI, so called from their number,
ing, offersup an ensign with his right hand. were magistrates inferior in rank to the Prctors,
With respect to those denarii of Durmius, and who presided as judges at a court (curia)
whose obverses bear the name and head of in Rome, where cognizance was taken only of
monos, Eckhel recalls to the recollection of nu- criminal cases. The office was held in much
mismatists, that on similar coins, struck about consideration during the Republic, as well for
the same time by Aquilius Florus, is seeu the the power it conferred, as on account of its an-
head of vinrvs. Dion acquaints us that in the tiquity, the creation of duumviri being referred
year of Rome 727 (n. c. 17), Augustus made to a period so far back as the reign of Tullus
some alteration in the games dedicated to Virtue Hostillius.
and Honour; for which reason, Durmius and Duumviri Municipales were also two men
his monetary colleagues, in the years immedi- appointed to perform the functions of the ordi-
ately following 734 (b. c. 20), appear to have nary magistracy, in Roman colonics and muni-
caused the head of each to be stamped on their cipal towns. This fact is attested not by coins
respective denarii. —
Sec monos et viktvs; also only, but likewise by marbles, and by various
—
see MUCIA GENS. writers. “ Doubtless (says Eckhel), as, accord-
The epocha in which medals 3, 4, 5, and 0 ing to the expressions of Aulus Gellius, the
were struck, is, by consent of all writers on the colonies were a sort of miniature imitation of
subject, referred to the last war waged by Au- Rome, their mother-city, so these Duumvirs
gustus against the Partliinns, which ended in resembled, in a certain degree, the two Consuls
the submission of Phraates their king, and with of Rome. And, similarly, what in the latter
the voluntary restitution of prisoners, eusigns, was the Senate, in the colonics aud municipia
and spoils taken from the Romans n. c. 20. was the Curia ; whilst in the place of Senators
lienee, for Augustus’s having saved the blood stood the Decuriones. (See the w ord, p. 313).
T

Senate decreed to him

ot his fellow citizens, the Moreover, as the Consuls w cre, at Rome, not
r

quadriga; and bigie, with golden crowns, and all only the ordinary but the highest magistrates,
the military and civic honours of the triumph. so also in the colonies were the Duumviri. This
Borghesi considers that Honour and Virtue refer is evident from the well-known fact, that an
to the Clipeus Votivus dedicated to Augustus on honorary duumvirate in the colouies was fre-
the termination of the Parthian war, and de- quently passed through by Ciesars, Emperors, and
posited in the temple of those two Roman divi- Kings. And since the colonies were thus in the
nities. practice of conferring a local office on such dis-
tinguished personages, it cannot be supposed,
that it was any other than the highest in their
power to bestow. And this also explains the
expression of Apuleius
— “In which colony (says
he), I had a father in the highest position, a
duumvir.”
On the cited authority of marbles, there are
learned writers who have asserted, that the
7. CAESAR AVGVSTVS. Laurcated head. Duumviri sometimes styled themselves Consuls
Rev. —
M. DVRMIVS III. VIR. A sea-crab, of their colonies, on the plea of the resemblance
holding a butterfly in its claws. Gold. — (Valued of their own office to that of the true Roman
The Author of Doctrina, who con-
by Mionnct at 60 fr.) Consul.
[“ The crab grasping the butterfly (says Eck- siders those citations to be of doubtful accuracy,
hcl), is an enigma, which no one appears, as and consequently entitled to but little credit,
yet, to have satisfactorily solved.” It is, how- contends that, even if the Duumviri were some-
ever, like many other types to be found among times styled Consuls, it was in a manner re-
the mintages of Augustus, a fantastic design, sembliug that in which the Decuriones were
elegantly executed. The above cut of it is after occasionally called Senators. Nor is there any
a cast from a beautiful specimen in the British doubt but that, if the law, or the permission of
Museum] the higher powers, did not allow them these
8. CAESAR AVGVSTVS. Bare head of titles, they were at least tacitly accorded by

Augustus. Rev. —
M. DVRMIVS III. VIR — virtue of the similarity of the office. —
iv. 475.
Bull with human face, walking to the right, The Duumviri are indicated on coins by the
crowned by a flying genius, like the type of the or IIYIR.
letters II V. On those of Osca, in
Campanian money. This coin is not given in Spain, the two units are joined together by a
Mionnct. But Riccio describes aud engraves it transverse line, thus HVIR. in the same way
in his Famiglie di Roma, Suppl. pi. 50, No. 2. as for IIS. which is the mark denoting a ses-
[This bull with a human countenance is re- tertius. —
HS. is often seen on marbles. Not un-
garded by Eckhel as an emblem involved in frequently, the names only of the Duumviri are
352 DUUMVIRI, EAGLE.
statedon colonial money, without the mark adopted country; whilst at Athens he was
IIVIR. Duumviri are mentioned on coins of Arclion. The same procedure, therefore, was
the following places : observed iu the colonies, as occasionally in the
Accium, in Tarraconensis free cities. Coius of Trajan testify that he dis-
Agrigeutum, iu Sicily. charged the highest office of the magistracy at
Rilbilis, in Tarraconensis. Byzantium, a free city. And historical writers con-
Buthrotum, in Epirus. cur with ancient marbles to confirm the evidence
Caisar-Augusta, in Tarraconensis. of coins. On a marble found in the municipium
Calagurris, in do. of Consubrum, in llispania Tarraconensis, pub-
Carthago Nova, in do. lished by Gruter (p. 421), we read EO. ANNO
Carthago Vetus, in Africa. QVO. ET OPTIMVS IMP. HADRIANVS
Celsa, in Tarraconensis. ETIAM DVVMV IRATV S HOXOREM SVS-
Corinth, in Achaia. —
CEPIT. On a tablet found at Prteneste, given
Dcrtosa, iu Tarraconensis. by Peter Foggini, appears the inscription GER-
Euna, in Sicily. M AN ICVS CAESAR DRVSVS CAESAR,
Ercavica, in Tarraconensis. QVINQ«eH»«/ej Vneueste. Under the com-
Ilicuin, in do. monwealth, eminent Romaus bore the office of
Julia, in Boetica. IlVin in the colonies near home, as e. g Piso,
Leptis, in Syrtica. and l’ompey the Great at Capua. — See Eckhel,
Onuba, in Boetica. (iv. 487), who adds that at the subsequent
Osca, in Tarraconensis. periods of Augustus and Tiberius, the quinquen-
Picstum, in Lucania. nia/ magistracy was held in the colonics by
Panormus, in Sicily. the Prafecti llVIri, as representatives of the
Parium, in Mysia. Ciesars.
Saguutum, in Tarraconensis.
E.
Turiaso, in do.
Utica, in Zcugitana.
That the Duumvirate was an office lasting for
E. —Fifth letter, and the second vowel, of the
Latin alphabet.
a year, is gathered not only from the fact, that
E long is sometimes found inscribed on the
it was a function of the same character as the
earlier coins of Rome with twoEs; as for ex-
Consulate of the Romans, but also because the
ample, FEELIX instead of FEI.IX, on a dena-
I hurt (in the same way as the Archons, Pre-
rius of Sulla’s.
tors, and Scribes of the Greek cities) are found |

E single, in the place of AE dipthong, now

to repeat the record of their magistracy on their
and then occurs. Thus EQ VITAS for AEQVI-
coins, expressed by IIVIR. ITERwm as, for ;
TAS, as in Ncrva; RE1PVBI.ICE for REI-
example, on the money of Corinth, and other
1

PVBLICAE, as in Constantine jun. Julian, and

places. But from certain coins it is evident,
Jovian. CESAR for CAESAR; 1VDEA for
that this custom did not obtain everywhere, or
IVDAEA; MA.MEA for MAMAEA.
not invariably, and that in several cities the
E, bv a false change of vowels, is sometimes
Duumvirate was prolonged for five years.
found used for AE, as BAETISSI.MORV.M, on
The mark of the IIVIR. is seen on coins of
coins of Diocletian, Maximiau, and Con-tantius
the Pomponia aud Quintillia families.
Chlorus FAELICITAS, as in Trajanua Dccius,
;
Duumviri Quinquennates. See Quinquen-
and SAECVRITAS, ns in Diocletian.
n ales.
E displaced by A or by I, as SARAP1DI
Duumviri Honorarii. — The Crcsars and Au-
instead of SERAPIDI, in Julian II.; GENI-
qusti frequently bore the honorary offices of go-
TRIX instead of GENETR1X. — [But these,
vernment in the various cities of the empire.
and the other literal alterations and substitu-
This is a fact assured to us by the often quoted
tions above mentioned, are of rare occurrence].
testimony of Spartian, accepted, in a question
E serves on Roman coins to mark the fifth
like the present, as paramount authority by
monetary office, or mint.
Eckhel himself, who furnishes a list of these
EAGLE (Aquita) which is still called “ the
,
personages, and states the circumstances con-
King of Birds,” and w hich fable consecrated to
nected with their respective appointments.
Jupiter, as the minister of his lightnings,
is the
Amongst them are, Augustus, M. Agrippa, and
Tiberius Caesar, Quinquennales of Celsa Tibe- — type under which, standing on a thunderbolt, a
globe, a laurel wreath, a palm branch, an altar,
rius, IIVIR of Corinth —
Gcrinnuieus and Dru-
or a ship’s prow, the Roman empire is most fre-
sus, sons of Tiberius, IlVtri of Accium, and
quently designated on coins of Augustus, An-
—
IlIIVIRi of Carteia Nero and Drusus, sons of
toninus, L. Verus (p. 249), Sabina, &c.
Gcrmnnicus, 11 Xiri of Civsar- Augusta and Car-
—
thago Novn Juba 11. aud Ptolemy, Kings of
Mauretania, IlV/ri (perhaps) of Carthago Nova.
— Hadrian, in Etruria, served the Pretorship ;

and throughout the Latin towns he wns Dic-

tator, Edilc, and Duumvir; at Neapolis he

was AHMAPX (invested with Trihtinitiaii

power) in his native place (Italica, in Spain),
he was Quiuquenunlis as ;
also at Adria, his
 EAGLE. EAGLE. 353
Ona deuarius of the Terentia gen9, struck by p. 12). — Respecting the Eagle-bearer, see aqui-
Varro, unval pro-questor of Pompeius Mag- LIFER, p. 71.
nus. the reverse exhibits the emblems of Pom- On the legionary coins of M. Autony we see
pey’s power by sea aud by land, consisting of a the Eagle, placed between two ensigns, distill
sceptre in the midst of a dolphin aud an eagle. guished with three circular appendages, and
terminating above in a spear-point. Eagles be-
tween simple ensigns, of a similar form and the
same number, appear on denarii of Clodius
Macer and of S. Severus ; also on the well-
known coins which record the recovery of the
ensigns from the Parthians, and are inscribed
signa p. r. several of which are published in
Morell. Thesaur. Fam. Rom. under the head of
Incerta, plate ii. They are also to be found
amongst the colonial mintages, such as in Acci
(see p. 3), and in Cacsar-Augusta, Patne, Eme-
rita, &c. (see Vaillant). On coins of Augustus
!
commemorating the restitution of the standards.
Mars Ultor appears, with a legionary eagle in
At the consecration of Emperors, an eagle his right hand, and in his left an ensign
was let forth from amidst the flames of the also a votive shield between a legionary eagle
funeral pile and, flyiug into the air, it was and a simple ensign (c. l. v. signis rf.ceptis,
—
;

supposed to bear to heaven the soul of the dei- engraved in p. 218). See legio.
fied personage. It is for this reason that, on The legionary eagle appears fixed to a ship’s
imperial coins, the bare bead of the Prince, or prow, and held by two right hands, on a first
the veiled head of the Augusta, is impressed on brass of Nerva, with legend of concordia ex •

one side, and on the other an eagle in full flight, ercitwm (p. 243). It is also sccu in the hands
with the emperor or empress on its back. See — of the emperor, on coins of M. Aurelius, Corn-
consecratio, pp. 248 and 250. modus, Alex. Severus, Philip, jnn. Probus, &c.
The Eagle stands in the middle between an Eagle and Infant Jove. —
In the Farnese cabi-
owl aud a peacock, on coins of Antoninus Pius net there is a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius,
and Marcus Aurelius. It is thus that Jupiter, the reverse of which (without legend) exhibits
Minerva, and Juno are designated by their re- Jupiter Crcscens, seated, naked, on the back of
spective attributes. And, as if to shew more a goat, before an altar, with an Eagle sculptured
clearly the meaning of this remarkable group, on it, placed close to the trunk of a tree. Sec —
there is a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius in Pedrusi, vol. v. p. 174.
the Cabinet de France, on the reverse of which, Eagle and Oaken Crown. — On a beautiful
without legend, Jupiter is seated, with Minerva, coin of Augustus, an eagle, with wings ex-
also seated, on his right, and Juno on his left. A panded, is seen perched (as in the subjoined cut)
coin of Vespasian exhibits a similar type of the on a crown of oak leaves behind which are
;

three shrines in the temple of Jupiter Capito- —

two branches of laurel. See civibvs servatis
linus, in which the statues of those three dei- caesar, p. 206.
ties stood, each with attendant bird occupy-
its

ing the same relative position as on the first

coin above described.
—
Legionary Eagle. It is an established fact,
that the Eagle was the principal standard of
the Legion, and continued to be used as such
so long as that body These legionary
existed.
were affixed to spears,
eagles, not great in size,
the lower ends of which were sharp-pointed,
for the purpose of their beingmore easily planted The legends aud types of this historical aureus
in the ground. They are exhibited on coins, as are well elucidated by the statement of Dion
holding in their talons a thunderbolt. Nor has (liii. eh. 16), that it was decreed a. u. c. 727
this peculiarity escaped the observation of an- (b. c. 27), that laurels should be planted before
cient writers. Dion states that, among the por- the house of Augustus, in the Palatium, and a
tents which presented themselves to Cn. Pom- crown of oak leaves should be suspended from
pey the younger, when in Spain, was the fol- the summit of the roof, to indicate that he was
lowing :
—
“ That his legionary eagles, shaking “ the perpetual vanquisher of his foes,” aud
their wings, and casting from them the golden —
“ preserver of the citizens.” See coins of the
thunderbolts which some of them grasped in gens Caninia, one of which, though struck
their claws, openly denounced an evil fate many years later, exhibits the same design.
against him, and flew off to Caesar.” Silver — The S. C. on this coin indicates, both that Au-
was preferred for the material of the eagle it- gustus was styled Caesar by a Senatus Consultum,
self, and the reason, according to Pliny, was and that by the same sanction, the oak crown and
that it is a metal which is seen at the greatest the laurels were decreed. The expression of
distance. —
(Du Choul, Castrametation Romaine, Pliny is memorable —
“ That Augustus, after
2 Z
351 EBORACUM. EDIFICES.
quelling the civil wars, received a civic crown
from the whole human race.” See Corona
Quema, 290.
p.
EBOR -Ebora, in Lusitania, between the Anas
( Guadiana and the Tagus rivers; by Pliny
classed among the Oppida Veteris Lut 'd. It was
not strictly a colony of the Romans, but is said
to have been invested by them with great privi-
leges as a municipium. The present name is
Evora, an episcopal city of Portugal, in the
province of Alentejo. Coius struck at Ebora
under Augustus, give it the title of liberali-
tas ivlia ebor. whence Yaillant infers it to
have derived its establishment as a Roman sta-
tion from Julius Cicsar. A second brass, pub- [In this peculiar feature ’of its construction,
lished by Ant. Augostino, in his dialogues, aud the edifice, or the above type of it, would seem
described below, does not exhibit the epigraph to have served as a model of imitation for that
either of a colony or a municipium, but simply much and more floridly designed
larger-sized
the Latin inscription usually adopted by cities coin which, genuine, was dedicated to the
if
possessing the jus Laid — deified memory of Trajan’s sister, whom lladriau
PERM. caes. avg. p. m (Pemdssu Ccesaris had consecrated. —
See uivae matidiae socrvi.
Augusti, Ponlificis Maxim i). Bare head of (p. 333],
Augustus. HeV.—lA BE R ALITATIS IVI.1AE EBOR. Consular and family coins are by no means
In four lines, within a garland. —
Engraved in deficient in architectural delineations. The old
Akcrman, Coins of Ilispania, p. 11, pi. ii. No. 3. Rostra, that ancient seat of Roman eloquence, is
EBORACUM or EBURACUM, now York; adumbrated on a denarius of the Lollia gens,
the chief city of Northern Britain, or Valentia, inscribed with the word PALIKANYS. There
and the station of the sixth legion, surnamed is also a representation of the Rostra erected by
^ ictrix. Aurelius Victor terms it a municipium; Julius Cicsar, extaut on silver of the Sulpiria
and the sculptures, pavements, inscriptions, and family, bearing the surname of PLATO R Nitr. I

other remains discovered on and about its site, In like manner, the Basilica Aend/ia, a court
prove that was a large and flourishing city,
it of justice, on denarii of that family (p. 31) —
second, probably, to Loudiuium only. It was the 4IL/<z PXBlica, on a coin of the Didia
the residence, during their expeditionary visits
to Britain, of the emperors Septimius Severus
gens (p. 327) —
and the temple of Jupiter t’api-
tolinus, on a denarius, struck by Petillius
aud Constautius Cklorus, both of whom died (page 171), serve respectively to hand down
there, the former in a. d. 211, and the latter some resemblance of those buildings. W hilst
a. d. 306. Coins have been cited as inscribed the type of the Comitium meets the eve iu
COL. ebor. but if any such exist, they were association with the legend of CLOACINa
issued from the workshops of the falsarii, and (p. 219).
not from any mint at Eburacum. It is to be But it the imperial scries, and especially
is in
noted, that while we have coins of the Con- in the early aud middle periods, that testimo-
stantine family inscribed peon. Pecunia Londi- nies to the architectural splendour of Rome, her
nensis, we have none recording York neither provinces, and her colonics, most abound.
; The
does it appear to be indicated by the exergual coinages of Tiberius and Claudius, of Nero,
letters on any of the coins of Carnusius and \ espasian, Titus, aud Domitiun, of Trajan, Ha-
AUectus. —
For the Antiquities of York sec the drian, the Antonines, S. Severus, Carncalla, &c.
Rev. C. Wt-llbelovcd’s “ Eburacum.” arc more or less rich in types of this interesting
EDIFICES. — Public buildings and structures kind, executed with consummate skill, 'lake
arc represented on numerous Roman coins for examples, the Mace!Iurn (p. 77) ; the Fla-
in many instances so artistically, that their ori- vian Amphitheatre (p. 42); the Basilica L'/pia
ginal forms may clearly be traced, on a compa-
(p. 125); the Forum Trajani (see the words);
rison of existing ruins with the monctal types. the Circus Maximus, with its spina, met®, and
Amongst the grandest of these are Temples sculptural decorations (pp. 174, 201, aud 202.)
with their peristyles and pediments; some Other coins exhibit harbours (see Port. Ostia
simply raised on flights of steps, others flanked and Portion TrajaniJ triumphal arches (pp. 77,
;
with porticoes aud adorned with statues.
78, 79, 358); altars (pp. 72, 73, 74). Besides
As a very striking specimen of this sacred these wc sec rostral, triumphal, and other isolated
class of types, and at the same time one the pillars (pp. 235, 236) ; together with obelisks,
least faulty in perspective design, to be fouud bridges (p. 309), either thrown over rivers, or used
on coins of Roman die, the following engraving as viaducts, iu the construction aud reparation of
isgiven from a lnrge brass of Trajan. public roads. As to the minor and less durable
Eee.-s. P. q. r. optimo PBINCIPl. A supcrblv objects, such ns funeral piles (p. 251); curule
decorated temple of eight columns, through the
eeutral iutcrcolumnialion of which is seen an
chairs (p. 12) ; chariots, gallics, &e. so many —
aud so various arc these representations on pro-
image seated. At each extremity a portico is ducts of the Roman mint, that they almost set
advanced at right angles with the facade. description at defiance.
 EGNATIA. ELAGABALUS. 355
EGNATIA gens — of
the plebeian order. Its time, at the commencement of the second Mith-
surname on coins is Maximus, or Maxsumus . ridatic war.— See Monete delle Fam. di Roma.
There are three principal varieties in the types. pp. 85, 86.
Gold rare ;
silver common.

3.

1. MAXSVMVS. Bust of Venus, well MAXSVMVS. Female head, perhaps

adorned, with a winged Cupid hanging to her of Liberty, with mitre behind it the cap of
:

neck behind. Rev. —

C. EGNAT1VS CN. F. Liberty. Rev.-CN. EGNATIVS CN. F. CN. N.
Two women clothed in the stola, and galeated,
CN. N. A woman in a biga, moving slowly to
the left, crowucd by a victory flying towards standing full-faced, and each holding spears ;
her; behind the car a cap of liberty. one of them plants her naked left foot on the
2. MAXSVMVS. Naked winged bust of head of some animal. On each side is an oar or
Cupid, with bow and quiver on his shoulder. rudder set upright on a ship’s prow. In some
Rev.— C. EGNAT1VS CN. F. CN. N. Two reverses of this type, a figure of Cupid is flying
columns of a temple, between which stand a betweeu the two females.

man in the toga, with hasta in right hand, and EGNATULEIA geus. Little knowu. Its

a woman clothed in the tunic. — See engraviug, coins, which are in silver (quinarii) only, have

p. 208 — cupid. but one type, as follows,

The surname Eynatuleius :
and are common.
Eekhel, after some comments on the conjec-
tures of preceding numismatists, dismisses them
by sayiug, that the types (exhibited on the above
two denarii, and on that described and engraved
below), are precisely of a kind to excite a curio-
sity to learn their true meaning, but for which
neither Vaillant nor Havercamp had done aught
to rescue them from the obscurity in which they
found them involved. C. EGNATVLEI. C. F. Laureated head of
Undeterred by the great author of Boctrina’s Apollo. Rev. ROMA
in the exergue. Victory
tone of discouragement, Riccio devotes some stands writing on a shield attached to a trophy
attention to the subject. After citing the at- in the field Q.
tempt made in Morell. Thesa.nr. Fain. Rom. to This Caius Egnatuleius is unknown as an
prove that this Cains Egnatius, son of Cneus, historical personage but according to a recent
;

aud nephew of Cneus, had been a provincial opinion of Borghesi, must have been mint-
questor of Sulla, in the time of the first Mith- master towards the 667th year of Rome
ridatic war (b. c. 87-86), he admits that the head (b.c. 87).
aud other emblems of Liberty arc uot usually, El dipthong appears on the earlier, that is to
if ever, found on the coinages of Sulla, and say, the consular and family coins of the Romans,
that they seem rather to belong to Cassius and written for I. Thus, PREIVERnmn, in Plau-
Brutus, and their adherents, in Asia and Africa, tia ;
DEIDLw, in Didia ;
PREIMVS, in Mem-
after the murder of Julius Ctcsar (b. c. 44 ). mia; OPEIMIjm, SERVEILI«j, LEIBERTAS
lie then proceeds to observe, that Venus may iu Cassia, and elsewhere.
possibly allude to the birth-place of the mo- EID. M A . — Idibus
Martii, the dipthong
ueyer, or to the place where the denarius was El being put This inscription appears on
for I.
struck. But the repetition of the caps of liberty; the reverse of a most rare denarius, the type of
the woman in a triumphal chariot, who may which is thg pileus, or cap of liberty, between
be the goddess of Rome ; the prows aud oars of —
two daggers. See m. brutus, p. 145.
ships, which were amongst such means as the ELAGABALUS, Emperor. Varius Avitus —
couspirators would have had to employ, in order Bassiauus, surnamed Elagabalus, from the name
to arrive again iu Italy, pursuant to their in- '

of the divinity, whose worship he had introduced

tended enterprise for the destruction of the into Rome, was born at Emesa, in Syria, a. v. c.
—
Triumvirs these and other symbols seem allu- 958 (a. d. 205). He was son of Sextus Varius
sive to the last civil war, and to manifest in the Marcellns and of Julia Sosemias, daughter of
Egnatius who minted the coins a decided Julia Ma:sa, and niece of Julia Domna; con-
maiutainer of Roman liberty. And this opinion sequently he was cousiu-german to Caracalla.
of ours (adds Riccio), is concurred iu by Cavc- The wealth of his grandmother, added to his
doni, who recognizes as the author of this de- relationship with the imperial family of Severus,
narius, the son of Cneus Egnatius, son of that obtained for him the advantage of being ap-
Cneus, who was left behind with the Senators, 1

pointed Priest of Elagabalus, or Ileliogabalus, a

when his father was expelled from Rome, about deity the object of particular adoration at Emesa
the year 683 (b. c. 71), in Pompey the Great’s The same honour was conferred on his cousin.

2 Z 2
356 ELAGABALUS. ELAGABALUS.
german
218) Alexander Severus, son of Mamma, Elagabalus celebrated (or rather desecrated)
second daughter of Julia Maesa. In 971 (a. d. several nuptials. His first wife was Julia Cor-
Micsa, having in view to obtain the em-
, nelia Paula but her he soou divorced, for some
;

pire for her grandson, changed his names alleged personal blemish. He next stoic away
into those of Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, and from the sacred college of Vestals, and married,
pretended that he was not the son of his Aquilia Severa, whom he also repudiated, and
mother’s husband, but the fruit of Caracalla’s afterwards took her again. His third wife was
intimacy with Soaemias. The soldiers encamped Annia Faustina, whom he forcibly possessed
near Emesa, gained over by the riches of Julia himself of (after causing her husband Pomponius
Maesa ; and perhaps giving credence to this Bassus to be slain), but whom he quickly dis-
adulterous parentage, which besides had nothing missed, to re-unite himself to Aquilia Severa.
of unlikelihood in it, proclaimed the new Anto- Some of his Latin coins represent him with
ninus emperor. The troops of Macrinns having Aquilia Severa, and his mother Soicmias ; also,
been defeated, Elagabalus, at thirteen years of a doubtful one, with Annia Faustina. The
age, became sole master of the Roman world.
coins of this emperor are numerous. His gold
Alter having entered Antioch as conqueror, and first brass arc rare his silver, and second
;
he addressed to the Senate letters in which, and small brass for the most part common.
without waiting for the decree of that body, he Style— IMP. ANTONINVS PI VS AVG.—
assumed the titles of “ Ctesar, son of Antoninus, alsoIMP. CAES. M. AVR. ANTONINVS
219)
grandson of Severus, Pius, Felix, Augustus, PIVS AVG.— also ANTONINVS V. I’lVS
Pro-consul, and invested with the Tribunitian FEL. AVG.
power.” At the same time, he named himself
consul in the place of Macrinns. lie afterwards
took the road to Rome, but on his way thither
passed the winter at Nicomedia. In 972 (a. d.
Elagabalus was consul for the second time
,

at Nicomedia. On his arrival at Rome, he gave

there some magnificent spectacles, and caused
a temple to be built in honour of his Syrian
god. a. D. 220
the date of his third con-
is
sulate. In 221 he was consul
for the fourth It is a work of some tact and discrimination to
time. Julia Maesa, perceiving that the manners distinguish the coins of Elagabalus from those
of Elagabalus were displeasing to the Romans, of Caracalla, both of whom assumed the title of
persuaded him to adopt his cousin Alexander M. AVR. ANTONINVS. Those, indeed, who
Severus, above named. To this Elagabalus are conversant with coins, arc enabled from the
consented, and designated him consul with him- peculiar countenances of each, to recognise
self for the following year. A short time after, Elagabalus by his thick lips, aud Caracalla by
repenting of his compliance with his mother’s his harsh and angry features. It behoves the
suggestion, sought to make away with Severus
lie tyro, however, to look on the one hand for the
Alexander whose
life, however, was protected
; star of Elagabalus, whilst on the other haud he
by the vigilant care of Miesa, and still will remember that the surname GERMANICVS
better defended by the affection which the sol-
diers began to entertain for him.
is added to the titles of Caracalla alone
The —
In A. n. 222, following remarks on points needful to be re-
the pretorians having discovered that Elagabalus garded with a view to ascertain the medals of
was fully bent on the destruction of his cousin, the two princes, are condensed from those of
raised a tumult, and required that Alexander, the able author of Lemons de Nuinisnialique
who had been shut up in the palace some days, Romaine: 1st. Elagabalus, raised to the im-
should be immediately shewn to them. Elaga- perial throne, at
14 years of age, perished at
balus, yielding to necessity, repaired to the eighteen. —
2nd. On attaining his fifth and last
camp of the pretorians, on a car, with the Tribunitian power, he was invested with the
youthful Alexander. The next day, as Elaga- consulate for the fourth time; whilst Caracalla
balus had given orders to arrest thope who had at the time of his fifth Tribunate, was consul
taken a leading part in the insurrectionary only for the first time. —
3rd. From the third
movement of the day before the rest of the — consulate of Elagabalus, his medals have almost
soldiers took advantage of that occasion to get always a star ou the field of the reverse. This
rid of a prince they detested ; and they killed star, conjoined to various types, refers doubtless
Elagabalus, together with his mother Soicmias, to his favourite divinity, analagous with the Sun,
and his principal confidants. His body, after and is found on the medals of his three
also
having been dragged through the city, was
thrown into the Tibur. Thus perished, on the
wives. —
4th aud lastly, in the combination of
names and titles, we again discover some further
11th of March, one of the most cruel, de- indications. E’or example (hut only on the brass
bauched, and shameless wretches, that ever dis- coins) IMP. CAES, appear at the
the titles
graced humauity, or polluted a throne, after a beginning of the legend of the obverse, in the
reign of three years and nine mouths, disfigured case of Elagabalus, but not iu that of Caracalla.
with every feature of hideous criminality and
extravagant folly, not having attained more MINTAGES OF ELAGABALUS.
than the eighteenth year of his age. The following arc the rarest types of reverse :
 ELEPHANT. ELEPHANT. 357
Gold. — adventvs avgvsti. Emperor on same family, allusive to the successes of its

horseback. (Brought £4 at the Trattle sale). celebrated members over the Carthaginians and
conservator avg. Conical -shaped stone,
J
Alacedouians. — See pp. 149, 150, 151.
ornamented with stars, standing before which is AnElephant trampling on a serpent with it s
—
an eagle the whole placed in a quadriga
—
a :
fore feet, is the well-known type on a common
star in the field. Obv. imp. antoninvs pivs denarius of Julius Caesar. But it has given rise
avg. Laureated head of the Emperor. [This to various opinions among
stone was the idol which Elagabalus brought the learned. Some refer it
with him from Syria, and to which he raised to the victory of Juba over
altars at Koine, stripping the ancient temples Scipio, in Africa. Others
to enrich that of his foreigu divinity (Ilelio- to the fact, that the grand-
gabalus). — Engraved in vol. i. pi. vii. No. 7, of father of Jidius Caesar, ac-
Akcrman, who elucidates the subject in a note, cording to Servius and Spar-
—
t

p. 214. A most highly preserved specimen of tian, killed an elephant in

this extra rare coin brought £8 10s. at the that region and the animal being called in the
;

Thomas sale.] consvl ii. p. p. The emperor Punic language Caesar , this name became appro-
standing in a quadriga. (Valued by Mionnet at I
priated to the family.
80 —
fr. £4
sold for 11s. at the Trattle auction). “ But” says Eekhel (vi. pp. 5 and 6), in no-
— fides militvm.
I

Emperor and two soldiers. ticing these conflicting opinions, “ prior to this
(Mt. 120 fr.) in victvs sacerdos. avg. Em- grandfather of Julius, we find in Livy the cog-
peror sacrificing. (Valued by Mionnet at 50 fr. nomen of Ciesar. Now, if that be true, which
Sec the preceding wood-cut). ivlia aqvilia isstated by Constantinus Alanasses, that ‘ ele-
severa avg. Head of the Empress Aquilia. phants are called Ccesarcs by the Phoenicians,’
(Mt. 600 fr.) —
lib. avg. ii. p. m. cos. ii. and which, as we have just observed, is con-
(£4 3s. at the Brumell sale). lib. avg. &c. firmed by Servius and Spartian, the present
Emperor and three figures. (Mt. 120 fr.) elephant would be an allusion to the name as, ;

pontif. max. &c. lloma Victrix seated. moreover, it is represented as trampling on a

(£G 12s. 6d. Thomas). tr. p. mi. cos. m. serpent, with which reptile, according to Pliny,
The Sun radiated, standing with whip in right the elephant is at perpetual feud ;
and as it is
hand (£2 13s. at the White sale). tkib. pot. established by Artcmidorus, that the elephant
cos. ii. Emperor in quadriga. (£4 17s. in Italy denotes Secrirorris, fiairi\evs, xai aurip
Trattle.) sanct. deo. soli, elagabal. Quad- ptyiaTo —a or a man in high
lord, a king,
riga, with conical-stone, eagle, and four ensigns. authority we shall then recognize a type flat-
(Alt. 63 fr.) —
p. M. tr. p. v. cos. iiii. Em-
;

tering to the ambition of Cfesar, and by which

peror in quadriga. (£7 7s. 6d. Thomas). he was desirous to intimate his victory over the
victor, antonini avg. (£5 5s. ditto). barbarians, and all who were envious of his
Silver. —
cos. m. P. p. —
Stone of conical glory. Whatever may be the decision on this
form, ornamented with stars, and an eagle point, the type may
be considered as a presage
before it. (Cabinet de Gosselin) engraved in — of future domiuion. For the elephant, inde-
Mionnet, T. i. 343, by whom it is valued at pendently of its nses in war and the amphi-
30 fr.) fides militvm. (Mt. 60 fr.) ivlia — theatre, was an undoubted symbol of honour or
soaf.mias. (100 fr.) tr. p. in. cos. Emperor of arrogance. According to Suetonius (in Ne-
in a quadriga, crowned by Aictory. (60 fr.) rone, chap. 2), Cn. Domitius, the ancestor of
—
Brass Medallions. aeqvitas avgvsti. Nero, after his victory, during his consulate,
The three Monetae. (Mt. 50 fr.) conservator over the Allobroges, was carried through the
avgvsti cos. iiii. Conical stone in a quadriga. province on an elephant, preceded by a large
(Alt. 150 fr.) —tr. cos. ill.
P. ill. Emperor in body of troops, as in the solemnity of a triumph.
a triumphal car, and four horses. (Alt. 200 fr.) Cornuficins, on account of having carried his
spes pvblica. Hope walking. —
Oie. -Heads of soldiers off safely in Sicily, assumed such airs,
Elagabalus and Aquilia Severa. (Alt. 300 fr.) that whenever he dined out at Rome, he used
—
Large Brass. liberal, avg. ii. p. m. tr. to ride home on an elephant. Julius Crnsar him-
p. ii. cos. ii. Emperor and two figures. libe- self, when his military toils were over, ascended
r.vlitas avgvsti in. Three figures on an the Capitol, lighted by forty elephants, hearing
estrade. (Alt. 24 fr. each). pax. avgvsti. torches, on either side of him. Lastly, there
Peace walking. (Alt. 40 fr.) was no special use for elephants, except to draw
ELEPHANT. (Elephant usj .-The representa- the imperial thensa at funerals, or the chariots
tion of this animal frequently occurs on Roman of the Cmsars, either in a triumph, or in their
coins. The head, and sometimes the proboscis consular processions. Correctly, therefore, has
only, of an Elephant is a symbol of Africa. Juvenal styled these natives of a torrid clime,
Lybia was accounted E/ephanlorum nutrix. — Caesaris armentum, nulli servire paratum Privato.
On denarii of the Cmcilia gen3, elephants walk-
beast of burden,
[Caesar’s that deigns not to
ing, both singly and in big®, are typified to
serve a private individual.]
attest victories gained by the Aletelli, in Sicily
and in Alacedouia, during the 504th (b. C. 250), Elephants arc represented on coins as an em-
and 606th years of Rome (b. c. 148). The skull blem of Eternity, it being among the vulgar

and trunk also cover a female head, and appear errors of the ancients to believe that those stu-
in the centre of a shield, on other coins of the pendous creatures lived two or even three him-
 358 ELEPHANT. ELEPHANT.
dred years. It was, however, ou the knowu longe- coins of from Domitian to
several emperors,
vity of the elephant (exceeding, as Pliny, quoting Gordianus Pius. —
See M vnifice.vtia avg.
Aristotle, says, that of all other animals), that
they were employed in the funeral processions
Elephant orum duplices quadriga On a large . —
brass bearing on its obverse imp. caes. domit.
of emperors and empresses, on the occasion of avg. germ. cos. xvii. ce.vs. &c. and the lau-
their apotheosis. relled head of Domitian but with no other
;

On consecration medals, the elephant appears, legend of reverse than the Senatus C onsiittu/n,
cither singly, with or without the driver, or as we see a triumphal arch, surmounted by two
bigte aud quadrigae, there being placed ou the ears, to each of which four elephants are har-
vehicle to which they are attached the image of nessed. In each car stauds a togated figure,
the deceased personage. On a large brass, holding a whip, or branch.
struck by order of the Senate, in honour of
Faustina senior’s consecration, she is figured
sitting on a canopied biga of elephauts, with the
accompanying legend of aeternitas.
—
Elephant us toricatus, or reticulatus. The ele-
phant in armour, or some defensive covering of
iron, resembling net-work, employed to protect
them (as well as horses), from the spears and
darts of an enemy in battle. Representations
of this kind appear on consular money —
as for
example, a denarius of the Metelli (see Ctccilia),
a coin restored by Trajan. They are also sceu,
from time to time, in the imperial scries, as ou
gold of Titus. The subjoined engraving is from The above and other coins attest, that
a consecration first brass of Fanstina Antouiui triumphal arches, adorned with two quadriga; of
elephants, were erected by Domitian, in which
were placed (golden or brass gilt) statues of that
vain-glorious tyrant. —
Tristan has well illus-
trated the remarkable subject of this piece in the
following observations:
This triumphal arch was raised in houoitr of
Domitian during the last year of his reign, and
under his last consulate, namely, the 1 7 th, 849
(a.d. 96). For he was so malicious, and so
covetous of another’s glory, that lie caused him-
self tobe elected such a number of times consul,
in order to monopolize the authority of that
office (pour en occupcr toujours la qualite). It
is this which Ausonius refers to, in censuring
Here the sedent statue of the deceased em- his rapacity, his ambition, and his envious
press, holding the sceptrum in her left hand,
malignity, whilst pronouncing himself the pane-
and a branch in her right, is placed, in token gyric of Gratian, in the presence of that em-
of deification, on a four-wheeled car (the
peror, whom he was thanking for promoting
thensa), drawn by two elephants, whose bodies
him to the Consulate
—
“ Scis inquam (says he)
are loricatcd, aud whose necks arc mounted each
septem et deccm Domitiani Consulates, qnos
by its conductor. The ex s. c. on the exergue,
ilia invidia altcros provchendi, contiuuaudo con-
stamps this fine reverse with the impress of
servit ; ita ejus aviditate derisos, ut hoc cum
Senatorial authority.
pagina fast orum suorum, iino fastidiorum, fcccrit
Elephantorum quadriga. —A first brass of Au- iusolentcin, nec potucrit pnestare felieem.” See
gustus, coined in pursuance of a decree of the also the poem which Statius has written respect-
Senate, after his death, represents him in the ing the seventeenth Consulship of Domitian.
guise of a divinity, seated on the thensa of con- As to the triumphal arch here represented, so
secration,drawn by four elephants, on each of superbly charged with two cars drawn by ele-
—
which sits a driver. That Augustus was ho- phants, it clearly relates to the two victories
noured, after his decease, with the exhibition of which he wished to have credit for having
such quadriga, we have the testimony of Sue- achieved over the Gauls, Germans, Sarmatiaus,
tonius and Dion. Dacians, and Quadi; and for which he triumphed.
On a large brass of Titus, struck in honour This arch, erected to perpetuate the memory of
of his father’s consecration (see p. 33C), as well those alleged facts, has been honoured with
as the well-known coin of Augustus, from the an allusion by Martial (see lib. viii. Epigr. 65.)
reverse of which the type was borrowed, four From the poet’s verses it would appear that this
elephants draw the thensa of the deified prince, triumphal gate, enriched with two magnificent
but in neither instance are the bodies of those quadriga; (Hie gemini currus uumrrnnt Ele-
animals loricatcd. It is not uucommon to find phants) was constructed in a place, which served
them harnessed with the ornamental panoply in as a parvis to temples dedicated to Fort ana
which they bore a part at the public shews, on Redujt, in favour of Vespasian, of Titus, and of
 EMERITA. EMESA.— ENNA. 359
Domitian and which was the place (as Tristan
,
EMESA or EMI$A, Colonia; near
Syrite,
supposes), where the Senate and the people went the region of Mount Lebanon, situate on the
to receive and salute the emperor last named, on Orontes, and now called Hams. It was the
his return from his expeditions. —
See Com- native place of Julia Domna, wife of Scverus,
mentaires Historiques, T. i. p. 333. and mother of Caracalla. The latter emperor
In Morell. Imp. Rom. t. ii. tab. xiiii. the conferred upon it the rank of a Roman colony.
portal on the summit of which the two quadriga; Emesa contained a temple of the Sun, in which
of elephants stand, has a tier of columns with Elagabalus officiated as a priest before he was
entahlatnre above the arch-ways. made emperor. The coins of this city are
—
EMERITA Colonia. A city of great im- imperial in brass (except one small medallion in
portance, during the early empire, situate on potin.) The legends are exclusively Greek, from
the banks of the Anas (Guadiana), in Hispania Domna to Alexander Scverus, including the
Lusitania (Spanish Estremadura). Some relics unique coin of Sulpicius Antoninus (Tauini,
of it remain to this day, aud Merida is now the Sapp. p. 1 16). The types of reverse are mostly
name of the place. In the year of Rome 729 — Head of the Sun Eagle on a cone-formed
;

(b. c. 25), Augustus, having concluded the stone turreted woman ; basilic®, and temples.
—
;

Cantabrian war, placed there, as colonists, by Mionnet, v. 227, and Suppt. viii. 156.
way of reward, certain soldiers whose term of EMPORIAE Tarracouensis (Hispani®), muni-
service had expired (emeritos) , and who accord- cipium, now Ampurias. —
The coins of this town
ingly called the new settlement avovsta eme- are Greek autonomes in silver; and brass, with
rita and by his permission (perm, or per-
; Celtiberian and Latin inscriptions. The ob-
missv. avg.) struck numerous coins in honour verses have for the most part a galeated head,
of their founder. —
The Emeritenses also con- and the Latin legends of reverse are empor. or
secrated a temple to the Eternity of Augustus empori, with the type of a Pegasus, some-
(aeternitatis avgvstae) after whose death
; times the head of Minerva, a lion walking, a
they paid the same mouctal distinctions to Julia. hippocampus, a bull, a bust of Diana. See —
And being very desirous to secure for their city, Mionnet, Suppt. i. 82 see also Akerman, Coins
:

as the seat of the Lusitauian legation, the of Hispania, p. 86.

patronage of his successor Tiberius, they dedi- No imperial or colonial money was struck by
cated coins to him also. It was for these rea- this Spanish municipium.
sons, that, as a new town, and built by Roman ENNA (Sicili®), municipium, now Castro
veterans, a representation of its fortified gate Giovanni. —
A very ancient city, where Ceres
and mnral enclosure was struck on the coins of was worshipped in a magnificent temple.
this colony, and the name of emerita (or The coins of this place are autonomous ; all
imerita) inscribed over its gateway. Nor was brass (with one exception, unique, in silver) —
this distinctive token confined to colonial brass a few but chiefly Greek legends
Latin, the ;

col. avgvsta emerita) but the

(as c. a. e. or ;
types arc —
Proserpine, head of Ceres, head of
name of Augustus was also identified with the Apollo. There are no imperial coins. On a
foundation of Merida by one of his own large brass, which is classed in Morell. Earn.
monevers, on denarii which bear a similar type Rom. with coins of the Cestia gens, is a veiled
and inscription. For description and plates of head of Ceres, with a torch before it, alluding
the colonial mintages, in first and second brass, to the torches with which, as the poets feigned,
the reader is referred to Mr. Akerman’s Coins that goddess sought her lost daughter, on Mount
of Ancient Cities, fife. p. 11, pi. i. Nos. 4 and 5. Etna ; and on the reverse, Pluto, the ravisher,
The following cut is from silver of the Carisia is carrying away the virgin in a quadriga. The
gens obverse legend is m. cestivs aud l. mvnativs
(Duumviri). The legend of reverse is mvn.
henn. (municipium Henna). There is also a
middle brass, bearing the names of the same
duumvirs, with the type of Venus. And a third
autonomous brass, with m. cestivs and the
head of Ceres, on its obverse, and mvn. henna,
with two female figures in a quadriga, on the
by Mionnet (Suppt. i. 384)
reverse, is cited
imp. caesar avgvst. — Rare head of Augus- from E. Harwood, pop. et urb. sel. num. p. 56.
tus. Rev. — p. carisivs leg. pro. pr. Gate EPIGRAPHE, Epigraph Inscription.—
of the fortified city of Merida, above which is El’PIA gens — A noble family, but not much
written imertia. known. Cicero calls Eppius a man of his order.
This denarius, struck hv Publius Carisius, It has two varieties the undermentioned silver
legalus proprietor of Augustus, alludes to the coin is the rarest :
—
;

Spanish campaign, in which that officer de- EPPIVS LEG atus. F. C. Hercules standing,
feated Asturcs, and captured from them
the with front face, naked, and in repose, with club
the city of Lancia. This led to the foundation aud lion’s skin. Rev. —
Q. METEI./aj SCII’IO
of the city of Emerita, which afterwards became DIP. Female head, covered with the elephant’s
the capital of Lusitania. The mouetal issues of skin underneath it a plough ; before it an ear
;

this colony do not appear to have extended of corn (page 151). “From this coin we
beyond Tiberius. learn that Eppius was the Lieutenant of Scipio
 360 EPULONES.— EQUES. EQl'ESTER ORDO.
in the African war against Julius Ccesar, and emperor, cither iu
the garb of Peace, or in
had the office of coining denarii for the purposes military habiliments, with right hand raised,
of that war, as is confirmed by the F. C. moving at a slow pace or galloping with spear
;
Faciendum or Feriundum Curavit unless it be at the charge or in the attitude of hurling his
;

more correctly interpreted Flandum Quravit, as javelin barbarian foe, who is down on one
at a
on coins of Lentnlus, in Cornelia gens CVR. : knee a defensive posture, or is fallen prostrate
iu
X. FL.” The brass coins of this family are as, before him, appears on coins, in each metal, from
or parts of the as. Augustus to Nero; thence to Domitian, Trajan,
See an engraving of this coin, inserted Hadrian, M. Aurelius, Commodus, Severus,
amongst the Metelli of the Ctecilia gens, p. ] 51, Caracalla, &c. &c. — See advent vs avg. and
right hand column.
— Subsequently
ADVENTUI AUG. (p. GENT.
10) — DEBELLATORI
EPULONES. to the first war
with Hannibal, the Roman pontiffs being over-
BARBAR (p.3 11) — DECURSIO
314-315) (pp. —
EXI’EDITIO AUG. (SUO toco) PROFECTIO AUG.
whelmed with the multitude of sacrifices, and of j

(ditto) PRINCIPES JUVENTUTIS (p. 217) VIR-

ceremonies attendant thereon, were allowed in TUS AUGG. (p. 53.)
the year of the city 557 (b. c. 197), to appoint Equestrian figures of Castor and Pollux are
three men to whom was given the name of seen on the most aucicnt coins of the Aclia,
Triumviri Epulones. These presided as priests Antestia, Atilia (p. 93), Cupiennia, Domitia,
at the public feasts which took place at the con- 1 1 ora tia (Denarius, p. 316), Itia, Junia, Lucrc-
clusion of each sacrifice ofTercd to Jupiter and tia, .Marcia, Minucia, Plautia, Quiuctia, Scri-
others of their deities, whom they professed
to propitiate, by placing their statues, laid
houia, Semprouin, and Tcrcntia families. — Sec
Dioscuri.
on couches (lienee called lectisternia) , iu the
temples, and inviting them to partake of a
EQ1 ESTER ORDO. —
The Equestrian Order:
one of the degrees of rank, or estates of Rome.
banquet prepared with all possible magnificence It derived its name at an early period of the
and sumptuousness and if they were not able
; commonwealth from the legionary Equites and
to eat, drink, and be merry, there were doubtless became subsequently the middle grade between
other guests present who could. Sulla aug- the Senate aud the people. They were called
mented the number of these ministers of the i
juventus, because that word was used by the
sacred banquets in honour of the gods to seven. Romans iu speaking of their soldiers collectively;
Julius Caisar added three more but after his
; and principes juventutis, because king Scrvius,
time, the number appears again to have been when he divided the entire people into six
limited to seven. The subjoined wood-cut is classes, enrolled, according to Livy, “ twelve
faithfullyexecuted from an extremely well-pre- i centuries of equites, chosen from the first men
served denarius in the British Museum, the re- of the nation ;” or as Dionysius of Halicarnassus
verse type of which represents an Epnto pre- states, “ he made a selection of equites from
paring a lectisternium for Jupiter, conformably amongst those who were
citizens wealthiest and
to custom, in the Epidurn Jovis. of noble birth.’ — And
observes Eckhcl (see
this,
his Dissert, de Principe Juventutis), accounts
for the equites being so frequently styled pri-
nt ores, principes, or proceres juventutis. A re-
markable example of this occurs in the speech
which Livy has put into the mouth of Perseus,
King of the Macedonians, whom he addresses
after the defeat of the Roman cavalry, in these
—
words “ You have turned to (light the more
c. coel. cai.dvs cos. Bare male head to important part of your enemies’ forces, the Ro-
the right, between a vexillum, inscribed ills man cavalry, in which they boasted themselves
—
and a boar. Rev. c. caldvs imp. a. x. A invincible. For with them the equites are their
table or lectisternium, with a robed and veiled principes juventutis ; with them the equites arc
figure behind it. The inscription is l. caldvs the nursery of their Senate from them are ;

vn vir. epvl. On each side is a trophy below ;

chosen into the ranks of the patres, the men
cai.dvs ill vir. For an explanation of this whom they create consuls and emperors (ini-
coin sec p. 222. pcratorcs.)” And much earlier, the same author
The Epulones were next to the Augurs in has said of L. Brutus
—
“ He raised to the num-
dignity, and were privileged to wear the toga ber of three hundred the ranks of the patres,
prsetextu. They also formed a college, and were (thinned by the assassinations of Tarquinins Su-
one of the four great sacerdotal corporations at perbus), by electing into them the primores of
Rome, the Pontificcs, Augures, and Quihdc- the Equestrian Order.” With propriety, therefore,
cemviri, being the other three. might the equites be called the principes of the
—
EQ. Equestris. EQ. COH. Equestris Co- entire juventus of Rome and, without doubt,
hortis. — EQ. ORD. Equestris Ordiuis. they obtained, by their superiority of fortune
;

EQUES. —
A horseman. Typically speak- and birth, the pre-eminence ninong the people,
ing, a man on horseback, appears on many con- along with whom they were still reckoned, there
sular coins (sec Sulla, p. 287), and is of still being as yet no Equestrian Order instituted.
more frequent occurrence in the imperial scries. The equites afterwards received an important
Imperator Eques, the equestrian figure of the accession of authority and honour, namely
 EQUESTER OK DO. EQUESTER ORDO. 3G1
when the brothers Ti. et C. Gracchus intro- [For lo a newly-rich man, a knight created b>'
!

duced a law for the transfer of the judicial au income acquired by wounds, is preferred to me
courts, from the Senate to the Equites. (who am a knight created) by blood (i. e. descent.)]
Thereby
they also gaiued an opportunity of accumulating According, however, to Suetonius, the law
wealth. For, as iu consequence of their here- respecting a deficiency of income was modified
ditary possessions, they enjoyed almost a mono- by Augustus, who added a condition to it. It
poly in the farming of the taxes, under the title may thence be concluded, that the equites, who
of pub/icani, it was an easy matter, with such iu former times were properly styled principes
aids, to increase their store. Thus, therefore, juventutis, and destined to the profession of
in the course of time was the renowned Equester arms, after the establishment of the Equestrian
Ordo instituted and so called and distinguished
;
Order, gradually withdrew from military ser-
from the other two Orders of Senate and People. vice, and betook themselves with impunity to
These facts are confirmed by the testimony of the profitable business of the law-courts, or to the
Pliny, —
who says “ The distinction of this ease and pleasures of a town life, notwithstanding
Order, under the appellation of judices was first that, even at a later period, a horse
was provided
introduced by the Gracchi, through a factious for them at the public cost.
This Equestrian
desire of popularity, and to bring the Seuatc Order, to whose knights Cicero gives the title of
into disrepute. And this authority, having soon Homines amplissimi et honestissimi, and of whom
afterwards been weakened by the vicissitudes of he speaks as the flower of the Roman chivalry
civil dissension, became vested in the publicani, (flos Romanoruin) ; the ornament of
equittun
who for a considerable period constituted the the City,and the strength of the Republic ;
third Estate of the Republic. It was M. Cicero, this body, whence occasionally persous were
who at length during bis consulate, and having chosen to fill vacant places iu the Senate, be-
overthrown Catiline, firmly established the came extremely numerous under the emperors,
equestrian title, boasting his own origin from many of whom admitted their freedmen, or
that Order, and maintaining its authority with whomsoever they and dig-
pleased, to the estate
peculiar zeal. From that time it became dis- nity of Eques.
tinctly a third portion of the commonwealth
;

aud the Equester Ordo, properly so called, began

to be added to those of the Senate and the
People. Aud this is the reason (adds Pliny)
why, even at the present day, it is specified
after the Poputus, as being the more recently
established Order.” —
(See consensu, se.vat.
ET f.q. OKD1N. &e. p. 252.)
The equites, elated by this accession of dig- EQVESTER ORDO. PRINCIPE IVVENT. (The
nity and wealth, became less eager to rally Equestrian Order to the Prince of the Youth.)
round the standards of their legions, partly be- This legend, within a buckler, appears on the
cause they could, without peril or inconvenience,
attain at home the highest honours aud also
reverse of gold and silver of Nero. —
The obverse
; bears an epigraph in the dedicatory form
because they felt ashamed to follow a military NEIIONI CLAVDIO DRVSO GERM. COS. DESIGN.
service, to which the lowest and meanest of the aud the young bust, bare headed, of Nero, as
populace, following in the steps of Marius, Ciesar.
were beginning to give a corresponding charac- It was customary (remarks M. Lcnormant),
ter. And yet, when the Equestrian Order was for the Order of Roman Knights to give the
once instituted, the rank of an eques, like that Princes of the Youth a silver spear and buckler.
of a patrician, descended by inheritance to the Caius aud Lucius, sons of Agrippa, received a
sons, provided that the requisite income were similar present, being Principes Juventutis.
forthcoming. But although this Order might It is also, Nero is here re-
in this quality, that
have been obtained by heirdom from a man’s corded to have been complimented with a buck-
ancestors (as Ovid states to have been his case), ler by the Equestrian Order. The following
yet it also (as he admits) might have been the inscription on a marble, published by Gruter,
result of distinguished conduct in the field of
battle
records the same fact NERONI CLAVDIO —
;
just as L. Aconius is stated by Fabretti, DRV SO GER manico COnSuli DY'Signuto .

“ to have been raised

by Trajan from the EQVESTER ORDO PRINCIPI IYVENTV-
condition of a soldier to that of an eques, for TIS.— Nero was made Prince of the Youth iu
services performed in the German and the Sar-
matiau wars.” But that an income of the legal
the year of Rome 804 (a. d. 51). See Icono- —
grapkie Romaine.
amount was even then necessary, is clearly Eckhel (viii. p. 371, et seq.) cites simi-
hinted by the same poet, when, with the usual lar monuments which tend to prove the con-
pride of noble birth, as towards the parvenu, nection of the Principes Juventutis with the
he complains of his mistress preferring a knight, Equestrian Order. A second brass of Commo-
lately elevated to that rank for military services, dus, as Ciesar, bears within a laurel crown
to himself, who held the distinction by inhe- the same dedicatory legend. Tacitus, among
ritance ;
the honours decreed to the memory of Ger-
Ecce recens dives, parto per vuluera censu, manicus, who was a Prince of the Youth, re-
Proefertur nobis, sanguine, factus, eques. cords the following —
“ The Equestrian Order
:

3 A
362 ERCAVICA.— ETRUSCILLA. EUDOCIA. EUGENIUS.
gave the name of Gcrmauicus to the battalion lished by Muratori (p. 1036, 4), has put an end
(cunetts) which used to be called that of the however to the discussions amongst antiquaries
“juniors;” and ordained that on the ides of on this point. That inscription calls her He-
March the troops (of knights) should follow his rcunia Cupressenia Etruscilla, wife of our lord
image in procession. For some additional par-
ticulars relative to the Eijucster Onto, sec prin-
Cli'ES juvf.ntutis, in this dictionary.
EQVIS (sic.) ROMAN VS. The emperor on
horseback in the garb of peace. In the exergue
—
SMN. Obo. DN. CONSTANTIN VS MAX.
AVG. Bust of Constantine the Great diadem -
ated. Small gold medallion. Engraved in
Num ism. Cimelii. Vindobon. Aurei, tab. 1.
Eckliel observes, “ the attempt of Khcll to
explain this singular coin, has produced nothing
valid by which the enigma of its legend cau be
unravelled, nor can I hope to be more fortunate
than my master unless perhaps it alludes to
: (domini nostri) Decius, &c. Nothing is known
the Princeps Juventutis, by which title, as Au- of her She had two children, llerennius
life.

gustus was before him, Constantine is designated Etruscus and Ilostiilianus. Iler coins arc com-
frequently on coins ; and he himself kot e(oxv>', mon in silver ; tolerably common in large brass
is here called eqvis rohanvs, as he was also very rare in brass medallions and of extreme
prince of the youth and priuce of the eques- rarity in gold. The
;

principal reverses are :

—
trian order. It is to be noted, that on this Gold. — pvdicitia avq. A woman stand-
medallion the unusual word eqvis stands for ing, or seated. (A" allied by Mionnct at 200 fr.)
eqves, a horseman or knight.” viii. 83. Brass Medallion. vesta. Six women
ERCAVICA (Tarraconensis) municipium . veiled, sacrificing before a temple. (Mt. 150 fr.)
A city of the Celtiberi, enumerated by Pliny [The obverse of this fine and very rare coin
among the towns attached to the convention (not an extra-sized large brass, but a real brass
of Caesar- Augusta (Saragozza), and classed by medallion), presents the striking portraiture
Livy among thenobler and more powerful above engraved from the original in the Cabinet
class of cioitates iu that part of northern de France. For the reverse type sec vesta].
Spain. “ It was situated near the river Gau- —
Middle Brass. pvdicitia avuvsta. The
diela, in the neighbourhood of the modern empress seated between two other female figures
Santaver.” The coins of this place are impe- standing. (Medaille de deux cuicres, sans le
rial Latin, in second and third brass, struck senatus-consulto. 40 fr. Mionnct).
under the respective reigns of Augustus, Tibe- EUDOCIA (or Eudoria), married to the
rius, and Caligula. On one of these (Tiberius) emperor Arcadius a. d. 305, and died a d. 404.
the name ercavica aloue is inscribed on those
; There arc no authenticated coins of this empress.
of Augustus and Caligula it is accompanied with EUDOXIA (Aeha) or Eudocin, daughter of
the title ofMVN icipium. It seems (says Var- Leontius, an Athenian, born about a. d. 393,
iant, in Colonist), to have been made one about married to the emperor Theodosius the younger
the year of Rome 574 (b. c. 180). Under a. d. 421. Being separated from her husband,
Tiberius aud Caligula its coins bear the names she took up her abode at Jerusalem, where she
of the Duumvirs. The only types are an oaken died a. d. 460. —
The coins assigned to this Au-
crown encircling the name of the city and a ; gusta are rare in small brass in gold and silver
;

a bull standing, the latter the usual symbol of very rare indeed. On these she is styled ael.
a nmnicipuim. — See Mionnct, Sitpp/l. t. i. and EVDOXIA FE. AVG.
Akcnuan, Coins of SitpatUa, p. 86. [For an explanatory note in reference to the
—
ERVC. Erycis a name given to Venus, in above and preceding empress, sec Akcrman,
memory of her son Ervx, who, relying on his Descript. Cat. ii. 357.]

strength, challenged all strangers to tight with El 1)0X1 \ fLicinia) daughter of Theodosius
him. Killed by Hercules in the combat of the II. and Aelia Eudoxia, wife of Valcntiuiau III.
ccsttis, he was buried on a mountain (now called born at Constantinople, a. d. 423 ; a widow iu
Giuliano), near Drcpanum, in Sicily, where he 455. She called Genseric to Rome to avenge
had built a temple to Venus, to which he had herself of l’ctronius Maximus, who forced her
given his name. The temple of Venus Erycina, to a marriage with him, after assassinating Va-
with the inscription ervc. appears on a denarius lentiuinu ;Rome was pillaged Eudoxia enrried
—
;

struck by C. CONSIDIw NONIANar. See away to Carthage, but afterwards returned to

COXsidia gens, p. 254. Rome, 462, and died there. Her coins (in gold
. —
ETRV. Etrnsrus See HEKENNIITS. only) are of the greatest rarity. Stylc-LiciMA
—
ETRUSCILLA (7Hereunto). Coins bearing EVDOXIA AVG.
P. F.
on their obverses the legend IIERENNIA EUGENIUS, an usurper of the imperial pur-
ETRVSCILLA WGust a, shew that there was
nu empress of that name ; but of themselves
ple, iu the age of Theodosius the Great. Of
obscure birth, he began by teaching grammar
leave us only to infer that she might be the and rhetoric ; and afterwards rose to the situa-
wife of Trajanus Decius. An inscription pnb- tion of master of the palace to Valentiuian II.
 EUGENIUS. EXERCITUS. 363
He was proclaimed Augustus at Vienne, iu Dau- tion, were chosen from among the men of con-
phiny, by Count Arbogastcs, wbo murdered sular aud pretoriau rank, aud sent EX. S. C.
Valentinian the younger, in a. d. 392, and who into the provinces. Thus we read PR. COS. or
kept the authority in his own hands.
Eugenius, PROCOS. EX. on coins of the Auuia,
S. C.
acknowledged as emperor throughout Gaul and Csecilia,Juba, Manlia, aud Scribonia families
iu the other provinces of the West, allied him- aud iu like manner PROPR. Proprietor, with
self to the Germans and Franks. Attacked by the same stamp of Senatorial authority. Span- —
Theodosius near Aquilcia, iu Cisalpine Gaul, he heim, vol. ii. p. 177.
was defeated, taken prisoner, and put to death, EX.S. C. appeal's on a great many family
a. d. 39 1. Arbogastcs killed himself. Style, coins but iu the imperial series the mark is ob-
;

D. N. evgenivs p. p. avg. Ilis brass (small) servable only on those of Augustus, M. Agrippa,
coins are of the highest rarity silver rare gold Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, Titus, Faustina, sen.
very rare.
, ;

Marciana, Hadrian, Sept. Severus, &c. On —

MINTAGES OF EUGENIUS. coins of Emperors aud Augusta, this mark of
EX. found associated with the
S. C. is generally
Gold Medallions (small size). gloria legend, or at least with the types, of Consecra-
eomanorvm. Koine and Constantinople per-
tion, as in Claudius, Marciana, Faustina sen.
sonified,
at
seated together.
200 fr.)
(Valued by Miouuet
—
EX. S. C. S. P. Q. R. A temple of ten co-
lumns, adorned with various statues ; on a brass
—
Gold. victoria avgg. Two emperors, each
—
adorned with the nimbus, seated on one throne,
and holding a globe together. (Valued by Mion-
medallion of Hadrian.
EXER.
See Temple.
Exercitus, or Exercituum. Sec—
CONCORDIA, FIDES, GENIUS, VIKTUS.
uet at 60 fr. Engraved in Akerman, ii. plate
xii. No. 5, p. 338). —
victoria avgvstorvm.
—
EXERCITUS. The Romans, in order that
a soldier should not be allowed to waste his
Victory walking. (Q'dnarius. Mt. 50 fr.) strength or enervate his courage iu sloth and
—
Third Brass. victoria avggg. Victory
idleness, employed him in various exercises,
with wreath and palm branch, marching to the
which, even in the midst of peace, kept before
left. Obv. —
d. n. evgenivs p. p. avg. Dia-
his view the representation, the fatigue, and the
—
demed bust. [This is unique. It forms part of
Mr. ltolfe’s collection was published for the first
dangers of war. Thus from the word Exer-
;
cilatio, exercise, came that of Exercitus, army,
time by Mr. Roach Smith, in his “ Autiquities
because the more troops are exercised, the better
of ltichborough (Kent) and engraved by Mr training they are in for war. On those days
Fairholt, among other coins discovered at that
when the soldiers were not on guard in the
Roman station. See fig. 15, pi. vi.] virtvs
camp, they were drilled to the use of their wea-
eomanorvm. Same type as the preceding re- pons; they practised in archery, sliuging, and
verse. (Valued by Mionnct at 40 fr.)
raced with each other in full armour. By this
EX. A. PV. or A. P. —These letters appear (in means they were always iu good breathing, and
the of the coins) on denarii of the Fabia,
field their ardour was preserved at the highest pitch.
Fontcia, and other Roman families. Eckhel (v. — During peace they had to make roads, form
210), observes that they are to be interpreted, encampments, build houses, aud even construct
not as some have done, EX. A rgenlo PXblico, entire toWs, if Dion Cassius is to be credited,
but, EX. A uctoritate P Xblicd meaning that — who affirms that the city of Lugdunum (Lyon,
the silver or gold money thus inscribed had been in France), was one of the fruits of this system.
struck by public authority. —
See Fabia gens. —The same is said of Augusta Yiudelicorum
EXAG1VM SOLIDI. — An inscription stamp- (Augsbourg, in Germany). And in North Britain
ed on certain quadrangular pieces of brass, used the wall of Hadrian and that of Antoninus Pius,
during the lower empire, by the exactores auri, attest by their remains, how magnificently ex-
who were specially charged with preserving the tensive were the military works of theRomans.
weight, as well as the purity, of that metal iu was custom which moreover served to
this
the Roman mint.
—
“ By the word exagium (says
It
increase the docility of the soldier, at once
Eckhel, viii. 513, et seq.) especially in the times divesting him of both inclination and time for
of Arcadius, Ilonorius, Theodosius junior, and entering into plans of desertion or of revolt.
Valeutinian III. was meant a weight, or a weigh- Aud neglect of this active discipline mainly
in g, intended to test the legitimate weight of caused the ruin of the Roman armies.
the Solidus.” —
See that word. The names of the different bodies of Roman
EX. S. C. Ex. Senatus Consulto. (By a De- troops employed in various parts of Europe,
cree of the Senate; or, by a Senatus Consultum). Asia, and Africa, are recorded on coins; princi-
When these letters occur on Roman gold and pally on those of Hadrian for example, bearing
not that the Senate
silver coins, they' signify, the inscriptions Exercitus Britannicus, Cappa-
caused them to be struck, but that the coiuage docicus, Dacicus, Germanicus, Ilispanicus, Ju-
of them had the senatus consultum, or senato- daic us, Mauretanicus, Noricus, Parthicus, Rae-
rial sanction,when struck. The mark EX. S. C. ticus, Sgriacas, &c. as will be seen in the im-
also denotes certain disbursements made from mediately following pages. For the Romans
the public treasury to defray expenses of public were accustomed to call their legions aud expedi-
games. And iu some instances the form was tionary forces after the names of those places, or
added to the title of pro-consul aud of pro-pre- countries, iu which they were stationed, or were
tor, when those officers, without popidar elcc- carrying on war. On other coins a comraemor-
3 A 2
 364 EXERCITUS BRITANNICUS. EXERC1TUS BRITANNICUS.
ation is made not only of the local habitations orvm on
ot Roman armies, but also of their valour,
: others, YLETTS or gloria exercitvs
for- GALLl(CANl), &c.
titude, and renown. Thus wc read on
UKTVS
some, EXERCtVtw AUGUSTORUM — The Army .
of
ill LIT VM, or
VIKTVS EXERC1TVS ROMAK- the Emperors. — Sec LicmiUS junior.

EXERCiriw BBlTANNIew. S. C— The em- without intention, sceiug that other similar
peror Hadrian, bare headed, habited in the paluda- works had been executed in Britain, between
meutum, on horseback, with right hand raised, as the
epocha of Hadrian and that in which
haranguing his army, represented by one soldier Spartian
wrote the learned Abbe proceeds to give a sum-
bearing a vcxillum, and three ensign bearers, a mary of what is communicated by other ancient
fourth (indistinctly) appearing behind them. authors and this lie does by way of commen-
Obv. —
II ADRIAN VS AVG v.stas CO«S«/ III.
;

tary ou the text of Spartian— See

that valuable
Pater Patna. Bare head of Hadrian, to the contribution in aid of the study of
right.
geographical
and historical numismatology, Mi-moire
ibis one of that class of geographical coins
is
sur It s
l og ages d'Hadrien,
p. 72, et scq.
(as Eckhcl calls them), which respectively bear Flic large brass engraved above
is not de-
the name of the army that happened to lie sta- scribed in the Catalogues of Mionnet and
tioned in the province visited by the emperor Akcr-
man, uor is it included amongst those which
and it derives in the English eye a great addi- illustrate “ Coins of the Romans
relating to
tional degree of interest, from the circumstance Britain. But the author of that standard pub-
of its exhibiting the collective appellation of the
lication has made the following descriptive allu-
Roman soldiers who occupied camps and garri- sion to the subject in p. 24 :
sons in Britain, at the time of Hadrian’s ad- “ In the
Museum Theupolum, a work, to the
vent and stay there, a. d. 121.
general accuracy of which Eckhcl bears
testi-
Spartian’s account of Hadrian’s visit to Bri- mony, a large brass coin of Hadrian is thus
tain (see it quoted in p. 141), is as verbally brief
described :

and yet as intrinsically important, as were the

incidents ot that visit itselt ; for it records much
" Eererse. —
EXERC. BRITAN. The emperor
on a tribune or estrade, haranguing his troops.
good to have resulted therefrom in a short space
Although this coin is not known to our
of time. — See britanma, p. 141. English numismatists, it is hy no means a proof
“ Four provinces of Europe (says the Abbe thatit docs not exist. Yailluut notices a type
Greppo) were visited consecutively by Hadrian, and legend very similar, viz.
in the first years of his reign, as it would ap-
EXERC. BRITANNICUS. Imperator pa-
pear namely, the Gauls, Germany, Britaiu, and ludatus,
;
stans in suggestu, adloquitur cohortes.
Spain. * » * *
It is from Germania that
Spartian passes Hadrian into the isle of the
— In aliis, Imperator eques.
“ To this he (Yaillaut)
Britons, but without entering into any detail, remark —
‘ Hie minimus primnr
appends the following
formic inter rari-
even without making known to us the port orcs liumerandus (imo inter rarissimos).’
whence he embarked. Never-
The biographer limits theless some artful rogue may have formed
himself to say —
Ergo couvcrsis regio more mili-
* * * *
coin from another of a similar type, by
altcriiiE
this

tibus Britauuiam petit. History is the letters of the legend.”

equally far from satisfying our curiosity respect-
Eckhcl takes Vaillant for his authority in
ing the sojourn which Hadrian made in that
citing and describing this coin, making only
island, this
lie corrected there numerous abuses
remaik, that scarcely any other information
(in qua multa corrcxit) a very vague
statement, than that atlorded by the few lines in Spartian,
and common to all the tours of Hadrian. But is recorded respecting Britain
the historian adds a fact of greater interest,
during Hadrian’s
time; nor do the types of coins furnish any
wheu he speaks of the wall raised, by order of hints on which we cau dwell.”
that prince, to separate the lands of the barba-
[A well-preserved and finely patinated speci-
from those which were subject to
rian inhabitants
men of the coin iu question was purchased, about
the Romans, and that upon an extent of eighty
four years ago, for the British Museum, nt the
miles. Murumquc per octoginta millia pas’- Campana (where it brought £14 14s), by
sale
suum primus duxit, qui Barbaros Romanosque •Mr. Doubleday, who recently furnished
dividcret.” —
After expressing his opinion that
the com'-
piler with a cast. And this having been submitted
the word primus is not used in this passage.
to the practised eyenud acute discernment of Mr.
 EXERCITUS DACICUS. EXERCITUS JUDAICUS. 305
Akcrman, that gentleman in reply says “ To
— peror stauding on a suggestus, delivers an allocu-
what I have stated regarding the large brass Ex- tion to his soldiers. On a first brass of Hadrian.
ercitus Britanniciu of Hadrian, 1 have nothing This coin finds no place in the respective cata-
to add, except that I had not seen the coin, logues of Mionnct and Akcrman, consequently
of which you send me a cast —
but, looking to it may be inferred that certainly the French
the appearance of that cast, I see no reason to Cabinet, and perhaps, the British Museum
doubt the genuineness of the original.” It is do not possess a specimen of it nor docs it ;

under these circumstances, and with these sanc- appear amongst the Ex ercitus scries in the
tions, that an eugraviug of it is here published Imperial collection at Vienna. The Museum
for the first time. Thcitpolum moreover affords no testimony to
EXERCITYS CAPPADOCIVS. S. C—The its existence. —
It is described in Mediobar-
emperor on horseback, addressing the soldiers. bus, p. 178, and given by Patin, in his numis-
First brass of Hadrian, who travelled in Asia matic commentary on Suetonius, p. 377- To —
a. D. 124. The legend and type of this reverse this last named work Eckhel himself resorts, as
are explained, under the head of Cappadocia, to his sole named authority for including the
p. 171. Roman army of Judsea in the number of those
military bodies, to whom “ the Great Traveller”
dedicated so many types of Allocution, after
visiting the different countries, which their pre-
sence served cither to defend, or to keep quiet.
Taking it for granted, however, that the author
of Doctrina, of all authors in the world, would
not be at the pains of animadverting historically,
on any other than what he believed au extant
and a genuine monument of antiquity, we sub-
join what he says under the head of exeucitvs
1VDAICVS.
The arrival of Hadrian in Judtea is recorded
by Dion (lxix. § 11.) There are no coins to
EXERC. DACICVS. S. C.— The emperor, be seen, which celebrate Hadrian as Reslitutor
with laurelled head, wearing the paludamentum Judrece, though the type of adventvi avg.
over his military dress, and standing on a ivdaeae (p. 9), really bears allusion to that
suggestus, raises his right hand aloft, as ad- restoration. During his reign, however, this
dressing the Roman army in Dacia, represented nation was undeserving of such a princely act of
by three soldiers, one of whom bears a legionary benevolence. It is well known, with what fury,
eagle, another holds a military ensign sur- exceeding belief, this fanatic people, during the
mounted by a right hand (see legio), and the time of Trajan, stung as it were to frenzy,
third figure carries a spear transversely. Below devastated with sword, fire, and rapine, the
the suggestus, between the emperor and the region of Cyrenaica, nursery of crime, and
soldiers, stands the pretorian prefect. On first then Alexandria and Cyprus. Reduced to sub-
brass of Hadrian. On others, the emperor is on mission by force of arms, they remained quiet
horseback. for a time. But subsequently, either in con-
In quoting an example of the equestrian type, sequence of Hadrian’s founding a Roman colony
from the Imperial Cabinet, Eckhel (vi. 494) at Jerusalem, or because they were forbidden to
alludes to the marble (published by Grater, practice circumcision, as Spartiau imagines, they
page 249-4), which, erected to the honour of again threw off their allegiance, and the whole
Hadrian, is inscribed “cujus virtute Dacia of Palestine rose in savage warfare under their
imperio addita felix est,” an inscription which, leader Barchoccbas. Though, on account of the
as applied to him who would have abandoned contcmptibility of the people in revolt, the com-
Dacia altogether, and who did destroy Trajan’s mencement of this war might have been re-
bridge of intercommunication with that hard- garded as unimportant, yet Hadrian viewing it in
earned conquest, “ must be considered either a more serious light, recalled from Britain, Julius
not genuine, or chargeable with base adulation. Severus, one of the most renowned generals of
— See dacia, p. 302. of the age, and gave him the command-in-chief.
EXERCITVS GALL icus. Gold of Con- But it was not without considerable difficulty,
stantine. — See viiitvs exerc. gai.l. and many reverses, that he at length, for the
EXEltCITYS HISPANICVS. — Mion net second time, look and destroyed Jerusalem,
leaves this legend out of the list of Hadrian’s rased her fortresses, slew all who offered resist-
military medals, and Mr. Akcrman does the ance, and sold the remainder to slavery, and
same. But llavercamp, in the Cabinet de Chris- thus put an end to the war.
tine, gives an engraving of a middle brass, in- The precise year in which Hadrian visited
scribed with the above legend, and exhibiting the Jmtaa is a controverted point. It has been
type of the emperor on horseback, with soldiers asserted by some that this event took place in
before him, indicating probably the assembling 872 (a. d. 119). Eckhel however shews, that
of au army in Spain destined to keep in awe the fact of Hadrian having made so early a
some unsubdued portion of the population. journey into Judaea and its neighbourhood, not
EXERCITVS IYDAICUS. S. C.—The cm- only rests on insecure authority, but is irre-
368 EXERCITUS GERMANICUS. EXERCITUS NORICUS.
concileable with the programme of the route, germania; but she is personified by a figure
which he himself drew up, previously to com- standing, armed with the lauce, and resting on
mencing his tour of the provinces of the empire. a buckler. On others, iu large brass, we read
But that Hadrian visited Judaea in the year 883 exekcitvs germanicvs, and we see the em-
(a. d. 130), and thence passed into Egypt is peror on horseback, haranguing soldiers.” p. 70.
—
proved from coins. See D. N. vi. 496. As Simrtiau, in his notice of Hadrian in Ger-
Reference may here be advantageously had to many, has alluded with more thau usual ampli-
the comments of Abbe Grcppo, on the Exercitus tude of details to the attentive care of that
Judaicus of Hadrian —
a coin which points to prince for military discipline, the Abbe ingeni-
Judrca, as the station of a Roman army, under ously associates the well-known legend and type
circumstances the most calamitous to that un- of disciplina avg. (p. 333) with the probable
happy country —
Voyages d’ Uadrien, p. 182,
. though uucertain events connected with this
et seq. epocha of the emperor’s historv. See p. 70. —
EXERCITVS MAU RET ANI CVS. C.—
Large brass of Hadrian. —
“ The emperor on
S.

horseback, paludated, harangues three soldiers

bearing military ensigns. This device alludes
to a review of the army stationed in Maure-
tania, for Hadrian sagaciously maintained peace,
by being always prepared for war.” Captain —
Smyth, Descriptive Cat. p. 107.
Hadrian’s visit to the Roman military forces
occupying the Mauretanian region of Africa,
took place after his sojourn in Egypt, and im-
mediately prior to his going into Syria, conse-
quently between 883 (a. d. 130) and 884 (a. d.
EXERCITVS GERMANICVS. The empe- — 131). — Sec MAURETANIA.
ror, laurelled and pullulated, on horseback, ad- EXE Reiter NORICVS. S. C. —
The emperor,
dressing the Germanic army, represented by bare headed, habited in the paludamcntum, and
three military figures, the foremost of which standing on a raised place, addresses his army,
holds a staff surmounted by a superb eagle stand- personified by ensign-bearers; to tbe left is a
ing on a labarnm, the next soldier holds a sim- soldier, who holds the emperor’s horse. Behind
ple ensign, the hiudmost carries a standard, sur- the prince, on the same platform, is another
mounted by a right band. (See the article — military personage.
legio). On first brass. On the exergue of the present reverse we read
The Roman legionaries of the province, in the name of the army which occupied that part
memory of Hadrian’s visit to which this beau- of Southern Germany, called Nortcum, a coun-
tiful coin was struck, came under bis disciplin- try lying between the Danube and the Alps,
arian inspection immediately after his visit to uow forming the territory of Nuremberg, and
Gaul, and before lie went into Britain, it is be- a portion of Bavaria.
lieved about 872 119).
(a. l>. Ancient writers are silcut as to the journey
" Other than the name of Germany (observes of Hadrian into Noricnm, but it is clearly re-
the Abbe Greppo, adverting to the above legend), corded by those coin3 of his, which display the
Spartiau furnishes us with no geographical in- above legend and type. — Besides this device,
dications. His data are indeed very vague, aud sufficiently common such analogous coins,
to
enable us to gain too little acquaintance with Mionuct, in his Bareti des Med. Rom. (i. 198),
the extent of the districts occupied by the Ro- has described a rarer and more interesting type,
mans in that country, or with the state of viz. one which represents Hadrian standing on
divers tribes of people, either in subjection, al- an cstradc, and behind him another figure, which
liance, or hostility, that would justify us to is doubtless meant for the pretorian prefect.
hazard, as at all probable, any conjectures on Abbe Greppo, in citing this type from Miou-
the subject of those portions of Germany which nct, remarks that Noricnm was essentially a
Hadrian had then to visit. The fact, however, military country, and that inscriptions mention
which Spartian alludes to, of a king given by divers legionary bodies called after its name.
—
Hadrian to the Germans Germania regem con- For another presumed object of Hadrian’s visit
s/ituil —goes at least to prove that under his to this otherwise unattractive station, see ME-
reign, Home still enjoyed some consideration Tatturn NORfrum.
amongst that people. The coins struck to con- For the probable date abont which Hadrian
secrate the remembrance of this part of Ha- presented himself in person to his Noricnu army,
drian’s travels, have all a military character. see EXERCITVS GERMANICVS.
In none of the types do we sec the symbolising EXERCITVS PARTIIICVS. —The emperor
of a happy province, celebrating by sacrifices standing on a suggest ns with two other military
the advent of the sovereign, and recoguiziug figures, makes an oration to the soldiers. On
him as the restorer of its prosperity. The a brass medallion of Hadrian, described in Yail-
legends auyentvi avg. or kestitvtoui avg. lnut, Nnm. Max. Mod. p. 116.
arc not found here. Germany appears on its By this coin it is shewn that Iladrinn, nltho'
coins in silver, with its name alone for legend, he had given up Farthia with the other oriental
 EXERCITUS SVRIACUS. EXPECTATE VENI. 867
conquests of his predecessor, continued vigi-
still little period the Senate caused the col-
later
lantly to keep up an army of observation on the lection of these medals to be completed, for the
frontiers of that country, and which, no doubt, purpose of handing down to posterity a me-
was stationed near the Euphrates. morial of each of his voyages .” (Iconographie —
Spartian states that Hadrian, who was de- des Empereurs, p. 54.)
sirous to establish amicable relations with all the EXERCITVS VSC. or ISC.—The Emperor
princes of the East, proffered au invitation of !
Postumus, on horseback, with several military
friendship to Chosroes, king of the Parthians, figures standing before him.
sending back to him his daughter whom Trajan EXERCITVS VAC. — Same emperor and type.
had taken, and promising the restoration of his Hadrian’s mint has obviously furnished the
royal throne (which was of gold, but which arch-type of these two large brass coins. Some
was not given up by Hadrian). The same his- learned men, among others Havereamp, who
torian also says, that this emperor was always has given engravings of both in his Cabinet de
on terms of good understanding with the Par- Christine, pronounce the added names of vsc.
thiaus. Nevertheless, a war with that people or isc. and vac. to mean, the former Tsca or
would inevitably have broken out, had it not Isch, the river Ex [sec Gough’s Camden, Devon-
been averted by a conference between Hadrian shire, river Ex, vol. i. p. 42] and the latter
;

aud (as it would seem) their king. It is per- the Vacccei, a people of Spain. — As to Tsca,
haps by this passage of the Roman historian Eckhel (vii. 442) laconically but conclusively
that the brass medallion may be explained, which says, “ To some the above reading appeared sus-
exhibits on its reverse the legend and typifica- picious, and to have originated in an error of
tion of EXERCITVS PARTHICVS. the moneyer, and I prefer their opinion to the
EXERCITVS RAETICVS (or RHAETICVS) But after all, arc
S. C.
— “ The empero*', is address-
on horseback,
first mentioned authorities.”
these coins true ?
ing a party of soldiers, bearing military stand-
EXERGUE, or EXERGUM — the lowest part
ards. The foremost of these men holds an un- of a coiu, divided from the rest by a horizontal
usually large square shield before him, which
line. The word signifies an outwork (or, as
may allude to Rluctia’s being deemed a buckler the French numismatists interpret it, hors
against the depredations of the Gauls and Ger-
d'oeuvre) in relation to the type and to the
—
mans.” Capt. Smyth, Descr. Cat. p. 109. legend. It is usually found on the reverse
This first brass of Hadrian is engraved in seldom on the side of the head. In coins of
the Cabinet de Christine, tab. xii.
families and those of the higher empire, the
\Yc should be absolutely ignorant of the fact
exergual inscription marks either Consular
that this prince visited ithaetia, but for these
dates, or Senatorial authority, or frequently,
brass coins, which attest it. This country
what is of more importance, it directly applies io
[now comprehending the Voralberg and the the subject typified on the reverse. In the mint-
Tyrol] had given its name to different bodies of
ages of the lower empire, letters occupy the
troops, mentioned on ancient marbles.
exergue which generally serve to indicate the
EXERC. SYRIAC VS. S. C.—The emperor cities in which they were struck, and iu both
on horseback, clothed in the toga, before him instances these words or letters form a straight
are four soldiers bearing legionary eagles and
|
line, whilst the rest of the legend is placed cir-
simple ensigns.
cularly. For examples of the exergue aud its
Among the geographical coins of Hadrian, |

various uses, sec pages 5, 7, 9, 11, 20, 37, 41,

Syria is named only on those struck in large i
70, 163, 217, 301, 307, 308, 317, 333, &c.
brass, having the above legend aud accompanying
in this dictionary.
type of the Syrian army. But others of his
mintages bear the names of several countries in
the East.
Arrived in the province of Syria, Hadrian
made Judina the object of a special visit. There
are large aud middle brass on which, for ex-
ample, we read adventvi avo. ivdaeae (en-
graved in p. 9.) Their type oilers this par-
ticularity,that the two figures sacrificing, arc
accompanied, sometimes by two, sometimes by EXPECTATE VENI. (Come, O expected
three smaller figures, bearing palm branches. one !) — Figure iu military dress, his left hand
In reference to such geographical coins of resting on the hasta, stands joining hands with
Hadrian a3 specially relate to his voyages and a robed female, also standing, and who holds
travels, Charles Lenormant observes, “ that at
M. a trident.In the exergue rsh. (probably meant
least a good portion of them were not struck in forRutupia, now Richborough, in Kent). Obv.
the same year of the journey, which they serve imp. caravsivs p. f. avg. Laurelled bust of
to record.’ In fact on several of them the emperor Carausius.
is called Pater Patrire. Now, he did not accept This unique legend, with its hardly less rare
that title until the year of Rome 881 (a. d. 128), and remarkable type, appears on the reverse of
whilst the series of his visits to the different a silver Carausius, of which Mr. Akcrman was
parts of his dominions, commenced iu 873 the first to publish an engraving. (See his
(a. d. 120). It is certain, therefore, that, at a Descriptive Catalogue, vol. ii. vignette in wood,
 308 EX. ORACULO APOLLINIS. EXPED. AUG.
p. 154), from “ a specimen in unusually good to thesame author) is depicted on coins by a
condition.” It formed part of the late Mr.
horseman going at a moderate pace. The sub-
Thomas’s “ princely collection,” at the sale of
joined type of Hadrian would, with the aid of
which this precious mouetal relic of the usurp-
the legend, signify a setting out ; but the slow
ing but independent sovereign of Britain,
brought pace of the horse rather denotes the adventus,
the sum of £10 5s. The learned editor of the or arrival.
auction catalogue (Mr. Burgon,
p. 285), ob-
serves, that the coin in question “ is
of far bet-
ter silver than Carausius’s generally
are.”
The preceding cut is after a cast, furnished
to the compiler by Mr. Doubleday,
apparently
from the Thomas specimen. The same
type
also occurs iu gold, according to Mionnet
( llarete , &c. ii. 1
66), who values it at 600 fr.
whilst he prices the silver type at 1 50 fr.—
See
Mintages of Carausius, p. 178, et seq.
“ Both type and legend seem
to imply, that
Carausius had sounded the Britons before he
ran olF with the fleet from Boulogne. Gene-
brier, describing, probably, from "an
ill-pre- EXPED. \\ G. S. C.
Expeditio August ).
served coin, takes the female figure for Felicity, The expedition of the Emperor. Hadrian, bare-
and supposes the trident to lie the long caducous, headed, on horseback (COS.
with which that Roman goddess is generally
III). The ob-
re- verse of this coin represents Hadrian
lau-
presented. But that it is a trident which she reated, and in the paludamcntum, or
military
holds is quite evident, and that the figure
is the cloak. The legend is WWerator
Genius of Britain will be acknowledged even
CAESor TUA-
by IANVS AYG iistus.
the unimaginative.”— See Akerman.
This a finely-designed coin in first brass.
is
Eckhcl (viii. 45), who formed his opinion The equestrian group is in a spirited style of
apparently, not Irom having seen the coin, but
workmanship, both horse and man. The Au-
from an engraving in llaym’s Tesoro Britannico gustus raises aloft his right hand, and with
stillconsiders the female figure to be the Genius
of Britain. 1 lis words arc
—
” Figuram mulie-
his
as
left holds the bridle of his generous
steed,
setting out on him on some journey, about
brem esse genium Britannia;, verisimile cxistimo, that vague period, his third consulate.
qui Carausium ad se, et capessendum imperium
The Abbe Greppo notices the legend EXPE-
invitare videtur.” And
he aptly cites Virgil, D itio, and its accompanying type,
a passage
iu
who makes TEncas speak to Hector in like
phraseology — of his work to the following effect
(p. 28)
°
: —
“ Quibus Hector ab oris expectate In addition to those geographical coins which,
venis ?” by exhibiting the very name of the country
EX. ORACVLO APOLLINIS. A round visited, no doubt whatever as to their
leave
temple, on whose summit is an eagle within
; signification, there
arc some others, which,
is an idol, or three idols.
though in a manner less precise, unquestionably
On the subject of this singular epigraph, bear reference also to the jourueyings of this
which Mionnet and Akerman do not cither of prince. These cease to present to ’us the names
them notice, but which Eckhcl recognises, as of divers provinces, or
bear the symbols
to
being on the reverse of a brass coin of Philip which characterise them. They simply indicate
senior — the last
“ Whether he received the
named
numismatist says the departure of the emperor, going to visit
empire in accordance some one or other of them, yet without en-
with the response of Apollo’s oracle, or pro- abling us to ascribe them to this or to that
cured the building of the temple, exhibited on voyage, more than to the rest. Thus, on
the reverse, or benefitted it in any other way, large brass coins, which represent Hadrian on
is matter of uncertainty; and (to solve the horseback, we read expf.d. avg. p. it. tr. p.
question) we have need of another oracle of
Apollo. But whatever it may be, this coin
cos. in. —
Others in gold and in large brass,
presenting the same type, but without legeud,
offers a sinister omen
to the opinion of those seem to have been struck with the same inten-
who assert Philip to have professed the Christian tion. The expeditions of this emperor in Gaul
religion. 1 enuti,iu his coin of the Musco and iu Syria arc designated iu an interesting
Albano, sees three idols, which he supposes
inscription, forming the epitaph of n freedman,
to be Capitoliue— viz. of Jupiter, Minerva, and who had accompanied his master, a secretary
Juno.” vol. vii.
and personal attendant of Hadrian in the Gaulish
EXPED1 1 IO.
Whenever the memorial of and Syrian expeditions, as the inscription itself
an emperor’s expedition against the enemy is
(p.198) sets forth (in expeditionibvs dva-
struck on a coin, he is made to appear in haste
Thus we sec Sept. Severus represented on horse-
h\s GAU.iAE et striae). —
here are, as the
Abbe observes, morevarieties in the reverses
back, galloping with couched spear, on a silver
which recall the sca-trajects of the same em-
coin, which is referred by Ynillant to that em-
peror, andwhich are seen on silver, brass, and
peror’s Britannic campaign. But the departure some medallions. For a description and en-
of the emperor on a pacific journey (according graving of one of these obvious emblems of
 EXUPERATOR. FABIA. 369
good wishes for a happy voyage to the emperor.
— See PELICITATI AVG.
EX. SENATVS CONSVLTO. Diva Mar- P.
ciana. —That Marciana was eurolled among the
divinities is proved by marbles, as well as by F. the sixth letter of the Latin alphabet,
several In Grutcr’s work is given a
coins. stands for PH
on some coins of the lower em-
stone erected at Cetrauia Severina, in memory of pire as in Ntunerianus, TR1VMFVS QVAD;
;

her priestess (sacerdoti divae marciana.) and in Honorius, TR1VMFATOR GENT. BAR-
We are not informed as to the year in which BAR. There is also a coin of Constans, which
she acquired these honours. only We know reads OB. VICTOR1AM TRIVMFALEM.
that she was entitled to the epithet diva
about the year 867, (b. c. 114) ; as on the arch
F. or FAB. Fabius. — C. F. Caius Fabius,
name and surname of the Fabia family.
of the Portus Ancouitauus (Ancona), which F. — FAC. Faciundum, Faciundis. CVR. —
records the xviiith Tribunicia Potestas of Tra- X. F. Curavit Denarium Faciundum ; or Cura-
jan (unless, iudecd, we should there read xviiii),
there found the inscription divae marcianae
is
tor Dcnariorum flandorum. SACR. FAC. Sa-—
cris Faciundis.
avg. sorori avg. (cited by Eckhcl, vi. 468,
from Gruter, 247, 6).
F. — LVD. SAEC. F. Ludos Seecu-
Fecit.
lares Fecit.
Obv. —
DIVA AVGVSTA MARCIANA. A head of F. — F. B. Felicitas Beata.
Felicitas.
Marciana. Rev. —
ex. senatvs coxsvlto. A F. —P. F. or PIVS F. frequent on
Felix.
chariot drawn by two elephants with riders, and Roman imperial coins.
a veiled figure seated in it. Silver and first F. — P. F. LEG. Pia Fidelis Leyio.
Fidelis.
brass. —
See exactly same type engraved in p. 358. F. — F. C. Fieri Curavit.
Fieri.
F. or Fi/ue. — ANTONIN1 AVG. F.
Filia
(Lucilla), &c.
F. Filii.—C. L. CAESARES AVGVSTI F.
Cams and Lucius Filii Auyusti (that is to say,
ab Auynsto Adoptati)
I'. Filius. — i'requcnt
on coins of Roman
families (in like manner
N. NeposJ ; e. y.
as
A. F. Ault Filins. —
BRVTI. F. Bruti Filins.
F stands for the same on a great number of
imperial coins, as AVG. I). F. Auyuslus Divi.
[
Julii] Filius. —
AVG. F. AVG. Auyusti Filius
Augustus.
F. Flando. —
See marks of the Mouetal Tri-
umvirs, A. A. A. F. F. Atiro, Aryeuto , Aere,

EXVPERATOR OMNIVM GENTIVM.

Flando, Feriundo. — (See p. 1.)
F. Flavin. — C. F. Colonia F/avia.
(The Conqueror of all Nations). The emperor, — F. Fortuna. F. P. R. Fortuna Populi
with laurelled head, is seated on a cuirass, be- Romani.
tween two captives crouching on the ground.
He rests his left hand on the hasta (or rather
FABIA gens. — An ancient, noble, and power-
ful family, that gave many great men to the
staff with foliaged head), and holds in his right republic of Rome. It extended itself into six
a globe surmounted by a victoriola with a gar- branches, fivewhich (viz. Buteo, Labeo,
of
land.— Brass medallion of Constantine the Great. Pictor, Hispauiensis, Maximus), exhibit their
Obv. — CONSTANTIN vs max. avg. Bust of the respective surnames on coins. Discarding the
Emperor, with the diadem.
verse engraved
— [The above re- fable of Silius Italicus, who carries its orgin to
is from
after a cast a fine speci- Fabius, the son of Hercules, and giving scarcely
men in the Cabinet de France .] more credit to historians who kill off all the
“ The word Exuperator (says Rasche)
I have males of the family save one, in a general en-
hitherto no where found ou coins, except in this gagement, which they entered 306 strong, near
instance, but besides theword Exupero (to sur- the Cremera, against the Veientcs, b. c. 447
;
pass, to be predominant), there occur also Exu- the celebrated characters who are supposed to
perantia (pre-eminence, superiority), Exnperatio, have sprung from the sole survivor of that fatal
(au exceeding or surpassing), Exuperabi/is, or day, amounted to thirty-six individuals, and who in
more properly Exsuperabilis (what may be ex- the space of 250 years, were invested with forty-
ceeded).” eight Consulates, eight Censorships, and ten Tri-
The coinage of Constantine (observes Eckhel), bunates of the Plebs, five Principes Senatus, to-
is full of novel and extravagant titles, too proud gether with the honours of thirteeu triumphs, and
and presumptuous, even when they are true. of two ovations. From Fabius Maximus, sur-
On the coins of Commodus, we see Jupiter Exu- nained Cunctator, the famous dictator in the
perantissimus (the most excellent, the supreme) second Punic war, down to the reign of Tibe-
but then Commodus applied to himself the rius, the Fabii sustained the splendour of their
epithet Ex uperatorius (conquering), and caused race at Rome.
the month of November to be called mensis
There are eleven or twelve distinctly different
exuperatorins, after him as conqueror ! viii 83. types,and many more unimportant varieties
3 B
370 FABIA. FABIA
in the coins of this gens hut they offer few
;
afterwards, he himself, on acconnt of his cruelty
subjects of interest, even on the most select and and avarice, whilst [pretor, was burnt alive.
rare of their reverses. To make amends, how- (Liv. Epil. 84-86.) — See Riccio, p. 89.
ever, for historical and mythological deficiencies, 2.—LABEO. ROMA. Galcatcd head of
the
some
initial and abbreviated words, on
letters
ample themes for
of them, have supplied
Rome, before the neck X.Rev. Q. FABI. —
Jupiter Tonans, in a rapid quadriga, brandishing
exercising the ingenuity, and for displaying the the thunderbolt, and holding the sceptre. Be-
erudition, of numismatic antiquaries. neath the horses a ship’s head.
The brass pieces belonging to this gens are The learned refer this silver coin to Quintas
asses, or parts of the as, and Imperial Greek. Fabius Labco, who, in the year of Rome 565
The following are among the denarii most (b. c. 189), under the consulship of M. Fulvius
open to historical illustration :
Nobilior and Cneus Manlius Vulso, and during
the war with King Antiochus Major, was
appointed as pretor, to the command of the
fleet. But peace with Syria, having in the
meanwhile been made, he landed at Crete, and
rescued from captivity the Roman citizens, who
were dispersed through the greater part of that
island, on which account (according to Livy) he
claimed and enjoyed the honours of a naval
triumph. It was for this reason also, as is
1. — EX. A. PV. Bust of a veiled and
prow displays
turreted woman, Rev. C. FABI.
to the right. — believed, that the ship’s
his coins. — Eckhel, v. p. 208.
itself on

C. F.Victory in a rapid biga; beneath the

fore feet of the horses is a vulture, or other
bird of prey. In the field of the coin some
letter or other of the Latin alphabet. Silver.
[The obverse type is probably the head of Juno,
in whose temple the public money was kept.
For an interpretation of the obverse legend,
see p. 69.]
There is a large brass as with the name of
this family, published by Liebc, bearing on the 3. —N. FABI. N. PICTOR. A galcatcd figure,

reverse side the usual ship’s prow, but with a seated to the left, holds in the right hand the
vulture, or a buteo (see p. 148) stauding on pontifical apex ;
in the left the hasta para

the lower part of it. near her, resting on the ground,

is a shield,

With respect to peculiar, yet constant sym- inscribed qvirin. — In

the exergue roma.
bols, Borghcsi is of opinion, that when they ap- Obv. — Head of Rome, with mark of the de-
pear on single denarii of Roman families, and narius.
especially when they arc repeated on their brass Differing from Ursin, Yaillant, aud Spanheim,
coins, they bear allusion to the surnames of who have all three interpreted the abbreviation

that particular family. Hence he is induced to on the shield QVlRINw, aud who have even
regard the vulture, or whatever bird it may be, yielded to the strauge supposition that Quirinus
which is represented on the two coins above (or Romulus) himself is represented in the
described, as having relation to the cognomen of seated figure. — Eckhel (v. 209) affirms, that an
the family of C. Fahius Buteo. Ursiu and — accurate inspection of the specimens of this
all

Eckhel appear to have viewed it in the same light. silver coin proves it to be the type of a woman,
The earliest numismatic writers, in general, be- and observes that Quirinus is usually depicted
lieve the silver coin to have been the first in that with a long beard. —
[Iu the above cut, the
metal struck by the Romans, and attribute it to galcatcd figure on the reverse has not a womanly
a C. Fabius Pictor, consul with Q. Ogulnius countenance ; but in other respects it agrees
Gallus in 484 (b. c. 270) ;
and that the with the martial character in which deified Rome
ex a. pv. indicates the authority of the Ro- usually appears on coins]. For these reasons
man people, who in that year caused it to be Eckhel coincides with Havcrcainp, both iu
minted. But its workmanship, and its style of pronouncing the image to personify tome, and
representing objects, preclude the acceptance of in reading the inscription Q\ 1K1N 'Us, that is

this opinion. Borghesi, looking to the symbols to say Ftamen Qiririnatis, an office hereditary

above mentioned, considers them to belong to in the Fabia family. Of the Fnbii who were
the time of Marius. And with him others con- Flamines Quirinates frequent meution is made
cur, that they were coined in Africa by Cains in Livy and iu Val. Maximus. The surname of
Fabius Adrianus, pretor and pro-pretor of the Pictor is stated to have been derived to this
consuls L. Cornelius Cinna aud Cn. Papirius family from C. Fabius, who iu 450 (b. c. 394)
Carbo, in 669 aud 670 (b. C. 85 and 84), par- gratuitously paiuted the temple of the Goddc.-s
tisans of Marius, (who died the previous year of Health' (/Edcs Salutis), erected after the
668). —
Cavedoni thinks it probable that it was Samuite war, by Caius Junius Brutus Bubuleus
C. Fabius, who being in 670 pretor in Africa, — which painting was, it seems, in existence
expelled thence Q Metcllus aud two years ;
until the time of Claudius, during whose reign
 FABR1CIA. — FABRINIA. FANNIA. — FARSULEIA. 371

that sacred edifice was destroyed by fire, as is other the reverse and the figure, and legend,
;

testifiedby Pliny, who considers that effort ol or inscription, on each are alike subjects for
art to have been creditable to the Fabia family — consideration.
an opinion, however, widely dissented from by FADIA gens plebeia ; not noticed in Morel,
Val. Maximus, who, in narrating the same fact, Miounet, Akcrman, nor in Riccio ; but of which
denounces painting as an occupation too mean Eckhel states that some small brass coins are
for a citizen of the noblest rank to pursue, and extant. L. FAD««, a contemporary of Julius
treats the performance of Pictor with corre- Csesar and Augustus, appears to have been one
sponding disdain. of their mint-masters.
Riccio 88) says
(p.
—
“ Nuincrius Flavius Pic- FALX, a sickle the sign of Saturn, the re-
:

tor, great grandson to the famous C. Fabius puted inventor of agriculture, whence he was
above mentioned, was the author of this silver called falcifer by the poets. The figure of this
coin, but the precise time when lie exercised his instrument of husbandry, indented, appears on
monctal triumvirate is not kuowu. See quiui- — coins of the Calpurnia, Mcmmia, and Scrvilia
nus — see also Flamen Quiriua/is. families. — See Saturn -
.

4.— L. FABI. L. F. IIISP. Victory in a fast- FAMILY COINS.— See numi famimarum
ROJIANARUM.
going quadriga, holding a palm branch under the
horses’ feet Q. Obverse. C. ANNI. T. F. T. —
;

—
FANNIA gens of the plebeian order, but of
N. PRO. COS. EX. S. C. Head of a woman, consular rank. —
The silver coins of this family
have two varieties, and the brass oue type, as
adorned with small mitre, ear-rings, aud neck-
follow :
lace behind it a caduceus sometimes within a
;
:

1. AED. PL. (/Edilis Plebis). Head of Ceres

crown, sometimes not.
Lucius Fabius, son of Lucius, was pro-ques-
crowned with corn ears. Rev. M. FAN. L. —
tor in Spain to the p’o -consul C. Aunius, sent
CR1T. Marcus Fannins and Lucius Critonius
togated, occupying their respective sedilia, and
thither by Sulla in 671 (b. C. 83), to subdue
presiding over the public distribution of wheat.
Sertorius, of the Marian party.
On some specimens this is additionally indicated
by a corn-ear placed upright before them. Be-
hind, in the field, arc the letters P. A. ( Publico
Aryento). —
See .tmus, p. 12 see also Critonia —
gens, p. 296.
2. Head of Rome, helmeted before it X. :

Rev. — M. FAN. C. F. Victory in a quadriga at

full speed, holding a branch, sometimes a crown,

5.
— Q.before
MAX. ROMA.
Galcated bead of
in her right hand. —
For a wood-cut of it see
Rome : Rev.
it Cornucopia; with
X. — denarius, p. 317, left hand column.
3. M. FAN. C. F. above; below. ROMA
fruit,
wise
aud with which a thunderbolt is put cross-
the whole within a crown formed of pop-
Rev. — S. (Semis). Ship’s prow. Middle brass. —
;
The author of these two last coins is unknown.
pies and corn-cars.
It is thought that possibly they may have been
Cavedoui says that this denarius, with the
struck by M. Famous, pretor in 672 (b. c. 82),
initial Q, belongs to Quintus Fabius Maximus
Servilianus, consul [with Cccilius Metcllus] in
during his monetal triumvirate. See Riccio, 90. —
The name of Fannius (c. fan. font, pr.) is
612 ;
and that the cornucopiie tra-
(b. c. 142)
read on the eistophori of Tralles (Asia) coined
versed with the fulmen, still the symbol of
iu 705 (b. c. 49).
the city of Yalentia, in Spain, alludes to the
exploits of the father, and of the brother,
against Viriatus, in that country. It is to be
observed, that the crown which encompasses the
field of the above silver coin, is composed of
leaves tied together with heads of poppies, aud
finishes with corn-ears. May not these (asks —
Riccio) point to the corona obsidionalis, the
honour of which was earned by Quintus Fabius
FARSULEIA gens, an obscure family of the
Maximus, the delayer , as lie was called ?
plebeian order, known only by
its coins, which
page 88.
are and have but one type,
silver, with
FABR1CIA gens plcbcia. — Morel gives two some unimportant varieties. It has Farsuleivs
coins of this family, which, according to Vail- for its name, aud Mensor for its surname. The
laut, has Paternus for its surname. following is the least common :

FABRINIA gens. — Unrecorded (says Eck- S. C. MENSOR.Bust of a woman, with

hel) by history or by any ancient monument, small tiara, or mitella, on her head ; behind is
coins excepted. The name of M. fabkini (Fa - the pileus of liberty. Rev. L. FARSVLEI. —
brinus) appears on the triens, quadrans, aud A galeated and paludated figure, in a biga to the
semis of the early brass coinage. See one of — right, extends the right hand to another figure,
each engraved in Riccio, TAV. xx. clothed in the toga, to assist him in ascending
FACE of a Coiu. Every perfect coin has — the car. Under the horses are letters, and in
two faces or sides one called the obverse, the
;
some specimens, a scorpion.

3 B 2
372 FASCES.— FASTI. FASTI. — FATA. —PATIS.
As isthe family’s origin so is the type’s mean- of the people. For a man to have his name
-obscure. Learned men (observes Eckhcl, v. adscriptum on the Fasti, had always been
212), suppose this to be symbolically allusive to reckoned an object of legitimate ambition, as it
the lex Julia, enacted 664 (b. c. 90), conferring was indeed one of the highest honour; but then
the right of citizenship on the Italians, which it was confined to the consular and triumphal
privilege is further conjectured to be here sha- Fasti. The emperors, not content with ruling
dowed forth by the armed figure, personifying the world, affected Divinity, and obtruded them-
the Roman people, who is receiving his new selves on the calendar as objects of every kind
associate of Italy into the same vehicle with him- of religious adoration.
self. The head of Liberty, exhibited on the 2. Fasti Consufares, in which were annually
obverse, also seems to favour this attempt at an marked the names of magistrates, particularly
interpretation. —
Cavcdoni is of opinion, that to consuls, and dictators, (when these latter were
this subject of Italians admitted into Roman appointed); also the wars, victories, and political
privileges the type of M
ucia gens [in which, changes of the republic, together with memorials
as also in that of Furia gens, the heads of of secular games and other remarkable events.
Honour and Virtue are conjoined] more applies And this was done, as well to preserve the dates
than does this type of Farsnleia, because the of successive years, as to hand down the re-
heroic car, and the excited action of the horses, membrance of important transactions. See
do not correspond with the workmanship of the Pitiscus and Adams.
times in question ; nor with the supposed sig- A most important speeimeu of Fasti, belong-
nification, but rather with the style of a later ing to the class of Consulares, supposed to have
age ; that is to say, the decay ol' the republic. been executed at the begiuniug of the reign of
See Riccio, p. 91. Tiberius, has been partially preserved. “ In
FASCES — bundles of birchen rods, carried the year 1547, several fragments of marble
by the lictors before the highest class of Roman tablets were discovered, in excavating the Roman
magistrates, with an axe bound up in the middle forum, and were found to contain a list of con-
of them, as for the punishment of wicked doers. suls, dictators, and their masters of horse,
The rods to shew the more lenient infliction for censors with the lustra which they closed,
faults capable of correction ; the axe (securis triumphs and ovations, all arranged in regular
)
to indicate that the perpetrators of heinous and succession, according to the years of the Ca-
unatonable were to be cut off from
crimes tonian a*ra. These had evidently extended from
society. These fasces and secures , on coins, the expulsion of the kings to the death of
denote the supreme authority of the consuls and Augustus ; and, although defective in many
other principal magistrates, as having the right places, have proved of the greatest value in
and power of life and death. The figure of a chronology. The different pieces were collected
curulc chair (symbolical of the consular office), and arranged under the inspection of Cardinal
placed between two fasces (sometimes with, Alexander Farncse, and deposited iu the Capitol,
sometimes without, the axes) is a frequent type where they still remain. From this circum-
on coins of Roman families. (Sec fufia and stance they are generally distinguished as the
LIVINEIA.) —
The fasces, and a caduceus, placed Fasti Capitolini.— In the years 1817 aud 1818,
crosswise, with an axe below and a globe above two other fragments of the same marble tablets
them, and on one side two right hands joiued, were discovered iu the course of a new excava-
appear on silver coins of Aemilius Euca and J ulius tion iu the forum. A fac-simile of them was
Cesar. (Sec p. 156.) —
The fasces with the axe published at Milan, by Borghcsi, in 1818.”
appear on coins of the Licinia (Morell. tab. 3) [The foregoing passage is extracted from an able
and Norbana families. article, embracing notices of all points needful
FASTI —a name given to the tables of to be known on the subject, contained in the
marble, on which the Romans dedicated to Dictionary of Greek and Homan Antiquities,
posterity the names, achievements, and triumphs edited by Dr. Smith, at the end of which work
of their great men, and made known to the the Fasti Consulares themselves are given.]
—
people the dies fasti et ntfasli the days when FATA, the same three fabulous deities as the
they were, and were not, to offer sacrifices to Parcar, daughters of Erebus : they inhabited a
their gods, and discharge the duties imposed on gloomy cave in Tartarus, symbolical of the
them by the Pontifces, as those of religion. obscurity which envelopes the future, whose
These anuual records were subdivided into seve- course they were able at once to predict and
ral kinds, of which the principal were determine, according to the Pagan system of
1. Fasti Katendares. —
These were so called, Theology. These awful sisters constituted Des-
because the days of each month, from kalends to tiny, or at least were the mistresses of Destiny.
kaleuds, were marked in them ; and because they The Romans, following the example of the
also noted all the religious ceremonies from the Greeks in all superstitious practices, paid great
beginning to the end of each mouth. Towards honours to the Fata and invoked them gene-
the close of the republic, nnd afterwards under rally after Apollo, because they, like thnt god,
the imperial government, insensate pride iu the presided over the future.
governors, and adulatory baseness iu the go- FATIS YICTRICIBVS. (To the Victorious
verned, occasioned the prostitution of these Fates) -This remarkable legend appears on the
tables, and rendered them ultimately subservient reverse of a very rare gold coin of Diocletiau
to the extravagance of princes and the degeneracy — The type, which accompanies it, represent'
 FAUSTA. FAUSTINA SENIOR. 373
three women clothed iu the stola, standiug to-
gether —
and it is regarded as referring to tho
Tria Fata, in whose name, and for the worship
of whom, a temple was dedicated at Rome.
For an explanation by Spanheim, and obser-
vations thereon by Eckhel, see the word
I’AKCAE.

FAUSTINA (Annia Galeria) designated by

numismatists sometimes by the name of Faustina
the mother, sometimes by that of Faustina the
FAUSTA (Flavia Maxima) was daughter of
elder, was born in the year of Rome 858 (a. d.
Maximianus llercidcs and of Entropia, sister of
105), under the reign of Trajan. She was
Maxentins, and second wife of Constantine the
daughter of Marcus Annius Verus, a man of
Great. She was married to that emperor in the
consular rank, prefect of Rome, paternal grand-
year of Rome 1060 (a. d. 307). She gave
father of Marcus Aurelius Having married
birth to Constantine the younger, to Constan-
Antoniuus Pins whilst he was still a private
tius the younger, and to Constans. She died
citizen, she received from the Senate the title of
in 1070 (a. l). 326), from suffocation in a hot
Augusta shortly after the death of Hadrian, as
bath, by order of her husband, for having
her husband did that of Pius. She did not,
caused the death of Crispns, iu falsely accusing
however, long enjoy her honours, dying in the
him of incestuous designs upon her chastity, or
third year of the reign of Antonine, u. c. 894
of rebellious projects against his father’s im-
perial authority.
(b. c. 141), according to Capitolinus whose ;

record is confirmed by a marble published by

The coins of this empress in gold, silver, and
Muratori, which speaks of Faustina as already
brass (with the exception of the following very
Diva iu the fourth tribunate of Antonine. Ac-
common
rare reverses) arc :

—
Gold Medallion. pietas avgvsta. The cording to a marble of Gruter’s, she was 36
years, three months, and eleven days old, when
empress, seated between two women, carrying a
she died. Capitolinus is severe upon the levity of
child iu her arms ; the one on the right band
her conduct but he also states that Antonine did
supports a long caducous. Below are two genii, ;

liis utmost to conceal her irregularities, though

holding a garland. In the exergue p.t. r. (Mo-
at the expense of great disquietude to himself.
rellii Specimen, p. 53).
unique.
—
[This, if authentic, is
Mionnet values it at 1000 francs],
Thus much is certain, that, as is testified by
the legends and types of her coins, Antonine
Gold.-salvs reipvblicae. A woman stand-
lavished every honour upon her, both during
ing, robed and veiled, suckling two infants. On
life and after her decease. Faustina gave her
the exergue p.t. (Percussum Thessalonicte, struck
husband two sons : Marcus Galerius Antoninus,
at Thessalonica) a crescent or some other sym-
:

whose name is known to us only through the

bol. between the two letters. (Mionnet, 500 fr.
gold, 50 fr. silver). Engraved in Lenormant,
medium of a Greek imperial coin, engraved in the
lconographie Romaine, p. 63 and Marcus Aure-
lconographie des Empereurs. spes reipvb- ;

lius Fulvius Antoninus, known solely from

licae. The same type. On the exergue p. t.
(Mt. 500 1'r. in gold, 50 fr. in silver). —
Obv.
the inscription published by Pagi (v. Crit.
Baron, ad u. c. 914 a. d. 161) also two
flaw max. favsta. avg. Head of the em- ;

daughters, Aurelia Padilla, married to Lamia

press, young and handsome. (Mt. 500 fr. in
gold, 50 fr. in silver). —See the above wood-cut
Syllanus, who was already dead when her father
set out for his government of Asia, under
from a small brass specimen of the same legend
and type.
Hadrian. The other daughter was Faustina,
—
Brass Medallion. pietas avgvste (sic)
called junior, who was married
Aurelius, her cousin-german.
to Marcus
Fausta standing, carrying an infaut on the left
arm, and extending the right hand to another The coins of this empress in gold and silver
child, who, standing at her feet, presents some- (with exceptions subjoined) are common; brass
thing to her. Obv. —flaw max. favsta avg. medallions rare ; first and second brass, for the
Diademed head of the empress. (Valued by most part, very common. On these she is stvled
Mionnet at 72 fr.) Engraved in lconographie FAUSTINA AVGVSTA— FAVSTINA AVG.
Romaine, p. 121. ANTONINI AVG. (by implication, uxor )
For the purport of some observations made FAVSTINA AVG. ANTONINI AVG. PII
by M. Le Baron Marchaut, iu his xviith Lcttre P. P.—DIVA AVGVSTA FAVSTINA.
Numismatique (and to which M. Charles Le- The greater part of these coins were struck,
normant yields his support) iu a new attri- afterher decease, with the usual legends and
bution of coius to this Fausta, see nobilissima symbols of Consecration, and especially with the
faemina. various types of Eternity.
 374 FAUSTINA SENIOR. FAUSTINA JUNIOR.
RAREST REVERSES of FAUSTINA.

own expense, whom he called Pnella Faustiniante,

in honour of Faustina. Eckhc) (vii. p. 7), cites
Gold. — consecratio. A
quadriga, in which several inscriptions dedicated to the pvellae
a woman stands, veiled and in the stola, hold-
ing the hasta pura, whilst another female guides
favstinianae], pietas AVo. — The empress
(Brought £4 10s. at the Pembroke).
sacrificing.
the horses. —
On the obverse of this beautiful Brass Medallions. matri devm salv-
coiu is the bust of Faustina, not veiled, but tari. (Contomiate valued by Mionnet at
with the head-dress of a living Augusta. 100 fr. See the words suit locis). tki. pot. —
(Mionnet values it at 72 fr. A finespecimen Combat of Romulus and Tatius. (Mt. 300 fr.
went for £2 14s. at the Thomas sale). see Romulus.) vesta. —
(Alt. 100 fr.) With- —
aeter.nttas. Four-wheeled car, in which, out lcgcud. Cybele and the vestal Claudia. (Mt.
under canopy, is placed the image of Faustina
seated, drawn by two elephants, each mounted by
300 fr. It is engraved in p. 311). Without —
legend. Cybele and Atys. (Mt. 300 fr. En-
a conductor. -O^e. diva favstina. (The divine graved in p. 300). [The foregoing five medal-
Faustina). Bust of the deceased empress.
(Mionnet values it at 72 fr. A fine specimen
lions are in the Cabinet de France], The fol- —
lowing types, also without lcgcud, arc valued by
brought £3 17s. at the Thomas sale. Engraved Mionnet at from 100 to 150 francs each, viz. :

in Caylus, Nam. Aar. Impp. Rom. No. 522 .) — Faustina, with the attributes of Ceres, light-
Another aureus has for legend of reverse, aeter- ing an altar [see an engraving of it in p. 196].
nitas, with type of a six-columned temple, in the — Faustina seated on a globe the emperor ;
middle of which is placed the sedent statue of standing, presents her with a Victory. Diana —
Faustina, as Juno, holding the sceptre. The fron-
ton of the temple is adorned with a bas-relief.
Lucifera walking. —
Faustina, as Vesta, holding
the palladium a Vestal standing before her.
On the summit is a quadriga at the two extre- ; Obv. — ,

diva avgvsta favstina. Bust of Faus-

mities a Victory, front-faced, carrying a buckler
on its head. The steps are fenced in by a railing.
tina. Rev —
The empress in a biga, going to
.

the left. (Mionnet’s valuation 120 fr. An extra

(Mt. 36 fr.) aeterxitas. Empress standing fine specimen of this medallion was bought for
with rudder and patera. (£3 7s. at the Brumcll £10 for the British Museum at the Campaua
sale). avgvsta. Empress holding a lighted sale).
torch in each hand, (obtained £7 10s. at the Large Brass. aeternitas. A woman
Thomas sale. A flower of the die specimen seated. (Engraved in p. 22). .eternitas.
went for only £3 at the Pembroke). Concor- Cybele, in a chariot drawn by two lions. (Mt.
dia avg. Female seated. (Pembroke Cat. lot 20 fr. See engraving of this reverse p. 22).
272, brought at sale £3 4s.) ex. senatvs Concordia. The emperor and Faustina, and
consvlto. Car drawn by two elephants. (Mt. two smaller figures. (Mt. 24 fr. Engraved in
100 fr.) ivnoni reginae. Throne, sceptre, p. 212). consecratio. Victory bearing away
peacock, and cista. (£4 Is. Thomas). Same — laustina. (Mt. 48 fr. Brought about £3 at
legend. Throne, with a sceptre, between a pea- the Devonshire sale. Sec engraving, p. 25).
cock and a crow. (Mionnet, 60 fr.) Fortuna matri devm salvtari. (£1 at the Devonshire
Obseqvens. The Empress standing with the
attributes of Fortune.
sale). — A draped female stauds holding a pheeuix,
(brought £2 2s. at the Pembroke sale).
[Nearly all the above are engraved in the im-
perial gold coins of the Cabinet de France by
Count Caylus.]
pvellae favstinianae. (The young Faus-
tinians). Faustina seated on a tribunal. Oppo-
site toher the emperor stands holding out his
hands and receiving an infant, which is presented
to him by a woman. At the foot of the tribunal
is a man bringing also an infant. Obv- diva
favstina. Bust ofFaustina, to the right.
(Mt. 200 fr. Cabinet de France). Without —
legend ;
a hexastyle temple, still extant at Rome.
(£2 10s. Thomas
Silver. — sale).

pvellae favstinianae.
— Same FAUSTINA the Younger. Annin Faustina —
type as in gold. Obv. diva avg. favstina. was the daughter of Antoninus Pius Aug. and
(Sit. 100 £r.) —
[See the following engraving.
Capitolinus states, that Antoninus founded a col-
Galeria Faustina Aug. The year of her birth is
uncertain. By desire of Hadrian she was des-
lege of young girls, who were maintained at his tined to be the wife of L. Vcrus, but after I la-
|
 FAUSTINA JUNIOR. FAUSTINA ANNIA. 375
drian’s death, Antonine, on account of the ex- 48 fr.) ivno. The goddess seated, and tw o r

treme youth of Verus, pave her in marriage to children. (£2 3s. Thomas). matri castro-
M. Aurelius; the nuptials being consummated rvm. (Mt. 200 fr.) laetitiae pvblicak.
a few years later. That she was decorated with (£1 18s. Thomas). matri magnae. Cybele.
the title of Augusta, whilst her husband was (Thomas, £3 3s.; Devonshire, £1 15s.) ve-
merely Cicsar, is a fact proved from coins. NERI GENETRICI. (£3 8s. Thomas) ,-VENEM AV-
She died in the year u. c. 928 (a. d. 175) at gvstae. Venus seated. (Mt. 100 fr.) veneri
the village of Halale, on the skirts of Mount felici. A dove. (£2 4s. Thomas). venvs
Taurus, whilst on her way to join her husband standing, diademed, clothed, holding the sceptre
in Syria. and apple. Quinarius. (£1 19s. Thomas).
To the beauty the Antonine
of this woman Silver. — conseciiatio. Funeral pile, sur-
mint bears constant testimony in all the three mounted by a — Same legend. Funeral
biga. pile,
metals, and perhaps in no example more strikingly with matri castrorvm ou the side of the head.
than on the brass medallion whence the above
portrait is copied. But her character was, by
all historical accounts, unworthy of her father
and her husband, whose virtues have been the
theme of eulogy in every age. Faustina is ac-
cused of having led a life still more dissolute
than that of her mother. It was even believed
that the sudden death of L. Verus was due to
iynoni reginae. The empress seated as
her agency and that she took a secret part in
;

the conspiracy of Avidius Cassius against her

Juno, with peacock at her feet. Obv. favs- —
tina avgvsta. Bust of the empress.
husband. The most notorious instances of her
licentiousness and criminality produced so little Brass Medallions. af.ternitas aygvs-
effect on the mind of Marcus Aurelius that, tas. Woman holding a torch, seated on a stag.
when urged, if unwilling to put her to death, (Engraved in Icon. Romaine, Lenormant.
that at least he would divorce her, his reply was, —
TELLVS STABILIS. VENVS FELIX. (Mt. 150
“ If we dismiss the wife, let us also restore the fr. each). —
Without legend. Fortune seated.
dowry,” i. e. the empire. This ill-judged for- (Mt. 100 fr.) —
Without do. Six female figures.
bearance (as Eckhel observes) “ might perhaps be (Mt. 150 fr.) —
Without do. IsisPharia. (Mt.
excused, had he not gone the length of publicly —
100 fr.) Cybele and Atys. (Mt. 200 fr. En-
lamenting her death, and, polluted as she was with graved in p. 300 of this dictionary).
crime, enrolling her in the assembly of Roman —
Large Brass. aeternitas. Woman seated,
deities.” Faustina gave to her husband a great carried by two others. consecratio. Funeral
number of children, among others Lucilla (see pile. —Without legend. Peacock carrying Faus-
the word), married to Lucius Verus Commo- ; tina to the skies. —
Without do. Throne of Juno,
dus and Antoninus, twins, the fonner destined sceptre and peacock. (Mt. 18 fr.) matri cas-
to become emperor, and the latter dying at the trorvm. Female sacrificing before 3 standards.
age of four years also Annius Verus, who died
;
— piet as. Faustina as Piety, a young girl at
young (see verus annius). her feet. (Lenormant). saecvli felicitas.
Lainpridius states, that three of Faustina’s Two children on a seat with a back. siiieri-
daughters were living after the period when b vs recepta. Diana in a biga. s. p. q. r.
Commodus was assassinated, and Ilerodian has Car drawn by two mules. venvs. Female
observed, speaking generally, that M. Aurelius figure draped to the feet, with apple and sceptre.
had several daughters born to him. — See D. N. (£1 18s. at the Pembroke sale).
Vet vii. 76. —
Middle Brass. vf.neri victrici. Mars
Her coins, in gold and silver (certain ex- and Venus standing.
amples of great rarity excepted), are common.
Iler bronze medallions are almost all of high
rarity large and middle brass for the most part
;

common, rising in price only according to the

workmanship and the tvpe. On these she is
styled FAVSTINA AVGVSTA.— DIVA FAUS-
—
TINA PIA (with sometimes AVGVSTI I’ll.
FILuz, or MATER CASTRORUM on reverse).

RAREST REVERSES of FAUSTINA the

YOUNGER.
Gold. — avgvsti pii. filia. The empress as
Diana. (£2 10s. at the Thomas sale). con-
coriha. (Qainarius). A bird, which Eckhel FAUSTINA (Annul), daughter of Claudius
describes to be a dove, and Lcnormant pro- Severus and of tibia Aurelia Sabina (daughter
nounces a pea-hen, attribute of Juno. (£2 7s. of Marcus Aurelius and of the younger Faus-
at the Thomas sale, £2 18s. at the Devonshire; tina), w as third wife of Elagabalus, who, as a
£3 4s. at the Campana). fecvnditati avgvs- preliminary to his marriage with her, caused her
TAE. (Mt. 40 fr.) — FORTVNAE MVLIEBRI. (Mt. husband to be put to death, and then the wretch
376 FAUSTUS— FELIX. FECIALES.— FECUNDITAS.
forbade her to weep for him. These new nup- was surnamed Felix, the
Sulla, the Dictator,
tials took place in the year of Rome 974 (a. u. happy or the lucky, from having been successful
221). Like the preceding ones, this worse than in all his enterprises. Jugurtha, king of the
mockery of a matrimonial union was dissolved Numidians, in a long war which he sustained
at the expiration of a very short space of time.
against the Romans, was in a. d. c. 648 (b. c.
She was repudiated to give place to others. 106) defeated by Marius, aud compelled to take
“ Annia Faustina (remarks
51. Lenormant), refuge in the territories of king Bocchus, of
did not follow the custom, adopted by all the Mauretania. Sulla, though then only second in
women who had the title of Augusta’ at that command, had influence enough with this sordid
period, of adding the name of Julia to their and treacherous man, to procure from him the
own. Her birth was so illustrious, that she had surrender of Jugurtha into his own hands. This
no need to borrow a foreign eclat. The name historical incident forms the subject of the
of Annia Faustina is known only from coins. above described and illustrated coin. — The lituus
Dion Cassius speaks only of a wife [of Elaga-
balus] who descended from Marcus
symbolizes the Augurate of Sulla. — See Cor-
Aurelius. nelia gens, p. 287.
In fact the names of Annia and of Faustina F. B. Felicitas Renta an abbreviation which
belong to the family of that emperor.” appears on coins of the Constantinian age.
Her coins, in silver and first brass, are few F. C. These letters appear not only on coins
in number, and all of the highest rarity on of the triumvirs M. Antony and Octavius, but
;

these she is styled ANNIA FAVSTINA

AVG. also on denarii of the Ciecilia, Eppia, Mcminia,
or A\ G\ STA. The reverses are as follow :
Sempronia, and Vibia families. — For the mean-
Silver. 1. coxcordia.
Elagabalus and ing of the abbreviation see eppia gens, p. 360.
Annia Faustina standing, give each the right FE. Felix.— FE. AUG. Felix Augustus.
hand to the other. In the field is a star. FEC. Fecit. — COS. LUDOS. SAECUW*.
2. pietas avg. A woman stands before an FEC. on coins of Caracalla.
altar. (Mionuet values these two coins at 1000 FECIALES. — These were sacred whoheralds,
francs each.) proclaimed truces, treaties of peace, and declara-
Large Brass. — Concordia. Same subject tions of war. Numa, or, according to others,
as No. 1. —The obverse bears
the legend annia Ancus Martins, instituted a college of them to
favstina avgvsta, and the bust of the empress the number of twelve. The chief of this order
for its type. (Priced by Mionnet at 600 fr.) of priesthood was called Pater Patratus, ac-
From a finely preserved specimen of this, one of complished father. Their functions were ori-
the rarest of Roman coins, the foregoing cut has ginally intended to cause treaties to be observed,
been executed. For a fine engraving of the and to prevent the Romans from undertaking
same reverse, as well as of the obverse, see Miou- an unjust war. It seems probable that the Ro-
net, Rarete des Med. Rom. i. 354. mans took from the ancient people of Latium
p,
—
FAUSTl. LI S. For a type of the royal shep- the idea of establishing the college of the
Feciales. On a silver coin of the Veturia gens
herd of the Roman legend, the bringer-up of
Quirinus, with the wolf-suckled twins, under the
we sec a Fecial priest, on his knees, holding a
sow, which a Roman on one side, aud on the
Ruminal fig tree, see fostulus, Pompeia gens.
other side a man who by his dress appears to
be of a different nation, both touch with their
wands. It was thus that alliances were made by
the Roman people with other states. And when
the two deputies touched the sow, the Fecialis
invoked Jupiter to deal as severely with those
who might violate the treaty, as he, the priest
himself, was about to do towards that animal :

he then knocked it on the head with a flint

FAUSTUS —FELIX. —The above wood-cut, stone. On a denarius of the Antcstia gens a
carefully engraved from a
preserved speci-
finely similar sacrifice of a pig is seen, to record the
men of that elegant denarius, is the one re- ratification of a treaty. —See foed. p. r. cvm.
ferred to in p. 287, under the head of Cornelia gabinis.
gens, No. 20. —
FECUNDITAS. Nero erected a temple to
On the obverse we see the bust of Diana, Fecuiidi/g, on the occasion of a daughter being
distinguished by a crescent surmouuting the borne to him by Poppica (Tacit, xv. 23). And
mitella of her elaborately arranged head-dress. the adoration of this divinity, once established
Behind is the lituus. The legend favstvs at Rome, became a frequent subject of allu-
(literally meaning fortunate, auspicious), is a sion and on the coins of succeeding
typifiention
surname of L. Cornelius Sulla, son of the empresses.
celebrated Dictator, also called Faustus Sulla. It has been thought that, under this name,
On the reverse of the same coin, with felix worship was paid to Juno. The priest of Fecun-
for legend, the type groups together a man dity was called Lnpercus and to him oue of
clothed iu the toga, on an elevated seat, and two the artful and indecent superstitions of pagan-
kneeling male figures below him. One of these ism ascribed the power of rendering women fer-
offers up to the seated figure a branch with three tile, by strapping them, while iu a state of
stems the other has his arms tied behind him.
,
nudity, with thongs made of oat-skin On
I —
 FECVNDITAS AVG. FECVNDl'l'AS AVG. 377
coins of the Augusta, Fecundity appears as a iug beside her; in her left hand a cornucopia;.
matron, clothed in the stola, sometimes stand- Third brass of Gallienus. (Banduri).
ing with the hasta pura in her right hand, and Fecundity used to be ascribed on coius to
supporting an infant in her left sometimes with
;
females only. It is surprising to find her on the
a cornucopia; in her left hand, and before her a coin of an emperor —
even of so eccentric an
child, to which she extends her right hand. one as Gallienus. In the Imperial Cabinet at
On others she is seated, with children in her Vienna there are two denarii of Alexander Seve-
lap, or standing at each side of her sometimes ;
rus, with the legend fecvnd. avgvstae, but
with one on each arm. there can be no doubt, that this reverse was
FECVND1TAS. S. C. —A woman seated, erroneously transferred from the coinage of
with three infants. On first brass of Lucilla. Mamsea to that of her son. And from this cir-
There are gold, silver, and second brass of this cumstance it becomes probable that the reverse
empress, with similar legend and type. uow before us ought to be restored to the coin-
age of Salonina, the wife of Gallieuus.
(Eckhel, vii. 407.)
FECVNDITAS AVG. — A woman standing,
with rudder in her right hand, aud cornucopia;
in her left. Gold of Sulpicius Uranius Anto-
ninus.
‘‘The reverse of this coin (observes Eckhel,
vii.289) might lead to a suspicion of its genuine-
ness, since (as above remarked) fecvnditas is
a legend, w ith one exception, not found on the
r

coius of emperors, and the type represents For-

tuna, and not Fecunditas. But, as Billiard,
whose copious observations on this coin it will
From this reverse (observes Ecldiel, vii. 99) be an advantage to consult, vouches for its un-
Mcdiobarbus has attempted to prove, that coins doubted antiquity, and I, not having seen the
bearing the legend I.VCII.LA avgvsta are to be coin, being therefore unable to offer any argu-
referred, not to the Lucilla, who married Lucius ments on the other side, am w ell eoutent to
T

Vcrus, but, to one who, as that numismatist acquiesce in the judgment of so eminent a
himself admits, had no claim to the epithet writer.” [This unique coin is valued by Miou-
fecunda. That Lucilla, the daughter of M. net at 1500 fraucs.]
Aurelius aud of Faustina junior, bore children to
Verus is a reasonable conclusion but there is ;

nothing reasonable in supposing that coius cele-

brate likewise her fecundity by Claudius Pom-
pcianus, to whom she was afterwards married,
since it is known that though having for her
second husbaud a private citizen, she was treated
w ith all the honours due to au Augusta. See — !

biographical notice of lucilla.

—
FECVNDITAS. A woman seated ou the
grouud with a cluster of grapes in her left
hand, and resting her elbow on a basket or vase,
is touching with her right hand a globe adorned

with stars, over which four small figures arc FEC\ SDitas A \ G\ STAE. (Fecundity of the
walking. Gold of Ju/iu Domna. Empress.) —This legend on silver, aud on first
On coins of Hadriau, and also of Coinmodus and second brass of Faustina the younger, with
of the year u. c. 940 (a. d. 1S7), in connection the type, iu which a woman is represented, as
with a very similar type, we read the legend in the above engraving, with four children, is
tellvs stabil. Consequently, by this applica- the first indisputably genuine coin, which boasts
tion of the two different inscriptions to one of of female fertility.
the same type, is indicated that “ the earth was “ Faustina (observes Eckhel, vii.
78) proved
strengthened (tell us stabilita) by the fecundity her fecundity beyond question by the number of
of women consequent on marriages.” D. N. Vet. her children would that her fidelity to her
;

vii. 19G. husbaud rested on as clear evidence 1” On the

“ The flatterers of Domna pretended that all above coin she is accompanied by four children,
things were owing to her. The star-besprinkled but on coins inscribed tesipou. felic. their num-
globe represents the Homan world, which with ber is increased to six. That she had more than
her husbaud Severus she governed and to the ; six cliildren, may be gathered from what has been
empire of which she destines her two sons, already stated in her biography. On coins
Caracalla and Gcta, who, together with as many beariug the legeud iv.noni lvcinae there are
daughters, are the proofs of her fecundity.” three infants.
Rasche, T. ii. pi. 1 p. 932. FECVNDITAS TEMPORVM. A woman,
FECVNDITAS AVG. — A woman
.

standing, seated on the ground, holds out a branch

extends her right hand over a small figure stand- towards two little boys standing near her iu ;

3 C
378 F'EELTX. FEL. TEMP. REPAKATIO.
her left hand is a cornucopia:. Silver of gens), inscribed feelix, Eckhel says “ Haver-
—
Otaeilia. — Engraved in Pelleriu, Melange, i. camp considers feelix
have been put for
to
p. 193. FELIX by an error of the moncyer, whereas it is
FEELIX (thus, with double E) appears on a most certainly an archaism. For if it be a mis-
coin of the Cornelia family, struck in honour of take of the moncycr’s, so also must be the sub-
Sulla the dictator, by order of the Senate, who stitution of vaala for vala on coins of the
also caused an equestrian statue to be raised to Numonia gens.”— v. 194.
him with the same attributes inscribed thereon, F’EL. Felix, Felicia, Felicitas, &c.
(see p. 207). This epithet, which flattery FEL. ADVENT. AVGG. NN.— See ff.i.ix
bestowed on that “ bold bad” man, was after- ADVENTVS.
wards adopted as his surname, and the fortuitous FEL. AVG. Felicitas Jugusti.
and unforeseen prosperity to which it referred F’EL. KART. —
See felix kart.
became his boast, [see SULLA.] Cicero (pro — I'EL. P. R. Felicitas Populi Romani.
lege Manilla) has bestowed extraordinary com- —
FEL. PROCESS. See felix processvs.
pliments on the good fortune (felicitatem which FEL. TEMP. REPARATIO.— This reverse
so atteuded Pompey the Great.
invariably legend is found constantly recurring on silver,

Commodus was the first emperor who used the and on second and third brass coins from the
word, in consequence of his safely escaping the time of Constans and Constantins jun. to that
resentment of the soldiers, who were demanding of Gratian (a. d. 337 to a. d. 375) ; they are
the death of Pereunis, prefect of the pretorians, common. — The following is a description of the
as is shewn on minted a. d. 185
his coins various types :

(see p. 239). Ilis example met with the approval 1. The phaeuix standing on a pyramid of
and imitation of his successors, but with this steps, with a wreath in its beak, or attaching a
modification, that they almost always joined the branch of laurel to the prow of a ship.
title Felix with that of Pius, placing Pius first 2. A galley, on which the emperor paludatcd
and Felix last. — The first, after Commodus, stands with a phoenix in his right hand.
who used both titles, though rarely, was Cara-
calla ;
afterwards Elagabalus, frequently and ;

then most of the emperors down to the period

of the lower empire And, iudeed, so great was
the importance attached to the two epithets used
conjointly, that they were considered as much
the distinctive badge of an emperor as the title
of Augustus itself, and were constantly assumed
by them on their accession to empire, or were
decreed to them by the Senate; as in the case of
Macrinus and Elagabalus, a fact proved by their 3. On another specimen the emperor, in
respective coins. — From none of the writers of
|

military habiliments, stands on the prow of a

Augustal history docs it appear that any indi- hand a globe, but-
galley, holding in his right
vidual holding the rank only of Csesar was ever mouutcd by a Victoriola, aud resting his left
permitted to use them, with the exception of hand on a labarum, bearing the monogram of
Cariuus, some of whose coins appear with the Christ, whilst Victory is sitting at the helm.
inscription —
m. avr. carinvs p. f. nob. caes. 4. A by the
soldier dragging a barbarian,
But Carinus exhibited, in conjunction with the hair of his head,from a hut, or wooded retreat.
simple title of Cresar, the prenoincu of Imperator, 5. A soldier, dispatching a prostrate horseman
as is shewn on his coins. with a spear. —
(Engraved iu Constantius Gallus.
The epithets Pia Felix were also shared by p. 265.)
the empresses. Julia Domna is the first, who |
6. The emperor stauding, with a banner in
was so honoured on coins, thus, ivlia pia. his right hand, and two prisoners sitting on the
felix avo. It is stated by Billiard (ad Jobert, ground beside him.
i. p. 282) that Sevcrina, the wife of Aurelian, 7. The emperor, on horseback, charging with
also enjoyed the same distinction, but he omits levelled lance, a prostrate and suppliant enemy.
to mention where the coin is to be seen. It
j
That these coins (says Eckhel, viii. p. 1 1 1)
becomes common, however, on the coius of saw the light after the death of Constantine the
empresses, from the time of Honorius. Jobert Great, and Coustantinc jun., father and son, is
(i. p. 251) is therefore incorrect, in stating that rendered certain by the fact, that no authen-
Domna alone used these words, and is properly ticated coin of this kind has bccu seen, which
corrected by Biinard. —
Bauduri (ii. p. 563 and exhibits the portrait of either. They require no
566) fell into the opposite error, and states that explanation, as they present well known, or at
Eudoxia, the wife of Theodosius II. was the first least intelligible, symbols of a felix temporum
who adopted the titles Pia Felix, thus passing reparalio ; especially in the phoenix, a figure
over Domna. — See Eckhel, 454. viii. exhibited on the reverse of a coin of Divus
Many likewise received the epithet Felix,
cities Trajauus, nnd also on one of Hadrian with the
and particularly — Sec Berytus, 126;
colonics. p.
1

legend saec. avr. aud on no occasion with a

;

Cremna, p. 295 ;
Heliopolis ;
Laodieiea (Colonise happier application of the type, than when
Komnuic), p. 232, &c. the intention was to iudicatc a restoration of the
In allusion to the coin of Sulla (Cornelia times, in accordance with the acconnts, which
 FELICIA DECENNALIA. FELICITAS. 379
ancient writers have given of this marvellous of the emperor Claudius. Felicity is repre-
bird.— See Tacitus, Pliuy, and others, as also a sented on coins of the imperial series (particu-
long-winded poem about the phoenix, attributed larly those of Hadrian, Antoniue, and Philip),
to Lactantius. under the figure of a woman, clothed in the
stola, and exhibiting different figures and pos-
FELICIA DECENNALIA. Two young tures sometimes standing, sometimes seated,
;
genii, or winged loves, supporting each with
generally she holds the caduceus in one hand,
both hands a crown, within which we read
votis x mvltis xx (that is to say Votis Decen-
—
and the cornucopia; in the other the former as
the sign of peace, the latter as signifying that true
nalibus Multis Vicewnalibus. —
On the obverse, felicity consists in possessing the most precious
KL. IVL. CONSTANS PIVS FELIX AVG. Bust of
gifts of providence for what is greater happi-
Constans, with diademed head. —
In the exergue
;

ness in this world than to enjoy peace and to

tes. (Thessalonica).
possess plenty. At other times Felicitas stands
This splendid medallion of Constans I. was
holding the caduceus on a staff in her right
found with a number of other gold coins, at
Thessalonica, in 1526. —
“You see (says Tristan,
hand, and a patera in her left, at a lighted
altar, as in Maesa. Again we see her with a
iii. 616) that it was struck in that city, where
rudder, a globe, or a ship’s prow in her hand,
the decennial vows of Constans were celebrated,
in allusion to the naval victories gained by those
as the quiuqncnuial had been in the same capital
priuces whose coins display this allegorical type
of Macedonia. And by the present legend of
“ Happy Decennalia,” the wish was expressed, and also in reference to the abundance which
navigation procures to the state. With respect
that Constans might live to see them celebrated
to the caduceus, Millin, in his Dictionaire des
as he witnessed those of the quiuquenualia. * * *
Beaux Arts observes that in the hymn to Mer-
—W ith less regard to truth in eulogizing an
cury, ascribed to
,

Homer, Apollo designates that

emperor than gcncral'y characterises the his-
instrument as the rod or staff of Felicity aud of
torical commentaries of the old French anti-
quary,
—
he adds “ The little angels carrying
Riches. On a medallion of Commodus fej.i-
citas temporvm (the happiness of the times
loftilyand stoutly, with both hands, the laurel
or of the age), is figured under the form of a
crown, as the posture in which they are placed
woman under a tree surrounded by chil-
sitting
so well shews, serve to intimate, that this
virtuous prince, continuing always to reign
dren, who
personify the four seasons. —
For other
typifications of this deity on Roman coins, see
piously, would, by the grace of heaven, be
enabled many times more, to solemnize in a
SAECVI.I — or TEMPORVM FF.LICITAS.
Felicity’s all the im-
image occurs on almost
holy manner the Vicennalia reiterated, after
perial because the Senate professed to
coins ;
having happily passed the first ten years of his
wish that all princes should consider it their
reign in an uninterrupted career of victories.”
duty to promote public happiness, aud also be-
See t. iii. p. 615-16.
cause those princes themselves were peculiarly
See the type of the above-described reverse,
desirous of having it regarded as a blessing at-
engraved in p. 312, under the head of decen-
tached to their own reign. This however was
NALIA.
ascribed to various causes, and shadowed forth
FELICIA TEMPORA. Four little boys, under various tokens.
with attributes allusive to the four seasons of Jobert, in his sixth instruction, observes, that
the year. Silver of Caracalla. —
See tempo rum when (as is most frequently the case on impe-
FEUCITAS. rial coius)to the names of Felicitas, Securitas,
Spes, Provideutia, Aequitas, and other virtues,
the word avg. is added, there is no doubt but
that the virtue or good quality in question, is
applied to the prince himself, as residing and
shiuins: in him, and should then be read FELI-
CITAS AVGVSTI or FELICITATI AVGVSTI,*&C.
But on the other hand, when it is read avgvsta,
it is the opinion of most numismatic antiquaries,

although not as yet reduced to a certainty, that

by this form of expression, the virtue or divinity
itself (as Augusta, that is to say, sacred), rather
than the emperor, was the intended object of
inscription and honour. According to this opi-
FELICITAS —a symbolical divinity of the nion, therefore, feucitas avgvsta would not
Romans, to whom, according to Pliny, Licinius be an eulogy of the prince, for rendering the
Lucullus, about the year of Rome 680 (b.c. 74), state happy, but simply the proper epithet at-
on his return from the war against Mithridates, tached to the name of the goddess. Havercainp
wished to raise a statue, of which Archesilas also, adverting to this point, remarks that, when
was to have been the sculptor but both the ;
the figure of a woman occurs on a coin, holding
artist and his employer died before the work a rudder resting on a globe, whether she be called
was completed. A temple erected to this dei- Fortune or Felicity, it would seem to represent
fied protectress, in one of the public places of the golden fortune (aurea fortuna) of the im-
Rome, fell a prey to the flames during the reign perial house, which the emperors worshipped

3 C 2
380 FELICITAS. FELICITAS.
in their bed-chamber, and which, when at the turcs of Banduri and Khell on the type of the
point of death, they transmitted to their suc- latter coin.” —
This is all that Eckhel says re-
cessors. specting these two reverses. —
See vii. 86.
FELICITAS AVG. S. C. — A woman draped FELICITAS ROMANORVM.—Anarch sup-
in stands holding a branch in her
the stola, ported by two spiral columns within arc two
;

right, and the long caduceus in her left hand. paludated figures, holding spears. In the exergue
First brass of Hadrian, engraved in preceding 91 km. Engraved in Cim. Vind. (Cabinet of
page, from a fine and well-preserved specimen of Vienna), p, xlv. Silver of Constans.
the type.
FELICITAS SA E C V L I.— FELICITAS
FELICITAS DEORVM.—This remarkable TEMPORV.M. — The felicity of their age, or of
legend appears only on a silver coin of Mari- their times, was a which a great
characteristic,
niaua, wife of Valcrianus senior. Its accom- many emperors, have at least the
solicitous to
panying type is a woman standing, who holds repute of it hauded down iu association with
in her right hand a caduceus, and in her left a their names and reigns, have caused to be in-
cornucopia;, in token of universal peace, and scribed on some of their finest coins. Amongst
the abundance of all things, at an epocha when various other instances arc the legend aeterna
the empire was one world-wide scene of war, felicitas avg. on a coin of Maxcntius, and that
pcstileuce, and famine Eckhcl’s observation of ANN. avg. saecvli felicissimi, on a coin of
respecting the coin is
— !

“Numus ctiam propter Caracalla. In like manner we find felicitas

cpigraphem adhuc inusitatam siugularis.” vii. a vgg. N'N. ( Auguslorum Nostrontm) as in Maxi-
388. mum and Constans. felicitas imperii or
iMPEUATOBVM as in Philip. felicitas pf.r-
petva as in Constans (cited in the preceding
notice), also in Magnentius, &c. felicitas
pvbi.ica is to be found on coins of numerous
other princes, from Vespasian and Titus down-
wards to Valcrianus senior, &c. fei.icitati
avgvstae, as on the gold and large brass of
Hadrian. —
All these different epigraphs are illus-
trated respectively on each reverse by various
symbols, viz. by a galley, to denote the course
of prosperous navigation, or a good voyage
by four boys, signifying the happy abundance of
the four seasons of the year (see vercs annius);
FELICITAS AVG usta. S. C. — August Feli- by the olive branch and the caduceus, as sym-
city. Hadrian, bare headed, stands clothed in bolizing the messengers of peace and amity ;

the toga, holding a globe in the left hand, and lastly, and not unfrcquently, by figures of Vic-
joining his right hand with that of the goddess, tories, as attesting the fact of a war brought to
who holds a short caduceus in her left hand. a successful conclusion.
The wood-cut has been executed after ouc of
the finest and best preserved specimens in first
FELICITAS SAECVLI. —
Full-faced bust of
Domua, between heads of Caracalla and
profile
brass of Hadrian’s mint. As another variety of Geta. Gold of S. Sevcrus. (See Eckhel, vii.
the Felicitas type, some fruitless pains have 179. Engraved in Akcrinan, I. pi. vii. No. 6).
also been taken to ascertain the particular
A middle brass of the same emperor, exhibiting
time and occasion when it was struck for it;
the same legend, has for its type three togated
evidently typifies the emperor’s arrival in a city, figures seated, and a fourth standing on an
or a province, to which Felicity welcomes him. cstradc. —
Engraved in Havcrcump, Cabinet de
FELICITAS PERPETVA. The emperor, Christine.
with his face turned towards you, and in the
consular dress, is seated on a lofty frame-work,
FELICITAS TEMPORVM. —The emperor,
in the toga, seated in a curule chair, and hold-
—
(pegma see the word), with head surrouuded
ing a globe, Victory from behind placing a laurel
by a nimbus, and the right hand elevated. On
crown on his head. On the opposite side arc
the footstool is inscribed vot. v. whilst on a
two female figures draped, and standing ouc of ;
lower platform is seated a youthful figure, iu the
them holds the hasta pura.
same dress, with a book in the right hand. Be-
low' arc the letters sis. Gold. (Formerly in the
Obv. —
imp. sev. alexand. avg. ivlia ma-
MAEA AVG. MATER AVG. Busts face to face of
French Cabinet). Silver medallion. (Banduri).
Severus Alexander mid of his mother Manuea.
— On another specimen Victory walking, with
;
Gold medallion. Engraved in Mionnet, i. 359.
laurel branch in her right hand, and trophy in
[A beautiful work of art, but in which Alexander
her left. Below, aq. Silver of Constans I. in
looks more like an empress than an emperor.]
the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna.
There is a second brass of the same reign,
“ The subject of the former of these types is having the reverse type above described, but
very difficult to explain, by reason of the ob- with the head of Alexander alone on the ob-
scurity which envelopes the history of that verse.
period. Consult the far from probable conjee FELICIT. TEMPORV.M.—A ba-ket full of
 FELICITATE M. FELICITATI. 381
fruit. Silver of Pescennius Niger. Engraved in “ F.n ego non paucis quondam munitus amicis,
Kolb, TraitS Namismatique. Dum davit velis aura secunda meis.
FELICITAS TEMPORVM. The goddess “ And the oars being put out, at the same time,
standing with caduccus and cornucopiie. On illustrate another passage of Ovid
large brass of Sabinia Tranquillina. Engraved “ Sive opusest, miuimam velis bene currit ad aurara,
in Mionnet, i. 402. Sive opus est remo remige carpit iter.”
FELICITATEM ITA1TCAM. A woman [In the highly interesting, because doubtless
standing, with caducens and cornucopia?. Sil-
accurate, delineation of a Roman admiral’s flag
ver of Caracalla. (Mus. d’Enncryj. ship, thus associated with the dedicatory epi-
FELICITATEM PO. R. (Populi Romani.)— graph, which invokes a happy voyage for the
A woman standing, with caduceus in her right emperor, we see Hadrian himself represented ou
hand, and a cornucopiie in her left. First brass
the poop, seated under a sort of tent, over which
of Gordianus III. (Vaillant).
curve the wing-like filaments of the aplustre,
[On this and the preceding coin will be re-
and near which are a vexillum and a legionary
marked a singular use of the accusative case in
eagle. At- the extreme end of the prow we see
the legend.] the figure of Neptune, with his trident in one
hand and a conch shell in the other].
This reverse seems to have had for its object
to record the vows made by the Senate for the
success of one of Hadrian’s sea-voyages, but
which in particular is not known.
On a brass medallion of the same emperor,
Minerva fills the place here occupied by Nep-
tune, whilst dolphius disport themselves in the
waves around this magnificent sea-boat as it
glides along. This coin is in the Vatican cabi-
net, and is described by Vaillant, Num. hupp.
Rom. t. iii. p. 118.
Three brass of Hadrian, with
other
first
FELICITATI AVG. Augusti (Fe/icitati ).
trireme types, are w ith instructive technicality,
r

To the happiness of the Emperor. In the

described from specimens in his own cabinet by
exergue COS. III. P. P. S. C. (Consults tertium,
F
Fatris atria, Senates Consulto). First brass. — Capt. Smyth, R. N. as follows :

[So finely designed, so perfectly preserved, 2. FELICITATI AVG. S. C. COS. III. P.P.
and so peculiarly interesting a specimen of one —“ A pretorian galley, with the gubernator and
of Hadrian’s nautical coins, having had ample five sitters, but with ten oars, or rather sweeps,
justice done to it in the above engraving, it only over the sides as these appear to have no com-
:

remaius to furnish the type with the accompa- munication with the persons in view, but carry
niment of a correspondingly good description. their looms through the upper works, the sit-
Nor can this surely be better accomplished than ters are rather passengers than rowers, and they
by borrowing the following equally classical and wear hats, as if to protect them against the
scamaulike passage, from the work of a gal- heat upon deck. The prow is armed with three
lant officer, the advantages of whose numismatic spikes, the rostrisque tridentibus of Virgil. The
lessons on the large brass coinage of imperial tutela is highly decorated, and the poop shews
Rome, the compiler has been proud already to the bend, mentioned by that author and Ovid
acknowledge, in the course of his present at- puppique recurva, upon the bow appears the
tempt] : parasemon, and over that the labarum, or ban-
“ A pretoriau galley, full of men, impelled ner, on a staff' which steeves like a bow-sprit.
along both by oars and a large square sail, across Both this, and the streamer from the corymbus,
which the inscription is written, in the taste by blowing forwards, shew that the vessel has a
then prevalent for we are assured, that, in the
;
fair wind, an ancient symbol of Felicity, which
time of Trajan, it was not uncommon to have will be readily understood by the moderns.
the name of the emperor embroidered on the Descript. Catal. p. 100, No. clvii.
sails, in gold and silver. Besides being the
3. The same legend —
“ A pretorian galley,
type of felicity, this medal is supposed to allude rowing swiftly over the waves. The poop is
to the prudent government of Hadrian for as ;
high and curved, like that of a Chinese sampan,
in a ship —
though the officers and crew are and the post occupied by the pilot recalls the
liable to the same hazard, the success of the
idea of his liability to be washed overboard,
voyage will chiefly depend on the skill and judg-
ment of the commander —
so in the management
Ipse gubernator puppi Palinurus ah aha.

of the State, the happiness and prosperity of the Over the aplustre appear two military stand-
community depend upon the wisdom and pru- ards, which are considered as a testimony that
dence of the sovereign at the helm of affairs. an important personage is embarked. A colos-
The sail to this ship — this ‘
navis velis ventique’ sal sea-god —
half man and half fish is placed—
— isstretched to a yard supported by lifts it ;
on the prow ; on some medals this is a triton,
is deep reached, with both sheets aft, in token blowing a conch shell, but here he is in the act
of auspicious winds ;
the emblem of happiness : of darting a spear. This is equivalent to the
382 FELICITAS AVG. FELICITAS AVG.
modern figure-head, and represented the tutelary specimens Neptune stands on the prow. 2nd
protector to whom, as with the modern Medi- brass of M. Aurelius.
terranean sailors, the ship was dedicated. There This coin serves admirably to illustrate the
arc six sitters in a line below the pilot, and the expressions of Capitolinus (ch. 27 Aurel.) in
rudder is projected through the upper works of reference to the return of Aurelius by sea from
the quarter.” Ibid, p. 101, No. clvii. Athens to Rome ; “ Returning to Italy in a ves-
4. FEL1C. AVG. TR. P. III. COS. II. S. C. sel, he met with a violent storm.” His escape
( Felicitati Augusts, Tribunitid Potestate ter- from this danger is, therefore, attributed on
tium, Consul Iterum —
First brass of Lucius these coins fe/icitati Augusti. The same type
Vents. i
is also to be seen on coins of Couimodus of the
“ A large pretorian galley, with the emperor year a. d. 177, with the legend felicitati
reclining under the aptustre [or ornament] of caes. ; but it is also an established fact, that
the stern. There arc six rowers; and on the Commodus was the companion of Aurelius in
forecastle a mast raking forwards, with a sail
is this voyage and peril. —
Eckhcl, vii. 64.
upon it, shewing that the vessel is going with The galley was the type of the Roman Re-
the wind aft. —
In the work of Bayfius, * De Re public.
Nacali,’ the sail is represented as a banner; For some remarks on the subject of naval
hut here it is unusually large, roached, bent to architecture and equipment under the Romans,
one yard, and sheeted home to another, and see tri&emis.
certainly assists in propelling the vessel. This — FELICITAS REIPVBLICAE. —The empe-
medal (adds Capt. Smyth), was struck a. d. ror, seated on a curulc chair, placed on a sug-
168, for the safe navigation, and happy deliver- gest us, two other figures stauding on each side
ance of Verus from the perils of sea and war. of him. At the foot of the tribunal are two
But, instead of being at the head of his army, kneeling figures, holding up their hands. On the
the luxurious prince took that opportunity of exergue P. t. r. Gold of Constantine the Great.
visiting Greece, in a vessel magnificently adorned, Constantine, assisted by the two Cmsars his
and freighted with mimes and musicians. lie ‘
sous, Constantine junior and Crispus, is here
made his voyages to Corinth and to Athens sitting on the judgment scat, and appears as
(says the Roman historiau), amidst songs and about to decide, with his usual severity towards
symphouies, and at each of the most celebrated conquered nations, on the fate of the Fraud
cities of Asia, Pamphylia, and Cilicia, he suf- and the A/amanni, over whom Crispus gained
fered himself to be detained by his passions as a the victory a. d. 320, and who are personified
voluptuary.’ ” Descr. Cat. p. 150, No. cclxxv. as kneeling supplicants, imploring the emperor’s
FELICITATI AVG. IMP. VIII. COS. III. —
pardon and mercy. This elegaut coin is en-
S. C. A ship, w ith many rowers on some ;
graved in Vaillant, Impp. Rom. Pr. iii. p. 84.

FELICITAS AVG. The busts of Victory and have fallen into an error of this sort,
is not a
Peace, side by side. Obv imp. c. postvmvs
. little extraordinary. He
has done so, however,
p. F. avo. The busts of Postumus and Her- not ouly in the present instance, but also iu
cules, side by side, both laureated. Gold medal- two others. (Sec Commentaires, kc. t. iii. 138,
lion of Postumus. (Valued at 1200 francs, by plates No. 1, and 147, pi- No. 10). What adds
Mionnet, iu whose Rarete, &c. T. ii. 59, it is to the apparent strangeness of the hallucina-
exquisitely engraved. tion is, that his animadversions ou events con-
Jean Tristan, iu giving a fairly accurate de- nected with the reign of Postumus, bear im-
lineation of this very beautiful medallion, de- mediate reference to many of that emperor's
scribes it as exhibiting “ les Etfigies du Postume, coins, on which the whole-length figure of Her-
pere, et fits
" — in other words, the heads of cules is represented, cither isolatedly, or in asso-
Postumus senior and Postumus junior ! —
That ciation with his owu. These the worthy “ Es-
any writer like himself, who, with a proneness cuyer Sieur de St. Amant” has illustrated with
indeed to indulge in the fanciful, the conjec- well-designed engravings by the burin of Picart
tural, and the discursive, displays nevertheless and from these it is evident that, great prince and
a profound knowledge of mythology and of an- —
conqueror as he was Emperor and Augustus
cient history, combined with unequivocal proofs in all but senatorial recognition —
Postumus, like
of capability to form just conclusions from nu- other successful soldiers of fortune and of ob-
—
mismatic mouumeuts that such a writer should scure birth, inflated with thejpride of his vie-
 FELtCITAS AVG. FELICITER.— FELIX. 383
tories, the vain-glorious habit of com-
was in tnmus to place himself under the protection of
paring himself with Hercules. And perhaps his Hercules, and to assimilate himself to that god.
features were not without some slight analogy This dissertation not only throws light on the
to those which the sculptor of classic antiquity above described medallion, and other mintages
bestows on that hero, lint, to judge from the of the same usurper, but also refers back to
general examples of his monetal portraitures, the origin of a custom early adopted by Roman
the likeness of Postumus, on the above medal- emperors, namely, that of having their'portraits
liou, would appear to be but an ideal one, flat- represented with the attributes of Hercules, as
teringly assimilated with the Grecian lineaments emblematical of force and power. The whole,
of the face to which it is joined, in the same though long, has strong claims to perusal.
way as on other medallions with the helmed
it is Some extracts from its most instructive passages
bust of —
Mars. Tristan has himself given an will be found annexed to the biographical notice
engraving of postvmvs avgvstvs, with radi- of POSTUMUS.
ated head, on the obverse, and with Jupiter FELICITER NVBTI1S. This epigraph
Stator for legend and type of reverse (see Com- (thus spelt) appears on an almost unique gold
mentaires iii. 158), au example which may be
,
coin of Marcianus, the equally singular type of
accepted as vera effigies —
a true portrait of the which represents that emperor and Pulcheria
celebrated usurper of the western provinces, and (sister of Theodosius II.) joining hands: whilst
of which abundance are to be found in every Anatolus, the patriarch of Constantinople, stands
good collection but, except in bushiness of
;
between them. Each figure has the nimbus
beard and roughness of aspect, it is scarcely to round the head. On the exergue conob.
be called a resemblance of the visage assigned to Eckhel observes respecting this extremely rare
the demi-god of Fable. And yet the face is and very remarkable coin, that “the nuptials of
a good face too, in its Gaulish fashion, indicat- Pulcheria with Marcianus were of a nature
ing as docs the indomitable courage, the reso-
it which Vestals themselves might regard without
lute the politic sagacity, of a man
bearing, a blush. Indeed the husband engaged himself
equally distinguished both in the arts of civil by a solemn pledge to leave her pure and un-
government, and by his talents for warlike com- touched to the day of her death.” feliciter
mandership. nvbtiis was a form of popular acclamation on
But in Tristan’s time, not to speak of a sub- various joyful occasions, and was also accus-
sequent age, there was, amongst numismatic tomed to be used at marriages.
collectors and writers, a fond and not unnatural A similar type appears on coins of Cornelia
belief, that Postumus, the son, who had reigned Paula, wife of Elagabalus, where the emperor
for nine years over the Gauls with his father, and empress are joining hands in testimony of
must have left some monetary records behind connubial fidelity, a veiled pontiff standing' be-
him. But no authentic specimens of such a tween them. — An engraving of this coin will be
mintage having, up to the middle of the 17th found in Khell’s Supplement to Vaillant, p. 291.
century, been found to exist, the learned author FELIX ADVENT. AVG. Felix Adventus
of “History of theEmpcrors,” writing about that Augusti— the happy of the Emperor.
arrival
period, allowed his zeal for the publication of 1ELIX ADVENT. AV GG. NN. Augustorum
medallic rarities so far to overstep his judgment Nostrorum — of both our Emperors. — These epi-
and discrimination, as to .make him pronounce graphs, with the types of the reigning princes
the bearded head of a man, whether jugated or on horseback, figures holding the fabarum, or
face to face with that of Postumus, on a coin, Victories planting their feet on prostrate cap-
to be meant for a profile of the son, although tives, appear on coins of Diocletianus, Gal. Maxi-
looking as aged as the father’s. mianus, Constantius Chlorus, &c. — See ad-
Tristan is happier in his observations on the ventus.
reverse type of this interesting and most valu- FELIX INGRESSVS SEN. AVG. Senioris
able coin. “ I do not doubt (says he) that the Augusti — the happy entry of the elder Emperor.
two heads arc those of Victory and Peace. The — A gold coin of Maximianus Herculcus, bearing
two goddesses, thus united, serve to intimate the foregoing legend, has for the type of its re-
that Postumus had the power to conquer, when- verse the galeated Genius of Rome, seated on a
ever his enemies obliged him to act, whether on shield, resting her left hand on the kasta pura,
the offensive or the defensive, Victory always and holding on her knees with her right hand a
coming to his aid, and enabling him to make buckler, on which is inscribed vot. xxx. On
peace when he pleased; and the goddess pax in- the exergue PR.
spiring him with desire for the restoration of This unique coin is extolled by Khell (p. 220),
tranquillity, and facilitating its execution. These and recognized by Eckhel (viii. 26), as one of
two divinities thus continually united to render the most precious gems of the Vienna cabinet
him happy, and whether he made war, or re- foPit serves to prove that Maximianus, having
mained at peace, he was ever victorious.” See — again resumed the purple, made his entry into
T. iii. p. 152, et seq. Rome. But says the author of Doctrina, “ it
In an article by Mons. J. De Witte, relating does not appear that the learned writer first
to certain unpublished coins of Postumus, in named, draws an equally just inference from the
the Revue Numisinatique (vol. vii. p. 330, et words vot(is) xxx. namely, that they fix the
seq.) that intelligent numismatist has ably dis- date of the event on the year u. c. 1059 (a. d.
cussed the probable motives which induced Pos- 307) ;
when, and not before, these vows of thirty
 4
384 FELTX. FERONIA. FIDES. —
years (vo/a tricennalia) could have commenced. FERETRIUS, a surname given by the Ro-
Maximianus reached the twentieth year of his mans to Jupiter, and under which they conse-
reign before his abdication took place, including crated to him the opirn a spolia (warlike spoils
the period during which he was only Ciesar; for of the most honourable kind), that is to say,
the author of his panegyric expressly addresses such as a Roman general had won in battle from
him in the following terms ‘ Thee, again, as:
— an enemy’s general. A denarius exhibits the
Emperor for twenty years and Consul for the consul Marccllus ascending the steps of the tem-
eighth time, &c.’ And, further on
,

Thou hast — ‘ ple dedicated to Feretrian Jove, to present there

betaken thyself afresh to those watchful cares, as a trophy the armour of a Gaulish chieftain.
of which .already thou liadst had a twenty years' See claudia gens, p. 209.
experience.’ But it is established by many FERONIA, a goddess, whom Dionysius of
other coins, that, at the beginning of the tenth Halicarnassus has recorded to have been wor-
year of his reign, XX. vota were already under- shipped by the Sabines, and called by the Greeks
taken ( concepta ), and at the beginning of the Avdri<popos, ‘t>iAo(TTe<payos, 4>fp<Tf<powq (iii. p.'

twentieth year of his reign, xxx. vota. As, 173). — According to Strabo, there stood, at the
therefore, Maximum's xxx. vota had commenced foot of Mount Soracte, a city called Peronia,
before he resigned the empire, it is impossible, where a goddess of the same name was wor-
from the inscribed vot. xxx. to draw a conclu- shipped with peculiar veneration. (Eckliel, v.
sion respecting the exact year in which he re- 270). Enfranchised slaves received in her tem-
—
sumed the purple.” See maximianus iiercu- ple the pileus, or cap, which was the sigu of
LEUS ;
also an engraving of the coin, in Num. Liberty. By some mythographers, Feronia is
Cimelii Vindobonensis, Aur. tab. v. No. 14. regarded as a surname of Juuo. Be this as it
FELIX PROCESS. CONSVLAT. AVG. N. may, her head appears on a denarius of the
—The emperor, togated, standing, with a globe Pctronia gens, struck by a mouetal triumvir Of
iu the right hand, and a sceptre reversed, or a Augustus, as subjoined :

parazonium, in the left. In the exergue P. it.

On gold and silver of Maxentius. The silver
specimen of this extremely rare coin is engraved
in Vaillant, Num. Impp. Rom. iii. 72.
Maxentius proceeded consul a. d. 308, which
consulate he assumed in the month of April,
there having been no consuls during the year
preceding. —
See consulates, p. 270.
FELIX PROCESSVS COS. VI. AVG. N.—
Same type as on the preceding reverse. In the FERO. or FERON. TVRPILIANVS III.
exergue a. q. Gold of Coustautinus Magnus. —
VI R. The bust of a woman, on w hose head is

The date of a. d. 320

assigned to this coin,
is a crown of peculiar pattern, aud whose neck is

in which year Constantine the father, for the adorned w ith a string of pearls. The abbreviated
sixth, and Constantine the son, for the first time word feron. shews it to be the effigy of the
proceeded consuls. (Vaillant). There is another — Dea Feronia, whose worship was transplanted
aureus of the same emperor, with the same type from Latium into Rome. And the name of
and legend, except as to the consulate, which is TVRPILIANVS refers to Publius Petrouius Turpil-
IV. and this Ecklicl (viii. 74) places uuder lianus, who as a moncycr iu 734 or 735 (b. c.
a. i). 315. —
See Processus Consu/aris. 20), in eolleagueship with Aquillius aud Dur-
FELIX KARTHAGO—on others KARTAGO mius (sec their respective families, pp. 71 and
— on others CARTAGO. — Iu every example the 350), struck these aud other denarii. The re- —
type is a woman clothed in the stola. She stands verse is inscribed caesar avovstvs sign(is) re-
holding in each hand a branch or corn-cars. In ce(ptis). A man kneeling, and in the posture of
the exergue P. k. Gold coin of Maxentius. surrendering up a military cusign. This well-
Maxentius, on this very rare aureus, calls known legend aud type form that favourite record
Carthage Felix, because she abounded in corn of Augustus, which attests the voluntary restitu-
and fruits. For when, in consequence of a de- tion of cusigns and prisoners raptured by I’hra-
ficient inundation of the Nile, Egypt suffered ates, king of the l’arthians, but sent back to
scarcity, the Roman ships employed iu the im- the Romans again on the approach alone of Au-
portation of wheat, steered for Carthage, whence gustus aud his army ; although that oriental
they brought back a sufficient supply to the sovereign esteemed himself invincible, and bore
Eternal City. —
Vaillant, Impp. Horn. iii. p. 72. the title of King of Kings, and Brother of the
Engraved iu Bauduri and iu Spanhcim’s Ctesars
;
—
Sun and Moon. Sec PETKONIA gens.
—
of Julian , Pr. 74. See also INDULQENTIA in F. F. Faustina Felicem. Prosperous aud
—
cauth. p. 186. There is a coin of Commod#-, happy it is prayed that an emperor may be so.
— See
;

(see Procidentia Auyusti), in which Neptune a. N. F. F. (p. 44.)

accepts a handful of corn-cars from a woman F. F. F/ando, Feriundo. — See a. a. a. f. f.
whose head is adorned with an elephant’s pro- (p. 1) symbol of the monetal triumvirs. Flare,
boscis ; a figure which personifies Africa, or per- is to found or cast metal; because brass was first

haps Carthage herself. melted in a furnace, and the fused material after-
—
FELIX KART. Sec salvis avgo. et caess. wards coined into money.
& c. First and third brass of Maxentius. FIDES (Good Faith, Fidelity, Loyalty) was
 FIDBS AUGUSTA. FIDES MILITUM. 383
adored ns u goddess by the Romans, according was attacked by the malady of which he died,
to Cicero, Lactantius, and others. Attilius Gala- at Selinus, in Cilicia, she accompanied him
tians dedicated to tides a temple, near that of —
aud brought his ashes to Rome. See plotina.
Jupiter, where she had priests and sacrifices FIDES EXERCIT. M. TR. 1>. XI. IMP.
1>.

peculiar to her worship. On denarii of the VII. COS. V. P. P. The emperor Comtnodus,
Licinia and other Roman families, her head ap- and his pretoriau prefect, standing together ou
pears, sometimes crowned with olive, as the a suggestus, in front of several soldiers, wearing
preserver of peace at others adorned with laurel,
;
shields and carrying military ensigns. brassA
as the guarantee of victory. The type of the medallion of excellent design aud fabric, en-
same divinity exhibits itself in various ways on graved in Vaillaut, Mas. (le Descamps, p. 260,
imperial coius. As riDES (the goddess herself), now in the Cabinet de France.
the figure on a coin of Claudius Gothicus is that —
FTDES EXERCITVS. The emperor (Gor-
of a woman, wfith a spear in her left hand. dianus Pius) in a military habit, and upright
As fides avgvsta, she appears on a large brass posture, is crowned by' Victory from behind,
of Plotina. —
As fides avgvstokvm, she stands at the same time that he joins his right hand
holdiug a cornucopia:, ou silver of Maximianus. with that of a soldier. In the low'er part of this
Sometimes the type consists of two right hands silver medallion arc the personifications of two
joined or with a caduceus and two corn-cars,
;
rivers, seated.
held by two right hands ; or with a military These rivers signify Mesopotamia (as may be
standard, held by two right hands but then we ,
seen in the well-known coin of Trajan, inscribed
read fides pyblica, as in Titus (p. 149), or Armenia et Mesopotamia in potestatem P. 11.
fides exeiicitvym, as in large brass of Vitel- redacts) where laurels were gained by the Ro-
lius, and also as in Nerva. Aud in that man forces, during the reign of the third Gor-
case the two united hands were meant to sym- dian ;
on other coins of that emperor the Sun
bolize the good faith and fidelity of soldiers aud appears iu a quadriga, by which is to be under-
people to the reigning prince aud not to re- stood that the East hud yielded to the imperial
—
;

present Fide s in her quality of goddess.

. Exam- legions (Eckhcl, vii. 314). A similar type to
ples of the latter kind are also to be found on the above, with the addition of two military en-
coins of Balbinus, aud Pnpienus. signs, is struck on a silver medallion of Gal-
The type of a draped female, holding in her lieuus, ou wdiose coins the epigraphs of Fides
right hand one military ensign planted upright Exerc. Fidei Equitum, Fid. Pratorianorum, are
ou the ground, and carrying another trans- also to be found, together w ith a numerous series
versely under her left arm, accompauics the of ItYjGiones.
legend concokd exekci. on gold of Claudius II. FTDES MAXIMA. — A woman standing, who,
(sec p. 214.) holdiug in her left hand a rudder reversed, pre-
sents a globe to the emperor. This epigraph,
quoted by Bauduri, as from a brass medallion
of Probus, is unusual, and till this instance
(says Eckhcl, vii. 304), unknown on coins.
Henceforward, F’ortunc, iu delivering the em-
pire to Probus, shews that she had reposed in
him (fidem maximamj the greatest confidence.

FIDES AYGVSTa. August Fidelity. — Good

Faith standing, holds in the left hand a basket
with fruit, aud in the right, cars of corn. In
the field, Senalus Consu/to. —
Obv. PLOTINA FIDES MIL. or MIL1T. or M1LITVM.
A\ Gusla lyiPeratoris TRAIANI. (Plotina Au- {Fides Mililum — the fidelity of the soldiers).
gusta [wife] of the Emperor Trajan). Bust of This epigraph, which first appears in the mint
the empress. First brass. —
The above engraving of Macrinus, continuing to Gallienus (see above
is after a cast from a remarkably fine specimen cut from a gold specimen), is found occurring
in the British Museum. under nearly each successive reign down to Con-
This coin is one among other convincing
proofs stantius Chlorus aud Maxentius. To this military
of the high esteem with which Trajan honoured legend is sometimes added avg or avgg. or
the empress, with whose name, as his wife, he avgg. ET caess. Its accompanying type is
here associates the personification aud attributes generally the draped figure of a woman, some-
of Fidelity. That emperor, indeed, always mani- times standing, sometimes seated, but always
fested the greatest respect for the virtues, aud holding one, and usually tw’o, military ensigns,
the utmost confidence in the talents, of Plotiua, or some other representation of the standards
to whom he entrusted the reins of government, and eagles of the Roman armies, as in Caracalla,
whenever he set out for distant expeditious. On Elagabalus, Gordianus Pius, Postumus, Maxi-
the journey, however, during which her husband mianus, &c. &c.
3 D
 386 HUES M1LITUM. FIDES MILITUM.
Addison Dialogues on Ancient Me-
(see his female figure standing, holds a small image of
dals) considers a great light to be thrown on Victory in the right hand, and in her left a vex-
the inscriptions of Fides Militum, and Tides illum or banuer. Large brass of Severus. En-
Exercilus, from the following verses of Silius graved in the Cabinet de Christine See lkgio. . —
Italicus (lib. 2) :
FIDES MVTVA
AVGG. Two right hands —
ad limina sanctae joined. On silver of H albinos and Pupienns.
rendebat Fidei, secretaque pectora tentat. This epigraph, together with that of pietas
Ante Jovera geuerata, deens divumque hominumque, mvtva avgo. with a similar type, is common
Quit sine non tellus pacera, non aequora uoruut
to each of the above emperors. Rut Amor and
J ust i t ire consors.
Caritas arc as rare in Balbinus, as Fides and
“ lie to the shrines
of Faith his steps addrest. Pietas are in Pupienus. It was greatly to have
“ Ere Jove was born she
grac’d the bright abodes, been wished, that “ mutual Love” could have
“ Consort of Justice
boast of men and gods
“ Without whose
, ;
perpetually existed between these two joint pos-
heavenly aid no peace below
“ The steadfast earth, and rolling sessors of the Roman empire. The sentiment at
ocean know.”
first was doubtless sincere, hut afterwards, the
The goddess of Fidelity (says the author of
fear of Maxiiuinus being removed, mutual sus-
the celebrated treatise), is posted between two
picion tainted mutual love, to an extreme that
military ensigns, for the good quality that the
proved fatal to them both.
poet ascribes to her, of preserving the public
peace, by keeping the army true to its allegi-
ance. (p. 43).
As the legends fides exehcitvs and fidf.s
MLLItvm are of very frequent occurrence on
coins of the imperial scries, it may suffice here
to observe that “ by means of successive adop-
tions the empire had become in some measure
hereditary from Augustus to Nero. After the
death of the latter named emperor, itwas the
armies that furnished the first examples of those
violent elections which so cruelly tore the state
in pieces. Vitellius, like his competitors, being
indebted to the soldiers for his scat on the im-
perial throne, took care to record on his coins
their sentiments and their promises in his
favour” —
symbolized by Fides Exercituum and
— FIDES— also FIDEI MILIT. P. M. TR. P.
two right hands “In proportion (adds
joined.
au able French writer) as they recede to a dis-
II. COS. II. P. P. —The
emperor paludated, a
sceptre in his left hand, and his right hand
tance from the higher empire, the medals of the
extended, with two figures accompanying him
Romans [with certain exceptions] become less
(doubtless meant to represent his sous Caracalla
and less historically interesting. In fact even
and Geta), on a suggest us, addressing six sol-
before the reign of Valerian, their reverses (as in
diers, who have oblong bucklers on their left
the employment of the words felicitas, fax,
arms, and of whom three carry a vexillum, and
fides, &c.) offer scarcely any thing except hack-
two bear ensigns. Obo.-L. septimivs sf.vervs
nied subjects of vows, and of flatteries which
pkrtinax avg. imp. in. Bust of Severus, lau-
flagrantly contrast themselves with the misfor-
relled and cuirassed.
tunes, the wars, the treasons, and the miseries
The original of this splendid brass medallion,
of every description, which in those times de-
from a cast of which the above cut has been en-
solated the Roman world.” Lefons Numismat. graved, is in the Cabinet de France. It forms
I'IDES MIL1TVM.
Gordianus Pius S. C. — one among other remarkable specimens of the
on horseback, hetwecu two military ensigus. stillflourishing state of the arts of design, in
Large brass, engraved in Ilavercamp, Cabinet the age of Septiinius Severus. That fierce am-
dc Christine. bitious man hereby records his obligations to
Same legend and type, on gold of Probus. those legionaries who, first against Didius Juli-
How very little these soldiers were to be con- anus, afterwards in opposition to Pescennius
fided in, is shewn by the tragical end of that
Niger in the East, and to Albinus in the West,
brave and able emperor; for by those same
had proved their devotedness to his cause. Nor
military subjects, who had ostentatiously sworn
did commemoration of their ready services
liis
allegiance to him, ere he had reigned seven
to him
confine itself to a general acknowledg-
years, Probus was slain. ment, but he specially inscribed the respective
FIDES MILITVM AVGG. NN. Augvsto- names of those legions on other coins.
rum Nostrorum. —A woman seated, holding two FIL. Fitia —
Faustina junior and Lucilla were
.

standards.
the only empresses whose fathers were emperors :

On a very rare second brass of Maxcntius, hence the name of the parent was assumed by
struck at the time when a treaty was entered
each respectively on their coins.
into between Maximinus Daza and Maxcntius
against Constantine the Great.
FIL. Filins .
—
ANN I VS VERVS CAES. AN-
TON INI AVG. FI Law. This Annins Veras
FIDES or FIDEI LEG. TR. P. COS.— and Commodus were sons of M. Aurelius and
 FIL. AUGG. FLACCILLA. 387
Faustina Commodus
;
hence is also read CAES. Lucius, sons of Agrippa had by their grand-
ANTONIN! AVG. FILtiw. So Caracal la and father title conferred upon them
Augustus the
Geta are noted on their coins each as FILtW, of Filii Augusti, in order that his adoption of
meaning the sou of Scptimins Severus. them might be made known to the whole world.
FIL. AVGG. Filius or Fil'd Augustorum. — Tiberius called himself “ Augusti Filius.”
As, according to constant usage, (he double G Titus and Domitian were allowed the appellation
signities two Emperors or Augusti, so .Maximinus of “ Sous of Vespasianus Augustus.” Lucius —
Daza and Constautinus M. are thus called on Verus, during the life of Autoninus Pius, had
certain coins. They are denominated neither no other distinction thau to be called Augusti
Ceesares, uor hnperatores, uor Augusti; but Filius. Faustina junior also aud Lucilla were
Ft/d Augustorum. This new title was impressed called Fil tie Augustorum. But (as Bimard ob-
on the mintages of those two princes, a. d. 307 serves) “ iu all these cases the name of Son of
(as it appears), under the following circum- Augustus marks simply the birth or adoption of
stances : — Maximiuus Daza, indignant at find- those princes. It was not a title of dignity it ;

ing the title of Augustus conferred by Galerius gave the rank of Cicsar neither to Lucius Verus
Maximianus ou Licinius, his junior in rank, nor to Annius Verus. In the case of Maxi-
while he himself was denied the honour, endea- miu and Constantine, on the contrary, the title
voured to obtain the same distinction by some of FI Lit AVGVSTORVM was a new dignity,
compact or other, avowing himself tired of the aud a rank superior to that of the Cicsars.”
name of Caesar, and complaining of being wrong- To complete the proofs on which this opinion
ed in having only the third rank iu the empire is founded, the same acute and profound numis-
assigned to him. Galerius Maximianus in vain matist has annexed to his remarks, the engrav-
urged him to acquiesce in the arrangements he ing of a medal, which certainly throws great
had made. At length Galerius, yielding to the light upon the subject in question. It is a mid-
obstinate importunities of Maximinus, but at dle brass, on which Constantine unites the name
the same time unwilling to retract what he had of Son of the Augustus, which he derived from
doue in favour of Licinius,suspended the title of his birth alone, to the title of Son of the Au-
Caesar, and, reserving that of Augustus exclu- gusti, which Galerius Maximianus had conferred
sively for himself and for Licinius, gave to Maxi- upon him. Around the head of Constantine,
minus aud to Constautinus the name of Sons crowned with laurel, we read fi.. val. constan-
of the Emperors (Augustorum). The couclud- — tinvs fil. avg. On the reverse, which exhi-
ing words of Lactautius, in relating the event bits the ordinary type of the genius of an em-
are—'* Victus coutumacia tollit Caesarum nomen peror, are the words genio fil. avgg. (To the
se Liciniuraque Augustos appellat, Maximinum Genius of the Son of the Augusti) a title not:

et Constantinum Films Augustorum.”

By sup- — inappropriately given to, aud accepted by, Con-
plying as the nominative to tollit the word Gale- stantine (afterwards emperor, and called the
rius (as has been done by Baluzc, whose read- Great), whose father Constantins Chlorus, and
ing is supported by Biinard, and approved of by whose grandfather by adoption Maximianus Her-
Eckhcl), all difficulty in interpreting the pas- culeus, had been Augusti; and the Emperor
sage is removed, aud the meauing, thus ren- Claudius, surnaraed Gothicus, was one of his
dered clear, is fully confirmed by coins that have ancestors. —
(Bimard ad Jobert, T. ii. 366 to
come to light. —A
second brass, which bears on 382, No. v. Nouvel/es Deconvertes. See the —
one side the laureated head of Maximiuus, with whole of this luminous annotation).
the legend maximinvs fil. avgg. exhibits on —
FILIA. Amongst the Romans a daughter
itsreverse the standing figure of the emperor’s was not always called after the prenomen of
genius, holding iu one hand a patera, and in the her father for example, Herennia Etruscilla,
:

other a cornucopia round it is read genio

; daughter of (the emperor) Q. Messius Trajanus
avgvsti on another middle brass of Maximiuus
; Decius, no paternal name having been taken for
it is caesaris. —
There is also with the same her, was called after that of her mother. The
type, a coin of Constantine’s, around whose head, daughters of emperors are on some coins styled
crowned with laurel, is CONSTANTINVS fil. avg. I
Augusta; on others that appellation is omitted.
and on the reverse genio caesaris, with other Thus Faustina junior is sometimes read avgvsti
similarities, so as to leave no doubt but that pii filia at other times, favstina avg. pii
—
;

these coins were struck at the same time aud avg. filia. In like manner, Julia, the daugh-
place. “ Now Bimard, in his annota-
(says ter of is numismatically styled cither
Titus,
tions on Jobert), since, on the reverses of the IVLIA AVGVSTA TITI AVGVSTI F. Or IVLIA IMP.
coins whereon Maximiu and Constantine are t. avg. f. avgvsta, and also mvi titi filia.
called Sons of the Augusti, we find indifferently FISCI IVDAICI CALVMNIA SVBLATA.
Genio Casaris and Genio Augusti, it is natural S. C. A palm tree. — First brass of Nerva.
thence to conclude that the new title created by See ivdaici.
Galerius Maximianus, partook equally of the FLACCILLA ('Ae/iaJ, the first wife of Theo-
title of Cicsar aud of that of Augustus, the only dosius the Great born in Spain, daughter of
;

ones which up to that period had been known Autonius, prefect of Gaul, she was celebrated
in the empire.” There was indeed a time when for her piety, and for her benevolence to the
the appellation of Fi/ii Augusti was inferior to poor. Arcadius aud Honorius were her sons by
the appellation of Ctesar. Augustus took, on the above named emperor, who married her be-
his coins the name of Son of Julius. Caius and fore his accession to the imperial throuc. She
3 D 2
388 FLAMINES. FLAMINES.
died in Thrace, a. d. 388. Her brass coins are !
himself ;
for L. lentvlvs is there called fla-
ol' the lowest degree of rarity, her gold and MEN MABTIALIS.
silver most rare. A half aureus of this em- In the preceding engraving of this illustrative
coin, we sec a figure, naked except round the
middle, holding a small Victory in his right hand,
and a spear transversely in his left, lie is crowned
by a togated figure, who stands beside him, and
resting the left hand on a shield inscribed with
'
the letters c.v. (Cli/teus Fotivus). The crown
press’s, on which she is styled akl. fi,accii.i.a
held by the togated figure over the head of the
avg. bears her head crowned with a diadem
smaller one is like a star.
enriched with precious stones. sai.vs reipvb-
llavercamp is of opinion, that this type re-
I.icae is the legend, and a Victory inscribing on
presents one Lentulus, a priest, who in the name
a shield the monogram of Christ, is the type, of
of Augustus, is dedicating a statue of Julius
the reverse.
Cicsar, over the head of which was placed the
[This gold coin is valued by Mionnet at 80 fr.
Julium Sides, in the temple of Mars Ultor,
—
and 50 fr. in silver. See wood-cut above.] whilst the shield which he holds in his right
— —
Gold. Without legend. The monogram of
hand is a votive one. This explanation, which
Christ within a laurel garland. In the exergue
rests on no conclusive evidence, Eckhel (v. 182),
coxob. p. or coxs. (A quinarius, valued by
leaves to the adoption of those who approve of
Mionnet at 7 2 fr. Engraved in Akcrmau, ii.
it. At the same time he acknowledges his in-
pi. xii. No. 4).
ability to improve upon it. Cicero (ad Quiu-
FLAMINES. Roman priests of particnlar
tum fratrem, iii. cp. 1, $ 5), mentions a L.
gods. — These occupied
the first rank after the
I/entulus, the son of a priest, prior to the one
Fontifcx Maximus. The following three princi-
iu question.
pal Flamines were held iu high consideration,
Riccio (in his Monet e delle Famiy/ie, p. 67),
and enjoyed great privileges. They were also
takes the same view of the subject with Haver-
called Fi/amines, from the fillet which each wore
camp. lie says, “ Lucius Lentulus, Flamen Mar-
arouud his head.
tialis, that is, priest of Mars, is represented on
F/amen Dialis, the priest of Jupiter, and this coin of the Cornelia gens, in the act of
the most distinguished of the flamines, was con-
dedicating, in the name of Augustus, the statue
stantly on duty, nor could he quit the city for
of his father by adoption, Julius Cicsar, in the
a single night, lie was distinguished by an at-
temple of Mars Ultor, after the voluntary sub-
tendant lictor, by the curulc chair, and the toya
mission of the conflicting parties iu *hc Roman
•pralexia. The Jlamen dialis was not forbidden state, which took place in 732 (b. C. 22). The
the use either of wine or flour.
above mentioned dedication, however, was not
There is a gold coin of the Cornelia gens, on
performed till 752 (b. c. 2), in other words, until
which the heads of Bacchus and Ceres are joined,
20 years afterwards the emperor thus absolving
;
and a cornucopire placed beside them, to shew,
himself of the vow lie had made to shew pos-
as some have conjectured, that the Flamen
terity that lie had completely avenged the mur-
Dialis greatly venerated those deities. The coin
der of Cicsar, and that he had accomplished his
referred to bears on its reverse the name of
design of subduing that supposed invincible
SERpittf LENTVL«j, and a representation of
party, whose project for defeating him was fatal
the Ancilia, or sacred shields (see p. 4.6), which
to themselves.”
were entrusted to the special custody of the
F/amen Qvikinai.is, a priest of Quirinus («.
F/amen Dialis. And this gold piece, which is
engraved amongst the nummi consulates, in
e. Romulus, after his deification). This F/amen —
was the third in rank, and is supposed to be de-
Morell. Thesaur. (tab. xv. No. 2), appears to
signated on a silver coin of the Fabia family,
be the only one, in the whole range of Roman
on the reverse of which we sec (p. 371) the in-
numismatic monuments, which alludes, and that scription of N. fa ni pictor. And, for the type,
by implication ouly, to the highly-privileged
a galeated figure seated with the pontifical apex
;
priest of Jupiter.
in the right hand, in the left a spear, and a
F/amen Mabtialis, a priest of Mars, whose shield, on which is inscribed QVLBIN. On the
dignity was the most exalted, after that of the
exergue roma.
F/amen Dialis, and was required to be held by |

llavercamp (says Eckhel, v. 208) justly re-

a patrician. —A denarius of the Cornelia gens, marks, that the seated figure personifies Rome,
struck under Augustus, distinctly names this
and that the qviRiN. should be expanded into
office, and represents the sacerdotal functionary
QVIRINa/w, that is, Flamen Qnirtna/ts just ,-

as on coins of the Cornelia family we find in-

scribed in full, L. LENTVLVS FLAMEN MABTIALIS
(as engraved in left hand column).
FLAM1N1A gcus. — Of the plebeian order,
having F/aminius for its name (from Flamen),
and Ctlo or C/ii/o for its surname. It otFcrs,
for its record, the following three coins, of no
particular rarity :

roma. Galeated head of Rome . — Re —

r.
 FLA MINI A. FLAVIA.— FLORA. 389

Fi . am ini. below cilo. Victory, holding a crown, Yet here we sec the name of Brutus the same —
in a biga at full speed. who assisted at the murder of Julius Cmsar, iu
Lucius Flaminius Cilo must have been questor a. u. c. 710, on a family coin of the Flavii.
of the republic in the time of Sulla, or at the Riccio speaks more confidently. lie says
beginning of Csesar’s domination ; and although
“ Caius Flavius, who caused the above described
the more ancient types are preserved, yet the denarius to be minted, was legatus pro-pralor
Sulliau or Cicsarian coins arc allusive to the re- to Brutus, when, united to Cassius, that con-
spective achievements of those two despotic spirator fled into Asia from the fury of the tri-
rulers over the affairs of Rome. umvirs, who had raised an armament against
him. The legatus, according to Borglicsi, was
one of the brothel’s Flavii, to whom Plutarch
and Appian bear testimony, and who, properly
named Caius, took part against Octavianus, and
was put to death at the capture of Perugia.
The other brother, who perished at the battle
of Philippi, was not called Caius, and more-
over he occupied the office of prefect of the
Fabri (la carica di prefetto de’ Fabri), a charge
2. mi. Adorned head of Venus.
via. pri. fl. inferior to that of legatus .” —
For the reverse,
— Rev.— l. Below, cuilo. Victory in
flamin. referring to Brutus, see Juuia gens.
a rapid biga, as in the above engraving. FLAVIA. —The legion which was raised by
3. Laureated head of Julius Caesar. Rev .
Vespasian received this appellation in allusion
l„ flaminivs IIII. via. A woman draped in the to the family name of the emperor. It is in-
stola, stands holding in the right hand a cadu- .

scribed on a silver coin of Gallicnus, in the

ecus, and in the left the hasta pura. epigraph leg. mi. fl. vi. f. with the type of
Lucius Flaminius Chilo, nephew perhaps of a lion. —
On a gold coin of Victorious senior
the preceding, was moncycr to Julius Caesar, this legion is symbolized by the type of two
during his dictatorship, when the number of lions and a helmeted head. The inscription leg.
those magistrates was increased from three to IIII. FLAVIA p. F.
four. FLORA, a goddess of Sabine origin, who
What pri. fl. means has given rise to discus •

presided over flowers and gardens. The poets,

sion among numismatists. First, it is believed in order to ennoble her history, represented
by some that should be read primus jlando,
it Flora as a nymph under the name of Chloris,
as designating the first monetal quatuorvir added and married her to Zephyr, the son of Aurora.
to the other colleagues by Csesar. Next, Borg- The worship dedicated, iu the earlier times, to
hesi and Cavedoni concur with Ursin, that it this divinity, took place some days before the
ought to be interpreted primus Jiamen, there beginning of May ; as Ovid sings (Fast. iv.
being a corresponding example in the coeval 947) :

medal of Ti. Scmprouius Gracchus, who besides “ Incipis Aprili, transis in tempora Maii.”
the title of mi. v(ir.) took that of qtuestor [You commence iu April, and are adjourned
designates and in this instance the first priest toMay].
('primus jiamen), has placed the head of the During the beautiful days of the latter month
new divinity on a coin struck during his own women and maidens arc said to have assembled
monetal magistraturc, the date of which is to by themselves to enjoy the gay and probably
be referred to 711 (b. c. 43), according to the the then harmless pleasures of such a spring-
calculation of Cavedoni, iu the course of his ex- tide celebration. The festivals of Flora re-
amination of discovered repositories (repostigli). ceived additional splendour, but lost their mo-
The head of Venus on coin No. 2 is allusive to dest and inoffensive character, when a courtezan
the assumed origin of Cicsar ; and the woman named Acca Laurcntia, dying during the reign
on the reverse of No. 3 is thought to represent of Ancus Martins, left immense riches, amassed
Felicitas. —
See llorghesi’s reasons for entertain- during a life of prostitution, to the Roman peo-
ing this opinion, cited by Riccio, p. 91. ple, as her heir. From that period, the F'loral
FLAVIA, gens plcbeia, has but the following games were renewed in her especial honour, and
coin (with three unimportant varieties), which it was to this meretricious benefactress, that the
is common : people affected to apply the name of the god-
C. FI.AV. Head of
HEMIC. LEG. PRO. PR. dess, to defray the expenses of whose yearly
Apollo, before Rev.
it Q. c. brvt. imp.
a lyre. — feasts, she had bequeathed her ill-gotten wealth.
Victory on foot, crowning with her right hand In Flora, no longer regarded as a presiding
a trophy, and holding in her left hand a palm deity over the most lovely and innocent of na-
branch resting on her shoulder. tural objects, the profligate multitude saw only
The letters hemic, at the bottom of this de- the patroness of harlots; and seizing on this
narius, are an abbreviation not as yet satisfac- pretext for authorising excesses, they at length
torily explained but in what way soever they
;
converted her worship into a source of public
ought to be read, they indubitably stand as the scandal. It was not however until the year of
surname of Flavius. “ There is no record (says Rome 580 (b. c. 174), that the Floralia were
Eckhcl) among the ancient writers to shew that celebrated regularly every year. In these popu-
Flavius was the lieutenant or deputy of Brutus.” lar sports, obscenity and libertinism were (ac-
 390 FLORALIA. FLORALIA.
cording to Lactautius and other writers) car- And this great Roman, so grave aud so severe,
ried to the highest pitch. “ Nam prater ver- had the complaisance to retire, that he might
borura licentiam, nudabantur flagitantc populo not interrupt the unbridled license of the people,
inerctrices qua spcetatores impudicis motibus nor on the other hand pollute his eyes with the
detiuerent.” festival was frequently kept
?'his sight of disorders committed at such spectacles.
up by torch-light, when Night lent to indecency The people, it is added, appreciating this as a
of gestures, her aid to consummate its provo- concession to their vicious tastes, bestowed a
catives by deeds of debauchery. thousand plaudits upon Cato. This fact Mar-
tial (i. Epigr. 3) humorously glances at :

Nosses jocosie dulce ciim sacrum Florae,

Festosque lusus, ct licentiam vulgi,
Cur iu theatruin, Cato severe, venisti?
An ideo tantum veueras, ut exires.
[“As you must have been well acquainted
with the rites of the mirthful Flora, the holiday
entertainments, and the broad licentiousness
FLORAL. PIUMVS. —This epigraph appears
of the rabble, why, O strait-laced Cato, did you
ou a denarius of the Servilia gens, with the type shew your face in the theatre ? Did you really

of a woman’s head, having necklace and ear- come in, only to walk out again ?]

rings, the hair being adorned with flowers. But, indeed, the same satirist had previously
said, that some of the frequenters of Flora’s
There is a lit mis behind the head. On the re-
verse we read c. SEEVEIL. c. p. Festival, in epigrammatic language, contended
And the type
represents two warriors, in short military dress, that Cato ought not to have entered their
with brimmed caps. They stand opposite each theatre, or, having entered, should have remained
to witness the seen a joci. To this Ausouius in
other, holding shields on their left arms, and
joining their drawn swords, hilt and blade toge- all probability alludes (says Eckhel) when (iu

ther, as in token of confederacy or alliance. Carotin. 385, v. 25), he thus writes :

This fine silver coin has presented not a few Neonon lascivi Floralia beta theatri,
dillieultics in the way of correctly explaining Quae spectare voluut, qui voluisse negant.
its legends and types. The difference of opinion [“ Also, the joyous Floralia of the licentious
amongst numismatists is, or rather has been, as
theatre, which they who most deprecate them,
to the institution of the F/ora/ia.
first Accord- still desire to see.”]
ing to Velleius Paterculus, they commenced in By the lituus behind the head on the obverse
the year of Koine 514 (b. c. 240), C. Servilius of the coin engraved at the top of this article,
being the reputed originator of those festivals. the moncycr who caused it to be struck pro-
Eckhel quotes as a clue to ascertain the date of claims himself a descendant of C. Servilius, the
the event above alluded to, the following pas- augur, who was pretor in 659 (b. c. 95). But
sage from Ovid (Fasti, v. 327): the workmanship ofthe denarius, brings it
Convcnfire paties, et, si bene
annus, floreat down the Cicsarian age
to and hence Riecio
;

Nummibus nostris (Flora:) annua festa vovent. (p. 210), agrees with Eckhel and with Morel,
Aduuimus voto. Consul cum consule ludos that it was struck in the last period of the re-
Postumio Licnas persoluere mihi.
public, and by the questor of Brutus and Cas-
[The Fathers arc assembled, and, if the year sius, in711 (b. c. 43). In placing on the ob-
has proved abundant in flowers, they vote an verse of his coin the bust of Flora, with a gay
annual festival to my goddess-ship. I nod my head-dress of flowers, the moncycr pays honour
acquiescence. Postumius and Licnas, the consuls, to his celebrated ancestor, that Floralia primus
have carried itinto effect by celebrating games feciss et.
for me my satisfaction, or honour)"].
(i. e. for Next, as to the type of the reverse, which
The Author of Doctriua goes ou to observe, indicates cither the alliance of Romulus and
that the foregoing quotation from Ovid seems to Tatius; or the conspiracy of the two brothers
be at variance with the statement of Velleius Casca against the life of Cicsar. It is, says
since the consulate of L. Postumius Albums and Riecio, such a type of alliance as is seen uni-
M. Popilius Lieuas took place iu 581 (b. c. formly represented ou coins of two Italian cities,
173). But the same poet has elsewhere said, Atella and Capua, but to which it is to be spe-
that these Ftorates ludi bad fallen into neglect, cially referred is not known. “ Sine dubio (ob-
which the goddess had resented by allowing her serves Eckhel, v. 310) vetus aliquod, illustri-
productions to be blighted and iu consequence
;
usque foedus, a quopiam ex gente Servilia pro-
of that calamity, by a decree of the Senate curation, iu his C. Servilii deuariis renovatur.”
(patres) in 581, annual and perpetual celebra- Flora is also supposed to be typified by the
tions of the F/oralia were voted. head of a woman, crowned with a chaplet of
The infamies committed at them became, how- flowers, aud with a flower behind it, on the ob-
ever, so revolting, that Cato, the censor, beiug verse of a denarius of the Claudia gens, having
one day present iu the theatre, a friend remarked for legend c. clodivs, c. r. The portrait suffi-
to him that the people, embarrassed at seeing ciently corresponds with that which Ovid draws
him there, dared not call, accordiug to custom, (L. iv. Faslor) :
—
for the public display of meretricious depravity. .Mille venit variis Aoruin den uvxa coronis.
 FLORENTE. — PLORIANUS. FLOS.— FOCAS.— FOEDUS. 391
[The goddess comes, crowned with garlands cord milit. Two soldiers joining hands.
of n thousand varied flowers]. conservator avg. Sun in quadriga. per-
But the reverse, which bears the title of ves- petvitate (sic.) avg. Woman
holding a globe.
tai.is, and a seated image of one of those chaste The following, at 100 francs each, viz. iovi
priestesses, is but ill- assorted with any record victori. Jupiter Nicephorus standing. bomae
of the Floreal celebration. —
See clavdia gens, aeternae. Roma Nicephorus seated. virtvs
p. 210. avgvsti Mars walking
.
Marti victori.
FLORENTE FORTVNA. P. R.— A woman Mars with spear and trophy. (Brought £3 at
standing, with brauch in the right hand, and the Campana sale).
cornucopia: in the left. Obv —
hercvles ap- . [A gold coiu of Florian, found at Dedding-
sertor. A laureated and bearded head of Her- ton, was bought by Mr. Cove Jones for £12.
cules. — There were no gold coins of this emperor
Bimard de la Bastie, in his annotations to Jo- either in the Thomas, the Pembroke, or the
bert (i. 299) was the first to describe the above, Devonshire cabinets].
as being the legends and types of a silver coin FLOS,
a flower, appears on coins of Aquil-
in the De Roth elin cabinet of his time (1739). monetary triumvir of Augustus.
lius Florus, a
Eckhel, who quotes Bimard, calls it “ silver of The type of that reverse bears allusion to the
Galba,” and, referring to it, as ouc of several cognomen. Vaillant gives it as his opiuion that
coins that allndc to the successes of that empe- the flower represented on the denarius alluded
ror, makes the following remark: “If coins, — to (see Aquillia gens, p. 71) is unknown to
bearing the legend mars adseutor (see Licerta, botanists. Havercamp (in Morel/. Thesaur.)
More//. Fam. Rom. tab. 4), were struck during contends that it is the cyanus [kiWos the blue —
the reign of Galba, there appears to be no corn flower], Eckhel (v. 143) bluntly says
doubt that the present one, inscribed hercvi.es “ Let those look to it, who are conversant with
adsertor is to be associated with them ;
espe- the study.”
cially as its types furuish an admirable allegory
in allusion to those times. For, as Hercules on
his return from Spain, after slaying Cacus, the
robber, restored the seven hills to freedom, so
Galba, returning from the same country, after
the overthrow of Nero, gave liberty to Rome,
planted on those self-same seven hills, and
brought it to pass, that the fortune of the Ro-
man people should once more begin to flourish.’’ A denarius of the Dnrmia family, with legend
(vi. 298). honori, and the head of Honour for its ob-
verse type, exhibits on the reverse the legend
Caesar avgvstvs, aud a slow quadriga, on
which is a basket, with a flower in it (see above).
An exactly similar type of reverse appears on
gold and silver coins of Titus. VaiOant’s ex- —
planation (ii. p. 97) of this device is its re-
ference to a triumph of that emperor’s; and
that this flower , or rather bud, similar to what
the goddess Spes carries in her hand, denotes the
hope reposed by the Senate and people of Rome
FLORIANTJS ( Marcus Annin t/f, brother of in the victorious arms of Jiukea’s conqueror.
Tacitus,whom he had followed into the East, A
flower, according to Pliny, was the symbol
and on whose death he was acknowledged em- of Spring and in confirmation of this, on the
;

peror by the Senate and by all the provinces, coins of the four Seasons (by Antoninus Pius,
except Syria, whose army supported the cause Commodus, and others), we see the boy who
of Probus. A civil war was on the point of personifies the vernal quarter of the year, bear-
ensuing from the rivalship of these two com- ing a basket laden with flowers. — See saecxjli,
petitors, when Floriauus was killed by his own and temporum ff.licitas.
soldiers,near Tarsus, only three months after FOCAS, or P1IOCAS (Flavius), a low -born r

he had assumed the purple, a. d. 270. Stvle — : Bithynian, who atrociously assuming the impe-
IMP. C. M. ANNIVS FLORIANVS AVG.— rial purple, caused the deposition of his sove-
Short as was his reign, the reverses of his coins reign Mauricius, aud the murder of that em-
have sufficient variety to shew that at least the peror and his family, a. d. 602. In eight years
Roman mint was active with his name and effigy, afetrwards he was himself taken prisoner in Con-
which appear, among others, on a brass medal- stantinople, and decapitated. On some of this
lion, having the epigraph of moneta avg. and where his style is dn. fo-
villain’s brass coins,
the three monctie standing, with their attri- cas avg. he and his wife Leontia appear, pro-
butes. Ilis silver of base metal arc of the se- fauing Christian symbols with their usurped and
cond degree of rarity second brass rare ; third
: blood-stained dignities.
brass common. —
FOED1S. A treaty of alliance made by one
The following gold, of the usual size, arc people with another people. Amongst the Ro-
valued by Mionuet at 120 francs each, viz. con- mans, in early times, alliances were always made
 392 FOEDUS. FONTE1 A.
by order of the People, by authority of the ever, has recorded a much more ancicut usage
Senate, and through the ministration of the of sacrificing a pig to Jupiter, where he says,
Feciales (sec p. 376). —
The foedera, or treaties that Agamemnon swore that he restored Briseis
of Rome with foreign nations, arc recorded on to Achilles inviolate. (Iliad, T. 250). But
some of her consular and family coins. There Taltkybius “ stood (the while) beside the pastor
is in particular a denarius which, bearing on the of the people, holding in his arms a pig.” The —
obverse the effigy and titles of Augustus, places athletes in the Olympic games used, with a
before us, with beautiful distinctness, in the similar rite, to call Jupiter ‘OpKios to witness,
legend and type of its reverse, the ordained rite that they would resort to no fraud in their con-
of forming alliances solemnised by the Homans, tests. The sacrifice of a sow, aud the ceremo-
from which rare coin an engraving is subjoined. nial of ratifying a treaty, arc expressed in nearly
FOED. P. K. CVM. GA- the same manner on coins of Acerra, in Cam-
BINIS C. ANTIS. VETVS. pania, and ou those of the Sainnitcs. See coins
(on another coin, foedvs of the Veturia gens. —
See also Eckhel, v. 137
P.R.QVM. (sic.) GABINIS). and 138.
Two men togated & veiled, FOXTEIA gens, of the highest antiquity
stand opposite each other, but plebeian, for Clodius caused himself to be
holding a sow over a light- adopted by P. Fonteius, in order that he might
ed altar. Obv. caesak — be a tribune of the plebs. The surname is Ca-
avgvstvs. Head of Au- pito. —
There arc nine distinct mintages in its
gustus. Silver of Antistia gens. — (See p. 51). coins, besides a great many minor varieties.

This reverse offers a type peculiar to the An- The silver are, with few exceptions, common.
and one chosen by Autistius, a moncycr of
tistii, The brass pieces are the as, or its parts, struck
Augustus, to indicate his connexion by descent by the moncycrs of M. Antony. — The following
with Gabii, that ancient city of Latium. Indeed, are amongst the most rare, or curious, denarii
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, calls “ Antistius j
of this family :
Pctro by far the most renowned of the Gabiui-
ans on whose death, caused by the treachery
of Sextus Tarquinius, the city in question was
brought under the dominion of his lather the
king. (Dionys. Ilal. iii. p. m. 255). Shortly
after this event, peace having been restored, a
treaty was cutcred into between the two people,
accompanied with sacrifices and oaths the terms ;

of which Dionysius relates to have been pre-

1. A double head, of youthful appearance,
served to his own day, inscribed in ancient
before it the mark of the denarius, behind it
characters, in the temple of Jupiter Pistius.
some isolated alphabetic character. Rev. c.
The same writer informs us, that it was an ox
FONT.; below rom.v. A galley with helmsman,
which was offered as a victim on the occasiou ; or captain, aud rowers at their oars, and the
whereas the coins exhibit a pig or a sow, which
stern adorned with the aplustre and streamers.
assuredly was the animal usually immolated at j
In these types Vaillant recognises au indica-
the ratification of treaties, as Livy has expressly
tion of the origin of the Fonteii, who, accord-
stated (i. c. 24), in whose work the entire rite
ing to Arnobius, assumed to have descended
and formularies are specified and Virgil, too,
;
from Fontus, the son of Janus. Eckhel cha-
elegantly bears out the testimony of coins, in
racterises this, as “ pncclara conjecture,” aud
the passage where he records the treaty entered
points to several examples presenting analogous
into between Romulus and Tatius, after the rape
selections of reputed ancestors, which fully con-
of the Sabines (jE/i. viii. 038) :
firm its correctness. -See Doctrina, v. 21 4, ct seq.
Turn iidem inter se, posito ccrtnmine, reges, The ship with rowers is regarded by Iticcio
Armati Jovis ante aras, paterasque tenentes (p. 92) as allusive to sonic maritime expeditions
Stabant, et Ciesn jungebant feedera pored. of the ancient members of the family, uot re-
[“ Then, these two princes, laying aside their corded iu history, or perhaps to the arrival by
strife, took their stand, completely armed, be- by sea, in Italy, of Janus, the father of Foutus
side the altar of Jupiter, each holding a patera, above named. The same modem writer on
and having sacrificed a sow, ratified a solemn family coius observes, that Cains Fonteius, who
treaty.”] caused this denarius to be minted, probubly
And Yarro says (tie R. K. L. ii. 4) “ When— lived about the year 641 (n. C. 1 13). And, ap-
a treaty is ratified at the commencement of a parently to Cavcdoni, lie might be the Fonteius
peace, it is customary to sacrifice a pig.” The slain by the Ascolani, together with the pro-
lighted altar, therefore, on this coin, is that of i
consul Scrvilius, at the breaking-out of the
Jupiter; for the name of Diespiter occurs also social war, iu 603 (n. c. 91).
in the formulary used on the occasion, and this 2. Two juvenile heads, coupled together, lsu-
practice too was derived from the Greeks ; for rcated, with a star over each. Before them the
in Theocritus, Tircsias is found enjoining Ale- mark of the denarius, and in some the letters
mcna “ to sacrifice to the supreme J upiter a l>. F. — Rev. man. fontki. A trireme, with pilot
male pig. (Idyll, xxiv. v. 97)- — Homer, how- silting at the helm. In the field three globules.
 FONTEIA. FORGERIES. 393
Fontcius, who was Manius Fonteius,
lea at us to
pretor in Gaul, posterior to 675 (b. c. 79), and
reckoned among the primarii viri by Cicero.
Cavcdoni believes the infant figure on the
goat to be meant for the genius of Jupiter Cres-
cens, seated on the back of his own goat [Amal-
tluca], and is of opinion that the reiterated ap-
pearance of the caps of the Dioscuri bears allu-
The two heads on the obverse arc those of sion to the original country of the monetal
the Dioscuri who are the Penates of the capital.
, functionary who caused the coin to be struck.
On a specimen of the above denarius, engraved
in Riccio (Tav. 20, No. 2), the letters P. p.

appear before the heads. This is made still

more clear in similar types of the Autia and
Snlpicia families. For some explanatory remarks
on these domestic deities, the reader is referred
to the word Penates. —
“ The mint of Fontcius
(says Eckhel) adopts these types, because, as
we learn in the case of the Sulpicia family, the 4. P. FONTEIVS P. F. CAPITO III. V1K. The
Penates were held in the highest honour at Tus- helmed bust of Mars, with but little beard.
culum, from which town the Fonteii originally Behind it a trophy. Rev. An armed horseman,
came.” See Doct. Num. v. 218. ridiug at full speed. Under him are two mili-
Cavcdoni (cited by Riccio, p. 93), says, that tary figures.
the Manius F’onteius of the silver coins and also This is one among many family coins, iu
of large brass, classed with the miutages of the which both legends and types are involved in
Fonteia gens, must be the same person who was uncertainty, and the expectations raised by cither
defended by Cicero; since, in the newly-dis- a full inscription, or an interesting device, are
covered fragment of the oration delivered by more or less disappointed. Eckhel (v. p. 220),
him, M. F'outeius is expressly mentioned as his does not regard it as satisfactorily made out
mouetal triumvir, and his questor. He was why Mars Tropceophorus appears on the obverse,
pretor in 675 (b. c. 79), and thence it is to be nor who the horseman is on the reverse, nor to
inferred that a little while before he was moneyer. whom the inscription MANiw FONT<?»« TRi-
bunus MILeluat should be assigned. He de-
scribes the two armed figures beneath the horse’s
feet as engaged in single combat, whilst Miou-
net secs in them two enemies, whom the cava-
lier has laid prostrate.
Riccio endeavours to supply some of these
desiderata. He
pronounces this Publius F'on-
teius Capito to have been moneyer iu the 660th
3. M. fontei. c.
f. The head of a young year of Rome (b. c. 94) if not later. He re-
man laureated, beneath which is the
fulmen .
gards the types of the above engraved coin as
Rev. A winged boy riding on a goat. In the alluding to certain exploits performed by a mem-
field of the coiu are two pi/ei, with a star over ber of this family, that is to say, to the mili-
each. Below is the thyrsus. All within a myr- tary tribune Manius Fontcius, who, under the
tle garland. command, and in presence of, Titus Didius (p.
The portrait on the obverse of this denarius 327), iu Celtiberia, displayed his prowess by
is, Eckhel himself, not incor-
in the opinion of slaying the enemy’s general.
rectly believed to be that of Apollo Vcjovis, Some think that the tribune above mentioned
to whom the thunderbolt under the head bears was brother of the F'onteius Capito who struck
allusion. As to the winged boy sitting on a this denarius, but its fine workmanship carries
goat, the same commentator says, that it seems
to be rather the “ Genius of Vejovis,” than, as
it down to a later period. —
[Mr. Akerman thinks
that the head of trophy-bearing Mars, together
to others it has appeared, the figure of Cupid, with the reverse type, refers either to that suc-
in which opinion (says he), I follow Passeri, cessful Spanish expedition, or to some other
who regards such figures of winged children, specific victory.]
except when they hold a bow or an arrow, as P. FONTEIVS III. VI R. CONCORDIA.—
genii. The bonnets of the Dioscuri belong to Veiled head of Concord. Rev.- T. DIDI. IMP.
the Dei Penates. As to why the thyrsus and VIL. PVB. Grand portico of two stories.
the myrtle crown form part of the type, and This coin commemorates the Imperator (Gene-
also as to who was Manius Fonteius, the author ral in command of an army) Titus Didius, under
of these denarii, the numismatist of Vienna, whom the tribune I’. F'onteius fought, and respect-
with his usual repudiation of conjecture, simply ing whom see coin No. 2, in Didia gens (p. 327).
adds “ ignoro.” FORGERIES of Public Money. On this —
Riccio, iu describing the above denarius, says subject, so important to the numismatist, and
“ This Manius F'outeius must have been moneyer so interesting in an historical point of view, some
about 670 (b. c. 84), and son of that Caius general observations will be found in pp. 294

3 E
 394 FORTUNA. FORTUNAE ANTI AT.
and 295 of volume, under the head of
this
Counterfeit Coins. But for further information
respectingthe works of fa/sarii amongst the
Romans, the reader is especially referred to a
valuable essay by the Editor of 'the Numismatic
Chronicle for July, 1846, including a masterly
Mr. Akcrman from Mr. Burgon, with
letter to
regal'd to the practices of the
Greek forgers.
The whole dissertation merits attention; for,
commencing with early epochs of antiquity, it
pursues the history of monel al frauds through
the middle ages down to the times of
our own
Tudors and Stuarts.
—
FORT. Fortissimus. One of the titular epi- graved example of Hadrian, first brass), or seated,
thets given ou coins to Dcceutius. holding in the right hand a rudder, resting on
FORT. CAESAR. Fortissimus Casar. the prow of a ship, aud in the left hand a cor-
FOR. RE. Fortuna Redux appears fre-
nucopia;. In some types a wheel appears at her
quently on coins of Augustus. feet, or under her chair, as in
AJbinus, Gor-
FORT. F EL. Fortuna Fetid. On silver
and brass of Commodus, and silver of Domna.
— dianus III. &c. On other specimens we see her
with the rudder planted ou a globe, as in Yerus,
—
FORT. P. R. F'or an explanation of this ab- Commodus, &c. but the cornucopia; is her in-
breviated legend see arria geus, p. 83. variable attribute.
FORTUNA. — Fortune a goddess, to whose
;
Fortune is seated with a young boy before
worship the Romans were devoutly attached. her, on a coiu of Julia Domna standing with a ;

The common people regarded her as a divinity caduccus, iu L. Aclius; with her arm resting on
who distributed good and evil amongst man- a column, as in Hadrian; in a temple
of six
kind, according to her caprice, and without columns, on a coin of Trcb. Gallus.
having any regard to merit. But the more Fortune also appears with Hope on first brass
sensible portion of the ancients either denied of Hadrian and of Aclius Ca-sar. She is seen
the existence of this deity, or understood in a chair, opposite to the emperor, who
by !
is
Fortune no other than Divine Providence, whose sacrificing, as in Sept. Scverus.— [The
sedent
|

decrees being unknown to mortals, humau events goddess is said to denote the emperor’s fortuue
appear to happen by chance. The Romans, who !
to be firm aud stable. Sometimes Fortuna
sedens
were, at the earliest period of their history, con- holds with her right haud a short staff, or tiller,
tent to consult Sors el Fortuna at Antium, I
at the top of the rudder, as in Antoninus Pins,
afterwards adopted the goddess into the number 1
Albinus, &c. And on a well-known coin of
of their tutclarics, and consecrated nearly thirty
I
Commodus (see further on) she sits holding a
temples to her, in the different districts of the I
horse by the bridle. On a coin of Geta she is
city.Servius Tullius set the first example, which recumbent on the ground, with a wheel and cor-
was followed by Ancus Martins, aud it was nucopia; by her side].
j

largely adopted in the time of the republic. Fortuna Mata, and Fortuna Bona, were both
The Emperor Nero built a temple 'to Fortune of worshipped in their respective temples at Rome.
transparent stones. The Romans pretended that Vaillant of opinion that the two busts ou a
is

Fortune, having deserted the Persians and Assy- coin of the

Rustia gens (Fortonic Autiutcs)
rians, and after having flown lightly over Mace- I
were intended to personify Good and HI Fortune.
donia, and seen Alexander perish, passed over — See GENIUS.
into Egypt aud Syria, and, at last arriving on FORTVNAE ANTIATes Quintus RYSTIYS.
Mount Palatine, threw aside her wings, cast Two beardless busts, side
away her wheel, and entered Rome, there to
s
by side, one of which
take up her abode for ever. Fortune was Sulla’s wears a helmet, and is
favourite divinity : to her, not to himself, or to
i\ naked as far as the breast,
his own wisdom, he was accustomed to ascribe '

' and holds a patera ; the

all the glory of his many successful
achieve- other has a mitella on her
ments, and, in allnsion assumed the
to this, head-dress, and a tunic
name of Felix. — The Romans gave many dif- close to the neck ; both
ferent names to this versatile goddess. The placed on a flattened cip-
following are those which appear on coins, viz.
pus, each extremity of which is ornamented
Antiatina, Bona, Felix, Fors, Mala, Mulicbris,
with a ram’s head. Rev. CAESAR1 AYGVS-
Manens, Obsequcns, Primigcnia, Redux lastly) TO EX. S. C. An altar, on which is inscribed
;

Fortuna Augusta, or Augusti, and Fortuna IV

FOR/a»<* RE dud — Ou
. silver of the ltustia
puli Romani (see those names, suis locis).
gens, struck under Augustus, in the year of
Fortune appears on a great number of im- Rome 736 (b. c. 18).
perial coins, in each mctnl and size, from
Au- Fortune was called by this title of locality ou
gustus to Diocletian, with the legend fortvxa,
account of a celebrated temple erected to" her
but more frequently fortvna avo. and avovsti)
honour at Antium, a town in Latiuin, not far
under the figure of n young woman, habited in
from the sea coast (now Ando), the birth-place
the stola, standing (as in the following cn- of Nero. At this place she was doubtless in
 FORTI FORTUNA. FORS FORTUNA. 395
high repute for oracles ; Suetonius says “ Mo-
— between Fors, Fortuna, Castes, and Eventus .

nucrunt et Fortunse Antiathue lit a Cassio Apuleius also (in Ilermet. Trismeg. sub fin.) says,
caverct.” —
Perhaps, says Eckhel (v. 298), what “ Eventus or Fors is intermingled with all things
I have called a cippus, is the vehicle, by which, earthly.”— Fors Fortuna was, according to Varro
as Macrobius informs us, the images of the two (de L. L.) a deity among the Romans “ a cer-;

Fortunes (simulacra Fort unarum), were con- tain day was styled by Servius Tullius the king,
veyed in Antiuin to utter the (oracular) re- dies Fortis Fortunse, because in the mouth of
sponses. June he dedicated a temple to Fors Fortuna
Addison, in mentioning his visit to the ruins near the Tiber, outside the walls of Rome.”
of Antiuin, makes the following observations Consult also Ovid (Fast. vi. 773), who records
—“ All agree there were two Fortunes worship-
:

besides, that honours were paid to Fors For-

ped here. Suetonius calls them Fortunes Anti- tuna on the viiith of the kalends of July. In
ates, and Martial the Sorores Antii. * * * — later times the Romans erected another temple
Fabretti and others are apt to believe that by to this goddess in the gardens, which Julius
the two Fortunes were only meant in general Cmsar bequeathed to the people. Plutarch, who
the goddess who sent prosperity, and she who relates the circumstance (de Fort. Rom. p. 319,
sent affliction, to mankind ;
and [these Italian A.) describes her in these words
—
“ Fortuna,
antiquaries] produce in their behalf, an ancient whom they call Fors, that is to say, powerful,
monument found in this very place, and super- over-ruling, masculine, and possessing as it were
scribed fortvnae felici. sacrvm and also ;
a force which prevails over all things.” And
another with the words forti. fortvnae sac- the same author had just before said, that For-
rvm. [See Morel/. Thesaur. Fam. Rom. t. i. tuna had been adopted by the Romans “ as a
p. 869]. —
This double function of the goddess, kind of cognomen of Fortitudo (auSpetaJ,” as
adds our own illustrious countryman, gives a though fortuna were to be derived from fortis.
considerable light ana beauty to the ode, i,. i. — It was the prevailing belief of the ancients,
35, which Horace has addressed to her. The that all things were under the direction aud con-
whole poem is a prayer to Fortune, that she trol of Fortune. Aud hence Plautus called her
would prosper Augustus Crcsar’s arms, aud con- hera, or mistress (in Mercalore) and Ennius,
found his enemies; that each of the god- as quoted by Cicero (de Officiis, i. 12), says
desses has her task assigned in the poet’s prayer “ Whether he would prefer yon or me ( i . e. For-
and we may observe, the invocation is divided tune) to reign as mistress (hera)." There is a
between the two deities, the first line relating remarkable passage of Pliny, illustrative of this
indifferentlyto either. That printed in Italic subject (Hist. Nat. ii. p. 73)
—“ Throughout
type speaks to the goddess of Prosperity, or to the world, and iu all places, and at all hours,
the Nemesis of the Good, and the other to the Fortune alone is invoked by the voices of all
goddess of Adversity, or to the Nemesis of the mankind ; her name alone is heard she alone
;

Wicked : bears the blame ; she only is convicted as the

0 Diva, gratnm qua regis An/ium, culprit ; she, the sole object of men’s thoughts,
Prmsens vcl imo tollere de gradu praises, and abuse, yet still of their universal
Morfale corpus, vet supcrlos homage ; considered by all to be mutable, and
Vertere funeribus triumphos, &c. even blind roving, inconstant, unstable, change-
;

Great Goddess, Antiuni's Guardian Power, able, and the friend of the unworthy. To her
Whose force is strong, and quick to raise are referred all events, and bhe it is who fills
The lowest to the highest place,
Or uith a uomlrous fall
both pages in the life of mortals.” —No wonder
then that Momus should complain, in Lucian
To bring the haughty lower (Concit. Deomm), that no one is any longer
And turn proud triumphs to a funeral &c. ,
inclined to offer sacrifices to the gods, from the
Creech.
conviction, that tho’ endless hecatombs smoked
“If we takethe first interpretation of the upon their altars, it would still be Fortune that
two Fortunes the double Nemesis, the com-
for would execute the decrees of Fate. In Horace
pliment to Ciesar is the greater, aud the fifth (b. i. Carm. 35), we have a striking picture of
stanza clearer than the commentators usually her power :

make it.” — Sec Remarks on Italy, p. 1 69. “ Te semper anteit sa-v a Necessitas,
FORTI FORTVNAE, or FORS FORTVNA. “ Clavos trabales et cuneos manu
— Fortune standing, with a rudder in her right “ Gestans abend nee severus
:

hand, a cornucopia: in her left, aud a wheel “ Uncus abest, liquidumque plumbum.”
before her feet. With solemn pace and firm, in awful state,
This epigraph is not given in cither Mionnet Before thee stalks inexorable Fate,
or Akerman. But Eckhel, and before him And grasps empaling nails, and wedges dread,
Spanheim, recognize it as borne on a second The hook torn entous, and the melted lead.
brass coin of Gal. Maximianus, in tbc imperial Francis.
cabinet at Vienna. The remarks of the great What may have been the intention in intro-
German numismatist on this recondite subject ducing Fors Fortuna on the present coin (adds
are of the following tenour :
Eckhel) it is not easy to discern. A wheel is
Fors was the same with Fortuna, as may be ;
seen at her feet, to indicate that Fortune is volu-
abundantly proved from Latin writers ' and bilis a characteristic also elegantly described
Cicero (de Divin. ii. c. 6), makes no distinction by Horace (iii. Carm. 29), in the well-known
3 E 2
3 96 FORTUNA. FORTUNA.
passage, beginning — “ Fortuna swvo beta ue- of an —
emperor indeed the eldest daughter
gotio,” &c. and was married to an emperor.
I

Torayris, Queen of the Massageta: (Scythia), FORTY' N A OPSEQY'ENS (sic) COS.

•
II1I.
having learnt by experience the nature of For-
tune, thus addresses Cyrus, when indulging his
S. C. —
A woman standing, with a patera, or a

—
dream of happiness “ Above all things learn
rudder, in the right hand, and a cornucopia: in
the left. Second brass of Antoninus Pius.
this truth, that there is a cycle of human affairs, Engraved in the Cabinet de Christine.
which in its revolution permits not the same This reverse appears on the coinage of
first
individuals to be always happy.” (Herodotus, a. u. c. 911 (a. d. 158), though destined to be
i. c. 207). The wheel was a symbol
of Nemesis, frequently employed during Autoniue’s twenty-
who had many attributes iu common with For- second investiture with the tribunitian power, iu
tune. Terence constantly alludes to Fort For- both gold and silver. A singular change, from
tuna, when matters have turned out prosper- one cousonaut to another of similar sound, is
ously.— (viii. 38 and 39). exemplified iu this instance of opseqvens. —
But on all the specimens which came under
Eckhcl’s notice, it is inscribed exactly as above
given whereas, according to the usual method
;

of spelling, it should have been obseqvexs. —

(Sec the philological remarks on this feature
of the coin, ottered by the author of Doc-
trina, vii. 24). --According to Victor, there
were at Rome two temples of Fortuna Obse-
quens, one of which is conjectured by Y aillant
to have been restored by Antoniue. This For-
tuna was acknowledged at Rome in the days of
Plautus ;
for the slave Lconida (Plaut. Asin. A.
i iii. sc. 3), when asked by what deity’s name
she would prefer to be addressed, replies, by that
FORTY XAE MANENTI. To abidiug For-
'

tune —
the epigraph of a silver and brass coin
is
of Fortuna Obsequens.
On another coin of the same emperor, with
of Commodus, of which the type is a woman
seated, with a cornucopia: in her left hand, and
FORTVNA obseqvexs for its epigraph, F'ortune
places her rudder on the prow of a ship. “ This
holdiug with her right a horse by the bridle.
denotes, says Putin, that the goddess had shewn
This shews that Commodus paid his vows to
herself condescending (obsequentem) in all things
Fortune under the surname of Manens a super-
to the emperor : the rudder and stern of a gal-
stition of which, however, there are other and I

ley appear to signify the achievement of great

abuudant instances to be found amongst Roman ,

victories, and the happy return of the legions.”

writers Fortuna manens is praised by 1 lorace
(l. iii. Ode 29), as opposed to Fortuna mobilis.
—
FORTVNA REDVX.. Fortune that brings
back [the Emperor in safety],
But the reason why the goddess, as in this coin,
FORTwna RED«r CAES. AY’G. S. P. Q. R.
should be holdiug in the horse, seems obscure.
Perhaps it was because Fortuuc, who is here
— A silver and a gold coin of Augustus, struck
a. u. c. 735 (b. c. 19), bear the foregoing
called manens, might have been the same as
inscribed on an altar and it was frequently
Fortuna equestris, to whom Fulvius Flaccus, ;

adopted by his successors, as if emperors brought

after having by the strength of his cavalry forces
with them the Fortune of the city, of the pro-
defeated the Ccltiberians, vowed to erect a tem-
ple, which Tacitus alludes to as standing near
vince, or of the world. —
Augustus, when many

—
Antium. See Eckhel, vii. 15.
and various honours were decreed to him iu his
absence, “ would accept nothing except permis-
FORTVNAE MVL1EBRI. (To womanly sion to consecrate an altar to Fortuna Re/tux,
Fortune). — A female figure seated, with a rud- aud that the day of his return shoidd be in-
der iu her right haud, and a cornucopia: in her cluded amongst the holidays, and called Augus-
left. Gold and silver of Faustina the younger. talia.” This event took place in the year above
Engraved in Kolb. Traite Elementaire. mentioned, and the numismatic monument cor-
As Fortuna viri/is was an object of adoration roborating the historian (Dion), is fully illus-
at Rome, and that as early as the times of Scr- trated by the calendar, which records that the
vins Tullius, so the statue of Fortuna mnliebris emperor ex. trans-makin. frovtnc. vrbem.
was, with her temple, consecrated at the time, INTRAVIT. ARAQ. FORT. KEDVCI. CONSTIT.
when (as the legend relates) the cutreatics of FORT. RED. in others, FORTVNAE RE-
his mother deterred Coriolanus from destroying DVCI COS. III. S. C. — Fortune seated, veiled
the city. To this deity reference is made in and robed, holding in the right haud a rudder,
the following passage of Festus “ Also, the:
— which rests on a globe, iu the left a coruucopise.
statue of Fortuna Mnliebris, at the fourth mile- First brass of Hadrian.
stone of the Y'ia Latina, is forbidden to be The Romans were accustomed to render
touched (nefas erat altingi) save by her who thanks, aud perform sacrifices, to Fortuna Jte-
had been but once married.” Faustina the dux, whilst celebrating the return of the reign-
younger (observes Y’aillant, p. 175), owed a great ing prince from his visit to distant provinces.
debt to that divinity, as she was the daughter This is shewn on coins, beginning ns above
 FORTUNA REDUX. FORUM TRAJANI. 397
toline Mount and Mount Palatine, surrounded
by porticoes (basilica) aud the shops of money
changers (argent aria), and being the most an-
cient, was sometimes called forum veins or Lati-
—
num, or simply forum. Julius Cresar built that
which bears his name. And the increase of in-
habitants still requiring more accommodation of
this kind, Augustus built a third. Several suc-
ceeding emperors established new fora at Rome
such as Vespasian and Domitiau, whose work,
though only finished by Nerva, was called forum
Nervte. Lastly, Trajan and Antoninus Pius
equally contributed to the embellishment and
stated, with Augustus, aud occurring afterwards convenience of the great metropolis by similar
under Vespasian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus constructions. — Pitiscus — Milliu.
Pius, M. Aurelius, L. Verus, Commodus, &c.
Fortune was said to distribute wealth by her
coruucopiic, and to wield by her rudder the
government of human affairs.
Fortune seated, as in the above engraving,
was meant to denote that the fortune of the
emperor was firm and stable; whereas she is
almost always depicted as upright and moving
on. All these are equally appropriate to Ha-
drian’s return after O-equent absences abroad,
aud to the general strength aud security of his I

government at home.
FORTYNAE REDVCI. — This epigraph ap-
pears on small brass coins, with the titles of [

CAESarum 'S.ostrorum, common Dio-

alike to
cletian and his colleague Maximianus Herculeus. !
FORYM TRAIANi. S. P. Q. R. OPTIMO
The goddess stands w ith a wheel at her feet. PRINCIPE S. C. View of one of the entrances
On this particular Eckhel remarks that, “ the of the celebrated Forum of Trajan. The sum-
Rota, which was an attribute of Nemesis, should mit of the edifice is occupied by a triumphal
here he appropriated to Fortune, will surprise car, to which four horses are harnessed, and in

no one who knows that the two goddesses par- which the figure of the emperor may be dis-
took of almost the same nature.” —
(viii. p. 8). tinguished. To the right and left of the quad-
FORTYNA — SPES. — Fortune and Hope; on riga are trophies and statues. Obv. I.M Ver atari
a gold and a brass coin of Hadrian, engraved TRAIANO W
Gusto GER; nanico DAC ico P on-
Maximo TRibunit'ue P otestatis CO nsuli
after the adoption of L. .El ins, and struck by tifici

order of the Senate to designate the Fortune and VI. Vatri V atria. (To the Emperor Trajan,
the Hope which Hadrian anticipated and enter- Augustus, the German, the Dacian, Sovereign
tained from that adoption ; for the personifica- Pontiff [invested] with the tribunitiau power,
;

tion of Fortune occurs as often on the coins of consul for the sixth time, father of the country).
the Augusti, as that of Hope docs on those of — First brass.
the Casars. —
Vaillant, Impp.Rom. T. ii. p. 143. The Forum of Trajan, built by command of
FORUM. —
Market, public place. In ancient that emperor, and so called by himself, was situ-
times there was no city or town so small, hut ated in the 8th district of the city, as P. Victor
it had its public place, where the inhabitants, testifies. Dion names as its architect Apollo-
together with the population of the neighbour- dorus of Damascus, the same who constructed
ing country, might assemble. Those of the the wonderful bridge over the Danube.
Romans, distinguished by the appellation of It was to find a level and a suitable situation

Forum, whether at Rome, oriu the other capitals for this renowned Forum, that Trajan ordered

of Italy, were of an oblong square in form, of the Moils Quirina/is to be reduced in height ex-
which the width was equal to two-thirds of the actly so many feet as the spiral column numbers.

length. There were at Rome seventeen of these This fact has been expressly stated by Dion, and
public places or markets, fourteen of which were is confirmed by the inscription on the pillar

appropriated to the purposes of trade in provi- itself. (See columna, pp. 236-237).-— That it
sions aud other merchandise. These were c;dlcd was embellished, in every part, with statues of
fora venalia. , The others, where assemblies of men and horses, aud with military ensigns, is
the people were held, and where justice was ad- shewn not only by the admirably executed coin
ministered, were named fora civi/ia and judi- (from a finely preserved specimen of which the
ciaria. Among the most noted were those above cut has been engraved), but has also been
maikcd by the epithets of Romanum, Julium, recorded in history by Pausauias and Aulus Gel-
Augustum. The first of these was the grandest lius the latter of whom adds, that there was
;

and the most celebrated, now the Canipo Vac- inscribed on its walls ex. manvbieis (sic.) that
cino: it occupied the space between the Capi- is, out of the spoils namely, those which were
398 FORUM TRAJANI. FRANCIA.
taken in the Dacian campaigns. Ammianus obverse, CONSTANTINVS P. F. AVG. Lau-
Marcellinus speaks of “ its construction” as head of Constantin-' the G>-eat. Gold.
relled
“ marvellous from the concurrence of the deities Engraved from a specimen in British Museum.
themselves” (etiam numinum assev.sione mira-
bilem). And he states “ its gigantic proportions
to have been such as surpassed description, and
could never again be produced by the agency of
—
man.” (l. xiv.) Among other pieces of sculp-
ture with which it was decorated, the same
writer mentions the statue of Trajan “ the:
—
very one (observes Eekhcl) which, in my opi-
nion, appears on his coins struck during his
Respecting the Franci and the AJamanni, so
sixth consulate.” Hut the splendour of this frequently and on various occasions vanquished
edifice has been alluded to, at a much later date,
bv Constantine, the ecclesiastical and secular
by Cassiodorus, where he says Trajani forum, historians of the period furnish abundant in-
vel sub assiduitale videre miraculum est. Nay,
formation, as do also the authors of the pane
even at the close of the eighth century of the
gvrics. It agreeably tickles the ear of a people
Christian sera, its remains were still so remark-
to hear of their enemies’ defeat, and therefore
able, that Pope Gregory the Great, passing that
the expression Gaudium Romanontm was no in-
way, was seized with such admiration for the
appropriate svnonyme for the Alamanni and
genius of the prince who had raised so magnifi-
Franci, in the estimation of a people so inve-
cent a monument, that he had the hardihood to
teratcly attached as the Romans were to the
supplicate the Supreme Being for Trajan’s ex- cruel spectacles of the circus. For Constantine,
emption from the eternal pains of hell a prayer “
;
according to Eutropius (X.) after the slaugh-
which, as the story goes, was granted ; though
ter of the Franci and Alamanni, took their
it is matter of astonishment, how Paul the dea-
kings and exposed them to the fury of wild
con (in Vitd S. Greg. M.) could have coun- beasts, by way of public shews of more than
tenanced and published such a fable. D. N. Vet. ordinary magnificence.” And from that time
vi. 432.
the Ludi Franci took their commencement,
The excavations, executed by order of the
which are noticed in the calendar of Philooalus,
French government in 1812, resulted in dis- which Lambecius has published from the impe-
covering the traces of divers edifices which for-
merly ornamented the Forum, and afforded to an
rial library. —
Eckhel, viii. 84.

able architect, Antonio di Romanis, the oppor- FRANCIA, on other coins ALAMANNIA
tunity of laying out a plan of the Forum. This GAVDIVM ROMANORVM. The type same
plan is given in the 3rd edition of Nardiui’s as on the above coin. Gold of Crispus. (Bau- —
Roma Anlica published at Rome, in 1818, with
,
duri — Mel. i. p. 168).
Pcllerin,
—
notes and additions by Antonio Nebby, member The author of Doctrina says “ From this
of the Roman Academy of Archa'ology. Lenor- — coin we clearly perceive, that the exploits of the
father arc recorded ou the mintage of the son.”
mant, Iconographie Romaine, p. 50.
The Forum contained within its spacious en-
But this surely is not very extraordinary, since
closure, besides the edifice represented in the itwas Crispus who gained more than one of the
victories alluded to in the foregoing legend,
gold as well as brass mint of Trajan, other ar-
acting in his quality of Ciesar, and as general
chitectural objects of great elcgaucc of design,
in command of an expeditionary army, under
and richness of ornament. On one side was a
his father, against these two nations, whose
temple; on the other, the Basilica Ulpia (see
united revolt from the Roman yoke, he effectu-
p. 175), in which stood an equestrian statue of
And ally suppressed in a. d. 320.
Trajan, in bronze ; also near it a library.
in the centre rose the beautiful pillar, which
Francia. —The country thus named was Frnn-
cia Oricntalis, lying between the Maine and the
exists in good preservation to this day.
Rhine, antecedently forming part of Germania.
In giving an engraving of the first brass coin,
which represents a temple with lateral porticoes
Alamannia was a region chiefly lying between
the Danube and the Atmuhl, one of the northern
(and two figures sacrificing at an altar before the
tributaries of the Danube. At present all that
fafade), M. Ch. Lenorinant, in his Iconographie,
says
— “ This is the temple of Trajan. It was
was called Alamannia is included in Germany.
thought that Trajan had caused it to be erected in
Franci. —
The people so named in Constan-
tine’s time arc not to be confounded with the
honour of some divinity and that it was Hadrian
;

Gauls. And according to Spartianus and Victor,

who, after having deified his adoptive father,
It is more
the Alamanni were a distinct nation from the
consecrated this temple to him.
probable, and it is what the legends of two me- Franks aud Germans. — See alamannia i>k-

victa, p. 32.
dals give us to understand, that the temple in
question (sec an engraving of it, p. 354 of this
FRV. Frumenlum . — Sec ad fkv. kmv. p. 5.

dictionary), was dedicated to Trajan during his

—
FRVG. Fruges. See a. pop. fkvo. ac. p.f>8.
life-time, by a Senatus Consultum.”
FRVGIF. Frugifera CERERI FRVGI-
. —
FRANCLA— GAVDIVM ROMANORVM. Ferte. (To the fruit-bearing Ceres). Sec p. 196.

A trophy, near which is a woman, in the atti- FRUMENTA R 1 AE LA HGITIONES. -Grants

tude of grief, seated on the ground. — On the of Corn to the l’lebs, instituted by Ncrva.
 FL'FIA. FULMEN. 399
See largitio. See also plebei vrbanae FCLMKN. A thunder-bolt. — Lightning, the
KKVMEXTO CONSTITVTO. weapon of Jove, forged by Vulcan, is com-
FUFIA gens, plebeian, but of consular rank. monly delineated on ancient sculptures, paint-
It took its surname from tbe town of Cales, in ings, and coins, as cloven into three, and some-
Campania Felix, whence Kalenus is derived. times more, points or forks, like the subjoined
The coins of this family consist of only one figure :

type, serrated denarii, and rare. The following

is a description of it :

kaleni. Two conjoined youthful heads, the

former laureated, the latter galeated. Before
the one vibt. behind the other no.

Rev. — corui. Two female figures, one hold- “ Virgil (observes Addison) insists on the
ing a cornucopias, and having a caduceus and number three in its description, aud seems to
ital. behind her ; the other paludatcd, and hold- hint at the wings we see on it. He has worked
ing a sceptre, with right foot on a globe, behind up such a noise and terror in the composition
which is inscribed ro. of his Thunder-bolt, as cannot be expressed by
Respecting the heads of Honos and Virtus a a pencil or graving tool” :

notice of the Mucia gens may be referred to.

Tres imbris torti radios, tres nubis aquosae
The type on the reverse, in which Italy and Addidcraut, rutili tres ignis, et Alitis Austri.
Rome stand joining hands, is regarded by the Fulgores nunc terrificos sonitumque metumque
learned ns allusive to the restoration of peace Miscebaut operi, fktmmisque sequacibus iras.
and amity between the Romans aud the people JEneid lib. 8.
of the different Italian states, when at length Three rays of writhen rain, of fire three more.
those rights of citizenship were conceded to the Of winged southern winds, and cloudy store
latter, which by a general revolt aud resort to As many parts, tbe dreadful mixture frame,
arms, they had sought to acquire. —
Barthelemy And fears are added, and avenging flame.
Drydeiv.
refers this coin to the treaty entered into by
Sulla, with the nations of Italy, but only as Amongst other examples of the fulmen ap-
among other conjectures. pearing on Roman coins, are the following :

Eckhel (v. 220), considers it difficult to Vulcan is seen forging the presence
it in
divine, with what magistracy the Lucius Fufius of the goddess Minerva, on a brass medal-
Calenus referred to on tills denarius was invested, lion of Antoninus Pius. —
First brass coins,
and who was the Mucius Cordus with whom this struck under Tiberius, to the memory of Augus-
reverse unites him in eolleagueship. —
Riecio (p. tus, bearing for obverse legend divvs avgvstvs

94), states, that the first named was moncyer and Divvs avgvstvs pater, typify his portrait
of the republic about 664 (b. c. 90) ; and ac- with a thunderbolt before it, as if he were be-
cording to Dion, the same person was pretor in come, through his apotheosis, Jupiter Latii,
conjunction with Mucins Cordus. Cavcdoni and, invested with the fulminating power,
concurs in the opinion that, on this medal, in reigned in heaven with the king of gods and
highly expressive characters, is represented the men. And as Jupiter is represented bearing the
famous act of reconciliation accomplished be- thunder-bolt, so the figure of Augustus, with
tween Rome and Italy, after the murderous radiated head, and holding the fulmen, appears
social wars. He adds, that the remembrance on a brass medallion of Tiberius, minted by the
here perpetuated of that event, must have been munieijnum of Turiaso, now Tarazona, Spain,
au especial subject of pride to Mucius Cordus (engraved in Vaillant, Set. Num. Descamps).—
because Italy pacified shewed his attachment (at - On a coin of another Hispanian colony, viz.
linenza) to the side of Papius Mutilus, first gene- Ciesar- Augusta (Zaragoza), struck in honour of
ral of the Romans in the Italian war. On this Augustus, during his life-time, is a winged thun-
denarius we see Rome belligerent and Italy fer- derbolt, similar to that on the above engraving.
tile, as distinguished by their respective attri- One of the earliest examples of a Roman com
butes, reciprocally offer right hands to each other. with an eagle standing on the fulmen, is to he
And, because such reconciliation had been eflect- seen on a denarius of M. Autonius (see
p. 52
ed, not by force of arms but, through the vir- of this dictionary'). The same symbol appears
tue and honour of Italy, of which Rome was frequently on coins of Augustus, restored by
the capital, so we see here the heads of these Titus and by Domitian, either isolatedly, or
two divinities, who had each their temple, but with an eagle standing on it. On a large brass,
so united together, that no one could enter that dedicated to Caligula by the Spanish colony of
of Honour, without first passing through that of Csesar-Augusta (C. C. A.) the Roman eagle is
Virtue. — See Monete delle Famiglie, &c. p. 94. placed on a thunder-bolt between two stand-
400 FULMEN. FULVIA.— FUXDANIA.
ards. The same type occurs on coins COL. A. reverse a lion, with radiated head, carrying a
A. PATRctww, struck uuder Claudius and under thunder-bolt in its mouth. —
On a brass medal-
Nero. —
There is a large brass of Galba, on which lion of Diocletianus, Jupiter seated holds the
Rome stands holding transversely the legionary fuhnen and hasta, and an eagle stands at his
standard, which is distinguished by an eagle, feet. —For a finely designed type of jupitkr
with the ftilmen in his talons (Morell. Thesaur. propugnator, brandishing the fuhnen, sec
Lapp. tab. v.) The fides exercitvvm of Alexander Severns, p. 33 of this dictionary.
Vitellius has the eagle and the thunder-bolt for Augustus, when in Spain, narrowly escaped
its accompanying type. — Vespasian’s concordi a being killed by lightning, and held a thunder-
exercitvvm exhibits also the thunder-bolt be- storm in great dread ever afterwards. Sec io vis —
neath the claws of the legionary — On eagle. TOn(antis).
silver of Vespasian, and on gold and silver of FULVIA gens, plebeian but consular. A
Titus, appears a thunder-bolt, placed horizon- family distinguished for the high offices occu-
tally on a throne (see wood-cut below). Al- — pied, and the talents displayed, by several of
though peculiarly assigned to Jove, there are its members. It has ouly the two following
instances of this attribute being appropriated coins of Roman die :

to another diviuity, viz. Jove’s daughter. On — 1. Galeated head of Rome before it

roma.
silver aud middle brass of Titus, and more fre- x. Rev. —
cn. fovl. Below m. cal. Victory,
;

quently of Domitian, Minerva stands holding naked to the waist, guiding a biga at speed.
the hast a in her left baud, and the fit/men in 2. m. cai.id. q. met. cn. pvl. Same type
her right. —
A large brass of Domitian exhibits as the preceding.
the sedent image of ivppiter cvstos, with the It is not known who were the authors of
thunder-bolt and spear. ( Morell Impp. tab. . these denarii.
xiv.) —Another large brass of Domitiau repre- FUNDANIA, gens plebcia, of which the fol-

sents the emperor himself holding Jove’s thun- lowing two monetal types ouly arc kuown :

der in his right hand, and the hasta of divinity

in his left, crowned by Victory from behind.
{Morell. tab. xv. No. 24). ivppiter conser-
vator. Eagle with expanded wings, standiug
on the fuhnen. Silver and middle brass of Do-
mitian. {Ibid, tab. vi. No. 14). PRINCEPS
ivventvtis. Thunder-bolt surmounted by an
eagle. {Ibid. tab. xvii. No. 14). —
Before quit- Bearded and laureated head of Jupiter.
1.

ting the examples furnished from the Flavian Rev. —

c. fvnda. A’ictory holding a palm braucli,

mintages, a specimen of Vespasian’s silver is and crowning a trophy, supported on the shoul-
subjoined : ders of a kneeling captive. Quinarius.
Rev .-ivi . p. ix, imp. xv. In reference to coiu No. 1, Eckhel says “Here
cos. viii. P. p. The ful- again the anticipation of historical interest,
men placed on a throne (viz. raised by the nature of the above type, and
that of Jupiter). The which, if found on an imperial coin, would
|

lightning was regarded as scarcely fail to be realised, is in this case of a

symbolical of warlike power family quinarius, disappointed. It is on no
(AVilde) —
a power also con-
well authenticated grounds that antiquaries
joined (according to Begcr) make out this Fundauius to have been a qu,estor
with public utility, as indicated on a denarius of Scipio’s in the Numantine war, aud that they
of the Fabia gens. (See p. 371 of this volume). associate the types of A'ictory and the trophy
In the conservatori patris patriae, brass with the capture of that rcuowned Spanish city
medallion of Trajan, we see the figure of Jupi- Numantia, after its twenty years of resistance
ter holding his protecting hand, armed with a to the Roman power.” (v. 221.)

thunder-bolt, over the head of the emperor,

standing at his feet. —
A similar type is described
by Mionuet, from a large brass of Hadrian.
A two-fold representation of this tutelary object
of imperial invocation is finely displayed on a
brass medallion of L. Vcrus, in which he and
M. Aurelius stand beneath the towering figure
of “ the Thunderer.” —
Ou a gold coin of An-
toninus Pius, the image of Jupiter is seated, 2. Galeated head of Rome. Rev. c. fvn- —
with the fuhnen aud hasta-, the legend 1M- dan. on the exergue. Above is Q. (interpreted
PERATOR ii. (Spanhcim, Pr. i. 42V). The — qttirslor). A triumphal figure with sceptre, or
lightuing was emblematical of Divine Provi- small wand, in his hand, stands in a slow' quad-
dence, as is clearly shewn on those coins which riga, guided by a naked child, who is seated on
represent the fuhnen, conjoined to the legend one of the horses, and carries a branch of laurel.
providentia deorvm, to be seen on gold, sil- Cavcdoui aud Borghesi, cited by Riccio, think
ver,aud large brass of Antoninus. (Sec above). that the little figure which couducts the quad-
— Coins struck under Carncalla, and also under riga, represented ou this denarius, was meant
Maximianus, respectively bear for their type of for the films pralejrtatus, or son of some patn-
 FURIA. FTJRIA. 401
cian triumpher, insidens ftinah equo (sitting on The triumvir, L. Furius Brocchus, son of
the horse next to that yoked to the pole of the Cerus, must have been moneyer about the year
car) to whom it would well belong to bear the 640 (b. c. 1 14). The sella curulis with the
—
branch of laurel that this coin recalls to re- fasces, and the head of Ceres, doubtless allude
membrance the triumph of Caius Marius for his to some glory of the Furia gens, and perhaps to
victories over the Cimbri, in 653 (b. c. 101) — the first pretor of Rome, a. u. c. 388 (b.c. 366),
that the hoy on the horse would therefore be and w ho in that age of the republic was collega
the young C. Marius —
that lastly, the moneyer consulibus, atque iisdem auspiciis creatus but
in this case, would be Caius Fundauius, father it is more reasonable to regard the head of
of the father-in-law of the most learned Varro, Ceres, as referable to some distinguished curule
recorded by Tully (ad Q. Fr. lib. i. ep. 2, § 3). edileship in this family, than to the achievements
[This is all very clever, and gives an historical of the first pretor; the chair with the axed-
interest to the type far more attractive than a fasccs still more strongly points to the dictator-
merely allegorical one could impart, but, after ship of M. Furius Camillus.
what Eckhel, coinciding with l’asseri, says of These elegant denarii, through the discovery of
such figures of children, it seems best to regard monctal deposits, are shewn to belong to a time
the infant cavalier on the above reverse, as one anterior to 686 (b. c. 68). We here sec accents
of those vague and fanciful creations of Roman employed in the abbreviation of words, and also
superstition called a iringed genius. See Fun- — an example of refinement in pronunciation ; this
teia p. 393, cut No. 3].
,
very word fvri being used instead of fovri.
The denarius of this family having been found Riccio, 96-97.
amongst the deposit (nel ripostiglio) of Ficsole, 2. aed. cvr. Head of a turreted woman
—
;

it positively results, that it was struck before behind it is a human foot. Rev. p. fovrivs,

667 — Riccio
(b. c. 87). p. 95). inscribed on the front of a curule chair. —On the
FUNDATOR PACTS. (The founder or esta- exergue crassipes. —See an engraving of this
blishcr of peace). — This magnificent title, ac- fine denarius in p. 12.
companying the type of the emperor standing, By the last word it is clear, that from the
togated and veiled, with an olive branch iu his thickness of the foot this branch of the Furia
right hand, appears on the reverse of a coin of gens derived its peculiar surname. P. Furius,
Sept. Severus (both gold and silver), struck pro- of the thick foot (Crassipes), curule edile, must
bably after his expedition against, and victory have been contemporary with Fannius and Cre-
over, the Parthians. Not only his cruel son Cara- tonius (plebeian ediles, sec p. 12), and con-
calla, but even Julia Domna his wr ifc was sequently magistrate in 709 (b. c. 45). By the
allowed, by the flattery of the same mint, which head of Cybele, and the chair of office, reference
called her Mater Castrorum, to share the is made to the Megalesian games, celebrated
honour of founding peace (as usual, on the with extraordinary pomp iu the year above-
wilderness-making principle of Roman policy.) named. —
Riccio, p. 97.
—
FUNERAL PILE. See conseciiatio— also 3. M. fovri. l. f. Head of Janus bifrons,
ROGVS. bearded and laureated. Rev. —
I’HII.I. roma.
Fl’RIA, gens patricia; amongst whose mem- Rome, stolated and galeated, stands holding a
bers was the great Camillus but lie is not noticed
; sceptre and the hasta in the left baud, and
on its coins. It also included other great men, crowning a trophy with the right. — Engraved in
who filled high employments under the republic. Morel/. Thesau. Fam. tab. Furia gens. No. iii.
This gens branched into families whose re- M. Furius Philus, son of Lucius, is con-
spective surnames, as they appear on denarii, sideredby Ursin, followed by Vaillant and
are Brocchns, Crassipes, Philus, and Purpureo. Havcrcamp, to have been nephew of P. Furius
It is uncertain whether the Brocchi were of Philus, consul, who together with Caius Fla-
patrician rauk or not. Ten numismatic varieties miuius, enjoyed the honours of the triumph for
are given in Morel, and eight in Riccio, who victories gaiued over the Ligurian Gauls, in 531
observes
—
“ si hanno di cssa moltc mouctc, ct (b. c. 223), father of the pretor of 583 (b c.
la terra ne da spesso dellc nuove.” 171). In his monetal triumvirate, which oc-
Gold very rare ; silver common. Its brass arc curred about the middle of the century after-
the as and its parts. The following are among wards, M. Furius, in honour of his family, was
its principal denarii :
pleased to represent the triumph in question.
See further remarks by Riccio on this denarius.
4. Head of Rome, galeated, behind it X —
Rev. —PVR/mm?. Diana with the crescent on
her forehead, in a biga at speed ; above is the
—
murex, or purple-shell allusive to the surname
of Purpureo assumed by this branch of the
Furia gens.
This coin is assigned by Eckhel to Lucius
1. brocchi hi. vir. Bust of Ceres, crowned Furius Purpureo, who was pretor under the
with corn-ears, behind the head is an ear of consul C. Aurelius Cotta, in 554 (b. c. 200).
wheat, and before it a grain of barley. Rev .
Borghesi believes that the moneyer of the de-
L. fvri. cn. f. A curule chair between two narius above described was the Lucius Furius
fasces, with axes. Purpureo, who in the year above-mentioned.
3 F
402 GABII.— CADES, GALBA.
whilst his father served as pretor in Gaul, was tiov." — Sec Ancient Coins of Cities, &c., p. 31,
legatus of the consul P. Sulpieius Galba, in ct seq. Plates iii. and iv.
iEtolia, as is stated by Livy (1. 31, c. 20.) The imperial Latin coins struck by this
Sec Riecio, p. 65-96. municipium are of Augustus, Cains and Lucius,
Agrippa, and Nero. The reverse types consist
G. of winged lightning; pontifical instruments a ;

four-columned temple within a crown of laurel

G. — Respecting this letter Rasche observes, the simpulum and the ap/uslre. For the latter
that amongst the ancient Romans C filled the symbol, sec xrvNicirn parens, and mvnicip.
place of the later adopted G. GA. PATIIONVS —
SCC also IIERCVLES GADITAN VS.
G. —
Accordingly, in a very ancient inscrip-
tion, LECIONES is found occurring for LE-
GIONES. — On a coin of the Ogulnia gens
OCVLNIVS is written for OGVLNIYS.
G. as an alphabetical mark of the die is
observable on many family coins.
—
G. Galerius. g. maximianvs. Gal. Mari-
mianv.s.
G. Germanica. — victoria m. — Germaniea g.
Maxima, on coins of Yalcrianus and senior,
— Khcll, Supplt.
Gallieuus. 184. to Yaillant, p.
G. A. Gemella Accilana, colony of Hispauia
Tarraconcnsis. (See p. 3.)
GG. is constantly used to signify the plural
for example, the word avgg. isemployed when GALBA fServins Sulpieius). According to —
speaking of two Augusti, as virtvs avgg. in Suetonius, aged depository of short-lived
this
Cams and Numcrianus. imperial power was born on the 9th of the
GGG. in avggg. is a compendious mode of ex- kalends of January, in the year 751 (a. n. 3.)
pressing three Augusti or Emperors, as victoria lie belonged to the ancient and renowned family
avggg. in Arcadius, llonorius, Valcntiuian III. of the Sulpicii, whose founder, on the father’s
&c. side, if we may give credence to Galba himself,
GABII, a eitv of Latium, nearly cqui-distant was Jupiter; and on the mother’s I’asiphae
between Rome and Frequent mention
Pricnestc. the wife of Minos and this account is confirmed
;

is made of the Gabini in the history of Tar- by Silius Italicus. The mother of Galba was
quinius Superbus, and his contests with the Mummia Achaica, great grand-daughter of the
Volscians. L. M muni ius, who destroyed Corinth. (Sueton.
CABIN. Gabinis. — See FOEDV8. P. R. cvm. c. 3.) When arrived at the fitting age for taking
GARIN, (p.392). part in he made his appearance
state affairs,
GADES (Bocticic Ilispaniie) municiphum, now in public; and a time was appointed
after
Cadiz. The coins of this city consist of auto- governor of the Gallia:. Subsequently being
nomes, and imperial municipals (with a single removed to a similar position in Africa, he
silver exception) in small and middle brass. obtained no ordinary credit by his justice, and
The autonomes arc with Phoenician inscriptions, by the valour and discipline he displayed in
and for types bear heads of the Sun, and of a military capacity. Later still he received from
Hercules, dolphins, tridents, and fishes. I’ather Nero the jurisdiction of Hispauia Tarraconcnsis,
Florez gives one autonome with Latin legends, which lie administered with fluctuating success.
viz. Obv. —
mvn. inscribed in two lines and a AVhcu urged by Yindei, governor of the Galliie,
corn-ear above. Rev. —
gades and a fish. No. — to supplant Nero in the empire, he for some
109 of Mionnet has for obverse type the head of time repudiated the proposition, but at length
Hercules covered with the lion’s skin, and with consented, on hearing that Nero was plotting
the club near the neck. The legend of reverse his destruction. (Suctou. c. 3). Being then
is BALBVS font, and in the field are a simpulum saluted emperor by the acclamations of the
and a li/itus. army, he declared himself to be but the lieu-
In reference to the antiquity of this city, Air. tenant (or deputy) of the Senate and People.
Akerman observes, “ Both Strabo and Stephanus Tidings having reached him that Vindex, alter
call it Gadeira.” Alluding to the autonomes, being defeated by the troops of Verginius Rufus,
the same writer adds as follows “The larger : legates iu Germania, had put an end to his own
brass coins of Gades are extremely common, and existence, Galba had serious thoughts of em-
attest its importance as a commercial city, bracing the same fate; but intelligence of Nero’s
before the subjugation of Spain by the Romans. death, and the Senate’s unanimous declaration
They remain to this day remarkable evidences of iu his own favour, arriving shortly after, he
the imperishable nature of a national coinage. accepted the of Osar (Sueton. c. 11), and
title
* * * * Hercules was the chief deity iu proceeded on his journey to present himself at
Gades; and Hannibal sacrificed to him pre- Rome. The massacre, however, which he caused
viously to his expedition against theRomans. of certain soldiers of the fleet on his arrival at
Philostratus mentions the temple, but says it was Ponte-Molle, nngured ill for his reign.
of the Egyptian Hercules —
HpaxAcous Aiyw Galba, then about 72 years of age, was of a
 GALBA. GALBA.— GALLIA. 403
good heighth aud advantageous figure. llis — pax. avg. (120 fr.) roma renasc. Mili-
forehead was wrinkled his nose aquiline, aud
;
tary figure. (Thomas sale, £9 10s.) roma
his head bald in front, although on many of his victrix. (Mt. 72 fr.)— salvs gen. hvmani.
coins (especially those in large brass), that (Thomas, £4 16s.) tiberis. (Trattle, £2 16s.)
defect ismore or less concealed. The employ- —victoria p. r. (Trattle, £1 16s.) —Victory
ments through which he passed had given writing on a buckler. (Mt. 80 fr.)

him much experience, and he appeared be

to Silver. — gallia — hispania. (Mt. 30 fr.)

worthy of commanding Romans ; but his harsh — libertas restitvta. (72 rest. fr.) nv.m.
inexorable character, aud the sordid avarice of (72 —fr.) ob.
s. p. Q.(Thomas, £4
it. c. s. is.)
his disposition, which displayed itself in en- — ser. svl. galbae. Head Spain. (20 of fr.)

deavours by untimely parsimony to replenish an Large Brass. adlocvtio. — The emperor

exhausted treasury these, together with his
;
haranguing his soldiers. (Mt. 30 fr. See wood-
neglect of public affairs, which he left to func- cut iu p. 7.) concordia. (Trattle sale, £ 7.
tionaries who committed infinite acts of in- 2s. 6d.) ex. s. c. ob. cives ser.
(£2 6s. at
justice under bis name, rendered him so much the Brumell sale). hispania clvnia. svl.
the more odious, as he had caused Nero’s minis- (Trattle, £2 2s.) honos et virtvs. (Cam-
ters to be put to death. The affections of the pana sale, £1 9s.) libertas pvblica. (Tho-
pretorian guard, and of the rest of the army, he mas sale, £1 6s.) libertas restit. (Alt.
utterly estrauged by the refusal of a donative, 30 fr.) qvadragens remissae. Arch. (De-
to which they considered themselves entitled. vonshire sale, £2 2s.)— remissae xxxx. (Mt.
The consequence of this was, that the army of 60 fr.) romae restit. (30 fr.) senatvs
Germania Superior took the lead iu throwing off pietati avgvsti. (48 fr).— roma. The city
its allegiance. IVhen this event was announced persouified, seated ou armour. (A highly pre-
to the emperor, he imagiued that he had served finely patiuated specimen brought £7 7s.
incurred coutempt, not by liis faults, but on 6d. at the Campana sale).
account of his advanced and childless age, and GALEATVM CAPVT. The galeated or
accordingly he adopted Piso Frugi Liciuianus helmed head of an emperor is not unfrequent
(Tacit. Hist. i. 18), a noble aud distinguished from the time of Probus ; and it is still more
young man, on the 10th of January, 822 (a. d. common on gold coins of the lower empire,
09). Rut he marred the effect of a proceeding especially when the emperor is represented iu
aud acceptable to the people,
iu itself laudable full panoply. The helmet is sometimes encircled
by a fresh instance of his innate avarice. For with the laurel crown, or with rays. Ductrina,
when, on the introduction of his adopted son viii.361.
Piso, to the soldiery, he still omitted all mention GALERIA VALERIA. See Valeria. —
of the donative, at a time which so peculiarly GALERUS, or pi/eus, a cap; the mark of
—
demanded it Otho, chagrined at seeing an- Liberty. See libertas. —
It is also the attri-
other preferred to himself as the adopted son bute of Mercury. See Petasus.
of Galba, availed himself of the recently ex- GALLA PLACID1A. See placidia. —
cited feelings of the army, and took possession GALLIA, a plebeian family, belonging to
of the camp six days after the adoption. The which are the following three coins in large aud
general feeling being thus transferred to the new middle brass, all common :

chief, Galba was deserted by his adherents, and 1. C. GAI.LVS C. F. LVPERCVS IltVIR. A. A. A.
together with Piso, was assassinated on the lath f. f. (seep. I) s. c. Rev ob. civis serva- .

of January of the same year. — See Eckhcl, vi. tos, within a crown of laurel, between two
—
299 Beauvais, T. i. 148. branches of the same.
His style on coins is IMP. GALBA IMP. — 2. Obverse uniform with the preceding. Rev.
SER. SVLP. GALBA CAES. AVG. T$. P.— avgvstvs TRIBVNIC. potest, in a laurel crown.
SER. GALBA IMP. CAESAR AVG. Pater 3. CAESAR avgvstvs tribvnic. potest.
—
Patria. The brass and silver (with some dis- Bare head of Augustus. Rev. c. gallvs —
tinguished exceptions) arc common ; the gold lvpercvs iiivir. a. a. a. f.f. In the field s. c.
arc rare (restitutions by Trajan very rare) ; aud Caius Gallus Lupercus was monetal triumvir
notwithstanding his very brief rcigu, the whole under the government of Octaviauus Augustus,
exhibit several curious reverses. not before 727 (b. c. 27), in w hich year the r

For a specimen of his portraiture in silver, latter assumed the title of Csesar. The crowns
see OB. C. S.— Oia.-IMP. SER. GALBA AVG. of laurel are those voted to the Emperor by the
Bare head of the emperor. Senate and the Roman People and the s. c. is ;

MINTAGES OF GALBA. allusive to the prerogative of the Senate to strike

—
Gold. concordia provinciarvm. (Valued brass coins, whilst to the emperor belouged the
by Mionnet at 72 fr.) diva avgvsta. (Brought privileges of the gold and silver mints.
at the Thomas sale £3 9s.) fortvna avg. (Mt. —
GALLIA. Gaul anciently comprised the ter-
60 fr.) hispania. Female holding cars of ritories which arc now called France aud Lom-
corn. (Devonshire sale, £1 12s.) IMP. Em- — bardy. The former, being beyond the moun-
peror on horseback. (Trattle sale, £2 2s.) tains as regards Rome, had the name of Gallia
imp. avg. Female with ears of corn. (Brought TransaJpina, and the latter Cisalpina. Trans- —
£12 15s. at the Thomas sale). — Liberty stand- alpine Gaul again was subdivided into three
ing. (Restored by Trajan. Valued by Mionnet parts, namely, Toyata, Comata, and Braccata.
at 200 fr.) libertas restitvta. (Mt. 50 fr.) Togata, which lay on the side of Italy, was so
3 F 2
404 GALLI A .
— G ALLIEN l M GALLIENUS.
called because inhabitants had adopted the
its The Romau people (worships) Gallicnus the
Roman toga. Comata derived its name from August. — This inscription appears on the ob-
the large heads of hair in which its people were verse of a second brass of Gallicnus, with the
accustomed to luxuriate, and included all Trans- bust of that emperor laurcated, and with spear
alpine Gaul, except the Narbonensis, that is to and shield. Rev. —
OB CONSERVATION EM salv-
say, the whole extent of the country from the tis. Ilygeia standing.
Alps to the ocean. Gallia Comata is that which GALLIENVM AVG. SENATVS (that is to
Ciesar subdued, and which, submitting to the say v eneratur). The Senate (adores) the Em-
Romans, was divided into Aqnitannica, Belgica, peror Gallicnus. — Another secoud brass, with
and Celtica. The third, Braccata, so termed OB LIBERTWe/n RECeplant, and a woman
from the trousers or breeches made of a shaggy standing with palm branch and spear.
frieze, or other very coarse material, which the “ This and the foregoing coin (observes
male inhabitants of that district wore, was situ- Eckhel) are remarkable for the heavy gran-
ate between Italy and Spain.-Sec tres galliae. deur and the novel style (molem et novain
—
GALLIA. A female head, before which are legem) of their inscription. For the rest, the
two ears of corn behiud are two small spears,
;
base and lying adulation, as well of the Senate
and beneath is a small round shield. Obv. as of the Romau people, must be glaringly
ser. gai.ba imp. Galba on horseback, gallop- obvious to any one.”— vii. 408.
ing. Silver of Galba. —
Engraved in Morell. “ The emperor’s name in the accusative case
Imp. vol. iii. tab iii. No. 30. on these coins (Mr. Akerman remarks) is curi-
The head personifies Gallia and the corn-;
ous. It had long been a practice with the de-
ears before her denote the abundance of that generate Greeks.”
grain, which her fields produce. The arms
represent those used by the Gauls, designating
[

their warlike character, and their eminence in

the military art. The equestrian figure of Galba
seemingly bears reference to the statue which
the Gauls had decreed to him. (Vaillaut, Impp.
—
ii. p. 71). Gallia, owing to the instigations of
Yindex, had the first and main share in procur-
ing the empire for Galba and even after the
;

death of Vindex, it was amongst the foremost 1

provinces which declared for him. Grateful for |

such zealous services, Galba rewarded the Ga/li

with the rights of citizenship, and with exemp-
tion thenceforward from payment of tribute; GALLIENUS (Publius Licinius), the son of
and this is the reason for the occurrence of gal- , Yalcriauus, by that emperor’s first wife, whose
lia as legend and type on his coins. name is not recorded; but probably his mother’s
— —
GALLIA HISPANIA. A male genius of name was Gallicna. Born in the year of Rome
Gallia, holding an inverted spear in the left 971 (a. n. 218) he owed his own fortunes to his
hand, joins the right hand with that of a male father, by whom, when, on the death of Trcbonia-
genius of llispauia, in whose left hand is a nus and of .Emilianus, he had obtained the sove-
round shield and an inverted spear. Obv. reignty, Gallicnus was chosen as his colleague in
nip. galba. —Laurcated head of the emperor. the empire. Victor asserts that he was created
—
Silver of Galba. —
Engraved in Akerman, vol. i. Ciesar by the Seuate. “ On the truth of this
pi. v. No. 2. statement, says Eckhel (vii. 389), I will not de-
On the above denarius we find mentioned in cide. At any rate, no coius have yet been dis-
conjunction with each other, the two provinces covered with the title of Casar only ;
but all

which were so favourable to Galba’s claims. pronounce him Augustus.”

And as in Gaul, under Julius Vindex, the revolt In the year of Rome 1006 (a. d. 253), his
against Nero began, so it was in Spain that father Valerian, assumed the title of Augus-
Galba was first saluted with the title of I Vera- M tus, and the Tribunicia Potcstas, and nomi-
ior. Indeed, accordiug to Suetouius, almost all nated himself consul for the following year.
the cities of Spain and the three Gauls simul- lie made his son Gallicnus particeps imperii.
taneously gave in their adhesion to his govern-
j

—
1007 (a.d. 254). Gallicnus proceeded consul,
ment. It is to be regretted that the heads of in colleagueship with his father (Consul II).
Gallia and Hispania should have been repre- .Emilianus dying at Spoletuin, Valerian and Gal-
sented, by the monevers, with the self-same licnus were acknowledged as August i, and as
attributes, so that, hut for the legend, either of consuls for the year.
them might be mistaken for the other. 1008 255).
(a. n. —
Gallicnus proceeded consul
For other denarii of Galba referring to events for the second, with his father consul for the
immediately concomitant with, and instrumental third, time. Valerian, intent on his operations
to, his accession to the empire, see hispania. in the East,entrusted to Gallicnus the European
G ALLIEN AE A V GVSTAE. See YB1QYE — armies; and the conduct of the campaigns
PAX. against the Franci, the Alamanni, and various
GALLI ENY.M AVG. P. R. Galhenum other rebellious tribes.
Augustum Populus Roman us ( colit understood). 1009 (a. D. 256). — It is probable that, in this
 GALLIENUS. GALLIENUS. 405
year, Gallienus was engaged in the war with the |
to whom have ascribed every vice
historians
Gennani, from which lie derived his military imaginable, and whose proper vocation seemed
honours. to be, not the government of a State, but the
—
1010 (a. d. 257). Consul for the third time. indulgence of sloth and unbounded licentious-
His repeated victories in Germania obtained for ness; and this at a juncture when an empire
him, as well as for his father, the surname of divided among so many usurpers the incursions ;

Gennanicus. of barbarian hordes from every side ; the re-

—
1011 (a. d. 258). Postumus invaded and newed ravages of the plague which commenced
took possession of the Gallic portion of the iu the reign of Trebonianus demanded a prince —
empire. endowed with moral [he was not deficient in
—
1012 (a.d. 259). Postumus having got pos- physical] courage, magnanimity, and decision.
session of Saloninus, and, to his own inexpi- Of the cruelty and vindictiveness of his cha-
able dishonour, put him to death, Gallicnus racter, we may gather some notion from the
contented himself with placing his murdered sou epistle, in which he enjoins Celer Verianus to
in the rank of the gods ! destroy the partizaus of the usurper Ingenuus ;

—
1013 (a. d. 260). This year, it is believed, ‘
mutilate them,’ he says, ‘ kill and exterminate
Valerian was made prisoner by the Persians. them ; you understand my mind respecting
Gallienus proceeded consid for the fourth time. them ;
make your own the rage of him who
—
1014 (a. d. 261). During the captivity of writes these orders with his own hand.’ With
Valerian, several military governors in different such perverted feelings, it is no matter of sur-
provinces usurped the sovereign authority. prise that to his other delinquencies he should
Amongst them was Ingenuus in Maisia, who, have added the almost incredible impiety of
however, was taken and decapitated by Gallienus. lookiug on unmoved at the captivity aud igno-
Also Regal ian us in Illyricum Macrianus and
;
minious treatment of his father by the Persians;
his sons in the East and other pretenders of
;
and that this was the only injury which re-
less importance. mained unaveuged by one, who in every other
Balista, prefect of the pretorians under Vale- case behaved with implacable severity. There
rian, in conjunction with Odenathus, King of is, however, the best reason for supposing that

Palmyra, drove Sapor from Syria into Persia, he preferred his father’s captivity to his freedom,
and re-established, or at least sustained for a inasmuch as Valerian’s strict morals were a per-
time, the Roman power in the East. petual reproach to his own enormities. Con-
—
1015 (a.d. 262). Gallienus, consul for the sequently, it is not so much to be wondered at,
fifth time, celebrated a triumph over the Per- that this unworthy prince was cut off at last by
sians conquered by Odenathus. As one set of his own subjects, as that so long a time elapsed
usurpers fell, others rose to assume the purple. before a Hercules appeared to suppress such a
—
1016 (a. d. 263). Returning to Rome, Gal- monster. D. N. V. vii. 394.
lienus fulfilled the vota decennalia. Trebellius The brass coins of Gallienus arc for the most
relates that this emperor, having taken Byzan- part common ;
those iu billon
so arc gold ;

tium, and in spite of his promise to the con- and pure silver very rare. On these he is styled
trary, put its garrison to the sword, returned IMP. C. LICIN. GALLIENVS PIVS FELIX
in all haste to Rome, as though he had accom- AVG. and sometimes GERMANICVS MAX.
plished a great and laudable work, and there Gallicnus appears on some of his coins with
celebrated the decennalia. Valerianus, Salonina, and Saloninus. Amongst
1017 (a. d. 264). — Gallienus, consul for the the money struck by this emperor are to be
sixth time, invested Odenathus, for his victories noted the pieces which he caused to be restored,
over the Persians, with all the honours of an in honour of many of his predecessors, who had
Augustus. been placed, by consecration, in the rauk of the
—
1018 (a. d. 265). Valerianus junior, brother gods, from Augustus down
to Alexander Severus.
of Gallienus, proceeded consul, iu colleagueship be remarked that from the
It deserves here to
with Macro LucuUus Rufiuianus. reign of Sept. Severus to Gallienus the standard
—
1019 (a. d. 266). Gallienus consul for the ;
of the silver coinage was successively reduced.
seventh time. To this year Tiilemont refers the These pieces are customarily designated as beiug
destructive invasion of Bithynia, and a large of silver, although that metal had progressively
portion of Asia Minor, by the Scythians. been alloyed into billon of a very low standard.
1020 (a. D. 267). The Goths this year From the age of Gallienus, silver money becorn-
again laid waste Ma:sia, and the Heruli ravaged 1

ing more and more debased, and yet some coins

Greece and Asia. Gallienus set out for Greece, of pure silver having occasionally been struck,
to fight these barbarians. the billon pieces are classed separately. To take
—
1021 (a. d. 268). Recalled into Italy by the the date from Claudius Gothicus, these coins
sedition of Aureolus, who had declared himself were no better than copper washed with silver.
emperor, and whilst besieging in Milan the new Under Diocletian a coinage of fine silver was
competitor, Gallicnus was assassinated by con- re-established. —
See Heunin, Manuel, vol. ii. p.
spirators, in the mouth of March, in the 50th 432, Nomenclature.
year of his age. He had married Cornelia
Salonina, by whom he had Saloninus. MINTAGES OF GALLIENUS.
Such, observes the judicious Eckhel No pagan prince, perhaps, testified his de-
such was the end of Gallienus, an emperor. votion to so many divinities as Gallienus did on
 406 GALLIENUS. GALLIENUS—GARC1LIA.
his coins. There are reverses in his mint which 3s. Trattle). virtvs avg. (100 fr. A doubt-
respectively exhibit the images of Jupiter, Nep- ful specimen brought £2 19s. at the Devonshire
tune, Mars, Mercury, Diana, Minerva, the Sun, sale). votis decennalibvs. (100 fr.)
Vulcan, Bacchus, Victoria, Hercules, Deus Au- —
Billon. abvndantia avg. (Mt. 20 fr.) —
gustus, and above all the rest, Apollo, whom invictvs. The Sun. (60 fr.) mberalitas
the coins of this emperor depicture in various avg. (60 fr.) —
siscia avg. (20 fr.)
attire. It would seem indeed that, amidst the Amongst the restitutions under Gallienus in
surrounding perils and calamities of his time, billon are
from pestilence, from earthquakes, and from Augustus. —
1VNONI MARTI a Li. (100 fr.)
the slaughter of wars threatening him and the Trajan via traiana. (150
. fr.)
empire itself with destruction, Galhcnus was Brass Medallions. — adventvs avgg. Two
accustomed to invoke almost all the (lii majores emperors on horseback, Victory and a soldier.
for his conservation. adlocvtio avgg. Fine portrait aud allocution.
The following arc among the rarest reverses Engraved in Iconograp/iie, pL lii. (Mt. 72 fr).
Gold Medallions. cHtyts. (sic.) tertia — salonina head of. (72 fr.) fides exer-
Pretoria. Emperor standiug in military habit, citvs. (100 fr.) victoria germanica. (50 fr.)
holding the hasta pura, in the midst of four — Gallienus and Salonina LIBEBALITAS avgvs-
military ensigns. (Valued by Mionnet at 300 TORVM ADVENTVS AVGG. CONCORDIA AVGG.
fraucs). pidei EQVitvm. (Small medallion, with reverse of Libcralitas. (150 fr. each.)
brought £3 Brumcll sale).
9s. Od. at the fides MONETA AVG. (72 fr.) VICTORIA AVGVSTO-
MIL lTVM. Woman
and two ensigns. Double RVM. (100 fr.)
aureus. (Valued by Miounet at 200 i'r. Brought —
Large Brass. cohort, praep. principi.
£14 at the Thomas imp. vi. cos. v. Em-
sale). SVO. — —
RESTITVTOR ORBIS and S. P. Q. R. OP-
peror ou horseback, holding a lance, preceded TIMO principi, within a crown. (Mt. 24 fr.
by a soldier, and followed by a Victory that each). adventvs avgg. Gallienus and Salo-
crowns him. —
(Mt. 400 fr.) virtvs gallieni ninus. (50 fr.)
GALL1ENVS CVM. EXERC. SVO. A
|

avgvsti. Emperor, holding in each hand a

labarum. (Mt. 200 fr.) cippus, or pedestal, with the legend iovi vic-
—
Silver Medallions. or. conservatorem tori, on which is seated Jupiter, holding the
—
PATRIAE OB. CONSERVATOREM SALVTIS OB. — thunder-bolt in his right baud, aud spear in his
REDDIT. LIBERT. (Mt. 72 fr. each). MONETA left. Silver of Valerianus. Engraved in Banduri.
avg. (Mt. 100 fr. A specimen at the Cain- Valeriauus, when himself inteut on the affairs
paua sale brought £1 3s.) pietas faleri. (Mt. of the East, committed to Gallienus the charge
300 fr.) adventvs avgg. Three emperors on of the western armies. The latter, therefore,
horseback, preceded by Victory, and followed on the occasion of any victory being gained (over
by several soldiers. (Mt. 300 fr.) the Germans, for example, who had made irrup-
—
Gold. adventvs avg. Obv. Gallienus and tions into Gaul), aud which he was desirous of
Salouiua. (Mt. 100 fr.) concordia avgg. ascribing to the interposition of Jupiter, was
(100 fr. Brought £8 15s. at the Trattlc sale). accustomed, in gratitude, to erect a statue to
—
CONCORDIA EXERCIT. DEO AVGVSTO FF.LI- — that god, under the epithet of Victor, the army
CITAS SAECVLI— FIDEI PltAET. (Mt. 100 fr. each). also joiniug in the religious act.
felicitas avgg. Half aureus. (Brumcll sale, The above serves, in a remarkable manner, to
£1 13s.) fides mi lit. (Brought at the Cam- interpret another coin of Gallienus, bearing ou
pana sale £3 3s.) fortvna redvx iovi vl- — its obverse the legend IMP. C. E. S. namely,
— —
TORI PIETAS AVG. ORIENS AVG. LIBERT AS — IMPerator (Gallienus) Cum Krcrcitu Suo, as
— —
AVGG. VBE RITAS AVO. and VENTS VICTRIX. Banduri, confirming Hardouin, remarks. Thus
(Mt. 48 fr. each). iano patri. (Mt. 120 fr.) by joining, on the coin of Valerian, the two
indvlgent. avg. Quiuarius. (£2 9s. Thomas). legends of the head aud the reverse, a perfect
— iovi conserva. (£5 7s. 6d. Trattle). inscription is made: Impcrator (Gallienus)
iovis stator. (£1 9s. Trattle). i.aetitia cumExercitu suo Jovi Victori (statuam ponit).
avgg. (£4 2s. Thomas). lib. avg. t. — GAROILIA, gens plcbcia. Count Borghcsi —
LI BER A LITAS AVO. —
MARTI PROPVGNATORI — treats this as a new family, aud assigns to it the
and secvritas orris. (60 fr. each). libe- following types, supposed to have been struck
ral. avg (£1 9s. Trattlc). ob. libertat. rec. about 670 (b. c. 84) :
A half aureus. (Mt. 120 fr. Brought at the 1. Head of Apollo Vcjovis, beucath it is the

Thomas £2 5s.) pax. avgg. Quiuarius. (£1 — —

fulmen. Rec. gar. ogvl. ver. Jupiter in a
5s. Trattle). tr. p. vii. cos. nil. The empe- quadriga. A very rare denarius.
ror and two rivers. (Mt. 150 fr. £1 10s. Trat- 2. ilead of Janus, above it |. /Jer.-GAR. —
tle). providentia avgg. (72 fr.) secvrit. OGVLjiim VER gi/ius or Verginius. A ship’s
perpet. Lion within a crown. (100 fr.) prow. Seuii-uncial brass. Rare.
s. p.Q. R. Lion with eagle. (150 fr.) trib. The eminent Italian antiquary above named
pot. Mars aud Venus. (150 fr.) vhiqve pax. gives his reasons for attributing to one Garcilius
— Obv. GALLIAENAE AVGVSTAE. (200 fr.) VIC- the name of the first monetal triumvir, con-
TORIA avg. Emperor crowned by Victory. En- cealed in the monogram GAR. of these two
graved in Akennan, ii. pi. ix. No. 5, p. 31. (£3 coins, and rejects the reading CAR. under which
18s. Thomas sale). victoria oall. avg. (72 lVrizoni, and other numismatists, have ascribed
fr.) virt. gallieni avg. (Mt. 100 fr. £1 it to the Carvilii (see p. 187 of this dictionary).

.1
 GAl'DIUM ROMANORUM. GAUDIUM ROMANORUM. 40?
Riccio cites and adopts this transferred attribu- tion (faustam acclamationcm) — that is to say,
tion, which accounts for the exclusion of car- the Romans rejoiced for vows acquitted XX. and
vima gens from his Monete delte Famiglie, &c. again —
made xxx. Sec Eckhel, viii. p. 18.
GAVDETE ROMANI.—Two Victories hold- GAVDIVM POPVLI ROMANI.—This lc-
ing a tablet, on which is inscribed sic xx. sic ]
gend, which occurs only on gold and silver
xxx. that is, “ sic ad annum imperii vicessimuin medallions of Constantius and Constans his
sic ad tricessimuin usque victorias suas continent” brother, indicates a public rejoicing. It may be
— even as to the twentieth so also to the thir-
I

conjectured, that such coins as that on which

tieth year of the emperor’s reign may he pur- this epigraph appears, were distributed among
j

sue his victories. the people at the festive celebration of solemn

This small gold coin of Maximianus Ilcrcu- vows, that all so advised might join in the gene-
lius contains on its reverse a joyous acclaina- ral gladness. —
(Morel, ret numaria, p. 80).

GAVDIVM ROMAN ORVM.— A paludated M. Steinbiichel, in his valuable " notice”

man, than the rest of the group, stands
taller of these and other gold medallions preserved in
resting his right hand on the hasta, whilst a the Imperial Cabinet, has given what he vouches
hand protruded from a cloud above him places a for as being “a faithful engraving,” and of which
crown upon his head. On his left stands an- Mr. Fairholt’s cut is an equally faithful copy.
other man similarly attired, hut of shorter sta- Respecting monctal rarities, of such scarcely
ture, w hom a victory by his side is in the act of appreciable value, so suddenly brought to light,
crowning and on his right a third male figure,
;
it appears to have been Eckhel’s intention at the

of the same appearance, but shorter even than time to have contributed a dissertation, w'orthy
the last described, upon whose head a personifi- of his zeal, erudition, and judgment ; but his
cation of Rome, standing beside him, is placing premature death in 1?98, left him time only to
a crown. At the bottom, mcons. Struck at sketch a few notes, which remained in manu-
Constantinople. script until M. Steinbiichel, his friend and suc-
Obv. —
FL. IVL. CONSTANTINS. NOB. CAES. A cessor in the directorship of the Vienna Museum,
laurcatcd bust, holding in the right hand the published them in 1826.
hasta, and a buckler, on which is re-
in the left In elucidation of this splendid monument,
presented the emperor on horseback, charging the subjoined extract from the manuscript in
with levelled spear some suppliant barbarians, question will scarcely fail to prove acceptable to
whilst he is crowned by a Victory flying towards the numismatic student] :

him, and followed by a band of soldiers. After having, with characteristic minuteness
[The grand and interesting medallion, of which of accuracy, described the piece, our illustrious
the above represents the reverse, formed one of a —
author says “ It stands pre-eminent among the
large deposit of Roman medallions in gold, seve- most remarkable hitherto discovered, not only
ral of them of unusual size, found with chains on account of its great weight [nearly 74 Hun-
and other objects of antiquity in the same pre- garian ducats —auret] but also for the design as
cious metal, in Hungary, during the year 1797. I well as for the workmanship of the types.
408 GAUDIUM ROM A NO RUM. GELLIA.
its obverse anil reverse exhibiting the highest GAVDIVM ROMANORVM, below which is
degree of elegance and finish, of which the SARMATIA. — A trophy, and woman near
state of the arts at that period admitted. it weeping. On silver and gold of Coustanti-
The head is that of Constautius II. second nus II.
of the three sons of Constantine the Great Coins with the same legend, but inscribed
and as he is here styled Ciesar only, not hav- Alamannia or Francia, were struck under Con-
ing yet attained the title of Augustus, this coin stantine jun. and Crispus; but in no instance with
must have been struck between a. d. 323 and sakmatia. “ It is probable (says Eckhel) that
337 for in the former year he received the
;
coins of the father (Constantinus M.) were struck
appellation of Ciesar, and in the latter, in con- with this reverse for whether the father him-
;

sequence of his father’s death, that of Augustus. self carriedon the war in person with the Goths
As, however, the countenance of Constautius on and Sarmatians, or whether he entrusted the
the obverse displays a fulness and maturity of expedition against these people to his son Con-
contour, I am inclined to consider that the coin stantine (a. l). 332), certain it is that warlike
before us was struck a very short time before the honours and distinctions were shared in common
death of Constantine the Great, when he (Con- between father aud son.” (viii. i. 107). —
Sec —
stantius) was at least in the twentieth year of SAKMATIA.
his age. The supposition is corroborated by the GAVDIVM ROMANORVM— A female cap-
military garb in which he is depicted, for it was tive sitting near a trophy, offers her breast to a
at that very time that his father entrusted to little child. —
This legend and type, which first
him the conduct of the war in Persia. To appears on a gold coin of Maxiinianus Herculins,
which may be added, that the presence of the and which arc common on the money of suc-
abbreviation cons, (sure sigu of the mintage of ceeding emperors, shew the joy of the Romans,
Constantinople) sufficiently proves, that this not only in having conquered the barbarians,
coin could not have been struck before a.d. 330, and driven them back from the confines of the
since we know that it was not till that year that empire, but also in having made slaves of them
the city was dedicated, and received from its and their wives. {D. N. viii. 19). Thus like- —
founder the name of Constantinople.” wise we find
With regard to the reverse, adds Eckhel, GAVDIVM REIPVBLICAE on a very rare
“ I do not hesitate to pronounce that the central gold coin of Constantine the Great and see a ;

and tallest figure of the group is Constantine trophy erected between an Alamannian woman
the father, whose venerable age and piety are and a male Frank, both captives, aud sitting in
thus early acknowledged by a heaven-sent a weeping posture on the ground.
crown that the figure on his left is the eldest
;
—
GELLIA gens. M'bether of the patrician or
son, Constantine; and that on his right, the plebeian order is uncertain. There arc three
youngest, Constans. Constautius, already pour- varieties iu its denarii, on each of which ap-
trayed on the obverse, does not appear in this pears the name of GEL/iwj. The following two
group. Portraits of the reigning family, simi- are coins belonging to this family :

larly distributed between the two faces of a

medal have already occurred to our notice on
coins of Septimius Sevcrus, which 1 have brought
forward in my Doctrina under the date 954
,

(a. I). 201). Coustautiue the brother is repre-

sented as crowned by a Victory, because at the
exact time when I imagine this coin to have
beeu struck, he was in reality a conqueror, as
by his coin inscribed, VICTORIA con-
is testified
stantini caes. and this type is also common 1. Galeated bead of Rome; behind it X;
on the coinages of preceding emperors. * * * within a crown of laurel. Rev. A gnlcntcd sol-
The galeated figure standing by the side of Cou- dier, in a rapid quadriga, embracing with his
staus, being female in dress, must be that of Rome, right arm a woman, as if to retain her with
rendering the same complimentary office to Con- him in the car ; on his left arm is a shield.
staus, which Victory docs to Constantine jun. cn. gel. below the horses. roma on the
or, if you will, a figure of Virttu (Force), which exergue.
frequently appears on ancient coins in a shape Every attempt to interpret with certainty the
not very dissimilar. Observe, that thus early type of the above reverse (preguant with mean-
the gradations of rank and dignity in the im- ing, either mythological or historical, as it would
perial family, arc denoted by a greater or lesser appear to be), has hitherto signally failed nnd :

bodily stature, a circumstance constantly to be it is even doubtful who was the Cn. Gellius,
remarked on Bvzautinc coins of later date.”
G.VVD1VM ROMANORVM, with FRANC.
whose name is stamped on this denarius. See —
Vaillant on the one baud, and Havercamp, in
ET ALAM. (Francia et Alamannia). A gold — Morel/, on the other, and compare with Cavc-
coin of Constantine the Great, struck on the doni, cited by lliceio, p. 99.
occasion of his having defeated those two 2. m. ant. imi\ avg(vb) iiivtr. k. p. c. c.l.
nations, and brought them into subjection to oel(livs) q. p. Bare head of Mark Antony, be-
the Roman arms. — See alamannia, p. 32, and hind which is the pncfericulum. Rev. caesar —
francia, p. 398. imp. pont. Iliviu. R. P. c. Bare head of Octa-
 GEM— GENIUS. GENIUS. 409
vianus, behiud which is the lituus. This is a swore by the Genius of the Roman people, and
denarius of some rarity. afterwards by that of. the Emperor. At both
The to gel. on the ob-
letters Q. p. affixed periods, the violation of the oath was treated as
verse, are consideredby Eckhel to signify Quas- the most heinous of perjuries, and was punished
tor Propralore rather than, as by others it is with the greatest severity.
—
,

thought to mean Quastor Provincia. Riceio, Genii are represented on Roman coins, under
however, adopting the latter opinion, says different forms, as well in the consular as in the
Lucius Gellius (Poplicola) was provincial ques- imperial scries.
tor of Mark Antony, at the time when that In his observations on Genii, as they are
famous Triumvir Rcipublicfc Constituendsc was typified on family coins, Eckhel says that these
amicably colleagued with Octaviauus, and coined come next in order of dignity to thegods and
the medal above described. He was also consul goddesses, meaning by the term 1. Certain —
with M. Cocceius Ncrva, in 718 (p. c. 36). images (or figures) appropriated to some country,
This same Gellius, however, was one of the most city, or people, whether they were nothing
inconsistent and faithless of men, passing over, more than allegories intended to represent
in a treacherous manner, from the friendship of a province or a city by some peculiarity of
Brutus and Cassius to that of Antony, and from their habits or circumstances or whether some
;

the party of Antony to that of Augustus. celestial powers, though of a subordinate rank,
—
GEM. Gemella. The cause why certain were actually supposed to preside over them.
legious were called Gemella (or twins) is derived 2. The Virtues such as clemency, faith, piety,
;

by the accurate Billiard from the Commentaries &c. or those adjuncts which are always reckoued
of Ctesar (Bell. Civ. iii. c. 4), where, in speak- among the good things of life, but which are not
ing of the legions which Pompcy had assembled, always under our own control, such as fortune,
he says, unam (leoionem) cx Sicilia veteranam, honour, liberty, safety, victory, and health.
quam factam ex duabus gemellam appellabat, 3. The vices aud the ills of life; as pallor,
(ad Jobert, ii. 273.) pavor, febr 'is, & c. These and similar subjects,
Gemella, surnamed Acci, a colony of Hispania the emblematical representations of which we
Tarracoucusis, to which colouists were sent from see on ancient monuments, were not regarded
the third and fourth legion, as coins of Augustus as mere but as actual beings of a
idealities,
and Tiberius testify, on which it is called col. divine nature, proved by the fact, that
as is

—
gem. acci. See p. 3. temples were erected to their honour, equally
Gemella cum Lupd. The twin children |
with the gods themselves. Some of these, such
(Romulus and Remus) with the wolf is a fre- as Virtus, Honor, Mens, Fortuna, under various
quent mark of Roman colonics, as on coins of titles, have been enumerated by Cicero, Plu-
1

Corinth, Alexandria Troadis, Neapolis, Damascus, 5 tarch, Juvenal; and many other examples may
and others. (Spanheim, Pr. i. p. 571). See — be found in P. Victor’s work ou the districts of
COLON! AE ROMANAE, p. 232. Rome.
Gemma. Gems or precious stones. The use — The subject receives illustration from a letter
of these as ornaments for the head is said to of Cicero to his brother Quintus (l. Epist. i.
have begun under Aurelian. Other emperors § 10)
—
“ Wherefore, since you are passing your
neither unwillingly nor unfrecly followed the time, in a position of the highest authority, in
same example; aud thenceforward pearls and those very where you see your own vir-
cities,
other jewels are seen on the diadems of the tues consecrated, and reckoned among the divi-
A up ust i and Augusta. nities, &c.” And thus, pot only the Romans,
Gems and rings find in most instances their but the Greeks also, crowded Olympus with
sources of explanation on coins. See Raschc’s— fresh colonists. (See Fors, p. 395). No one any
citations from Spanheim and Begcr. longer cared to offer sacrifices to the greater and
GEN. Generis. — SALaa HVMANI GENE- elder gods, whilst they lavished whole hecatombs
RIS of Gallia and Caraealla. on Virtus, Batura, Faturn, and Fortuna, who
GEN. Genius or Genio. — genio avgvsti. had but as yesterday found their way into heaven
To the Genius of the Emperor. whilst a sextarius of ambrosia and nectar
GENIUS. It was — the opinion of the ancients could not be bought for less than a mina, so vast
man from
that every the moment of his birth was the assemblage of celestial guests. And
had his genius, or according to others two genii, yet one could have tolerated a superstition which
a good and a bad one and that as the one or
;
conceded divine honours to the virtues but ;

the other of these personal tutelaries was the what could surpass the infatuation of placing on
stronger of the two, that individual became a level with the gods, the vices, the diseases,
good or bad. In process of time each house and and the bugbears of mankind ? Indeed, this
each town bad its genius; the former were called fanaticism was estimated at its true value, aud
Lares, the latter were named Penates. Rome detested accordingly, by all the ancients them-
had her Genius-goddess, to whom a statue was selves who were possessed of superior intellects.
erected in the eighth region of the city. The A proof of this is to be fouud in the law' intro-
influential presence of these unseenbeings was duced by the wisest of the Romans , “ But
held by the Romans
such high veneration,
in those qualities, which entitle a man to ad-
that when they entered for the first time into mission into heaven, mind, valour, piety, faith,
any place, they invariably paid a salutation to for their glorification let there be shrines. But
the genius loci. During the republic, they let no sacred solemnities be performed in honour

3 G
410 GEN 10 AUGUSTl. GENIUS POPULI ROMANI,
and such
of the rices.” (Cic. de Legib. ii. These
eh. 8.) such was the baseness of the Senate,
prevailed
expressions Cicero explains a little further on ;
the dread of his vengeance, which
even of di-
“ It is well done, that Mens, Pietas, l irl us, and during his lifetime, that every mark,
fearful personifi-
Pities, are consecrated, to all of which temples
vine honours, was paid to that
cation of mingled crime and folly.
Hence we see
arc publicly dedicated in Rome, in order that
his genius (evil as it was)
immortalised by the
the possessors of such qualities (and .ill good
obsequious mint of Rome.
men do possess them), may reflect that the gods Augusli so
themselves are the occupants of their own
Eckhel observes, “ the Getutts
of divinity,
frequent on coins was some species
bosoms. For that, on the contrary, was a dis- the intellectual
graceful circumstance in the history of Athens, or it was designed to embody
spirit of the Osar himself,
and his deity, such
that after the crime of Cylon had been ex-
as the superstition of the
ancients taught the
piated, they followed the suggestion of Epi- on
common people to regard as an attendant
mcnidcs, and erected a temple to Gontumch
and Impudence. For it is the virtues, and not
men.” — viii. 458.

the vices, which should be made the subject ot j

consecration. Now, there is standing iu the j

Palatium an ancient altar to Pebris (Fever), and [

another on the Esquiliic to Mala b ortuna ; all

of which anomalies should he abolished.
He j

then refers in terms of commendation to the

honours paid to Solus, Ilonor , Ops, J ictoria, [

the
Spes (consecrated by Calatiuus), Fortuna of
present time, and retrospective, and to
Pors
Primigenia. He might have added some foreign
examples, such as the altars of Impietas and
the
Nequitia, erected by one Dicicarchus, and
shrine of Poracilas in Sicily, lhc ancients,
however, were not at a loss to find excuses for
us
the folly of this custum.— Plutarch informs
there
(in Agide et Cleomene, p. m. 808), that
were among the Eaccdfcmonians, temples GENIYS POPYLI ROMANI. (Genius of
Roman People).— Upright figure of a young
sacred not only to Fear, but also to Death, and
to the
Laughter, aud other affections of the like kind. man, bare headed, clothed in the toga, bearing
To Fear, however, they pay this adoration,
not on his left arm a cornucopisc, and holding a
do to other objects of detestation, patera in his right hand, which he extends over
as they
a lighted altar, as in the act of
sacrificing.
because they consider it hurtful, but because in
their estimation it is a passion which
mainly Although not the first in either chronological
I alcrius or alphabetical order of notice, yet as the largest
contributes to the safety of a State.
Nlaximus, when remarking that there were
in and most boldly developed specimen of the type,
a wood-cut is above inserted,
engraved after a
Rome three temples erected in honour of bebris Hadrian,
in order cast from a large brass medallion of
(fever), adds that she was worshipped
Pliny also in the Cabinet de Prance, valued
by Mionnct
that she might cause less destruction.
affords similar information. —
See Doctriua, \\ at 150 francs. The type has evidently been
list of Genii, borrowed from Nero’s beautiful little coiu Genio
85, 86, where will also be found a
three Augusli, but is of equally fine fabric, and from
selected from the coins of families under
: its superior magnitude forms a noble reverse.
heads, viz. with
and Peoples.— Ona second brass of Autouiuus 1 ins,
1. Genii of Countries, Cities,
the same legend of reverse, the
Genius holds
virtues, houours,
2. Good Genii, under which hand.
the liasta, instead of a patera in the right
and other attributes of good qualities are sym-
bolized.— 3. Mali Genii such as Pallor and “The pagan religion, complicated and con-
;

iu its dogmas, admitted besides

the
Paror in Ilostilia gens. No others of this t radictorv

•jods the existence of beings,

who were sup-
absurd description are found on Roman coins.
to have peculiar influence over
states,
posed
The Imperial mintages furnish a host of Genii.
and peoples, and even to inspire, for good
or
A few examples from each series are subjoined .”— Legons
evil, the minds of illustrious men
hereto.
Numismatiques, p. 136.
GEN 10 AVG VSTI.— On a third brass of Nero,
revealing Greek art in its high relief, its tine G. P. R. —
A bearded and diademed head.
Behind it a sceptre, with the letters o. P. K.
design aud finished workmanship, this dedicatory
legend accompanies a male figure, typifying the
Genius Populi Romani on a deuarius of the
Lcntulus.
Cornelia gens, struck by Cn. Cornelius
Genius of the Emperor, sacrificing at an altar
It is also found on nutonomes
minted under the
with fire kindled. That this cruel tyrant was with
emperors (sec Incerti iu Morel, tab. ii.)
held in universal abhorrence, except amongst
addition of cemvs P. k. When, however,
the vilest of the populace, and the most
venal the
flattery had insinuated itself into
the operations
of the soldiery, whom his spectacles and
largesses
of Rome
of the mint, the Genius of the people
had seduced, "is a fact proved by the burst of joy the
assumed the features of the emperor for
aud gladucsss, which spread throughout the
Nevertheless time being. According to Dion, there were at
empire at the news of his death.
 GENIUS EXERCITUS. GENIUS LUGDUNI. 411
Rome temples consecrated to this Genius as of the same emperor. The first brass is engraved
a deity. Examples of this occur ainougst the in the Cabinet de Christine.
coins of Augustus, under the year 734 (b. c. On coins of this emperor there are reverses
20), and also in Galba — see below. implying his acknowledgment of obligations to
A beardless figure, representing the Genius Dacia, as well as to both the PANNONIAE, supe-
of the Roman People appears on the reverse rior and inferior, and here we have a still more
of another denarius of the Cornelia family, in pointed record of his gratitude to the army of
the act of crowning a warrior, alluding to the Illyria.
victories of Porapey in the East, 61)3 (b. c. The reason why such a distinction was con-
61), struck by cn. lent vl vs mahcei.unvs, ferred upon these provinces is sufficiently ob-
between 605 (b. c. 50) and 608 (b. c. 56). vious ;
for it was in them that Decius was
Engraved in Morel and Riceio, Fata. Rom. first declared Imperator by acclamation and to ;

On another silver coin of the same family, the the fidelity of these legions he owed his victory
reverse exhibits the sedent figure of a man naked over Philip ; while in turn he protected aud
to the waist, holding in the right hand the freed them from the incursions of barbarian
cornucopia;, and iu the left the hasta; the right tribes, aud so again obtained distinction for him-
foot is planted on a globe his face is directed
;
self. A similar reverse is to be found on coins
j

towards a flying victory that crowns him. The of Julian the Usurper.
legend on one side is p. lf.ntvlvs p. f. (Publius Thus the Excrcitus Illyricianus had too many
Lentulus, son of Publius), and on the other claims upon the immediate successor of the elder
spin. (Spinther). The seated figure is considered Philip, to make it difficult to account for this
to personify the Genius of Rome, a device re- imperial compliment to its Genius.
peatedly associated with the affairs of the Lcn- GENIVS EXERCITI. The Genius of the
tuli, and thence most probably allusive to some Army. — Du Choul, observations on
in his this
glory of the Cornelia family. —
Engraved in and the various other numismatic dedications to
Morell. Fam. Rom. ii. 5, and in Riceio, Tav. Genius, says
— “ The ancients esteemed be it to
xvi. 32. the God of Nature. Aud such was the religion
—
GEN 10 P. R. On a silver coin bearing on of the Romans that it assigned to every man
one side this epigraph, and on the other the his genius and his presiding spirit. Thus we
legend and type of Mars Vltor, the head of find inscriptions to the Genius of the Emperor,
Galba is figured, with a cornucopia; behind it. of the Senate, of the Roman People, and (as in
The forepart of the head is bald, as that em- Aurelian aud others) of the Army. This last
peror’s is described to have been. Iu their i

named legend is accompanied by a type pour-

gcucral hatred of Nero and exultation at his traying the image of Genius, with a cloak half
death, the people of Rome, ever prone to excess, covering the shoulders, and leaving the rest of
paid the veteran governor of the Gauls and the body naked, holding a cornucopia in one
of Spain, now their deliverer from domestic hand, and a simpulum or a patera in the other.
tyrauny, more than mortal honours, by hailing Censorinus, in his treatise De Die Natali, says,
him as their tutelary demigod. The reign of that the moment we are born, we live under the
Galba was at first regarded as an epoch of guard and tutelage of Genius. Other writers
happiness aud liberty ; and frequent allusion is assert that the Lares and Genius were the same
made on his coins to these favourable anticipa- thing, (pp. 148, 149).
tions.

GEN. LVG. (The Genius of Lugduuum).

This legend appears on the reverse of a rare
silver coin of Clodius Albinus, accompanied by
the type of a naked Genius, with turretod head,
standing he holds a spear in his right hand,
:

GENIVS EXERCITVS ILLYRICIANI. S.C. a cornucopia: in his left and there is. an eagle
— The Genius naked,
except that the pallium at his feet.
;

The above cut is after a cast from

hangs from his shoulders on his left arm, on a specimen iu the British Museum.
which rests a cornucopia:, and cl<*e to which is “ That Albinus, when he came over from
a military ensign. In the right hand is a patera. Britain, took up his quarters at Lugduuum (now
On other coins there is an altar in addition. Lyon, in France), iu the vicinity of which he
Gold, silver, and first aud second brass of Tra- was afterwards defeated and slain, is a fact dis-
jan Decius. The above is engraved from a spe tinctly related to us by Herodiau. In that city,
cimen in the British Museum. therefore, the above described denarius, exhi-
GEN. or GENIVS ILLYRICI.— Male figure biting GYSium LVGduni, was doubtless struck
standing, with patera aud cornucopia;. Silver and it is very probable that in the same place
3 G 2
412 GEXIO SENATE'S, GENIUS OF ALEXANDRIA,
most degenerate, corrupt, and
de-
several other coins of Albinus, already
named extinction,

Augustus, were minted. The mint of Lyon graded bodv.

(Ofliciua Lugdunensis) is mentioned as early as When indeed it is remembered that au assem-

j

ble formerly so jealous of its

independence, and
on coins of Antony the triumvir, but much of its power, at
so' haughty in the exercise
more frequently on those of a lower age. 1 he the fulsome
length became the subservient tool—
j

eagle placed at the feet of the Genius

indicates,
ivorst ot
panegyrist— of the weakest as well as the
perhaps, that Lugdunum was under the supreme of mad-
ascribed beings that ever wore the human form,
protection of Jupiter; indeed Albiuus pumshmeut
the first victories which he gaiued to that
deity,
j
men and monsters permitted for the
in the shape
silver coin quoted by \ ail- of a wicked world to be its plagues
as is proved bv a Seuate into
of its rulers ; the fall of the Roman
|

lant, with the epigraph iovi victobi.”— Eck- ]

a state of slavery theuce through yet lower

and
viii. 164.
hel, regarded in no
Obv — GEMOaNTIOXENI. a female figure, grades of humiliation, can be
as just as it
other light than that of a judgment
j

rock
with turreted and veiled head, sitting on a ;
a more
Third
j
was inevitable. Nor is there, perhaps,
a river issuing from beneath her feet. more aw rut
striking lesson,it might be added, a
brass of Julian II. (Imp. Mus.) of past
Obv. —
gexio crvrrATls. Female head, veiled warning, to be derived from the records
us in the flagrant
Third brass of do. (lauini, p. ages, than is handed down to
and turreted. adulation— ot
examples of base and impious
318). t . . ria. outrage upon
venal flattery committing open
.
,
These coins were struck at Antioch, in by which,
the light dur- decencv by the most palpable falsehoods,
It is probable that they first saw themsch es
d. 360 and with such fulsome frequency, present
ing the reign of Julian (between a ; senes, bearing
The obverse exhibits the Genius Anti- on Roman coins of the Imperial
3 03) Senates Consul turn.
figure of a wo- the well-known impress of a
ocheni, i. e. populi, under the
man with turreted head, sitting on a rock,
from GEXIO POPVLI ROMANI—The Genius,
arm
which flows a river. The species of legend having a rnodius on his head, ou
his left
is

of Diocle- in the act or

found more fully expressed on coins holding a horn of abundance, and
Romani. Re- altar, ap-
tian’s age, thus— gexio popvli making a libation from a patera on an
and locali- brass of l ou-
specting the Genii of peoples, cities, pears on the reverse of a middle
ties, &c. to whose guardianship they
were re-
stantine the Great. Engraved in llandun, n. £
the reverse
There is an exactly similar type on
will
spectively committed, abundant information
writers, senior, with the
be found' in the works of various learned of a second brass of Licinius
(viii. 141.) legend gexio impebatobis. „ all the
that
Haudelot De Dairval observes,
on the reverse Gento Au-
medals which have
Senates, Genio
gust!, Genio Iinperatoris, Genio
Populi Romani, with other symbols of Lares,
types, either
bear reference in their legends and
to the princes themselves
whom flattery caused
otherwise to the
to be thus represented; or
or oMbose
guardian deities of those magistrates,
cities, that struck the
coins.”— See De l L Mite
des Voyages.

GENIO SENATYS. S. C.—The Genius of

Senate, under the figure and
features
the Roman
standing ; he
of a man, clothed in the toga,
holds in his right hand an olive
branch, the sign
sceptre, dis-
of peace ; and in his left the ivory
mark of the consuls. Silver and
first
tinctive
brass of Antoninus Pius. The above engraving
is from a specimen in the
compilers possession.
Ou a first brass of Galba, bearing for its
avgysti,
legend of reverse, senatvs pietati
the lather,
the accompanying type represents to the
crowning the Genius of Alexandria.— Our references
or the Genius of the Senate receives illustra-
subject of Genii, so far as it
emperor. . .
tion from coins, concluded with the de-
shall be
by m
Although Genii were usually represented Hadrian, struck
scriptiou of a large brass of
voung men, yet the Genius of the Senate
is
piece exhibits a
Egypt. The reverse of this
impersonated bya man of mature years, habited (somewhat rc'Ctu-
the purpose of female figure in a short dress
in the toga, very probnbly for Diana Yenatrir), wear-
(quite in bliug that assigned to
making a more complimentary allusion and proboscis of au
prince Antoninus ing as a head-gear the skull
character with that excellent
|

left hand a couple

elephant, and holding in the
1

dignity and to the gravity of

an a
Pius) to the
of corn -cars. Staudiug opposite to her is
but long before its
ancient and once illustrious,
 GENS. GENTILES— GENTES. 413
male figure mature age, whose right hand
of nearest to the side (ad latus proxime). Slir/js
she lifts up with her own, and kisses it. This in the last place may rightly be denominated a
male figure, laureated and togatcd, holds in the branch of the branch (ramus rami).
left hand a sceptre surmounted by an eagle. In For a descriptive Hst of the Genies and
the field of the coin is I. E. (marking the xvth Familite Romante, as found on Consular coins
year of a reign). see Mionnet, Rarete ties Med. —
Akerman, Bescr.
This unique, elegant, and remarkable type, is Cal. —
Riccio, Monete delle Famiglie di Roma.
recognised by Eckhel (Ductr vi. 489), and by —
GENTILES. Those of the same gens were
Millin ( Gal Mythol. i. 378), as representing called gentiles, and those of the same family,
the Genius of Alexandria, hastening to meet agnati. The term gentiles, says Eckhel, was ap-
Hadrian on one of his arrivals in that city, and plied not only to those who belonged to the same
welcome him as her guest, which she does in gens, but also to those who bore only the same
to
the most expressive mode of shewing grateful !
—
name. Cicero tells us “ They are called gen-
acknowledgment for benefits already conferred. tiles who the same name.”
share lie was,
[l'or the cast (in gutta percha) after which therefore, justified in saying on another occasion,
the above cut has been executed, the compiler “ I’herecydes the Syrian was the first to make
is indebted to his friend Mr. Akennan, who was the observation, that the minds of men were
in possession of the original]. immortal and he was one of a very remote
;

In Zocga (Num. /Egypt, vii.) is a similar age, as he lived during the reign of my genlilis
type with the addition of Alexandria for its —
(namesake)” i. e. Scrvius Tullius betw'een
accompanying legend. But it places a simple whom, however, and Cicero there was no
wand, or the hasta pura, in the emperor’s left point of connexion besides the similarity of
hand, instead of the eagle-topped sceptre of name. Festus too gives the same account
empire. “ The. term gentilis is applied, both to him
GENS. — A clan, embracing several families, who is descended from the same stock, and to
united together by a common name. This word him w ho is called by the same name witness
—
r

has a different meaning from that of Familia the expression of Cincius “ They are my gen-
and also from that of Slirj/s. Amongst the tiles who bear my name.” Consequently, he
Romans there were Genies and Familite, so in- who was connected with a certain lineage by
deed that the familite might be said to be com- name, might easily appear, in the eyes of the
prehended as a species under the gens, or race. interested, to be allied also by blood. They
Gens seems to belong to the nomen or name ; who oppose their own conjectures to the autho-
familia to the cognomen or surname of a house I rity of Dionysius, tell us, for example, that
the former included the whole; the latter only the later Junii passed over from the patrician to
a part. For example, all the Valerii were of the plebeian ranks. It is not uninteresting to
the same gens or race, because they were all I call to mind, that in the earliest period of the
comprised under the same name. But this gens commonwealth the same impositon w as practised r

had several branches which were distinguished by a certain L. Junius of plebeian origin aud
by the respective cognomina, and these branches ignoble station, who, when the people retired
were called Familite, Families. Thus in the to the Mons Sacer, in order the more effectually
Gens Valeria there was the Maxirni, the to direct their vengeance against the Fatres,
Mcssalse, the Flacci, the Lacuni, the Poplicolic, assumed the cognomen of Brutus, and was
who formed so many families of the same house. thereupon chosen the first tribune of the people.
Festus therefore gives a good definition of this — See Boclr. vi. 20.
word Gens, in saying —
Gens appellatur, quae ex GENT. Gentium. Of Nations. — See de-
multis familiis couficitur. Accordingly, again, BELLATOUI GENT. BARBAll. and TRIUMFATOR
if we take the Gens Cornelia, we have for its GENT. BARB.
familite the Blasioncs, Ccthcgi, Dolabelkc, Lcu- GENTES captte, subaette, devictce, receptte,
tuli, Scipiones, Sisenna:, &c. These examples &c. —
Nations or territories captured, subdued,
are confirmed by the testimonies of ancient vanquished, regained, &c. are recorded by name
writers ;
amongst whom may be cited Suetonius on the coins of Roman emperors. See ^egyp- —
and Livy. The former says — Imagines elogia
et TUS, ALAMANNIA, ARABIA, ARMENIA, DACIA,
uuiversi generis (Sulpicii) exsequi longmn cst, FRANCIA, GERMANIA, JUD.F.A, PARTIIIA, SAR-
familia; (Galbtc) breviter attingam. — Livy says, M ATI A, &c. Similar reference is made to na-
P.ScipioNasica tribunos appcllavit, orationemqnc tions and countries subdued and taken posses-
habuit plenam veris dccoribns, non communiter sion of by the Romans, on coins of the Empe-
rnodo Cornelia: gentis, sed proprie familia: sum.” rors and Ctesars, bearing the inscription de
— Eckhel v. 54. parthis, as in Augustus de britaNnis, as in
;

There were patrician houses, and there were Claudius ; de germ, or germanis, as in Augus-
houses of the plebeian order, and sometimes in tus, Nero Drusus, Claudius, Domitian, M. Au-
the same gens there were some families of relius, and others; and in Sept. Severus, the
patrician rank and others of plebeian. legend of germ, vota suscepta also the de ;
|

Gens, says Rasche, means all the offspring, ivdaeis of Vespasian; and the de sarm(atis)
[

who, from one ancestor and as it were first of M. AureUus and of Commodus. The same
parent, always by blood relationship (traduce token of conquest and victory is conveyed uudei
sanguine) had descended in a right Hue. Familia the name alone of a particular tribe or region, as
wits a branch growing out of the trunk or middle bhitann. and Britannia, on coins of Claudius,
414 GEOGRAPHY.—GERMANIA. GERMANIA CAPTA.
Antoninus Pius, Commodus, Severus dacia, as ;

in Trajan francia & gothia, as in Constanti-

;

nus M. goth i on coins of Probus and Tacitus.

The accompanying types to these are for the most
part a woman veiled and weeping, or a captive
sitting bound at the foot of a trophy of arms.
On some of the imperial series, we also find the
highest terms of eulogy employed, not as for the
conquest of a single nation merely, but for many
simultaneously vanquished, as in the debella-
TORI GENTIVM BAllBARARVM of Constantine
the Great ,
the VNDiqvE
or vbiqve victor,
first in Numcriauus, and afterwards in Constan-
tine and his sons Crispus and Constantius and ;
This rare first brass is of the year 837 of

to crown the foolery of extravagant boastiug Rome (a. d. 84). Domitian was no sooner
peculiar to the lower empire, victor omniym seated on the throne, than it pleased him to
GENTIVM appears on coins of Maxcutius, Con- undertake an expedition against the Catti, a
stantine, and Coustantiuus junior. German tribe, aud though so far from coming to
GENUS HUMANUM. The human race or action with them, he had not once even seen the
mankiud. — This term inscribed on some coins, enemy, yet repassing the Rhine, this cowardly
signifies the was comprehended under
world as it tyrant had the arrogance to take the honours of
the imperial sway of Rome. —
Sec sai.vs gene- the triumph for his foolish campaign against
ris hvmani of Galba; also the restitvtor this people, aud to assume the surname of Ger-
gener. hvmani of Valerian aud Gordiauus manicus. He caused slaves to be bought, who
Pius. were dressed after the manner of the Germans,
—
GEOGRAPHY. llow greatly the study of and whose hair was suffered to grow, in order
Ancient Geography is benefitted and assisted by that they might pass for Germans in the eyes of
a knowledge of the numismatic science is copi- the Roman citizens.
ously shewn by Froelich (in 4 Tentamina, p. 45 On the reverse of another large brass, struck
ct seq.) The utility of such authentic monu- the same year as the preceding coin, and having
ments for that purpose had also been previously reference to the same ridiculous pretensions of
acknowledged by the father of revived geography Domitian to the honour of having beaten the
Abraham Ortelius, who availed himself of the Germans, represents some king or chieftain of
aid which coins afforded him to rescue from that people holding a buckler, and on his knee
obscurity and doubt the names of many cities before the emperor, who stands habited in the
aud places. The learned work of Ccllarius paludamentum, holding in his right hand the
would neither have reflected So much credit on parazonium, aud in his left the hasta. In the
its author, nor proved of so much use to literary field S. C.
men, unless many things read there had pre- [Passing gladly from the sham victories of a
viously been confirmed as true by the evidence cowardly tyrant to the real triumphs of a brave
of medals. — Rasche, Lexicon Num. defender of his empire, we proceed to notice
GER. GERM. Germania. —
GER. CAP. the two following monuments of important suc-
Germania Capta. cesses gained by M. Aurelius in battle with the
—
GER. Germanici. PAX. GER/nanici, not Germans :
—
Germanica, on first brass of Vitcllius. See — GERMAN ICO AYG uslo lMYeratori VI.
PAX. GER. ROMA. COnSuli C.III.The accompanying type
S.
GER. Germanicus. of this reverse represents a very fine trophy,
—
GERMANIA. This legend, and its type, a on one side of which sits a weeping female, ou
woman standing, with spear and German shield, the other stands a tall half-naked man, whose
on a denarius of Iladriau, are considered allu- upright posture and manly air are characteristic
sive to the circumstance of that emperor’s of the unsubdued spirit of the German tribes.
passing over from Gaul into Germania, as Obv. M. ANTOXINVS AY (hist us. Laurelled
Spartiau relates in the year 877 (a. d. 120) ;
head of Aurelius, to whom the lcgeud of reverse
and on which occasion, according to the same ascribes the glory of having terminated the Ger-
authority, he imposed a king ou the Germans. manic war.
In reference to this subject sec EXEBCITVS ger- GERMANIA SVBACTA. IMPerafor VI.
manicvs, p. 366. COnSul VI. A female figure is seated at the foot
GERMANIA CAPTA. (Germania conquered). of a trophy, in an attitude of extreme dejection
— A female figure, personifying Germania weep- —
and grief her head beat down and her hands
ing, seated on a buckler, at the foot of a trophy joined upon her left knee j she seems to deplore
composed of German arms. On the right stands her lot as a vanquished province. The legend
a German captive, his hands bound behind him, of reverse is couched in prouder terms than
his shield at his feet. In the exergue S. C. those which usually record the victories of Marcus
Obv. — IMPerator CAESar DOMITunni AY- Aurelius —
viz. Germania subjugated.
Gustus G EH Maui cm COnStil XI. CENSor/Tr These aud other epigraphs, accompanied by-
YOTesta/is Yater Yalr'ue. Rust of Domitian types representing captive Germans, stauding
laureated, adorned with the iEgis. or sitting with their hands tied behind them.
 GERMANIA SUBACTA. GERMANICUS. 415
stance of Augustus, in the year 757 (a.d. 4),
he began to be styled Casar Tiberii filius, and
Augnsti nepos. In 760 (a. d. 7), he held the
questorship, and was sent with succours to
Tiberius for the war in Dalmatia. For suc-
cesses gained in this campaign, he earned tri-
umphal and pretorian honours, 763 (a. d. 10).
In the year following, vested with pro-consular
authority, he, in conjunction with Tiberius,
made an expedition into Germany, to avenge
the slaughter under Varus. In 765 (a. d. 12),
he was elected consul, and in 767 (a.d. 14),
about the time of Augustus’ death, being ap-
near a trophy, arc amongst the coins, in large pointed to the legions on the Rhine, he quelled
and middle bronze, which record the reduction a revolt of both armies, occasioned hy their
of Germany, hy repeated victories, to the power repugnance to Tiberius, and their desire to have
of Rome, by the arms of Marcus Aurelius, him as a successor to the empire ; threatening
about the years u. C. 920 and 927 (a. d. 173 them, in case of their persisting, that he would
and 174). put an cud to his ow u life.
r
And such was the
The latter part of that emperor’s reign was effect of his firmness, that they very shortly
disturbed by wars, which he conducted in per- gave in their adhesion to Tiberius. For his
son. The discipline and valour of the legions other exploits during the war in Germany, and
under his immediate commaud, proved as usual the honours which he thence acquired, from 767
irresistible by the barbarous tribes whom they to 770, sec the biographical notice of Tiberius.
cucouutcrcd, and gave rise to new triumphs, In 771 (a. d. 18), he was made consul for the-
and to the surnames of GERMANICVS and of second time at Nicopolis, in Achaia, with Tiberius
SARMaficiw, which are found on coins of that for his colleague, and being sent into the East,
celebrated prince. he established Artaxias on the throne of Armenia
GERMANICUS is a name, or rather a sur- (see p. 416), and reduced Cappadocia and Com-
name, which, having at first been justly ac- magcnc to the condition of a Roman province.
quired by the courageous and active Drusus, and In 772 (a. d. 19),having gone into Egypt for
deservedly continued to his son Germanicus the purpose of studying its antiquities (cognOS-
Caesar, was afterwards assumed by many of the cenda anliquilatis causd), and thence passed
emperors by some as the due acknowledgment
; into Syria, he became the victim of the indig-
of their valour and success against the German nities and evil practices of Piso, prefect of
tribes, as in the instances of Tiberius, Galba, Syria, and his wife Plancina ;
unable to es-
Ncrva, Trajan, Mar-
Yitellius, Vespasian, Titus, cape their snares, he fell into ill health, which
cus Aurelius, Postumus, Claudius Gothicus, &c. was aggravated by the apprehension that poison
by others on the most groundless and disgrace- had been administered to him by Piso and he
;

ful pretensions, as in the respective cases of died at Epidaphne, near Antioch, on the 9th of
Caligula, Nero, Domitian, Commodus, &c. October of the same year. When the tidings
Amongst other surnames from con-
derived of his death spread abroad, it is scarcely cre-
quered countries, Valcrianns and Gallienus were dible what grief and consternation it caused
called not only Germaniei hut even Maximi throughout the empire, and in Rome itself; no
and so likewise was Postumus hut the latter ; one refraining from the most liberal abuse of
with better reason, for he gained victory on vic- Tiberius, whom the popular voice condemned as
tory over the Germans, and built fortresses for the instigator of Piso’s crime. Nor was this
the Roman garrisons on the hanks of the Rhine. suspicion without foundation. For it is very
improbable, that Piso and Plancina would have
openly acted with hostility towards a Caesar sent
with plenary powers into the East, had they not
been assured of the appioval of Tiberius and
Julia. Besides, it was a sufficiently well-known
fact, that Tiberius hated Germanicus, inasmuch
as he feared iu him a successor to the empire, on
account of his popularity and the public animosity
against himself. The indignation of the people
knew no bounds for even the altars of the
;

gods were pulled down, as though they had neg-

lected their charge, the temples were dismantled,
and the Lares thrown into the streets. Even
GERMANICUS Casar the sou of Drusus
, barbarian tribes were affected with pity, and
sen.and of Antonia junior, was horn in the there was a universal mourning, not only
year of Rome 739 (n. c. 15), for he was thirty- throughout the Roman empire, but the entire
two years of age when he died in 772 (a. d. 19). world. Assuredly, the history of ages does not
lie derived the name Germanicus from his father record a single instance, from the time of Alex-
Drusus. Being adopted by Tiberius, at the in- ander the Great, of any individual’s decease be-
416 GERMANICUS. GERM AN ICl'S.
ing so bitterly and sincerely deplored nor was : Testatis. In the middle of the coin S. C. (Se-
this the feeling of the moment only, but it con- ll at ns Consulto).
tinued for many years afterwards, insomuch that The before described coin is, as the legend
the Romans used to rejoice in the prosperity, shews, a mark of Caligula’s professed veneration
and sympathise with the misfortunes, of the for the memory of his illustrious father.
children whom he left behind him. Ilis praises Iu the Revue Numismatiqne for 1838, a gold
became the theme of the writers of Roman
all coin of Gennanicus is for the first time pub-
annals, who have extolled in the highest terms lished. It had recently been brought from Asia
his advantages of person and mind, his bravery, Minor, where it is considered to have been
his wisdom, his eloquence and learning, his cour- struck. The legends and types are of surpassing
teous demeanour to his friends, aud his cle- interest, inasmuch as they constitute an his-
mency towards His ashes were
his enemies. torical monument, confirmatory of the fact, that
transported by his w ife Agrippina from Syria to
r
during the fatal sojourn of that heroic Roman in
Rome, and deposited in the tomb of Augustus. the East, lie conferred royal powers on an Ar-
— (Doctr. vi. 208). menian prince named Artaxias. From the able
He married Agrippina, by he had nine whom commentary on the subject, inserted in vol. i. p.
children, six of whom survived him,
viz. Nero, — 338 et scq. of the above-named French periodi-
Drusns, and Caius, called Caligula ; Agrippina cal and also from a letter, replete with learn-
;

(who married Claudius), Drusilla, aud Julia ing aud intelligence, from the pen of the late
Livilla. Mr. Borrcll, of Smyrna, addressed to Mr. Aker-
The coins struck in honour of Gcrmanicus are man, and published iu the Numismatic Chronicle
very rare in gold ; of the highest rarity in first for July, 1839, an article has been compiled,
brass common
;
in second brass ; colonial rare. which, together with a graphic illustration (un-
Those of Roman die,bearing his portrait, were avoidably omitted here), will be found in letter
minted after his under Caligula and
death, R of this dictionary, under the head of RexAR-
Claudius. Some of them were restored by Ves- T A X I AS Caesar GYM M A NICVS.
pasian. On these GE MANIC VS
lie is stvlcd It [At the sale of the Sabatier collection, in
CAESAR TI. AVGVST. F. DIVE AVG. N. (as April, 1853, this unique denarius brought £30
on the foregoing cut) — also GERM. CAESAR ;
10s. It is now iu Lord Londesborough’s cabi-
GERMAN 1CVS CAES. C. CAESARIS (Cali- net],
gulic) PATER. GERMANICVS COS. X— A woman half
naked, sitting in a sorrowful
at tit tide on a Germanic shield;
below is a broken spear.
Gold of Domitian. With —
the tenth consulate of this
emperor 837 (a. p. 84), the
title of Gennanicus occurs
on his coins for the first
time derived, as he wished it to be understood,
;

from his conquest of the Germani whereas he

actually returned from that absurd expedition
GERMANICVS CAESAR. — A warrior stands without even seeing the enemy, as Dion has
with a sceptre in his left hand, guiding a tri- Nor did he hesitate to
testified, (lxvii. $ 4).
umphal quadriga. celebrate a triumph, which, however, as Tacitus
Rev. —S1GNIS RECE///m DEVICTIS GER- informs us (Agricola, c. 39), furnished matter
M anil. A warrior, clothed in a complete suit
for ridicule, from the fart that individuals were
of armour, stauds with his right hand extended, paid to personate prisoners of war. The title
and in his left holds a legionary eagle. In the
thus conceded to a contemptible vanity, lie
field are the initials S. C. (struck by authority
made so much part and parcel of his designation,
of the Senate). that not only on all coins struck thenceforth up
This middle brass, coined dnriug the life-time to the day of his death did he insist on its being
of Gennanicus, is a monument of the honours added to the rest of his distinctions, but even
which were decreed to that prince, wheu he had Martial, Silius Italicus, aud Statius, invariably
retakcu from the Germans, and brought back to
style him par excellence Gennanicus. Now this
Rome, the military ensigns lost by Varus, in may be tolerated as a poetical license, inasmuch
the reign of Augustus. And, although common,
as the poets would naturally adopt a word,
these coins are of remarkable interest, as com-
which offended less against the laws of metre
memorative of so important an historical eveut. But even that base
than that of Domitianus.
GERMANICVS CAESAR Tlimi AV- |
flatterer Quiuctilian, though unconstrained by
GXSti YUins DIVE KXQusti N epos. (Ger- !
any such metrical difficulty, cau find no other
mauicus Cicsar, sou of Tiberius Augustus, grand- appellation for him, than that of Germanicus
son of the divine Augustus.) Bare head of Gcr- Augustus. (Just. x. c. 1.) There arc numer-
;

manicus. (Engraved iu preceding page, from a ous coins of succeeding years, which bear this
second brass). unfounded assumption of victory over a valiant
foe.— Cains CAESAR AYQustus GERMA- people iu the legend of their reverse viz. GF.it-
:

NICVS YOStifex Maximus TRibunicia PO- MANICVS, or GKUMANIA CAPTA, Or IMP. with
'
 GERMAN IS. GERM ANIS. 417
the iuhlition of various numerals and of which
; by the elder Drusus, whose victories our coin
the types are, like the coin before us, Germania, here commemorates. North-east of the Frisii
as a woman sitting on a shield in an attitude of were the Chauci, distinguished by Tacitus as the
grief the shield from its oblong shape being a
; most noble and just of all the German nations.
Germanic one, and distinctive of that people South-east of the Chauci were the Chernsci
or a trophy erected between a woman sitting (inhabiting the country now comprehending
and a German, with his bands bound behind Luueburg, Brunswick, and part of Branden-
him, standing by his arms. —
Eekhel, vi. 379. burg). It was by this nation, in league with
GERMANICVS MAX. TER.—A trophy be- neighbouring tribes, under the conduct of Armi-
tween two captives seated on the ground. This nius, that the three legions commanded by Quiu-
silver coin of Valerianus is, on account of the tilius Varus, 762 (a. d. 9), were defeated and
addition ter. treated with great distinction slain, in the Saltus Teutobergiensis (Bishopric
by Banduri, who aitinns that there is no coin of PaderbornJ. And it was on this very scene
of auy other emperor bearing such an inscrip- of his countrymen’s slaughter, and of disgrace
tion. Nevertheless, the same reverse is to the Roman arms, that, about seven years
plainly to be seen on a coin of Gallienus, in afterwards, Germanicus terminated his cam-
the cabinet of Vienna. Each emperor, on ac- paigns in Germany by a crowning victory, the
count of the victories won by Gallienus triumphal result of which was the recapture, by
over the Germans, calls himself Germanicus that hero, of the lost ensigns from a brave but
Maximus, and the Ter. is affixed in record of thoroughly vanquished, and for a long time
three victories gained. Gallienus, indeed, sup- humbled foe as recorded on his well known
;

plies several examples, shewing that in that age, coin ; SIGNIS RECEPTIS DEVICTIS GERM. For —
victories were enumerated, in like mauncr as at an account of the different nations comprised
an earlier period the title of IMP eralor was ex- within the division of Germania Inferior (now
alted according to the number of victories. — See Southern Germany), the principal seat of war
GEiiMANicvs max. v. of Gallienus. D. 2V. vii. in the reign of M. Aurelius, see Ancient and
385 and 401. Modem Geography, by the late Bp. Butler,
GERMAN IS (DE). Victory over the Ger- edit. 1846.
mans.-A trophy composed
of German arms. Obv.
NERO CLAVD1VS DRVSVS
GERMANICVS IMP(ERA-
tor). Laurelled head of
Drusus senior. Gold.
Engraved from a speci-
men in the British Mu-
seum.
GERMANIS (DE). An equestrian statue on
a triumphal arch, between two trophies. Obv.
Same legend and type as the preceding. — See p. GERMANIS (DE.)— IMP. VIII. COS. III.
349 for a wood-cut of this gold coin. P. P. — A heap of arms and armour. — Obv.
The two subjects above described serve, with M arcus ANTONINVS AVG ustus GERM«?»'ckj
other numismatic monuments to recal the SARM« fi™« TR. P. XXX. P. P.— DE GERM.
honours decreed to Drusus after his death: TIL P. XXXI. IMP. VIII. COS. III. P. P.—
including the statues, both equestrian and pedes- Gold, silver, and large brass of VI. Aurelius.
trian, which were raised to his memory, and It is remarkable that in the graves in Ger-
the triumphal arch built on the Appian way in many, no example of oblong shields are found,
honour of this celebrated general of Augustus.
Of Germania, now, under the general desig-
but all are round. —
See Roach Smith, Collec-
tanea Antiqua.
nation of Germany, the most extensive country There is something not a little refreshiug
in modern Europe, the derivation of the name is and satisfactory in the tokens of victory dis-
not clearly ascertained. By some it is supposed to played on these military coins of the “ philo-
have been so called from the nation that passed sophic prince because, unlike the vain con-
the Rhine and expelled those Gauls who, in the ceited lies of Domitian’s prostituted mint, they
time of Tacitus, were called the 'l'ungri (inhabit- truly attest that series of arduous but even-
ing the present territory of Julicrs and Treves). tually successful campaigns, his personal share in
Afterwards, the whole vast region from the shores which as Imperator and Augustus, obtained for
Of the Baltic to the Rhretian and Norican Alps, Aurelius the surname of Germanicus. AY hat
was included under that appellation. It was renders them of peculiar interest is, that the
divided by the Romans into Germania Prima, coins in question were struck at a period so
Superior or Upper ; and Germania Secunda, In- calamitous and full of difficulties, that historians
ferior or Lower. The former so called as being compare the perils which then environed Rome
more inland, lay along the western bauk of the to those of the Punic wars. In 920 (a.d. 167),
Rhine, and contained several German nations. with which the third consulate in the legend
On the eastern bank of that river, were the Frisii corresponds, the empire was ravaged by a pesti-
(in part of Holland, Friesland, and Groningen),
lence, believed to have been brought from the
whose country was intersected by a canal, made East by the legions of L.Verus. The Marcomanni,
3 H
418 GERME.— GETA. GETA.
the Qnadi, and almost all the barbarian tribes of from his father, and took the name of Publius
the North, rose in one wide circle of revolt from his uncle, a llomau knight. In 951 (a. d.
against the empire. It was at the commence- 197), Severus having assumed the sole authority
ment of that year, that the two emperors, M. on the removal of his rivals, Geta followed his
Aurelius and L. Ycrus set ont for Germania. On father to join the Parthian campaign in the
their arrival there, the barbarians asked for and East, where lie declined to accept the title of
obtained peace. In 921 (a. d. 168), the em- Ctcsar, though pressed upon him by the army,
perors returned to Rome. The following year approved by the Senate aud the Emperor, and
saw the Germani in renewed aud formidable though at the same time his brother Caracalla
insurrection, and the two Augusti made instant was already styled Augustus. But he received
preparations for another campaign. The sudden the titles of 1‘rinceps Jucenlutis and of Ponlifex.
death of Verus, from apoplexy, left Aurelius
sole emperor, but after bringing back the re-
mains of his colleague to Rome, and causing the
honours of consecration to be decreed to him,
Marcus, mindful of his duty to the State, re-
sumed his march on rebellious Germania. Iu
923 (a. d. 170), pressing vigorously the war
against the Marcomanni, he established his head
quarters in I’annonia. Thence he pursued the
course of his victories over the Germans. And
in 925 (a. d. 172), the title of Gerinanicus was
conferred as a well-earned distinction upon
Marcus Aurelius. The interval from 926 (a. d.
173) to 928 (a. d. 175) was occupied, however, 951 to 957 (a. d. 198 to 204.) —
Being as yet
with an almost ceaseless struggle on the part of the too young to participate in affairs of state, no
barbarians in arms against the military power of events worthy of record occurred during these
the Romans but the enemy being beaten on all years.
—
;

sides, and forced to sue for peace, the brave and 958 (a. d. 205). The name of Lucius was
victorious emperor added the title of Sarmaticus dropped, but that of Publius retained. Geta
to that of Germanicus, and returned in triumph proceeded consul for the first time, as colleague
to Rome. In less than four years after- to his brother, who was then iu his second con-
wards the Germans were again leagued against sulate.
the empire and although they were defeated in
;
—
961 (a. d. 208). Consul for the second time,
many bloody battles, and the Marcomanni in with his brother (Consul III.) he accompanied
particular nearly exterminated by his legions, his father and Caracalla to the war in Britain.
51. Aurelius was not destined to revisit his 962 (a. D. 209). —
He received from his father
capital, but died 933 (a. d. 180), at Yindobona, the title of Augustus, and was invested with the
(Yicnna), in Panuouia, the base of his warlike tribuuician power. The following year he began
operations aud scene of his proudest achieve- to be styled BRITanim*.
ments. 964 (a. d. 211). — dying this year,
llis father
GERME, Galatia:, colonia, to the south of he began to be styled Voter Vatrur ; aud the
Pessinus now Ghermesti in Asiatic Turkey. —
The PONTtyw- was discontinued. On the death of
coins of this colony are Latin imperial, in first Severus at Eboracum, on the 4th February,
and second brass, from Doinitian to Etruscilla, their father’s funeral being solemnized, and
including Coinmodus, Diadumeniauus, and peace being concluded with the Caledonians, the
Otacilia Severa. One of the types consists of two brothers returned to Rome. Serious appre-
an eagle with wings spread, on a pedestal hensions were excited throughout the empire by
between two ensigns, allusive to the vetcraus of their disagreements. Caracalla, both ou the jour-
some legion whose name is not known, but w ho ney, and when arrived at Rome, was constantly
from the legend COLo»/a AYG usta GER- eugaged in plots for Geta’s destruction.
MENorwm would appear to have been sent in —
905 (a.d. 212). No hopes being eutertained
the time of its founder Augustus to people that of a reconciliation between these two young
colony. It took the title of Felix out of ill- princes and the disturbances w hich arose iu
;

bestowed compliment to Commodus. The other every quarter from their dissensions, increasing
types are the wolf and twins a priest, guiding
;
day by day, a division of the empire was con-
two oxen at plough. And the Etruscilla exhibits templated but given up at the instance of their
;

on its reverse, COL. GERMENomw ACTIA mother. At length, having long in vain at-
AYSARIA (sic). A
table raised on three steps, tempted to put an cud to Grta’s life, Caracalla
and on which a globe between two urns.
is inveigled him by a show of affection into
Above the globe is the torcular (wine or oil security, nud killed him iu the arms of bis
ress) ;
the whole within a crown of laurel. mother, at the age of 22 years and niue months.
cited by Mionnct.") “ Never (observes the author of Doctrina)
FTanini,
GETA(Lucius or Publius), the younger son since the days of the Theban brothers (Eteocles
of Scverns aud Domna, brother of C'aracalla, and Polyniccs), had the world beheld a more
was born at Mediolanum (Milan), about the year cruel and disastrous feud between men related to
of Rome 942 (a.d. 189.) He was called Lucius [
each other by the nearest ties of cousauguinity.
 GETA. GETA. 419
That one of them would eventually perish by
the other’s hand, had long before been antici-
pated, from the animosity so openly manifested
between them, and from the obvious intcutions
of Caracalla. Yet all joined in the prayer that
a fate, which could not be averted, might at
last befall Caracalla, rather than Geta. The
ferociousand ungovernable disposition of the
former was well known; whilst Geta, on the
other hand, maintained a character for integrity lib. avgg. vi. et v. Caracalla aud Geta
aud moderation ; lie was courteous in his inter- seated together on an estrade ; Lilieralitas with
course with the world, particularly foud of the her tessera stands near them. Below- is a reci-
society of eminent men, and devoted to refined pient of their bounty.
pursuits; though Spartian attributes to him Obv. —
p. sept, geta pivs avq. brit.Lau-
a roughness of manners, unaccompanied how- relled and bearded head of Geta. (Mionnet
ever with profligacy. The cruelty exercised values the axireus, from which the above is
by Caracalla towards the friends of his murdered engraved, at 200 fr.)

brother, is recorded by historians. And, indeed, minerv. SANCT. Pallas standing. MINER.
that implacable hatred, which usually subsides victrix. (Mt. 120 fr. each). pontif. cos. it.
on the death of its object, even if one not Minerva seated. (150 fr.) Same epigraph. —
connected by blood, yet in this case of a brother, Woman and tw-o children. Same epigraph. —
continued so unappeased, that all who even Woman holding fruits. (120 fr. each.) princ.
wrote or pronounced the name of Geta were put i went.cos. (A well preserved specimen of
to death so that *he very poets dared not
; this very rare coin brought £14 5s. at the
thenceforth use that customary and familiar Thomas sale). princ. ivvent. Geta near a
name for a slave. His fury extended itself to trophy. (100 fr.) severi invicti avg. pii.
the statues aud coins of the deceased, which he fil. Radiated bust of Geta. (£14, Thomas).
destroyed. But he was foiled in his attempts spes. pvblica. (Mt. 1 10 fr.) trp. hi. cos. ir.
to obliterate all memorials of his brother for ;
Emperor trampling on a captive. Same epi- —
not only are numerous coius of Geta extant at graph. Geta stands before Rome seated. (Mt.
this moment, but some also of his statues 150 fr. each.) vota pvblica. A sacrificial
escaped, at sight of which, if we may credit group. (An extremely well preserved specimen,
Spartian, Caracalla was wont to weep. This £16 16. Thomas; £18
5s. Brumell). Same —
emotion, however, was no proof of repentance, legend. Obv.
Sacrifice. —
geta caes. pont.
but only of unavoidable remorse. The erasure cos. (£13, Brumell).
of Geta’s name from public monuments is Silver. —
aeternit. imperi. Heads of Seve-
testified by numerous marbles, and particularly rus and Caracalla. (Mt. 55 fr.) ivlia avgvs-
by the arch of Scverus, still standing at Home. ta. Head of Domna. l. sept, severvs. Head
(Sec pp. 78-79). Notwithstanding this relent- of Severus. (45 fr. each). pontif. cos. ii.
less conduct, Caracalla bestowed greater atten- The three emperors seated. romae aeternae.
tion than could have been expected upon his Rome seated in a temple. (40 fr. each).
brother’s funeral, aud deposited his remains in Brass Medallions. — aeqvitati pvblicae.
the tomb of Severus, on the Via Appia.” (See p. 18. Mt. 100 fr.) concordia mili-
(vii. 227-230-233.) tvm. Emperor between five military standards.
It is not known whether this unfortunate prince Obv. p. septimivs geta caesar. Bust of Geta.
was married or not. (Brought £13 at the Catnpana sale). PRINC.
IVVENT. Three horsemen galloping. iovi sos-
MINTAGES OF GETA. pitatoki. Temple. (A spccimeu formed with
On his coius which arc numerous (very rare parts of two different medals, joined together,
in gold, for the most part commou in silver, and assisted by the graver, sold for £3 4s. at
rare in but common in second brass), he is
first the Campana auction).
styled SEPT. GETA— GETA CAESar—
P. First Brass. — —
castor. concordia avgg.
I Sip. CAES. P. SEPT. GETA AVG.— or P. Caracalla aud Geta crow-ned by two figures. See
SEPT. GETA PIVS. AVG. B1UT. Some- p. 248. IOVI SOSPITATOllI. PONTIF. TR. P.
times the prenomen of Lucius, sometimes that of Three figures at a sacrifice. (£3 3s. Trattle).
Publius is seen on the Latin coius of Geta but ;
princ. i vventvtis. Three horsemen riding
on some Greek coins both names are found at full speed. For an explanation of the decur-
together. There are pieces which represent him sion type sec pp. 314-315.
with Sept. -Severus, Julia Domna, aud Caracalla. Obv. —geta CAEsar pontifex consul, s. c.
The following arc amongst the rarest reverses: Bust of Geta, the head bare, and the shoulders
Goi.d. —
antoninvs avgvstvs. Young head clothed with the paludamentum. See wood-cut
of Caracalla. (Valued by Mionnet at 200 fr. aud at the head of biographical notice, p. 418.
55 fr. in silver). castor. (Mt. 150 fr). This coin, beaiing the youngest portraiture
concordiae avgg. Caracalla and Geta. of the prince, was minted between a. d. 197
(160 fr.) —
cos. Geta in a quadriga. (1 60 fr.) aud 207, in which interval, Geta, then about
FELICITAS PVBLICA. (150 fr). FELICITAS ten years old, was proclaimed C’a-sar by the
TEMPOR (100 fr.) FORT. BED. (120 fr.) Senate and the Army but consented to receive
,

3 II 2
420 GIGAS. — GLOBULI. GLOBUS.
only the titles of Prince of the Youth, and of A globe appears on a great many different
Pontifex. — See princeps iwentvtis. j

coins of the imperial scries, in the hand of Her-

saecvlaria sacra. Temple and four figures. cules, of Jupiter, of the Sun, and of Oriens, an
(Two specimens of this type sold together for appellation of the sun. Also in the hand (sur-
£15 15s. at the Trattlc sale). vict. brit. (£2 mounted by a phoenix) of Eternity, of Eelicity,
8s. Trattle) victoriae britanmcae (Mt. 30 of Fortune, of Providence, of the Genus llu-
fr.) victoria avgvstorvm. (50 fr.) manutn, of ludulgcntia, of Nobilitas, of Per-
—
Second Brass. pontif. cos. ii. Minerva petuitas, of Securitas, and of Virtus. Rome —
Medico, seated, feeding a serpent.- -See Lenor- seated, likewise holds the globe in her right
mant, Iconographie Rom. p. 82, pi. xi. No. 11. hand, whilst resting her left on the hasta.
—
GETA III V1R. See hosidia gens. Italy is seated on a globe —
The same emblem
.

GIGAS. A giant. — One of these fabled re- repeatedly appears under the feet of Victory, of
bels against the king of gods and men, is re- Honour, and of several emperors.
presented as struck with lightning by Jupiter, A globe supported by two capricorns refers to
who stands in a quadriga. See a denarius of the horoscope of Augustus, on large brass of
the Cornelia gens, engraved in p. 286. The that prince.
monster beneath the quadriga is pronounced by
certain antiquaries to be Triton, whereas (says
Eckhcl, v. 189) it is certainly meant for one of
the giants, whose lower parts are described to
have terminated in two serpents. There is no
account of enmity subsisting between Jupiter
and Triton ; but every one is familiar with the ex-
pression —
Jupiter “ clarm Gigantum hiumpho.”
Vain, therefore, are the conjectures of the
learned, to support which they have wrested
the interpretation of this type, which appears
to be wholly symbolical, in allusion to some A globe, on the face of which a rudder is
sedition, quelled at Rome as effectually as placed, on a second brass of Augustus (restored
Jupiter put down the revolted giants. A by Nerva), represents the earth, as the rudder
similar combat of Jupiter with a snake-legged does the sea, over both which the government
Titan is exhibited on a brass medallion Of An- of Rome had extended itself. A second brass
toninus Pius. — See Jupiter. of Tiberius bears the same type as in the above
GLOBULI. — Globules, or pellets, marked on engraving. On a gold coin of the last named
ancient coins, shew their weight and value. emperor, Victory seated on a globe holds a
For example . or a single globule is the sign of crown. The same emblem of power is held by
the undo. —
Tico globules on small brass coins the Princeps Juventutis, or Cesar, as the de-
are the mark of the sextans in value, although it signated successor to the empire.
became less in weight on account of the dimi- A globe sunnouuted by an eagle with ex-
nution of the coinage during the first and second panded wings, serves to shew the supreme power
Punic war. It is thus on coins of the Aburia, of imperial Rome, and the subjection of the
Afraria, and other families. Three globules on world to its government and is a type which
;

Roman brass denote the fourth part of the as, may be seen on coins of Augustus, Vespasian,
three quadrans being three uncia in value. Titus, Hadrian, M. Aurelius, L. Verus, Per-
They are seen on coins of the Aburia and tinax, &c. Or it is used for a symbol of Con-
Domitia families. Four globules are the mark secration, as on coins of M. Aurelius, Verus,
of the triens, as on the brass of the Cornelia Pertinax, S. Severus, Caracalla, Alex. Severus,
gens. Five globules, the quincunx. Six glo- — Cams and others. Sec consecratio, p. 249.
bules, the semis. —
See as and its parts (p. 83). There is a coin of Antoninus Pius, on the reverse
—
GLOBUS. A Globe is the symbol of the of which an eagle, with its wings shut, holds a
world (orbis terrarum), or rather of dominion crown in its beak.
in the world hence it forms the sign of the
; A globe is held jointly by Vespasian and Titus,
Roman empire. The same spherical figure is by Nerva and a Senator, by Diocletian and
the type of eternity, because (according to Pie- Maximianus. It frequently displays itself in the
rius on Hieroglyphics) it hath neither beginning hand of an emperor, as in the Rector Orbis of
nor end. —
Rasche. Didius Julianas, the Victoria Aug. of Gal-
The symbolical globe first makes its appear- lienus; the Sarmafia of Constantinus jun. It
ance on coins of Augustus. “ On this subject, was by this figure, as symbolical of the whole
Isidorus makes the following Themselves
b. xviii. eh. 3):
—
'Augustus
assertion (Orig.
is said to have
earth, that the Angusti proclaimed
invested with imperial power. A pictorio/a, or
used a as a military eusign (pilam in signo
ball small image of victory, standing on a globe and
constituissc), to indicate the nations which he held by the emperor generally signifies that this
had subdued, in a perfect circle around him, and dominion over the world was the fruit of suc-
the more vividly to display the figure of the cessful wnrs.
world.’ With the same intention, it is often A surmounted by a victoriola, is on
globe,
subsequently borne in the hand of emperors.” coins seen by Jupiter to Alexander
delivered
— Eckhel. Severns nnd toCnrinus; by Hercules to Mali-
 GLORIA CONSTANTINI. GLORIA EXERCITUS. 421

lnian by Jupiter to Diocletian; by Carus to says Vaillant (Num. Impp. ii. 89), the
If,
;

Niimerianns ; as if the gods and dcmi-gods authority of Nazarius is to be received, the

united in bestowing upon emperors the govern- captive figures may be looked upon as represent-
Thus we ing those two kings of the Fraud, of whom the
ment of the whole
the Genius of Rome
earth.
giving the same symbol,
likewise sec
writer above named says in his panegyric
— “Tu
respectively, to Tacitus, Probus, Maxentius, &c. ferocissimis regibus Ascarico, et comitc suo,
A globe, surmounted by a phoenix, appears in tauta laude res bellicas auspicatus C9, ut jam in-
the hands of Emperors and Cicsars of the Con- auditsc inagnitudinis obsidem teneremus.”
stautine family. —
See Fel. Temp. Rep. (p. 378) From the mint-mark sis. the initials of Siscia,
Gloria Sreculi, &c. a city of Pannouia, it may be inferred, that this
was struck about 1079 (a. i>. 326), when
A globe, surmounted by the sign of the cross, coin
either held by Victory, or placed, instead of a Constantine visited Rome, and, after a short
vicloriola, in thehand of the Augustus himself, stay quitted the capital of the empire, never to
appears on coins of Christian emperors, from Va- see it agaiu. As to the epithet ferocissimi, ap-
leutinian I. Theodosius II. Justiuus, Justinianus, plied to the poor Franeian kings, Ascaricus and
through the entire Byzantine series to the last Ragaiscus, his panegyrist with less of the courtier
but more of the man of truth, might have ad-
of the Palscologi, A. n. 1453.
The two symbols thus combined were received dressed the emperor himself with
—
“ Tu ferocis-
amongst the insignia of the lower empire, sime princeps,” &c. No sooner, Con-
indeed, had
whence they have been uninterruptedly handed stantine become sole master of the empire, than
dowu to the present time. The meaning of this he abandoned himself to wrath and cruelty.
cross-surmounted globe being adopted is ex- “The punishment inflicted (observes the impartial
plained as follows by Saidas, in his life of I Beauvais) on two kings, his prisoners, whom he
Justinian, “ it signifies (says he), that through caused to be devoured by wild beasts at a public
Faith in the Cross, he (the Emperor) is made spectacle; the death of the two Licinii, w'ith
Lord of the earth for the globe represents the
;
w hom he broke faith and that of his eldest son
;

earth by the rotundity of its form whilst faith ;

I

Crispus, who had won battles for him, and whom,

is designated by the cross on account of the nevertheless, he unjustly doomed to perish;
Incarnate Deity who was fixed to it.” these and other barbarous actions of this nature
The cross is not placed on the globe, in the I are indelible stains on his character.”
mint of Julian II. liis hatred of Christianity GLORIA ET REPA RATIO TEMPORVM.
and love of idolatrous worship again supplied, The emperor standing in a military habit, hold-

in its stead, the small image of Victory used by ing a Victory and the labarum. Obv. D. N. mag-
j

other heathen emperors. nentivs p. F. avg. Laurelled bust of the

—
GLORIA. Glory. This word, which appears usurper, with the paludauicntum.
for the first time on a coin of Probus, in con- This gold coin was probably struck about
junction with Orbis (see below), and is repeated 1103 (a. d. 350), whilst Magnentius, his bands
with wearisome frequency on coins of the lower just imbrued in the blood of the Emperor Con-
empire, is interpreted by \ aillant to mean staus, was endeavouring, but in vain, to effect
“ manifestatio virtutis et recte factorum per terms of accommodation with the brother of his
ora hominum divulgatio” — (the manifestation murdered prince, Constanlius the Second. To
man of his perfidious and most cruel disposi-
of valour,and the publication of worthy ex- |
a
ploits, by the tongues of men.) For exam- tion, whose usurped reign was one dark tissue
ple, the' Glory of the Army —
the Glory of
j

'
of avarice and tyranny, unrelieved by a single
the Roman people —
the Glory of the Romans feature of distinction but what ability and valour
the Glory of the world. Yet never was glory
|

—
imparted to it such titles as are recorded in
more boasted of by those Romans than when the above legend, and also that of Restitutor
the once proud empire of the Cicsars was with Libertatis, were flagrantly unsuited. But such
the greatest rapidity hastening to decay and perverted eu/ogia had only too many precedents
in the earlier mintages of Rome ; aud the later
1

ruin.
GLORIA CONSTANTINI AVGusti.— The the period of her empire, the more numerous
emperor, helmed aud paludated, stands with a are the examples of monetal flattery and men-
trophy on his left shoul- dacity. —
See Magnentius.
der he drags by the hair
:
GLORIA EXERCITVS, with soldiers armed
of his head a captive |
with spears and shields, standing on each
with bound hands and ;
side a labarum, or two military ensigns. On
treads with his left foot coins of Christian emperors the labarum bears
—
j

on another. Obv. With- '

the monogram of Christ. This legend and type
out legend. The head of i
arc common on the coins of Constantine the
Constantine the Great, Great, Dclinatius, Constantine jun Constans,
adorned with a gemmed j
and Constantins. They are regarded as bearing
fillet, face looking up to heaven : on the exergue reference to the bravery and fortitude of the
sis. ;
soldiers in subduing the barbarous tribes, espe-
Of this rare, elegant, and largest sized aureus, cially those of Francia and Alamannia.
the above reverse is engraved, after a flower- GLORIA EXERCITVS.— Two soldiers with
of-the-die specimen in the British Museum. I
a tripod between them. —
See Dei.matius, p.
For the obverse type see Diadem, p. 322. j
315. —
Amongst the Romans, the soldiers were
 422 GLORIA EXERCITUS. GLORIA ORBIS.
allowed to participate with their general in the I
A new of legend, which, 6ays Eckhel
stylo
honours of the triumph, and with that view, (in condemnation of the distorted fancies of
according to Plutarch, Marius on one occasion Harduin respecting its meaning), signifies
refused a triumph, that he might not by accept- neither more nor less than predicting glory to a
ing it prevent his then absent troops from shar- new government of the empire under Gratiau.
ing in it. The soldiers were accustomed to (viii. 159.)
march before the triumphal car, with branches
of laurel in their hands, as we see it on a me-
dallion of the younger Gordian. And in the
various Roman coins, especially of the Constan-
tiuian age, it is clearly shewn by the trophies
with captives attached, and by the inscriptions
to the valour and to the glory of particular
corps, as well as of the whole Roman army,
|

that the emperors hesitated not to ascribe to

their troops the honour of victory, and to decree ,

the monuments which handed their exploits down

to posterity. —
Spanhcim’s Ctesars of Julian,
pp. 226-241.
GLORIA EXERCITVS GkLLicani. An GLORIA ORBIS. — On the exergue COS. V.
equestrian figure, bare-headed and paludated, In a triumphal car, drawn by six horses abreast,
with right hand raised. On the exergue PTR. the emperor Probus stauds with his right hand
— Gold of Constantine the Great. extended, holding a volumen or a short baton,
Whether by Exerdtus Gallicanus is to be whilst victory crowns him from behind. About
understood all the legions which served in Gallia the car are four figures on foot with palm
under Constautius Chlorus and under his sou branches. Two soldiers, armed with spears,
Constantine ; or whether by the term was meaut lead outermost horses.
the Obv. i.nvictvs —
the cavalry of the Gaulish nobility, fighting probvs p. f. avg. Bust of I’robus laurcatcd
under the Roman standards this legend has at
;
and paludated, holding in his left hand a globe
least the merit (rare enough on imperial coins) surmounted by a victoriola.
of recording a complimentary truth ; for it ap- Of this large silver medallion, both Khcll aud
pears on gold and silver of Coustantine the Buonarotti have given engravings. The former
Great, who mainly owed his repeated successes (p. 206), justly characterises it, not only for
over the Alamanni ou the banks of the Rhiue, weight aud purity of metal, but also for superla-
and his signal victory over Maxcntius near the tive elegance of device, aud vividness of histori-
Tibur, to the aid aud prowess of that army, cal interest, as one of the most valuable relics
whose glory is predicated on these rare and fine of monetal antiquity.
coins —
Vaillant, hupp. Rom. iii. 89. The legends and types appear to have im-
GLORIA EXERCITVS KART, (or mediate reference to that brilliant period of
KARTH). — An equestrian figure, in a pacific his brief career, between 1032 (a. d. 279) and
dress. In the exergue Tl'ii. 1034 (a. i>. 281), when, after having driven
Pellcrin, in the first volume, pi. xii. No. 2 the Fraud and Alamanni out of Gaid relieved ;

of his Melange, gives the engraving of a second the Illyrian and Thracian provinces from the
brass, which (from the legend of its obverse imp. barbarian hordes that infested them ; concluded
alexandkr p. f. avg.) is ascribed to Alexander, a ticaty of peace, on honourable terms, with
who in 1061 (a. d. 308), revolting against the Persians and lastly, caused no less than
;

Maxeutius, was proclaimed emperor by the three competitors to pay the forfeit of their lives
soldiers Carthage.
at (Sec p. 34). Of this for their assumption of the purple, this great —
usurper’s coins very few are extaut; and the oue prince aud successful cominuuder, at length
above cited is the more remarkable, inasmuch as enabled the empire to enjoy a general peace, aud
no other has been seen with the legend inscribed himself to celebrate a scries of magnificent
on this reverse. Eckhel moreover points out triumphs at Rome, for his victories gained over
another remarkable feature ou this coin, viz. many nations. This suddeu lull, however, in the
that instead of an elderly aud bearded head, like constant storm of invasions from without, and
that ou other coins of the African Alc'xandcr, of interior conflicts, by which the State had
the obverse type of Pcllcriu’s second brass alternately been assailed aud lacerated — this ab-
exhibits the profile of a young man, without rupt transition from world-wide war to universal
beard, which, from the narrative of Zosimus, tranquillity —
proved fatal to “ Uncouquered
he thinks it not improbable to be that of l’robus.” The legions, tired of planting vines
Alexander’s sou —
the same whom Maxcntius in Hungary, rose mutinously against their brave
demanded of the usurper as a hostage, aud who sovereign ;
whom, iu their military licen-
was then in the flower of his age. tiousness regarding him rather as their task-
GLORIA NOV I SAECVL1. The emperor, — master thau their geueral, they killed at Sir-
in the paludamcntum, stands with an image of miuin, iu the year u. c. 1035 (a. d. 282),
Victory in his right hand, and in his left the whilst he was preparing for another expedition
labarum. Ou silver aud third brass of Gra- against the Persians, and had proceeded consul
tian. for the fifth time, as is indicated on the lower
 GLORIA REIPUBLICAE. GLORIA ROMANORUM. 423
part of the preceding reverse. Sic transivit Romanorum are generally cither Rome seated ;

Gloria orbis ! or the emperor on horseback, javelin in hand,

GLORIA R E I P V B L I C A E.—Two sedent trampling on a kneeling or a prostrate captive.
female figures, eacli holding a l/asta. The figure Sometimes it is a woman turret-crowned, or an
to the right is galeated that on the left wears a
;
altar inscribed with votive numerals. On gold
turreted crown, and places of Eugenius, Rome and Constantinople are per-
her right foot on the prow sonified seated together (as in Gloria Reipublicse
of a ship. Together they of Constantius above engraved). On a gold
support with their right medallion of Arcadius, that emperor nimbated,
on which
hands a shield, right hand held up, the left holding a globe,
is xxx.
inscribed vot. stands in a chariot drawn by six horses, full-
mvi.t. xxxx. (For the faced ;
and in the field is the monogram of
vows of thirty years mul- Christ. It is engraved in Yaillant, Impp. Rom.
tiplied for forty years). iii. 262.
Ohv. dn. coxstaxtivs max. AVGVSTVs. Dia- There are, however, examples of types ac-
demed head of Constantins II. Ou the exergue companying Gloria Romanorum shewing that
tes. (money of Thcssalouica) bet ween two stars, legend not always to identify itself with the
or cox. — Other coins of this reign exhibit the person of the emperor on whose coin the legend
same legend and type of reverse, but with vot. appears. One of these is a gold medallion of
xxxv. mvlt. xxxx. and on the exergue sir- Constantius the Second, the reverse of which
m(ium). The obverse legend is FLarias IVLius exhibits a w oman seated on a throne, holding
r

CONSTANTIVS PERPetuus AVG ustus. The in her right hand a globe surmounted by a vic-
type exhibits the bust of Constantius II. face to tor iota, and in her left the hasta, or a sceptre
the front, the head covered with a helmet, or- with oval-formed top. Her right foot rests on
namented with a diadem of precious stones, and the prow of a vessel. —
When a highly-preserved
an aigrette, the shoulders clothed with the pa/u- specimen of this extra rare piece formed part of
damentuw, holding in the right hand a javelin, the Thomas cabinet, Mr. Akerman caused it to
and carrying on the left arm a buckler, on which be engraved, for his Descriptive Catalogue of
is represented a horseman (the emperor himself) Roman Coins. See vol. ii. pi. G. and also a
charging an enemy. note on the subject by the same writer, who
These elegant and peculiarly interesting gold suggests that the female figure may, from her
coins would appear to have been minted in 1114 imperial robe and embroidered shoes, probably
(a. d. 364), when Constantius, having driven be a portrait of the empress Fausta (p. 271),
back Sapor II. king of Persia, found himself he further remarks, that the symbol which she
free for a war against Julianus as C ccsar, who had supports in her left hand resembles the thyrsus
already established his authority in Italy and of Bacchus.
Illyria. — It wasmidst of preparations for
in the There is a gold medallion of Valens, with the
this formidable struggle that he was attacked same legend and a reverse similar to the one
with sickness at Mopsucrcuc, in Cilicia, and died above described, but with koma on the exergue,
there. engraved in Steinbiichel, p. 21, pi. i. XT o. 6,
Alluding to the respective coverings to the but not in so fine a state of preservation as the
heads of the two personifications on the above one above described.
described reverse, Eckhcl says “ By these GLORIA ROMANORUM. The Emperor
marks the two Romes are distinguished. The (Valens) on horseback, with the nimbus, and
o/d, which sits ou the right, wears a helmet togated. Before him is the figure of a woman
the new, with towers around her brows, as ap- habited in the stola, and wearing a turreted
pears on those coins first issued from Constan- crown, holding in the left hand a lighted torch,
tine the Great’s mint, and which arc inscribed and with the right hand lifting a portion of her
constantixopolis. The vota xxxv. are rare girdle, which falls to her feet. She bends her-
the renewal of vows emperors being usu-
for the self as if to receive the emperor with the greater
ally, not quinquennial but, from ten years to degree of respect. Below is another female
ten years. —
See Dortr. viii. 116. Also Khell, figure, recumbent, holding apples or other fruits
supplement to Yaillant, p. 157. in the folds of her tunic, whilst on her left arm,
GLORIA ROMAXORUM.— This legend was as far as can be discerned, rests a cornucopia;.
first new title of personal honour,
used, as a NT ear the recumbent figure are the letters A. N.
under Constantine the Great, who certainly did shewing that the medallion was struck at An-
perform so many remarkable achievements, that tioch, in Syria.
in his case, the emperor was the whole Glory Obv. —
d. x. valens p. f. avg. Bust of the
of the Romans. The same epigraph also ap- emperor, the head crowned with a diadem of
pears ou coins, not ouly of his sous Constantine pearls. The right hand held up, and in the left
jnn. Constans, and Constantius; but likewise a globe. Gold, weighing 63 (Hungarian avrei)
of Xepotiauus, Vetranio, Magncntius, Constan- ducats.
tius Gallus, Julianus II. Yalcutinianus, Va/ens Thereanother gold piece of the same em-
is

(see p. 424), Procopius, Gratianus, Valentini- peror, part of the Tr'esor trouve en Hongrie,
auus II. Theodosius the Great, Aicadius, Ilono- 1797, since preserved in the Imperial Museum.
rius, &c. It bears exactly the same legends and types as
The types assigned to the epigraph of Gloria the one above described, and surpasses in weight
421 GLORIA ROMANORUM. GLORIA ROMANORUM.

all of ancient date yet discovered ;

being equal guishing symbol of any particular city, its ap-
to 1 18 ducats. pearance, no doubt, indicates a compliment paid
The following is an extract from the manu- to Valens. For by numerous testimonies of
script of Eckhel, as published by Steinbiichel, ancient writers, and especially of Ilcrodinn, we
relative to these two medallions, the smaller of are assured, that it was the custom to bear
which is represented in the above wood-cut: — lights before the emperors, as a mark of the
“The type of this reverse, as it is evidently highest respect and we may venture also to
;

a novel one, and such as the numismatic soil say, as a kind of attribution of divinity. Dion
has never before produced, so for various rea- Cassius is the first to supply an iuslnncc of this
sons it presents several particulars deserving of practice, when, speaking of the modesty of M.
remark. I shall not greatly err in pronouncing Aurelius, he says of him, that whenever he ap-
that by this type is indicated the visit of Valens peared in public unaccompanied by his father,
to some city of note. To cite one out of the lie wore a cloak of a sombre colour, aud never,

many instances confirmatory of this opinion, on when alone, permitted lights to be carried before
a coin of Commodus, struck in 933 (a. D. 80), him. We have a confirmation of the truth of
that emperor is represented mounted on a horse, Dioo’s statement in the Commentaries of M.
proceeding at a gentle pace, the accompanying Aurelius himself, where he remarks, that he had
legend adventvs avg. And, what points with learnt from his father the possibility of living
still greater certainty to an arrival at some even at court without a crowd of attendants,
place, is the figure of the genius of a city, shewn or an ostentatious display of dress, or flambeaux
to be such by the turreted head, in the act of and statues. According to Ilerodian, when
meeting the emperor, and paying him reverence Pertinax, at a perilous juncture, was hailed im-
by a slight bending of the body. Of this kind peralor by acclamation, and made his appear-
of meeting there arc other examples. On some ance in the Senate-house, lie suffered neither
imperial coins, struck in Egypt, a female figure lights to be borne before him, nor any other in-
of the Genius of Alexandria (see p. 412 of this signia of sovereignty to be displayed. And the
dictionary) meets Hadrian, and takes in her same author informs us that Pesceunius Niger,
band, and kisses, the right hand of her imperial on being proelaimed Augustus in opposition
visitor or the same Genius, bearing a vexillum
;
to Didius Julianas, immediately arrayed him-
and corn ears, joins right bands with the em- self in the purple and all the imperial para-
peror on his arrival; or, holding out an olive phernalia that could be procured at short notice,
branch, liasteus to meet the eiupcror, who ap- aud, with lights preceding him, visited in pro-
proaches in a quadriga. —
If more proofs were cession the temples at Antioch. The same dis-
needed, I might add, that on another coin of tinction was accorded to Quartiuus, whom the
Hadrian, with the legend adventvi avg. alkx- Osrtncnian soldiers set up in opposition to
ANDRlAE, even the presiding deities of that Maximinus, who had iucurrcd their enmity on
city, Serapis and Isis themselves, have deigned nccount of the murder of Alexander Sevcrus ;

to honour with their presence the advent of the and not long afterwards the like compliment was
emperor. With regard to the torch in the left paid at Carthage to Gordianus Africauus. Nor
baud, since it caunot be considered as the distin- did the Augusti withhold this honour from the
 GLORIA ROMANORUM. GLORIA ROMANORUM. 425
empresses. The same llerodian informs us, Valens is typified raising his right hand, which
that Coinmodus, even after the death of L. was the customary gesture of emperors, when
Verus, and her subsequent marriage with Pom- proclaiming peace and their own supremacy.”
peianus, a private citizen, preserved to his
sister Lucilla all the insignia of imperial dignity; [Such is the light which, with his peculiar
for he permitted her toview the public games tact and ability, the Prince of the Science we
from an imperial throne, and to have lights study after his system, has thrown on the subject
carried before her. Indeed, that this “ fiery” of these monetal prodigies. Iu fulfilling the
distinction was by far the most exalted of the duty which had devolved to him, of giving
honours paid to sovereignly, we learn again publicity to Eckhel’s manuscript, M. Steinbiichel
from the statement of Herodian, that Com- admits that nothing can be more clear than the
tnodus carried bis infatuated attachment for ensemble of the elucidation that it is the ar- —
Marcia to such a length, that her position rival of the emperor —
that the female figure
differed in no respect from that of a legitimate must be the genius of the city, or of the pro-
wife, all the privileges of an empress being vince, which receives him with all due sub-
showered upon her, except that of having mission —
and that the symbolical figure of the
lights borne before her. 1 think the foregoing earth, below, indicates an imperial journey into
testimonies from ancient writers are sufficient to distant countries. Having thus unhesitatingly
prove the existence of the custom iu question. adopted the general views expressed in the pre-
Put there are monuments also extant, which ceding observations, Steinbiichel proceeds to
corroborate their statements. Count Caylus has animadvert on some points of detail, the mean-
published a marble iu bas-relief, which presents ing of which is less apparent, and the argu-
the emperor delivering an adlocut'io from a ments adduced iu support of which are less con-
suggestas. By his side stand soldiers with vincing, to him, than the other parts of Eck-
military ensigns, one of which exhibits a lighted hel’s explanation.]
fire fixed on the end of a spear (Itec. cl’ Ant. “ The w hole difficulty (says the learned Ex-
iii. pi. intended doubtless to indicate the
CO), Direcleur (In Musee I. It.) consists in the female
custom of which we are now speaking. Mho figure before the emperor. Eckhel, guided by
was the originator of the practice, or what the history and the expedition of Valens to Antioch,
country from which it was first derived, are coupled with that prince’s long residence in
questions about which I do not much trouble the rich capital of Syria, has taken it for the
myself. very likely came from the East,
It Genius of that city. His erudition furnished him
where held iu such peculiar veneration.
fire is with the explanation of the lighted torch he ;

And Ammianus, in reciting the customs of the derives its signification from the custom which
Persian magi, says, that a small quantity of prevailed in ancient times of carrying the sacred
celestial fire was carried before the kings of (ire before kings and emperors.
* * *

Asia ;
and generally we may remark, that But it is needful to observe, that this fire which
antiquity was in the habit of connecting every was borne before princes is not proved to have
bright and fiery object with its princes, witness, been of lighted torches, as Eckhel has supposed.
on the coins of emperors, the radiated crown, We are on the contrary persuaded that on these
the nimbus, the emperors and empresses com- occasions portable altars were used, such as we
pared with the Sun and the Moon, &c. &c. see actually represented in the bacchanalian pro-
“ As I have said that the type of this reverse cessions on some antique bas-reliefs. It is
alludes to some imperial arrival, I must en- generally allowed that this custom came from
deavour to discover some probable conjecture, the East aud we find these altars even dis-
;

by which the name of the very city may be tinctlynamed by Cnrtius, lib. iii. aud by Xc-
elicited. My belief is, that it refers to the city noph, Cyropoed, lib. iii. c. 3.
of Antioch, the most renowned in the East, and “ Again, it is necessary to observe, that on so
where history informs us that Valens resided for many coins aud other monuments which repre-
many years, whilst engaged in the war with sent the arrival of emperors in different pro-
Sapor the Persian where, too, he built baths.
; vinces and cities, we
r
in no instance find an
'Phis opinion is confirmed by the letters AN. the allusion to the usage in question, that is to say,
initials of Antioch. There can be no doubt that of carrying the sacred fire or, as Eckhel says,;

the female figure lying on the ground is .1 later lighted torches before them. If sometimes we
Tellus, so frequently observed in this posture on findon these coins an altar placed iu the centre
ancient monuments. * * * * * By between the figure of the emperor and that of
the open fold of the tunic, with apples ap- the province, it is evidently to indicate thanks-
pearing therein, and by the cornucopia;, she givings rendered to the gods for the happiness
boasts her own peculiar gifts, and seems to which the presence of the emperor bad afforded
prognosticate increased abundance and fertility them. On most of these reverses the victim
from the arrival of the emperor. Nor was such there seen offered on the occasion, is a bull ex-
hope without foundation, for it was to Hadrian’s tended on the ground, in such a way as to lead
visit that the
Africaus attributed the grateful to the conclusion, that the ancients did not
fall of rain after a five years’ drought. Indeed employ the symbol of the lighted torch to re-
some of the ancients believed that fate itself was present the arrival of emperors. Why then
controlled, or executed, by the power of princes. should it have been adopted ou these medals of
On the obverse of the first described medallion, Antioch ?
3 I
420 GLORIA. ROMANORUM. GLORIA SAECULI.
“ The torch, without any reference to the action space thus occupied in his pages, but he leaves
of the emperor, seems to ns a distinctive and the respective points, on which a Steinbiichcl
characteristic mark of the female figure. Our and an Eckhel differ and coincide, to the reader’s
reason for believing it is this : —
In the Museum consideration and judgment].
Theupolum, which the Emperor of Austria caused GLORIA ROMANORVM.— Rome seated,
to be purchased for the Imperial Museum at holding a victoriola in the right hand and resting
Vienna —
[an acquisition made subsequently to i

left hand on the hasta. In the exergue sms.

Eckhel’s death] —
there is a small Greek coin in Obv. without legend, Head looking upwards,
brass which exhibits on the obverse the bust of diadem with pearls, &c. (sec p. 322). Gold
the Sun, with radiated crown, and a torch on Size 8.
;
medallion of Constantine the Great.
the reverse the bust of Diana, with the crescent [An unpublished specimen in the highest pre-
and likewise a lighted torch. Vi hat constitute servation, brought £11 at the Sabatier sale, en-
the merit of this little mouument are the in- graved in pi. ii. No. 3, annexed to the catalogue,
scriptionsANATo\t) and AT2I2, that is to say lot 532].
East and West. Are we to suppose that these
GLORIA ROMANORVM. Personified Rome
types represent to us only the two stars of day
1

-eated. — In the exergue TB. — Obv . fl. ivl.

and of night? Without entering into detail
CONSTANTIVS NOB. Bast diademed with
c.
respecting the times of M. Aurelius, to whose |

pearls, and wearing the paludamcutum. Gold

reign the coin belongs, it is nevertheless cer-
medallion of Constantius II. size 7.
tain that the signification of it will prove
There is no doubt but [A fine specimen, brought £9 at the sale of
altogether symbolical.
the Sabatier collection, the catalogue of which
that these saine figures of the sun and moon have
contains an engraving of it in pi. ii. No. 4,
already been made use of on the triumphal arch
lot 538],
of Constantine the Great at Rome, for the pur-
pose of indicating the two great divisions of our
world (Oriens el Occidens), East and West.
Nowr , the spirit of Christianity no longer per-
mitted it under Valens, to avail itself too faith-
fully of pagan symbols. This accounts for our
no longer seeing the crescent on the forehead of
the woman on our medallion; but we have there
the torch and the turreted crown to replace them.
There is nothing, therefore, opposed to our re-
cognising the image of the West in this figure,
which seems to enter into the presence of the
emperor, and to receive him. In that case it
would be the grand expedition against the Goths
which was meant to be pointed to an expe-
ditionwhence a very’ diflerent issue was assur-
edly hoped for than a defeat, destined to cost GLORIA SAECVLI VIRTVS CAESS.
Valens both throne and life. (Ctesarum). The valour of the Ctesars is the
“ But it will be said that, as on the coins —
ylory of the age. The emperor, naked to the
of Yalcrianus and Gallienus, with m Restitutori waist, seated ou a cuirass, and resting his left
Orienlis (Banduri, i. 1 10 and 124), the East is hand on a long sceptre. In front of him stands
represented by a similar figure of a woman, with a young warrior, wearing the puludamentum, he
the same radiated crown, although without bears a trophy on his left shoulder, aud with his
torch, why should she not be the East, on the right hand offers a globe surmounted by a phrenic,
medallions of A alcus, coming to meet him, and to the emperor. At his feet is a panther. Ou
why should not these medallions have actually t lie exergue, P. It. ( Percussuin Iioitiie struck
been struck for his journey into Syria, aud for the at Rome.)
expedition which lie was contemplating against
the Persians? To speak frankly (concludes M.
—
Obv. CONSTANTIN VS Ximus AV- MA
Guslus. Bust of Constantine the Great, wear-
Steinbiichcl), we have nothing to oppose to such
ing the paludamentuin, aud a diadem ornamented
an assertion, provided that the female figure re- with precious stones and laurel leaves. (Sec
mains the symbolical figure of the East, and this portrait engraved iu p. 257.)
not that of the city of Antioch, and that the
Yaillant, in his scries of brass medallions,
torch be then a Jfam beau du soled, the great
(lmpp. Rom. 237), has given a print of
T. iii.
tutelary of the East, and not an indication of
this line historical monument. Buonarotti also
ceremonies for the entry of the emperor into
Antioch.” —
See Satire sur let Medaillont Ro- (Medagl Ant. p. 390), has engraved it, and
moreover made it the subject of a learned com-
maius en Or, du Mttsee de Vienne, p. 22 ct seq.
mentary, without however resolving all the
[Here then the opinions of two such high au-
difficulties to which the reverse has given
rise.
thorities those above quoted arc placed in
as
juxta-position, as well where they couflict as Eckhel makes no mention of it. Nor, indeed, has
Vaillant contributed anything to its elucidation,
where they agree with each other, on a matter
but he at once pronounces Crispus to be repre-
of more than ordinary numismatic
iuterest.
sented in the figure of the warrior.
In having done so, the compiler grudges not
the
 GLORIA SAECULI. GOLD COINAGE. 427
M. Ch. Lcnormaut, on the other hand, and
— G. M. Germanicus Maximus. — It thus ap-
with greater shew of reason, says “ The Cicsar pears on a coin of Gallienus imp. g allien vs
who presents the globe appears to us indubitably p. f. avg. c. m. — Banduri, i.

Constantius the Second The trophy which he G. M. Q. &c.

or C. MESS. Q.
Gneus Mes- —
carries, surmounted by a Phrygian cap, points sius Quintus. These are prenomiua of Trajan
to a victory gained over the peoples of the East; Decius. —
See dkcius, p. 313.
and Constantius the only oue of Constantine
is G. M. V. Gemina Minervia Victrix. Name —
the Great’s sons, who had been charged, two of a Roman legion.
years before the death of his father, with an ex- GOLD COINAGE of the Romans. — At the
pedition against the Parthians. The plural period when silver money was introduced into
caesarvm indicates, it is true, several Crcsars Rome, namely in the year u. c. 485 (is. c. 269),
but according to a custom, already become old Roman power had already gained a great in-
at the epoch of Constantine, it is probable that crease. It itself still more and more
extended
the achievements of one Caesar were inter- as riches and the mass of the circulating medium
communicated with the others. A more precise augmented. According to Pliny, gold was first
explanation of this plural is also capable of coined at Rome in the year of that city 547 (b. c.
being furnished. Constantine junior, five years 206). It has been supposed, that amongst the
before the expedition of Constantius, had ob- money issued from that epoch to the time of the
tained a great victory over the Goths probably first Triumvirate, some coins were minted, not
;

it is that prince whom the legend here asso- in Rome but, in oue or other of the Italian cities
ciates with his brother. The panther doubtless subject to Rome. But on this point sufficiently
alludes to the public shews celebrated with the positive data do not exist whence satisfactory
animals which Constantius had brought to Rome inferences can be drawn.
from his eastern campaign. It will be perceived, When gold was first employed by the mo-
that the vonng prince has his right foot placed ncyers of Rome — namely, at the date above
on the tail of the panther, whose mouth is half mentioned, when the war with
llanuibal w as at r

open as if crying out. It is indeed by acting its height, coins in that metal, which, to abide by
on the tail (en agissant sur la queue) that the the statement of Pliny, “ were struck like
most ferocious beasts are tamed. As to the the silver ones, in such a manner, that the
phanix, Buonarotti, ou good ground, affirms, scruple [twenty grains of gold] was equivalent
that this symbol of renovation had been adopted to twenty sestertii [of silver], which, con-
by the first Christians, which serves to explain formably to the standard of sestertii then pre-
to ns why met with on a monument of the
it is vailing, gave 900 sestertii to the pound.
last years of Constantine’s reign. The same Subsequently it became the custom to strike i

Italian antiquary even cites a passage from John 40 denarii to the pound of gold and gradually ;

of Salisbury, a writer of the 13th century, ac- the weight was diminished by successive empe-
cording to -whom the symbol of the phoenix rors by Nero so low as 45 to the pound.”
;

shewed itself from the foundation of Con- And these coins are frequently called by Pliny
stantinople. To what more ancient author denarii, as their half were called quinarii, a
John of Salisbury was indebted for this piece of misapplication of the term, as they were neither
information,we have not been able to verify.” of the weight, nor of the relative value, of
Iconographie des Empereurs Remains, p. 121, the silver coins, though nearly the same in
No. 13.
pi. lvii. dimensions. —
Arrian, too, mentions ‘ a gold
There are gold and silver coins of the same and a silver denarius and Pctrouius says
emperor, but of the ordinary size, having for — ‘ instead of black and white couuters, he
legend of reverse gloria saecvli virtvs caes. used gold and silver denarii.’
with simply two figures standing, the one pre- It is thus that the weight of the gold dena-
senting a globe to the other. rius has been calculated from the ascertained
GL. P. R. Gloria Populi Romani.— Rasehe. weight of the silver one. From Pliny we know
GL. R. Gloria llomanorum. Vaillaut, Pr. — that 84 denarii were struck to the pound of
i. 300.
p. silver. Since each of these weighed 75 Parisian
GL. E. R. Gloria Exercitus Romani. grains, the number of grains required to make
—
Akcrman Rasehe. up the monetary pound would be 6,300. But
G. P. R. Genius Populi Romani. Denarius — as we have already learned from the same au-
of Cornelia gens. 2 B. Hadrian and Antoninus. thority, that 40 denarii were struck to the
GRA. and GRAC. Gracchus. Surname of — pound of gold, you will, by dividing 6300 by
Scmpronia gens. 40, arrive at the number of grains which each
G. T. A. Genius Tutelaris JEggpti, or Africa. gold piece weighed, viz. 157 a- lienee it is —
— Sec silver of Cmcilia gens. clear that the gold denarius weighed more than
GLYCERIUS (Flavius) usurped the empire two silver ones by 7 a grains. And thus it
after the death of Olybrius (the son in law of follows, that from Nero’s time, when 45 denarii
\alentinian III.) a. d. 470, and the next year were first struck to the pound of gold, the
he was forced to abdicate, and content himself weight of the gold denarius was 140 grains.
with the bishopric of Saloua, in Dalmatia. The Roman aureus held the invariable value
Died about the year 480. On his coins, which of 25 denarii, under such regulations, that any
are in gold and silver, of very great rarity, he increase, or diminution, of weight in the aureus,
is styled d. n. glycerivs p. f. avg. should be attended by a corresponding altera-
3 I 2
428 GOLD COINAGE, GOLD COINAGE.
tion in the weight of the denarius. —The above entirely satisfactory ;
but in comparing these
mentioned weight of the aureus is confirmed by data with what we know respecting the value of
abundant testimony. Zouaras speaks clearly ou the gold denarius, 25
this point
— “ Among
the Romans twenty-five and in making the
fixed at silver
calculation of weights, re-
denarii,

drachma: [drachm, 8th part of an ounce Troy sults are arrived at. Moreover we fiud iu the
—
weight] make one gold coin.” Xiphilinus says coins themselves sources of important informa-
the same. —
According to Lucian, 30 aurei arc tion, which ought to serve ns by way of guide,
equivalent to 750 drachma:, and consequently although they relate to only one epoch.
one aureus to 25 drachm®, or denarii. Sueto- — * Three very rare pieces of gold money, which
nius relates, that Otho gave an aureus to each were in all probability struck iu Campania,
of the soldiers composing his outlying cohort under Roman authority during the republic,
and Plutarch, who records the same fact, says, are considered to have been issued, about the
in Greek —
\pvaovv tua/TTy Siavepccv distri- — time when gold coins of Roman die began to
buting to each an aureus. What these authors be struck. These three coins bear the following
call an aureus, Tacitus describes as a sestertius numeral marks \[/ x. (sixty' sestertii) xxxx.
— “ that he might distribute 100 numi to each
:

(forty sestertii) ; xx. (twenty sestertii). There

man of the cohort, which was keeping watch is no doubt as to the accuracy of these interpre-
and ward.” But 100 sestertii arc equal to 25 After the examinations to which the
denarii. Suetonius says of Domitiau “ He — tations.
weight of these pieces were submitted, with
added a fourth aureus to the pay of the soldier, as much exactness as circumstances would
which was three aurei.” Zonaras gives the same allow, the coins being very rare, and few speci-
—
sum in drachm® “ Whereas 75 drachm® were mens of them extant, there appeared the fol-
usually paid to each soldier, he ordered 100 to lowing results, which nevertheless ought to
be paid to them.” This will enable us to un- be regarded only as approximations, for they
derstand the expression of Martial, when he de- were not exactly in agreement with each other
sires that, to the 57 years which he had already Piece of 60 sestertii, weighing three
lived, should be added twice nine more, that he scruples of the Roman pound...... 64 grains.
might complete his Ires aurei of life. lie would Piece of 40 sestertii, weighing two
then have lived 75 years, the number of de- scruples of the Roman pound 43 „
narii contained in three aurei. Piece of 20 sestertii, weighing one
Most authors of modern times state the pro- scruple of the Roman pouud 21 J „
portion of gold to silver, among the ancient The following calculations were subsequently
Romans, as nearly 1 to 12, so that 12 pounds of made :

silver were exchanged for one of gold. Nor docs The scruple of gold being the twenty-fourth
investigation materially contradict this state- part of the ounce, an ancient pound contained
ment ; since for the aureus, which was rather 288 scruples. In multiplying 288 by 21 J grains
more than double the weight of the denarius, weight of the gold piece of 20 sesfbrtii, which
25 denarii were given in exchange. To com- weighed a scruple, we have for the weight of
pare it, for example, with the modern coinage, the ancient pound 6,144 grains. The gold
an aureus of Julius Cicsar, or Augustus, is worth scruple being worth 20 silver sestertii, or five
2 } } } Hungarian or Dutch gold pieces [viz. denarii, the pound of gold, containing 288 scru-
ducats, 2 dwts. 5 J grs. 9s. 5}d. English ples, was worth 1,440 silver denarii.
value], the weight decreasing gradually, in \Ve know from Pliny, already quoted, that
successive periods. 84 silver denarii were made out of one pound of
The proportion or relation borne by Gold to that metal. Dividing 1440 by 84, leaves 17}.
Silver in the coinage of Rome,
a subject, with
is Therefore the proportion of gold to silver was
the abstruse difficulties of which Eckhcl has then that of 1 to 17} pounds of silver, that
powerfully grappled, in his dissertation lie is to say, one pouud of gold was worth 17}

Monetd Aurea Romanorum (v. c. iv. p. 28), pounds of silver.

whence the foregoing passages have been taken. It is necessary, however, to observe, that
Referring the reader to that portion of his these calculations, and the bases ou which they
Doctrina, for other details too copious to be are founded, have not been generally accepted,
even alluded to within our limits, we hereto and that the results have been given by divers
subjoin an extract from M. llcnnin’s Manuel authors, in somewhat different ways. The fol- —
(t. i. ix. p. 183, on “The
Value and Weight lowing arc the principal of these valuations:
of Ancient Money”), in which that scientific Savot fixed the weight of the Roman scruple
French numismatist has given an analysis of at 21 grains, and that of the Roman pound at
the opinions respectively entertained by Savot, 6,048 grains.
Nauze, Barthflemy, Lctronne, and Eckhcl, ou Nauze carries them to 21 grains J, and to
the matter in question :
6,144 grains.
The proportion of gold to silver is more Rome de l’lsle the same as Savot.
easy to establish by proofs, in the case of the Eckhcl the same as Nauze.
Romans than of the Greeks, and we have, M. Lctronne fixed these weights at 21-^-,^
in that respect, certain aids' which fail us in grains, and 6,160 grains.
investigating the monetary systems of other Be it as it may with regard to these differ-
nations. The passages in ancient authors which ences, and some others which nrc not of much
connect themselves with this subject, are not importance, the proportion of gold to silver
 GOLD COINAGE. GOLD COINAGE. 429
was, under the adoption of this system, that of themselves as having been neither sufficiently
1 to about 1 7, when gold was for the first time numerous nor sufficiently exact.
employed in coiuing by the Romans. On the other hand, some passages of ancient
At this epoch, gold existed only in a small writers (Livy, 1.38, c. 11 —
Sucton. J. Caesar,
c. 54), point to data of a different kind. It would
quantity. It became by degrees less rare. It
has been sought to fix the divers scras to which seem, according to those passages, that the propor-
tion in question would have been, at first, that
the relation of this metal with silver was progres-
sively reduced. The details on this subject would
of 1 to 15, afterwards 1 to 10, 1 to 9, and even
less. It is obvious then that these important
be too numerous for us to enter into them. It
points have not yet been cleared up in a satis-
must suffice here to point out what is the opi-
nion most generally entertained on this point. factory manner. From the reign of S. Severus
We subjoin therefore the indication of these the disorder which had introduced itself into
the coinage, with regard to standards, renders
proportions, according to the most universally
adopted system :
the ideas relative to the connection of gold
with silver still more obscure and more intricate;
1. Fromthe vear of Rome 547 (b.c.
and almost goes to set at defiance any further
206) to 560 (b.c. 193) 1 to 17}
endeavours to establish reasonable suppositions.
2. From the above epoch to the vear
Iu the times of the lower empire this obscurity
620 (b.c. 133) "..... 1 to 14}
is still greater.
3. From that epoch to 635 (b.c. 118) 1 to 13
At the epoch of commencing a gold mint
4. From that epoch to 650 (b.c. 103) 1 to 12} at Rome, there were, as we have seen, two
5. From that epoch to 717 (b.c. 36) 1 to 1 11} effective gold coins introduced, viz. a gold
6. F’rom that epoch to 767 (a. n. 14) 1 to 11$$ denarius (worth 25 silver denarii), and a
7. From that epoch to 821 (a. d. 68) quinarius of gold (worth half the gold denarius),
viz. from the death of Augustus to
the gold denarius was also called an aureus. In
the last years of Nero „ „ the third century of the Christian era, this
r [“ A reference to the scales (says Eckhel), money took the name of solidus. Under the
proves the truth of Pliny’s statement, that the lower empire the weights and dimensions of
emperors gradually diminished the weight of the these coins varied greatly, in consequence of the
aureus, 42, 43, and 44 aurei being now struck disorder which then prevailed.
to the pound.”] 2-Gold Coinage of Rome — Was it, during
8. From 821 (a.d. 60) to 970 (a. d. the commonwealth, struck under the ordinary
217) viz. from the last year’s of regulations (ex lege ordinaria) ? This subject
Nero to the last of Caracalla, 45 is discussed by Eckhel (vol. v. pp. 37-42),
aurei to the pound, each weighing iu a way so well calculated to assist in rescuing
8
136 t j grains 1 to 12 from obscurity, and even to render generally in-
[“ The coins themselves (says Eckhel) serve teresting, that recondite but still, from histori-
to confirm this ride not, however, without ex-
;
cal associations, important branch of monetary
ceptions. For the coins of Dotnitian, Nerva, research —
the origin and progress of a gold
and Trajan (iu the first two years of his rcigu) —
currency in Free Rome that, omitting those
weigh 140 grains and more, up to 145. From personal allusions with which his auimadversions
the period when 45 aurei were struck to the on the main question are mixed up in contro-
pound, 96 denarii were struck to the pound of versy by our great preceptor and guide, we shall
silver. If, therefore, 45 be multiplied by 25 not be prevented, merely on account of the
(the number of denarii equivalent to one aureus), extent to which they run, from inserting the
the result will be 1125, and this divided by 96, principal passages of so fine a display of learned
will give a quotient of 11 ff, the proportion research, and acute argumentation. They are
of gold to silver, i. e. nearly 1 to 12.”] D. N. to the following effect :

Vet. v. 33. The remarkable paucity of coins struck in

This scale of variations in the proportion of gold during the republic serves to suggest doubts.
gold to silver is shewn by Eckhel to be far from And to render the fact more evident, Eckhel
certain, lie contends that the doctrine of Barthe- has brought together, at one view, those pieces
lemv and Nauze, which refers to the three aurei, which are attributed to the time of the common-
exhibiting the arithmetical marks i.x. xxxx. wealth down to the government of Julius Cscsar.
and xx. is at once refuted, if that be true which Of these there arc two kinds, viz. :

is now supposed by the majority of writers, viz. First. — Those which belong Epoch I. (547
to
that those celebrated coins, which served as the to 560), inscribed with only the w ord koma, and
r

basis of Barthelcmy’s calculations, are not to be bearing certain arithmetical marks (see p. 428),
reckoned as belonging to the Roman mint, but the type being a head of Mars. And also
are rather to be regarded as the productions of those which belong to Epoch II. (560 to 620),
Magna Gracia or Sicily. In other respects he also with the sole inscription roma the types ;

also from his learned contemporaries

differs —
being head of Janus soldiers touching a sow
;

above-named, whose calculations on this matter with their spears and the Dioscuri.
—
;

he criticises with great freedom and at consider- Second. Those inscribed with the name of
able length, pronouncing them not to have been a family ex. gr. Cornelius, Blasio, C. Servilius,
established iu a clear and authentic mauuer, and Nerva, Furius Philus, and Cn. Lentulus which ;

viewiug the experiments made on the coins are said to have been struck between the years
430 GOLD COINAGE. GOLD COINAGE.
547 and 650. After that time till the reign of poured into Rome the treasures of all Asia?
Julius Caesar, the following: Cl. Clodius, — — But silver coins of both those individuals
Nuinonius, Arrius, Ccstius, Mctellus, Sulla, are extant in abundance, while of gold not one
and Fufms Calenus. has been discovered. If any one is inclined to
The above is the entire list of gold consular wonder, that, in a city of such power and wealth
coins hitherto discovered. Nor is even this per- as Rome, gold was not employed iu its coinage,
fect ;
for must be taken two, namely, the
from it let him extend his surprise to the fact, that so
first cited, as inscribed with the word roma only; far as our present knowledge goes, the same
and which more correctly are to he ascribed to a custom prevailed among the Athenians, whose
foreign mint, as stated in Section I. on this sub- power and resources are well known, but of
ject of theGold Coinage. Also two, the date of whom not a single gold coin has yet been found ;
which should he fixed at the time of J ulius Csesar, and that it prevails at the present day in the
or the Triumvirs for that which Nauze assigns
;
powerful Empire of the Chinese.
to them is often arbitrary, and founded merely on With regard to the statement of Pliny, Eckhcl
conjecture. If then, all these be deducted from asks, “ if this illustrious writer had bestowed so
the scanty number of gold consular coins, much pains on determining the date of the in-
scarcely a tenth part will remain of such as by troduction of a gold coinage into Rome, why did
universal consent are attributed to the age of the he abstain, in the gold coius alone, from noticing
commonwealth. Since, therefore, gold coins of the types by which they were distinguished, or
this class (acknowledged to have been certainly their division into parts, and the names of those
struck from the years 547 to the reign of Julius parts, when he has not failed to describe all
Ca:sar), are so rare, can these furnish any valid these particulars iu the silver and brass coin-
argument, that gold coins were struck, under age? How is it that Livy, who so learnedly
the consuls, by the law ordinarily in force (lege recorded the first striking of silver at Rome, did
ordinarid ?) The point might readily be con- not introduce the slightest allusion to stamped
ceded, if abundant specimens were extant of the gold, when lie arrived at that period of his
few coins of as is the case in the
this class, history, when, according to Pliny, a gold coin-
silver coinage but the fact is, that all the gold
;
age was introduced? Why did no one of the
coins, properly assigned to the times of the con- ancient writers, whilst narrating the events of
suls, are either exceedingly rare, or unique ; a that age, make mention of Roman gold money?
paucity which so little favours the notion of Though, even if any testimony for it existed, it
their being regulated by the same laws as the would prove nothing more than that the author
ordinary coinage, especially under so vast an might have spoken bg anticipation, and thought
empire, that it would seem rather to be totally only of an equivalent value? —
Indeed, according
at variance with it.” to the accounts of ancient writers, and especially
The question then, as to whether there was of Livy, the highest authority of all on this
no gold struck, under the Commonwealth, by subject, it appears, that, before the era stated by
any fixed law ? the author of Doclrina meets by Pliny, or a. u. c. 547, the Romans, iu making
demanding, that a probable reason be first ad- payments, used gold by weight instead of by the
duced, why during the glorious period of a —
number of pieces (i. e. weighed instead of
mighty empire, extending over so long a time, counting it.) Every one is aware, how they re-
scarcely even a few should have been left to us? deemed the capitol from the Gauls, viz. by gold
“It will be conjectured, that they have perished weighed out. In the year u. C. 544 (B. C. 210),
through the injuries of Time. But why should when Hannibal was pressing them hard, and
Time have directed his wrath so specially against the treasury was baukrupt, wrought gold was
this species of coins, when he has been so lenient liberally brought forward by the senators to de-
to the gold coins of Philip II. of Maccdon, fray the expenses of the war. In the following
which preceded by 150 years the alleged date of year, u. c. 545, when the want of money was
the introduction of a gold coinage into Koine still more harassing, it was determined to ap-
‘

and again those of Alexander the Great and Lysi- propriate the gold raised bg the tax of the twen-
rnachus —that they have not even yet ceased to tieth part (durum vicesi atari urn), which was
annoy ns by their abundance and worthlessness ? reserved for emergencies in a more sacred trea-
But to pass over these more important kingdoms sury.’ That, therefore, which supplied the place
there still remain numerous gold coins of Syra- of moneg, would very naturally be called moneg,
cuse, Tarentum, and the remote Cyrcnc, all even subsequently to the period at which Pliny
struck long prior to the period of the gohlen age has fixed the introduction of coined gold iuto
in Rome; and yet how insignificant the terri- Rome.
tory of all these states together compared with “ Lastly, it may be inquired, why we hnvc not
the Roman Empire And so, forsooth, the gold
! a single gold Consular coin restored by Trajan,
coins of Julius Ctcsar, Sextus Pompeius, Brutus, when we possess several Imperial gold coins re-
Cassius, the Triumvirs, could escape destruc-
all stored by that Emperor, who was in the habit
tion, but those which immediately preceded of adhering not merely to the types hut to the
them could not What more reasonable or ap-
! metal also ot his restitutions. Prom this fact a
propriate juncture could there have been for suspicion arises, that at the same time that many
strikiug gold coins, than when L. Scipio, after other privileges were conferred on Julius Ciesar,
lie conquered Autiochus the Great, or Cn. Pom- there was grauted to him also that of striking
pey, victorious over Mithridates and Tigrancs, gold coins in the ordinary course of things (lege
 GOLD COINAGE. GOLD COINAGE. 431
ordinarid), a privilege retained through the conflicting testimony, however, does not give
licence of that age by those who immediately me much trouble since I am not denying that
;

succeeded him, i. e. Sextus Pompeius, Brutus, gold was stamped under the consuls, but simply
the Triumvirs, and others and that those few
;
denying that it was stamped in the ordinary
gold coius, which we have a right to reckon as procedure of the mint. —
Livy himself may give
consular, owe their existence to extraordinary rise to a doubt on the question, when he tells
occasions, which like many other points in us that M. Valerius Licviuus, consul, a. u. c.
history have escaped us ;
though we may readily 544, on the failing of the treasury in con-
account for the appearance of Sulla’s aurei (and sequence of the protracted war with Hannibal,
even they are extremely rare), when we reflect thus addressed the Senators ‘ Let us Senators :

on that Dictator’s power and extravagance. It bring forward to-morrow, for the public benefit,
is needless to iusist on the evidence afforded of all our gold, silver, and stamped brass,’ words —
the fact in question by the law which this very which may appear to indicate, that even at that
Sulla introduced. ‘
By the Lex Cornelia ,’ says time the Romans were using stamped gold. But
Ulpian, * it is enacted, that whosoever shall mix I can easily prove, that in this passage of Livy
any foreign ingredient with the gold, or stamp the word signaturn by no means refers to the
coins of adulterated silver, shall be convicted of gold, but only to the brass, or perhaps also to
fraud.’ Now, if it was then struck in the the silver. I have two reasons for saying this
ordinary course, why does this law use the word First, if the word signaturn refers also to the
aurum simply, and not aureos nurnos, just as, gold, it will follow, that so early as the year
afterwards, nnmos aryenteos ? If, however, 544, the Romans used a gold coinage univer-
any one should consider such a practice to be sally; but on this supposition, we must throw
incredible uuder the commonwealth, and wish to over the authority of Pliny, who states that
have some more tangible reason assigned for it, gold was not stamped at Rome till the year
he would be acting in the same manner as if he u. c. 547. And secondly, that the sense of
were to require to be informed why, on the Livy’s words is such as I have stated it to be,
other hand, from the time of Claudius Gothicus will clearly appear from the succeeding context.
to that of Diocletian, the silver coinage was For, when Lsevinus defines how much of these
almost cutirely stopped, whilst the gold money three metals might be reserved for the use of
continued to be struck under its usual regula- each of the Senators themselves, he specifics the
tions and in abundance. There are many kuotty brass only as stamped (signaturn), and sums up
points in antiquarian research worthy enough of the rest of the fund in wrought (factum) gold
an elucidator, but no deity has as yet appeared and silver to each Senator lie allows an ounce
:

to solve them. Aud for undertook

myself, I of gold for riugs for himself and his wife, aud a
the discussion of these matters, not with a view India for his son a pound of silver for his
;

to convict Pliny of falsehood or a hasty con- and the patella

horses’ caparison, his salt cellar,
clusion, but to challenge those who espouse the of the gods but of stamped brass five thousand
;

side of Pliny, to produce in greater abundance pieces (sestertii.) In another part of his writ-
coins, which by indisputable signs are to be re- ings, Livy explains his meaning more clearly,
ferred to consular times. where, describing the same period of the war
“ I will not conceal the existence of other with Hannibal, he introduces L. Valerius, the
authorities favourable to the upholders of the tribune of the people, thus speaking ‘ Care
—
consular gold coinage, namely, those of Pom- was taken that we should have no more wrought
ponius and Cicero himself. According to Pom- gold and silver, no more stamped silver and
ponius. ‘ the Monetal Triumvirs’ were con- brass, in our houses.’ The purport of which
stituted ‘
strikers (coiners) of brass, silver, and words has been well rendered by Isidores
gold,' about the year 465 (n. c. 189). Cicero, ‘
There arc,’ he says, ‘ three kinds of silver,
in his about the year TOO
epistle to Trebatius, gold, aud brass, the stamped, the wrought, and
(b. c. 54), says
—
‘ I advise you
: to keep out of the unwrought. The stamped is that which is
the way of the Treviri [the men of Treves a play — coined; the wrought appears in vases and sta-
* * *
on the words Triumviri Monetalcs], 1 hear that tues the unwrought in masses.’
;

they are sharp fellows (capitales). I would “ Though, however we may come to the con-
rather that they were charged with the striking clusion, that the Romans at the period in ques-
of gold, silver, and brass.’ And again, in his tion almost wholly abstained from coining gold,
third book Be Legibus, chap. 3, a work which there was, notwithstanding, no deficiency of
appears to have seen the light two years after gold money in Rome, when w c consider the
r

Kabricius, he enunciates this law ‘

Let them : abundance of it which flowed
from foreign in
|

publicly coin brass, silver, and gold.' The pas- countries. I refer to the Philippei, or coins bear-
sage from Pomponius claims but little attention. ing the names of Philip II. king of Macedon,
That writer’s statement, even if its truth be the extraordinary number of which that found
admitted, may certainly be modified in the in- their way to Rome may
be seen stated in Livy.
terpretation. But there is a weightier authority Quinctius, returning in triumph from Greece
in both the passages of Cicero for though the ; brought with him 14,515 Philippei; Scipio
former of them be spoken in joke, and in the Asiaticus, after the conquest of Antiochus the
latter he be laying down a rule of his own, it is Great, 140,000 ; M. Fulvius, on his triumph
nevertheless evident that the writer is alluding over the iEtoliaus, 12,422; Cn. Manlius, hav-
to a rccoguized institution of his country. This ing reduced the Gallogrreci, 16,320. If so —
432 G0LTZ1ANI. GOLTZIAXI.
enormous n sum was thus transferred to the fidcncc reasonable to place in Goltzius with
it is

treasury of Rome by the rapine of war, as stated refcreucc to medals, which that antiquary had
by Livy alone, and that in a part of his writ- professed to have drawn from the originals with
ings wretchedly mutilated, what must have been his ow n hand, yet which, on examination, arc
tbe amount produced by private speculation, aud not to be fouud at the present day.” —
It seems
by the commercial intercourse between the Ro- that this dissertation never saw the light a :

mans and the Greeks ? What I have advanced circumstance to be regretted inasmuch as such
;

respecting this employment of foreign money in a work, emanating from a man of Bimard’s
Rome, receives remarkable confirmation from erudition, integrity, aud judicious application of
the expressions of Pompeius Festus For the
— ‘ numismatic knowledge, to every branch of the
Romans were in the habit, even from the time science, would have been a great aid to simple
of Romulus, of using foreign (uUramarinis) truth aud justice in a case like the one in ques-
coins of stamped gold and silver a fact proved
; tion.
both by public and private memoranda.’ Lac- Eckhel, who had entered early into the Golt-
tantius relates, that the Sibyl demanded of Tar- ziau controversy, and with characteristic energy
quinius Prisons three hundred Pkilippei for her encountered the arguments employed by the par-
—
Nine Books of Prophecy. I shall not stop to tisans of Goltzius to exonerate him from suspi-
consider the absurd anachronism by which Tar- cion of fraud — avails himself of his Bibliotheca
quin and Philip are made contemporaneous. Numismatica, to repeat his charges, the correct-
Thus much the author, who in other matters ness of which further and more deliberate in-
was well enough informed, intended to convey, vestigation had only served to confirm in his
that when the Romans had no gold coinage of own mind. Rendering a free tribute of praise
their ow u, they availed themselves of that of a
r
and appreciation to the singular diligence and
foreign nation. Consequently, if at so remote a industry of the celebrated author, in acquiring
period of their history, the Romans were well numerous coins, and obtaining access to others,
supplied with foreign money, how much greater and allowing him the merit that belongs to an
an abundance of must they have had at their
it indefatigable spirit of research amongst ancient
command in after times, when the treasures of monuments, and of great learning, particu-
so many vanquished kingdoms rolled into their larly in Roman History, displayed in the ex-
city !”— D. N. V. v. 37-42. planation of those relics of antiquity; Eckhel
GOLTZIANI numi.—A term given to the coins nevertheless contends, that the greater part of
engraved in the Fasti the Historia Impp. Julii,
;
the coius coutaiued iu the plates of Goltzius are
Augusti, et Tiberii ;
the Thesaurus ; the Gricciae counterfeit —
that scattered up aud dow n his vo-
et Siciliic numismata; and other works, by Hu- lumes many coius are to be found, genuine of
bert Goltz, or Goltzius. Of this extraordinary their kind, but which the author lias dishonestly
man’s proceedings, much has been written by nu- falsified —that he frequently states a coin to be
mismatists both of the elder and the more modern gold, which in the original is only silver. That
school on the one liaud to support his character;
;
whilst he delineates an abundance of consular
and on the other to impugn not only his accu- coins which no one ever saw, or is likely to see,
racy but his veracity and good faith. The most he gives many which have no pretensions to
unqualified panegyrist of the learned and indus- rarity, and includes in his copious engravings
trious Autwerpian’s labours, and least scrupulous —
none of the restitutions of Trajan. Alluding to
defender of his literary conduct, is Mcdiobarbus. his work on Sicilian coius, the l’rincc of Torre-
Next in flic rank of admirers and supporters are muzza, speaking of the medals of Drcpanc, says,
antiquarian critics of no less eminence than “ the good faith of Goltzius is to be suspected.”
Noris, Pagi, Tilleraont, aud Dodwell to these : Florez, the devoted collector, and profound critic,
must be added the name of Pinkerton, who, of the Higpauian mint, refers in terms of ridi-
without hesitation, “recommends Goltzius, tho’ cule to that cornucopia; of coins assigned to
all hisworks have many coins not fouud in cabi- Spanish cities, ns struck after the reign of Culi-
nets. Yet, adds our English Essayist on Medals, gida, and published by Goltzius. —
Spanheim,
it is certain that he was often imposed upon, mentioning a coin adduced from tbe same fertile
and his works must be used with great caution.” source, observes
—
“ it has hitherto remained
— Similar language had previously been used by elsewhere unseen, and is therefore justly to be
Vaillant, Morel, Havcrcamp, and others who held in suspicion.
profess general deference to Goltzius as a numis- Andrew Morel, in a letter to Ferizoni, says,
matic authority, but who finish by exhibiting “ Xumi consularcs Goltzii, online nlphabetico,
particular examples of his dealings with legends ad finem operis adjecti sunt, sicut libri apocryphi
and types oil both Greek and Roman coins, that canonieis, quia dubiic sunt tidui, rt major pars
destroy the very foundation of contideucc in baud ineertas notas falsitatis pne sc fert.”
what he has written aud engraved respecting [The consular coins of Goltzius are subjoined,
them. The sentiments of Bimard dc la Bastie in alphabetical order, at the end of the work,
and of Eckhel, arc most decidedly Anti-Goltzian. just as the Apocrypha is added to the canonical
The former in his notes on Jobcrt, (t. i. p. 99), books of Scripture, because their genuineness is

intimates that it was his intention to have pub- suspected, and the majority of them present
lished a dissertation on the subject of a MS. unequivocal indications of fraud.]
" Tantus
volume left by Goltzius on Imperial Medals, in 1 lavercamp subjoins to the foregoing,

which he would have shewn what kind of con- Goltziauorum uumoruui est numenis, qui nus-
 GOLTZIANI. GORDIANUS I. 433
qiiain observant ar, quorundam quoqne non in- family. His father was Mctius Marulus, his
justa velut subditoram suspicio, ut a Morellii mother Ulpia Gordiaua. lie was born about the
scntcntia
proportion
neqnaquam disccdam.”
Goltzian
— [So
coins
large a
have never
year of Rome 940 (a. d. 157). Of a mild, just,
and munificent disposition, correct in morals
of the
come under observation, whilst to some of them and dignified in manners ; well versed in the
attaches a justifiable suspicion of spuriousness, higher branches of literature, loving and cul-
that I find it impossible to differ from the opi- tivating both eloquence and poetry, he soon
nion of Morel.] obtained public offices, and displayed his vir-
Entertaining such opinions as these, is it not tues and moderation in a remarkable man-
to be lamented that they should have copied ner. His edileship was a splendid one ; for the
so many of the Goltzians into the Thesaurus, riches of his family enabled him to serve that
both consular and imperial, which one of these ruinously expensive magistrature with great bril-
learned men collected materials for, and the liancy. In 96G (a. d. 213), he was consul
other contributed his explanatory comments for the first time. In 982 (a. d. 229), his
upon ? It has doubtless tended much to mislead second consulate was in collcagueship with the
and confuse the student, and was an inconsistent Emperor Alexander Severus, replacing in the
step to take in a work of such standard value. middle of the year Dion Cassius, the historian.
“ That Goltzius (says Eckhcl) has in his The emperor sent Gordian into Africa, as pro-
works presented an incredible number of coins, consul, and appointed his son to be his lieu-
of which the like were never again seen from tenant. In that province lie won, as governor,
that time —is a fact not only not denied, but the affection of the governed —
and this popu-
even extolled by the writers who patronise his larity proved at once glorious and fatal to him.
cause. I refer my reader however to testi- —
991 (a. d. 238). A procurator (commis-
monies of the most learned men, which shew that sioner) of Maximinus arriving in Africa, and
it is not only extremely suspicious but positively having by his exactions exasperated the people,
beyond belief, that one man should have been was killed by some young nobles. These rash
able to obtain, or even to have inspected in men, to escape the anger of the Thracian savage,
museums then known in Europe, coins of such a who would have been sure to avenge the death
nature, and iti such overflowing abundance, as of his officers in a cruel manner, compelled
neither the extensive means of princes, nor the Gordian, then 80 years of age, and who was at
stubborn cupidity of wealthy individuals, nor the the moment at Thysdras, to accept the empire,
eager competition of those who all their lives which they also decreed to his son. This choice
have been occupied in poring into the bowels of of the army and province was approved by
their native soil, for the purpose of extracting the Senate and by the whole city of Rome,
therefrom the relics of antiquity have since — who detested Maximinus on account of his
succeeded in discovering or procuring. In this ferocious tyranny. A senatus consultum pro-
respect the Kiugs of France, as well as Pelleriu, claimed the deposition of Maximinus, and the
Hunter, Ennery, &c. were nothing as compared accession of the two Gordians. The new Augusti
to Goltzius.” did not long enjoy the honours of imperial
Now, it often happens in numismatic pur- sovereignty. Capellianus, governor of Maure-
suits, thatby the effect of time and other tania, enraged against Gordian, the father, who
causes operating injuriously on the legends of had superseded him in that lieutenancy, marched
ancicut coins, the eyes of the most skilful may upon Carthage with a numerous army. On re-
be deceived, and false opinions may be based ceiving this intelligence, the elder Gordian,
thereon, without the least infringement on the under the desponding impression, that he should
principles of honesty. It is not, however, on not be able to resist so vast a multitude of assail-
any such grounds that Eckhel accuses Goltzius ants, put an end to his life by strangulation. His
of imposture. He combats offences of quite an- son was slain in the conflict which took place
other description. By examples taken from when the partizans of Capellianus entered Car-
Goltzius’ own works, tested by coins in the Im- thage. Thus perished both father and son,
perial Museum, Eckhcl proves that the cele- after having joint ly held the supreme power
brated Flemish antiquary, not from error or about forty-five days. The Senate in token of
inadvertency, but with a deliberate attempt at its regrets placed the two Augusti in the rank
deception, has affixed to really genuine coins of the gods. Gordian senior had married Fabia
inscriptions of a different and a spurious kind. Orestilla, great grand-daughter of Antoninus
— See Doclrina Num. Vet. v. c. xxii. p. cxl. et Pius, by whom he had Gordian, afterwards his
scq — Prolegomena Generalia.
.
associate in the empire, and Metia Faustina,
wife of Junius Balbus, a consular personage.
His style is IMP. C. (or CAES.) M. ANT.
GORD1ANVS AFR. AVG. His coins consist
of silver and brass, and are of extreme rarity.
The Latin pieces are considered (by Ileunin) to
have been struck at Carthage. If so, they arc a
credit from their workmanship to the mint of
the African province. But it is much more
GORDIANUS I. (y [arcus Antonins) Afri- probable they were minted at Rome.
canus senior, was the issue of an illustrious

3 K
 434 GORDIANUS I. GORDIANUS II.
MINTAGES of GORDIANUS AFR. PATER. province (a. d. 238). He was killed
a few weeks
S'lver.—c °n c °r d, a avo. Woman afterwards, fighting valiantly at the
^
(Valued by Mionnet
seated. head of the
at 110 fr.)— p. m. tr. i>.
troops which his father and lie
had levied to
cos. p. p.
Figure standing, in the toga, with oppose the advance from Mauretania
of Capcl-
laurel twig. (£3 15s, Pembroke; £7 5 s. Tho- lianus, a ready instrument of
Maximin’s cruelty,
mas £3 6 s. Brumell J64 4s. Tovcy.) lie was forty-six ycar 9 old when
;
sect-;
he died har-
iutas avg. or avgg. Woman seated. ing occupied the rank of Augustus
;

(£3 3 s. for oulv the

Drumell £3 19 s Sabatier).— Victoria short space of forty days.
; .
avgg. The name of his
(td 8s. Thomas).— virtvs avgg. wife is unknown.
(£4 5s. Tho- His son was Gordiauns 111.
mas; £4 Os. Campana). called Pina.
ROMAE aeternae. Rome the victory-bearer The Gordiani father and son, having adopted
,
seated. Obv. imp. m. a.\t. gordianvs. afr. the same legend, it is dillicidt to
distinguish,
avg. Head of the elder Gordian. amongst the coins of those emperors, what be-
(£3 3s.
Brumell ; £3 6 s. Sabatier sale. long to the one and what to the other.—
Engraved at Eckhel
the head of this article). (vii. 31) has treated this
question in a satisfac-
First Brass. p. m. tr. p. cos. p. tory manner, lie agrees with Vaillant, that
p. Figure
standing, habited in the toga, holding in the the pieces which bear the legend
p. m. tr. p.
right band an olive branch, and a truncheon in cos. p. p. arc the only ones which
can with
the left. (Mt. 45 Engraved
fr.) certainty be attributed to Gordian the
fie Christine. — provident, avgg.
in the Cabinet
s. A woman
father.
As to the other pieces, the monographic indica-
stands with cornucopia! pointing tions arc our only guide.
to a globe. Frequently the lean-
(£4 Is. Devonshire). Engraved in Akcrman, ness of the father, the good condition
i. and more
P- 461, pi. 8, No. 1. — SECVRITAS AVGG. A marked features of the son, lead to distinc-
woman seated. (£3
Thomas).
aeternae. Rome seated. (Mt. 45 fr.) vic-
Is. Od.
romae — tions nearly indubitable.
In other respects,
the uncertainty remains complete; and
above
toria avgg. Victory walking. all, one is iudisposed to ask
(£3 11s. Od. how an octogena-
Thomas; £2 12 s. Campana). rian in age, and a man of forty-six
years, could
*** The easiest method, have been represented in a manner almost
according to M. Rol- iden-
lin, of Paris, for classifying tical?
the rare medals of It is even possible that at Rome, where
the two first Gordians, is to these coins
remember that on were struck in great haste, the
the father’s the hair is fuller on artistshad at their disposal only the portraits
the forehead,
and the cheek is rather sunk in through of the elder Gordian, already old, and
age’ which
whilst the son is bald in front, but remounted to the epoch of his maturity of man-
has a much'
fuller face.—Note in p. 126 of the Campana hood.— M. Leuormaut, Iconographie 'Romaine,
Sale Catalogue .

If we apply
these remarks to the dcuarii, we
shall unquestionably recognize each Gordian as
prefixed to the notices of their respective
reigns.
The large brass are more embarrassing : and in
general it is to be observed, that these
monies,
struck at Rome by authority of the Senate,
are
those of which the iconographie characters
arc
less distinct. Some of them would appear to
belong to the son from their apjiearancc more
GORDIANUS II. (Marcus Antoninus), son
;

assimilating with the meridian of life; others

of Gordianus Afrieanus I. and of Fabia Orcs- would be assigned to the father, to judge from
tiUa, was born under the reign of Commodus,
the strongly indicated signs of old age,
a. d. 191. He was instructed iu the highest which
they present.
and most clegaut branches of literature bv
Sere- The two Gordians, proclaimed in Africa, had
nas Sammonicus the younger, who left him
his neither time nor opportunity to arrive nt Rome
library composed of 62,000 volumes,
and he a fact which shows that the Seuatc did
profited from the instructions he had not
received always wait for the actual entry of the new
trom his friend and preceptor to render
himself emperor iuto the capital, before they caused
accomplished in the study of the law, and more-
brass money to be minted bearing his
over gained a high reputation amongst image
the and subscription. The abbreviation on some
writers of his time, in publishing
several works reverses avgg.
both in prose and verse, which
for avgvstohvm, recalls to
reflected honour mind that there were then two Augusti.
on his talents and attainments.
Capitolinus, in
praising him for these high qualities,
adverts to MINTAGES OF GORDIANUS AFRICANUS
his handsome figure, courteous
demeanour, and JUNIOR.
mildness of character; but at the same
time On coins lie is styled IMP. C. (or CAES)
remarks that he was too foud of women
He M. ANT. GORDIANVS. AFR. AVG.—The fol-
was questor under Elagabalus pretor aud
con- ;
lowing list of reverses in silver and large brass
sul under Alexander Severus,
by whom (a d shews, that like those of the father their rarity
229) he was appointed the leoatus of his father
constitutes their greatest merit.
in Africa, and was acknowledged emperor
with Silver,— Concordia avgg. Concord seated.
him at the eud of eight years' residence iu that
I
(Valued by Mionnet at lOOfr.) fuomuentia
 GORDIANUS III. GORDIANUS III. 435
avoo. Providence stands leaning on a column, but was defeated and taken prisoner by the go-
a globe at her feet. (Brought £5 10s. at the vernor of Mauretania, through the treachery of
Devonshire £4 Is. at the Thomas ; £5 at the
;
his own party. The young emperor planted at
Tovcy, sales.) victoria avog. (£4 5s. Viminacium (see the word), a city of Upper
Thomas). virtvs avgg. A military figure. Mresia (now Widdin), a colony which dates its
(£6 10s. Devonshire; £3 15s. Pembroke; foundation from this year.
£3 14s. Thomas; £-1 Campana; £1 2s. Brumcll) —
994 (a. d. 241). This year, which was that
—
Large Brass. providentia avgg. (Mt. of Gordian’s second consulate, Sapor I. king of
501'r.) uomae aeternae. Home seated. (£4 7s. the Persiaus, invaded Mesopotamia, then sub-
Thomas £4 18s. Campana.) victoria avgg.
; ject to the Romans and the terror which his
;

Victory walking. (Mt. 50 fr.). virtvs. avgg. arms inspired, spread not only in the East, but
Military figure, s. c. in the field. (£2 12s. Pem- through Italy itself. The Sapor in question was
broke i £4 2s. Brumell; £4 10s. Tovey.) — son of that Artaxerxes who, after overthrowing
Same legend. Mars carrying a trophy and a the Arsacidm, brought Parthia again under Per-
lauce (Cat. d' Ennery ; valued by Mionnet at sian rule, as it is said, during the reign of Alex-
CO fr.) ander Scverus. Gordianus III. made immense
preparations to meet this powerful foe. The
same year he married Sabinia Tranquiliina.
—
995 (a. d. 242). Gordian left Rome and pro-
ceeded through Msesia aud Thrace into Asia,
and thence into Syria. He defeated Sapor in
several battles and, recapturing from him many
;

cities which the latter had taken from the

Romans, drove the Persian monarch out of
Mesopotamia.
996 (a. d. 243). — In consequence of his
triumph in a biga of
brilliant successes in war, a
elephants was decreed to Gordianus 111. (see
the monetal record of this fact in p. 203).
Misitheus, prefect of the pretorian guard, father-
in-law of the emperor, and who had greatly
GORDIANUS PIUS (or III.) — The year of contributed to his successes, on the same occa-
this youug prince’s birth is not ascertained. sion triumphed in a quadriga of horses. That
All that appears certain is that his anniversary w'ise and true friend of the emperor died the
fell on the 13th of the calends of February (20t'h same year, poisoned, as it was believed, by
January), lie was the grandson of Gordianus Philippus, an Arabian, who fatally succeeded
I. but whether by his son Gordianus II. or by
him in the dignity of pretorian prefect.
his daughter, is still unknown. In the year of
Rome 991 (a.d. 238), the youngest Gordian, who
—
997 (a. d. 244). This artful aud ambitious
man, having an eye upon empire, intercepted
was at Rome when the two African Gordiaus the supplies for the campaign, and thus irritated
were massacred, was named Priuce of the Youth the army against their priuce. Gordian was
by the Senate. The people who loved him, in assassinated at Zeila, on the Euphrates, in the
remembrance of his relations, had never ceased month of February, in the 22nd year of his age,
to besiege the capitol until the dignity of Cmsar after hehad reigned about six years.
had been conferred on him. He was then thir- “ Thus terminated the life of Gordianus III.
teen or sixteen years of age. Pupicnus and Bal- in whom nothing was wanting to establish the
binus were elected Augusti. The same year character of a first-rate prince, except a longer
Pupicnus
993 proceeded to the war against Maximi- life. The love of the people, founded on the
nus, whilst Balbinus and Gordianus acted on the merits of his grandfather and father, conferred
defensive at Rome. A serious tumult arising upon him first the title of Csesar, and then that
between the pretorian guards and the people, of Augustus and so adored was he for the
;

the young Cmsar was lifted up and shewn to the beauty of his person, and the suavity of his
contending parties, which had the effect of allay- manners, that the Senate and army called him
ing their excited feelings, and bringing about" a their son, and the people their darling. A re-
reconciliation. The authority of the new em- markable proof of the excellence of his dis- •

perors was re-established by the death of Maxi- position was shewn in the docility with which,
minus and of his sou Maximus. At the end of at an age exposed to every temptation, he
the month of July, in the same year, Balbinus listened not to the voice of passion, but to the
and Pupicnus being put to death by the pre- sage counsels of Misitheus, than whom the em-
torians, Gordianus was formally declared Augus- pire could boast no one more learned, eloquent,
tus by the unanimous voice of the pretorians or distinguished in the arts of peace and war;
—
and the Senate. In 992 (a. d. 239), Gordianus and whom he had chosen, not only as his prefect
111. proceeded consul for the first time. History of the pretorian guard, but as his father-in-law,
records nothing certain respecting the events of by marrying his daughter Tranquiliina. As he
this year. was happy, so long as he had the advantage of
(a. d. 240), or the following year, Sabini-
such a man’s assistance, so was he most un-
auus usurped the imperial government in Africa, fortunate in his selection of a successor. For
3 K 2
436 GORDIANUS III. GORDIANUS III.

by appointing Philippas, tliro’ whose nefarious vonshirc ; £2 2s. Campana. p. m. tr. p. ii.
arts it was supposed that Misithcus himself met Jupiter the protector aud a little figure. (Mt.
his death, he fell a victim to his ingratitude and 50 fr.) p. m. tr. p. iiii. cos. n. Figure seated
hostility, the atrocious manner above de-
in with olive twig. (£3 Cs. Sabatier sale). p. m.
scribed. The
soldiers afterwards erected his tr. P. vi. cos. ii. Emperor with lance and
tomb at the Circcsian camp on the borders of globe. (£2 5s. Trattle). virtvti avgvsti.
Persia, and Ammianus Marcellinus affirms, that Hercules (Farnese) rcstiug on his club. (£3
as late as the time of Julianus II. it was seen by 10s. Thomas £3 4s. Brumell).
;

himself, and that it was a conspicuous object Silver. p. m. tr. p. iiii. cos. ii. Emperor
from a considerable distance. The life of Gor- in a quadriga, crowned by Victory. principi
dian III. has been given at great length by I went. Emperor with globe and hasta. (Mt.
Capitoliuns.” I). N. V. vol. vii. 309, 310, 313. 24 fr. each).
The Latin coins of Gordianus Pius are rare Brass Medallions. adlocvtio avgvsti. —
in gold; but for the most part common in silver Emperor and four other military figures.
and brass, except those with the title of Ctesar. (Brought £7 10s. at the Thomas sale. In
Before his accession to the empire, the youngest Mionnet it is valued at 120 fr.) mvnificentia
Gordian is styled M. ANT. GORDIAN VS —
gordiani avg. Amphitheatre, bull aud ele-
CAES, (the head bare) a. d. 238. The same phant combatting. — Sec Munificentia. (Mionnet
year, ascending the throne on the death of Bal- 300 fr.) P. M. tr. P. v. cos. II. The great
binus and Pupienus, his coins exhibit the titles circus, with wrestling, chariot raciug, &c.
of IMP. CAES. M. ANT. GORDIANVS AVG. (Mt. 300 fr.)
and these he bore during the two first years of p. M. tr. p. v. cos. ii. Rome presenting
his reign. —
In a. d. 239, the title of PIVS was a globe to the emperor, in presence of two pre-
added in 240, the further addition was made
; toriaus. traiectvs. Trireme, with several
of FELIX and to the end of his life he pre-
; figures. victoria avgvsti. Emperor and
served the style of IMP. GORDIANVS PIVS attendauts, sacrificing before a round temple, as
FELi> AVG. in the silver mcdalliou described above.
(Miounet values these three medallions at 200
MINTAGES OF GORDIANUS III.
The em-
Gold Medallion. —
mleturm (sic .) pbo-
PVGNATOREN (sic .) Mars armed with buckler
fr. each). liberalitas avgvsti
peror aud several other figures.
—
(Mt. 150 fr.)
pax aeterna. Sun in a quadriga, the em-
ii.

and Obv. nip. gordianvs pivs pelt.

lance. peror sacrificing, &c. (A specimen, partially
(sic.) avo. Radiated head of Gordianus Pius. injured, obtained £4 19s. at the Thomas sale.)
(Mionnet values this piece, which is of barbar- pontipex max. tr. p. iiii. cos. ii. Emperor
ous workmanship, at 200 fr. See De la llarete in a quadriga, full-faced, crowned by a victory,
ties Med. t. i. p. 394). a foot soldier on each side of the horses. (£7 5s.
Silver Medallions. aeqvitas avgvsti. — Thomas.)
The three moucLe. (Mionnet, 200 fr.) virtvs felicitas avgvsti. —
vict. gordiani. Prc-
avgvsti. Emperor and the Sun supporting a torian galley. pontifex max. tr. p. ii. cos.
globe, with trophy, standards, captives, and ii. Emperor in a quadriga, holdiug a Roman
soldiers. (Brought £12 at the sale of Mr. Saba- eagle. pont. max. tr. p. ill. Rome present-
tier’s collection, lot 433). —
moneta avgvsti. ing a globe to the emperor, accompanied by two
The monetic type. (Mt. 250 fr.) profectio soldiers. pont. max. tr. p. iiii. cos. ii. Em-
avg. Emperor on horseback and other figures). peror in a quadriga crowned by Victory Rome ;

Mt. 300 fr.) victoria avg. Emperor aud leads tbc horses, preceded by soldiers holding
several attendauts sacrificing before a round palms. victoria avg. Emperor seated, Victory
temple, on the front of which is read NE1KH crowning him in the group arc captives with
;

oriAOi-opoc. (Mt. 300 fr.) military ensigns. victoria avgvsti. Emperor

—
Gold. aeternitati avg. Sun standing. on horseback, preceded by a Victory, and
(£3 3s. .Brumcll sale). aeqvitas avg. (£2. escorted by soldiers bearing trophies aud eagles.
2s. Pembroke; £2 12s. Sabatier). concordia This alludes to Gordian’s successes over the
AVG. — —
PE LICIT. TEMP. FIDES MIL1TVM. (48 fr. Persians. (The foregoing seven arc valued by
each.) iovi statori. (£4 5s. Trattle ;
Saba- Mionnet at 120 fr. each.)
tier, £2 DIANA LVCIFERA. (£2
12s.) 3s. Trat- virtvs avgvsti. Emperor crowned by Vic-
tle).— LAETIT1A avo. N. (Trattle, £5 12s. 6d.) tory and three other figures. (Mt. 150 fr.) —
— liberalitas avo. (£4 5s. Trattle).— pie-
ii.
;

fides exercitvs. Two military figures joining

tas avgvsti. (£5 12s. Trattle).— p. m. tr. p. ii. —
hands p. m. tr. p. vi. cos. ii. Impcrutor
aud ill. cos. ii. p. p. Sacrificial group. (£3 10s. eques, Victory, and soldiers. (The two fore-
Brumcll). P. M. tr. p. ii. Soldier stauding (a going 100 frs. each, Mionnet).
finely-preserved specimen bought at the Thomas p. M. tr. p. vii. cos. n. P. P. The interior —
sale for £4 providentia avo. Provi-
10s.) of a circus. Iu the centre of the spina is an
dence with globe. (£3 10s. Thomas).-sECVRiTAS obelisk ;
two extremities are three
at each of the
avg. (£2 Trattle; £1 8s. Sabatier). SEcvitrr. — metis of a form.
conicIn the fore ground,
perp. Security leaning on a column. (Mt. several groups the first, to the right, exhibits
;

48 fr.) victoria avg. A Victory holding a two gladiators fighting ; the second, two wrest-
wreath and palm branch. (£3 Is. Trattle ; £3 lers the third, two alhlette , exercising them-
;

10s. Thomas, £2 12s. Pembroke; £3 7s. De- selves in the use of the halteres (the dumb-
 GOTHI. GOTHI. 437
bells of modern gymnastics) ;
the fourth, two the IIuus, having passed the Pains Mceotis,
other athletes combatting with the cestus came like an impetuous torrent upon the Goths,
the fifth, a wounded gladiator, led out of the subdued the Ostrogoths, and driving the Visi-
circus by an apparitor. Behind the spina are goths from their new country established them-
two quadrigae driven at a racing pace by selves there in their room. The Visigoths thus
their respective aurigee. And lastly, quite in compelled to emigrate across the Danube, applied
the back-ground, a car drawn by six horses, for support to Valens, and that emperor, without
in which stands the emperor, holding a branch any treaty, and even without disarming them,
of laurel, accompanied by Victory, and pre- gave up to their possession a portion of Thrace,
ceded bv three pretorians carrying palms. Obv. w'hence they soon afterwards began to make war
1 M Vendor GORDIANVS PI VS FELIX AV- upon other provinces of the empire. Valens pro-
G ust us. Bust of Gordiauus 111. laurcated, ceeded to attack them near Hadrianopolis, but
clothed in the paludamentum, the lance resting his army having been cut to pieces, and himself
on his right shoulder. On the front of his wounded by an arrow, he took refuge in a cabin,
cuirass, the emperor is figured on horseback, w here he was burnt alive a. d. 278. The Visi-
overthrowing two barbarians. goths, intoxicated with this success, went on
This fine monument belongs to the last year of carrying fire and sword everywhere, and set
Gordian’s rcigu. For au engraving of the re- about besieging Constantinople. Theodosius the
verse, see p. 203. That of the obverse is Great, Valens’ successor, from a. d. 379 to 382,
placed at the head of the biographical summary, gained several victories over them, forcing them
(p. 435). The original is in the Cabinet de and their king Athanaricus to submit to his
France. Mionnet values it at 300 francs. laws. After the death of that emperor (a. d. 395),
—
Large Brass. adlocvtio avgvsti. (Mt. the Visigoths elected for their monarch Alaric
40 fr.) AETERNITA8 avgvsti. Equestrian who, after the death of Stilicho, the intriguing
statue. (Mt. 30 fr.) and ambitious minister of Honorius, invaded
liberalitas avovsti mi. Three figures Italy, and besieged Rome, which was obliged to
seated, and several others standing. p. M. tk. — pay a heavy ransom (a. d. 408). The following
p. li. cos. Emperor in a quadriga. virtvs — year Rome, again besieged by the Visigothic
avgvsti. Emperor on horseback. (Mt. 20 fr. king, was taken by him ; and Priscus Attalus
each.) was proclaimed emperor under his protection.
Middle Brass. victor. — mart,
Sacrifice In a. d. 410, Attalus was deposed by Alaric,
before a roundon the frieze is in-
temple, who was then on the point of concluding a
scribed ©EOT onAO*OPOT. (Mt. 48 fr.)— treaty with Honorius. But in a fit of irritation
pontif. maxim, tr. P. Rome seated, three and caprice, the Visigoth broke off his negocia-
figures standing. (20 fr.) poxtif. max. cos. tions with the emperor, and restored to Attains
ii. Emperor in a quadriga, crowned by Victory, the imperial title; but almost immediately again
preceded by a soldier. (40 fr.) deprived him of it. He then marched to Rome,
p. M. tr. p. vi. cos. ii. Apollo seated on a which he took and pillaged. Alaric died A. d.
throne, resting on the lyre, holding a laurel 410 ; and was succeeded by his brother-in-law
branch. Engraved in Lenormant, Iconog. Rom. Ataulphus, who after a time retired with his
p. 92, pi. vi. No. 8. secvrit(as) pekpet(va). army into Gaul, where he instituted the king-
Security stands resting herself on a column. dom of the Visigoths in Aquitania and Gallia
Engraved in Iconog. Rom. p. 92, pi. vi. No. 8. Narbonnensis (since called Languedoc), and
—
GOTHI The Goths; ancient tribes of north- Italy was once more left free from invaders.
ern Europe, who inhabited the borders of the In a. d. 476, Odoaccr, king of the Hcruli,
Vistula to its month in the Baltic Sea, where at being invited by the party of Junius Nepos to
the present stands the city of Dantzic. This bar- enter Italy with a vast army of barbarians, com-
barous people spreading themselves as far as the pelled the then reigning and last Emperor of the
Oder, combined with the lleruli, and during the West, Romulus Augustus, to abdicate his
reign of Marcus Aurelius passed the Vistula, and throne, and retire as an exile into Campania.
proceeding south eastward as far as the Rains In 477, the Eastern, or Ostrogoths, were called
Mceotis (now sea of Asof), took possession of in to the assistance of Zeno, Emperor of the East,
Dacia after having crossed the Borysthencs (now against Odoacer, and the result, after many
the Dnieper). Afterwards those who inhabited battles,was their amalgamation in Italy with
the more eastern parts towards the Black Sea the lleruli, and the foundation of a kingdom
(Pontus Euxinus), were called Ostrogoths, or there under Theodoricus, who died 526. The
Eastern Goths ; the others who dwelt towards the Gothic monarchy in Italy lasted from that
west were called Visi-goths, or Western Goths. period till the year 553 —
77 years ; and the
These two nations ravaged at different times many series of its kings is — Theodoricus, Athalaricus,
provinces of the Roman empire. In the time of Theodahatus, Witigcs, Ilildibaldus, Araricus,
Gallicnus, the whole of Thrace was depopulated Baduela, Theias. It was these diademed chiefs
by them. (Vaillant.) —
Claudius II. Tacitus, of the hardy northern warriors, who under the
Probus, Constantine and his sons, Julian II. successive reigns of Anastasius, Justinus, and
Valentinian, and other emperors respectively de- Justinianus, occupied the western scat of the
feated them, and succeeded in confining those Roman empire, its “ Eternal City whilst
desolating hordes within their own natural con- invicta [sometimes blundered into invita]
fines. But during the government of Valens, roma, and the name of some Gothic rex.
 438 GOTH I A.— GRACES. GRACCURR1S. — GRAECIA.
figured in strange companionship on coins of most the goddesses.
beautiful of In various
the imperial series! —
See Mionnct aud Akerman. I
parts of Greece there were temples dedicated to
GOTIIIA, that is to say Gothia subacta (sub- their worship, as the acknowledged patronesses
dued), read on the exergue of a very rare gold
is of refiuement, gentleness,and moderation, iu
coin of Constantine the Great, the epigraph of social intercourse. The most
perfect works of
which is DEBEU.ATORI GENTIVM BARB Alt ARVM art were therefore called the works of the Graces.
and the type, two military figures standing, the — They are represented on many ancient bas-
hand of one (representing the emperor) resting reliefs, and iu two or more numismatic rnonu-
on the head of a youth by his side. '
incuts, as beautiful women, standing together,
This singular coin relates to the year 322, entirely uudraped, the central figure having au
when Constantine overcame the Goths and Sar- arm placed each on a shoulder of the other two.
matians in repeated battles, both in Illyria and They thus display, as if in a dancing attitude,
in Ma;sia —
the remnants of whom, fleeing beyond |
symmetry of person, combining with elegance
the Danube, he pursued across that river, again [
of movement, unadorned beauty, unconscious
overthrew', and punished with an almost exter- of offence to modesty, dcsigued to indicate the
minating slaughter. (Vaillaut, iii. p. 87). On — constant reciprocation of kindness and friend-
this signal the emperor was congra-
success ship, without concealment or reserve, but un-
tulated by a coin struck
at Treves, whence the tainted by any mixture of voluptuous fami-
words GOTIIIA TRevens, by the mint of which liarity. Such was the sentimental gloss put by
colony the exploits of emperors were sometimes the imaginative Greeks on the questionable
commemorated. Uanduri. — exhibition of three young virgins in a state of
—
GO THIC. Gothicus on coins of Claudius, nudity. —
It is, says S[>auhcim (iu his Gesars de
suruamed Gothicus, not only as a distinction Julien) not disagreeable to see the figures of the
from the former emperor of that name, but also Graces, as they arc found ou ancient coins, con-
on account of a signal victory gained by him formable to those which the poets describe to
over the Goths. us. The one (see foregoing wood-cut), was dedi-
—
GOTHICO. The surname, in the dative case, cated to Alexander Severus by a city of Thrace,
conferred on the above mentioned Claudius, who called Colonia Feavia Pacifica [or Pacensis],
reigned tw'o centuries aud more after the first Deultum [or Deultana
and the other, bear-
;

Claudius, aud before Aureliauus. Several of his ing a Greek legend, struck by the inhabitants
coins bear this titular cognomen, and these of Hadrianopolis, in the same country. See —
were struck as well during his life-time as after —
Deultum, p. 320. See also Vaillaut, in Coloniis,
his death; viz. germanico gothico oftimo
: ii. 118.
principi — and divo clavdio gothico. — Ban- GRACCURRIS, a Roman munic’pium of
duri, i. pp. 353-354. Hispania Tarracouensis, now Agreda, near
GOTHICUS. —
This appellation (says Ban- Turiaso, Arragou.
iu It was anciently called
duri) was fitly given to that Claudius who re- but changed its name in honour of
I/luricis,
covered Dacia to the empire, and conquered the Titus Seinpronius Gracchus, who repaired it
Scythiaus and the Quadi, having first of all re- after his victories over the Ceitiberians. It pre-
pelled from the Komau territory an irruption of served the memory of his name by a second
Goths and Sarmatiaus, whose cupidity of plun- brass coin, ou the obverse of which is ti. Cae-
der he punished by a signal slaughter, to the sar divi. avgvstvs, and the laureated head of
amount (according to historians) of three hun- Tiberius. On the reverse mvmcip(ivm) gkac-
dred and twenty thousaud men. lienee we CVrris. The type is an ox standing, adorned
read on his coins imp. caesaii ci.avdivs ger. with the infuta or veil, as a victim. Engraved —
—
gothicvs. The same surname of Gothicus was iu Vaillaut, Col. i. p. 76; and in the Cabinet
assigned by the Senate to Probus, but it no de Christine. See —
Akerman, Coins of Cities
where occurs on that emperor’s coins. and Princes, p. 89.
—
GRAC. GRACC. Gracchus. Surname of — GRAECIA, formerly the most re-
Greece,
the Scmpronia gens. nowned for polity and
aud still the
civilization,
GRACES (Gratia, a translation of the Greek most classically interesting, country iu Europe.
xaptTfsJ. The three goddesses of favour, love- The vast regiou to which this name, aud that of
liness, aud benevolence. They were respectively Hellas, were generally given, comprehended to
named, the first, Aglaia, the south, below Sinus Coriuthiaeus (Gulf of
(which means Fenustas, Lcpauto), aud Siuus Sarouicus (Gulf of Egina),
or Beauty) ; the second, a great peninsula called the Pclopoucssus (Morca)
Euphrosyuc (that is Hi/a- —
and this contained to the west the several states
\
ritas) aud the third, of Achaia, Elis, and Arcadia to the south-west ;

Thalia (Testivilas) But Messcuia; to the east Corinth, Megaris, Attica,

the ancients were not (including the city of Athens), and Argolis ; to
more agreed respecting the south-east Lacouica. The northern great
the number of the Graces division of Gracia Antigua comprised, from west
than as to their parent- to cast, Acaruania, iEtolia, Locriozolic, Doris,
age; some making them the daughters of Jupi- l’hocis, Burnt ia —
and stretching much further in
ter, others assigning to Bacchus the honour of the same uorthward direction, the more exten-
their paternity, llomcr describes them as em- sive kingdoms aud territories of Epirus, Thes-
ployed in attendance on Venus aud the other salia, aud Macedonia. Of the Gnecian islands
 GRAECI. GRAECI. 439
illthe Ionian Sen, along the north and south- ated to their gods —aud iu impressing upon their
western coasts —
and in the JSgacan Sea, to the coins figures and inscriptions never before used,
cast and south-east, opposite the coast of Asia but indicative of voluntary subjection on their
Minor, the principal were Corcyra (Corfu), Leu- part to the meanest slavery. An exception,
cadia (St. Maura), Cephalleuia (Ccphalonia), perhaps, is to be made in favour of the Athe-
Ithaca, Zacynthus (Zantc), Euboea (Ncgropont), nians, who appear to have been free from this
Lemnos, Naxos, Crete, Carpathos, Ceos, Cythcra, black spot of servile adulation nor did they,;

and the smaller islands of the Archipelago, the before the time of Vespasian, allow either the
names of which, as also of the larger, arc well name or the effigy of any Roman personage to
known to every
scholar.
—
“ It is remarkable be struck on their medals.
(says Dr. Butler, Ancient Geog. p. 1 OS), that the Mr. Akerman, in his learned and instructive
“
word Gnvcia was not legally recognized by the Remarks on the Coins of Ephesus, struck
Romans. The name of Graicia, however, was under the dominion of the Romans,” makes the
sufficiently familiar among them, iu writing and following observations respecting a coin minted
conversation.” at Ephesus, on which Hadrian is styled KAICAP
GRAECI. The Grecians, Greeks. — Histori- OATMniOC, Ctesar Olympius “ Long before —
and the coins struck by
cal references to Greece, the days of Hadrian, the Greeks had been iu
the respective kings and cities of its various the habit of paying divine honours to the worst
distinct and independent states, high as arc the of princes. Magnificent temples were built iu
peculiar claims of both to the attentive study of honour of, and the most fulsome adulation was
the artist and the antiquary, form no part of the offered to, men who practised every species of
compiler’s design to touch upon in this volume, vice that can debase human nature. Hadrian
except from and after the epoch at which those was unquestionably possessed of qualities which
peoples were finally subiugated by the Romans ; if rightly exercised, might have rendered him
and then solely with a
view to a brief numismatic without a parallel in the history of the Roman
notice of the few colonies planted by their con- empire, but these were obscured by vices which
querors, in Macedonia, Ac'naia, and Epirus, will bear neither description nor comment.
whose mintages bear Latin legends. Not only Why and on what occasion, the people of Ephe-
must the fabulous, and til t first historic, age of sus gave to Hadrian the title of Olympius is, I
Greece be here passed by, but also the second believe, unknown. That odious system of poly-
historic mra, commencing with the reign of theism which associated Jupiter with Ganymede,
Darius I. and finishing with the death of Alex- might have suggested the epithet. Whilst the
ander the Great —
a period in which, besides the Ephesians were bestowing a surname of the
military glory which they acquired by their vic- king of the gods upon their emperor, other
tories over the Persians, the Greeks carried cities of Greece were erecting temples to Anti-
(particularly the Athenians) their philosophy nous 1” Numismatic Chronicle, vol. iv. p. 89.
“
and their oratory, their sentiments and tastes, The practice of paying divine honours to
their knowledge in science, and their skill iu their rulers was, as already noticed, a very com-
art, to the highest pitch of contemporaneous mon one with the degenerate and degraded
refinement and pre-eminence. Little more, there- Greeks. Every one acquainted with ancient
fore, remains for us to observe on this subject, history will remember the account which Plut-
than that after the war between Macedonia and arch gives of Antony and Cleopatra, at Alex-
Rome, which, after seven years’ duration, ter- andria, when the triumvir was styled Neos Aio-
minated a. u. C. 586 (b. c. 168), in the defeat waos (the New Bacchus), and his paramour,
and capture of king Perseus, by the towu- Nea Ions (the New Isis), which latter title, or
dcstroving cousul Paulus /Emilias, when one rather that of Of a Nea or Neaixepa, is found on
thousand of the principal Aclucans (Polybius a coin of Cleopatra, doubtless struck at the very
amongst the rest) were sent prisoners to Rome. time of that insane mummery. —
Buonarotti cites
In the year u. c. 607 (». c. 147), Macedonia many examples of this practice, quoting a mar-
was reduced to the form of a Roman province. ble from Spon, on which Sabina the empress is
The following year, war having been resumed styled the New Ceres, and another from the
between Rome and the Aclucans, the latter were same author, inscribed to Julia Domna as the
defeated, and Corinth was taken and pillaged New Vesta.” Ibid, p. 109. — See also diana
by L. Mummius, consul, a. u. c. 609 (b. c. ephesia, p. 324 of this dictionary.
145). The Romans, after having thus esta- Greek coins, whether they were struck by
blished their power over all Greece (Gracia states, or cities, or by colonies, are deserv-
Universa), divided it into two provinces, the ing of particular attention, not only on the
one called Macedonia, and the other Achaia, ground of their remoter antiquity, but also
which they respectively assigned to the govern- chiefly because they are of a kind totally different
ment of a pretor, or a pro-consul. from what were issued from the mints of Greece,
It was then and thenceforward that this highly after that country had fallen under the sway of
polished but degenerate people began to vie Rome. Indeed, that the people of Free Greece,
with each other in flattering their conquerors and even after the loss of their independence,
in literally deifying the Emperors, the Senate, were greatly superior to the Romans in the art
and the City of Rome — in ostentatiously dedi- of engraving money is a fact, to be convinced
cating to Princes and Empresses, theirNeo- of which we need only to examine those of the
coria, a worship till then exclusively appropri- former which remain to us, and compare them
440 GRATIA NUS. GRATIANUS.
with the mintages of Roman die, coined under too ready to exercise, whether against the hea-
the empire, with the exception of such from then, or against heretics [the Arians especially]
Nero to Comraodus, as are evidently the work of of their own body. Whilst by these excesses
Greek artists. of religious zeal, he cooled the attachment of
—
GRADIVUS. Sec Man. those of his subjects who were exposed to his
severity, his constant engagement in archery,
field sports, and other amusements, to the neg-
lect ofmore serious matters, incurred contempt,
and rendered liim unpopular with both the army
and the people.”
—
Eckhel says of him “ He was a priuce of
many good qualities, by which he distinguished
himself at the commencement of his reign,
GRATIANUS, the son of Valentinian I. and though towards the close of his career, he was
Val. Severa, was born at Sirmium, in Pannonia, deficient iu the discretion and eucrgy so indis-
a. T). 359, whilst his father was still a private pensably requisite for managing the alTairs of an
citizen. In a. D. 367, when eight years old, he empire, vast in extent, and involved in such
was declared Augustus at Ambianum
(Amiens), difficulties and dangers as pressed upon it at the
having for colleagues his father Valentinian I. critical epoch, in which his lot was cast among
and his uncle Yalcns. Gratianus was sixteen the rulers of the Roman world. With regard
years of age when his father died, a. d. 375. to his attachment to the Christiau religion, as
He immediately acknowledged as his colleague he was detested by the pagans, so was he re-
Valeutiuianus, his natural brother, whom on the gretted by the orthodox.” D. -V. V. viii. 137.
death of his father the legions had proclaimed Gratian, in A. D. 378, married Constantin,
Augustus, though he was scarcely five years old. daughter of Constantius II. and Maxima Faus-
The empire was then so divided between them, tina, who was born a. d. 362, and died some
that Gratianus had for his share Hispania, the years before her husband.
Gallia: and Britain, and Valentinian Italy, Illy- The coins of this emperor in second aud third
ricum, and Africa, but under the regency of his brass arc common ; nor arc his gold and silver
brother, while Valcus retaiued the East. He of the usual size very rare. But the few medal-
was victorious over the Lentiani Alamanni, a lions extant in gold, are of extreme rarity. On
people inhabiting Rhcetia (the Tyrol), iu a me- these he is styled D. N. GR.\TI LNVS AVG.
morable battle fought at Argcutovaria, or Argen- D. N. GRAT1ANVS P. F. AVG.— One of his
taria (at or near Colmar, in Alsace). He went coins bears round the head D. N. GR VTIANYS
to reinforce Valcus, who was hard pressed by AVGG. AVG. Of this singular legend various
the Goths in Thrace, but arrived only in time to interpretations have been given, which may be
find him overpowered and slain, A. D. 378. The seen in the “ Remarques” of Billiard (sec Jo-
barbariaus completely over-running and devast- bert’s Science des Medailles , edit. 1739, t.
ating this region, he recalled Theodosius from ii. p. 324). —
See also the observations of Eck-
his exile in Hispania, and for his services against hel, Doctr. Sum. Vet. viii. 158.
those tribes on the Istcr, gave him the title of MINTAGES OF GRATIANUS.
Augustus, at the beginning of the year 379,
and appointed him governor of the eastern pro-
Gold Medallions. —
gloria uomanorvm.
Rome seated. Engraved in Steinbiichel’s notice
vinces held by Valens. Having set out on an of the Vienna Medallions. (Mionnct values this
expedition against Magnus Maximus, a man of at 600 and another, with the same legend
fr.

energy and reputation (who, elected by the and type, at 800 fr.) —
Same legend, Rome and
legions in Britain, had assumed the purple in a turreted woman 200 fr.)
seated (at
that island, aud invaded Gallia), he found him- —
Silver Medallions. gloria uomanorvm.
self abandoned by his troops near Paris, at the Emperor with globe and hasta. (Mt. 30 fr.)
moment of his being about to attack the usur- victoria avgo. Gratian and Yalrntiniau jun.
per’s army, who put him to death in his flight seated. (Tovey sale, £1 6s. Mt. 50 fr.) vir-
near Lugdunum (Lyon), a. d. 383, iu the 24th tvs exercitvs. (15s. Thomas. Engraved in
year of his age. Akcrman, ii. p. 324). votis v. mvltis x. —
“ Historians, Pagan and Christian (says an votis xv. mvltis xx. (Mt. 30 fr. each).
able writer iu Dr. Smith’s Biographical Dic- Gold. concordia avogge. (sic.) Rome
tionary, ii. p. 302), are agreed as to the cha- helmed and seated. In exergue conob. (Mt.
racter of Gratian. In person he was well made 24 fr. (Brumcll, 13s.) Victoria avgvstorvm.
and good looking in his disposition geutle aud
; Victory seated and writing vor. v. mvlt. x. (Mt.
—
and docile possessed of a cultivated under-
standing and of a ready aud pleasing eloquence,
24 fr.) victoria avgg. The emperor and his
father Valentinian I. seated. Struck a. d. 367.
he was chaste and temperate, but too yielding (Brought only 17s. at Campana sale), —gloria
and pliant, the influence of others leading him novis (sic.) or novi saecvli. Emperor stands
to severities foreign to his own character. His in a military dress, supporting a victoriola on a
piety and his reverence for ecclesiastics, espe- globe, and holding the labarum , adorned with
cially Ambrose of Milan, reuderedtoohim the monogram of Christ. F) (Mt. 30 fr.) —
willing a party to the persecutions, which the PRINCIPIVM IVVENTVTIS. RESTITVTOR HEI-
Christians, now gaining the ascendancy, were —
rVBLICAE. VOTA PVBLICA. (Mt. 30 fr. each.)
 GRYPIU. HADRIANUS. 441
—
Silver. oloria novi saecli. (sic.) The augural priesthood. on coins of Pom-
It is seen
emperor holding the Christian labarum. vota — peius Magnus, Julius Cicsar, and M. Antonius,
pvblica. Hercules stands with right hand upon &c. accompanied by the lituus. —
Sec Prafericu-
the mouth. (Mt. 24 fr.) lum.
vrbs roma. Rome seated, holding the hasta II.
and a victoriola. Obv. d. n. gratianvs p. k.
avg. Diademed head of the emperor.
wood-cut at the head of this article).
— (See This letter, the eighth of the Latin
II.
alphabet, has two general uses. The former
—
Brass Medallion. vrbs roma. (20 fr.) before vowels at the beginning of syllables, as in
—
Small Brass. vota pvblica. Isis holding llonos and the second after consonants, as in
the sistrum. —
Same legend. Isis in a car drawn tlironus. According to Quintilian, the ancient
—
by two mules. Same legend. Anubis standing, Romans did not use the H. after consonants.
“ Diu deinde reservatum ne consonantibus ad-
with caduceus and branch.
[It is curious, as an evidence either of im- spiraretur, ut in Graccis and Triumpis.” Cicero
perial inconsistency, or of monctal careless- has also remarked, “ Quin ergo ipse, cum scirem,
ness, that whilst the sacred symbol of Chris- ita majores locutos esse, ut nusquam nisi in vo-
tianity adorns so many of Gratian’s gold and cali, adspiratione uterentur, loquebar sic, ut pul-
silver coins, his small brass arc paganised not cros et Celegos, triumpos, Cartaginem dicercm.”
only with Greek but with Egyptian mythology And on coins, for the most part, the words Grac-
— Hercules with club and lion’s spoils Isis ;
cus and Triumpus, are found without this letter.
with her sistrum, and Anubis with dog’s head !] In the Latiuity of the early age, as shewT n ou
GRYPHI. Griffins or Griffons. Fabulous — the more ancient marbles, as well as on denarii
animals, having the body of a lion, and the head of the Marcia family, pilippvs— pilippi is
of an eagle or hawk, with a crest and wings. read for Philippus, Philippi. —
ypsaevs also
They were sacred to Apollo or the Sun, and are instead of Ilgpsceus. —
Nor, to quote the autho-
often figured near him. On coins of Aurelio- rity of Quintilian and of other old grammarians,
polis, griffins are represented drawing his cha- is it an error of the engraver,
to be ascribed to
riot. A third brass of Gallienus exhibits a grif- when we on the coins of M. Antony,
find
fin walking, the accompanying legend being chortis specvlatorvm and ciiortivm prae-
APOLLINI CONS
ervatori Gusli. On aA toriarvm. On coins moreover of Gallienus
brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, this monster we find coor. praet. vi. p. vi. f. Cohors
appears flying, with a young man on his back, Pretoria Sextum Pia, Sextum Felix, or Fidelis.
wearing a Phrygian cap. A
woman seated on a The II is sometimes omitted as in ercvi.i,
griffin forms the reverse type of a brass me- and sometimes doubled as in the conn, praet.
dallion of Hadrian. It is also seen on denarii Cohortes Pretoriarue, of Gallienus. —
Sec Eckliel,
of the Aclia, Junia, andPapia families. Vaillant vol. v. 75 and 171.
considers the griffin to indicate the Apollinarian H. This letter served to mark the standard
games. There is a griffin sitting, on a small of the Ilastati, who were accustomed to be
brass coiu ofDomitian (engraved in Morell. placed in the front of the Roman legionaries,
Thesaurus tab. 25). when in battle array, armed with spears. And
GUBERNACULUM. —The
,

rudder of a ship II P.
. signified Ilastati. Principes. These
appears on numerous Roman coins, generally in letters inscribed on standards appear on coins of
the hand of Fortune sometimes at the feet of
;
the Neria and Valeria families. —
See Rasche,
Victory. This nautical instrument is delineated Lex. Num. t. ii. p. 2, et scq.
in types of the Pretorian gallies, on consular —
H. Heliopolis. Also Herennius.
as well as on imperial coins. — See
Fontcia gens, —
H. Hispaui®. p. h. c. Provincia Hispani®
p. 392 Felicitat. Aug. of Hadrian, p. 381, and Citerioris.
Fortuna, pp. 394-396-397. HAD. lladrianus. —
Also hadr. also hadri
GUTTUS, an oblong vase, designating the and Hadrian. — See below.

HADRIANUS (Publius /Elius), born at blished from the time of the Scipios — that is to
Rome, according to some; according to others, say, from about two centuries before Christ.
at Italica, a colonial city of Spain, where his His father was /Elias lladrianus Afer, his mo-
family, originally of Hadria in Italy, was esta- ther Doinitia Paulina aud he was born on the
;

3 L
442 HADRIANUS. HADRIANUS.
9th of the calends of February, A. u. c. 829 time, he was victorious over the Sarmatic,
(a. d. 76). Losing his father at the age of ten, through the instrumentality of his lieutenants.
he was placed under the guardianship of Trajan, —
873 (120). It is conjectured by the learned,
his cousin and fellow countryman (afterwards that Hadrian this year commenced his tour
emperor), at that time holding the office of pre- through the different provinces of the empire.
tor. After discharging the first offices usually He first visited the Gallia;, aud then Germania.
conferred upon a youth, he was sent into M®sia; —
874 (121). lie passed over into Britain,
and having subsequently set out to greet Trajan, where he constructed a wall from one sea to the
as the new Caesar by adoption, and to convey other, to keep the Caledonian tribes within
to him the congratulations of the army, he was bounds. Returning to Gaul, he proceeded to
ordered to remain in Germania Superior. Being Spain.
from the first a great favourite with Trajan, on —
876 (123). It is considered uncertain in
account of his handsome person and captivating which direction he went on leaving Spain. But
manners, he afterwards drew closer the bonds it is not improbable that he passed a portion of

of friendship by marrying (it is not known in the year at Athens.

what year) the emperor’s niece Sabina, daughter —
877 (124). Hadrian is believed to have
of Marciana ; and thus opened the path to his journied this year into Asia, and made the in-
future greatness. In 854 (a. d. 101), he be- spection of its provinces.
came and at the expiration of that
questor, —
878 (125). After having visited the islands
office,followed Trajan to the Dacian war. In — of the Archipelago, he returned to Athens, and
858 (105) he was tribune of the plebs; and it is thought that he then made a voyage to
having, about the same epoch, entered upon an- Sicily.
other campaign in Dacia, he was appointed to 880 (127). — It is uncertain where he went
the command of Legio I. Minervia; and gave this year, but he is supposed to have returned
signal proofs of his valour. At the termination from Sicily to Rome.
of this war, he celebrated games at Rome, with 881 (128). —
Hadrian accepted the title of
great magnificence, as pretor. After this he Pater Patria, and conferred that of Augusta on
was sent as pro-pretor into Pannonia Infe- his wife Sabina.
rior,where he defeated the Sarmatians, and 882 (129). — It is inferred from the proceed-
earned his consulate which, however, was not
;
ings of the following when he visited
year,
of the ordinary kind, but by substitution (suf- Egypt, that cud of this the emperor was
at the
fectus). This consulate took place in 862 (a.d. in Arabia. That he went thither from Syria,
109). Growing more and more in favour with Eckhcl (vi. 481) gathers from Dion aud from
Trajan, he was appointed, as legatus, to con- the coins of Gaza, which town establi died (a. d.
duct the war then impending with Parthia. 130) a fresh icra in honour of his visit. A
In 870 (117), when Trajan was preparing to re- temple of Rome, and another of Venus, were
turn from the East, in consequence of ill-health, memory of the same event. The
built there in
he left to Hadrian the command of the army succeeding year Hadrian returned from Egypt
in Syria, after the latter had been nominated, into Syria.
through the agency of Plotina, as consul for the 885 (132). —
Eckhcl thinks it probable that
year ensuing. Shortly afterwards, Trajan died in this yearbegan the Jewish war, set on foot
at Selinus (now Selenti), Cilicia. And Hadrian, by Barchoccbas, though Tillcmont dates it two
in virtue of letters of adoption, signedby Plo- years later. The events of the two following
tina, and forwarded to Rome, took at Antioch years arc uncertain.
the title of emperor, without waiting for the —
888 (135). Hadrian returned to Athens, and
Senatorial confirmation. It was on the 5th day was initiated into the mysteries of Elcusis. lie
before the ides of August, that Hadrian re- also completed a temple of Jupiter Olyrapius, at
ceived his letters of adoption, and theuceforth Athens, which had been commenced many ages
872that day as his birth-dag by adoption
kept .
before. Finding himself in a declining state of
On the 3rd day before the ides of August, the health, he adopted L. Ailius. It is probable
death of Trajan was publicly announced and ; that the Jewish war was this year brought to a
this was afterwards reckoned as the natal day conclusion by the valour of Julius Scverns.
of his reign . —
The same year, he withdrew the —
889 (136). His strength being exhausted
legions from Armenia, Mesopotamia, aud As- by repeated bleeding at the nose, aud his temper
syria, assigning as his reason for so doing, the in consequence becoming morose, he caused
difficulty of keeping those regions in subjection ; several individuals to be put to death, on charges
and fixed on the Euphrates for the eastern of attempted usurpation.
boundary of the empire. He sent to Rome the —
891 (138). L. Ailius, whom Hadrian had
ashes of Trajan and the same year was elected
; adopted, being dead, Antoninus, on the 25th of
consul for the first time, from the mouth of February, was adopted in his stead Antoninus ;

August to the month of January. at the same time having adopted Marcus Aure-
a. u. c. 871 (a.d. 118. —
Hadrian made his lius and L. Vcrus. After protracted suffering,
public entry into Rome. And soon paid divine and having lost Sabina, he died of dropsy, at
honours to Trajan. Proceeding consul for the Baiic, on the 10th of July, at the age of 62
second time, he remitted to the people all debts years and nearly six months, after a reign of 20
on account of taxation. years and 1 1 months.
(119). —
Consul for the third and last The subjoined character of this celebrated
 HADRIANUS. HADRIANUS. 443
prince is by a master-hand for fidelity, discri- devoted, that he was called by many Gnecnlus.
mination. and judgmcut in the province of bio- He was a proficient not ouly in arithmetic,
graphical writing :
geometry, painting, and music, but even in the
“ Hadrian’s name deserves to he handed down arts of moulding in brass and chiselling 'in
to posterity among those of the greatest bene- marble whether, indeed, iu such a manner as
;

Roman empire though his merits

factors of the ;
to rival the Polycleti aud Euphrauors, we have
were tarnished by crimes of great magnitude, only the testimony of Victor to assure us. He
and by vices of the worst description. If we — was so fond of travelling, that he wished to
credit the accounts of his life, furnished by his verify, by personal inspection, all the accounts
biographer Spartianus, aud by Dion Cassius, we which he had read of different parts of the world.
was no emperor who enter-
shall find that there His extreme addiction to sensual pleasures to the
ed more into the most minute details, as well as extent of indulgence in propensities not to be
into the highest coucerus, of government. How named, nor, even to be alluded to, was a foul and
indefatigable he was in visiting all the provinces detestable blot upon his character. The iufatuated
of the empire, and investigating in person their attachment which he manifested for Antinous,
respective grievances how severe an exactor of
;
and his ill-treatment of au amiable wife, cannot
mditary discipline, aud how ready to share the be too severely reprobated. It is a matter of his-
duties, not only of a general, but of a private tory, that his love of peace carried him beyond
soldier, a reference to his coins affords frequent bounds at all consistent with the honour of the
opportunities of proving, [as has already been empire. For, that he was iu the habit of bribing
shewn, and will continue to be shewn, in this foreign powers to forego their offensive designs,
dictionary.] Courteous in his demeanour to all is stated not only by Dion, but Victor also more
persons, he was in the constant habit of joining openly charges him with boasting, after pur-
the social meetings of his friends ; the sick, chasing pacific relations from many kings, that
though of much lower rank, he used to visit he had gaiued more without stirring foot, than
two or three times a day, and cheer them with others had by their campaigns. Hut, much
cucouragemeut ; in short, conducted himself iu more fatal in its effects was the spirit of envy,
all respects as a private individual. As in in which lie persecuted those who excelled in
social life, so in public, his liberality was dis- auy of the arts, going even so far as to
played iu bis remitting to the nation, a.u.c. 871 put some of them to death; among whom
(a. d. 118), an enormous debt to the treasury, were Euphrates, a celebrated philosopher of the
aud relieving the provinces which had suffered period, aud Apollodorus Damasceuus, the archi-
loss, by money supplied from his private re- tect of the Forum of Trajan, and the bridge
sources ;
also in the erection of temples of the over the Danube nay many have supposed that
;

greatest splendour, especially at Athens, of which a desire of peace and public tranquillity was but
city he was very fond, aud in the construction of an ostensible reason for the relinquishment of
aqueducts aud ports, by which he consulted both Armenia and other provinces, aud the dis-
the ornament and the utility of the different mantling of the famous bridge over the Danube,
cities. —
There is still to be seen at Rome a mau- the actual one being his envy of Trajan’s re-
soleum of vast proportions, built by him near nown. His character, as drawn by Spartian, is
the Tiber, accurately described by Procopius (now full of contradictions, shewing him at one time
well-known under the name of the castle of St. cheerful, liberal, aud merciful; at another severe,
Angelo) also the remains of the town of Tibur, a
; obstinate, perfidious, aud cruel. The sauguinary
lasting monument of his magnificence, where, as disposition, indeed, which at the commencement
Spartian relates, he built himself a villa, and in- of his reign he displayed in putting several emi-
troduced the novelty of inscribing on its several nent men to death, broke out with still greater
parts the names of the most celebrated provinces violence in the later years of his sour- life, when
aud localities, such as the Lyceum, the Acade- ness of temper supervened upon the sufferings of
mia, the Prytaueum, Canopus, Psecile, and disease, and a morbid suspicion took possession
Tempe. Although, from the moment of his of his mind, which prompted him to take the
accession to empire, he devoted his whole atten- lives of themost distinguished men iu the state,
tion to the preservation of peace throughout the and many of consular rank, on the charge of
world, in pursuance of which policy he volun- cherishing designs upon the sovereignty.” Sec —
tarily ceded Armenia and the other regions Doctritia, vi. 473 to 484.
beyond the Euphrates, as beiug a perpetual He was buried first at Puteoli, in the villa of
hot-bed of war, yet he did not permit the Cicero and subsequently his ashes were trans-
;

soldiers to become enervated by inaction, but ferred to Rome, and deposited in the tomb,
kept them ever on the alert and in the practice which he had built for himself on the banks of
of arms a circumstance which rendered him
; the Tiber.
constantly formidable to foreign powers, and the Hadrian, not only took
in the first instance,
more ready to suppress aggression, that he the name Trajan [HADRIANVS TRAIA-
of
never himself took the initiative. NVS CAESAR] but he also called himself
;

“ Amidst these weighty cares of state, he Filins Optimi Trajani and also the grandson
still found time to bestow on his bodily exer- of Nerva [IMP. CAES. HADRIANVS DIVI
cise and intellectual pursuits. His coins bear NER. TRAIAN. OPT. FIL.]
Afterwards the
witness to his untiring love of the chace. To styleand title of this prince, as struck on his
Grecian literature he was, from his boyhood, so money, were for the most part HADRIANVS
3 L 3
444 HADRIANUS. HADRIANUS.
AVGVSTVS P. P. with the addition, towards allowed their beards to grow unless Spartian
;

the close of his reign, of Valer V atria. would have us believe, that they too were de-
On Hadrian's coins, after A. D. 117, wc read sirous of hiding personal defects. The fashion,
P. M. TR. P. COS. And from a. d. 119 to thus introduced in connexion with philosophical
138, TR. P. II. to XXI. COS. III. P. P. IMP. II. habits, became in subsequent emperors a mere
For from COS. III. a. d. 119, the number of the custom, so that for a long period, all the em-
consulates is no longer repeated, nor are the suc- perors, however little addicted to learning, still
cessive investitures of the tribunitian power any persisted wearing the beard.
in — See babba,
longer recorded, a circumstance which renders pp. 123, 124.
itso difficult to mark the date of his mintages.
The subjoined observations on the obverses of
Thirdly. — Whoever will inspect attentively
the coins of Hadrian, cannot fail to remark,
Hadrian’s coins are from Eckhcl, vi. 484 ct seq.
that on those struck in his first and second
Firstly. —
That Hadrian appears on them, for consulates, there appears rather a bust than a
the most part, with bare head, which is of less
head of the emperor ; in other words, a por-
frequent occurrence in the emperors immediately
trait, including the greater portion of the breast
preceding and following him. Some suppose aud the back also a considerable thiuness in the
;
that this arises from the fact that, according to
face, and sharpness of the chin ; and further,
his biographer Spartianus, “ he was so indiffer-
that the inscription accompanying such busts
ent to cold and weather, that he never covered
continues to give the name of traiani, in re-
his head.” And this testimony is confirmed by ference to his adoption, whereas, subsequently
Dion ; “ he could not be induced by any extre- where the head, and not the bust, is displayed,
mity of heat or cold, to go with his head and that too with fuller features, the name is
covered for even amidst the Celtic snows, and
;
invariably abseut. And this peculiarity, both of
the burning suns of Egypt, he always travelled
the portrait and the legend, is observed also on
with his head bare.” This practice, however,
some coins of the third consulate. Whence it
was eventually fatal to him for, according to
;
follows, that during the first year of his third
the same writer, “ after travelling in every direc-
consulate, the original mode of ponrtraying and
tion with no covering to his head, and generally inscribing was retained, and consequently that
amidst storms of wet and cold, he at length fcil
all such coins must be referred to the beginning
a victim to disease.”
of Consulate III.
Secondly. —
The beard is also a novelty; as
Fourthly. —
Again, the custom of using the
wc gather not only from coins, but from the
express statement of Dion —
“ For Hadrian,” he
dative case in the legend, borrowed from the
“ was the first emperor who allowed his coinage of Trajan, is observed still in force
says,
during the first consulate of lladriau, or the
beard to grow.” We sec, indeed, that on coins, Nevertheless, at the
year u. c. 870 (a. d. 117).
both Augustus and Nero display a small beard,
end of the year, in which he is styled, cos.
but in their cases, as we have before remarked,
des. n. the nominative case begins to take its
the reason for its appearance was either some
place. There are a very few coins of the second
occasion of public mourning, or that their age
consulate, which retain the dative case.
was not sufficient to admit of their laying aside
their beard, in accordance with ancient custom. Hadrian carried his display of reverence and
Spartian says, that the motive in Hadrian’s case affection for his parents, by adoption, to so high
was “ that he might conceal some natural ble- a pitch, as to cause a gold coin to be struck with
mishes on the face.” But I suspect, that an- the epigraph of divis parentibvs, and the
other motive was at the bottom of this fashion, heads of Trajan and Plotina on the reverse and ;

viz. that he was more constant in his devotion others with the head of Trajan and the inscrip-
to the study of philosophy, than its professors tion DIVO TRAIANO PATKI or PATRI AVG. or
were to the cultivation of their beards. And divvs traiaxvs avg. (See p. 335.)
that such was the view of the subject taken by Hadrian's various and continual jonrneyings
the Emperor Julian is evident from the fling he amongst the provinces of the Roman world as —
has at him in his Casars —
“ After him (Tra- for example into Gaul, Germany, Britain, Spain,
jan) appears a venerable old man, with a long Africa, Mauretania, Asia, Actinia, Egypt, &c.
beard. * * * Silenus, observing him fre- are narrated by Spartianus and by Aurelius
quently lifting up his eyes to heaven, and anxi- Victor. No mention, however, is made on his
ously enquiring after abstruse subjects, exclaims, coins of the word profectio, as wc find it (pro-
what think you of this Sophist P” Certainly, fectio avg.) on the coins of succeeding em-
it is well known, that Hadrian greatly encour- perors. But on the other hand we find the com-
aged the Sophists, with the exception of those memoration of arrivals (adventvs) no where
againstwhom he entertained feelings of envy; more numerously or more curiously exhibited on
and Spartian informs us, that at the museum in any of the imperial scries than on the coins of
Alexandria, he proposed many questions to the lladriau. This geographical class of medals
professors, which he answered himself, aud that present on their obverse the laureated head of
the sole reason for his attachment to Athens Hadrian, and on the reverse the emperor aud
was its long established reputation for the en- another figure, generally a woman, in the act of
couragement of philosophy. His immediate performing sacrifice, and sometimes a victim
successors in the empire, devoting their atten- before the altar, bearing for inscription the
tion with equal ardour to these pursuits, also words Adventus or Adventui, prefixed to the
 HADRIANUS. HADRIANUS. 445
— AFRICAE Brumcll, £2
— ALEXANDRIAE — AltABlAE — ASIAE
name of each province or city, viz. :
sale; aegyptos. (£4 5s.
2s.)
Thomas). Africa. (£3 18s. Od. same collec-
BITHYN1AE — BRITANNLAE — CILICIAE— tion.) consecratio. Emperor on an eagle.
GALL1AE— IIISPANIAE— ITALIA E— (Brought at the Thomas £12 — cos. in.
IVDEAE MACEDONIAE MAVRETA-
NIAE — MOESIAE-P1IRYGIAE — SICILIAE
— Jupiter, Hadrian, and
— disciplina AVG. Rome.
sale 10s.)
(£4 Os. Thomas).
(Mt. 72 fr. Pembroke, £6
;

THRACIAE. 10s.; Thomas sale, £3 5 s.; see same in brass,

And as no journcyings or progresses from the engraved in p. 333). divis parentibvs. Busts
capital into the different provinces of the Roman of Trajanus and Plotina. (Mt. 100 fr. ; Thomas
empire were more numerous thau those of Ha- sale, £13; Brumell, £11 15s.) divo traiano
drian, so neither were there any in which the patri avg. Head of Trajan. (Mt. 120 fr.
arrival of an emperor in a provincial city was brought £9 15s. at the Thomas sale). Engraved
attended with greater benefit or advantage to in Akerman, pi. vi. No. 4. hero, gadit.
that city, cither in privileges granted or in em- Hercules standing. (Mt. 60 fr. hispania.
bellishments bestowed. These are indicated on (£5 10s. Thomas). imp. Hadrian divi ner.
those of his coins which bear the inscriptions, traian opt. fil. rest. The emperor sacri-
RESTITVTORI ACIIAIAEAFRICAE (Mt. 150 fr.)

LIAE —
— BITHYNIAE — GAL-
ASIAE— AltABIAE
—MACEDONIAE
IIISPANIAE
ficing.
Mars.
in.
p. m. tr. p. cos. hi.
(£3 Is. Pembroke). p. m. tr. p. cos.
Hercules and two figures in a temple.
MAVRETANIAE—PHRYGIAE— SICILIAE. (Mt. 60 fr. Thomas, £4. Engraved in p. 456).
—We find also on the coinage of this great prince — ;

p. m. tr. P. cos. in. £3 11s. Thomas. Same —

memorials of his visit to, or favours conferred legend. Hercules in a temple. (£3 19s. Tho-
on, AEGYTTOS, and CAPPADOCIA, inscribed mas). —
Same legend. Hercules seated on ar-
on coins without the addition of either advenlus mour. (£2 10s. Od. Thomas). adventvi
or restitutor. Whilst first brass of the same africae. (Mt. 50 fr. Engraved in p. 9).
Emperor, bearing, in comprehensive magnifi- RESTITVTORI IIISPANIAE. (Mt. 60 fr.) RESTI-
cence of terms, the epigraph RESTITVTORI —
TVTORI italiae. tellvs STABIL. A woman
ORBIS TERRARVM, will be found described seated on the ground. (Mt. 72 fr. each). ro-
and illustrated in its proper place. See also — mvlo conditori. (£2 Thomas.) saec. avr.
adventvs avgvsti, pp. 8 and 9. p. m. &c. (Mt. 72 fr. ; Pembroke, £5 15s. 6d.
It is stated by Spartian, that many cities —
Thomas, £1 14s). secvritas avg. (£2 9s.
called themselves after him by the name of Brumell). —
vota pvblica. Emperor and four
Hadriana, or Hadrianopolis but that he does figures sacrificing. (Estimated by Mionnet at
not remember any colonies to have been planted 120 fr. ; brought £6 2s. 6d. at the Thomas sale).
by him although Eusebius, in his Chronicles,
;
— Without legend. Wolf and Roman twins.
affirms that the emperor sent many into Lybia, (£6 12s. 6d. Pembroke; £4 10s. Thomas).
in the fifth year of his reign. Without legend. The Nile seated, sphinx and
With certain arising from the
exceptions, hippopotamus. (£3 10s. Thomas). Without —
workmanship, or pre-
rarity, historical interest, legend. Trophy with shields. (Half aureus,
servation of the specimens, Hadrian’s coins, of (£4 Is. Thomas).— cos. iii. The emperor on
every metal and size, as well Greek as Latin, horseback. (This very fine aureus sold for £16
are common ;
especially those in first, second, at the Thomas auction).
and third brass. First brass colonial arc rare, Silver. italia felix. (Mt. 20 fr.)
the others common. MARTI. (30 fr.) —
RESTITVTORI ACHAIAE. (24
MINTAGES OF HADRIANUS. —
fr .) sabina avgvsta. Head of the empress.
(48 fr.)
The following are among the rarest reverses :
Brass Medallions. concordia parth.
Silver Medallions. cos. hi. Jupiter &c. Female sacrificing. (£2 14s. Thomas).
/Ethophorus standing. cos. hi. — Minerva cos. iii. p. p. Man dragging a ram towards an
Pluto & Cerberus Apollo — —
Esculapius Ephe- — altar. Engraved Akerman, i. plate A. No. 1.
in
sian Diana. com. bit. Octostvle temple on
its frieze rom. s. p. avg. (Brought only £1 4s.
;
(Mt. 200 fr. ;
£2
14s. Thomas). [A beau-
tifully patiuated specimen of this rare and fine
—
at the Thomas sale). — — cos.
[The above seven Mionnet
Neptune
medallion brought the sum of thirty pounds
values at 40 fr. each.] hi. at the sale of Signor Campana’s collection],
Two Furies —
Cybele. (Mt. 48 fr. each). PONT. — cos. ii. p. p. Cybele drawn by four lions.
max. tr. pot. cos. in. Jupiter Victor seated. cos. in. p. p. Victory in a biga. decvrsio.
[This splendid medallion (engraved in Mionnet, Two horsemen and one on foot. Diana carrying —
who values it at 600 fr.) nearly the size of large two torches. (Mt. 100 fr. each). cos. iii. p. p. —
brass, is of Romau die. The preceding ones s. c. A galley, on the sail of which felici-
were struck in Asia], tati avg. (Mt. 40 fr. Engraved in p. 383).
—
Gold. ann. d. ccc. lxxhii. nat. vrb. p. — cos. III. FORT. RED. Fortune seated. cos. —
cir. conc. [This, one of the rarest of iii. Romulus and Remus and the wolf. vota
Hadrian’s aurei, and of high historical interest, svscepta. Two figures sacrificing. (Mt. 50 fr.
(see p. 46), brought £7 15s. at the sale of the each). felicitati avg. cos. iii. p. p. s. c.
Thomas collection. A specimen, at the Pem- Pretorian galley, with eight rowers, gubemator,
broke auction brought £4 3s.] &c. (£1 5s. Thomas.) genivs popvli romani.
adventvi avg. italiae. (£1 14s. Thomas Mt. 150 fr. Engraved in p. 410). p. m. tr. p.
 416 HADRUMETUM. HANN1BALLIANUS.
Roma Nicephoros seated. Without legend. the legend CAESAR. — See vol. iv. pi. Ixxxviii.
Apollo aud Bacchus drawn by a goat and a pan- page 17 Melange i. vignette title-page.
also
ther. Seep. 120. (Mt. 150 fr. each). p. ji.
tr. p. mi. Jupiter standing between two ga-
— ;
,

It is only by these two medals that the

city
of Hadruinetum (although a considerable city
leated females.Without legend. Jupiter seated in the most fertile and corn-growing district of
between Juno and Minerva." (Mt. 200 fr. each).
— YIRTVTI avgvsti. Emperor on horseback,
Africa Propria), is numismatically identified
with the imperial series of Roman colonies aud
chasing a lion. (£5 15s. Campana sale). p. m. — municipia. It is not, however, included in
tr. p. cos. hi. Sow aud numerous piglets. Eckhel’s or Mionnct’s list of either.
(£4 IGs. Campana).
[The medallion with the Pons .Eli us, orna-
—
IIANDSyoi>i«/. Sec Manus humana.

mented with statues, quoted by the early numis-

matic writers, is a modern fabrication.
— Mion- —
net Akcrman.]
Large Brass. —
adlocvtio cou. praetor.
ADVENTYI AVG. ALEXANDRIA!'. Serapis, Isis,
—
Hadrian and Sabina. Without legend. Eagle,
peacock, and owl. 1 1 A XNI B ALLIAXU
(Mt. 24 fr. each). adven- S {Flavius Claudiusj
TVl AVG. BRITANNIAE. ADVENTVI AVG. MOE- — nephew of Constantiuc the Great, aud brother
t

SIAE. —
Do. PHRYGIAE. (30 fr. each). COS. III. to Delmatius, born at Toulouse, in what
year is
Emperor fully armed. (£2 5s. Pembroke sale, uncertain. 11c was called Nobilissimus by his
—cos. hi. Emperor in the toga, addressing uncle Constantine, who appointed him
prefect
six personages from the steps of a portico.
this reverse engraved under the head ofTEii-
[See — of Cappadocia aud Armenia, which provinces
he governed with the title of king, a. d. 335.
PLVM.] —
EXERCITVS SYR1ACVS. (£2 15s. 0d. He and his brother Delmatius were killed by
Campana). exercitvs dacicvs. (£2 same the soldiers, a. d. 337. (See delmattvs, p.
sale). exercitvs cappadocic vs. (Mt. 30 fr.) 315). Of
this prince there arc no gold or silver
— —
GERMAN ICVS. MAVRETANICVS. RHAETICVS. — coins. His third brass arc very rare. They
(20 fr. each). moesiacvs. noricvs. (40 fr. — bear on their obverse fl. iianniballiano regi,
each). fortvna redvci. Rome aud the em- with the bare head, aud the paluda meat urn
peror. (Not in Mionnct brought £4 2s. at the
:
and on the reverse secvritas pvblica, and also
Brumcll sale).— locvpletatori orbis terra- reipvblicae, with a river god. The former —
RVM. — eli q. VETERA, &c. (30 fr. each). valued by Miounet at 50 fr. the latter at 72 fr.
romvlo conditori. Emperor carrying tropliv. HARP.Y,
a very ancieut kind of instrument,
(24 fr.) sabina. Head of empress. (Mt. 40 fr.) in the form of a denticulated sickle,
of which
— sicilia. Head of Medusa. virtvs avgvsti. Saturn, according to a horrid myth, made
Emperor on horseback, pursuing a lion. vot. use to mutilate his father Uranus, and is
pvb. Emperor and several figures at a sacrifice. therefore one of the symbols of that god.
— Without legend. Pons rElius. (72 fr.) The harpa is seen on a coin of the Neria gens,
Without legend. Jupiter, Juuo, and Minerva behind the head of Saturn, and on a denarius of
seated. (30 the Seutia family, in the hands of the
fr.) same
Middle Brass. — s. c. Four children repre- deity also on a silver coin of Valerianus, accom-
;

senting the four seasons. (20 fr.)

panying the epigraph of Eternitas. (Eckhclj.—
Small Brass. — aei.ia pincensia, within a Mercury is also said to have used it to kill Ar-
crown of laurel. (18 fr.) See p. 15. gus, and Perseus employed weapon to
it as a
II ADR. Eadrumetum, the capital of a par- cut oil the head of Medusa. See saturnus.—
ticular country in Africa, called Byzacena, be-
—
llARLSPICES. See aruspices.—
tween the Syrtis and Zcugitana. “ All authors IIASTA, a spear, lance, or pike a weapon —
who speak of Africa (says Pellerin) make men- derived by the Romans from the Etrurians, who
tion of this city as one of considerable import- called it Covim By the Sabines it was named
.

ance, and as the metropolis of the province in Qutris, whence Romulus received the designa-
which it was situated. Pliny includes it in the
tion of Quiriuus, as Ovid atlirms
list But Grutcr has given an in-
of free cities. Sive quod liasta Quiris priscis est dicta Sabiais,
scription by which it appears that it was made Bellicus 5 telo veuit in nstra Deus.
a colony by the Emperor Trajan and Ptolemy ;
The Sabines called their kings Coritos, that
in effect assigns to it the title of a colouy.” is to say doves hastatos because the spear
, was
Vaillant docs not appear to have been aware of with them the attribute of royalty. Per ea
the existence ol any coins belonging to this tempora (says Justin), Reges hastas pro diadc-
colony. But Pellerin lias published two. One mate habebant, quas Gricci sceptra dixerc.
of these he shews by an engraving to be of a 1 lie Easta was the symbol not only of
power,
module, which approaches the size of a medal- fortitude, and valour, but nlso of majesty
ami
lion, and which he describes to be in perfect even of divinity. Inverted or reversed it de-
preservation ; the other is about the dimensions noted tranquillity. Ilnvcrcamp, ad Morell.
of first brass. Both have on their obverse T/iesanr. Fain. p. 458.
IlADR/iiwefim AVGVSTVS, and the naked Easta Fura was a spear staff, without nu
head of Augustus; and for their reverse the iron head —
as in Virgil,
bare head of Julius, with lituus and star, and Ille, vidcs, purl juvenis qui nititur haiU.
 HASTA — HELENA. HELENA. 447
Whereupon Servius remarks, that the ancient after his elevation to that high dignity, a. d. 292>
Romans presented a spear, without an iron point, Constantius immediately' afterwards took Theo-
tohim who had conquered for the first time. dora, daughter-in-law of Maximianus Hercules,
Spauhcim ( Pr. i. p. 455), says the hasta pura, for his second wife; and Helena retired into pri-
as a kind of sceptre, is an indication of power vate life ; but was subsequently honoured with
both divine and human. It is one of the insignia the title of Augusta by her son Constantine the
of the Gods, and of the Emperors and Augusta Great. She died a. d. 328. There are brass
after their apotheosis, implying that they had medallions (rare) of this empress, and third
become objects of worship. It is generally brass which are common on these she is styled
;

found in the hands of female divinities and per- FLavia 1VLia HELENA AVG usta.
sonifications as the war-spear is in those of
;
Mionnet values secvritas avgvsta, and
warriors and heroes. pietas avgvstae, two brass medallions of this
Hasta. We see this weapon on Roman empress, at 100 fr. each.
coins in the bands of various deities, amongst
the rest those of Apollo, Bacchus, Castor and
Pollux, Ceres, Cybele, Diana, Hercules, Juno,
Jupiter, Mars, Pallas, Sol, Venus, Vesta, and
(as a demigod) Romulus. In like rnanucr it is
an attribute of qualities, such as ZEquitas,
.ZEternitas, Annona, Clemcntia, Concordia,
Fecunditas, Felicitas, Fides, Fortune, Hilaritas,
Honos, Indulgcntia, Justitia, Liberalitas, Muni-
ficcntia. Nobilitas, Paticntia, Pax, Pcrcnnitas,
Pcrpetuitas, Pictas, Providentia, Pudicitia, Quics,
HELENA (Flavia), wife of Julian the
Apostate, to whom she was united in marriage
Salus, Securitas, Tranquillitas, Virtus, &c. A
when that emperor was declared Cscsar, a. d.
man on horseback with the hasta in his hand,
355. She was the daughter of Constantine the
on imperial coins, betokens an emperor hasten-
Great by the empress Fausta. Her death took
ing to the wars. The type of an emperor
place in 360, a short time after Juliau had been
shaking his spear over an enemy lying prostrate
proclaimed Augustus. The coins of this lady
on the ground, denotes that his heroism in
have been by mistake assigned to Helena, wife
battle against the “ barbarians” shone like that
of Constantine I. The gold are of extreme
of another Mars, and such like flattery. The
rarity, but the third brass are common ou :

genius of a city carries a hasta in the right band

for the defence of the citizens against the bar-
these she is styled FL. HELENA
AVGVSTA.
Au aureus, with legend secvritas keipvb-
barians. Rome, when personified on coins, is
i.icae. Female standing s. m. t. (Valued by
;
almost always represented holding the hasta,
Mionnet at 1000 fr.)
that particular mark of dominion and sove-
[This coin Eckhel (see his observations, B. N.
reignty.
V. vol. viii. p. 143), confidently assigns to
Hasta, placed crosswise behind a shield, arc
Helena, wife of Julian. Mionnet (Be la
marks of the equestrian dignity. Sec eqvestep.
Jiarete des Med. vol. ii. p. 303), follows on
ordo pkincipi I WENT, on a coin of Corn-
modus. For the Romans under the empire were
this point the opinion of Eckhel. M. Lc Baron—
Marchant (in his xviith Letlre Numismati/jue),
accustomed to oiler such spears, as well as a
at once repudiates the distinctions previously
shield, to young princes.
established between the coins of the three dif-
Uastati, infantry of the Roman legions, so
ferent Helenas, and ascribes all the pieces which
called because at the commencement of their
bear that name to the mother of Constantine.
institution, they were armed with spears.
Uastati (says Varro), quod primo Hastis pug-
— In this absolute revolt against a part of the
system of appropriation, laid down by the illus-
nabaut. And though afterwards armed in a
trious German, and for some time acquiesced in
different manner, they always preserved the
without further contest by the numismatic world,
name for in Polybius’s time they fought with
;
M. Ch. Lenormant has joined. And in vol. vi.
swords, and a dart called Pilum the Velites,
p. 88 et scq. of Revue Numismalique, the latter
or light troops, alone continued to use the
has given liis reasons in full for undertaking
javelin termed Hasta. (Pitiscus). Hastati
to corroborate and carry out the ideas of Baron
and Principes are expressed on family coins by
Marchant. To this luminous dissertation the
the letters H. and P. (See Neria gens).
attention of the student is particularly directed.]
The Principes, like the Hastati, were the most
distinguished of the Roman soldiers their post :

was at the head of an army, the first in rank,

and as it were, the princes it also mcaut the
;

first cohorts and the first legions. (Kolb.)—

IIEDERA.— See Ivy.
HELEN' A (Flavia Julia), born at Drepanum,
in Bithynia (a. d. 248), was the first wife of
Constantius Chlorus, to whom she was married
several years previously to his being invested with HELENA N. F. (Noii/issima FeminaJ . —
the rank of Ctesar, and by whom she was divorced third brass, bcariug this legend and the unde-
448 HELIOPOLIS, HELIOPOLIS.
coratcd head of a female. Rev. without legend. On either side, elevated on a cippus,
—
A large star within a garland. “ This princess
ilium.
a young draped female, each holding the ends of
is

is not alluded to in history, but from the men- a veil, floating in the air above the head of
tion of her name
together with that of Crispus, the goddess, whom Vaillant calls the genius of
in the Theodosian code, she is supposed to have Heliopolis,and Mionnet describes as Astarte .

been the wife of that Ccesar, the son of Con- It is at any rate as remarkable a type as any
stantine, although it does not clearly state that engraved on a colonial coin.
she was. The supposition is strengthened by Athleta (wrestler). — On a second brass struck
the style of the coin (engraved in preceding by the Ilcliopolitans, in honour of the emperor
page), which bears a strong resemblance to that Valerianus, a male figure naked, stands with his
of Fausta, the supposed wife of Constantius the right hand placed on a vase (or is in the act of
Second. —
Akerraan, Descript. Cat. ii. 25.
[According to the new distribution by Baron
Marchant and M. Ch. Lcnormant, this is,
amongst others, rendered up, as a coin struck
under her son, to the mother of Constantine.
See Nobilissima Femina'].
I1EL. Heliopolis , or city of the Sun.
—
HELIOPOLIS. There were more cities than
one of this name. That however, which is dis-
tinguished numismatically, was situated near
Mount Lebanon; and having received from
the Egyptian Heliopolis an idol of the Sun,
adopted the same appellation. It became a receiving it as a prize). He holds in his left
Roman colony under Julius Ciesar’s foundation, hand a palm-branch, the symbol of victory.
and therefore called Julia. Augustus sent many [Coins were minted at Heliopolis to record the
veterans to it and the name of Augusta was
;
arrival of Valerianus in Syria, on his way to
consequently added to its colonial titles. undertake against the Persians (a. D. 258), an
They#* Ilalicum was moreover conferred upon expedition, to the catastrophe of which he fell
it by Sept. Scverus, for its attachment to his a miserable victim].
interest during his struggle for empire with The abbreviated legend col. cer. sac. cap.
Pcscennius Niger. The ancient Heliopolis is OEC. isel. hel. Vaillant, supported by Bimard,
now called Balbec or Baalbeck and the ruins ;
interprets Colonia Certamen Sacrum Capiloli-
of its once celebrated temple still exist. It num, Oecumenicum, Iselaslicum, Hcliopolita-
is marked by some geographers a city of Pkcc- num, and considers that it alludes to the public
nicia, by others a city of Cocle-syria. Those, games which were celebrated at Heliopolis in the
however, who place it in Phoenicia, make a above named emperor’s presence, the same year.
double Phoenicia, one proper or by the sea In these games the objects of competition and
shore, the other Lybanisia or Damascan (Da- contest were of a three-fold kind, namely eques-
—
mascena Plin. 1. v. c. 18). That old soldiers trian, gymnastic, and musical. The certamen was
were sent by Augustus to Heliopolis as a re- called Oecumenicum because not only Syrian
;

cruitment to the colony, drafted from the Fifth athletic, but other champions, from all parts,
or Macedonica, and the Eighth or Augustan were admitted as candidates for the prizes.
Legions, is shewn by its coins under Philip Iselasticum, because the victors were said tttrt-
senior. This city inscribed money to Nerva, \avvf iv, to be carried in quadrigae through the
Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, M. Aurelius, Com- country. The shews were called sacred (sacrum)
modus, Pcrtinax, S. Scverus, Julia Domna, because they were celebrated in honour of some
Caracalla, Plautilla, Geta, Maerinus, Alexander deity and at Heliopolis they were dedicated to
;

Sevcrus, Gordianus Pius, Philip sen. Philip Jupiter, surnamed Capitolinus by the Romans.
jun. Valerianus, Gallicnus and styled col. h.
;
— Colonia, ii. 37-
or hel. Colonia Heliopolis. On one of Cara- The above is that of an Athleta, who
figure
calla’s it bears the title of col. ivl. avo. ff.l. seems to have triumphed in the gymnastic branch
hel. Colonia Julia Augusta Felix Heliopolis, of the certamen, which itself comprised five
or He/iopo/itani. — The epigraph of this colony different kinds of bodily exercises, viz. running,
on a coin of the elder Philip is col. hel. leg. leaping, wrestling, pugilism, and throwing the
v. maced, avg. Colonia Heliopolis Legionum discus, in all which they contended naked.
Quintie Macedonica et Oct a vie Augusta Span- — The vase or discus was the prize, the palm-
lieim, ii. p. f>02 —
Vaillant, in Col. i. and ii. branch the symbol, of victory. —
(ii. 231-233).

The coins of this colony are Latin imperial, Colonist driving Oxen at plough, behind
in small, middle, and large brass (see Mionnct, which are two military ensigns. Sec coloniae —
Supplt. T. viii. 208). Amongst the types which komanae, p. 227.
occur on their reverses arc the following, viz. Cornucopia (double, with caduceus between
Astarte. — On large brass of Philip sen. A them). On third brass of Gallicnus.
woman, with tutulatcd head, standing, and Eagles . —
Two legionary eagles within a wreath
clothed in the stola, holds a rudder in the right of laurel appear on third brass coins of Helio-
hand, and a cornucopia- in the left. At her feet polis, dedicated to Sept. Scverus, and to his
arc two small figures, each supporting a rex- second son Geta ; also to his wife Julia Doinua,
 HELIOPOLIS. HELIOPOLIS. 440
who was a native of the province in which this is he here sui named Heliopolitanus and at both
colony was situated. The same type likewise places he was termed Optimus Maximus. The
occurs on a medal of Philip jun. —
[The eagle-
standard of the legionaries, exhibited on coins
people of this Coele-syrian colony, in return for
their obligations to Severus, who had conferred
of Roman colonics, indicates (as has already on them the jus Italicum, inscribed the above
been observed), the origin of such colonies from described coins to that emperor, adding the type
the veterans of a legion and when two eagles
;
and the name of the temple which they had
are represented, they argue that the colonists erected to Jupiter Heliopolitanus. Coins with
had been selected and sent from the soldiers similar legends and types were dedicated to
of two legions. The two here alluded to were Caracalla. — Vaillant, ii. pp. 13 and 37.]
the 5th and 8th. See Philip sen. —
Vaillant, Temple, upon a foundation of rock, with a
ii. p. 20.] flight of many stairs up to it. Before the tem-
Port utue Bute . —
On a coin of this colony, in- ple is au arula (or small altar), and near that
scribed to Hadrian, two draped females stand a sacrificial urn. In the field of the coin, which
arm in arm. One holds a rudder in the right is a first brass of Philip senior, near the top of
hand, the other a similar attribute in the left. the stair-case is a caduceus. Legend col. ivl.
[The legend is leg. h. col. ii. which Vail- AVG. FEL. HEL.
lant (i. 158), interprets Legio Heliopolis — [Judging from the caduceus, Vaillant (ii. 167)
Colonia Heliopolis adding that, “ uuder the adopts the opinion that this reverse typifies the
effigies of two Fortunes, which often stand for temple of Mercury, to whom another coin of
genii loci, the people of this city, mindful of the same colony, struck under the same empe-
their Roman origin, dedicated the genius of the ror, and already noticed in this list, points as
legion and that of the colony to Hadrian, then to a favourite object of worship at
religious
tarrying within the borders of Syria.” —
Bimard, Heliopolis. The situation of that city being on
in noticing the same coin, whilst admitting that one of the spurs of Mount Lebanon, is supposed
it is properly assigned to Heliopolis, in Coele- to account for the temple being delineated as
syria, expresses his opiniou that leg. h. should built on a rock].
be explained by Legio Octava ; the 8tb legion Pellerin (in Melange, i. pi. xxii. No. 5, p.
(Macedonica belonging to this colony, and the 328), has engraved a coin of Valcrianus, which,
letter ll. being employed, after the fashion of with legend col. hel. typifies two temples,
the Greeks, for a numeral sign. This eminent placed sideways opposite each other. Above arc
numismatist supports himself in this hypothesis three urns or vases, with palm branches in each.
on the precedent of a coin struck in the same Victors at Games. —
On a second brass of the
colony, also under Philip, and which exhibits same emperor, having for the legend of its re-
the union of a Greek legend with a Latin legend. verse sac. cap. oec. ise. but without the col.
—
(ad Jobert, ii. 187). Pellerin, commenting on hel. engraved on the preceding coin, the type
these tw'o opinions, says “ there is no apparent consists of two seated male figures, facing one
likelihood that the city which coined the medals another, each wearing the pallium, and placing
here quoted by Bimard, should have used nume- with his left hand a crown on his own head.
ral letters purely Latin on the one, and Greek These two figures sustain between them with the
numerals on the other, for the purpose of de- right baud a discus, or broad round vase, in
signating the Roman legions which were sta- which are two palm branches. Between the
tioned in this colony.” 11c therefore infers, as two men is an altar.
Vaillant does, that it was a legion bearing the [The two figures above described arc evidently
name of Heliopolis, the initial of which follows designed to represent victors at the certamen
the abbreviated word leg. in the reverse legend sacrum, celebrated at Heliopolis, although the
of this coin, and he adds that it was, beyond epigraph does not give the name of that city.
doubt, struck at the Coelc-syrian Heliopolis. At such public trials of skill, all the conquerors
Melange, i. 273]. were crowned. But the question is, which kind
—
Mercury. On small brass of Philip senior of crown was given as a prize at these Capito-
and junior, this deity, standing clothed in a linc games ? Vaillant thinks it probable that it
short dress, holds the crumena in his right hand, was the olive leaf, as at the Olympic. The
and the caducous in his left.. From this and seated figures both supporting the same vase,
other numismatic evidences, it appears that which has two branches in it, serve to indicate
Mercury was, as well as Jupiter, worshipped in that they had both come off victors at one of
the lleliopolitan colony. —
Sec Vaill. ii. 166. the three exercises (viz. gymnastics, equitation,
Temples.— There are two specimens of this and music). In this case there is room for con-
type on second brass of Sept. Severus, one pre- jecture that it was for music, because the two
senting the front of a temple, with a portico of figures are seated, and invested with the pallium
ten columns. The other exhibits a side view of or cloak. In wrestling and in horsemanship the
the whole building, which has steps leading up candidates exercised naked. In music they per-
to it. The legend is COL. ltEL. I. o. m. h.— formed clothed. The altar is placed between
Colonia Heliopolis Jovi Optimo Maximo Helio- them on the coin, to denote that sacred rites
politano. had been paid to the gods before and after the
[Both these types are intended to represent —
games were celebrated. Vaillant, ii. 231],
the temple dedicated at Heliopolis to Jupiter, The other types, occurring on coins of this
who, as he was called Capito/inus at Rome, so colony consist of a turreted woman, repre-
3 M
450 HERCULES. HERCULIS LADORES.
scnted both as a whole figure and as a bust, rius of this prince (p. M. tr. p. cos. hi. p. p.)
portraying the genius of Heliopolis. Also urns his image standing on a basis, has a club in the
(disci), from one to three in number, in each of right hand, and an apple in the left (allusive to
which arc from one to three palm branches, the llcsperidcs) the skin of the Nemtcau liou
;

struck on the occasion of the Capitolina games, being thrown, like the pallium, over his shoul-
celebrated there, in honour of Jupiter, as al- ders, and falling on his left arm. On a first —
ready mentioned under the head of Athletes in brass of the same emperor (s. p. Q. R. opt.
this article. prin.) appears a club resting perpendicidarlv on
the head of a lion placed on a pedestal, llut it
was for Commodus to shew his folly in
left
affecting “the Herc’les vein.” And not only
does the cfligy of the demi-god appear on numer-
ous coins of that pest of society, but his own
head is covered with the leonine attribute, and
he assumes the appellation of “the Roman Her-
cules.” —
Gallienus, Postumus, Probus, Maxi-
miauus Hercules, and other emperors, also se-
lected this deity as the peculiar object of their
worship.
Hercules and the Centaurs. —
On a silver coin
of the Aurelia gens (sec p. Ill), Hercules stands
in a car drawn by two centaurs, holding branches
in their hands. His victory over these quadru-
pedal monsters is referred to on several coins
HERCULES. —This celebrated hero of my- amongst others a beautiful medallion of Anto-
thological romance was at first called Alcidcs, ninus Pius. (See the subject described and en-
but received the name of Hercules, or Heracles, graved in p. 194). —
On a highly-relieved brass
from the Pythia of Delphos. Feigned by the medallion of M. Aurelius, Hercules bearing a
poets of antiquity to have been a son of “ the trophy on his left shoulder, and holding the
Thunderer,” but born of an earthly mother, he club in his right hand, stands in a car drawn by
was exposed, through Juno’s implacable hatred four centaurs. (See Temporum Felicilas.) En-
to him as the offspring of Alcmena, to a course graved in Mionnct and in Akerman.
of perils, which commenced whilst he was yet in
his cradle, and under each of which he seemed 1IERCULIS LABORES.
ready to perish, but as constantly proved vic- M. Dc Witte, an eminent numismatist, resi-
torious. At length finishing his allotted career dent at Cologne, in an elaborate and ably written
with native valour and generosity, though too paper, addressed to the Editor of the Revue Nu-
frequently the submissive agent of the mean- mismatique (vol. vii. p. 330 to 369), respecting
ness and injustice of others, he perished sclf- the veneration which Postumus manifested to-
devotedlv on the funeral pile, which was lighted wards Hercules, gives a description of a set of
on Mount Oeta. Jupiter raised his heroic pro- coins, struck under that prince, the reverses of
geny to the skies anil llercides was honoured by
; which present a complete series of the labours
the pagan world, as the most illustrious of deified of Hercules. It is from the engravings (plate
mortals. The extraordinary enterprises cruelly vii.) which illustrate the dissertation in question,
imposed upon, but gloriously achieved by, this that the subjoined cuts have been copied whilst ;

famous demigod, are to be found depictured, not advantage has also been taken of M. Dc Vi itte’s
oidy on Greek coins, but also on the Roman series commentary on the different types, to throw
both consular and imperial. The first, and one of fresh light on the numismatic as well as mytho-
the most dangerous, of undertakings, well-known logical bearings of the subject :

under the name of the twelve labours of Her-

cules, was that of killing the huge lion of
Nemcea; on which account the intrepid warrior
is represented, clothed in the skin of that forest
monarch ; he also bears uniformly a massive
club, sometimes without any other arms, but
at others with a bow and quiver of arrows. On
a denarius of the Antia gens he is represented
walking with trophy and club. (See uestio.)
When his head alone is typified, as in Mucia
gens, it is covered with the lion’s spoils, in No. 1. iiercvli neiiaeo. Hercules suffo-
which distinctive decoration he was imitated by cating a lion, that tremendous beast, which ra-
many princes, and especially by those who vaged the country near the Ncnncan forest, in
claimed descent from him —
as for example, the the neighbourhood of Clconas, and which he had
kings of Macedonia, and the successors of Alex- in vain endeavoured to kill, with the sword, the
ander the Great. Amoug the Roman emperors club, aud the stone and the skin of which he
;

Trajan is the first whose coins exhibit the afterwards wore as a trophy of his victory.
figure and attributes of Hercules. On a denn- My < hographers speak of two or three lions
 IIERCULIS LABORES. HERCULIS LABORES. 451
slaiu by Hercules. That of Mount Cithcra, piece (says M. De
Witte) formed part of a depot
or rather that of Mount Helicon, that of Les- of medals found in the environs of Cologne.
bos, and that of Nennea. llis combats with the Compare with Banduri, Num. Imp. Rom. vol. i.
“ king of beasts” have often been represented by p. 286.
ancient artists this group offering favourable
;
Hercules and the Hydra arc represented on a
combinations, as well for sculpture as (or paint- tolerably largenumber of monuments in marble
ing numberless and very varied repetitions arc
;
and on paiuted vases. With regard to coins,
also found of it, especially on Greek coins. It this type is found on some Greek money, aud
is the lion of Nemcea, the slaying of which was upon imperial Latin coins of Maximianus Her-
the first of the hero’s twelve labours, that is cules, bearing the legends hercvli debella-
shewn by the inscription on the denarius of l’os- tori and gold and silver)
(brass medallion,
tumus, No. 1. —
hercvli victori (gold) and hercvli invicto
Mionnct has described an aureus similar to — and on those of Constantius Chlorus, virtvti
the above, with the legend hercvli invicto ;
avgg. (also gold). It has been conjectured that
which accompanies the group of Alcides and the the extermination of the Hydra, which is often
lion on a reverse of Postumus. Lastly, Ban- repeated on coins of Maximianus Hercules, bear
duri cites a brass coin of Postumus, which bears reference to the persecution exercised against
on its reverse the legend virtvs postvmi avg. the Christians.
s. c. with the same type. The marshes of Lerna were situated in Ar-
No. 2. Rev hercvli argivo.
.
Hercules golis, whence came the epithet Aryivus, which
armed with the club, the skin of the lion wrap- Hercules bears on the denarius of Postumus, en-
ped round the left arm, attacking the Hydra, or graved in preceding page. “ Of all the reverses
many-headed serpent of Lerna. of the labours of Hercules, says M. Dupre, that
Obv postvmvs pivs felix avg. Jugatcd
. with the legend hercvli argivo is the most rare.
heads of Postumus and Hercules, both crowned Published solely by Goltzius, and not being
with laurel, to the right. (See obverse of a found in the greatest collections, its existence
silver medallion of Postumus, p. 382). has been doubted. But we are acquainted
From an unpublished denarius of billon, be- with an indubitable specimen of it, discovered
longing to the collection of M. Dupre. This amongst a deposit found near Treves.”

No. 3. postvmvs p. f. avg. cos. Radiated Erymanthus. The lion’s skin is hung on the
head of Postumus to the left. leftarm. At his feet is a pithos or wine-jar.
Rev virtv postvmi avg. Hercules seizing
.
— Denarius of billon in the Cabinet de France .

by the antlers, the hind or stag Ceryquita .

Mionnet, ii. 61. Banduri i. 285 and 291, in
Middle brass, in the Cabinet de France. Mion- — whose work it is engraved.
net, Rarete des Med. ii. 68.
The hind, with golden horns and brazen
hoofs, furnished to Hercules his third labour.
This is a rare subject on ancient monuments,
except on the bas-reliefs dedicated to this series
of representations. A few paintings on vases
refer to the capture of this wild stag so famous
for its swiftness. Sometimes also Hercules aud
Apollo are seen contending for this fleet animal,
a struggle figured on a magnificent helmet of Hercules, carrying the huge wild boar alive
bronze, in the collection of M
lc Due de Luyncs,
. on his shoulders, is often depictured on painted
and on two painted vases. The type of the hind vases as well as on marbles, on one of which
tamed by Hercules, although not of frequent Eurystheus is seen hiding himself in the pithos.
occurrence, is not unknown in Greek numis- The king of Mycenae, affrighted at the sight of
matics and it is found on the gold and small
; the enormous victim to heroic strength and
brass of Diocletian, and of Maximian Hercules courage, lifts up both his arms, and seems to
virtvs avgg. or viRTVTi avgg. The brass conjure Hercules to take himself away with his
coin of Postumus (engraved above) is unique.
De AVitte, Revue Num. vol. vii.
dreadful burthen. —
On coin No. 4, neither the
head nor the arms of Eurystheus are visible.
No. 4. hercvli erymantino (sic.) — Her- On other coins the pithos is seen, and Eurys-
cules carrying on his shoulders the wild boar of theus concealing himself therein, in the same
3 M2
452 1IERCULIS LABORES. llERCULIS LABORES.
manner as on the painted urns —as for example,
on a brass coin struck Egypt,
at Alexandria, in
under Antoninus Pius on another brass coin,
;

struck at Hadrianopolis of Thrace, uudcr Cara-

ealla ;
and lastly, on three brass medallions of
Pcrinthus, struck under Caracalla, Geta, and
Gordianus Pius.
No. 5. hero pisaeo. Hercules naked,
earn ing on his right shoulder what M. De Witte
calls a kind of hogau pioche (but what in the
No. 6. — Rev. — hercvli av(g). Hercules
engraving looks more like a club), proceeding standing, the skin on his shoulders,
lion’s
to the task of cleansing the Augean stables.
shoots with his arrows two of the Stgmpha/ides.
A denarius of Postuinus in billon, unpublished, On an aureus of Postumus in the Cabinet de
from the Treves Museum.
The myth of the stable of Augias is re-
France. — Tauini, Num. Imp. Rom. tab. ii.
Hercules killing with shafts discharged from
presented only on a small number of ancient his unerring bow the birds of Stympbalus, is a
monuments ;
on the celebrated cup
for instance, subject found on ancient monuments of every
Albani ; on the Borgia marble ; and on the altar kind, and on many Greek coins. This aureus,
of the Giustiniani gallery. The representation which bears on its obverse the jugated heads of
which corresponds most closely with the type of Postumus and Hercules, both crowned with
this rare denarius (No. 5), is the bas relief on laurel, is a fine one, and may be considered to
the altar last named, and on which Hercules is have been unpublished until cugraved in the
seen walking to the left, armed with a auairavp Recue Numismatique to illustrate with others
(hoe or mattock), by means of which he prepares M. De Witte’s dissertation. Mionnct has not
to split rocks, and open a passage for the waters described it. Tauini has given a very had copy
of the Alphcus and the Pcneus. The club is
of it, the only one heretofore known. Nor are
placed against the rock. the birds of Stymphalus represented on any other
The coin (No. 5) is unfortunately defective in Latin coin.
point of preservation. “ In the type of the
[These birds were so called from the lake
reverse (remarks Witte) may without
M. De Stymphalus, in Arcadia, the neighbourhood of
hesitation be recognized the fifth labour of Her- which they infested. They were said to have
cules —
that in which the hero cleansed the Elide. been of prodigious size, of insatiable voracity,
But there remain difficulties attached to the task and to have fed on human flesh. With the
of reading the legend, in which it might have assistance of Minerva, they were partly de-
been supposed that more than one surname stroyed by the arrows of Hercules, aud the rest
would have been found connected with the oper- driven away by the sound of brass timbrels.
ation —
such as those of Hercuh Alpheo, Eleo, A specimen of these winged monsters (which
or Peneo. The first letter especially is of an differed from the Syren and the Harpy), is sup-
uncertain form. —
M. Chassot de Florencourt, to posed by certain' numismatists of the elder
whom I had communicated my doubts, shewed school to be exhibited on a well-known denarius
in the most convincing manner, that it was a of the Valeria gens. That type, however, docs
a P, and that it ought to be read hercvli not agree with Pausanias’s description of the
pisaeo.” Stgmphates Aces, which the Greek writer com-
Pisteus is a new surname for Hercules. This pares to a crane in size, and with a head aud
epithet alludes to the territory of Elis, within beak somewhat like those of an Ibis. It were,
the confines of which once stood the city of however, worse than trifling to criticise the form
Pisa, of which no vestiges are now discover- and dimensions of creatures about which even
able, although known to have been situated near fable contradicts itself, and the existence of which
the plain of Olympia, where the Olympic games probably had no place but in the imagination of
in honour of Jupiter were celebrated. the ancient poets].
“
Pisa was regarded as the residence of king No. 7.-HERCVU cretf.ssi. — Hercules, naked
Augias, and the capital of the country called (turned to the right), seizes a bull by the horus.
Pisatis. Some authors seem to make a distinc-
tion between Olympia and Pisa others say that
Obv. — POSTVMVS FIVS FELIX avg. Jugated
; heads of Postumus and Hercules (as in p. 382).
it was the same city. Seneca the tragedian On gold, in the Museum of Berlin. Mionnet, —
gives the epithet of Pisanis to Jupiter (Aga- Rarete des Med. v. ii. 61 —
Banduri, Num. hupp.
memnon, 930)
“ £t ista
:

donum palma Pisaei Jovis.”

i. 287. —For a cast of this unique aureus, M.
Dc Witte acknowledges himself indebted to M.
M. De Witte concludes his learned commen- Th. Panofka and to M. Piudcr, keepers of the
tary on coin No. 5, by observing, that on a bas- Berlin Cabinet.
relief in the Vatican, and on a brass coin of The type of Hercules, struggling with a bull,
Egyptian Alexandria, struck under Antoninus also appears on a middle brass of Postumus,
Pius, Hercules, after having finished his labour with the legend hercvli ixvicto. —
Engraved
(of opening a passage through a rock for the in Patin, Imp. Num. Rom. p. 335, edit. 1696.
waters of two rivers — symbolized under the On other monuments, Hercules is sometimes
figure of stable-cleansing), is seen mashing his seen endeavouring to bind a bull with cords :
hands. viz. on nn amphora with black figures, in the
 HEItCULlS LABORES. HERCULIS LABORES. 45 3
Musee Gregorien, at Rome and on another lefthand, and the lion’s spoils are wrapped round
—
;

his left arm. Oi».-POSTVMVS pivs pelix avg.

(unpublished) amphora, also with black figures,
in the collection Panckoucke. Tctes accolees dc Postume et d’Hcrculc.
— “ This
[Diodorus designates Hercules by the sur- denarius of billon, unpublished, from the col-
name of Creiensis. And the reverse of this lection of M. Dupre, was found near Rennes,
coin typifies a great success which the hero in Britannv.”
achieved in taming a wild bull. The scene of [The type alludes to the combat of Hercules
the exploit is assigned to Crete; and it is enu- with Ilyppo/ita, whom, having overcome (in
merated as the seventh of the labours awarded scarcely to him very creditable fight) he forth-
by his tyrant brother to this never-daunted, with dispossessed of the baldrick or sword-belt
cver-victorious, undertaker of apparently im- of Mars, which this queen of the Amazohs car-
practicable enterprises.] ried at her girdle, as the mark of her royalty
and which Adineta, daughter of Eurystheus, and
a priestess of J uno at Argos, had ordered the
—
Theban hero to bring to her. In Millin, Gale -
rie Mgthologique, ii. pi. exxii. No. 443, the sub-
ject, copied from a Greek vase, is artistically
dealt with, at an earlier stage of the encounter ;

when the beautiful equestrian is about to hurl

her ineffectual lance at the man of the ponderous
club].
“ Hercules fighting with the Amazons (says
No. 8. — postvmvs avg. — Bust of Postumus,
hi. De Witte), a frequent subject on painted
with face to the front, and head encircled with
vases, is of very rare occurrence on monetary
a radiated crown.
types. Hercules is seen pursuing an Amazon
Rev .herctu thracio. Hercules taming on horseback, on brass money of Heraclca, in
a horse. On gold, in the Cabinet de France. Bithynia. There is also a specimen of the same
Leuormant, Iconographie des Empereurs Ro-
type in the Cabinet de France, of mediocre pre-
mains, pi. lii. No. 14. —
Mionnet, Rarete, &c.
servation but there is in the imperial and royal
ii. G2. —
On a denarius of billon the same type ;

cabinet at Vienna a third example, as w'ell pre-

of reverse occurs.
served as that in hi. Dupre’s collection.”
[IIercu/es Thracius was the conqueror of Dio-
No. 10. HERCVLI GADITANO. Hercules
mede, king of Thrace, son of Mars and Cyrene,
standing, with the lion’s skin suspended on the
who fed his horses with human flesh. It was left arm, and the right arm raised as in the atti-
one of the formidable tasks imposed on Hercules On a de-
tude of fighting against armed men.
to destroy Diomede. And accordingly the hero,
narius of billon, from the collection of M. Du-
accompanied by some of his friends, attacked
pre, unpublished till engraved in the Revue
the cruel monarch, forcibly took possession of
Numiswatique for the dissertation of M. De
his horses, and gave him up to be devoured by
Witte, who says “ this unique piece was found
the same savage animals which he had employed
in the neighbourhood of Cologne, at the same
to destroy the unfortunate dupes of his barbar-
time as denarius No. 2.
ous treachery].
[In type No. 10 is to be recognised the fabled
The subject of Hercules taking the horses
conflict between Hercules and the triple Geryon,
of Diomede is rarely represented on monuments
represented in this instance by three heavy-armed
of antiquity. Independently of a group in marble
soldiers), in the garb of Roman warriors.
preserved at the Vatican, it is recognised on a
The passage in question, like several others
paiuted cup in the second collection of Sir IV m.
connected with the labours of Hercules, is very
Hamilton. Several Greek medals bear the type
Geryon is de-
of the horses taken away by Hercules. Eckhcl — confused
scribed,
and contradictory.
by the poets, as a giant with three
quotes, after Tanini, a billon of Postumus, which
bodies, three heads, six arms, and six legs.
on the reverse of a galeated head of that em-
This monster, who lived in the island of Gadira
peror, exhibits Hercules accomplishing his 8th
or Gades, kept numerous herds of oxen ; Eurys-
labour.
theus, the hard and malignant task-master of
Hercules, believing that it was impossible to
take away these cattle, charged Hercules with
the consummation of this exploit. The hero
nevertheless went to Gades, destroyed Geryon,
although the giant was succoured by Juno, and
carried away all the cattle to Tirynthus. —
Ac-
cording to Servius, Geryon was king of the three
Balearic islands, Majorca, Minorca, and Ivica
from which circumstance the ancients have made
No. 9. Rev . hercvi.i invicto. — Hercules him with a three-fold set of bodies and limbs.
standing, presses with his right foot on the body — In later ages, the people of Gades (now
of a draped female, stretched on the ground Cadiz), reverencing the valour of Hercules, de-
beneath him, and from whose waist he is pre- dicated a temple to his memory under the name
paring to detach the girdle. The club is in his of Hercides Gaditanus. — See gades].
454 IIERCULIS LABORES. IIERCULIS LABORES.
“ The combat of Hercules with Geryon (ob- Having challenged Hercules, the cruel savage
serves M. De Witte) is figured on only one brass was three times prostrated by the intrepid hero,
coin of oriental fabric, and of which there are but in vain. Hercules, perceiving at length the
but two specimens extant. The following is a source of the giant’s force and security, lifted
description of the piece :Obv. Hercules armed him up from the ground, and caused him to ex-
with the club, and wearing the lion’s spoils, in pire by violently compressing him in his arms],
a fighting attitude. Rev. Geryon with three “In the series of the twelve labours (observes
heads, each covered with a Phrygian cap, and M. De Witte), the wrestling of Auticus is sub-
armed with a round buckler, in the act of com- stituted, on the reverse of Postumus, for the
batting. jE. 3. taking away of the apples of the Hcsperides.
“ The above was not long ago the only medal Sometimes in the succession of the labours the
known, as offering the type of Hercules light- order is changed. At other times, some sub-
ing with the triple king of Iberia. But Air. jects arc omitted, or one of the twelve great
Samuel Birch has recently published a rare brass labours is replaced by one of the other exploits
medallion of Caracalla, struck at Blandos, in of Hercules. It is thus that Pausanias, in de-
Lydia. This medallion is preserved in the Bri- scribing the pediment of the temple of Hercules
tish Museum. Its reverse type exhibits Her- Promachos at Thebes, makes a remark, that
cules, armed with the club, seizing the heads of Praxiteles, instead of the combat against the
Geryon, figured under the form of a little man, birds of Stymphalus, and the cleansing of the
entirely naked, having three heads. On the left Augean in other words, the drain-
stables,
arm the triple giant carries a buckler, which ing of the
country of Elis, had introduced
resembles a wheel. In the field of the coin are the contest with Antaeus. Moreover, the
two oxen. jE. 1 , 2.” scene of this wrestling with the giant, as
M. De Witte contends for the Asiatic origin well as the garden of the Hcsperides, was
of the myth of Geryon, remarking that “ a placed in Lybia; thence the epithet Lybicus,
tradition, preserved by Pausanias, places the which Hercules bears on the aureus of Postu-
tomb of Geryon in Lydia.” The coin of Blandos mus and Servius gives it to be understood, that
;

alludes to that local myth —

a circumstance which it was in pursuing his course towards the abode

he regards as corroborative of his own views on of the llespcrides, that Hercules vanquished
the subject. Ant,'cus. —
“ Item ad llespcrides perrexit, ct An-
The legend herc. gadit. appears on an au- thamin, filinm Terra: victum luctationc nccavit.”
reus of Hadrian hut the type of that coin does
;
Some painted vases, and several Greek coins,
not represent Hercules fighting with Geryon exhibit the conflict of Hercules with the Libyan
but the unconqucred hero holds the apples of athlete. This group is also fouud on a small
the Ilcspcrides, whilst at his feet is the recum- brass of Maximianus Hercules, with the legend
bent figure of Occanus. VIRTYTI AVGG.”
No. 12. hercvli inmortali. (sic.J Her-
cules, with the club aud lion’s skin on his
shoulder, drags Cerberus enchained. Billon of
Postumus, in the imperial aud royal cabinet of
Vienna. —
Spauhcim, i. 2G5 ; Mionnet, ii. 61;
Banduri, i. 291.
[The twelfth and last labour of Hercules was
that in which, conducted by Minerva aud by
Mercury, he descended into the kingdom of
Pluto, whence he delivered Theseus ; and drag-
No. 11. iiercvli libyco. —
Hercules, wrest-
ged forth into the light of day the watch-dog of
liug with Autams, suffocates him in his arms.
the infernal regions. Eurystheus, however, after
Gold of Postumus, formerly of the Cabinet de having seen that triple-headed monster, ordered
France, disappeared at the time of the robbery Hercules to lead him hack again. Of this
in 1831. Mionnet, t. ii. p. Gl. —This piece,
crowning and closing trial Ausouius sings
which will be found in Banduri’s work (t. i.
Cerberus extremi suprema est meta laboris.
287), was engraved after a cast preserved at the
French Institute. The myth of Cerberus describes him as born of
[Fable tells us that when, in the course of his Typhou and Echidna huge in size, extremely
;

peregrinations, Hercules arrived in Lybia, his cruel,with a terrible voice, and of extraordinary
progress was opposed by a mighty giant named strength. Guard of the gates of hell, and of
Antrcus, son of Neptunus and Terra, whose the dismal palace of its sovereign, this fearful
strength as a wrestler was invincible, so long dog was not less cunning than ferocious; he
as he remained in contact with his mother earth. fawned upon and gave a deceitful welcome to
Boasting that he would raise a temple to his those who entered but he never permitted them
;

father’s honour with the skulls of those whom to go out again, and devoured those who at-
he conquered in certamine luctationis, he com- tempted to escape from the dark realms of
pelled the strangers who came to the country of —
“ gloomy Dis ." See Millin, Dictionnairc de la
Irasa, of which he was king, to engage in Fable, for an article on Cerberus, full of well-
athletic combat with him, and slew his antago- comlcnscd mythological information].
nists, when he had exhausted them with fatigue. The subject is typified on a great many paint-
 HERCULES. I1ERCULES. 455
cd vases, engraved stones, and Greek coins ; vested with the Tribuuitian dignity for the
also on an aureus of Maximianus Hercules, in eighteenth time, Consul for the fourth time.
which the dragging forth of Cerberus is accom- Father of the Country). The type represents
panied by the legend HERCVLl inmortali, ex- Hercules holding a branch in his right hand,
actly the same as is read on the dcuarius of bil- and in his left his club and the spoils of the
lon engraved in No. 12. —
Nenueau lion. See aescui.apius, p. 21.
All the labours of Hercules being then accom-
plished, his submission to Eurystheus no longer
continued, and the hero reposed. This repose,
like his labours, was a favourite and a noble
subject of composition for artists a fine exam-
;

ple of which, though prostituted to the flattery

of an execrable prince, will, for its monetary
excellence, be given in another page. — See her-
cvli ROMANO.
Then commenced a series of exploits, per-
formed, so to speak, from his own will and on
his own account. Amongst other desperate en-
terprises, he descended again into the regions
below, and rescued therefrom Alccste, who had
devoted herself to death for her husband.
“ These descents into the subterranean world of Hercules, the destroyer of Cacus . — The myth
paganism (says Millin, Gal. My t hoi. ii. 181), of Cacus, son of Vulcan and Medusa, represents
are allegories of the mysteries of Eleusis, into him as a monster of enormous size, half-man
which he gained initiation.” — Unable, after suf- half-snake, and as vomiting flames. He resided
fering horrible tortures, longer to endure the in Italy and the paths to his cavern, dug in
;

effects ofwearing a tunic tainted with the em- Mount Aventiue, were covered with human
poisoned blood of Ncssus, which that centaur bones. Setting, as usual with these legends,
had deceitfully persuaded Dejanira to send her geographical and other probabilities at defiance,
husband, he, to terminate his miseries, caused the story brings Hercules, the conqueror of
an immense funeral pile to be raised on Mount Geryon (see Here. Gadil.J to the immediate
Octa and Philoctetcs lighted the fire in w'hich vicinity of what afterwards formed one of the
—
;

the hero was consumed. The idole of the great seven hills of Rome. Cacus stole some of the
Alcides descended to the infernal regions, but oxen of which Hercules had forcibly dispos-
he was himself conducted by Iris and by Mer- sessed the triple-giant of Cadiz, and which the
cury into the presence of the celestial deities hero was driving along the banks of the Tiber.
Jupiter reconciled him to Juno ; he received the The lowing of the cattle of Hercules was an-
honours of the apotheosis, and obtained the swered by the stolen ones shut up in the den of
hand of Hebe. Cacus, and the robber)' was thus revealed to Her-
And here, in direct reference to the tradition cules, who attacked the horrid monster and
of his deification, this coin presents the type strangled him in his blood-stained cavern. Her-
of his concluding work, and conformably to cules is said to have erected an altar to Jupiter
pagan assumptions, the legend records the Conservator, in commemoration of his victory,
of his immortality.Tacitus says “ Hercules
— title

and the inhabitants of the surrounding country

and Bacchus among the Greeks, and Quiriuus every year celebrated a festival in honour of the
(Romulus) amongst the Romans, are placed in occasion.
the ranks of the gods.” And thus by com- It is to this that allusion is made, on a brass
paring the reign of l’ostumus with the career of medallion of Antoninus Pius, published by Ve-
Hercules, the people of Gaul sought to houour nuti, from the Museum Albani the valiant and
:

an emperor who had long prosperously governed, all-conquering Alcides has just slain the giant
and against all opponents gloriously defended robber, half of whose dead body is still within
them. the cavern, the upper extremities alone being
Hercules Alexiacus. Among other attri- visible. The inhabitants of Mount Avcntine
butes this apotheosised hero had a medicinal in- are returning thanks to the hero for having deli-
fluence assigned to him, and for that reason was vered them from the tyrant of their fields, and
surnamed Alexiacus (one who drives away ill- they kiss the hand of the brave champion to
ness). He was likewise regarded as the pre- whom they owe the blessing.
siding divinity over baths of health supplied Hercules Bibax . —
On another brass medal-
from hot springs. This serves to explain the lion of the same emperor (published by Vaillant
meaning of one of two medals struck during the from the Decamps collection), without epi-
last years of Caracalla’s reign, and which bear graph on the reverse, Hercules is represented
reference to the precarious state of the health sitting before a table, with club in left baud,
of that emperor, which the remembrance of his and patera in right. Opposite to him sit several
crime, murderer of his brother, was
as the figures holding pateras around are urns and
:

secretly undermining. The silver coin in ques- vases of various sizes and on each side are vine-
—
;

tion has for the legend of its reverse p. m. tr. trees spreading their branches. Vaillant con-
p. XVIII. cos. mi. P. p. (Sovereign Pontiff, in- siders this unique type to be one of the attempts
450 HERCULES, HERCULES.
of Antoninus to restore an old local tradi- were appointed to guard the golden apples of a
tion —
namely, the sacrifice performed by Her- tree planted in a delightful garden, situated near'
cules before the great altar (ara maxima) at Mount Atlas, in Africa. But the nymphs, in-
Rome and he describes the piece as exhibiting
; stead of preserving their splcudid charge from
the demi-god sitting with Pinarius and Poti- depredation, were always gathering for their own
tius on bundles of grass. The vines and eating; Juno therefore confided the care both
vases, and especially the huge bowl above the of the fruit and of the Ilesperides themselves
great altar, he considers to indicate a liba- to a terrible serpent, which never slept. It was
tion poured out by the hard-drinking hero imposed by Enrystheus, as an extra labour, on
—
(Ueros bibaxj. Eckhel, on the other band, ex- Hercules, to procure some of the golden apples
plains the type as allusive to the bauquet in- from the garden above named. This he effected,
stituted by Hercules himself, after he had put after having killed the watchful monster, whose
Cacus to death. This feast was afterwards made dreadful folds were always coiled around the
an annual one ; the Pinaria and Potitia families tree which bore those precious fruits].
being the superintendents of the sacred cere- On this medallion, the hero, personifying
monies, to which Virgil rather copiously alludes manly strength and symmetry in perfectiou,
(/Eu. t. viii. The
guests at these ban-
268). after having slain the serpent, which remains
quets did not assume the recumbent posture, but cut wiued about the tree, elevates his right hand,
sat at table. This would seem to be a pecu- as if about to pluck one of the apples. He
liarityof the feast; for says Macrobius (cited holds in the other hand the club and the lion’s
by Eckhel, vii. 30), “ It is a distinguishing skin. On
the other side, standing close to the
custom connected with the worship of Hercules, tree, arc the three nymphs, whose neglect of
that the guests are seated at the banquet. Cor- duty, according to the fable, led to an under-
nelius llalbus, in his 18th book, says that, in taking full of danger to Hercules; but who suc-
the cercmouics of the Ara Maxima it was cus- ceeded in bringing away the golden produce of
tomary to have no triclinia.” — Sec lectister- the tree, and in releasing the Ilesperides.
nium. Hercules between Virtue and Voluptas .
Herculis Ara Maxima. The great altar of p. M. tr. P. cos. iii.-A temple with two columns,
Hercules. —
A denarius of the Antia gens has for within which a naked male
its obverse legend restio, and for type an altar figure stands with a club in
with flame kindled. Its reverse exhibits the right hand, whilst a
his
name of c. antivs, and the head of a bull, or- draped female on his right,
namented with the infala. Comparing this coin and another on his left, ap-
with auother of the same family, on which a pear endeavouring to attract
naked Hercules is carrying his club uplifted in him each to her side. Gold
one hand, and a trophy in the other, Eckhel is of Hadrian.
of opinion, that the altar called maxima at This coin involves in itself a moral subject.
Rome, dedicated to the above-named demi-god, The remarkable type is explained in the words
is here represented. of Cicero himself (Be Ojficiis, i. r. 32). Ac-
cording to Xenophon, “ Hercules Prodieius, as
soon as he arrived at years of puberty, a time
assigned by Nature for every individual to choose
his path iu life, went forth iuto some desert
spot; and, sitting there a long time by himself,
was much perplexed with doubts, whilst he re-
flected that there were two ways, the one of
Pleasure the other of Virtue.” Respecting this
Hercules Prodieius, Eckhel refers to Xenophon,
Quinctilian, and others enumerated by Potter”
(ad C/ementis A/exand. Pedagog. ii. ch. 10).
The fable was afterwards elegantly applied by
(Punic, xv. v. 20) to the elder
Silitis Italicus

Africauus aud in later times, as we here see,

;

the moneyer compares Hadrian with Hercules.

Hercules in the Garden of the Ilesperides . For, as that demi-god, with a disposition averse
This subject is so vague in itself, and treated to pleasure, chose a life of severe discipline, and
even as a myth in so unsatisfactory a manner, by exterminating, with vast exertions, the mon-
by poets and scholiasts, that it would scarcely sters that infested it, restored tranquillity to the
claim notice amongst the exploits of Hercules, world, — so Hadrian also, eschewing the allure-
but for the fine bas-reliefs, and other monuments ments of a luxurious life, preferred, with a re-
of antiquity, on which
grouped, especially
it is markable endurance of fatigue, to travel over
on that noble brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, the Roman world, and by chastising the extor-
in the Cabinet de France, from a cast after tions of the governors of its provinces, by set-
which the above wood-cut is executed. tling legal disputes, and by alleviating the con-
[The Ilesperides are described to have been dition of the destitute, to leave behind him im-
three (some say four) young women, celebrated perishable monuments of his benevolence. — IV e
or their beauty, daughters of Hesperus. They have already seen, that Hadrian i9 compared
 HERCULES. HERCULES. 457
with Hercules repeatedly throughout the types which symbolize the hero, with whose world-
of his coins “ whether, however (adds the
;
wide fame his own contemptible notoriety dared
Author of Doctrina), there be really such coins to compare itself. —
See hercvli romano.
in existence as theone which Casaubou declares IIERCVLES ADSERTOR. (Hercules the
that he has seen apud prasidem Thuanum (ad Assister or Liberator). —
See florente for-
Spartiani Iladr. eh. 13), inscribed ATT. K. AA- TVNA P. R. p. 391.
PIANOC. CEBACTOC. HPAKI.HC. PfiMAIOC. HERCVLI. COMITI. AVG. COS. III. A
and representing the emperor with the attri- naked Hercules, standing with club and lion’s
butes of Hercules, I am much inclined to doubt. skin near him the emperor veiled, sacrificing
;

It is probable that this is Commodus,

a coin of over a tripod the viclimarius stands beside him
;

who was often styled Hercules Romanes both holding an ox. Brass medallion of Postumus.
on Roman and Greek coins though there is ;
(Morelli. Specimen, p. 41).
actually quoted, among the medallions of the On this coin, which Morel states to be in the
Museum Thcupoli, page 778, one ou which the highest state of preservation, and of the most
head of Hadrian is said to be covered with the elegant workmanship, not only do the portraits
skin of a lion ;
provided, indeed, that this coin of the obverse correspond in every feature, but
is considered to be genuine. What is meant by the countenances of Hercules and Postumus,
the aged and reclining figure, I am at a loss to given on the reverse, also bear the closest re-
discover. If it either held a reed, or were lean- semblance to those on the obverse. And from
ing on the customary urn, I should pronouucc this circumstance, it is evident that the jugated
it a river but cvcu then 1 could not account heads, which so commonly appear on the ob-
for its appearance.” verses of Postumus’ coins, are not those of two
Hercules, his attributes and arms. On a — Postumi, but those of Postumus and Her-
denarius of c. coponiv« pr. s. c. is a club erect, cules (see p. 382.) —
To the worship of that deity
with the skin of a lion on one side a dart or
;
the Gauls were much devoted, and to the sculp-
arrow, on the other a bow. The arms of Her- tured lineaments of his countenance Postumus
cidcs undoubtedly bear allusion to Copouius de- studiously conformed his own, in the hope of
riving his origin from Tibur, in which city rendering himself personally more sacred, by
great honours were paid to Hercules, whence this conciliatory homage to the popular super-
Propertius calls it Herculeum (ii. Eleg. 32) ; stition of the provinces he governed. Doctrina,
and Strabo states that there was a temple of vii. 443.
Hercules at Tibur. —
See coponia gens, p. 279. This title given to Hercules as Comes Augusti
A second brass of the Curtia gens (engraved (compauion of the emperor), was in compliment
in ilorell. Thesaur. Tam. Rom. vol. ii.) exhibits to Postumus, who, bravest in w ar, faithful in r

on obverse the beardless head of Hercules,

its peace, grave in character and counsels, was re-
covered with the lion’s skin and on its reverse
;
garded as accompanied every where by the cour-
a bow, club, and arrow arc typified. ageous genius of Hercules himself, and this —
On a brass medallion of Commodus, with legend brave prince is on the above medal rendering
of reverse p. m. tr. p. x. imp. vii. cos. iiii. Her- thanks to his tutelary divinity for being present
cules is represented naked, standing with the club with him as his companion m
the triumph he
and lion’s skin, lifting up with his right hand a had just achieved over his enemies the Germans.
crown to his own head. To the right are a bow On a gold coin of Maximinus Daza appears the
and a quiver of arrows, suspended from a branch inscription of Hercules Comes Casarum Nostro-
of a tree; to his left is an altar with the fire rum, as indicating the companionship of the
kindled. — Seea cut of this reverse, engraved same deity with himself and Constantine.
after a cast from the original in the Cabinet de HERC. COMM, or COM.MODI ANO. P. M.
France, at the head of the article hercvles, TR. P. XVI. COS. VI. Hercules, standing before
p. 450. an with patera in his right hand, aud cor-
altar,
nucopia; in his left, near him a tree, from which
is suspended the skin of a lion. Gold of Corn-
modus (engraved in Caylns) Brass medallion —
of do. (in Mus. Albani). —
First brass, engraved
in the Cabinet de Christine. —
See hercvli.
HERCVLI CONS ervatori AVGVS ti. (To
Hercules the Preserver of the Emperor). On a —
very rare gold coin of Gallienus, having for the
type of its reverse the Calydonian boar ruuning,
a symbol of Hercules.
HERCVLI CRETENSI. See Herculis La-
bores, p. 452.
HERCVLI DEBELLATORI. (To Hercules
whose
The same vile caricature of an emperor, to the Vanquisher). —
This legend, with the killing of
fertile mints, nevertheless, our numis- the Hydra as its type, appears on a coin of Max-
matic treasuries are indebted for many a fine imianus Hcrculius, respecting which Eckhel ob-
and interesting coin, caused, in his Herculean serves as follows :
— “ As his colleague Diocle-
frenzy, the above legend to be struck, with the tian made an ostentatious display on his coins
type of the club, bow, and quiver full of arrows, of his attachment to the worship and name of
3 N
458 HERCULES. HERCULES.
Jupiter, so Maximianus, in like manner, boasted Nos. aud 2), two marbles dedicated to this
1
of Hercules. Thus we find on the medals of Hercules, aud states that they were discovered
the latter emperor, Hercules the Preserver, the in Belgium. —See various conjectures on this
Conqueror, the Unvanquished, the Peace bear- subject in Tristan, Muratori, and the authors of
ing, the Victorious, with variousaccompanying the work entitled De la Religion des Gaulois .

types, which exhibit different labours of the An anonymous Ravenna enumerates,

writer of
god, and many others occur on those coins of among the towns situated on the river Moselle,
Maxcntius which are inscribed virtys avgg. Macusa (Geogr. iv. c. 26), from w hich perhaps
This was the reason why sometimes he appears this Hercules derived his appellation. Few will
on his coins in the worship of his favourite imagine, with llarduin (ad Plin. vi. p. 344),
deity, his head covered with the skin of the that he was so called from Magusa, in ^Ethiopia.
lion, as though he made his son Maxentius heir Kcyslcr has published a marble found at Wcst-
of the glory symbolized in this reverse. And chapcl (M'estcapella), on which is inscribed
if we consider the barbarians every where van- HERCVLI MAGVSANO - - - TERTIVS. V. S. L. M.
quished and subdued by him, as monsters dan- with a figure of the deity, representing him as
gerous to the empire, Maxim ianus may be es- standing naked, aud holding in his right haud
teemed, if not Hercules, at least his most sedu- a dolphin, in his left the trunk of a tree cleft
lous and warlike imitator.” viii. p. 19. in two, aud at his feet a scorpion (Antiq. Sep-
tembr. p. 200) ; “ though (adds Eckhel) 1 am
not aware how these attributes cau appertain to
Hercules, such as through classical my ths we
T

are made acquainted with him. The types of

the coins in question differ in no respect from
the Hercules of the Greeks.” vii. 444.

HERCVLI ERYMANTHINO. Sec Labours —

of Hercules, p. 451.
HERC. GADIT. P. M. TR. P. COS. III.
1. 2
Hercules standing, rests his right hand on the
.

1 FIERC. DEVSONIENSI.— Hercules, with club in his left hand arc three apples.
;
On one
the club in his right hand, and the lion’s spoils side of him is a man reclining on the ground ;

on his left arm, stands in a temple of four on the other is the half of a ship. Coinage of
columns. On a denarius in billon of Postumus, Hadrian. Engraved in Caylus (No. 379), gold
—
whence cut No. 1 is engraved. On another bil- imperial series, in the Cabinet de France.
lon coin, engraved in Baiiduri, Hercules stands “ Transported from the metropolis Tyre to
(not within a temple), but with the usual attri- the colony Gades, Hercules Got!it anus became
butes of club and lion’s skin. celebrated, not only in Spain, but at Rome it-
This appellation was given to Hercules from self insomuch that, according to the Roman
;

a place where he was worshipped, though it is law, the Hercules of Gades acquired a privi-
not as yet sufficiently ascertained where Deuso lege, denied to most other foreign deities, of in-
or 1Deuson was situated. —
Tristan, following heriting property by bequest. (F/pian Fragm.
other writers, considered it not improbable that xxv.) — This deity appears on the coinage of Ha-
this place was the same as that of which Hiero- drian firstly, beeausc the town of Gades, from
;

nymus thus speaks in the Chronicou of Euse- proximity to Italics, his native place, easily
bius
—
“ The Saxons were slaughtered at Denso,
its
communicated to it the worship of Hercules,
in the district of the l’ranci.” Tristan conjec- Domitia Paulina, his mother, also deriving her
tures that Deuso may possibly have been what origin from Gades and in the next place, be-
;

is now' called Dugz, on the Rhine, opposite to cause Hadrian, by visiting all the provinces of
Colonia Agrippina; (Cologn). If resemblance the empire, and conferring benefits on each of
of name be the object, it is not necessary to them, in a certain sense earned the name and
look for the site of Deuso, on the other side honours of Hercules. The ship doubtless alludes
of the Rhine; for there arc on this bank at to the maritime power of the Gaditani but the ;

the present day several towns called Duisburg, recliuiug figure, which most other writers have
w hich may have derived their name from Deuso. pronouuced a river, Eckhel agrees with Florez
It is the opinion of the authors of a work en- in considering to be still a matter of dispute. It
titled La Religion des Gaulois, b. iii. cli. 8, is not, perhaps, a very rash conjecture to say,
that this Hercules was identical with the Her- that it is a figure of Oceanus. At any rate, ou
cules Magusanus mentioned bclow r
. coins of Tyre the metropolis, we see Occauus re-
2. HERCVLI MAG VS A NO.— Hercules presented uuder the same figure of a man re-
stands, in repose, the right hand placed on the and inscribed near it, to prevent misin-
clining,
right hip ; on which hangs
whilst his left hand, terpretation,the word flKEANOC ; and it is
the lion’s skin, rests on the club. Silver aud — known to every one, that Gades was situated on
first and second brass of Postumus. the sea coast.” Doctrina, vol. vi. 504.
As
in the case of Hercules Deusonicnsis, so similar figure of a man reclining appears
A
in this of Hercules Magusanus, there is a dis- ou a coin of Hadrian, referring to the anecdote
pute as to the locality. It is probable, that of Hercules (Prodicius) standing betweeu Vir-
Macusa, or Magusa, was a town celebrated for tue and Voluptas, accompanied by the legend
the worship of Hercules. Muratori cites (p. 64, p. si. TR. P. cos. in. described and eugraved in
 HERCULES. HERCULES. 459

p. 456. To the same subject may be referred this coinshews that Postumus chose to ascribe
the accepted peace to his ow n valour, rather
r
the gold aud silver coins of the same emperor
inscribed cos. ill. or jp. M. tr. P. cos. iii. and than to the calamities of the state. There are
the type of which is a naked Hercules, sitting similar pieces in brass, vol. i. p. 292.
by bis armour, with the club in bis right band, HERCULI ROMANO AVGVSTO. This
and a thuuder-bolt in his left. Engraved in Cay- legend appears on a silver coin of Commodus,
lus, gold, No. 380. which has for its type Hercules standing ; he
11ERCVLI INV1CTO.— Sec Labours of Her- holds his club and lion’s spoils, and is crown-
cules, No. 9, p. 453. ing a trophy. Ou first aud second brass of the
HERCVLI NEMAEO.— See Labour of Her- above emperor, with the same legend, we see,
cules, No. 1, p. 450. in the place of Hercules, only his attribute of
HERCULES MVSARVM. See Pompouia the club, either by itself placed upright within
gens. a laurel crown ;
or accompanied by a bow aud
HERC. PAC. — Hercules naked,—stands hold- quiver.
ing a branch. Gold of L. Yerus. “ No men- HERCVLI ROMtf CONI Wo™ COS. VII.
tion (says Vaillant) is made except on ancient P. P. — Hercules drivingplough with oxen.
a
coins of Hercules Pacifer (the pacific Hercules). On the other side of a gold medal is the head
In ancient times strong men were called Her- of Commodus covered with the lion’s skin.
cules, aud many Roman princes were exhibited Commodus carried his ridiculous vanity aud
under the name aud image of that hero. Vcrus presumption so far as to cause himself to be
also, after having performed his labours in the called the young Jupiter, and the Roman Her-
Parthian war, condescended to give peace to the cules (Hercules Augustus, or Commodiauus).—
enemy, and was called Hercules the Peace- The above three coius furnish additional proofs
bearer.” of this fact, as regards the latter assumption.
HERCVLI PACIFEF.O. Hercules naked, It appears that in order the better to accomplish

stands with the face turned to the right, holding his preposterous design, he laid down the laurel
up a branch in his left hand, whilst he bears the crown which emperors were accustomed to wear,

club aud lion’s skin in his right. Postumus. — affecting to cover himself with the lion’s skin,
Banduri is of opinion that this rare silver and to carry a club like Hercules. He appeared
coin most correctly to be referred to the year
is in public in this costume, aud with these ac-
a. D. 266, in which Gallienus, despairing of an coutrements. His statues aud his medals otten
opportunity to avenge the murder of his son Cor- represent him in this new dress. Indeed, hav-
nelius Saloninus, left off carrying on the war ing given multiplied proofs of his prodigious
which up to that period had, with mutual loss, strength, aud even of physical courage, in
been waged in Gaul between him aud Pos- vanquishing divers ferocious animals in the
tumus, in order that he might, with the uni- Circus, he might well, on that accouut, be com-
versal strength of the empire, resist and repel pared to Hercules.
who had for nearly fifteen The last quoted coin, bearing the extraordi-
the Scythian nations,
years been ravaging both the European aud the
—
nary inscription of “ To Hercules the Founder
Asiatic provinces for such was then the condi-
;
of Rome,” has reference to the insanity of Com-
tion of the Roman government, that it was un- modus, in decreeing to change the city of Rome
able to sustaiu against one sufficiently formid- into a Colony bearing his name
,
See COL onia !
—
able enemy two wars at the same time. But Lucia AN
loniniana COMmodiana, p. 234.

HERCVLI ROMANO AVG. P. M. TR. P. Obv . L. AELIVS AVRELIVS COM5IODVS AVG.

XVIII. COS. VII. P. P. — Hercules stands lean- pivs feux. Laureated head, exhibiting the
the emperor, but covered with a
ing with his left arm on the club, which is likeness of
placed on a rock. His left hand grasps a bow, lion’s skin, being intended to represent Corn-

behind which hang the lion’s spoils. His right modus as Hercules.
hand ou the hip. An attitude which the
rests [Brass medallion, engraved after a cast from
the original in the Cabinet de France. Besides
artistsof antiquity were fond of assigning to
their statues of this hero. the very fine preservation and high relief of this

3 N 2
460 HERCULES. HERCULES.
particular specimen, the compiler has been in- I sters, which
were universally believed to be
duccd to select it for the classic example which I fabulous, lie had men sewn up alive in sacks,
its reversepresents of Hercules in repose and J
and made into the form of giants, and then
also because the obverse serves, as a striking killed them with darts. A report having been
type, to illustrate those portraitures of Roman spread that the emperor intended to put several
emperors who successively adopted the titles and persons to death by shooting arrows at them, as
attributes of the derai-god.l Hercules had done in one of his encounters, few
To such a pitch of madness did Commodus had the courage even to appear in the amphi-
anive, as not only to give himself oat as theatre. And
took place before the eyes
all this
a god, which indeed he would have done in of the people and the Senate. To such a depth
common with several of his predecessors, but of infamy had sunk the son of Marcus, and to
throwing aside even the laurel crown, the ens- such a degree of degradation was that venerable
tomary badge of sovereignty, he caused his por- assembly of the Fathers reduced by fear. The
trait to be exhibited on his coins with the attri- people, indeed, as far as they could, took their
butes of divinity. Up to this time, such an revenge in lampoons, of which the following
indulgence had been conceded to Grecian vanity, example from Lampridius is not without merit.
which was wont to liken its kings to various ]
Commodus lierculeum nomen habere cupit,
deities, as it also did 9ome of the Augnsti, of Antoninornm non pntat esse bonum,
]

which we have seen instances in the coins of j

Expcrs humani juris et imperii,
Nero of foreign die. But till this moment the Spcrans quiuetiam clarius esse deum,
mint of Rome was guiltless of so base an adula-
J

!
Quara si sit princeps nomiuis egregii,
tion and though its reverses sometimes clothed Non erit iste dcus, nec tainen ullus homo.
;
(Lamp, in Diadumen. I
an emperor in the attributes of a god, it was
still done with some shew of reverence for the ;
[Commodus covets the name of Hercules, nor
legend invariably abstained from the name of a thinks that of the Antonines good enough for
[

deity, nor was any change made in the attire of . him. Setting at defiance all humau law and
the head, inconsistent with the majesty of the control, and imagining it a more glorious lot to
empire. Those barriers, however, were broken be a god than a prince of noble fame, he will
down by the shamelessness of Commodus and ;
be a god, nor in auy sense a man].
not after all

from that year to the end of his life, both the One
found some- writer, however, ha9 been
legends and types of his coins speak of him as a what to mitigate the sentence of condemnation
present deity , —
on the same principle that he in- on this emperor’s
|

follies.
[
“ Why then (says
Athenaeus, xii. p. 537), should we feel so much
'

sisted, as Lampridius observes (ch. 15), on having

recorded in the annals of Rome, all the base, foul, surprize, that the Emperor Commodus, when
cruel, butcherly, and profligate acts of his life. riding in his chariot, should have had placed
Having the power to assume what character lie beside him the club of Hercules, and the lion’s
would, he chose that of Hercules, because lie skin spread beneath him, and desire to be called
I
[

wished it to be thought, that in the slaughter Hercules, when Alexander, though imbued with
of savage beasts he had rivalled that personage. the precepts of Aristotle, could liken himself to
I

This folly of the sometime mau, but now, for- the deities, nay even to Diana.”
\
Eckhel, vii. —
sooth, divinity !is proved not merely by numer- pp. 125, 126.
ous coins, but by a host of ancient writers, the HERCVLI T1IRAC10.— See Herculis La-
I

most remarkable of whose testimonies arc here bores, No. 8, p. 453. .

subjoined :
HERCVLES VICTOR.— Sec restio.
Commodus was first called Hercules Romanus V Hercules naked,HERCVLI ICTORL —
on account of his having slain wild beasts in the stands with club reversed in his right baud rest-
I

amphitheatre of Lanuvium. If we may credit ing on the ground, and holding a bow in his
the accounts of historians, his personal strength left the spoils of the lion hang from his left :

entitled him to the name, for he transfixed an arm. This appears on a silver coin of .Fmili- —
elephant with a spear and in one day killed a anus, struck on the occasion of a victory gained
;

hundred hears with darts fatigued with which by that emperor over the Scythians. (Banduri).
;

exploits, he drained at a draught a cup brought The temple of 1 Icrculcs the Victorious was built
to him by a girl, —
faithful to the character of at Rome, by Octavius Herennius. (llavercamp).
Hercules even in his drinking and amours. This surname of Victor, amongst the many —
These particulars are related by Dion, an cyc- appropriated to Hercules on Roman coins, agrees
w it ness, and by Lampridius. That a hundred with the epithet CalUnicns, given to him by the
lions were killed by him in one day, is stated by Greeks, and which was borne by the successors
Ilerodianus and Ammianus. Being regarded, of Alexander the Great, who pretended like him-
on account of these doings, as a second Alcides, self to have descended in a right line from llcr-
and wishing to be so called, a crowd of statues cules. (Spanheim’s Grsars of Julian).
—
|

w ere instantly executed, representing Commodus HERCVLI VICTOKI. A naked Hercules,

in the attributes of that deity, and soon after, standing with a club in his right hand, and an
sacrifice was offered to him. So persuaded was apple and lion’s skin in his left in the field the
'

lie that he wa9 indeed Hercules, that when he letter Z, aud at the bottom S. M. S. D. Gold of
went abroad, he ordered the lion’s skin and club FI. Severus, in the imperial museum of Vienna.
to be carried before him. And to carry on his “ This fine coin (says Eckhel), which came
imitatiou of Hercules in the slaving of mon- i
into my possession mauy years ago,I published
 1IERCULI0 MAX1MIANO. HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS. 461
at thetime with the greater satisfaction, that it and acted as body guard to the emperor, we
was then au unique specimen of a gold coin of learn from Sozomen, speaking of the reign of
Sevcrus, bearing the title of Augustus. Taniu Julian (vi. ch. 6). —
Respecting this absurd vanity
has since added two more, one of which is of of Diocletian and Maximian, in their adoption,
medallion size.” vii. 44 A. respectively, of the titles Jovius and Herculius,
HERCVLI VICTORI.—This legend also ac- sec further remarks in Spanhcim (vol. ii. p. 494),
companies the type of Hercules Requiescens, and Banduri (p. 13, note 4) also the inscrip-
;

which represents the demi-god reposing after his tion virtvs hercvli caesaris, and Eckhel’s
victorious labours, cither standing with his right comments on a coin of Constantius I.
hand resting on his club, and his left holding
the apples of the Hesperides, as is seen on a
second brass of Val. Maximianus, or sitting on
a rock, with his bow and other attributes, as
on coins of Constautius Chlorus, Valer. Severus,
Maximinus Daza. There is also a most rare
brass coin of Coustantiue the Great, with the
same legend and type, quoted by Baudnri from
Mcdiobarbus and Spaukeim. IIERENNIA gens. —A plebeian family, but
of consular rank. It has many varieties on its
coins. The only one
of any interest, and that
not rare, bears on its obverse pietas, with a
female head on the reverse m. heiienni, and
;

the group of a young man carrying his father

—
on his shoulders. Who this Herennius was, and
what occasion led to the adoption of this type,
is uncertain. But it evidently alludes to the
story of the two pious brothers of Catana, who
rescued their parents from the flames of Etna,
during an eruption which endangered their lives.
— See Amphinomus and Anapis, p. 41.
HERENN1A ETRUSCILLA. See etrus- —
CII.LA.

IIERCVLIO MAX1MIANO AVG.— Maxi-

mianns in the paludamentum, seated with a
globe in his left baud, on which side sits Her-
cules. Victory flying behind crowns them both ;

at the bottom ROM. Brass medallion of Dio-

cletian. The above cut engraved after a cast
from the original in the French Cabinet.
In illustration of the meaning of this coin,
as well as of a gold medallion of the same
HERENNIUS ETRUSCUS (Q. Messius
Decius), eldest son of Trajanus Decius and
emperor (see iovio et hercvlio), the author of
Etruscilla, was named Caesar by his father, a. d.
Doctrina (viii. p. 9), quotes a passage from
“ 249. Hegained the following year the battle
Victor Casaribus);
(In He
(Maximianus) after-
of Nicopolis against the Goths but was after-
wards acquired the surname of Herculins from ;

wards surprised and defeated at Berea. In a.d.

the circumstauce of his worshipping that deity,
251, he was named Augustus ; served the con-
just as Valerius (Diocletian) did that of Jovius
sulate, fully associated with his father in the
whence the name was also applied to such por-
empire. He perished with Trajan Decius at
tions of the army as had evidently distinguished
themselves.” —
The first part of this passage
the battle of Abrittium, a town of Msesia,
the same year. —
On his coins, which, with the
receives confirmation from the coin before us
exception of the silver (some of which are com-
and the second, as Banduri observes, from the
mon), are of more or less rarity, he is styled
fact, that in the Notitia imperii, there occur re-
HEREN. ETRV. MES. QV. DECIVS CAESAR 01' AVG.
peatedly the expressions ala Jovia, leyio Jovia,
The following are the rarest reverses :

ala Herculia, aitxilia llercuUa, Herculiana,

— Clandiau Gold. princ. ivvent. A seated figure.
Ilerculensia, &c. (de bello Gild.
418) makes allusion to them as late as the reign
v.
(Valued by Mionnet at 600 fr .) principi iv- —
of Honorius :
ventvtis. A military figure standing. (Mt.
600 fr.
Herculeam suns
Rex
Alcides,
ducit superum.
Joviam que cohortem —
Silver. Same epigraph and type. (Quina-
rius. Mionnet, 24 fr.) concordia avgg.
[The Herculean cohort is led by its own Al- Right hands joined. Obv. q. her. etr. mes.
cides,and the Jovian by the king of the gods.] decivs nob. caes. Radiated head of Ilcren-
That these Jovian and Herculean bands held nius. secvritas avgg. Woman standing, rest-
the most exalted position in the Roman army, 1
iug on a column. (Mt. 24 fr.) victoria ger-
462 HILA RITAS. H1RTIA. — I1ISPANIA.
manica. Victory passing. (Mt. 10 fr.) votis found on coins of M. Aurelius, Faustina jun.
oecennalibvs within a crown. (Mt. 30 fr.) Lucilla, Commodus, Crispiua, Julia Domna,
—
Large Brass. paci. Temple of six cols. l’lautilla, Caracalla, Tetricus senior, Claudius
(Mt. 20 fr.) principi ivventvtis. Prince in Gothicus, &c. — See laetitia.
military habit, holding a sceptre and the liasta. HIPPOPOTAMUS (river horse). A huge —
(Large size, Mt. 24 fr.) pietas avgvstorvm. amphibious animal, inhabiting the Nile, aud
Sacrificial instruments. (Mt. 20 fr. ; brought at also found on the Gauges. On coins which
Thomas sale 10s.) serves to symbolize Egypt (see the word nilvs).
HESPERIDES. — See Hercules in the garden The figure of this remarkable beast occurs on
of, p. 456. several coius of the two Philips, aud also on
HILARITAS (Gaiety or Joy personified). those of Otacilia Severn, with the legend of
On most Roman coins this legend has for its —
saecvlares avgg. Spauhcim (Pr. i. p. 175)
accompanying type the figure of a matron, stand- shews when this fluvial monster was first ex-
ing with a long foliaged branch of palm in her hibited at Rome in the public spectacles.
right hand, which she plants in the ground. —
1IIRCO (a goat). The figure of this auimal
Green branches are the signs of gladuess ; and is seen on some consular coins. A family de-
thence amongst almost all nations, on occasions narius exhibits a naked man, riding on a goat,
of joy both public and private, it was the cus- at full speed, aud holding a branch iu his right
tom to ornament streets, temples, gates, houses, hand. —See Cornelia gens, Cethegus, p. 285,
and even entire cities, with branches and leaves No. 5.— On a silver coin of l'onteius, a winged
of trees. In her left haud Hilarity holds the boy is typified riding on a goat. — See fonteia
cornucopia; sometimes a patera supplies the gens, p. 393. — On a denarius of the Rcnia
place of a branch sometimes a hasta ; at other family, a woman, in a biga of goats, is goiug at
— See renla.
;

times a flower ; but the palm is the most fre- a rapid pace.
quent and peculiar attribute.

HIRTIA, gens plebeia. — Its coins, rare and

in gold only, have but one type, ns follows :

Obv. — c. caesak cos. in, A veiled female

head. Rev . — a. hirtivs p. r. Poutifical
HILARITAS P. Romani
(Joy of the Roman instruments, viz. lituus (the augural crook),
People), S. C. COS. III. —
On a first brass of urceus (the pitcher), and secespita (the axe).
Hadrian, Hilarity, figured as above, appears be- Eckhel reads the legend of reverse thus :

tween two draped children. According to Arte Aulus Ilirtius Prefectus and not Pretor, as
midorus, the children of princes are themselves some have done. (See his explanatory reasons,
designated by palm branches. In Scriptural in Cestia gens, vol. v. 269.) A. Ilirtius was a
language, the olive emblematically designates great favourite of the Dictator Ciesar, to whose
the products of conjugal union. commentaries he is believed to have put the last
Referring to this reverse, old Angeloni (p. 112) Consul iu the year of Rome
in substance says
—
“To fill up the emperor’s
finishing touches.
711 (u. c. 43), he perished, together with his
cup of glory many coius were coutiuually de- colleague, Yibius Pansa, at the battle of Mutiua.
creed to him by the Senate. And amongst —
HIS. This abbreviation of Ilispania appears
these, none held a superior place to those on a vcxillum behind the head of Coelius Cnidus,
which represented the provinces he had visited, who, having, subsequently to a. u. c. 060, been
or which, having been first conquered and then scut as proconsul to Spain, gaiued iu that coun-
lost by others, he had recovered back again ; or try much military renown. See Coelia gens,—
which he had enriched with his favours, em- p. 223 —
also epulones, p. 360.
bellished with buildings, furnished with laws, IlISPAN. Ilispania. — See postumia gens.
loaded moreover with gifts, and afterwards re-
stored to the Roman Republic one remarkable
Ilispania (Spain). — The Romaus uuder this
;
name comprehended all that exteut of territory,
instance of which was that of Egypt.” which is bounded by the Pyrenees on the cast,
HILAR. TEMPORUM. (Joy of the Times). by the Mediterranean to the south aud east, aud
By the same type of a woman holding a palm by the occau to the north and west. The same —
branch and cornucopia?, was the delight of the motive which carried them into Sicily, led them
Romaus intended to be signified, at the period into Spain ;
that is to say, the political neces-
which gave birth to children by Didia Clara, sity of opposing the Carthaginians who occu-
only daughter of the emperor Didius Julianus. pied the larger portion of the country. After a
The same legend aud type of llilaritas, with long and bloody struggle the Romans succeeded
the addition of avgvsti avg. avgg. (Hilarity in driving the Carthaginians cutirely out of
of the Emperor, Empress, or Emperors) are Spain. It was Publius Scipio, afterwards but-
 HISPANIA. HISPANIA. 4G3
named Africanus, under whose command the branches of olive, corn-cars, and fish. —
See
legions triumphed over the troops of Hannibal. Akerman, Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes,
And Hispania being thus subjected to the power p. 9;to 120.
of the republic, was divided iuto two provinces. —
IIISPANIA. A woman, clothed in a long
Augustus afterwards made three of it, Brntica, dress, stands holding in her
Lusitania, and Tarraconensis. He left the last righthand some corn-ears ;
named to the Roman people, who seut a Prctor and in her left she bears two
there ;
and he reserved the two other portions, short javelins, and the small
which were governed by his Lieutenants. Bretica round Spanish shield. This
comprised the kingdoms of Grenada and Anda- reverse legend and accom-
lusia, Estrcmadura, and some places in New panying type appear on gold
Castille. Lusitania included the kingdoms of and silver coins of Galba,
Portugal, the Algarves, and some parts of the (Obv. —
galba imp. Lau-
tw o Castillos. Tarraconensis comprehended the
r reated head of that emperor), under whom Spain
kingdoms of Valentia, Murcia, Arragon, Na- and the provinces of Gaid were highly favoured,
varre, Galicia, and Leon, a large part of the because they had been the first to declare them-
two Castilles, the principality of the Asturias, selves against Nero. The corn-ears indicate
Biscay, and Catalonia. —
(See PitiscusJ. the fertility of Spain the buckler and the two
;

spears represent the weapons in use amongst

her warriors. — (Kolb. vol. i. p. 124.)
An elegant silver coin with the same epi-
graph, exhibits the head of a woman, with tw o r

javelins. On the obverse is the figure of Galba

on horseback.
This female bust represents Spain ; her head
of hair flows curling upon her neck the small
;

shield behind her is what Livy calls the cetra. —

Hispania is struck on the coins of the emperor,
not only because it was in Spain that he was
first proclaimed, but also on account of the
equestrian statue which the exercitus Hispanicus
HISPANIA. — On several imperial coins Ilis- decreed should be erected to his honour.
pania in genere is personified by a female figure, (Vaillant, Pr. vol. ii.)
clothed sometimes in the stola, at others in the —
HISPANIA. A woman standing, w'ith ears
lighter folds of the tunic holding in one hand
;
of corn in her extended right hand, and two
corn-cars, poppies, or (more frequently) an olive spears in her left ; a Spanish buckler hanging
branch, emblems of the fertility of that country ; behind her.
and in thc-other hand a garland, or some war- On a gold coin of Vespasian, the reverse type
like weapon. The rabbit too, a well-known of which so closely resembles the preceding
symbol of Hispania, appears on coins of Hadrian silver coin of Galba, Eckhcl gives the following
and Antoninus Pius. On a first brass of the description and commentary, as from a specimen
last-named emperor (engraved above from a cast in the Imperial Cabinet at Vienna,
after the original in the British Museum), with “ This beautiful coin (says the author of
the legend of reverse iiispania s. c. cos. n. Doctrina, vi. 338) I formerly published in my
Tire province represented by a turreted woman, Sglloge i. where I remarked, that it was intended
stands holding in her right hand a crown of to commend the attachment shewn by Hispania
laurel, and in her left a spreading branch of towards Vespasian ; it being a well-known cir-
olive. At her feet is a rabbit. The quautity of cumstance, that at a very early period, and at the
rabbits in Spain was such, that, according to instigation of Primus Antonius, that country
Pliny, they undermined a whole town with their favoured the pretensions of Vespasian, at the ex-
burrows and Strabo affirms, that a portion of
;
pense of Vitellius, as Tacitus has recorded. (Hist.
the inhabitants entreated the Romans to give iii. cli. 53, 70.) It is probable, that it was on
them a settlement elsewhere, because they were this very account that, as Pliny expresses it (iii.
no longer able to prevent the increase of this p. 144),
“ Vespasian, Impcrator and Augustus,
race of animals. when tossed by the storms of civil commotion,
Iiispania was greatly replenished with nu- conferred upon the whole of Hispania the Jus
merous colonies by Julius Csesar and by Augustus, Latii. — Indeed, in such a position of affairs.
under whom, as well as under Galba, Vespasian, Hispania might have been a formidable auxiliary
Hadrian, Antonine, and other emperors, coins being, as Tacitus says, considered in conjunction
were struck referring in legend and in type to with Gaul, “the most powerful portion of the
Roman domination in the provinces of Spain. earth.” — Juvenal, too (Sat. viii. 116), cautions
The types of the autonomous coins of the the governors of those provinces against harass-
Spanish cities make the same kind of reference ing and provoking such robust and hardy tribes,
to the fertility of the country, to its produc- as though they were so many effeminate Asiatics.
tions, and to the warlike spirit of its natives. Perhaps, also, this type was intended to intimate
Coins bearing the inscription mspanobvm, the transfer to Vespasian of the affections of the
exhibit horses, cavaliers armed and crowned. Legio Hispanica , which formerly accompanied
464 1IISPANIA. HISPANIA.
Galba, and kept guard in Rome. (Tacit, llist. Sec Eckhcl’s remarks on the rabbit as a sym-
i. ch. 6.) All these circumstances may have bol of Hispania, in his prolegomena to the coins
combined to induce a repetition, on Vespasian’s of Hispania, vol. i. p. 8.
coins, of a type frequently observed on those of
Galba. This coin appears to have been struck
at Rome immediately on the accession of Ves-
pasian, and whilst he was still absent abroad
for, though it is of undoubted antiquity, yet the
likeness of the portrait is not very striking, and
we do not find on his later coins the avg. placed
before the Vespasianus.” —
The coin in question
is not included in the catalogue of either
Mionuet or Akerman.

HISPANIA CLVNIA SVL. S. C.— A large

brass coin of Galba, bearing this remarkable in-
scription, is equally remarkable for its finely-
designed type, engraved above. The emperor
is there seen, seated, armed with a cuirass, the

head crowned with lam'd. He holds the para-

zonitim in his left hand, and extends his right
to a woman who stands opposite to him. She
is clothed in a long flowing robe, and holds in

HISPANIA. S. C. —
Spain personified on coins her left hand a horn of plenty, whilst with her
of Hadrian. Capt. Smyth, R.N. thus describes right she presents the figure of a Victory, or
and animadverts upon the reverse of a large some trophy, to the emperor. Round it we
brass of Hadrian, with this legend, in his own read Hispania : Clunia
cabinet of first brass :
—
“ A robed female re-
N«/(picia).
The explanation of the subject rests entirely
clining against a rock, holds in her right hand a on the following statement of Suetonius (ch. 9),
—
branch of olive which, according to Pliny, that Galba, when hesitating whether he should
flourished luxuriantly in Boetica. Her head is accept the sovereignty, “ was encouraged to do
encircled by a sort of wreath, which some me- so both by the most favourable auspices and
dallists have also prouounced to be of olive, from omens, and also by the prediction of a virgin of
recollecting the limits olivifera crinem redi-
‘
good birth, to which was added the circum-
mite corona ,’ of Martial, and the description of stance that the priest of Jupiter at Clunia, in-
‘
Claudiau, glaucis turn primo Minerva, Nexa structed by a dream, had discovered in the pene-
”
contain soliis.’ (p. 105). trate of the temple, the self-same verses, simi-
The same type appears on other reverses of larly pronounced by a young prophetess two
Hadrian, in gold, silver, and second brass. hundred years before ;
the purport of which
HI SPAN ICVS EXERCITVS. S. C.— The verses was that at some future time a prince or
emperor ou horseback, addressing his soldiers. Lord of the world would arise in Hispania.”
First brass, engraved in the Cabinet de Christine. Wc must uot (says Eckhcl. vi. 294) omit, what
1 1 1 SPANIAE RESTITVTORI. Hadrian Plutarch (in Galba, p. 1055) relates, viz. that
togated, raises a kneeling woman, who holds a Galba, on hearing of the death of Vindex, re-
branch in her left hand, at her feet is a rabbit tired to Colunia, and actuated by repentance
an altar between the two figures. Silver and for his past conduct, and a longing for his for-
first brass. See p. 365. Engraved iu Cabinet mer life of ease, took no decided steps on his
de Christine. own account, but remained at that place till the
In respect of his ancestors, Hadrian’s native Senatus Consultum was brought, by which the
country was Hispania, and the place of his birth empire was decreed to him. There is no doubt,
was Italica, a municipium of Boetica though ;
that the KoAouwa of Plutarch is identical with
Hadrian himself first saw the light at Rome. the Clunia mentioned on the coin and that this
;

When a boy he spent some time in Spain, till city was an especial favourite with Galba, both
he was called away to Germany, and subse- on account of the prediction above alluded to,
quently to Rome, as has already been observed. and as being the place where he was first assured
After his accession he went to Hispania, on of his accession to empire; in consequence of
leaving Gaul, and having held a congress of all which lie loaded it with honours and beuefits, as
the Hispani at Tarraco, lie wintered in that is proved by his conferring upon it even the dis-
place, and at his own cost restored the temple tinguished name of SVLpicui, as testified by the
of Divus Augustus. Though then within so coin before us.”
short a distance, he did not visit Italica ;
never- HOC. SIGNO. VICTOR F,RIS.—Victory
theless, he lavished upon it many honours and crowning the emperor, who stands in a military
munificent presents. Spartian positively informs dress, holding iu his right hand a labarum, on
us, that he there celebrated quinquenna/ia, to which appears the monogram of Christ, and iu
do honour to the place. D. N. Vet vi. 495. his left a spear. —
Second brass. Sec vetran'io.
 HONOR AND IIONOS. MONOS ET VIRTUS. 405

This is a coin, common in Constantius IJ. The laurcated head of Honour also appears on
and Vetranio, though rare in Gallus. Tlie mo- coins of the Lollia (Morell. Fam. Rom. p. 249),
nogram of Christ (sec the word) was intro- the Meinmia (p. 277), and Sulpicia families
duced by order of Constantine the Great on a (p. 405).
standard, when setting out on his campaign Honour is generally depictured on the mint-
against Maxentius. This standard being carried ages of Republican Rome, with a long robe, or
into the middle of the ranks, where the danger toga, as though the Roman Magistrates derived
appeared to be greatest, and invariably bringing their dignity from that divinity. The jugated
victory with it, according to Eusebius, it at heqds of Honour and of Virtue (or Valour) the ;

length became the belief, that success was to be former designated by a laurel crown, the latter
attributed to the standard alone ; and hence is by a helmet, appears on denarii of the Fufia
gathered the sense of the legeud, hoc sic no —
and Mucia families. Sec fufia gens, pp. 399.
victor eris, which, in all probability, was
inscribed upon the actual standard. Some have
referred this reverse to the cross seen by Con-
stantine in the heavens, accompanied with the
—
words EN. TOTTHI. NIKA, in hoc (signo)
vince. —Sec Eckhel’s remarks on the legend
spes pvblica. viii. 117.
HONOR and MONOS. Honour. The Ro-
mans, not with receiving amongst the
satisfied
objects of their worship, the gods of Greece,
of Egypt, and even of Persia, thought fit to
deify the virtues, the qualities, the affections
of the mind, and to represent them by various
attributes, on their monuments, principally IIONOS ET VIRTVS. S. Q,.— Honos, naked
those of a monetal kind. Such divinities were to the waist, stands with spear in right hand,
called allegorical, but had not, like the others, and cornucopia: in the left ; whilst Vi) tus stands
a mythological history. opposite, with galcated head, a paraeonium in
the right hand, and a spear in the left, and with
the right foot planted on a stone. First brass
of Galba. The above engraving is after a cast
from a specimen in the British Museum.
We have already seen on coins of the Fufia
family the head of honos joined with that of
v kt vs. And here both those divinities are re-
presented on the coinage of Galba but why ;

they should have found a place there, Eckhel

say3 he has no reason to assign, any more than
their appearance on a similar reverse of Vitcl-
lius. Respecting the temple erected at Rome to
Honour and Virtue, see Livy, xxvii. c. 25.
IIONOS. S. C. A young man togated, stands, Honour, says Gesner, is occasionally exhi-
with a branch in his right hand, and the cor- j
bited on coins as the associate of Virtue, in
nucopiic in his left. On gold, silver, and first which case he bears a spear as well as a cornu-
brass of M. Aurelius. copia;. Virtue stands face to face with Honour,
The above is not the only occasion on which indicating that through the temple of Virtue
honos occurs on the coins of this prince that of Honour was to be entered.
“ Rare proofs (says Eckhcl), vii. 4), in the Du Choul in his ingenious book De la. Reli-
mintages of a youthful Cresar, of his bias to- gion des Romains, cites the fact of Marius
wards honour and virtue, even in such times.” having been the first to erect a temple to Honour
IIONORI. Obv iionori m. dvumivs hi.
. —
and Virtue and observes, that “ the temple of
vir. Ayouthful head on the denarii of the Virtue was anciently placed before the temple of
—
durmia. gens. Sec p. 350. Honour, which had only one gate, shewing that
The obverse of these denarii constantly pre- the path which leads to honour was inaccessible
sents a head of Honos, just as on similar coins but by means of virtue. This (he adds) is what
of Aquillius Floras, the triumvir, struck at the Marcus Marcellus designated to impress on the
same period there appears the head of Virtu s. understanding of the people of Rome, when he
Dion Cassius states, that in the year u. c. 737 built two square temples joined together, one
(b. c. 20), Augustus made some alteration in consecrated to Virtue, and the other to Honour.
the games consecrated to Virtus and Honos, And unquestionably great honours spring from
in consequence of which it appears, that Aquil- the pure and beautiful root of Virtue, whence it
liusand Durmins, who in the years immediately happens that they arc rendered more illustrious,
following 734 were Triumviri Monetales in i
more glorious, and full of immortal recollec-
conjunction with Caninius and Petronius, intro- tions.” (p. 34).
duced the personified head of each of those HONORIA (Justa Grata), daughter of Con-
on their coins,
qualities (v. 236.) stantius III. and of Placidia, was born at Ravenna,
3 O
406 HONORIA. HONORIUS.
in Cisalpine Gaul, a. d. 417. Brought up at the with round jewel in front above the head a
:

court of her brother Yalentinian III. under the hand holding a wreath. Rev. bono reipvb- —
eyes of her mother, who kept her under great licae. Victory standing, holding a long staff
restraint, she received the title of Avgusta, surmounted by a broad cross, near which is a
about a. d. 433, being then sixteen years of age. star. On the exergue conob.
The above is engraved’ after a'cast from the
original, in the finest preservation, in the Bri-
tish Museum.
Rev. —
salts beipvblicae. Crown of laurel,
in the middle of which is the monogram of
Christ. On the exergue comob. (Quinarius.
Mionnet, 150 fr.)
Rev. —
vot. xx. mvlt. xxx. Victory stand-
ing, holding a cross. (Mt. 200 ft.)
It is conjectured that this elevation was con- Silver. Rev. — —
Without legend. Cross with-
ferred upon from
her, in order to prevent her in a crown of laurel on exergue comob. (Qui-
;

entering into any matrimonial engagement, by narius. Mt. 100 fr.)

raising her above the rank of a subject. Thus
debarred from marriage, however, she secretly
communicated, by one of her eunuchs whom she
sent, with Attila, who had lately become king
of the Huns, inviting him to come into Italy,
and to marry her. It is most probable that at
the time of this mission (exact period unknown)
she conveyed her ring to Attila, as a pledge of
her faith. But the barbaric chief treated her
invitation with apparent inattention. And she HONORIUS, the son of Theodosius the
afterwards dishonoured herself and the imperial Great, and JE1. Elaccilla, was born in the year
dignity she held, by an illicit connection with a of our Lord 384. When ten years old, he re-
man named Eugenius, her own household stew- ceived from his father the title of Augustus
ard, by whom she became pregnant. On the and at his death in 395, he presided over the
discovery of her condition, she was expelled from Western Empire, under the guardianship of Sti-
the palace ; and sent (a. n. 434) to Constanti- licho. Being at the first much favoured by
nople, where Theodosius II. ami Pulchcria re- fortune, he quelled the revolt of Gildo iu Africa,
ceived her with kindness. It appears that she and of others in different parts of the empire.
remained in the East, until the death of Theo- Alaric, king of the Goths, and Itadagaisus, king
dosius, which occurred a. d. 450. In that year, of the Huns, elated with their occupation of the
Attila, desirous of some pretext for quarrelling very centre of Italy, were checked iu some me-
with the Emperor of the West, sent an em- morable engagements by Stilicho, who, even
bassy to Yalentinian, setting forth the wrongs of then, however, revolving in his mind plans for
Honoria, and claiming her as having engaged securing the sovereignty, invited Alaric into
herself to him furthermore he said, that he
;
Italy, and other barbarians iuto Gaul, but was
regarded her as his wife, and was entitled to put to death with his son Eucherius, by his own
have half of the empire as the dowry of the soldiers, at Ravenna. Alaric, finding no oppo-
princess. The answer of Yalentinian was, that sition, besieged Rome, which he took and sacked
Honoria was already married (supposed to be a a. D. 410 ;
but died shortly after in Lucania,
forced alliance with some obscure person) ; that whilst preparing to pass over into Africa. His
women had no part in the succession of the em- successor Ataujphus, leaving Italy, turned his
pire, uud that consequently his sister had no steps towards Gaul, where he had married Galla
claim. The fatal war which followed this re- Placidia, whom
he had forcibly taken away from
fusal, and which brought so many calamities her brother llonorius; and proceeding thence
upon the Romans, having been terminated, Ho- into Hispania, he died at Barcinone (Barcelona).
noria passed the remainder of her days in Italy, — Amidst these disturbances iu Italy, the Ala-
where there is reason to believe she died, though manni occupied the part of Germany adjoining
at what time, or in what place, is doubtful, but the Alps, and the l'rauci, under Pharamond,
|

later than a. d. 454. Gallia Bclgica whilst the Alani and Vandals,
;

The coins of this princess are in gold and sil- j

coming down from the shores of the Baltic, and
ver, and of the highest raritv. On these she is scouring the Gallia;, made an incursion into
stvlcd D. N. I VST. (or I VST A) GRAT. (or Hispania and the Burgundionrs retained forci-
;

GRATA) HONORIA P. F. AVG. ble possession of that part of Gaul bordering on

—
Gold. The a reus described below is Tallied the Upper Rhine. —
Pressed on all sides by so
by Mionnct at 20 francs, and brought at the many dangers, llonorius, iu the year 421, con-
sale of the Pcmbr c collection £7.
'
ferred the title of Augustus upon Constantius,
D. N. ivst. grat honoria. Bust stolata to a man of distinguished military reputation, with
the right, a cross cn the right shoulder, double whom he had already allied himself, by giving
necklace, ear-rings, and helmet-like head-dress, him marriage his sister Placidia, the widow
in
formed of double diadem of laurel and
1

pearls, of Ataulphus and iu 423 he died, leaving no

;
 HORATIA.— HOSIDIA. HOSIDIA. — HOSTILIA. 467
issue by either of his two wives; a prince of a
slothful disposition, to whom, if l’rocopius has
told truth (Bell. Fund. i. c. 2), the safety of
his wife Gallina, whom he used to nickname
Roma, was matter of much greater solicitude
than that of the city itself. —
See viii. 171 and
[

172.
His coins in each metal are common, with the
exception of medallions, which in gold and sil-
geta in vi r. Bust of Diana with jewels,
mitella, and ear-rings. On her shoulder the
ver, are of the highest rarity. On these he is
styled— HONORIVS AVGVSTVS — D. N. 110-
bow and quiver.

NORIVS AVG.— D. N. HONORIVS P. F. Rev. —

c. hosidi. c. f. A wild boar trans-
fixed with a dart, and followed by a dog. There
AVG.
is one variety of no importance.
The following are the rarest reverses :

Gold Medallions. The precise period when Cains Ilosidius Geta

gloria romanorvm.
Rome seated, comob. Front face. (V alued by was monctal triumvir is not known. The type of
reverse is supposed by Havercamp to refer to the
Mionnet at 300 francs.) cloria romanorvm.
great hunting parties w ith which in 734 (b. c.
T

Similar type. (Mt. 600 fr.) Same legend.

Emperor drawn in car and s ix. (Mt. 200 fr.) 20), the birth-day of Augustus was so magnifi-
Silver Medallion. —
trivmfator gent,
barb. Emperor holding Christian labarnm.
cently celebrated. Eckhel gives his reasons for
regarding this coin as older than the age of Au-
gustus, and considers the wounded boar only as
Silver.— ivssv. richiari. reges (sic.) round
an apt accompaniment to Diana Venatrix, whose
a crown, within which is X between b. and r.
(Mionnet, 250 fr.) bust Hosidius has, for some reason, chosen to

—
Exagium Solidi. d. n. honorivs p. f. avg. place on the obverse of his denarius.
HOSTILIA gens patricia an ancient and
Bearded head of Honorius. Rev exagivm
.
;

illustrious family, which claimed descent from

solidi. Equity standing. (Mt. 18 fr.)
Rev. — EXAG. SOL. SVB. V. INL. IOANNI (sic.)
Tullus Hostilius. Saserna and Tubulus are the
com. 3. l. In exergue cons. (24 fr.) two surnames, attached to it on coins. There
—
HORATIA gens a most ancient and noble are five varieties. The silver are rare. Two
family, of consular rank, bearing the surname
denarii of Hostilius Saserna (whom
Cicero men-
tions as among the most eminent senators living
of Codes. The following denarius is of the
iu his time), are remarkable for bearing, one
highest rarity, inscribed cocles. Galcated head
the head of Pallor, the other that of Pavor.
of Koine behind it X.
;
Rev roma. Iu the
.

exergue. The dioscuri on horseback, galloping

with levelled lances, and with their caps laure-
ated, and stars above.
Mionnet values at 150 francs this elegaut de-
narius (of which an engraving will be found in
p. 316 of this dictionary, under the head of
—
denarius. The same restored by Trajan he
'

prices at 300 fr. There is a modern fabrication

of this coin, which must be guarded against.
1. —
Head of Pavor (Fear or Dread), typified
The name of Horatius Cocles recalls the me- by the bearded head of a man, with hair ou end;
behind it a feather, br leaf in some, a buckler.
mory of transcendant benefits derived from ;

members of that family to the primitive Romans. Rev . hostilivs saserna. A naked man,
in a rapid biga, turns himself to the rear, and
Two are most remarkable. The former was the
fights with spear and shield, perhaps against
successful resistance offered by the first Codes,
enemies who assail him, and the biga is driven
on the Pons Sublicius, to the troops of Por-
by an auriga also naked, who whips the horses.
senna, king of Etruria, who attempted to take
Rome by a coup-de-main. —
For a medallion of
Antoninus Pius, representing this exploit, sec
p. 221.
On account of this valuable service the Romans
erected a statue to his honour in the Comitium,
and gave him as much land as lie could plough
round in a day. The other benefit rendered to
Rome by the Horatii, was their combat with 2. — Head of Pallor (Paleness), behind whose
the Curiatii, who to the number of three, re- head, as a follower of Mars, is the military
mained slain by tbe last of the Horatii. The litttus, or trumpet.
cognomen of Cocles was attached to the first 1

Rev l. hostilivs saserna.

.
Diana stand-
Horatius, from the circumstance of his having ing, with the radiated crown, and dressed after
lost au eye on the occasion of some fight with the Ephesian fashion of that goddess. The
the enemy. right hand holds a stag by its horns, and the
—
HOSIDIA gens. It is not known whether left carries a spear.
this family was patrician or plebeian. The The image of <po6o s (Terror) ornaments the
following is its sole type. breastplate of Ptolemy Philadelphos, on a splcn-
3 0 2
468 HOSTILIA. HOSTILIAXUS.
did Cameo, which formerly belonged to Madame narius of Hostilius Saserna, where he says, King
Buonaparte. The Romans worshipped Terror Tullus Hostilius (de Rep. ii. 17) “ fecitque idem
under the name of Favor, and they also ad- ct septis demanibus Comitium et Curiam. Come
dressed their invocations to Pallor, which is at la Curia dal uome lui fu detta Osti/ia, il simile
once the result and evidence of terror. puo credcrsi avvenisse ancora del Comizio ."
The story on this point is that Victory hav- Borghesi throws some doubt on the genuine
ing, through the treachery of the Albani, existence, of this medal, ou account of his never
threatened to turn against the Romaus, in a having seen it. But Riccio (p. 102) confirms its
battle they fought with the Veil, King Tullius authenticity from his owu possession of the
Hostilius made a vow to consecrate a temple to coin. —
There is no specimen of it in the British
Paleness and to Terror. The enemy were finally Museum.
routed ; and from that epocha Pallor and Pavor All these denarii would appear to have been
were honoured as divinities at Rome. One is struck, iu from the 704 to 712th year of Rome
represented to the full as spectrally woe-begone as (b. c. 50to 42), and, according to Eckliel, with
he that “ drew back Priam’s curtains in the dead whom Cavcdoui agrees, belong to the brother of
of night” —
the other, with every particular hair 1’.Saserna, w hose surname is not known ; or to
on end, “like quills upon the fretful porcupine.” L. Hostilius Saserna, son of the one or of the
Hostilius Saserna, as one of the monetal trium other, who had fought in 708, with Cwsar in
vies of the republic, caused these two ima- Africa, against Scipio and the other adherents of
ginary personifications to be engraved on his Pompcy the Great.
family denarii, with the view to have it believed
by 3.
posterity, that he was descended from Tullius
Hostillius. “ The trick of au insignificant per-
son (homuncio) remarks Eckliel, whose ouly
pretence for so vain an assumption was a com-
munity of name.”

Obv. —
Head of Pallas, to the right. Rev .

L. h. tvb. (Lucius Hostilius Tubulus) in the

field of the coin, and within an oaken crown

4. below uoma. On an uncia of brass.

Putin first published this very small and very
rare coin, and afterwards Pcrizoni gave the
attribution of it, in which he was followed by
— Head of Venus, adorned with
richly all the numismatists. The subject of the coiu,
laurel, flowers, mitella, and necklace.
car-rings, and the precise time when it was struck, arc
Rev. — hostilivs saserna.
l. A winged equally unknowu, according to Eckliel and the
Victory in a long light dress, walkiug, carries a other later writers although some of the elder
;

trophy ou her left shoulder, and a caduceus iu school have ascribed it to a certain Hostilius
her left hand. Tubulus, who was pretor iu 61 1 (b. c. 143).
The head of Venus bears, on other coins,
allusion to the origin of Cmsar. Victory refers
to Caesarian prosperity, given by signal (per
tessera) to his legions. The head of Diana on
the denarius No. 2, bears reference to that
divinity, whether worshipped in the place where
the coin was struck, or more peculiarly the
object of devotion with the family of the
moueyer.
—There is another denarius of the Hostilia HOSTILIANUS (Cams Valens Messius
gens, on the obverse of which are the word Quintus), second sou of Trajanus Decius, was
saserna, and the bust of Pallor, with the created Cicsar at the same time with his brother
right hand raised up to the chin, as in a Hcrcnuius Etniscus, a. d. 249, and on the
thoughtful attitude; behind the head is a mili- death of his father, being proclaimed Emperor
tary lituus. Ou the reverse L. HOSTIL. A by the Senate, reigned in association with
bridge,on which three tognted figures stand, as Treboniauus Gallus, whom the soldiers elected
on the Cancelli of the Comitia to give their A. d. 251. In order to the proper understand-
votes. ing of this prince’s history and coins, the fol-
This very rare coin constitutes an honorary I lowing requisite parlieidars arc premised by
representation of the Comitia at Rome, in which Eckhel :

the llostilii allude to the election of TuUus “ That, during the rcigu of Dccius, there
Hostilius, which the Romans carried by popidur was one third person of the male sex dis-
suffrage, according to llavcrcnmp, in which tinguished with the title of Ca'sar, we have
opinion Eckliel concurs. Cavedoni adds, already secu from coins of Dccius, inscribed
“ Cicero points to the true and sole nature of the CONCORDIA AVGO. or PIETAS AVOYSTOHVM, On
Cancelli of the Comitia, as exhibited on a de- which, in addition to the hends of Dccius,
 H0STIL1ANUS. HOSTILIANUS. 4G9
and Herennins, there appears another
Etruscilla, lations, not only from tbeir fathers and mo-
joined with that of Herennius. That this thers, but even from their grandfathers and
belongs to the individual, whom several coins grandmothers. Many years earlier, M. Aure-
describe as C. Valens Ilosli/ianus Messius lius was called Annius Verus from his grand-
Quintus, is a point upon which all antiquaries father ; Catilius Severus, from his great grand-
are agreed. For, not only is Herennius joined father on his mother’s side ; Geta, the sou of
with llostiliauus in express words on a coin, Severus, took his name from his paternal grand-
which Spauheim has given from the Barbcrini father, or from his uncle. (Spartian in Geld,
collection p. 256), inscribed Q. HER. ETit.
(ii. c. 2). Caracalla was named Bassianus from his
decivs val. hostiuanvs, but also on a
c. maternal grandfather. Elagabalus, before his
marble, which Muratori cites from Gori. But, accession, was called Yarius Avitus, from his
there is an old dispute among the learned, some father and grandfather. Consequently, as Hcren-
stoutly affirming llostiliauus to be the son, nius, the son of Decius, derived his names from
others the son-in-law of Dccius. Those who both his father and mother, it is most probable,
consider him the son, and their opiuiou Eckhel that the second son Hostilianus, took his from
himself embraces, rest on the authority of his father aud his grandfather, cither paternal
Zosimns, who expressly mentions a second son or maternal. Neither am I much disturbed by
of Decius, though without giving his name, who, the testimonies of Zonaras and Cedrenus re-
after the miserable end of his father and his specting one Severus Hostilianus Aug. as their
brother Herennius, was associated by Trebonianus credibility has already been called in question
as his colleague in the empire. And, moreover, by Tillemont (Nola n, in Philipp.) ; nor do I
the custom which was retained even up to this suppose that such insignificant writers w ould
r

period, of considering as sons of an emperor, have had much weight with the eminent numis-
those individuals who are represented on coins matists above mentioned, who are in favour of
iu juxta- position with him, accompanied with the son in law theory, had not their judgments
the and dress of Ciesars, unless
appellation been warped by the authority of Goltzius, from
where some demands a different
special reason whose dictum it is thought a crime to differ, aud
account of the matter, and such has not as yet who has put fonvard a coin inscribed imp. caes.
been adduced by the partizans of the opposite L. AVK. sev. hostilianvs avg. p. m. tk. p.

theory, —
this very custom will go far to prove, (Thes. p. 105), which we had better look upon
that Hostilianus was the son of Decius, from his as coined by Goltzius himself out of the words
being in the same manner associated on coins of Zonaras.
with Decius, Etruscilla, and Herennius. To “ Hostilianus, then, the second son of Decius,
this may be added the fact of the name Messius as he most probably was, remained at Rome,
Quintus being assigned to Hostilianus, which he when his father and brother set out on their
certainly could have derived only from his father campaign. Both of them being killed in battle,
Messius Quintus Decius. Those who consider Trebonianus Gallus, the successor of Decius,
Hostilianus to have been the son-in-law of adopted him, in order to pay a public compli-
Dccius among whom (after Panvini, Tristan, ment to the late emperor’s reign ; but shortly
Spauheim, and others), is Licbc (Goth. Num. p. afterwards, through apprehension of revolution-
429), endeavour to support their case by the ary designs, he plotted against him, with a total
authority of historians, and by the very names disregard both of honour aud of the relation-
of Hostilianus. ship existing between them by adoption. Eutro-
“ I pay no regard (continues the Author of pius also records his elevation to the sovereignty,
Doctrina) to the historians who have recorded Sia8ex €Tal ttjp fiao’iAeiai' VaAAos, ‘OoTtAiavos,
the events of this period, as it is well known uai w tovtov thus BovAoutriaros ;
which passage
that they have contradicted themselves iu so Paeanius renders, more agreeably to fact, thus
barefaced" a manner, that you find yourself in ‘
The emperors then appointed were Gallus, Hos-
tilianus, and Volusianus, the son of Gallus.’
the end utterly at a loss for a true conclusion.
As regards the names Valens Hostilianus, these,
—
The former Victor says ‘ When these things
they say, belong neither to Decius nor to Etrus- came to the knowledge of the Senate, they de-
cilla,and thence argue, that he was transferred creed the rank of Augusti to Gallus and Hos-
tilianus, and that of Caesar to Volusianus, the
from some other family into that of Decius.
They, therefore, think it probable that Decius son of Gallus.’
—
And Victor II. ‘In their
gave some daughter to this stranger in marriage, time (viz. that of Gallus and Volusianus), Hos-
aud thus made him his son-in-law, with the tilianus Perpcnna was created Imperator by the
rank of Caisar. To strengthen the credibility Senate.’ —
” See Doctr. Num. Vet. vii. 350, 351,
of their views, it occurred to them, that Zona- 352.
ras aud Ccdrenus mention a certain Severus Hos- From the foregoing observations it is plain,
tilianus, who, they say, was amongst the suc- that the coins of Hostilianus will be found to
cessors of Gordian III. aud whose son was the belong to two reigns, viz. those on which he is
Hostilianus of the present memoir; and thus he styled Cicsar, to the reign of his father, aud
received the names Messius Quintus from his those which bear the title of Augustus, to that
adoptative father Decius, and those of Valens of Trebonianus.
Hostilianus from his natural parent. —
But after Hostilianus received the title of Augustus
all, this argument founded on the names, is a from the Senate and Trebonianus a. d. 251, and
weak one. For sous have derived their appel- not long after either fell a victim to a pestilence
470 HYGIA. HYGIA.
which was then committing great ravages, or signed divinity. The other figure represents his
he had met his end through the machinations daughter llygia, clothed in the stola she stands
;

of Gallus. near au altar, and in the act of sacrificing.

On his coins, which arc rare in each metal, Behind the goddess is a tree.
and of the highest rarity in gold, lie is styled Peilrusi having thus described the reverse type
C.VAL. HOST. M. QVINTVS NOB. CAE.— of this unique and remarkable medallion, and
IMP. C. VAL. HOSTIL. MES. QVINTVS caused it to be engraved in the 5th volume of
AVG. the Museum Famese (tav. ix. fig. 6), a faith-
MINTAGES OF HOSTILIANUS. ful copy of it is inserted below, together with

The following are the rarest reverses: — the purport of some of the learned Italian’s
animadversions on the subject
Gold.
— pietas — pietas avg. Sacrificial instruments.
:

avgg. Mercury standing. princ.

i vventvtis. Emperor with baton and lance,
—
by the side of two ensigns. Same legend, with
slight typical variety. romae aeternae.
Borne seated. (These five aurei are valued by
Mionnet at 600 fr. each.)
Silver. —aeqvitas avgg. Equity standing.
The obverse lcgcud of this denarius is co. vai..
M. QVINTVS AVG. (Mt. 12 fr.) SAECVLVJI
nowm, & victoria germanica. (15 fr. each).
—
Brass Medallions. piiincipi iwentvtis.
(Mionnet, 200 fr.) victoria avgg. Victory.
— Same epigraph. Apollo. (100 fr. each.)
Large Brass. — salvs avgvs. Hygeia and
a serpent. victoria avgvstorvm. (24 fr.
each). —
votis decennalibvs. (30 fr.)
11. S. —
See Sestertius.
HUM. Uumani. See sal. gen. hvm. — the health of a beloved monarch. All united
Sains Generis Humani. in putting up vows for its restoration, for every
—
HYDRA. See Herculis Lahores, p. 451. one enjoyed the results of the imperial bene-
11YPSAE A ED. CVR. Sec Plant ia gens, — ficence. Punctiliously courteous to his subjects,
llYGIA, the daughter of /Esculapius Mcdicus, “ Impcratorium fastigium ad summam civilita-
called by the Greeks T-yeia, and inscribed on Ro- tem deduxit —Kind and considerate with the
man coins salvs. The Gentiles are supposed to Senate, to which “ tantum detulit linperator,
have adopted the serpent as the symbol of health, quantum, cum privatus esset, deferri sibi ab
from the brazen one of Moses. The patera in alio Principe optavit —
Most benignant to-
—
Ilygia’s hand indicates that health is to be wards the people, among other examples “ Bal-
sought through religion. On coins of Deultum, neum, quo usus fuisset, sine merccde, populo
truck under Alexander Scvcrus, llygia stands exhibuit.” —Provident, and always attentive to
with serpent and patera. Of Alexander himself the good of the conquered provinces, it was under
—
Lampridius says “ He visited the sick soldiers Antoninus that all the provinces flourished.
in their tents, even those the most distant, Most honest in his opinions, he was resorted to
causing them to be conveyed in waggons, and by nations even as distant from Rome as the
assisted them with all things needful. Bactrians and the Indians, when they had dif-
When mention of Hygia, or of /Esculapius, ferences to settle, soliciting his decision as that
as deities of health, is made on the imperial of an oracle. A monarch adorned, then, with
mint of Rome, it always indicates that those so many estimable qualities, might well lay
emperors arc at the time themselves labouring claim to the public vows in favour of his own
under disease or that sacrifices have been per- health.
—
;

formed for their recovery. Sec salvs. salvs — But the true /Esculapius, who watched over
—
AVGVSTA. SALVS AVGVSTORVM. the health of Antoninus, was the celebrated
Hygia et /Esculapius cum cane suo. Pnusa- — Galcu, to whose consummate knowledge this
nias alludes to t he magnificent works which An- prince, in one of his dangerous sicknesses, was
toninus Pius dedicated to the honour of /Escu- indebted for the preservation of his life. * * *
lapius. The veneration of that emperor for the The ancients frequently associated Hygia with
god of medicine has been evidenced by a brass .Esculapius, and in Achaia and other districts of
medallion (see p. 20 of this dictionary), bear- Greece, their statues stood together iu the tem-
ing on its reverse the name of aescvlapivs, ples erected to their united houour. Aud at
and a type allusive to the legend of that divi- Rome the same union took place in the worship
nity’s arrival in the form of a serpent at Rome of father and daughter, with this sole difference,
from Epidaurus. Another brass medallion of that the goddess whom the Greeks called lly-
the same emperor exhibits .Esculapius, sealed gcia, was by the Latins termed Sal us or Bona
on a throne, with a dog at his feet. In his left Vatetudo.
hand he holds a staff, round which coils a ser- Eckhcl (vi. 33) remarks, that frequently as
pent ;
in his right is a patera, attesting his as- the image of /Esculapius appears on ancient
 HYGIA.—JANUS. JANUS. 471
coins, the dog is rarely seen as his companion. All these coius present a double head, which
Pausanias, however, affirms a figure of that procured for Janus, among the ancients, the ap-
animal to have been placed at the feet of the pellation of Bifirons. Both faces exhibit a long
celebrated statue of JEsculapius at Epidaurns. beard, while the head itself is variously orna-
The reason, as explained by the same writer, mented. Generally
it is wreathed with a crown
was that having soon after his birth been left of laurel. Sometimes he has a half moon (lunu-
exposed, he was suckled by a goat and guarded lam) intercepted by both heads. On other asses,
by a dog. “ Canes adhibebantur ejus (/Escu- as in the Cmsia gens, the double head is covered
lapii) templo, quod is uberibus cauis sit nutri- with a sort of cap. The same representation of
bus.”
—“ Cane ad pedes (simulacri /Esculapii) Janus, just described from Roman coins, un-
decumbcute.” (Pausan. ii. 01). doubtedly found its way into several coins of
The appearance of the tree rising in the field foreign die; on coius struck at Panormus
as
of the reverse, is supposed to bear reference to (Palermo). The same double head also appears
another superstitious belief of the ancients re- on coins of Amphipolis and Thessalonica, in
specting /Esculapius, that the god of medicine Macedonia. We have not, says Eckhel in de-
took no satisfaction in the worship of his vota- scribing them (vol. i. p. 234), to pronounce
ries unless paid to him in his own grove. On them portraits of Janus. No doubt the different
this point Pausanias (ii. GO) says
—
“ /Esculapii peoples of Greece often had come under Roman
lucum, circumquaque, moutes iuciugunt, intra dominion, by representing on their coins the
enjus ambitum mori quenquam, ant nasci, reli- figure of Janus, who, from the very infancy of
gio cst.” Rome, was worshipped among her principal
divinities, testified that
they paid to the Roman
I. gods the same adoration, which in private they
did to their ;
own
just as several other Greek
I a Latin vowel, which Cicero (Orat. iii.) cities exhibitedon their coins Jupiter Capito-
calls Iota. Sometimes it is made a consonant, linus. See v. 216.
either simple as in ivno, ivpiter, &c. or double From the above examples, and others that
as in eivs, maiok, &c. The ancients some- might be adduced, it is shewn that the Janus of
times changed it into v, and wrote maxvmo for the Romans invariably appeared with a beard.
maximo, of which there are not only examples Nor are monuments of a later age at variance
from Pliny, Livy, and Cicero, but the proofs with this rule. For he appears bearded on brass
appear also on coins. Rasche. coins of Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Commodus,
I is the customary mark of the As. See the and Pertinax.
word (p. 83). The Author of Doctrina then alludes to opi-
I. This letter, by itself, signifies Jovi, or nions entertained by other men of great learn-
Julius, or Juuo. ing, who have pronounced certain beardless
1. This Latin letter served as a numeral sign heads, joined in the same manner, to be those
in the products of the Roman mint. Thus I. of Janus ; and confesses that before he had suf-
II. III. IIII. &c. as may be seen within a laurel ficiently considered the subject, his own opiuion
crown on brass of Augustus, cos. n. in. mi. was the same. (See his observations, i. 94).
Consul for the second, third, fourth time. “ One reason for their supposition
(says he), is
leg. i. ii. ill. mi. First, second, third, fourth the resemblance of the mode of joining the
Legion, ii vik. Duumvir, iii vir. Triumvir, heads, being such as Janus exhibits.' But it is
mi vir. Qualnorvir. found that this mode was in vogue with foreign
JANUS, the fabled offspring of Coclus and nations, who certainly employed it with no
re-
Hecate, or of Apollo and Crcusa, reigned, says ference whatever either to the religion or cus-
Arnobius (Arlv. Genies, iiii. p. m. 69), in early toms of the Romans. From such evidence it
times over Italy, and was the founder of the is shewn, that this unnatural device was
clearly
town Janiculntn, the boasted father of Fontus. in use both among the Greeks, the Etrurians,

[For a learned dissertation on the myth of aud the Romans.” —

Passing over the conjectures
Janus, see Nouvelle Gallerie Mythotogique, par of those who have attempted to ascertain
to
M. Ch. Lenormant, p. 5]. which people’s imagination the invention of such
Representations of Janus occur, as well on a monster is to be attributed, Eckhel prefers
the early Roman As (sec p. 83, et scq.) as on rather to consider the question, what the
an-
those of much later date, marked by the names cients understood by those two-headed figures
?
of families, to which arc to be added the follow- That some allegory lay beneath them is evident,
ing specimen, which forms the obverse type of a even from the accounts which Roman writers
denarius of the Furia gens, described in p. 401. have given of their Janus. Some have
said
that he was represented with two faces, because
he had been endowed by Saturn with the know-
ledge of past and future events (Cedrenus
ex
Dione). Others, in order that, by being placed
between them, he might seem to be looking up-
on the commencing and the retiring year.
Servius says, in one place fad Virg.
291) — yF.n.J i. v.
“ It is stated by some that, Tatius and
Romulus built a temple, after entering into a
 JANUS, JANUS.
472
treaty with each other, whence Janus
himself Saturnus, who had come with a fleet to Italy,
and having been instructed by him in agri-
after
has two faces, as if in allusion to the coalition
And, in another passage culture, had improved the rude and savage mode
of the two kings.”
of living which had prevailed before fruits were
(ad JEneid, I. v. 198)—“ It is with propriety
known, he bestowed upon him (Saturnus) a
that he invokes him (Janus) as he presides
at
for after Romulus share in the kingdom. He was the first also
the ratification of treaties ;

and Titus Tatias had entered into a compact, a

who stamped brass and in this, too, he dis-
;

played his respect for Saturnus ; for, as he had

statue was erected to Janus, with two faces, as
And lastly, arrived in a ship, on one side was expressed a
if to represent the two nations.”
Pliny (xxxiv. § 16)
—
“The double Janus was likeness of his own head, and ou the other a
ship, to perpetuate the memory of Saturnus.
consecrated by king Numa, and is worshipped
in matters both of peace and war.” The double That the money was so stamped, may be gathered
from the game of pitch and toss’ at the pre-
'

heads of Janus, as well as those of the man and

sent day, in which boys, throwing up their de-
woman on the coinage of Tenedos, have been ?' ” Aurelius —
lhc narii, cry out ‘ heads or ships
explained by ancient writers allegorically,
Victor gives the same information. And Ovid,
devotion of Caracalla to the memory of Alex-
having made the following enquiry of Jauus
ander the Great becoming the subject of general
remark, a circumstance occurred which is re- (Fast. 229) :

corded by Ilerodian (iv. in CaracaJl .) “ We — i.

“ Malta quidein didici ; sed cur navalis in acre

“ Altera signata est, altera forma biceps?”
have also seen figures absurdly represented, with
one body and one head, but two half faces^ of [“have learned a thing or two in my life
I

is the figure of a ship stamped on one

-
Alexander and Antoninus (i. e. Caracalla). but, why
may suffice altho’ side of money, and a double head ou the other
?’]
These instances of allegory ;

it is times, to suppose an
not necessary, at all

For it might happen, that

— receives from that deity this answer
:

allegorical allusion. “ Causa ratis superest Tuscum rate veuit in ainnera

;

an artist would represent some deity with two “ Ante pererrato falcifer orbe dens. - - -
heads because, perhaps, the statue was in-
;
“ At boua posteritas puppim servavit in sere,
tended to be so placed, that every one, whether “ Ilospitis adventura testificata dci.”
within or without the building, might have a [“The reason for the appearance of the ship
view* of his countenance such as was the case,
; remaius to be explained. The scythc-bcaring
according to Lucian, with some of the Ilcrmtc god Saturn) entered with his vessel a river
— “ two-headed, and alike both ways, in which- of
(i. e.
after traversing the earth.
Etruria, Now,
ever direction you turn yourself.” “I have worthy posterity has preserved the ship on
alia
seen (says Schiiltzc, in his Introduzione money, in commemoration of the arrival of their
scienza della Slonete Anliche), a four -faced divine visitant.”]
Janus on a coin of Hadrian, in the rich and Plutarch speaks to the same effect. (Quasi
noble collection of the illustrious Antonio Gunt- Horn .) —
Draco of Corcyra has the following in
allusion to Janus (apud Athenreum ,
xv. p. m.
When, therefore, you see double heads on
692), that “ he firstinvented crowns, ships, and
of the Etrurians or the Syracu-
coins, either
boats, and first stamped brass money. On which
sans, or the Athenians. You may be sure, that Italian, and Sicilian cities
account, many Greek,
they convey some allegory, though it may often
engraved on their coins a double head, aud on
be beyond our power to discover its meaning.
the other side either a boat, or a crown, or a
And, w*hcn we see ou Roman coins the two —
The same also is to be found in Eusta-
ship.”
heads in question, sometimes with beards, at thius (ad Odyss. E. v. 251). We have no coin
others without, w*c need be in no doubt, that
if
of any Greek or Sicilian city with these types on
they are bearded, Janus is intended; and if All that arc extant arc undoubtedly
without both sides.
beardless, some other account, aud
Roman. According to Pliny (xxxiii. $ U)>
much difficulty, can be given of them. Thus, when the as fell as low as the sextantarius, the
in the case of the gold coin, on the
revcisc of
mark of brass (i. c. of the as) was, ou one side
which is a double head without beard ; and on ship,
a double Janus, on the other the beak of a
the reverse roma, and the sacrificing of a sow , Eck-
aud on the triens and quadrans, boats.
since this type of the reverse, undoubtedly sig-
hel, v. p. 14.
nifies the rite of ratifying a treaty
and the ;

coin was unquestionably struck without the walls

of Rome, it is not necessary to suppose that the
double head on the obverse belongs to Janus,
but that after the fashion of the Greeks, some
reconciliation between themselves and the Ro-
mans is thereby allegorically signified. See
Doct. N. Vet. v. 210 to 333.
Janus' Head on the Monetal As. The head —
of Janus ou one side, and the prow of
a ship
on the other, is an almost perpetual type on the
Roman As. Several ancient writers have alluded
to this fact, and the reason for it.
Macrobius — The half-naked figure of Janus Bifrons stand
s. C. be
ing, with spear in right hand, cos. ill.
sa S _«This Jauus having hospitably received
y
 JANUS. JANUS. 473
longs to the second brass of Hadrian. states, of the alliance made between the Romans
I. A. Imperalor Augustus, or Indu/gentia and the Sabines. Also, perhaps, according to
Augusti. other writers, to signify that he blew both the
IAN. Janum. —ian. clv. Janum Clusit past and the future. —
The as, the most ancient
or Clausit, the temple of Janus closed. coin of the Romans, bears on one side the head
Janus, the fabled son of Uranus, is believed of Janus with two faces, bearded, and above it
to have been the most ancient King of Italy, a crescent, symbol of eternity on the reverse,
;

who hospitably received Saturn, when, as a we see the prow of the ship which brought
fugitive from Crete, the father of Jupiter, Saturn to Italy a type which has caused this
:

banished by his son, arrived in a ship on the coinage of brass money to be called ratiti, from
shores of Laiium. —
According to the account of the Latin word rat is, a ship or galley. These
Aurelius Victor, Janus was the master-mind of pieces are common in numismatic cabinets. The —
the age in which he lived he was the founder
;
half naked figure of two-headed Janus, standing
of a city called Janiculum, taught liis people with a spear in his right hand, on a first brass
the divisions of the year, the use of shipping, medal of Antoninus Pius, indicates either some
and of money, the rules of justice, and the sacred honours paid to Janus by that Emperor
mode of living happily under the authority of or that the securitv of the age was established
the laws he also instructed them how to build
;
by the providential care of Antoninus, as formerly
temples and to honour the Gods with sacrificial under the reign of Janus. The legend of thi9
worship ; to surround the cities with walls, to coin is tr. pot. cos. III., which Eckhel gives
grow corn and to plant the vine. It was out of to v. C. 893. —There
a brass medallion of
is

gratitude for these alleged benefits that Janus Commodus, which on its reverse the
exhibits
was placed by the Homans in the rank of the head of Janus, one of the faces having the
Gods, and regarded as presiding over treaties. likeness of that Emperor the epigraph which
:

On the first of January, or in the calends of accompanies it is p.m. tr. p. xii. imp. viii.
that month, they celebrated the Janualia. At cos. v. p.p. —
See also the tellvs. stabil. of
they offered to Janus a mixture
that festival commodvs. on a brass medallion.
of flour and with incense and with wine.
salt, There are other medallions of Commodus,
The temple of Janus was said to have been which all present the figure of the double Janus,
built by Romulus, after he had made peace with and are remarkable for their elegance and rarity
the Sabines and in this temple was a statue
; though the reason for the selection of such a
with two faces. King Numa ordained that it —
type remains unbiown. This adoration of Janus
should be opened during war and shut during on the paid of Commodus, appears to have been
peace. In the seventh book of the /Eneid, an exemplification of that Pietas of which we
Virgil has described, in some fine verses, this see him styled the Auctor The excess of his
imposing ceremony. The figure ot this temple predilection for Janus is manifested by a coin of
is preserved on medals. It was shut only twice the Medicean collection, on the obverse of wilieh
from the foundation of Rome to the year 725 ;
the head of Commodus is represented with
namely, under the reign of Numa, year 38, and double face, like that of the god. D. N. Vet.—
after the second Punic war, in 519, under the vii., 119.
consulate of Titus Manlius. It was shut three The head of Janus, with its beardless faces,
times under Augustus, first in 725, after the after the likeness of Cnadus Pompeius (Pompey
Aetiac war, and subsequently in 729 and 752. the Great) appears on the obverse of Pompcy’s
Therefore it became an important event to shut first brass, and the prow of a ship on the
the Janus, an allegorical expression signifying reverse.
the restoration of peace to the empire. The Janus is have had a son, named
said to
poets celebrated these memorable closings . Fontus, from whom
the Fonteii assumed to
From the first book of Ovid’s Tristia, it appears derive their origin, and their right to place the
that the temple of Janus was shut under the head of Janus on their coins. —
See Fonteia.
reign of Tiberius. On a brass coin of Neio —
Janus Quadrfrons. Janus with four faces
we read pace. p. e. teera mariq. parta ianum (three of which only are seen), is found on a
clvsit. (after having procured peace for the second brass coin of Hadrian.
Roman people, on land and on the sea, he, the —
IAN. CLV. On a silver coin of Augustus,
Emperor, has shut the Janus,) because this and either relates to the second time of that
temple was called the Janus. Lucan makes — Emperor’s closing the temple of Janus, viz., in
mention of the closing of this temple under the year of Rome 729 (a.d. 25), after the
Nero, to which the coin referred to above conquest of the Cantabri (of northern Spain)
refers. Other princes afterwards performed the or it was struck to renew the memory of the
same ceremony, on a similar consummation of year 725, when the temple was closed on the
general peace. Trajan not only shut the Janus occasion of terminating the Bellum Actiacum
but embellished its site with an enlarged area. or the war ending with the battle of Actiiun,
The last cpocha when the fane of this deity was which ruined Marc Antony, and made Augustus
closed was under the Emperor Constantius master of the Roman world.
(Gallus), about a. d. 353 or 4. For the most detailed architectural representa-
—
Janus Bifrons. This was an appellation tion of the temple of Janus closed, to be found
assigned to Janus, because he was represented l
on the imperial mintages, is the first brass of
with two faces, in consideration, as Servius I
Nero, in which this celebrated fane is typified
3 P

i
474 JANUS. ICONIUM.
with one gate, and a double door. Its form is and insects, in which Egypt abounds, and which
it pursues and kills.
The Ibis is seen at the feet of a female figure,
lying on the ground, with the epigraph aegyftos,
on gold, silver, and brass of Hadrian. —See
p. 13.
1CONIVM, (now Konich, or Cogni,) the
ancient capital of Lycaonia, (now Karamania,
Asiatic Turkey). This city is mentioned in the
Acts of the Apostles, c. xiii., v. 51. A Roman —
colony its coins (besides autonomes in sm. brass
,

and imperial Greek in brass) consist of brass

of the three modules, with Latin legends. The
pieces with Greek inscriptions are respectively
of Nero, Hadrian, and Faustina, jun. The
following arc its Latin brass :
square, and its walls are ornamented with laurel —
Gordianus Pius. Ileo. col aei,. iconien.
garlands, which the Romans placed on it after s. r —
A veiled priest tracing the limits of a
a victory. The doors arc shut. See the — colony with plough and two oxen. In the field
legend pace r.K. terra makiq. parta, ia.nvm two military ensigns. Rev. iconiensi. colo.
CLVSIT. s.r. Fortune seated.
IANO CONSERVAT, Janus with two faces, Valerianus, sen. Same legend. — Fortune
standing with a spear in the right hand. Silver — seated, a wheel under her chair.
— Rev.
of Pertinax. Ga/lienus. iconiensivm co. s.r.
“ Rprtinax here styles Janus his preserver, I The twins and the wolf same legend Hercules ,

and with some reason; for at the very time that standing same legend Minerva seated. ,

Janus begins the new year, he commenced his Icuncula (from icon) a small image of fre-
reign ; and this appears beyond question to be quent occurrence on Roman coins, sometimes in
the motive for the adoption of the type.” the right, sometimes in the left-hand of the
Eckhcl vii., 141. principal figure.
—
IANO PATRT. Two head Janus, with one 1
Idas, the Ides, an Etruscan
from Ida us,
face bearded, the other without a beard the : verb, iduare, because the Ides
to divide,
whole figure stands clothed in the toga, holding divide the month into two almost equal parts.
a patera in the right and a sceptre in his They were (says Vaillant) sacred to Jupiter.
left hand. —
See gold mintages of Gallicuus, The Ides of March are marked on a denarius
p. 406.
|

;
of Junius Brutus eid. mar. —See Marcus
Pcllerin, in his Melange i. p. 160, gives an Brutus, p. 145 of this Dictionary.
engraving of the above, and merely says “ the Jerusalem , the most illustrious and most
legend iano patri which one sees on this silver celebrated city of Palestine, besieged and de-
piece of Gallicnus, is singular. It is found on no stroyed by Titus ;
restored by Hadrian at bis
other known coin.” —
But Eckhcl, animadverting own For further allusions to this
expense.
on the still more singular circumstance of its place, in its state of subjection to the Romans,
exhibiting a bearded head joined to a head with- sec AELIA CAPITOLINA, p. 15.
out a beard, enters at some length into a research
;

II. Secundus. —
cos. it. Consul Secundum.
into all previous numismatic examples which Consul for the second time. imp. II. Imperator
show that the two faces must be bearded iu —
Secundum. leg. ii. Legio Secunda, &c.
order to be characteristic of Janus, and concludes IIS. or IIS. Sestertius. — See the word.
with saying, “I think, therefore, it may be Iterum.
II. tr. p. ii. Tribunitia Potestate
allowed one to suppose cither that the portraiture Iterum.
of Pcllerin is fallacious, which depictures Janns I1V1R. Duumvir. —A dignity in place of
with one head only bearded, the other without Consul, in the Roman colonies.
beard or that in the age (of Gallicnus
;
A.n. I1VIR. QVINQ. Duumvir Quinguena/is. —
253 to 268), there was something in the mode The dignity of the Qninqucnnicl Duumvir in the

of representing this deity which deviated from Colonics rivalled that of the Censorship at Rome.
the old immutible imagery.” —
Vol. vii., p. 397. II. VICT. Dux llelorut. victoriae avgo.
— —
I

Ibex .A figure of this animal, walking ii. germ. Two Germanic Victories of the
—
j

towards the right, with the epigraph saecvlares Emperors on a coin of Gallicnus.
avgo, nnd the note VI. (perhaps because on the III. VIR. A.A.A.F.F. Triumvir or Triumviri
sixth day of the games this alpine animal was (monctales), Auro, Argento, Acre, F/audo,
exhibited) appears on a silver coin of Philip ;
Teriundo. —One of, or all, the three Roman
senior. Ange/oni calls it the Gazelle. Magi -(rates appointed to superintend the coin-
Ibis, a bird held sacred by the Egyptians, I age of money. — Sec p. 1. — Also Monela Ramona,
similar to a stork, except that its beak is some- and Sa/umus.
—
what thicker and more crooked. The Ibis is the
J

I III. VIR. R.P.C. Triumvir Rcipublirir

peculiar symbol of Egypt, on account of the Constitncndie — Triumvir for the establishing of
benefit which it rendered to that conntry in the Republic.
constantly waging a destructive war with serpents
|

I
IIII. VIR. Quatuorviri —See 62.
a. p. e. p.
 IMPERATOR. IMPERATOR. 475
ILEUCAVONIA, or Ilergavonia ;
a Roman sometimes see the prince declaring himself
municipium iu llispania Tarracoueusis (now Emperor for the fifteenth or twentieth time,
Ampost a in Catalonia, near Tortosa.) It was and giving himself for surnames, titles formed
the eapital city of the llercaoueuses, situated on out of the names of the vanquished nations.
the coast near the mouth of the Ebro. Its To such a pitch of mad presumption was tliis
coins struck, in alliance with Dertosa, under imperial vanity carried, that we sometimes see
Augustus, Agrippa, and Tiberius, bear on their an emperor assuming the marks of triumph,
reverses the legend m. hi. ilercavonia d eVt. and impudently pretending to be the conqueror
The type is a galley, with sail set. See Aker- — of people who had actually defeated his armies.
wan, “ Ancient Coins of Cities and Princes.” After the extinction of the consular government,
p 91. the name of imperator was very seldom con-
1LERDA, a city of Hispania Tarracoueusis, ferred upon private individuals, either on account
the eapital of the llergetcs, which by a slight of military command, or of victories gained
transposition of letters, is now called Lerida, and it soon became the exclusive appendage of

in Catalonia. — Under the Roman sway it became Imperial rank and power. —
This title is expressed
a municipium, as proved by a small brass coin
is in Greek by the word ATTOKPATUP, which is

of Augustus, inscribed man. ilkkda. with the often abridged.

type of a wolf walking. —
See Akerman, “Coins After the death of Caligula, the title of
of Ancient Cities, &c.” p. 92. PI. x., No. 1, Emperor became elective, and it was the soldiers
2, 3, 4, and 5, for specimens of the Celtibcrian of the Prmtorian Guard who proclaimed the
and Latin brass of this municipium. Emperor Claudius. The however,
children,
ILICI, a city of Hispania Tarraconensis. It of the deceased Prince, or lie whom the Em-
was situated in the country of the Contestant peror had adopted, pretty generally succeeded
It is now called E/c.'te, and gave the name to the empire, not by right of succession, but
to the port called Alicant —
pottos Ilicitanus. because the reigning sovereign had, during his
It appears from the legends of its coins c. I. il. a. life-time, associated them iu the governnfent, or
struck under Augustus and Tiberius, that it was had created them Caesars, that is to say,
a colony, and the second letter is considered the appointed them his successors, with the con-
initial of Immunis. —
Colouia Immunis It/ici currence of the armies, who, having the strength
Augusta. —See Akerman, same work, p. 94. to enforce their wishes, had wrested from the
The Imperial Latin coins of this Colony arc Senate the right of election. The choice of the
engraved in Vaillant, vol. i. p. 37., p. 73 78. — soldiery almost always fell ou some one of their
ILLVRICVS or ILLYR1ANVS. See Genius — own chiefs, whose bravery wT as well kuowni ; and
Excrcitus Illyriciaui, p. 411. held higher in their appreciation than either
Ittgricum, or as it is otherwise called Illyris, birth or political abilities. It was thus that the
is aregion lying on the shores of the Adriatic, empire frequently devolved into the hands of
opposite to those of Italy, and extending inwards mere soldiers of fortune, whose only merit w as
from the Alps and the sea, to the Danube By their ferocious valour. On the other hand,
some writers this tract of country is considered when the Senate could influence the choice of
to be what is now called Dalmatia. an Emperor, that body, with all its faults, con-
IMP. Imperator. —caesak. imp. p.m. sulted with more judgment the qualities most
IM PERATOR. —The title of Emperor (Impe- suitable in the master of so mighty an empire.
rator) was, at first, only used as a surname, Immediately after their election, the Emperors
and placed after all the names of the individual sent their image to Rome and to the armies, in
on whom it was conferred. But at the esta- order that it might be placed on the military
blishment of the empire, this appellation took standards. This was the customary mode of
another nature. The prince being general- acknowledging the new Princes. Their accession
issimo of the Roman legions, appropriated to thus announced, they failed not to distribute
himself the merit of all the victories achieved, largesses amongst the troops, each soldier re-
whether he commanded the army in person, or ceiving his share as he marched past the
whether he merely carried on the war by his emperor, to mark their joy at whose election
lieutenants. When the Senate in the year 29 they carried crowns of laurel on their heads.
before Christ (725 of Rome) bestowed on The first who introduced the system of giving
Augustus the title of Imperator it was placed ,
money to the soldiers was Claudius, who, in
after his name. Subsequently we see it borne gratitude for their choice of him, promised them
by Emjierors from the first days of their reign fifteen sesterces a head. Soon after the election
and without any victory, even without any war of the Emperor, the Senate conferred the name
to give occasion for it. In fact the word, from ofAugusta on his wife and daughters.
that time, became one of tbe attributes of That the Imperial title, or appellative of the
sovereignty but, in this latter case, it is found
;
Roman general was augmented according to the
preceding all the other names and dignities, number of victories, so that on coins it should
even that of Ctesar, and is not followed by any be found marked by the inscription of imp.
number as I. n. hi. &e., on medals. But itervm or Hi., IV., &c., there are frequent
when, on the contrary, the ivord imp. or proofs, in the series of the Augusli; nor arc like
imperator was designed to enumerate victories, examples wanting, during the existence of the
it is usually placed after the name, and often republic, or at least before it was utterly
at the end of all the other titles. Thus we abolished, though these however are more rare.

3 P 2
476 IMPERATOR. IMPERATOR.
Sylla numismaticallv called imper. itervm
is ; styled mag. or magn. pivs. imp. See the
whilst Cn. Pompey M., after having gained the Pompeia family.
greatest victories and those of the most varied —
IMP. BRVTVS. Sec brvtvs imp.
description, is styled on his coins only imp. IMP. or IMPER. Imperator is frequently
Cmsar the Dictator, only imp. iter. Nor is — read on coins of Julius Ca*sar, (he being already
Sextus Pompey, son of Pompey the Great, dead) on whieh this single title of honour is
mentioned as having oftencr enjoyed the title. assigned to him, in place of the prenomen
But Antony the iiivir is recorded as imp. iiii. not for any victory obtained, but by that signi-
—And it is certain that after Blsesus, who was fication whieh refers to the heighth of power
the last private individual (by Tiberius’s per- conferred upon him, he is called c.v.sar. imp. or
mission) to be called Imperator, the important IMPER. and afterwards with the Julian star.
honour, although obtained by the Lieutenants of For as in others, struck before his death, he is,
the Augusti, belonged to the Prince alone, after the ancient manner of the republic, called
because wars were carried on under his sole imp. qvint., on others imp. sex. and besides
auspices thus a preetor of former times derived
;
DICT. QVAHT., or DICTATOR PERPETVO, SO this
the title of Imperator from a victory achieved one title imp. on only two coins, and a few
by his quwstor, of which Varro records one struck after his death, can hardly be understood
example. If Dio is to be relied on, it was the otherwise than as that highest title of Imperator,
Roman custom to assume the name of Imperator then for the first time granted to him by the
not oftener than once, for one war ; and this Senate, not long before he was slain because,
;

practice was abused by Claudius Aug., who as occurs on many other coins of Roman
allowed himself to be called by that title several Emperors, that name of supreme power docs
times on account of victories over the Britons. not occupy the place of a prenomen but rather
— It is very questionable, however, whether this that of Such is the opiuion of
a surname.
usage was, even in the earlier age, religiously Vaillant and of Spanheim on these coins of
observed, for from the coins of Sylla it is Julius.
probable that he was called Imperator for the IMP. — On a and a gold coin of Galba,
silver
second time, during the same war. bearing this word on reverse, that Emperor,
its

It is abundantly clear on inspection, that the in the patudamentum, appears on horseback,

greater part of the Imperial coins exhibit a extending his right hand. —
The figure of Galba
numeral addition to this inscription of imperator appears to refer to the statues erected to his
on account of fresh victories gained. But it is honour in Gaul and in Spain, as he docs not sit
observable, that Caracalla was the last who on horseback in the garb of peace, as emperors
stamped this illustrious title on his coinage, as were accustomed to do when approaching Rome,
now by degrees the ancient institutions of the \ut he is represented as they are depictured
Roman empire had begun to be neglected or when setting out on a military expedition. —Sec
corrupted. Ncvcrthelcss.in the mint of Postumus, HISPANIA.
singular to say, there occur imp. v. and imp. x. IMP. AVG. Imperator Augustus. On
— But Ducange adduces from marbles, some another silver coin of Galba, a female figure,
examples of adding numbers to the title con- clothed in a robe, holds an olive branch in her
tinued to a later
period, although of rarer right hand, whilst her left rests on a shield
occurrence. —The
gold solidi of Theodosius placed on the ground.
II. are common, bearing amongst his titles This figure of a woman personifies Peace,
even imp. xxxxii., which Ducange considers bearing the olive branch which was peculiarly
to import the old acclamation of the soldiers. dedicated to that goddess, and was also worn on
But Eckhel is of opinion that on the coins of the head at pacific celebrations.
this emperor the years of his reign are indicated Galba, through the concord of the two
by that number. — Gallienus, for the reiterated provinces, Spain and Gaul, by whom he was
title of Imp. called himself Gcrmanicus elected Emperor, declared his conciliatory feelings
Maximus in. or v., or inscribed on his coins to theRoman people.
victoria avo. vi. vii. viii.; and similar IMP. CAES AVG. LVD. SAEC.—On a
examples occur on the medals of Postumus, as coin of Augustus, in memory of the Secular
before observed ; especially on one bearing the games, which that Emperor restored and cele-
legend of p.m. tr. p. imp v. &c. Other — brated afresh.
evidences which verify the derivation of the title —
IMP. CAES. A naval trophy fixed on the
from Victories, are to be found in the Doct. prow of a ship, with spoils of arms also appended,
Hum. Vet of Eckhel. De Nomine Imperatoris. and a rudder and anchor added.
vol. viii. p.346. This apjicars on a silver coin of Augustus, by
—
IMP. Imperator. Cassius, the assassin of whom, after the defeat of Antony at Actiuin,
Ciesar, is so called c. cassi. imp. Caio C'assio
: this trophy seems to have beeu erected. Others
Imperatori. —
In like manner, Brutus, brvt. think the coin was struck in memory of the
imp. otherwise q. caep. brvt. imp. see the— naval victory gained by Augustus’s lieutenant
—
Ja ilia family. M. l.F.PIDVS obtained the title of over Sextus Pom|>cv, near Sicily.
imp. in Spain, and received triumphal honours IMP. CAESAR AVG. FILL COS.—Sevcrns
for his victories there. —
In imitation also of M. seated on a suggestum (or raised platform)
Antonins imp. the title of Imperator is given on —
between Caracalla and Gcta. On a silver coin
coins to Caius Ciesar. —
Moreover Poui]>cy is I of Caracalla. The epigraph of Uie reverse (says
 IMPERATOR. IMPERATOR. 477
Eckhel) is thus to be read Imperator (An-
:
IMPERATOR VII. Septimum.—The Em-
toninus — meaning Caracalla) et C'tesar (Geta) peror sitting on an estrade, haranguing the
Augusti (Severi) Ji/ii consules, wlio doubtless I soldiers.
made their consular procession together in This legend and type, on a very rare gold
the vear when the coin was struck, viz., a.d.
j
coin of Trajan, refer to an anecdote of that
205. Emperor, who assumed the title of Imperator
The type represents Scvcrus distributing the {
for the seventh time, on the occasion of his over-
congiarium to the people, after his return from i
coming the Adiabeni and Assyrians, a.v.c. 867.
the East. Being about to wage war against the Parthians,
IMP. NERVA CAESAR AVGVSTVS REST. Trajan made an oration to his assembled troops.
—This legend appears on abrass medallion, by — (Cirnel. Vindob. Eckhel.)
which the Emperor Ncrva restored the memory
of Augustus and of his consecration. Vaill.
Pr. III. p. 101.
IMP. PERP. Imperator Perpetuus, is read
on coins of Alexander and of Probus.
IMP. QVART. Imperator Quartum. Julius —
Crcsar was styled Emperor for the fourth
time.
IMP. INVICTI PII AVGG.— Laurcatcd
heads of Severus and Caracalla, side by side,
each with the paludamcntum.
Rev. —
Victoria parthica maxima. Victory
marching with a garlaud and palm branch. Silver
and gold.
lMVERatore RECEPTo. This inscription — IMPERATOR VIII. (or VIIII.) S. C.—
isfound on a gold coin of Claudius, placed above The Emperor seated on a suggestum, attended
the gateway of a structure, designed to represent by two figures : below and before him stand four
the camp of the Prietorian or five soldiers with standards and a horse.
guard. —
It serves to shew This legend and type appear on a first brass of
in what manner Claudius Trajan.
was presented to the Prie- IMP. X. —Augustus was called Imperator
torians, recognised by them Decimum, in honour of a victory gained by the
as Emperor, and taken under Roman legions in Pannonia.
their protection. —AsEckliel IMP. X —
A military figure presents a branch
observes aureus
this rare to the —
Emperor, seated. This silver coin of
together with the equally remarkable one of Augustus refers to the signal victory gained by
Pnetorianis Receptis, confirms history with Tiberius, as that Emperor’s lieutenant, over the
wonderful precision, both in legend and in type. Pannonians.
Suetonius relates that “ he was received within —
IMP. X. Two male figures, or Tiberius and
the entrenchments [of the Prretorian camp] and his brother Drusus, offer a laurel to Augustus,
passed the night amongst the sentinels of the sitting on a curule chair ; the former for the
army where also on the following day, according
; Pannonian, the latter for the German conquest
to the account of Dion Cassius, the empire was or they are two ambassadors, with olive branches,
offered to him with the unanimous consent of the asking terms of peace with the Emperor.
soldiers, as the descendant of an imperial line, IMP. X. SICIL. Imperator Decimum Sicilia.
and as a man of good reputation.” See praetor — — See sicil.
recep., which has for its type the Emperor and IMP. XI. ACT. Imperator TJndecimum,
one of his guards joining hands, allusive to the Actiacus —
See act.
.

protection which Claudius extended in his turn —

IMP. XIII. Sow and pigs. Vespasian.
to the Prmtorians, who took an oath of fidelity See Rasche.
to him, on the same day that he received the IMP. XIIII. Imperator Decimum Quartum.
imperial power. —The Emperor, seated on an estrade, receives
IMP. TER Imperator Tertium. -Emperor — into his hands a child offered to him by a
for the third time.—This inscription with a man wearing a clilamys —
Gold and Silver of
.

trophy, and two bucklers and spears, appears on Augustus.

a silver coin of M. Antony, who, having captured The learned widely differ in their explanations
Artavasdc, King of Armenia, triumphed at of this type, which is the more to be regretted,
Alexandria. Gessner. Impp. Rom. because it obviously refers to some rather inter-
IMP. TR. P.V. COS. II. P.P. Imperator, esting point in the history of Augustus. Some
Tribunitia Potest ate Quinta, Consul Secun- think it represents Germanicus presenting Caius
—
dum, Pater Patrite. Oiselius in his Select. to the Emperor ; but this idea is not probable.
Numis. gives a coin with the foregoing Vail/ant pronounces it to be Tiridates, who, driven
legend, and for its type, a most elegant and from Parthia by Phraates, fled with his infant
sumptuous building, with trophies and victories son to Augustus. Eckhel, however, adduces
about its upper ranges, and a quadriga on the chronological objections to this otherwise likely
top of it. supposition; but suggests no opinion in its
/

478 IMPERATOR. IMPERATOR.

place. “ It is certain, however (he says), that i to all the functions of the priesthood ;
and from
the dress of the person offering the child, on !
the very moment of their accession to the
this denarius is foreign, and, as it seems to me, empire, they sacrificed bare-headed and covered,
is that of a German.” —
(Vol. vi. Ill) ;
aud in quality of pontiffs performed sacred rites.
IMP. XXXXII. COS. XVII. P.P.— On a The Emperors, on their coins, are represented
gold coin of Theodosius II. The number of — 1

in the act of sacrificing. We sec the contents

forty-two, hitherto unusual, and almost without of the patera poured out by them on the lighted
precedent, doubtless indicates the years of altar ; the popa, or priest w hose province it w as
Theodosius’s reign, when this coin was struck, to slay the victim, standing near it, and ready to
Therefore, as he was proclaimed Augustus a.d. perform his office. Amongst the numerous rc-
402, the year xxxxii. began in the year of I presentations of this kiud to be found ou the
Christ 443 and he was the Consul for the
;
I
Latin Ctcsarian medals may be mentioned
seventeenth time, as the fasti testify ; and I
Caligula sacrificing in front of a temple (see
about to enter into the eighteenth consulate the , pi etas.) Alexander Severus sacrificing before
following year. Why this particular year should Jupiter. Ou coins also of Trajan, AI. Aurelius,
thus ostentatiously be stamped on the gold L. Verus, Commodus, Severus, Alexander,
coinage of Theodosius II., adds Eckhel, 1 do Maximinus, Gordiauus Pius, we see some fine
not inquire, because I may judge rashly. It is, sacrificial groups, in which the Emi>erors are the
however, extraordinary that the same reverse prominent figures. See Sacrifices.—
shoidd appear ofl coins of his wife Eudoxia, of his Some of the Imperial scries bear legends and
sister Pulehcria, of Galla Placidia, Yalentiniunus typos which testify the piety or religion of the
III. and Leo I., although to them belongs reigning prince towards the gods, as in the
neither the year nor the consulate. — Vol. viii. relioio avg. of M. Aurelius and Valerian us
p. 182 . aud in the pi etas avg. of Trajan, Hadrian,
Imperator. —This title is not found attached Antoninus, M. Aurelius, and others, with an
to names of the Roman Emperors much
the altar, or with the Emperors sacrificing or with ;

beyond the time of Constantine. For the i pontifical instruments, with a temple, or
or
sons of that great prince, instead of Imperator with Piety personified under the figure of a
caused themselves to be called D. N. Domini woman, standing with a patera in her hand
Nostri. •
before an altar also with the image of Mercury
;

Imperatores. —
AftcrNero, the Emperors for the holding his caducous, aud crumeun, or purse.
most part ceased to govern by hereditary’ right. Even the truculent monster Commodus is on one
(Spanh. Pr. ii. p.238). AY riting to the governors : of his coins called avctor pietatm. In token
of provinces they called themselves, not Augusti, 1

of Piety, the temples of the Gods were frequently

but Imperatores (ibid. p. 374) nay, some- — either erected, or repaired, or dedicated by
times they eveu mentioned themselves as of the the Emperors as well at Rome as in the pro-
number of the Senators (ibid. p. 413). vinces ; a custom which explains w hy on so
Emperors were called Patres, after the example many of their coins, we read, aedes avg. or
of Jupiter, as Patres Ausonii, Patres Lutii, AEn D! VI AVG. REST; DEDICATIU AEDIS, and
—
&c. (ibid. p. 450). Appellations peculiar to similar inscriptions.
the Imperatores Romanorum and observable ,
1MPERI, instead of IMPERII. —See Aeter-
on their coins, are Pater Castrorum, Pater i vitas Imperii.
Exerdtuum, which as words denoting the IMPERII FEL1CITAS. A female standing, —
highest rank were accustomed to be exclusively holding an infant.
applied to the Augusti, or to their appointed j
On a silver coin of Marcus Aurelius, which
heirs. Moreover a new surname was invented 1

appears to have been struck ou the birth of a

in honour of the Emperors, viz., that of Pater son of that Emperor, through which event the
Senatus, which was first received by Commodus, Happiness of the Empire was predestined, an
called on his silver coin pater senatvs ; and heir having at length been born after so many
afterwards by Pupienus aud Balbinus, as appears adoptions. The goddess of Felicity, therefore,
on their coins, inscribed patres senatvs. — holds in her hand the child Auuius Verus, who,
(Vaillant). —
Some Emperors were called Op/imi,
J

however, died in his seventh year, after Aurelius

some Maximi, and others Optimi Maxi mi, the two had proclaimed him C'.esar. (VailL, Pr. ii.—
being joined as if equalling them with Jupiter 171.)
— See uestinato impeka-
I

himself. (Spanh. Pr. 500-501). Pii and IMPERATORI.

Felices were also among the titles of honour. I TORI.
And in like manner some of them were called Imperium Romanum. —The Roman Empire
Or bis Rec tores, Restitutores, Locnpletatores was sometimes governed by two Augusti, at
—
I

orbis terrarum also Pacatores Orbis, Vbique first ns a compact aud undivided territory as in
Victores, &c., &c. the ease of M. Aurelius and L. Verus, and nlto
The Imperatores Romani had by right no of Diocletian and Val. Maximinn but after- ;

other power in sacerdotal and sacred affairs than wards divided into two parts, the Eastern and the
that which they derived from holding the highest —
Western. The Imperial coins are distinguished
pontificate (maxim us poutificatus), and the Em- by their chronological order, as belonging cither
perors themselves exhibited their testimonies of to the earlier, which is railed the Higher Empire,
piety to the Gods, in discharging the oflices of or to the age of its decline, which is called the
pontiffs. For after Tiberius they were admitted Lower Empire.
 IMPERIAL SERIES. IMPERIAL SERIES. 479

CATALOGUE OF THE IMPERIAL SERIES.

Strictly speaking the Imperial Series commences with Augustus; hut many of his coins
properly come under the Consular or Family Series, in which department all prior to Augustus
may, with propriety, be ranged. But the following catalogue is drawn up in accordance with the
usual sequence in which the coins are arranged in cabinets and described by numismatic writers :

Cnacius Pompcius. Marciana. Hercnnius Etruscus. Romulus.

Caius Jidius Caesar. Matidia. llostillianus. Alexander II.

Cuaeius Poinpeius, the Hadrianns. Trebonianus Callus. Licinius, the Father.

son. Sabina. Volusiauus. Licinius, the Son.
Sextus Pompcius. Lucius Aelius, Aemilianus. Martiniauus.
Marcus Junius Brutus. Antoninus Pius. Comelia Supcra. Constantinus I.

Caius Cassius Longi- Faustina the Elder. Valeri anus. (Maximus).

nus. Galerius Antoninus. Mariniana. Fa'usta.
'

Marcus Aemilius Le- Marcus Aurelius. Gallienus. Crispus.

pidus. Faustina the Younger. Salonina. Delmatius.
Marcus Antonius. Annius Verus. Salopians. Hanniballianus.
Octavia. Lucius Verus. Postumus. Constantinus 11.
Marcus Antonius, the LuciUa. Postumus, the Son? Constans.
son. Commodus. Laelianus. Constantius II.
Cleopatra. Crispina. Victorinus. Nepotianus.
Caius Antonius. Pcrtinax. Victorina ? Vetranio
Lucius Antonius. Titiaua. Marius. Magnentius.
Augustus. Didius Julianas. Tctricus, the Father. Decentius.
Livia. Manlia Scautilla. Tctricns, the Son. Constantius III.
Marcus Vipsanius ,
Didia Clara. Macrianus, the Father. (Gallus).
Agrippa. Pescennius Niger. Macrianus, the Son. Julianus II.
Julia. Fulvia Plautiana. Quietus. Jovianus.
Caius and Lucius. Clodius Albinus. Alexander Aemilianus. Valentinianus I.
Postumus Agrippa. Scptimius Scvcrus. Rcgalianus. Valens.
Tiberius. Julia Domna. Dryantilla ? Procopius.
Nero Claudius Drusus, Caracalla. Aureolus ? Gratianus.
son of Tiberius. Gcta. Claudius Gothicus. Valentinianus II.
Nero Claudius Drusus, Plautilla. Quintillus. Theodosius I.
brother of Tiberius. Julia Maesa. Aurcliauus. Aelia FlaccUla.
Antonia. Macrinus. Severiana. Magnus Maximus.
Germanieus. Diadmuenianus. Odenathus. Victor.
Agrippina, senior. Elagabalus. Zenobia. Eugcnius.
Nero and Drusus. Julia Paula. Vabalathus. Arcadius.
Caius (Caligula). Aquilia Severa. Athenodorus. Aelia Eudoxia ?
Agrippina, junior. An uia Faustina. Tacitus. Honorius.
Drusilla. Julia Soaemias. Florianus. Constantius IV.
Julia. Severus Alexander. Probus. Galla Placidia.
Claudius. Barbia Orbiana. Bonosus ? Constantinus III.
Messalina. Julia Mammaea. Caras. Constans II.
Claudia Antonia. Uranius Antoninus. Carinus. Maximus?
Britannicus. Maximinus I. Magnia Urbica. Jovinus.
Nero. Paulina. Nigrinianus. Sebastianus.
Octavia. Maximus. Numerianus. Priscus Attalus.
Poppaea. Gordianus Afrieanus, Julianus II. Theodosius 11.
Messalina. the Father. Diocletianns Aelia Eudoxia.
Claudia. Gordianus Afrieanus, Maximianus I. (Uer- Johannes.
Clodius Macer. the Son. culeus). Valentinianus III.
Galba. Balbinus. Carausius. Licinia Eudoxia.
Otho. Pupienus. Allectus. Honoria.
Vitellins. Gordianus Pius. Domitius Domitianus. Petronius Maximus.
Vespasianns. Tranquillina. Constantius I. Marcianus.
Flavia Domitilla. Philippus, the Father. (Chlorus). Pulchcria.
Domitilla, junior. Otacilia Severa. Helena. A vitus.
Titus. Philippus, the Son. Theodora. Leo I.

Julia Marinus. Maximianus II. (Gale- Verina.

Domitianus. Iotapianus. rius Valerius). Majorianus.
Domitia. Pacatianus. Galeria Valeria. Severus III.
Nerva. Sponsianus. Severus II. Anthemius.
Trajanus. Trajanus Decius. Maximinus II. (Daza). Euphemia.
Plotina. Etruscilla. Maxcntius. Olybrius.
 I

480 IMPERIAL SERIES. IMPERIAL SERIES.

Placidia. Aclia Zenonis. Anastasius. Justinus II.
Glyccrius. Leontius. Justinus. Sophia.
Leo II. Julius Nepos. Vitalianns. Tiberius II.
Zeno. Romulus Augustus. Justinianus. Mauricius,
Basiliscus.

The Incus ,
in the field of a coin, is a mark I
Roman process of coinage, namely, the incus,
of themonclal triumvirs, designed to shew or anvil; the forceps, or tongs; and the malleus,
cither the instrument or office of the mint, or or hammer.
the power of striking money. It is seen on Incuse. —
This epithet is applied to coins,
coins of the Annia, Apronia, Claudia, Livineia, which exhibit the same image, concave on one
Na:via, Rubellia, Silia, Statilia, Valeria, and side, convex on the other. Some of these,
other families.So on denarii of Claudia, from the rudeness of the workmanship, are
Livineia, and Statilia families, the incus, as a obviously of the most ancient date ; others, it is
mint mark, is seen opposite the letters ill. viu. no less evident, were thus stamped through
a. a. a. f.p. added to their surnames pvlchek. the carelessness of the moneyers, in putting
—
TAVrvs. regvlvs. On a denarius of the the metal to be struck on a coin already
Carisia family we sec all the tools used in the struck.

Accordingly incuse coins (numi incusi) arc found I may be taken as an emblem of Afrira. — Scverns
to bear neither a new figure nor a new inscrip- I
was of African origin, and, attached to the land

tion on the opposite face. The example here of his birth, conferred benefits (among others
given is a second brass coin of Diocletian. theyV.s Italicum) on Carthage and Utica, accord-
—
IND. Indictio. This form of INI), n. began
|

I
ing to Ulpianus. — A medal of Caracalla exhibits
for the first time to be struck on small brass of the same reverse.
Mauricius, about a.d. 582. INDVLG. AVG. Indulgentia Augusti .

Indictio. Indiction. —
Indiction, a mode of On a medal of Gallienus, Indulgence is repre-
reckoning, which contained a revolution of 15 sented under the form of a woman seated, holding
years. Under Augustus, the indiction, according out the right hand, and grasping hasta pura in
to some authors, signified the year when tributes the left. On another of the same reign, she
were paid to the Roman Treasury. Most writers, appears in the act of walking, with a flower held
however, insist that the iudiction was not known in the right hand and spreading her robe with

till long after the reign of that Emperor, and her left, “ as if (says MUlin, fancifully enough,)
that under Constantine the Great it was intro- for the purpose of skreening the guilty.”
duced, not for the payment of tributes, bnt INDVLGENTIA AVG. —On a first brass of
simply to obviate errors in the mode of counting Antoninus Pius, the virtue is personified by a
years. It would, however, be difficult to fix woman seated, having in the left hand a wand,
the year in which they began to reckon by and the other open, or holding a patera.
indiction, as indeed it would be to explain the
reason why the indiction is comprised w'ithin
the space of fifteen yearn, or why this appellation
was given to it.
Indulgentia. Clemency, lenity, pace, favour.
— This word is used on Roman coins to denote
either some permission given, some privilege
bestowed, or sonic tribute remitted. In inscrip-—
tions of a very early date, princes arc called
indu/gentissimi.
INDVLGENTIA. AVGG. IN. CARTIL—
Silver and middle brass coins of Scptim. Scvenis
bearing this inscription on the reverse, have for
accompanying type, Cybelc with a turreted crown
on her head, seated on a lion she holds a
;
Eekhel observes that “ by this coin the words
thunderbolt in her right and a spear in her left of Capitolinus arc confirmed, where he asserts
hand. The mother of the Gods was the favourite that Antoninus Pius was eminently disposed to
deity of the Carthageninns here the bon, whirh
;
acts of indulgence and favour.” (Ad indutgentias
Virgil tells us {.Eneid lib 3) was tamed by Cy bclc,
. pronissimnm.J
 INDULGENTIA. INDULGENTIA. 481
INDVLGENTIA AVGG IN ITALIAM. Cos. III.) the military standards re-taken from
:

A female figure with turreted crown, sitting on the Parthians, an event commemorated on
a globe, bears a trophy in her right hand, and coins of Augustus (Signis Parthicis Receptis,
a cornucopia in her left. —
Silver of S. Severus. S. P. Q. R.) the victory gained over the Par-
In memory of this Emperor’s indulgences towards thians under Sept. Severus (Victoria Parthica
Italy. Vaillant connects this with a passage in —
Maxima.) Other inscriptions express titles of
Spartianus, and supposes it to relate to some honour given to the prince, as S. P. Q. R.
remission of the vekiculatio (or posting impost) Optimo Principi, in Trajan, and in Antoninus
of Italy, by which, as in the case of Nerva, the Pius ;
and the Adsertori Publicie Liberta/is of
burthen was taken off individuals and transferred Vespasian. Others are marks of grateful ac-
to the public treasury. knowledgment from the Senate and the People
INDVLGENTIAE AVG MONETA IMPE- as in Vespasian, Libertale P. R. Restitutes
TRATA. (The privilege of coining money ex S. C. In Galba A. P. Q. R. Ob Gives Servatos.
obtained by permission of Augustus.) This — In Augustus, Galba, and Caracalla, Salus Generis
legend appears on the reverse of a large brass Humani. Some of these inscriptions have re-
struck by the colony of Patrsc in honour of Julia ference only to particular benefits granted on
(or Li via) wife of Augustus. —
See Patrw colon ia. and to certain places, or to the
certain occasions
INDVLG. P1A. POSTVMI AVG.—The vows (vota) addressed to the Gods for the re-
Emperor seated, extends his right hand to a establishment, or for the preservation of the
woman bending the knee before him. This — health of Princes, as objects of importance to
legend on a gold coin of Postumus, is to be the state and of interest to the people.
remarked for its novelty and also
;
for its reference The ancients seem to have been of opinion
to the indulgence of that powerful usurper both that medals should be charged with none but
in remitting tribute at the supplication of the very short and expressive inscriptions the ;

Gauls, and in showing mercy to condemned longer odes they reserved for public edifices,
criminals. for columns, for triumphal arches, and for
IN. HOC. SIGNO VICTOR ERIS.— On a tombs. —
Sometimes monetary inscriptions simply
coin of Constautius. — See hoc signo, &c. comprise the names of magistrates, as in a coin
Ino, daughter of Cadmus aud Hermione, and of Jidius Caesar, L. Aimilius, Q. F. Buca
the unhappy wife of Athamas, King of Thebes. Illltwr. A. A. A. F. F. and in Agrippa, M.
;

She was mother of Melicerta, and regarded as a Agrippa Cos. Designatus.

goddess by the Greeks. On a first brass coin It is well and truly observed by the learned
struck at Corinth, under Domitian, and on anot her Charles Patin, that how justly soever we may
minted in the same colony under Lucius Verus, prize the different reverses of medals, as deserv-
a female is holding an infant in her anns towards ing to be ranked among the most precious remains
a male figure, seated on a rock by the sea side. of antiquity, it would ill become us to neglect
—
A fish appears at his feet. Above this group the the inscriptions which we read around the por-
“ We
legend is perm. imp. (with the permission of the traits of those whom they represent.
Emperor). This, says Vaillant (in col. I. 140), behold there (says he) all the dignities with
refers to Ino presenting her newly born son to which the Romans honoured their Emperors,
Neptune, and imploring his assistance and pro- and indeed they often serve to authenticate
tection (see Ovid Metam. 4). The rock is that chronology by the number of years of their
of Moluris; aud the fish bears allusion to the reign, which is marked upon them. The style
dolphin, on the back of which Melicerta was of these two kind of inscriptions (that of the
carried away aud saved from the unnatural obverse and that of the reverse) is as simple as
persecutions of Athamas. —
See Melicerta, also it is grand ; and I believe that with all the
Corinthus colonia. rhetoric of our moderns, the thought cannot be
Inscription. —A brief statement, or sentence, more nobly expressed, although it may be with
by which a memorable event is recorded on some greater delicacy. The ancients despised all

monument. The Latin word inscriplio is derived affectation,and dwelt more on the grandeur of
from two words, in, above, and scribere, to the subject they described than on the cadence
write as the Greek word, for the same thing,
;
and the pomp of words, which they deemed
is derived from epi, above, aud grapliein, to unworthy of their attention. Demosthenes and
write. —
Properly aud distinctively speaking, the Cicero give us the first proof of this, in their
inscriptions are engraved on the field of the coin ;
writings, which are altogether of a grand and
the legend, epigraphe, is placed around it. (See natural style, a style of which the magnificence
Legend). —
On many Greek and Latin medals, has nothing of the affected. Aud I take the
no other inscription is found than a few initial second from medals, wherein we see histories
letters, such as s. c., that is to say, by a Senalus perfectly described in two or three words, as
Consu/tum—or a. e. letters which indicate the may be seen in the following examples :

Tribunitian Power, mostly enclosed in a crown. ADLOCVTIO COHORTIVM.

On others the inscriptions form a species of SALVS GENERIS HVMANI.
epochas, as in Marcus Aurelius (Primi De- PAX ORBIS TERRARVM.
cennales, Cos. Ill Sometimes great events VICTORIA AVGVSTI.
are marked on them, such as the victory gained DECVRSIO.
over the Germans in the third consulate of CONCORDIA EXERCITVVM.
Marcus Aurelius (Victoria Germanica, Imp. VI. VIRTVS EXERCITVS.

3Q
482 1NV1CTA. INVICTUS.
1VDAEA CAPTA. Rome helmcted ;
and the reverse is inscribed
AI1SERT0RI UHERTATIS PVBL1CAE, reparatio mvneris, peliciter, with the type
LIBERTAS REST1TVTA. of a hunter killing a bear ;
another repre-
REX PABTH1S UATVS. sents a gladiator victorious and his antagonist
KEGNA ADS1GNATA. slain, referring to the same barbarous and cruel
AMOR MVTVVS AVGVSTORVM. sports with which princes calling themselves
PAX PVNDATA CVM PERS1S. Christian entertained the people of Constan-
RESTITVTOR VRBIS. tinople. — (See Morell, Num. Coutorn.)
PACATOR ORBIS. INVICTA —
VIRTVS. The Emperor on
SECVRITAS ORBIS. horseback trampling on a captive. This legend,
LOCLVPLETATORI ORBIS TERRARVM. of which the accompanying type renders the
VICTOR OMNI VM GEN'TIVM. meaning sufficiently clear, as a compliment to
AMPI.IATORI CIVIVM. &C. Imperial valour, appears for the first time on a
Eckhel, with his usual sagacity, remarks that silver coin of Sept. Severus. There is a similar
the brevity of inscriptions on medals is the reverse on one of Caracalla’s medals. The —
character of a flourishing empire whilst their
;
warlike virtus may be said in the case of
loquacity, consequent upon flattery, vanity, and Severus to have been unconquered, if what
ambition, is, on the contrary', the sign of a state Spartianus asserts be true, that he was victorious
tottering to its fall. in every action with the enemy, and no less dis-
Instruments of sacrifice, and relating to the tinguished for science in the military art than
priesthood, designate Piety ;
and it was cus- for courage in the field. —
(Vaillant.)
tomary to stamp the figure of such, instru- —
INVICTI. Those military' commanders were
ments on the coins of a new emperor or thus called who gained a glorious victory over
of a recently proclaimed Cscsar, as if to shew the enemy. On some coins, Severus together
that the business of empire began with the care with his sons Caracalla and Geta, took this sur-
of divine things. (See the word Augur.) The — name on account of their united successes in
tripos, patera, capeduucula, and lituus, all warlike expeditions.
appear on a coin of Nero. (See sacerdos INVICTVS. AV. —
The Sun holding up his
—
cooptatvs, &c. The lituus, capeduncula, and right hand and bearing a globe in the left. On
aspergillum, on a first brass of Maximus Csesar, a small brass of Carausius. —
There arc numerous
&c.— See PIET AS AVG. coins in the Roman Imperial scries which refer
INT. VRB —
This appears on a coin com- to the worship of the Sun —
in the same manner
monly assigned to Gallienus. Patin thinks it as oriens. avg. with a similar type, or pacator
was dedicated to that Emperor intranti vrbcot, orbis, with the radiated bust of the same deity,
on the occasion of his re-entry into Rome. The which name and ty'pes are frequently found on
legend of this obverse oenivs P ojtuli Romani, the coinage of Aureliau, Probus, and those Em-
connected with that of the reverse l.vrru vrbem, perors to whom the disturbed condition of the
seems to explain it flatteringly to the Prince. Eastern provinces gave much employment.
Eckhel quotes Patin’s opinion, and refers to But to Carausius (says Eckhel), who governed
Bauduri, but declines adding, “ in so doubtful in the furthest (then known) regions of the
a case,” any conjecture of his own. West, the affairs of the East do not belong.
INV. and INVIC. In rictus. maxentivs. — It must therefore be understood to be one of
p. p. avg. inv. avg. according to Khell. those types which his mint-masters restored,
imp. c. probvs invic. —
Probus took this w ithout attention to appropriate circumstances.
grand surname, as having beeu the conqueror of Vol. viii. 45.
of all the barbarous nations, and also victor over INVICTVS. PROBVS. P. F. AVG.— Bust of
the usurpers. inv. also, occasionally, appears the Emperor laurcatcd, in his right hand a globe
on the coins of Carausius. surmounted by a Victoriola. —
For the reverse
INVICTA ROMA AETERNA. Rome type of this flue silver medallion of Probus, sec
seated. —
This ridicidous and insolent epigraph gloria romanorvm, in Khell, p. 206.
appears on a third brass of Priscus Attalus. INVICTVS SACERDOS AVG.— The Em-
The epithets of Unconquered aud Eternal are peror togated, stands before a lighted altar,
here applied to a city which had already beeu with a palm branch in his left hand on the ;

three times besieged, whose impending destruc- ground is a bull ready to sen e as the victim : in
tion was delayed only by
its submission to the the field of the coin is a star. Silver. This —
commands of the barbarians, and by the almost is one of the coins which serve to attest the

total exhaustion of its wealth ; yet such was insane passion of Elagabalus for the worship of
the inscription invented at the period of her that Syriac divinity, whose priest he was at
ruin ,
for it does not occur before. Emesa, when, under the name of Varius A pit us
INVICTA ROMA. FELIX SENATVS.— Bassianus, he was, through the intrigues of
This sounding legend belongs to no part of the his female relations, called to the empire. The
regular coinage of citherRome or her colonics mad adoration which this young monster paid to
but appears on one of those Contomiates, which his idol, is referred to on the coin which is
relate to amphithcatric shews (munera) of gla- inscribed sanct. deo. soli, commemorative of
diators and wild beasts which were struck in
;
his introduction of it into Rome, and of his
the times of the Christian Emperors. The performing the part of Chief Pontiff to his
obverse exhibits the bust of the Genius of favourite elagabalvs, who, from the star ou
 JOVE, OR JUPITER JUPITER. 483
his coins, is believed to be the Sun,
although tiast and fulmen standing between Atlas and
the idol for which he built a temple was only a an altar surmounted by an eagle. The altar is
large black stone of conical form.— See sacerdo oranamented with a bas-relief, the subject of
dei sous ;
see also svmmvs sacerdos. which is Jupiter overcoming the Titans.
JOVE, or JUPITER,
the king of Gods and On a medallion of Hadrian, Jupiter, full face,
men, was the son of Saturn and of Rhea. The is seated between two female figures also seated :

Greeks called him Zeus, and he was their prin- the one on his right hand, Minerva, wears a
cipal deity as well as of the Romans. Fable has helmet and holds the hasta the figure on his ;

been more than usually whimsical and obscure left, Juno, holds the patera and hasta.

in describing the circumstances alleged to have

been connected with his birth and education.
We find him, however, at length arrived at
adolescence, and making no ceremony of de-
throning and mutilating his very unnatural father
he then divided the empire of the world with his
brothers ;
to Pluto he assigned the infernal
regions, to Neptune the seas ; for himself he
reserved the whole of terra Jirma, with the air
and the heaven. But before he was allowed to
remain in peaceable possession of his new govern-
ment, Jupiter, having already dispatched the
Titaus to Tartarus, had to encounter the Giants,

Jupiter was venerated as the supreme deity,

and received the name, therefore, of oftimvs
maximvs. The attribute of his majestic power
was the lightning. On coins he appears some-
times with naked head on others crowned with
;

laurel or olive and often bound with a small

;

band, his form and aspect being that of a

venerable man in vigorous old age, with a hand-
some beard, and generally an eagle near him
when seated he is naked to the waist, and the
lower half of his body clothed. On most Roman
Imperial medals he holds a figure of Victory in
[Medallion of Antoninus Pius, in brass.] his right hand.
hismemorable victory over whom is represented The Greeks and Romans, but more particularly
on a great number of monuments. We see him the former, gave Jupiter many surnames, takeii
on marbles, on engraved gems, and on medals or derived from some quality ascribed or some
represented in the act of hurling the thunder action performed, otherwise from some province,
with destructive aim at his gigantic foes. —
Jupiter city, or temple, where he was worshipped.
Roman coins we
On
was worshipped in all the states of Greece, and find this deity distinguished by
throughout the whole Roman empire. At Rome, the following names :

his principal temple was in the Capitol, with IVPITER AVGVSTVS.— Jupiter the August
those of Juno aud Minerva; for which reason is seated, and holds in his right hand
a globe
they are often called the three divinities of the with victory, as may be seen on coins of Dio-
Capitol. cletian.
IVPPITER CVSTOS. Jupiter the Preserver.
— Under this title, on the coins of Nero and
others, he is generally repre-

sented seated, holding in

'/fit /Cjf ^ 4\ his right hand something
‘“MrU *** intended to resemble the
thunderbolt, and in his
left a spear. — IVPPITER
LIBERATOR of Nero has
a similar
Vaillant type.—
observes that Nero caused a coin to be struck, on
which the effigy of Jupiter is seen sitting, with
the epigraph of Jupiter Liberator, on the occasion
of the Pisonian plot haviug been discovered, in
acknowledgment that the deity had rescued him
from so great a danger, as in the former medal
On a brass medallion of Antoninus Pius, in the of ivppiter he recognised Jove as his keeper
French cabinet, Jupiter is represented with and guardian.
3 Q2
484 JUPITER. JUPITER.
This execrable tyrant was, however, not con- or because (as Cicero appears to indicate) all

tent with honouring Jupiter as his liberator from things exist and arc established by his beneficence.
the poniards of his enemies hut he made a;
— Romulus dedicated a temple to Jupiter Stator
bloody libation the shrine of his tutelary
at on the Palatine hill after he had overcome the
The example here given is from a
divinity, by putting Seneca and Thraseas l’aetus Sabines.
to death, with a hecatomb of other victims, (iovi large brass coin of Antoninus Pius.
yindici) to the avenging Jove of the Capitol,
or rather to the sanguinary impulse of his own
vindictive and cruel nature.
IVPITER CONSERVATOR.—Jupiter the
Protector depicted either sitting or standing
is

with the fulmeu in his right hand, and a hasta

in the other ; or to the same attributes are
generally added the eagle and a figure of
;

Victory which he holds in his right hand.

On a large brass of Commodus, (edited by
Pedrusi, in Mus. Farnese vii. xxi. 2) Jupiter the
Conservator holds the sceptre, extends his mantle
aud raises his thunderbolt over the head of a
small figure representing the emperor, who has IOVI TVTATORI.—This word Tutator,

also in his hands the sceptrum and the fulmen : whichderived from tutari, to defend or keep
is

around it we read ivpitee conservator tr. p. safe, Bauduri observes : —

linns Latinum esse

m. imp. mi. cos. hi. p.p. pterique volant ; certain it is that cxrept on the
The annexed cut represents Jupiter standing coins of Diocletian and Val. Maximian, it is
not easily to he found. Besides which we fiud
him named in coins of Coinmodus defensor
salvtis avg. and sponsor secvritatis avgvsti.
Amongst the Consular coins, on which the
figure or the head of Jupiter is often seen, there
is one which has for its type the temple of
Jupiter
Feretrius (Jovis Feretrins.), in which stands
a triumphant warrior, who bears the spolia
opimd. This figure may be found in Morel
on the coins of the Claudia family, in which
Mnrcellus is represented in the act of carrying
into the above-named temple the spoils which he
had just captured from the slain king of the
Gauls, Viridomnrus. Jupiter Ammon, with the
horns of a ram on his head, is seen on coins of
the Coruuficia, Pinaria, and Papia families, and
between two togated figures, Antoninus and on medals of Augustus, M. Antony, Trajan,
Marcus Aurelius. It is engraved from a fine and M. A artlms.—Jupiter Serapis, the Jove of
medallion in the British Museum. the Egyptians, with the modius on his head,
IVPITER PROPVGNATOR.—Jupiter the appears on a medallion of Antoninus Pius, sur-
Defender is represented on foot, or walking in rounded by Zodiacal signs, struck at Alexandria.
the attitude of attacking an enemy, and for the IVPITER VICTOR.—Jupiter the Victorious
most part he is naked, haviug only a mantle — sitting with the image of I'ic/org in his right
hanging from the arm. hand, —
and an eagle near him is found on
IOVI PROPVGNATORI. On a silver coin — '

coins of Vitellius, of Domitian, of Nuinerian, of

of Alexander Sevems this legend appears with Claudius Gothicus, &c.
the type of the god standing with thunderbolt Jupiter is named Victor, as being regarded
and spear. the conqueror of all things, according to Livy.
Jupiter is often exhibited in the Imperial His temple was on Mount Palatine. He appears
Scries with the surname of Propugnator, to on the coins of Vitellius, in commemoration of
denote that the emperors in their contest with that emperor’s army having vanquished the forces
the barbarians were defeuded in battle, as it were, of Otho at Bcbriacum, on the feast day of
by Jove himself; hence they made sacrifices of Jupiter, celebrated at Rome in the Ides of April.
congratulation on their own safety, in the temple (Vaillant, p. 81.)
of the god, according to Gmtcr. (Vaillant.) — IOVI VICTORI. — When the emperors repre-
IVPITER STATOR, or IOVIS STATOR.— sent Jupiter the Victorious on their coins, they
Jupiter Stator appears also ou foot, naked, resting either intend to ascribe the glory of their victories
himself on his spear, and sometimes holding the to him, or rather to designate themselves under
thunderbolt in his left hand —on silver coins of the form and attributes of Jupiter \ictor, as
Gallicnus. though they had conquered the enemy under his
Jupiter was denominated Stator, either bernusr auspices. —
This legend appears first on a coin of
he restored stability and firmness to an army of Commodus, and afterwards on those of many
the Romans which was fleeing before the Sabiues, other emperors. —
Kckhel vii. 108.
 JUPITER. JUPITER. 485
On the coins of Gallienus ami of Saloninus, IOVI FVLGERATORI. —Jupiter hurling a
we see Jupiter repre- thunderbolt at a Titan : in the exergue PR. upon
sented as a child riding
on a goat with the inscrip-
tion IOVI CKESCENTI.
[See Eckhel vii. 33 me-
dallion of Antonine.]
This reverse bears rela-
Jove
tion to the fable of
having been suckled by
the goat Amalthiea.
10. CANTAB. —Jupiter standing with thun-
bolt and spear Silver and small brass of
Gallienus. Here we have a foreign Jupiter; this a gold coin of Diocletian. The same legend
medal being dedicated IOw CANTABrionm occurs on coins of Claudius Gothicus.
to the Jove of the Cantabri, a people of His- —
IOVI IVVENI. Commodus represented as
pania Tarraconensis. Jupiter with his attributes. At his feet are an
IOVI CONSERVATORI.—Jupiter sitting
or standing, holds a Victory in his right and
the hasta in his left. This appears on a first
brass of Domitian, and on a silver coin of S
Severus, &c. —
And (as Vaillant remarks) it is
not to be wondered at, if that Emperor, after
so many wars conducted on his part with sur-
passing valour and military skill, should have
performed sacrifice Jovi Conservaloii, as ascrib-
ing his own
preservation and success to the help
and assistance of the Optimum Maximus of the
Roman Pantheon and it is in memory of so
;

many victories that Jupiter himself bears the

image of Victory.” — (p. 219.)
IOVI EXSVPER.—This legend, with Jupiter

eagle, and an altar with a bas relief, the subject

of which is Jupiter launching a thunderbolt
against the Titans. Brass medallion of Com-
modus.
IOVI. OLYM. To Olympian Jove. —
temple of six columns, surmounted by a pediment.
This is considered to
represent temple of
the
J upiter Olympius, the
building of which was
seated, holding a branch in his right hand and a commenced at Athens at
spear in his left, appears on a large brass of a very early period, and

Commodus. the completion of wliich

That this abbreviated word exsvper is to be was effected at the common
filled —
up thus EXSVPER«»fiMM» 0 , is shown expense of the kings in
by that celebrated marble which Spon has alliance with the Roman
published, and on which is read i. o M. svmmo. people, by whom it was dedicated to the genius
exsvperantissimo (to Jupiter the most benefi- of Augustus.
cent, the greatest, the highest, the all surpassing.) IOVI PACATORI ORBIS. To Jove the
—Of this Jove the Vienna marble published by —
Appeaser of the world. On a silver coin of
Scipio Malleus speaks more copiously as follows: Valerianus (given in Bauduri) this epigraph
SVMMO appears with Jupiter seated, and an eagle at his
SVPERANTI3SIMO feet.
DIVINARVM HV Eckhel observes, “ This is a rare inscription,
MANARVMQVE and it is remarkable that the title of the Appeaser
RERVM RECTORI of the world (pacator orbis) should be assigned
FATOKVMQVE AR to Jupiter at a time (from a.d. 253 to 260 and
BITRO. afterwards) when the whole earth was shaken by
Commodus himself added the title of Exsupera- a vast movementof all people. But, indeed, it
toriv.s to his own, as if he had excelled all othe>- evident elsewhere that the types of
is sufficiently

mortals in all things, (according to the explana- coins were often ordered to be struck in con-
tion of Dio). —Sec exvperator. formity with the public desire.”
486 JUPITER. JUPITER.
IOVI PRAE. ORBIS. —This inscription attacked when at Tarragona, in Spain, and when
appears for the first time on a silver coin of public vows were made for his restoration and
Pesccunius Niger, (edited safe return.
by Vaillant). Severus,
however, immediately IOVIS CVSTOS.—
afterwards adopted the J upitcr standingand hold-
same dedication in his ing the hasta pura and a
own coinage. The ancients patera: at his feet is a
always believed Juppiter small lighted altar. On a
Prases Orbis the
to be — denarius of Titus.
governor of the world
and on this occasion (of I. O. M —Jovi Optimo Maximo, under which
.

contest for the empire between Pescennins and name Jupiter Capilolinus is always understood.
Septimius) the deity was equally acknowledged by
each of the two competitors, when the one
refused to yield superiority to the other. [Eckhel —
v vii. 155.]
IOVI. TON. To Tonans. The
Jupiter —
the thunderer
image of
stands in a temple of six
columns, bearing the usual
attributes. Augustus, on
the occasion of his escape
from imminent danger
during a storm of thunder
and lightning, encountered
in his Cantabrian (Spanish)
expedition, dedicated a temple in the Capitol of
Rome Jovi Tonanti, in the year 732. [Dio. —
lib. 53.] —
The engraving is from a denarius of I. O. M. D. Jovi Optimo Maximo Dicatnm

Dedicated to Jupiter the most excellent and the

.

Augustus.
IOVI VLTORI. —On first and second brass greatest of deities.

of Alexander Severus, (p.M. tr. P. III. cos. p.p.)

statue of Jupiter seated within a temple standing
I. O. MAX. CAPITO-
LINUS. Statue of Jupiter
seated in a temple .— Silver
of Vitellius . —See Eekliel
v. 6 p. 312.

I. O. M. ET VICT. CONSER. DD. NN.—

On second brass of Licinins and his son appears
this legend, with the type of Jupiter stauding
crowned by Victory.
I. O. M. S PON SO Ron ST.Curiiatu WGusti.
— IOVI. DEFENS. SALVTIS. AVG.—On silver
in a spacious enclosure. — Also on coins of Galli- coins of Commodus these inscriptions respectively
enus this dedication appears with Jupiter and appear, in which Jupiter is recognised as the

his fulminating attributes. The name of V/tor sponsor or watching over the security, and as the
was given to Jove because he was considered to defender of the health of the emperor.
be the avenger of wicked men’s impieties. I. O. M. S. P. Q. R. V. S. PR. S. IMP.

According to Pliny, the temple, called also the CAES. QVOD. PER. EV. R. P. IN. AMP.
Pantheon, was erected to his honour by Agrippa ATQ. TRAN. S. E. Jovi Optimo Maximo,
the kinsman of Augustus. Another temple was Senatus Popu/usque Romanus vota suscepta pro
also built and consecrated Jovi Ultori by — salute Imperatoris Caesaris quod per eum Res
Alexander Severus, and the type of one of that Publica in ampliore atque tranquilliore statu
emperor’s huge brass is regarded by Vaillant as est. [struck about 738 v.c.] The Senate and—
confirmatory of the fact. the Roman people have addressed vows to the
IOVI VOT. SVSC. PRO. SAL. CAES. best and greatest Jupiter for the preservation
AVG. crown of oak leaves.
S.P.Q.lt., with a of the Emperor Ciesar, in acknowledgment of
Jovi Votis Susccptis Pro Salute Casa r is Augusti his having re-established the republic in a better,
Senalus Popul usque Romanus. Gold of Au- — richer, happier, and more tranquil condition.
gustus. The above long and remarkable inscription, within
This and the coin inscribed pro valrtvdine. an oaken or civic crown, is stamped on the reverse
caesaris are considered to bear reference to the of gold and silver coins of Augustus, in relation
dangerous illness with which Augustus was to which Suetonius (vita c. 23) says, " Vovit —
 JUPITER. JUPITER— ISIS. 487
et mug nos ludos Jovi Optimo Marimo ,
ft. res- lion of Diocletian, by Banduri, that
edited
publiea in meliorem statum vertisset, quod emperor appears, with his colleague Maximianus,
factum Cimbrico Marsi cogue betto crat." sacrificing .it a tripod to Jupiter and Hercules.
Jupiter Feret rites. —See fereteius— clavdia Jupiter was the favourite deity of, and his name
family. was assumed by, Diocletian, as Hercules was, in
Jupiter Axtir. —
See axvr, or Vijovis. like manner, by Maximian. —
See HERCVLIO.
Jupiter Capitolinas. —
A large lirass of Ves- 10. 10. TRIVMP. 10. SAT. 10.— Eckhel
pasian exhibits the faqade of a temple of six in his Section II. on Pseudo-Moueta, notices two
columns, the exterior and pediment of which are small brass tessera, one with the former, the
—
ornamented with statues. Inthc inside the figure other with the latter inscription. The Io —
of Jupiter is seated, having Minerva on his right Triumphe doubtless relates to the joyous accla-
and Juno on his left haud. In the exergue mation which welcomed the victorious charioteer
is s.c. at the circus. —
The other epigraph is explained
The temple of Jupiter in the Capitol at Rome, by Seguin, who reads it 10. SAT urnalia 10.
burnt during the disorders which prevailed in (See Eckhel, vol. 8, p. 316.)
that city at the close of Vitellius’ reign, was Jovianus (Flavius Claudius), born in Pan-
rebuilt with costly magnificence by Vespasian. nonia (a.d. 331) son of Varronianus, an illustrious
It was the Jews who contributed the most largely nobleman of that province. He distinguished
towards the expenses of this grand undertaking himself in the war against the Persians, during
for whereas being by their own laws obliged to the reign of Julian the Apostate, at whose death
furnish each two drachmas towards the mainten- he was elected emperor by the army. Compelled
ance of the temple at Jerusalem, they received by necessity, he agreed to conditions of peace
the emperor’s order to surrender this money to with Sapor, far from honourable to the Romans.
the proposed purpose of rebuilding the temple of Though luxurious and even dissolute in his
Jupiter. The statues of the three divinities were manners, Jovian possessed many excellent
placed in the same manner that they are repre- qualities ; he was watchful over the tranquillity
sented on the medal, in which we see Minerva and zealous for the happiness of his subjects. He
occupying the place of precedence to Juno. It recalled the bishops and priests whom Julian had
was certainly the custom at Rome to render to banished, and was judiciously promoting the
Pallas the first honours after Jupiter. Thus restoration of Christianity through the empire,
Horace, speaking of the god, says
—
“ Proximos when he died suddenly in Bithynia, a.d. 364,
il/i tamen occupavit Pallas honores.” On a after reigning little more than four months.
brass medallion of Trajan, the three divinities of His style is d.n. fl. c. iovianvs. p. p. avg. ;

or D.N. IOVIANVS P.F. AVG.

His brass coins, of which an example

is here
the Capitol are represented standing, Minerva given, are scarce ; gold very rare.
silver rare ;

being on the right of Jupiter. Jovinus, the most noble of the Gallic chiefs,
For the same reason there appear on a medal in the reign of Honorius, assumed the imperial
of Antoninus Pius the birds consecrated to these purple in the Gaulish provinces, a.d. 411. He
three deities, in the order above described, viz., was, however, taken prisoner by Adolphus,
the eagle in the middle, the owl of Minerva on King of the Goths, and put to death a.d. 413.
the right, and the peacock of Juno on the left. On his coins, which are all of extreme rarity, he
is styled d.n. iovinvs p. f. avg.
I. S. —
Juno Sispila. I. S. Jussu Senatus.
ISIS, the most ancient and most celebrated of
the Egyptian divinities. Her husband was Osiris,
the symbol of the sun and of the source of all
fertility. Amongst the various foreign deities
whose worship became in time introduced among
the Romans, Isis appears to have been one of
the greatest favourites of that superstitious
people. In Rome itself she had several temples,
the ceremonies in which, whatever might be
their mystic meaning, real or pretended, teemed
with abominations. The festivals of this goddess
IOVIO ET HERCVLIO. —On a gold medal- were indeed so frequently marked by indecencies
488 ISIS, ITALIA.
that decrees were passed for their abolition, but
they were as often re-established. In the year
of Koine 711, Augustus and Antony pandered
to the depraved and dissolute taste of their age
by dedicating to Isis a temple in the centre of
the city Even Tiberius, however, found it
needful to close it. But the prohibition of her
worship was not of long duration. Domitian,
Commodus, and Caracalla became her priests.
And some of the empresses arc represented under
the figure of Isis. — On a coin of the Cacilia
family, edited by Morell, (p. 52 tab. iii.) Isis

appears standing she has the head of a lion,

:

ornamented with the lotus flower she is clothed ; Large brass of Antoninus Pius, struck in
in the Egyptian fashion, and holds in her right Egypt.
hand the sistrum, and her left hand is in the act 1. S. R. (Juno Sispita, or Sosjnta, Magna
M.
of pressing the right breast. The legend to this Regina .) — On
a coin of the Thoria family, we
typeis METEL/u*. PIVS. SCIPIO IMPmrtor. find these abbreviations, accompanied with the
Near the head of this figure are the letters G. t. a head of the Lanuvinian Juno, covered with the
which are interpreted by some to mean Genius goatskin, and even the leg and hoof of the goat
Tutelaris Africa, (by others Aegypti), Isis being are seen below the neck of the bust. See Juno.—
called the tutelary genius of Africa. also —We IT. Iterum. COS. DES. IT. Consul
sec the figure of this goddess on coins of Com- Designates Iterum . —Consul Elect the second
for
modus and Caracalla, with the sistrum and time.
situla (or bucket) anil sometimes carried by a ITALIA. Italy. —This most noble and most
dog. — Sec Osiris. interesting of European countries was thus called,
from Italus, ancient King of the (Enotrians, or,
as Thucydides says, of the Sicilians, previous to
w hich it bore the name of Hesperia, from Hcs-
perius, brother of Atlas, King of Mauritania.
Latium and Ausonia are also names of certain
parts of the same celebrated and beautiful region,
—
ISIS FARIA. These words, inscribed round which has for its natural boundaries the Alps aud
the beardless head of Julian II., on third brass the Mediterranean Sea.
of that emperor, have reference to Isis as pro- ITALIA. and power over the
Italy's fertility
tectress of the Pharos islet at Alexandria. Ban- rest of the world are expressed —
the one by the
duri quotes Statius to show that Isis was the cornucopia; and the cars of corn, the other by
“ regina Phari, numenque Orientis anheli.” the sceptre, on coins of Vespasian, Titus, Hadrian,
Respecting the sistrum and the situla in the &c. First brass medals of Antoninus Pius and
hands of Isis, Scrvius, as quoted by Eekhcl, also of Commodus represent italia under the
says, “ Isis is the genius of Egypt, who by figure of a matronly female (the latter with head
the movement of her sistrum, which she carries turrited) sitting on a globe and holding the hasta
in her right hand, signifies the access a.id recess pura and cornucopia.
(or the rising and falling) of the Nile; and by
the situla, or bucket, which she holds in her left
hand, she shows the tilling of all lacuna, that
is of all ditches aud furrows into which the
stagnant w ater of the Nile is received.”
r
Sec —
Pharia Isis
Isis and Serapis. —
Busts of Isis and Scrapis,
face to face her head ornamented with the
:

lotus: his, with the modius. DEVS SARA. Rev. —

tota l’VBMCA. Isis suckling Horns. Small
brass struck under Julian the Apostate.

—
ITALIA. A woman standing with spear in
her right and cornucopia; in the left hand. It is
thus that Italy and its personified genius are
stamped on silver coins of Hadrian, whose
arrival in that country (adventvs avg. italiae)
Isis suckling Horns. —This Egyptian goddess is also marked on others of his medals. —
seated in a chair before an altar, with the lotus woman with cornucopia*, holding a patera on a
flower upon her head ; in her lap a naked infant lighted altar, on the. other side of which stands
whom she is suckling, and who has also a flower the emperor: adventvi avo. italiae: on the
upon his head : in the field L. u. gold, silver, and brass of Hadrian.
 ITALIA,— ITALIC. ITALIC. 489
Hadrian’s first coming to Italy is dated in the After the example of many cities who, after
year of Rome 871, and this advent was often com- the apotheosis of Augustus, built temples to his
memorated; as often, indeed, as he returned to the honour, the people of this municipium placed
capital of his empire from his accustomed pere- on their coins a representation of the altar,
grinations. But it also appears that the mistress which they erected to the Providence of their
of the world received many benefits and embellish- benefactor —
as if in his deified capacity he still, as
ments from him. lie remitted her fiscal debt whilst living, happily administered the affairs and
an indulgence which greatly relieved Italy. -In — watched over the interests of the Roman world.
an increased spirit of liberality he remitted to A similar reverse appears on a second brass of
her moreover the aurum coronarium (see the the same colony, struck in honour of Tiberius,
words) and he augmented the funds which Trajan
;
with the sole difference of the words pro-
had destined for the maintenance (alimenta) of a videntiae augusti being engraved on the side,
certain niunber of the Italian youth of both instead of at the foot, of the altar. The Pro-
sexes. He likewise bore annual honorary office vidence which the coin is meant to commemorate
in the magistracy of many cities of Italy; thus is, in the opinion of Vaillant, not that of
establishing, beyond the mere claim of imperial divvs
Tiberius, but of his imperial predecessor
flattery, his pretension to be called restitvtor —
avgvstvs pater the august Rather, whom
italiae, as he is styled on a fine large brass by the ceremony of consecration Rome had
medal, the reverse of which exhibits the emperor placed among her Gods !

who, standing, raises with his hand a woman bend- Woman seated, holding in her right hand a
ing the knee to him, and holding the cornucopia;. This type appears
patera, in her left the hast a.
ITALIA RESTffafa. S. P. Q, R. OPTIMO on the reverse of a rare and elegant coin dedi-
—
PRINCIPI. The Emperor, in the toga, with cated to Julia (Livia), called in the legend
sceptre surmounted by an eagle in his left hand, —
avgvsta. The obverse presents a female head
stauds holding out his right hand to a female (that of Livia herself) surrounded by the in-
wearing aturreted crown, who kneels before bim, scription of mvnic. italica. perm. avg.
accompanied by several children, who hold up [The seated female figure seems to be the statue
their hands to “ the best of princes.” On second — of Livia, w'hich is often found represented on
brass of Trajan. coins struck by order of the Senate, in refer-
ITALIC. Italicum. Itatica. ence to statues raised to her honour. —
The colony
Italica was a city of llispania Brctica (Anda- of Italica, mindful of the privileges bestowed
lusia), and a Roman municipium, situate on on them by Augustus, and amongst others the
the river Iiactis (Guadalquiver) : it is now- right of coinage, placed the statue here depicted,
called Sevilla la Fieja (Old Seville). An inscrip- in token of their congratulation, that Livia his
under the title
tion of Grutcr’s refers to this place wife had been adopted into the Julia family.]
of COLONIA ITALICENSIS IN PROV. BAETICA. It — Vaillant, i. 51.
was in the neighbourhood of Hispalis, the native Legionary Eagle and Vexillum, a second
country' of Trajan, Hadrian, and Theodosius brass, noticed as elegant and very rare, by Vaillant
senior. —
In the year v.c. 654, when Scipio (i. 92), bears on its obverse drvsvs caesar ti.

Africanus, after bringing the affairs of Rome avg. f. with the bare head of Drusus. And on
with the Carthaginians in Spain to a pacific its reverse appear the aquila et vexillum of a
settlement, contemplated his return to Italy, he
allocated all the Italian soldiers, disabled by
legion. —
[The Duumviri who struck the above
coin in honour of Drusus obviously designed
wounds and one town, which, from
fatigue, in by this type to indicate the military origin of
their native country, he called Itatica. This is the municipium. —
There is the same reverse and
what Appianus Alexandrines states in his the same legend (mvnic. italic, per. avg.) on
—
Bellum Hispan. p. 463. The town had after- a second brass of Germanicus. Thus the
wards the title of municipium bestowed upon it veterans of Italica pay a compliment to each of
but as the number of its citizens became greatly the two young Caesars to Drusus, indeed,
:

diminished by the wars, it seems to have been because, as the son of Tiberius by natural
re-peopled with legionary veterans scut thither right, he stood apparent heir to the empire;
by Augustus. Hence its coins, dedicated to Augus- and to Germanicus, because being adopted by
tus, Livia, Drusus, and Germanicus, bear the in- Tiberius at the desire of Augustus, he became
scription mvn.ital. or mvnic. or mvnicip. italic. the associate of Drusus.]
— It here deserves remark that the privilege of There are pieces which on one side bear the
coinage granted to the Spanish municipium by Au- name of Italica, and on the other that of Bilbilis.
gustus, is noted on all its coins by the abbreviated This circumstance is noticed in Ilardouin’s Opcr.
word per. or perm. avg. Permissu Augusti. Selec. —
M. Hennin also mentions it, in the
The following are among the types of this nomenclature of his Manuel, as indicating that
Roman municipium : an alliance subsisted between the two cities.
Altar. —
On a second brass struck by the Ilia, a family of unknown rank its denarii
;

Italicenses, in memory of Augustus, (whose of a single type rare, hut devoid of both numis-
;

radiated head appears on its obverse with legend matic and historical interest. Winged head of
of divvs avgvstvs pater.) an altar is repre- Minerva X. Bev. L. ITD/.r. The Dioscuri on
:

sented on which is the word provident. The rest

— horseback. — In the exergue roma.
of the legend is mvn. ital. perm. avg. Muni- Itinera Hadriani. Hadrian’s travels. —Seo
cipium Itatica, or Italicense, Permissu Augusti. Rasche. — 1016.
it.

3 R
490 JUDAEA. JUDAEA.
IV. Juventutis . —
Titus and Domitianus are female clothed in the stola, and holding a patera
victim
called PRIN cipet IVventutis. over an altar, by the side of which is a
Juba I., son of Hiempsalis, and King of for sacrifice. By the side of the woman stands
a child ; and two children, hearing palms,
Numidia, in the time of Sylla and Pompey, died
approach the 'emperor : in the exergue is in-
in the year of Home 708, 46 years before Christ,
A silver coin of this prince hears on one side the scribed ivdaea.

Latin legend of hex ivba, with the head of the On a very rare first brass of Vespasian, bearing
king, bearded, and curiously curled hair on his the usual mark of Senatorial authority, but
head; on his shoulder a sceptre, the sign of royal without legend, the Emperor, with radiated
majesty. On the reverse arc unknown characters, head, is represented standing, with his right
supposed to be Numidian, and a temple of eight foot placed on a ship’s prow, or ou a helmet

columns, with a flight of steps to the portal. he holds the hasta in his left, and a victonola
Judaea a region of Syria, in his right hand before his feet an old man is
IVD. Judaea. ,
;

kneeling, behind whom, under a palm tree,

comprising the whole country' of Palestine, but
stands a woman in a tunic, raising herhands
more strictly speaking that part inhabited by the
It was towards the l’rincc, in the act of supplication.
two tribes of Judah aud Benjamin.
conquered by Pompey, and given at first to
Herod, then to Autiochus, next to Philip, and
to a second Herod, and after their time it became
a province of the Roman empire. But, revolt-
ing against the tyranny and exactions of Gcssius
Floras, the people of Judaea waged a long and
bloody war with the Romans. Flavius Vespasi-

anus was, however, at length sent by Nero

against them with a vast army, and brought
them again into complete subjection to the Roman
power. He took and entirely destroyed Jerusalem,
and since that time the Jews, driven from their

country, have been scattered as wanderers over

the face of the earth. which t aillant
medals were There is a large bronze coin,
It was under Vespasian that those
victories gained by gives as struck under Titus, and which agrees
first struck which record the
They bear the in- with it in type except that the head of the
the Romans over the Jews.
scription of IVDAEA, IVDAEA Emperor is hclmcted. This medal is described
IVDAEA DEVICTA, to bear the legend of ivdaea.
CAPTA,
de rvDAEis, and their types IVDAEA CAPTA. SC. —Outlie well-known
are most interestingly allu- coin of Vespasian, in large brats, Judaea appears
sive to the conquest of under the figure of a woman, clothed in a tunic,
Judaea, aud to that awfully with short sleeves ; she sits, in the attitude of
destructivewar which ended
in making“ Jerusalem a
—
heap of stones.” There are
coins of Titus, hearing the same character.
On a large brass of Hadrian (in the Farnese
Museum), with the legend ivdaea, the van-
quished country is personified by a woman
bending the knee before that Emperor. She is
accompanied by three children bearing palms,
and who, according to Winkleman, are intended
to represent the three divisions of the province,
namely, J udtea, Galikca, and Petra:a. Another
coin of the same emperor represents a togated
extreme sorrow, at the foot of a palm, which
tree is peculiarly the growth of Palestine:
behind her stands the Emperor habited in
military vestments, holding a spear in his right
and the parazonium in his left hand ; aud with
a buckler or a helmet under his lcfl foot. —
medal in the same metal, and of the same
module, struck under Titus, exhibits the same
lcgcud and a similar type.
This coin presents the emblem of Judaea,
whose inhabitants, not easily to be ruled over,
were compelled at length to crouch under the
Homan yoke, in consequence of the wise aud
(Hadrian himself), standing opposite a skilful measures taken by \ espasian,
and espe-
figure
 JUDAEA. JUDAEA. 491
taking of Jerusalem by Titus, in
cially after the indigenous to the country. —
It is engraved in
the 70th year of the Christian era. Akerman’s Baser. Catalogue in llavercamp’s
Cabinet de Christine; in Kolb’s Traite Ele-
mentaire.
In explanation of the unique and very re-
markable legend attached to this reverse, the
observations made by the author of Boctrina
are hereto subjoined as worthy of the coin’s
historical interest, and of his own learned
sagacity: — From the earliest period of the
Jewish Commonwealth, the Jews were enjoined
to pay the half of a ficlus, or two drachmae,
for the service of the altar, as may be seen from
the Book of Exodus (eh. xxx. 12, 13.) This
money, in after times, went towards the ex-
IVDAEA CAPTA. — On another first brass
penses of the Temple, being collected, not only
of Vespasian a female sits weeping beside a
from the inhabitants of Judaea, but from all
Jews, in whatever part of the world residing: and
a palm, close to which tree a man stands with
his hands tied behind him. —
Havcrcamp gives this private system of taxation was sometimes
prohibited by the Romans, of which I have
a first brass of Titus, with a slight variation in
given instances, under the coins of Vespasian
the grouping of the figures, and with a helmet
and buckler on the ground before the captive. (p. 327), and sometimes sanctioned by an edict,

The legend of this fine medal is inscribed ivd. an example of which, issued in the name of
Augustus, has been given by Philo Judaeus (de
cap. s. c. in the field.
Legat. ad Caium, p. 592) ; and several by
Josephus (Antiq. xvi. c. 6.) The same Philo
frequently throughout his treatise calls this
money auapxai, first-fruits for offerings)
and, consequently, it was of the same nature
as those gifts, which colonics were formerly in
the habit of presenting every year to their
mother-countries, to support the worship of the
national deities; just as Polybius has applied
the term hirapxai to the contribution which the
Carthaginians used to send to their mother-
country Tyre. Now it is certain, that the Holy
City was regarded by the Jews of every clime,
as their mother-country. But the half ficlus
1VDEA DEVICTA. —
This legend is read alluded to above was the well-known didrachnr,
on coins of Vespasian and which our Saviour paid for him self and Peter
Titus. The type is a with the stater miraculously found in the mouth
woman standing in a sor-
of the fish, as recorded in the Gospel of St.
rowful posture under a palm
Matthew (ch. xvii. 24.) When Jerusalem and
tree. —Mionnet and Aker- its Temple were overthrown by Vespasian in the
mau give examples of this year v.c. 823 (a.d. 69), the Jews, wheresoever
in all the three metals.
residing, were ordered to continue the payment
of this didrachm, not, however, to be applied
DE IVDAEIS. A Trophy. —On gold coins of
to their own religious uses, but to the worship
Vespasian.
of Jupiter Capitolinus, as is expressly stated by
FISCI. IVDAICI. CALVMNIA. SV PLATA. Josephus (de Bell. Jud. vii. c. 6, § 6) and
S. C. A Palm Tree. — First brass of Nerva.
—
Dio (lxvi. § 7.) Suetonius relates (Bomit. c. 12)
that Domitian “ rigorously exacted the Jewish
tax, under which were charged all, who either
clandestinely lived after the Jewish fashion
within the walls of Rome, or who, concealing
their origin, had evaded the payment of the
tribute imposed upon their nation.” —
Spauheim,
who has proved his learning and eloquence in
his explanation of this coin (vol. ii. p 500),
argues from the terms of the legend itself, that
it was not intended to convey the notion, that the

Jewish tax or didrachm, as many have sup-

posed, was abolished by Nerva, but simply that
the calumnia (system of false accusation) was
The type of this historically interesting re- done away (sublata) ; that is to say, exemption
verse is, as well on ancient Jewish ason Roman from the tax in question was thenceforth secured
coins, symbolical of Judrna, the palm being to all who did not admit themselves to be Jews,

3 R 2
492 JUDAICUS. —JULIA, JULIA.
and their names no longer entered on the fiscal I Julia (Traducta), a colony of Hispania Bsctica
lists as belonging to that nation. For the —
(now Algesiras). See Traducta.
iniquitous inquisitorial system pursued by Domi-
'

—
Julia. This illustrious family is that of Julius
tiau towards those who were suspected of Cicsar.— The name Julius is derived from lulus,
Judaism, is circumstantially recorded by Sue- whom some believe to be Ascanius, the son of
tonius in the passage above referred to. iEneas and others, the son of that Ascanius.
;

In confirmation of this mode of interpreting In claiming* to be descended from this stock,

the legend in question, Eekhel adduces an ad- Julius Cicsar prided himself on his origin from
mirable example —
According to Eusebius (in
:
the Goddess of Beauty, and hence the images
vita Const, ii. c. 45), Constantine the Great, of Venus, and of .Eneas earning Anchises,
with a view to repress the excesses of idolatry, which are often found on his denarii. Be the
drew up two laws, one of which was called “ a question of pedigree decided as it may, it appears
law to suppress the abominations so long per- that after the destruction of Alba, the family
petrated by idolatry throughout the cities and came to Rome, aud eventually furnished twelve
districts.” —
Not a few individuals have taken persouages, honoured as huperatores with the ,

these words to mean that Constantine wished, highest offices and dignities of the Roman
by this law, to put a stop to all the rites of Commonwealth. According to Eekhel it is
Paganism a notion entirely at variance with
;
patrician in the Casarian branch, and uncertain
history. —Eusebius merely says that such abomi- in that of Bursio, the only two surnames which
nations (rd uvaapa ) were forbidden by the occur ou its coins. —
There are seventy-live
Emperor, as the ancient superstition cherished, varieties, of which the rarest type is a silver
especially beyond the w alls of the city. That
r
one, bearing on its obverse a youlhfid head,
the Jews were not afterwards exempt from the ornamented with wings, and having hair hang-
payment of the didraclim, is shewn from an ing down in ringlets, behind which is a trident
epistle of Origen to Africanus, in which the
— and two arrows (in others, a scorpion), the —
expression occurs “ Since even at the present
:
reverse is inscribed L. ivu. bvksio (in another
time the Jews still payT the didrachm to them ex a. p.), with Victory in a quadriga holding a
(the Romaus.”) —
It is sufficiently evident that crown. The head which presents itself oil the
the affair of the Jews had become one of con- obverse of this denarius is of au unusual kind,
siderable moment (rem Juilaicum magni fuisse aud there has been much ado amongst anti-
momenta even within the walls of Rome; and quarians to find out its meaning. L’rsin and
that the people generally suffered so much indis- Yaillaut take it to be that of Mercury, whilst
criminate severity, on account of suspected Ilavercamp boldly calls it the head of “Triumph.”
Judaism, that, when at last the evil was re- But it is evidently not a male but a female head,
moved, the Senate considered the event of and, as the judicious Eekhel observes, it is
sufficientimportance to be perpetuated on coins. scarcely worth while to enter into a new field of
— Eekhel, vi. 405. conjectures about w hat nymph or goddess (of the
—
1VDAICVS. Although it was a frequent sea or sky) it is meant to depicture. And, even
custom with Roman conquerors to assume the after the prolix guessings of Vaillant and Haver-
appellation of a vanquished people as a surname camp, it is perhaps better openly to confess
of honour, as Dacicus, Parthicus, Britannicus, ignorance as to who Bursio is, to whom these
&c., yet neither Vespasian nor Titus was called medals belong.
Judaicus, so greatly were the name and the re- Those denarii of the Julia family writh the
ligion of the Jews held in detestation. elephant trampling on a serpent, and Pontifical
Jngurt/ia, a King of Numidia, grandson of instruments on the reverse also with the head ;

Masinissa, delivered by his father-in-law of Veuus, and .Eneas bearing the palladium in his
Bacchus , King of Gartulia toSylla.when the latter hand aud his father on his shoulders, arc common
—
was lieutenant to Marius. See Cornelia family. enough. The name of this family is also found
IYL. Julia. —
A colony is thus called as on coins struck by the mint masters of the great
having been planted by [Julius Caesar, as the Julius. —See caesar — dict.
name indicates, or as having received benefits Julia is a name frequently found given on
from him. Such for the most part relates coius to thewives of Emperors, and in several
to Africa. —The epigraph COL. White, or in instances to daughters and mothers.
their
reversed order AVG ustte IVL, when it Orem's Lida, fourth wife of Augustus, assumed it when
on colonial coins considered to signify a
is by adoption she had passed into the Julia family.
colony established in the first instance by Julius We find also medals of Julia Agrippina, senior,
Cicsar, and after augmented by Augustus. mother of Caligula Julia, mother of Cains
;

—
IVLI. Jutii. nrvi IVLI. The customary and Lucius, by Agrippa; Julia, sister of Caligula;
epigraph on coins of Julius Cicsar struck after Julia, daughter of Titus ; Julia Agrippina,
his death. junior, second wife of Claudius, and mother of
Julia Augusta. —From an ancient inscription, Nero; Julia Aquilia Secern, second wife of
edited by Mark Velserus, Julia Augusta, it Elagabalus; Julia Paula, first wife of Eluga-
appears, isAugusta
the Vindelicorum, now balus Julia Domna, second wife of Scvcrus
;

Augsburg, Germany. To this splendid colony

in Julia Maesa, grandmother of Elagabalus and
of the Rhodian province, reference is made on Alexander Severus Julia Vantaea, mother of
;

coins of Augustus, Ncrva, and Gordiauus l’ius, Alexander Scvcrus ; Julia Paulina, wife of
under the name of con. IVL. avg. Maximiuus.
 JULIA. JULIANUS. 493
IVL (or IVLTA) AQVIL. (or AQVILTA) Julia Augusta, the wife of Sevcrus, is styled
SEV. (or SEVERA.) A\G us/a. Julia Aquilia Julia Augusta, or Julia Domna Aug.
; or Julia
Severn. — Sec Aquilia Severa. Pin Augusta or Julia Pin Felix Aug. as upon
IVLIA AYGVSTA GENETRIX ORBIS.— the large brass of which an example is sub-
Sec Livia. joined. —See Domna.

Julia Cornelia Paula, said to be the recorded, and the honours of deification paid to
daughter of l’aulus, praetorian prefect, was the her memory at the will of her profligate uncle,
first wife of Elagabalus having been married by an obsequious senate, in the following dedi-
to that odious miscreant a.d. 219. Divorced — catory inscription, divae ivjliae avg. div. titi
shortly after her nuptials, on some pretence of f., accompanied with the type of the
carpentum,
bodily defect, she died in retirement. — Her gold or funeral car, drawn by mules. There is no
coins are of the highest rarity, silver by no portrait but the emperor’s titles, and the mark
;

means scarce, first and secoud brass very rare. of cos. xvi., shew the direct influence under
Her name of Cornelia, to which illustrious which the coin was struck Senatus Consuliu
family she belonged, is omitted on her Latin and in the name of that body and of the Roman
medals, on which she is styled only ivlia pavla people (s.p.q.r.) On a silver medal the image
AVGVSTA. ot diva ivlia appears on a car, drawn by
Maesa, the grandmother of two Em-
Julia elephants.
perors, Elagabalus and Alexander Sevcrus, is
honoured on medals with the title of Augusta.
— Sec Maesa.
Julia Mamaea, daughter of the Julia Maesa
and mother of Alexander Sevcrus, bears the title
of Augusta on her coins. —
See Mamaea.
Julia Soaemias, mother of Elagabalus. See —
Soaemias.
Julia,the daughter of Titus, by Eurnilla,
his second wife she was a woman of great
;

beauty, at first refused the infamous addresses

of her uncle Domitian, married Sabinus her
cousin german, afterwards became the mistress
of her father’s brother and successor, who
caused her husband to be put to death, and
IVLIANVS. fDidius Severus .) The father —
of thisemperor was Petronius Didius Sevcrus,
lived in open concubinage with her. Julia his mother Clara Aemilia, and his paternal
abandoning herself to debauchery, died in the grandfatherlnsuberMediolanensis. (Spartian .)
attempt to destroy the fruits of her incestuous According to the calculation of Dio, whom, in
connection. She was nevertheless placed by the disagreement of other writers, we prefer to
apotheosis amongst the deities, and is called follow', as he lived at Rome at that period,
diva ou her coins, which in brass and silver Didius Julianus was born a.v.c. 886, at the end
are rare, and in gold of the highest rarity.
of January. Being advanced in due time to a
On medals struck during her life-time, she is share in public business, he defeated, in the
stvled IVLIA AVGVSTA 1 III AVGVSTI reign of M
arcus, the Cauei, a people living on
Yilia; also IVLIA IMP. T. AVG. F. AVGVSTA. the river Albis, and gained his Consulate after
;
(The August Julia, daughter of the August which he succeeded Pertinax in the government
Titus). The reverse of one of her gold coins bears
the legend of DIVT TITI FILLA, with a pea-
of Africa. (Spartian.) —
Pertinax, having been
put to death by the Pnetorian guards, and those
cock and ou a silver coin of hers appears the
;
soldiers having fortified their camp, and from
word VESTA, and that Goddess seated, whence its walls proclaimed the empire open
to the
it would seem that she wished at least to be highest bidder, though all men of standing and
thought chaste and this incident agrees with
;
integrity strove to avert such a disgrace, Julian
the attempt to conceal her pregnancy, to which
listened to the instigation of his party, and
she fell a victim. taking his stand outside the trenches, blushed
On a large brass of this princess, who died not to bid against Flavius Sulpicianus, the
in Domitiau’s reign, we see her consecration father-in-law of Pertinax, who within the camp
494 JULIANUS. JULIANUS.
offered his own price for the empire. Julian, — a.d. 335, and married Helena, sister of Con-
however, made the most liberal offers, scaling stautius II. The government of Gaul, Spain,
ladders were let down from the walls, and he was and Britain was committed to his charge. Ho
received into the camp, acknowledged Emperor, repulsed the Gcrmaus from Gaul, and esta-
and, escorted by a guard of Praetorians, was blished himself at Lutet'ut, now Paris, in 358.
conducted to the Senate-house. But the people, Proclaimed Emperor by the troops in 360 the ;

irritated no less by the undeserved fate of Per- death of Constantius soon after left him sole
tinax, than by the recent disgraceful sale of the —
master of the empire. J ulian was a great general
empire, attacked the newly-created Emperor — a man of learning —
a fine writer possessing —
first with abuse, and then with a shower of many qualities of a wise, energetic, and excellent
stones ; nor would they be satisfied without prince ;
but in matters of religion one of the
demanding as their Emperor, Pescennius Niger, weakest, most fantastic, and mischievous of
the newly appointed Governor of Syria. On mankind. This declared and inveterate enemy
learning this position of affairs, Pescennius of Christianity made war upon Persia, with
allowed himself to be declared Emperor by his decided success but w as slain in an engage-
;

friends, but neglecting to follow up his ad- ment on the banks of the Tigris, at the age
vantage, Severus, the Prefect of Paimonia, in of thirty-one, a.d. 362, in the fourth year of
obedience to the wish of a party, put in his his reign. His second and third brass coins arc,
claim to the honours of the sovereignty, with certain exceptions, common his silver of ;

and taking all his measures, made a hasty the usual size, are by no means scarce but his
—On
;

journey to Italy. (Eckhcl, vii. 148, Didius gold are rare. these he is styled d. n.
Julian .) —
Intelligence of this movement being IVLIA.NVS NOB. CAES. — IMF. FL. CL. JVLIANVS
received at Rome, Jidianus gave orders that FERP. or P.F. AVG.
Severus should be declared by the Senate as the “The Ciesars” of Julian, a work which
enemy of his country ; but he found the army that Emperor wrote in Greek, is a
remarkable
less prepared than he expected to act on the de- proof no less of his scholarship than of his
fensive; and in a state of disaffection, partly because talent for raillery and satire. The translation
he was dilatory in the liquidation of the sum he of that production by Ezech.
extraordinary
had agreed upon in the purchase of the empire, Spanheim, illustrated by the most learned re-
and partly because, from being long habituated to marks, mythological, historical, and numis-
sloth and inactivity, they wanted the courage to matical, enriched by a profusion of medals and
cope with the hardy soldiers of Severus. —Severus other ancient monuments, is one of the most
meanwhile threatening the city, Julian is driven interesting as well as instructive volumes which
to adopt milder counsels, and induces the Senate can be perused by the student of the mcdallic
to allow him a participation in the sovereignty science.
but a universal turn of feeling in favour of Julian is noted, by Ammianus his pagan
Severus having taken place, he is deserted by admirer, but by no means indiscriminate pane-
all, and put to death. His body was restored gyrist, for having made himself very con-
by Severus to his wife Seantilla for burial, and spicuous in wearing a long and bushy beard,
deposited in the tomb of his great-grandfather which amongst the courtiers of Constantius
—
on the Via Lavicaua. According to Dio, he procured for him the derisive appellation of a
lived sixty years, four months, and four days, goat (capetlam non hominem). In confirmation
and reigned sixty-six days. It is generally of this alleged peculiarity we find him on many
admitted that he was a distinguished lawyer. of his coins “ bearded like a pard as Cicsar
Spartian speaks of his economical habits, his he appears with naked head but as Emperor ;

gentle manners, and other virtues but Dio, his

;
he wears a diadem ornamented with precious
contemporary, and alse Ilerodian, assert that stones.
his vices were numerous. —
Eckhel, vii. 147. Under the reign of Julian
coins were strurk,
Julianas (Planus Claudius), usually called which Bauduri exhibits, and which Eckhel
Julian the Apostate, because he, at an early comments upon, inscribed deo sekapidi (see
age, abandoned the Christian faith, and, as the words), and vota publica, shewing that
soon as he had the power, restored the this philosophic contemner of the Christian
worship of idols, which he pretended to re- mysteries was not ashamed to stamp his iin-
form, but which he in fact enforced in all (lie perial coinage with representations of Serapis,
Isis, and Anubis, and to revive the monstrous
Egyptian idolatry.
Julianas (Marcus Aure/ianus), nn usurper
of the imperial purple at the period of Nmnc-
rianus’s death, from which time (a.d. 284)
Pannonia acknowledged his claim and submitted
to his government, until defeated and slain in
a battle with Carinus, near Verona, in the fol-
bigoted extravagance and blind absurdity of —
lowing year. There are gold and brass coins of
Pagan superstition, lie was the son of Julius this “ tyrant,” all of extreme rarity, and on
Constantins, nephew of Constantine the Great, which he is styled imp. c. m. avr. ivlianvs
and brother of Constantius Gallus, bom at Con- p. F. AVG.

stantinople a.d. 331. He was created Cmsar Julius (C) Casar . —Sec Cains Julius Caesar.
 junianus. JUNO.—JUNO AUGUSTAE. 495
IVN. Junior. —
Augusti reigning together, The brass of this family are the As, or parts of
but with unequal authority, were called majores the As.
and seniores, or minores and juniores. Thus Juno, daughter of Saturn, and at once the
Commodus, advanced by his father, M. Aurelius, sister and the spouse of Jove, the goddess of
from the Ctcsarship to the title of Augustus, is kingdoms and of riches, was believed to preside
calledon one of his coins ivn. avg., or Junior over marriages, and thence received her appella-
Augustus . —
In like manner Gaterius Maximi- tion of Pronuba aud from her supposed
anus, in contradistinction to his father-in- obstetrical tutelage over women, was likewise
law, Diocletian, is called ivn. avg. We find — called Lucina. —
The Romans, as well as the
also Coustantiuus ivn., and Coustautius ivn., Greeks, assigned to her the highest rank amongst
&c. the goddesses, and the poets relate many fables
.
—
IVN I. Junianus p. cras. ivni. leg. peopr. respecting her jealous and imperious disposition,
Publius Crassus Junianus Legatus Propraetor, which she carried sometimes to the length of
that isto say, of Metellus Scipio in Africa. attempting to put even Jupiter himself (who
See Ctecilia family. gave but too much cause of offence) under her
Junia, this celebrated Roman family was feet. —
The figures of Juno differ from each other,
patrician under the kings, but, as it appears inasmuch as we find this deity on the most
from coins, was regarded as plebeian under the ancient coins of the Romans, as Juno Lanuvina,
consular government. The surnames are Brutus, or Sispita (Sospita), aud Juno Moneta. She is
Si/auus, and perhaps Libo. It took its name most frequently represented with her head veiled,
from Junius, the companion of iEneas, from and when, as Juno Pronuba, the goddess patro-
whom, as Dion Ha/ic. writes, this family derived nises a solemnization of nuptials, she is covered
its origin. It took the cognomen of Brutus on with a veil that conceals half the body. ’Whilst,
account of the idiotic folly which, through fear on the other hand, as Juno Sospita, her head is
of Tarquin, was feigned by Lucius Junius, adorned with the skin and two horns of a goat.
previous to the overthrow of the monarchy, as The distinctive symbol and protege of this
Plutarch informs us. —
Of this renowned avenger goddess is the peacock, into which bird she had
of his country’s liberty upon a proud tyrant and changed her faithful Argus, after he had, as the
his licentious sons, there arc no coins extant of guard of Io, fallen a victim to the pandering
contemporaneous date ; but in honour of the artfulness of Mercury, and the intriguing revenge
man who was the first consul, with his colleague of Jupiter.
Collatinus, after the expulsion of the Tarquins, On the imperial coins Juno appears under
the head of Lucius Junius, with the inscription various aspects— viz., sometimes standing, some-
brvtvs, has been placed on the obverse of a times sitting, as in Faustina, jun., at others in
denarius belonging to the Servilia family, which a walking attitude, with a serpent at her feet,
bears on its obverse the naked head of Servilius holding a flower, a sceptre, a patera, the hasta,
AHALA. or a child, as Juno Augusta, Juno Regina,
Of the name of Brutus there are also two Juno Conservatrix, &c.
individuals recorded on the coins of the Junia On a first brass of Faustina the Younger, the
family — viz., M. Junius Brutus, likewise called reverse, without legend, is charged with a
Caepio, the assassin of C'resar the Dictator, and female figure, clothed in the stola, standing
Decimus Junius Brutus, an orator and lawyer, between a peacock and a lion.
who each of them gained a very conspicuous —
IVNO. On silver and second brass coins of
place in the history of their age. The coins of — Julia Domna with this inscription, the goddess
M. Brutus Caepio arc ranged with the Imperial stands veiled, holding a patera in the right, a
series. (See Bitvrvs.) hasta in her left hand ; and a peacock stands at
The coinage of this family, which Morcll her feet. .
•

states to consist of more than seventy varieties, The Empress herself

exhibited under this
is
exhibits an interesting type on a denarius, of image, for, in order to conciliate greater dignity
which the following is a description :
and reverence towards women, the Empresses
LiBERTAS. —
Head of Liberty. were foud of assimilating themselves to the
Rev. brvtvs. —
The march of the Consul goddesses, and were accustomed to represent
(Consulis Processus) between two lictors, carry- their own forms, under the names of female
ing the fasces, and preceded by a verger or divinities, to the people.
usher (accensus.) IA NO A\ GVSTAE. — Silver and brass
coins of Julia Mam sea, with this legend,
exhibit the goddess
sitting, holding in her
right hand and in her left an infant
a flower,
in swathing bands. This Juno of the Em-
press is obviously Juno Lucina, and the
coin is struck in acknowledgment of the
favour of the goddess at the birth of an im-
perial heir.
IA NONEM (in the accusative case), occurs

Some the silver pieces arc restored bv

of
on silver and brass coins of Julia Domna. —
See p. 493.
Trajan, and are rarer than the original coins.—
IVNO CONSERVATRIX.—Juno, the pro-
490 JL'NO CONSERVATRIX. JTNONI LUCINAE.
tectress or preserver, is another surname given on her. —There are some writers, indeed, who
medals of the Augusta to think this Juno Lucina to be the same as Diana;
the great Queen of the and with Luna, one deitv.
Goddesses. Her figure IVNONI LVCINAE.—The Goddess sits with
on silver, gold, and brass, a flower in her exteuded right hand in her left
—
;

of Julia Jlamtca, Ota- an infant in swathing bands. Silver and brass

ciliaSevera, andSalonina, coins of Lucilla, with the above legend and
is that of a female stolated type, present that tutelary goddess presiding
and veiled, holding a over child-birth, whom the Greeks called
patera and the hasta llithgia, and the Romans denominated Juno
pura, and generally with Lucina. —It is in reference to the custom of
a peacock at her feet. parturient women to address their prayers to
Juno Lanuvina, or with the title in full, Juno to her that Terence, in his Andria, puts these
Sispita, or Sospita Maxima Regina as it is words into the mouth of Glycerium :

expressed on denarii of Thorius Balbus see the Juno Lucina, fer opem, serva me, obsecro.
—
;

initial letters i.s.m.r., p. 488 of this Diet. The For this reason, therefore, she holds a child in
goddess bearing this surname is found on the her left hand, whilst her right is extended with
silver coins of those Roman families who drew a (lower in it, because this is the symbol of
their origin from the town or munieipium of hope, and she delights in hoping well of the
Lanuvina, to which the Cornuficii, the Mettii, safety and growth of the child; or rather,
the Papii, the Procillii, the Roscii, and the says Eckhel, she herself displays her attribute
Thorii belonged. Her appearance on these coins manifestly as indicated by Ovid. In the speci-
nearly corresponds with the description given hv men here selected from the first brass of Lucilla,
Cicero, in lib. i. de nat. Deor. cap. 23, viz., the right hand is extended empty.
cum pelle caprina, cum hasta, cum scututo,
cum. calceolis repandis (shoes turned up at the
points), to which
it only remains to be added

that her head covered with a goat’s skin, as

is
Hercules’s head is with that of a lion, having,
moreover, two horns, and her entire vestment
is composed of this skin, with the fur outwards.
On a denarius of the Cornuficia family is an
eagle on the top of her shield (probably intended
for a legionary one) at other times she is
;

depictured in a biga, as on some medals of the

Mettia and Procilia families, a great serpent
preceding her, and in the act of raising itself.
On a denarius of the Roscia family we see Juno was called Magna Regina. —See I. s. M. r.
opposite to the serpent a woman offering food IVNONI M ARTIALI .
—Juno Martial is, or
to it, the meaning of which may be learnt in the warlike Juno, is seen seated with globe
Elianus and Propertius. Cicero teaches us in in left hand and corn ears in right. She is also
his Oration pro Murana, in what high estima- seated in a round temple, with a shield or
tion this goddess was with the Romans, to
which may be joined the testimony of Livy,
who says that she wa3 worshipped (majoribus
hostiis)with sacrifices of the highest order,
shewing that the Romans granted to the
Lanuvians the right of citizenship, on condition
that they themselves (the people of Rome)
should have a share in the Temple, and in the
sacred grove of the Goddess.
In the Imperial series, Juno Lanuvina, or
Sispita, is seldom to be seen. Mcdiobarba,
however, notes two medals of Antoninus Pius
(a.d.*140), and one of Commodus (a.d. 177),
[Large brass of Yolusian.]
with the inscription lVNONI sospitae after :

which period it again disappears. See Juno — other attributes, on silver and first brass
Sospita. coins of Trcbouianus Gallus, and also of Volu-
—
Juno Lucina. It was under this name, as sianus, by the latter of whom the legend
has been already observed, that Juno presided and type appear to have been restored. The
over parturition and accordingly on medals of
;
legend originated with Trcbonian, and was
those Empresses, who either had brought forth struck about the period when a dreadful
a child, or who had invoked the aid of the pestilence excited the then reigning princes of
goddess in their approaching accouchement, we the empire to “ weary” all the gods, of every
see her represented seated, holding an infant and name in Olympus, with victims and with prayers.
a flower. On coins of Faustina, wife of M. Juno might appear at that juncture a deity
Aurelius, she appears with two children near whose aid ought to be propitiated, because.
 JUNONI REGINAE. JUNONI SOSPITAE. 497
according to Tally, “The air which floats a favourite patroness of the Empresses, and thus
between the skies and the ocean is consecrated to she appears on coins of Sabina, Lucilla, Faustina,
the name of Juno and it was this region (or
;
junior, Manlia Scantilla, Julia, Soaemias,
element) which, having contracted some taint, Etruscilla, Cornelia Supera, and others. With
brought destruction on men.” And the same some of the Augusta:, the inscription (in the
author says shortly afterwards
—
“ Hut 1 believe dative case) was simply a dedication of the
the name Juno to be derived a juvendo, from medal to the honour of the goddess ; with others
rendering aid.” it was a positive appropriation of the name in
“ But why Juno is in this instance called flattery to the Emperor’s wife, who was herself
Martialis, I have not (says Eckhcl) been as yet in a concealed manner represented under the
able satisfactorily to ascertain.” Yet by that figure of Juno.
title the goddess was commemorated not ouly Juno Sospita, or according to the more ancient
on medals, but in a temple erected to her mode of writing it Sispita, Juno the preserver
honour as the Martial Juno, in the Roman Forum. also called Lanuvina (see above), because she
—
Juno Moneta. According to Suidas, Juno had a temple and statue at Lanuvium. On a
was suruamed Moneta by the Romans, a coin of the Procilia family she has on her tunic
monendo, because this goddess is said to have a goat-skin, which also serves as the covering
counselled that very docile and scrupulous people of her head. The points of her shoes are
to undertake none but just wars, promising them, turned up, after a fashion which was renewed in
want for
that, in that case, they should never the twelth century of the Christian era. She is
money. A pretty story but it would he much
;
armed with a buckler and a lance to defend the
more to the purpose to suppose that she was people under her protection. The serpent which
honoured with this cognomen, as denoting her is at her feet is a symbol of the health and
presidency over the Homan mint, which was safety which they owe to her, and also serves to
established in the precincts of the temple. typify the serpent to which a young girl of
The (supposed) effigy of Juno, with the title Lanuvium went every year to offer it nourish-
of Moneta, appears on a denarius of the Carisia ment in its cavern. This denarius was struck
family ; the reverse of the coin exhibits a by I. Procilius whilst he was monetary triumvir.
hammer, a pair of tongs, and an anvil, above He chose this type because his family was
which is the bonnet of Vulcan, with the originally of Lanuvium, where he perhaps pos-
circumscription of t. carisivs, and on some sessed the estate called Prociliana, and by
coins salvtaris, the whole surmounted by a corruption Porcilien, which has become cele-
laurel. — See Carisia — Moneta. brated for the great number of monuments dis-
Juno liegina . —This surname of REGINA was covered there. —
See Procilia.
given to ivno, because she was the wife of Juno Sospita crowning an Augur, is seen on
Jupiter, who was the King of Gods and Men. a denarius of the Cornuficia family, bearing the
The type, which generally accompanies this legend inscription of Q. cornvfici. avgvr. imp. —For
ou coins of the Imperial series, is that of a by an institution of Nurna, perpetuating a
woman standing or sitting, veiled, who holds in the most ancient ceremony of the Aborigines, a
right hand a patera, and in the left a hasta pura, goat was sacrificed at the altar of Juno, in the
or rather, perhaps, a sceptre and frequently at
; presence of an Augur, as appears from a dena-
her side the peacock, a bird consecrated to her, rius of Liciuius Varus whence Juno Sospita
;

either because it is so beautiful in plumage, or herself is made to place a crown on the head of
because all the colours in its tail are comparable Quintus Cornuficius, standing in his augural
to the rainbow, or Iris, who was the messenger robes and with his lituus of office. The Em-
of Juno, as Mercury was of Jupiter. peror Trajan restored this numismatic monu-
ment, relating to the religion and to the history
of times long antecedent to his own.
IVNONI SOSPITAE— and SISPITAE.—
On first brass of Antoninus Pius and of Com-
modus, the former legend spelt Sospitac, the

IVNONI REGINAE. —
A throne and a pea-
cock with spread beneath it ; on some a
tail
sceptre is placed transversely upon the throne.
On large brass of Faustina, senior.
IVNO REGINA and IVNONI REGINAE.
—This legend is never seen on coins of the latter Sfspitac, the Goddess appears with goat-
Emperors, except one of Claudius Gothicus. skin and horns on her head, and casting a
But as the venerated Queen of Deities, Juno was javelin, having a serpent before her.

3 S
498 JUPPITER GUSTOS. JUSTINIANUS.
Juno Sarnia . —The
Samian Juno, so called Ilonorius. It is inscribed round a garland,
from the island of Samos, where she was (also within which is a cross, between the letters
as Pronuba worshiped with great devotion. A B. R.
figure of the Goddess in question, standing with This singular coin was first published in the
an ear of corn at her feet, appears on a silver Catalogue of the D’Enucry Cabiuet (p. .893), the
medallion of Hadrian, with the legend cos. in. author of which adds that it was found at
a legend very common on that Emperor’s silver Tolosa (Toulouse), where reigned Thcodoricus,
coins. King of the Goths, who, about the year 449,
Juppiler and Jupiter . —
On coins this name is gave his daughter in marriage to Rechiarius,
spelt both without and with the double P. son of Rcchila, King of the Suevi. Taniui, —
IVPPITER CVSTOS— 1VPP1TER LIBE- who republishes the same coin, merely adds :

RATOR. —Jupiter seated, holds the thunder- Richiarius Suecorum rex in monument am pads
bolt in his right hand and a spear in his left. hunc singularem minimum percutere jussit .

The above two legends (with the double p),

“ That celebrated collection (says Eekhel in his
accompanied hv the same type, appear on gold note on this subject), well deserved to have been
—
and silver of Nero. “ It is very probable (says |
more thoroughly examined, nor ought it to have
Eekhel) what Vaillant thinks, that these coins been so loosely asserted that the medal in question
were struck on the occasiou of the tyrant’s was struck by Rechiarius, the son-in-law of
escape from the conspiracy of l’iso, about the Thcodoric. The former, according to Idacius
year of Rome 818, under the peril of which he and the Chronicle of Isidoms, became Kiug of
acknowledges the interposing guardianship of the Suevi, in Spain, in the year 447 but ;

Jupiter the Protector and the Liberator. It Ilonorius, to whom the coin is inscribed, had
appears that Nero, after the defeat of that plot already paid the debt of nature (423). This
against his life, consecrated in the Capitol the coin, therefore, must necessarily belong to some
dagger which had been aimed at him, and in- King of the Suevi of the same name, who,
scribed it iovi vindici. —
The Greek colonics of during the reign of Honorius, might have
Patras and of Corinth, were also induced, in obtained kingly power over his countrymen, or
consequence of this danger, to inscribe on their a portion of them, and to whom it may have
coins under Nero, ivppiter liberator. See — seemed fit thus publicly to honour this emperor.
Patrcc col. in which he is represented standing In the same manner at a later period, the
with Eagle in right and hasta in left hand. Gothic Kings of Italy adopted the practice of
And not only with Nero, hut also with others, placing the heads of the Emperors of the East
at the same period, was Jupiter the Liberator on their coinage,”
held in honour, though from different causes. Mionnct gives the above coin, as from the
For Seneca and Thraseas Paitus, doomed by that cabiuet of M. Gosselin, and observes Cette
sanguinary monster to sutFer death, sprinkling medaiUe unique paroit etre le seal monument
around the blood from their opened veins, ex- que Von ait des Suttees.
claimed tibemus Jovi Liberatori. —
See Jupiter.
—Justa
I VST.
Just a. I VST. VENER. — MEMOR.
Jus appettandi or provocandi —
The exercise Veneranda Memorue (Sotuta beiug
of this privilege is well represented on a coin of understood). —
Legend on a coin of Constantine,
the Porcia family, on the obverse of which there mentioned by Bimard in his notes on Joubert,
is the head of Rome helmeted, with the in- vol. i. p. 283. — See also Eekhel, vol. viii.

scription Publius laeca roma on the reverse

:
p. 93.
is military dress between two
a figure in a Justinianus I. (T/acins AnidusJ, born in the
others, of whom
the otic on the right hand is Bederiana, or in the town of Tauresium,
district of
togated, or in the habit of a Roman citizen, near Bederiana, in Illyria, A..D. 483, was the
over the head of which the other extends his nephew of Justinus the First, by his sister
hand on the left is a Lictor with rods in the
;
: Vigilantia, the divorced wife of Sebatius, and
exergue we read provoco. —
See porcia family. adopted by his uncle in 527, succeeded to
— This medal is a monument of a law carried by the empire a few mouths afterwards. He was a
a Tribune of the People, called the Lex Porcia, prince of weak, ungenerous, vain, and heart-
that no citizeu of Rome should be beaten with less character; whose reign, though marked
rods. The advantages of this law have been by events of honour to the Roman name, was
attested by many writers ;
anil especially by no less stained by the Emperor’s mennuess
Ciccro. — On
another coin of the same family under adversity, overhearing arrogance in more
is found a monument of this Tribune in the prosperous circumstances aud, worst of all, by ;

safety of the main liberty of Roman citizens. his ingratitude to Belisariua, the most illustrious
The obverse of this is nearly like the one above of his many able generals. Of a studious dis-
described but on the reverse appears the
;
position, his talents for jurisprudence linvc
Goddess of Liberty with the pi/eus or bonnet in servedmore than his princely virtues to hand
her right hand, and with a spear in her left, down his name to posterity. For, by his
standing in a quadriga, and crowned by a figure command, all the laws, as well as edicts of
of Victory.
‘
The legend is Murruj PORCiiw sovereigns, and the opinions of jurisconsults,
ROM A. were collected into one body, nfterwards digested
IVSSV. RICIIIARI. REGES. fsie.J— This into those celebrated volumes called the codex,
memorial of Rirhiarus, king of the Suevi, pandects, institutions, Ac. Before his death
appears on the reverse of a silver medal of i
(a.d. 5C5), he made a fifty years’ truce with
 JUSTINUS. JUSTIT1A. 499
Chosroes, King of the Persians, which, how- country, a.d. 568. — Italy lost, Justin had to
ever, that scourge of the Romaus broke under struggle with the increasing difficulties of a
Justinian’s imprudent successor, Justinus the Persian war, and died in the midst of it, a
Secoud. Pelagian heretic, in the year of Christ 578,
Justinianus is styled on his coins d. n. and the thirteenth of his reign, having appointed
ivstixianvs. p.p. avo. and appears, after the Tiberius as' his successor. — He is numismatically
mauncr of Coustautinopolitan Emperors, crowned His coins
styled d.n. ivstinvs. inn. pp. avg.
with a gemmed diadem. His brass coins are yold are common, except those with title of
in
common silver and gold less so. An unique
;
junior, and with the legend of Gabalorum ;

gold medallion exhibits his full-faced bust silver are very rare ;
brass are common, except
on one side; and his equestrian figure with those on which his name is conjoined to that of
sai.vs and glouia eomanorvm, on the re- his truculent and imperious wife sopiiia. “ The
verse. —
See Mionnet. coins, however (says Akerman), of Justinus the
Justinus I. born of a peasant family at Second arc difficult to distinguish from those of
Bcdcriana, in Thrace, in the year 450, and the elder Justinus but those which are supposed
;

employed dining his earliest years in the lowest to belong to the latter arc more common than
occupations, lie travelled to Constantinople in the others.”
his sixteenth year, and there exchanged his Justitia, the virtue that renders to everyone
ragged garments for the dress and arms of a his own (suurn cuique). On coins of the Roman
soldier. His striking figure recommended him mint, struck under the Emperors Tiberius,
to one Emperor, and his military qualities to Ncrva, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Pesecunius
another, till at length, by dint of cunning and Niger, Sept. Severus, and Alexander Severus,
courage united, the poor cottager’s half-starved Justitia, or Justitia Auyusti, is represented
son contrived to mount the first throne of the under the type of a woman, standing with
east. —
On the death of Anastasius, whose patera, sceptre, hasta, or rudder, in her hands
Prietorian prefect he had become, A.n. 518, he or, like aeqvitas, sitting with balance in one
was proclaimed emperor at Constantinople. hand, and holding the hasta pura in the other,
Considering his origin, it is not surprising if his or a cornucopia:.
natural abilities proved greater than his educa- IVSTITIA. —On a gold coin of Hadrian’s,
tional acquirements. In fact, he could neither Justice is on a
seated on the curule chair, as
write nor read. But, says .Beauvais, “ The tribunal with the insignia of the hasta pura
:

mildness of his character, the affability of his and the extended patera she displays her care
deportment towards his subjects, the justice for religion. —The head
of this goddess, whose
with which he governed them, his zeal (carried, other name Themis, appears adorned with the
is
however, to a rigorous excess against the Arians) diadem on a coin of the Mamitia family, iu
for the purity of the Christian faith, marked the memory of a law made respecting boundaries or
course of his reign, and have entitled him to a land marks.
place in the rank of good princes.” In 526, — —
IVSTITIA. On a second brass, Livia, or
Cabadcs, king of Persia, having broken the Julia, appears with the name, and after the
peace which subsisted between the two empires, form of Justitia. It is one of three medals on
Justin sent against him an army commanded by which the mother of Tiberius is represented
the celebrated Belisarius, who marched vic- under the figure, or attributes of different
toriously into the heart of Persia; but the Divinities. She is called on the first, salvs
Emperor did not see the end of that war, for he avgvsta ; on the second, ivstitia ; on the
died on the first of August, 527, having a few third, piet as. These medals were struck under
months before associated his nephew Justinianus Tiberius; the two latter were afterwards restored
in the government. He had no children by his by Titus.
wife, —
named Eufemia. On his coins (which are —
IVV. Juventutis. PRINceps YfNentvtis.
common in gold, with his head only, and in See the w'ords.
brass of every size;
but rare in silver, and very IVYENTAS — IVVENTA — IVVENTVS.
rare with his figure and that of Justinian) he is The Goddess Juvenlas, or of Youth, the same
styled d.n. ivstinvs p.p. avg. —
On the reverses with her who was called Hebe by the Greeks, is
of some, appear the monograms of Theodoricus thus made by Ovid to perform the office of cup
and of Athalaricus, kings of the Ostrogoths. bearer at the feasts of the Gods :

Justinus II. (Flavius Anicius), who had

Nectar, ct ambrosiam, latiees, epulasque,deorum
held the office of master of the palace to
Dct mihi formosa nava Juventa manu.
his uncle Justinianus, was the son of Dulcissi-
Pontic. Epist. I. x. 11.
mus and Vigilantia, and became, by succession,
Emperor of the East, a.d. 565. A weak and There was a temple of Juventas at Rome,
imprudent prince, addicted to pleasure, and where, by a very ancient custom, money was
selfish in he re-called and ill-treated
policy, deposited by those who assumed the toya viri/is.
Narscs, his wise general, and
predecessor’s After Antoninus Pius, adopting M. Aurelius,
conqueror of the Goths in Italy ; who, in had nominated him as his successor, a medal
revenge, invited the Lombards (Lonyobardi) was struck, on the obverse of which we see M.
into Italy, which that Scandinavian people over- Aurelius having the dow n merely on his cheeks,
y

ran, with 200,000 fighting men, making them- and with the inscription avk. cae. avg. pii. f.,
selves masters of the greatest portion of that |
and on the reverse a crown, writhin which is the
3 S 2
600 JI7VENTAS. LABARUM.
word IWENTVS, or in some coins IVTENTAS
and, below, s. C. —
Antonio Agostini believes K.
that this medal was struck in remembrance of
that important day when the beard of Aurelius K, the Kappa of the Greeks, and the tenth
was first submitted to the tonsor’s operation, letter of their alphabet, very seldom appears
and the downy fruits were, according to amongst Latin letters, and then only in small
established usage, consecrated to this same words. On Roman coins, with Latin inscriptions,
goddess. —
Allusive to the same event, there are the K is used only iu the instance of Karthago,
the coins in which Juventas stands under the as felix kart., and that not always for on ;

figure of a woman placing frankincense on a the well-known coins of Severus we read

candelabrum, with her right hand, and holding indvi.gentia in cart. See the legend. —
K and C were formerly, from similarity of
sound, employed indiscriminately the one for
the other, as in the above-named example
karthago, kalendae, &c. But though this
was the most ancient custom, yet in inscriptions
of a subsequent date the K. was relinquished
and those words remained written with the letter
C. In later times the K resumed its ascendaucy.
K is found in use on Latin coins of the lower
empire, viz. kaa. and bka., on medals of
:

Tacitus, Florianus, Probus, Cams, Numerianus,

Carinus, as subsignationes (or monetary under-
signings.) —
Tristan, in his remarks on the
Carthaginian state, has attempted an interpreta-
a patera in her left, as here shown from a second tion of these letters.
brass coin of Marcus Aurelius.
1VVENTAS. S. C— On a first brass of M. L.
Aurelius, bearing this legend, the type, instead
of the goddess above described, presents the L. — The eleventh letter of the Roman alpha-
figure of a young man, in a short dress, stand- bet. —A L sometimes put for a double
single is
ing with a branch in one hand, and a ha.it in one, as apolini for afoi.lini. Banduri i. p.
the other, near a trophy. 157- AQViuvsfor aqmllivs. Seethe Aquitia
The type of a young man standing with a family.—This letter is used as a mint mark on
spear near a trophy is frequently seen on coins many family coins.
of subsequent reigns, with the accompanying L. —This letter signifies the colony called
legend of phinceps iwentvtis and this, ; Laos, or Julia Laos. It also signifies Legio
perhaps, was intended to represent the statue (Legion), or Lucius, or Ludi, the public
dedicated to M. Aurelius as Prince of the Roman games.
youth. L. on a tablet means Libero. Sec the denarius
IVVENTA IMPERII. This legend appears — of the Coe/ia family, on which arc the letters
on a denarius of Caracalla, on the reverse of L. D., Libero, Damno, struck in memory of C.
which the Emperor stands, in military garb, Coelius Caldus.
holding a globe surmounted by Victory, and a L., Lugdunum, or Lugduni, the city of
spear a captive crouching at his feet.
; Lyon. —
L. p., Lugduni Percussa (money) struck
Caracalla, says Vaillant, when his father at Lyons or Lugdunensis Pecunia, money of
—
;

Sevcrus had already become an old man, was Lyons. L., on coins of Carausius and Allectus,
called Juventa Imperii, the youth of the empire, Londinium.
because great hope was entertained of him in his L. is a Latin sign for the number fifty.
early years. Thus we see him represented on LA., Latienus, as in Postumus.
this coin with a Victory in his hands, having, in Labarum, a Romau military ensign, which is
conjunction with his father, conquered the described to have been a more distinguished
Parthians, as the captive at his feet serves to species of veiitlum, or cavalry standard, and,
testify. Hence also on another silver coin of like the rest, was an object of
religious veneratiou
this ferocious prince, struck during the reign of amongst the soldiers, who paid it divine honours.
his scarcely less truculent sire, he is fondly That the Labarum dated its designation ns the
called Imperii Fe/icitas. imperial standard from an early period of the
Juventia ; this family is scarcely to be classed empire, is a supposition confirmed by a colonial
amongst those of the Romans. The colony of medal of Tiberius (dedicated to that Prince by
Ccrsar-Augusta exhibits on its coins the names of Cttsarea Augusta —
Saragozza), on w hich may
magistrates who bear the surname of Juventius. be remarked the form of tliat ensign. It was
For example the Luperci ivvent lvpehco originally a kind of square banner of purple
llviR. Juventio Luperco Ihiumeiro. bordered with gold fringe, attached to the upper
Juventns . —
See PRINCEPS IWENTVTIS. end of a long pike or spear on the drapery of
IX. Numeral marks —
as imp. ix. &c., on
;

this banner an eagle was painted, or embroidered,

coins of Augustus —
lmperator Non urn for the in gold tissue, and it was hoisted only when the
ninth time. Emperor was with the army. But Constantine,
 LABIEXUS. L. AELIUS CAESAR. 501
after having abandoned paganism, caused a against the Germans on the Rhine, where he
decided change to he made in the ornaments of fortified several towns ; but after a few mouths,
the labarum. The staff of the pike was crossed in the midst of his labours, he was treacherously
at a certain height by a piece of wood, forming slain by his troops,
the instigation of
at
a cross.
piece,
At the upper part, above this cross-
was fastened a brilliant crown of gold and
Victorious. — He is imp. c. vlp. cok.
styled
J.AELIANVS. p. f. avg. His gold and base silver
precious stones, iu the middle of which appeared are the rarest of all the coins struck by the
the monogram of Christ, formed by two Greek usurpers in the time of Gallienus. Those in
initials, X. P., joined together thus T) and third brass are also rare.
often accompanied by two other letters, A. “
Mr. Akerman, in his Descriptive Catalogue”
and Cl., placed on each side, indicating the belief (vol. ii. p. 63), observes —
“ The names of
:

of Our Saviour’s divinity, in the words of St. Laelianus, Lollianus, and Aelianus, are used
John’s Apocalypse, as noted in Eusebius’s Life indiscriminately by historians, who appear to
of Constantine. From the two arms of the apply them to the same personage, namely, the
cross-piece, hung the purple banner, richly usiu-per who assumed the purple in Gaul, during
ornamented with jewels and with gold embroidery. the reign of Postumus in that country but, ;
And, instead of the Roman Eagle, the former according to some coins, upon which the preno-
object of the soldiers’Constantine
idolatry, men is different, the above names belong to
caused the monogram of Christ to be placed on three different persons. The coins of Laelianus
the banner also. In the space between the are fully authenticated ; not so those ascribed to
crown and tjie flag, the Emperor placed his bust Lollianus and Aelianus.”
in gold, or those of his children. But this L. AELIVS CAESAR. Lucius Aelius Casar,
feature is not engraved on the medals. — Fifty sou of Annius, created Csesar by Hadrian, aud
chosen men were charged by him with the
appointment of carrying and defending this
adopted as his successor. —
See aelivs.
Laetitia, Joy, or Rejoicing, is personified on
sacred standard at the head of the army, when many Roman medals, and characterised by
commanded by the Emperor iu person, and were different attributes. This Latitia first occurs oil
thence called Labariferi. a gold coin of Antoninus Pius, struck in his fourth
The Labarum marked with the monogram of consulate (v.c. 902), under the figure of a woman,
Christ seen on coins of Constantine the Great,
is having corn-ears in her right hand and an apple
also of Constaus, of Jovianus, of Valentinianus, in her left and the same type is frequently
;

&c. A vexillum, or cavalry standard, resembling found, in subsequent reigns, engraved on Im-
the Labarum, appears on several colonial coins, perial coins, with various additions to the name,
such as Acci, Antiochia Pisidisc, Cacsar-Augusta, viz.,Latitia, Avg., Temporum,Publica,Fundata,
&c. —It is also found in the left hand of emperors, &c. Nor (says Eckhel), is there any room for
on some military figures, on coins of Nero, doubt but that sacred rites were publicly dedi-
Domitian, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, M. cated to her, the same as, on an ancient marble
Aurelius, Commodus, Sevenis, and other princes we read, were paid to Jucunditas :
anterior to Constantine, with whose family and GENIO IVCVNDITATI MVSIS FI.ORAEQ. S.
successors it appears on coins with the Christian On other coins she appears, sometimes holding
symbols to the end of the imperial scries. a sceptre or wand in one hand, and in the other
The Labarum, or at least the vexillum, is an a croton, because in public festal rejoicings the
attribute which accompanies the numismatic people were accustomed to wear crowns. Some-
personification of many of the
provinces, Roman times she holds a branch of a tree, because the
viz., Africa, under Diocletian, Maximian, verdure of boughs and branches delight the
Galerius, Constantius Chlorus. Armenia, under mind; on which account, during public occa-
Marcus Aurelius, and Lucius Verus. Britannia, sions of rejoicing, the houses and streets of
a
under Antoninus Pius, and Sept. Severus. city were ornamented with them.— On
some
Cappadocia, under Hadrian, and Antonine. medals Latitia holds an anchor, to shew that
Dacia, under Antonine, Philip sen., Trajanns the cause of hilarity was of a solid and lasting
Decius. Ilium, under Caracalla. Pannonia, kind. It is thus that we see her represented
on
under Aelius Cajsar. coins of Gordianus Pius, Philip senior,
Valerian,
LABIEN\S, a Roman
General under the Gallienus, Victorinus, Quintillus, Aurelian
and
Republic, surnamed Parthicus, for his hav- Severina, Tetricus, Floriauus, Probus, Carausius,
ing conquered the Parthiaus, is thus re- Allectus, Galerius. —
Sometimes Latitia is de-
corded on a denarius of the Atia family
LABIENVS PARTHICVS IMP erator.—Rev.
Q. :
— pictured standing, with a garland and a
rudder,
as on coins of Crispina, Lueilla, Severus,
A horse saddled and bridled. This coin is of — Caracalla, Elagabal us, A quilia, Alexander
Domna’
the first rarity in gold unique
: See Atia. —
.
Mresa, Philip senior, Tacitus, and
Severus,
Carinus.—
Laelianus (Tjtpius Cornelius), one of the On other medals she is seated with the same
usurpers in the time of Gallienus. He appears — attributes, as we see in the case of Philip senior
to have been of Spanish origin, and when — Sec Hilaritas.
Postumus was slain by his soldiers, he seized
upop the government atMaguntiacum, (Mayence, .

joicing— On
IV ^ DATs — ell founded re-
coins of Crispina and also of
in Germany), about a.d. 267. An active and Philip senior, with this inscription, a woman
very courageous man, he was distinguished for with a garland iu her right hand and in
her left ;
his military knowledge aud skill, and made head the rudder of a ship placed on a globe;
because.
502 LAETITIAE. LAODICAEA.
says Oiselius (Set. Num.), “ the pilots of vessels LAETITIAE C. V. S. P. Q. R. Laetiiia
direct their course firmly through the waves of Clipeum Vovit Senatus Populusq. Romania .

the ocean to the place of their destination.” This appears on a first and second brass of Corn-
LAETITIAE PVBLICAE— To Public Joy. modus.
—
Lanuvina. Juno with head covered with the
goat-skin, carrying spear and small shield, and
wearing shoes turned up at the toes. See Juno —
Sospita or Sispita.
Lanuvina, the virgin who, according to the
ancient Campania
fable, was yearly sent to offer
a food in its cave, represented on a
serpent
denarius of L. Papius Celsus, to shew his origin
from the city of Lanuvium. The same virgin —
is seen on coins of Papia and Roscia
the
families, offering food to a serpent, which is
raising itself in coils before her. A bronze —
medallion of Antoninus Pius, in the Mus. Pisan.
— Lmtitia stands with corn-cars in her right
i
exhibits a girl standing near a tree and feeding
hand and the hasta pura in her left : on first
a serpent folded round the trunk.
brass of Faustina jun. The Lanuvinian serpent, or dragon, coiled in
LAETITIA AVG. — On coins of Gallicnus,
folds, appears on coins of Poinponia and Papia
in all the three metals, this legend appears families, with the figure of a woman near it.
with type of a woman holding a garland and an Lanuvinium, or Lanuvium, also Lavinium,
anchor, struck by order of that voluptuous, a municipal and colonial city of Campania,
heartless, and emperor, when his
eccentric whose temples were restored by Antoninus Pius.
father Valerian was actually groaning under the LAOCOON, with his two sons, entwined in
cruel and ignominious captivity of the Persians. the folds of serpents, appears on the reverse of
— According to Pollio, “ Gallieuus, aware a contorniate medal (in the Imj>crial Museum at
that Macrianus and his children had been Vienna), having on the obverse the head of
slain, and that his father was still a pri- Nero, and the legend imp. neko Caesar avg.
soner to Sapor, in fancied security against con- Laodicea Syria (now called Ladkcyah or
sequences, abandoned himself to lewd plea- Lafakia), a maritime city situated on a peninsula
sures, gave public games, aud invited the people towards Phoenicia, and possessed of cue of the
as if days of victory to festivity and re-
in finest harbours. It was founded by Seleucus
joicing.” —Sometimes the legend of Latilia Nicator (one of the most powerful of Alexander’s
Augusti (Joy of the Emperor) has for its accom- generals, and the first of the Selcucidie, Kings
panying type a galley at sea, with rowers pro- of Syria). It afterwards received many favours
pelling it, and the Emperor standing at the helm :
from Ciesar, and in conscqucucc took the name
as on gold, silver, aud brass coins of Postumus. of Julia, about a. v. c. 707, from which time

LAETITIA COS. IIII.

it dates its new epoeha (before Christ 48). It —
struck both Autonomous and Greek Imperial
Two female figures stand- coins. The former offer the head of Alexander I.,
ing together one holding
;

corn-ears, the other a globe.

Bala, King of Syria. —
An Imperial Greek of
Hadrian bears the name of Aradus, in token of
On a gold coin of Anto- its alliance with that island but it was not till
;

ninus Pius.
the reign of Sept. Sevcrus that this Laodicea
became a Roman Colony. By the same Emperor
LAETITIA TEMPORVM. —
A galley with it was constituted a Metropolis, and invested
sail spread, about which quadriga are running ;
with the privilege of striking coins with Imtiu
and many animals. —
This unusual type, on the legends, which it exercised under his reign,

reverse of a gold coin of Sept. Sevcrus, serves (including his Empress Julia Domna), and
to illustrate a passage in Dio, wherein that continued to considerable numbers,
do so in

writer referring to various spectacles, exhibited under the succeeding reigns of Caracalla, Geta,
by the above Emperor on his return from the Macrinus, Diadumcnianus, Klngabnlus, Philip
East, and in which a great many wild beagts scuior,Trebonianus Gallus, and Valerian senior ;
were killed, says
— “ A receptacle w-as built for on which were inscribed col. SEP. aur. i.aod.
them in the amphitheatre, constructed in the metro. Colonia Scp/imia Aurelia Laodicea
form of a ship, so that 150 (c. d.) wild beasts Metropolis.The name of Scptimia being adopted
might be received into it, in memory of its benefactor Sevcrus, and the
and at the same time be at former name of Julia abandoned.
once sent forth from it. Vaillaut has uot enumerated any colonial
,
The ship suddenly falling to medals of Laodicea in Syria ad mare, struck
pieces, there issued out of it under S. Sevcrus. But Pcllcrin has supplied
bears, lionesses, panthers, that omission by giving engravings of three fine
lions, &c” — A gold coin of large brass of this colony dedicated to that
Caracalla here engraved j
emperor, viz. :

has also the same reverse. I 1.— IMP. CAES. L. SP. SEVERO AVG.
 LAODICEA. LAODICEA. 503
T. IVL. AVG. M.C. —Radiated head of Severus, quiver which hangs at her back, and holding
joined with that of Julia Domna. — It is judged the bow in her left.
that this legend should be IMPeratori
read [The Laodiccans of Syria, from the variety
CAESari L urio SeP timio SEVEUO AVG usto of coins which they dedicated to Elagabalus,
e T. 1 V Lia AVG ustce M atri Castrorum. a native of that country, seem to have been
2.
Reverse —
SEP. LAOD., that is to say,
. among the first who proclaimed him Emperor.
SFjV/imia LAOD icea
3.
—
Jupiter seated, holds a
. They selected Diana as the type of
this reverse,
Victory in one hand, and rests his other hand doubtless, on account of her being the object of
on a sj>car. Under his chair is an eagle, llcfore supreme worship in their city, as Lampridius
him is a table, on which is a large urn. records, in noticing her image placed in the
—
Ou the second medal arc the same legend adytum, a most secret and sacred place of her
and portraits outhe obverse and on the reverse ;
temple there.]
a figure of Silcnus standing. Diana also appears on a small brass of Philip
—The third coin has the single head of senior, standing with bow and arrow in her
Severus on its obverse; and on the reverse ANT. hands, and with two stags at her feet, one on
AVG. GET. CAE. —Caraealla and Geta joining each side; those animals being sacred to her,
hands. as Apollodius affirms. —
In this medal the goddess
The following are also amongst the types of appears with the tutulus on her head, and clothed
this colony, as given in Yaillaut :
in a long tunic. —
ii. p. 162.

Temple —
On a second brass of Caraealla,
. —
Tarreted head. On a small brass of Elaga-
which bears the legend of col. i.aodiceas balus is the turreted head of a female, with
metropoleos, and the initials A. E. ; in the the legend laodiceon. —
On another of the
field of the coin an eagle, with its wings
j
same size, is the same head, placed within
spread, stands within a temple of two columns a temple of two columns in each are the
:

sunnounted by a dome. The same reverse — J

letters A. E.
appears ou a coin of Elagabalus. [The eagle in
the temple is considered by Yaillant as referring
— [Vaillant gives what appear to be sufficient
reasons for regarding this type as representing
to Jupiter rather than to the llomau empire. the Genius of the City, and not one of the Dii
ii. 38.] majorum gentium, such as Pallas and Diana, as
In Vaillant’s work there is only one medal l’atin seems to consider it. ii. 82.] —
of this colony inscribed to Caraealla. Pellerin, — Wrestlers. —
On a small coin of the same
however, speaks of no less than ten others Emperor are two naked Athletce wrestling.
struck under the same emperor. Among the Legend laodeceon
more remarkable of these he mentions those that [These male figures indicate certain certamina
have for their legend aeternvm bexeficivm, or public sports celebrated at Laodicea. On
and for their type a measure full of corn-cars such occasions the competitors for the prize
also those attributed to this city which repre- were stripped of every particle of clothing, and
sent the wolf suckling Romulus and Remus, being previously annointed with ccroma (oil
with the legend ROMAE
EEL. mixed with wax), they contended together with
—
Laurel Crown. A small brass, inscribed to mutual grappling and lifting, whilst each
Geta as Osar, bears for legend sept. col. endeavoured to give the other “a flooring.”
laod. Metro. Sept i mia Colonia, &c., within Hercules was, according to Pausanias, the re-
a laurel wreath. puted institutor of the Olympic games. There —
[Laodicea, as has been already remarked, are colonial medals of Caraealla which inform
computed a new era from the times of Severus, us that the certamina o/ympia were perfonned
to whom, the cause of Pescennius,
deserting at Tyre ; and this coin shews the probability of
this city adhered, during the brief but bloody the same contests having been celebrated* at
struggle of those two ambitious men for the Laodicea. —
ii. 83.]

imperial throne. The consequence was that Woman, with a tutulated or turreted head,
Pescennius treated her with the greatest stands holding in her right hand an eagle, and in
oppression and cruelty. But as soon as he was her left a rudder, on a small brass of Philip
slain, Laodicea was invested with the colonial senior ;
on another the same female figure ex-
privileges ofwhich Severus had instantly stripped tends her hand but without the eagle ; and on a
the people of Antioch, who had sided with his third she appears sitting on the rudder, holding
rival. As Antioch, however, was afterwards the handle of it in her right hand. The legend —
pardoned by Severus, he, as if by way of com- of the reverse, on all three coins, is col. laod.
pensation, made Laodicea a colony, and amongst or LAODICEON METROPOI.EOS.
other great privileges allowed it to assume [The woman delineated in these different ways
Metropolis for its second title. The laurel — represents the city of Laodieea, and is the
wreath alludes to the victory gained by Severus Genius loci, adorned w ith towers as if strongly
over the Parthians, and on which account the fortified ;
bears a ship’s rudder, to indicate its
title of Cicsar was conferred upon Geta by his maritime site,and its possession of a directing
father — ii. p. 57.] influence. As a Roman colony, the Genius
— On
|

Diana. middle brass of Elagabalus

a of Laodicea holds an eagle, the symbol of
(ii. 82), this goddess in her character and i
Rome. (The port of the city appears, from
costume of huntress stands in the attitude of I the description given of its ruins by Shaw,
drawing with her right hand an arrow from the to have been spacious and well sheltered.)
504 LAODICEA. LAODICEA.
The Genius being seated on the rudder (an second brass of Philip junior, inscribed to him
unusual mode of representation) argues the by the Laodiceans.
tranquil state of the colony ;
for Laodicea re- Lapis, a stone, was with certain oriental
posed awhile after peace had been entered into by nations of antiquity a symbol of divinity.
Philip with the Persians, who, occupying part (Jobert, i. p. 394 —423.) —A stone shaped in
of Mesopotamia, threatened Syria herself, and the form of a cone, or of a pyramid, and placed
therefore the city, in congratulation, inscribed in a temple, was the type of Venus. And
these coins to the Emperor. ii 168.] — under this lapidary form Jupiter himself appears
Woman standing with tutulus on her head to have been worshipped, and was hence called
and clothed in the tunic, places her right hand Jupiter Lapis. (Bimard, i. p 423.) A huge —
on the tiller of a ship’s rudder, and in her ex- stone in the form of a mount, and placed in a
tended left baud holds two small images. car, was the representative of the Sun, whom
[The personification of Laodicea here supports Elagabalus worshipped, and by whom this type
the small statues of Trebouianus Gallus and his was impressed on silver coins, with the legend
son Volusiauus, as if those two princes were the of conservator avo. and sanct. dei. soli,
Genii of the city, in like manner as on coins of —
elagabal. See those inscriptions.
Phillipopolis, Rome seated is seen bearing in Lares, household gods, who were supposed
her hand the images of the Philips, father and to take care of both house aud land ; and hence
son. —ii. 214.] the Latins called them Dii familiares. Each
—
SUenus. On a first brass of Trebonianus tutelary deity, chosen by a family, received this
Gallus, struck by the Laodiceans, Silenus appears appellation. They were at first worshipped on
in his usual posture and with his usual attributes, the domestic hearth (focus), but afterwards in a
the right hand uplifted, and the goat-skin bag particular chapel or oratory named the Lararium.
on his left shoulder. The Lares were commonly represented under
[This type shews that the deified tutor and the figure of twins in the age of adolescence;
associate of Bacchus was worshipped at Lao- still oftener as young men, between whom was

dicea. — ii. 215.] placed a dog, the usual house-guard. There —

Wolf suckling Romulus and Remus. —This was a more than ordinary display of superstition
type appears on a second brass of this colony among the Romans with regard to the Lares.
struck under Macrinus, omitted in Vaillant, but They were crowned with flowers, and at each
engraved in Pcllerin (Mel. i. pi. xviii. No. 11), meal a portion of the victuals was served to
with legend of reverse EEL also ROMAE — them, no one daring to touch it but it was ;

on a very fine first brass of Diadumcnianus, not burnt in honour of them. Slaves on their
noticed in Vaillant, but given in l’lauch. xix. of emancipation consecrated their chains to the
the Melange tom. i. No. 2. Lares and youths arrived at manhood, dedi-
Women with turreted heads. On a large — cated to these household gods the symbols of
brass of Elagabalus struck in this colony, the their minority that is to say, the golden bulla
;

reverse presents for legend col. i.aod. Metro- as children they had worn on their breast.
poleos, and for type a group of six figures, the Youug women did the same when they married.
centre one of which represents a woman with The Lares were considered to be the guardians
towers on her head, seated, having the figure of of the cross-ways. And Augustus, according
a river god at her feet. Four other females to Ovid in the Fasti, decreed that, at the com-
standing, two on each side of the middle one, mencement of spring, the cross- ways (compita)
have the like turreted ornaments on their heads, should he adorned with chaplets of flowers.
and have their faces turned towards the woman A denarius of the Casia family (see the
who is seated. In the field of the coin are the word, p. 197), on one side of which appears
letters A E. —This remarkable and elegant medal the image of the God Vejovis, represented
is described in Pclleriu’s Melange ,
T. i. pi. xix. in the manner in which Aulus Gellius de-
No. 7. scribes it at Rome near the capitol with the ;

—
Quadriga. On a second brass of Laodicea letters ap. (Argentum Publicum) iu monogram.
struck under the same emperor, is another re- — On the reverse of this rare silver coin, we
markable reverse, allusive to the stone worship see the legend of l. caesi and the type consists
;

introduced by that Syrian priest of the Sun of two juvenile figures with spears, seated
into the city of Rome. The reverse CO Lon or together, each with helmets on, the upper part
SEPri'mia 'Laodicea and the type, a car drawn
;
of their bodies naked the lower part clothed ;
;

by four horses, on which is the image of the with a dog between them, and above them the
God Elagabalus represented under the symbol bust of Vulcan, with forceps. Iu the field on
—
,

of a round conical formed stone. This also is one side is la. on the other he., both iu
engraved in Pellerin’s Melange pi. xix. No. 8. —
monogram which put together makes lare ;
For further explanation of the type see con- and which fully warrants the supposition that
servator. avo. of Elagabalus. the Vejovis on the obverse was a god chosen as
Table, with urn and palms. On a second — Lar or special protector of L. Cassius, who
brass of Gordiamis Pius, with legend col. 1

caused the medal to be struck.

iieliop. is a table on which is placed a large I This reverse exhibits in the seated youths two
urn, containing three palm brauches. — Pellerin, I
of the Lares, whose domestic and familiar
Mel. i. pi No. 11.
xx. guardianship has just been adverted to; and to
Colonist at plough . —This type appears on a I
these household gods the head of Vulcan is
 LARGITIO. LAUREA CORONA. 505
appropriately conjoined, because the focus or ceded, and of what rights it consisted, Birnard
hearth, whose protection was religiously assigned de la Bastie, in his notes on Jobert, has shewn
to the Lares, was moreover sacred to the God in a very able and diffuse inquiry.
of Fire ( Volcanos The figure of a dog seated Latium, or the country of the Latins ;
a
between them and domestic
refers to the fidelity region of Italy, between the Tiber and the plains
habits of that animal. The composition and of Circe, a city of the Volscian territory
union of such objects as these was not of rare Lavinium, a city of Latium, built, according
occurrence among the Romans, as the following to Servins, by Lavinius, brother to Latinus,
words of Ovid very illustratively shew : King of the Latins, under whose reign iEneas
Pnestitibus Maine Laribus videre Kalends:
landed in Italy. —
For an interesting illustration
Aram signaque parva deum
constitui,
of the story of the arrival of riiucas on the
At canis ante pedes saxo fabricatus codem shore of Latium, see JEneas.
Stabat. Qua: standi cum Lare causa fuit ? Laurea corona, the laurel crown, among the
Servat uterque domuin, domino quoque, fidus uterque, Romans, was rightly conferred only on those
Compita grata deo, compita grata cani. who had acquired pro-consular dignity ; nor was
Exagitant et Lar, et turba Diania fures, itgranted even to the Ccesars, unless they had
l’ervigilantquc Lares, pervigilantque canes.
been invested with the title of Emperor.
Bina gemellorum qmerebam signa deorum. .
Respecting the laurel crown of Julius Casar, Sue-
Fasti. Lib. v. 1. 129.
tonius (in his “ Life” of him, c, 45) says :
“ He
In Bandelot de Dai real's curious work entitled
|
manifested much impatience under the blemish
Be I'utilite des Voyages , vol. i. p. 171, the |
of baldness, which often exposed him to the
medal in question is given, with some learned !
jest of malicious detractors. It was on this
remarks on the Lares and Penates of the account that he was desirous to remedy the
Romans. deficiency of hair on his head ; and of all the
LARGITIO, a bountiful largess. —This word, honours decreed to him by the Senate and
indicative of the Liberalitas Imper atorum, people, there was none which he more readily
occurs on a brass medallion of Constantius II. received or more freely availed himself of, than
(son of Constantinus Magnus), on the obverse the jus laurea perpetuo gestanda — the privilege
of which is d. n. constantivs p. p. avg. and ;
of perpetually wearing the laurel.— This state-
on the the Emperor, crowned with a ment is confirmed by Dion Cassius (L. xliii.)
tiara,
reverse,
between two figures standing, the
sitting
—
who observes, speaking of Julius “Always
one hclmeted and in a military dress, the other and everywhere he wore the laurel crown,
wearing a radiated crown, and extending the with which he covered his head, becanse he
right hand to Coustautius, from whom it appears —
was bald.” The laurel crown', as the prin-
to be receiving something —
with the epigraph cipal ornament of Augusti, is seen for the most
of LARGITIO. part on Roman coins, tied with a kind of
The learned differ in their explanations of ribband, which they employed in place of a
this very rare medallion. —
Eckliel, however, diadem, although that specially royal emblem was
adopts, and apparently on the better grounds, itself not placed on the head of an Emperor.
the opinion of Gori, the Florentine numismatist, Augustus, after the example of Julius, by
that Constantinople is persouified by the type of whom he was adopted, frequently allowed the
the woman with radiated head that the female laurea corona to be assigned him. Referring
:

with a helmet is intended to represent Ancient to this point Dion (L. xlix.) says
— “ By
Rome ; and that the whole relates to donations unanimous consent, at Rome, among other
on an extensive scale distributed to the troops honours, this also was decreed to him ut semper
aud people by Constantius. The word largitio lauro coronaretur.” — Hence, on many of his
is introduced in this instance for the first time coins we see the laurel encircling his head.
on coins, instead of the Liberalitas, and the And the same author affirms (L. liii.) that,
Congiarium, previously in use. “ Iu fact (adds in addition to numerous honours already con-
Eckhel) this was the term peculiar to the period ferred on Augustus, it was ordained by the
in question, whence the expression Comites Senate and people that laurel trees should be
privatarum, or sacrarum largitionum, &c.” planted in front of his palace, and oaken crowns
[vol. viii. p. 117 .] —
See abvndantia libe- — suspended on them, as though he were the
ralitas. perpetual conqueror of the enemies, and saviour
Larices, larch trees. —
For the fable of three of the citizens of the republic.”
nymphs, sisters of Phaeton, changed into these In memory of this Senatorial decree, a gold
trees, see Accoleia. coin was struck, having on the obverse the
LARISCOLYS, surname of the Accoleii, naked head of Augustus, with the legend of
from the abundance of the larch tree. p. CAESAR cos. VII. civibvs servateis, and on
accoleivs lariscolvs, whose name appears the reverse the words avgvstvs s. c. with the
on a denanus of the Accoleia family, is believed type of an Eagle, whose wings are expanded,
to have been appointed monetal triumvir by and who stands on an oaken crown, behind
Julius Caesar. —
which are two branches of laurel. A denarius
LAT. otherwise LATI. Latienus one of of the Caninia family bears a type which
the prenomina of Postumus senior. alludes to the same event.
Latii jus. —
To what regions, states, and The s. c. observes Eckhel, in this coin,
cities, the privilege of this Latin law w as con- r “ shews both Ciesar called Augustus, Senatus
3 T
506 LAUREA CORONA. LAURENTIA NICA.
Consul to, and by the same law decreed the Probus, Licinius, and Julian the Apostate. The —
oaken wreath and the laurels. Illustrating the laurel branch in the hand of Apollo is a
voice of Pliny, that Augustus having put an frequent type on coins of Trajan, Caracalla,
end to the civil wars of Rome, accepted a Trebonianus Gallus, Volusianus, iEmilianus,
civic crown from the human race.” vol. vi. — Valerianus, Gallicnus, Quiutillus.
p. 58. L. AVREL. Lucius Aurelius. —Sec Corn-
Dion further mentions that after the death modus.
of Drums, Augustus carried the laurel into L. AVREL. COMMOD. GERM. SARM.
the temple of Jupiter Feretrius, prater con- Lucius Aurelius Commodus Germanicus Sar-
suetudinem Romanam, and that ascending to maticus.
the capital, he took otf the laurel from the LAVRENTIA NICA.— Amongst the Con-
fasces and placed it on the lap of Jupiter. toruiate medals described by Eckhel from the
L. liv. Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, is one bearing on
The head of Tiberius likewise occurs, on its obverse the head and superscription of Nero
coins, adorned with a crown formed of laurel, and on its reverse the above legend. The type
which sign of the highest rank is known to represents an instrument, composed of pipes
have devolved to him from Julius Ciesar him-
self, although it is also known that he wore it

as a preservative against danger from lightning,

conformably to “a vulgar error” of the ancients,
which even Pliny adopts, and which encouraged
the belief that the electric fluid never struck the
laurel. His predecessor and relative Augustus
is said to have had the same dread of thunder,
and to have worn the laurel for the same reason.
The numismatic portraits of succeeding emperors
are crowned with laurel, generally tied rouud
the head with a fascia or tillct, of which the
ends hang down behind.
The laurealed ornament of the Imperial head
does not appear beyond the reign of Constantine.
It is indeed found as far down as on coins of ranged in regidar order, joined together, and
his son, accompanied with the title of Caesar descending in size, as the pipes of Pan are
but afterwards the Augusti assumed the diadem, represented. Near it stands the figure of a man
the use of which Constantine had already intro- holding out something similar to a fan. The
duced, as may be seen ou the chief portion of legend expresses a wish that Laurcntius (the
their coins. —-See Diadem. organ player) may succeed or conquer.
Upon a medal of Probus we see the laurel All the learned, in explaining this and similar
between two Victories. The laurel appears in medals (of which Havercamp has given engrav-
the hands of Pietas, of Securitas, of C/ementia, Nummis Conlomiatis),
ings in his Dissertatio de
on medals of Tiberius, of Helena, wife of Con- agree iu pronouncing the type in question to be
stantius Chlorus, Ac. Two laurels before the tiiat of a musical organ, thus exhibiting the
paflace of the Emperor Augustus are given image of a machine already known to the
amongst others by Oisclius, plate 92. —The ancients, and which serves also in our age for
laurel is also to be remarked on coins of the various uses. This organ was also of two kinds,
Asia, Caninia, Claudia, Cornelia, and Junia the hydraulic, which was worked by water, and
families and tbc Emperors Augustus, Nero,
;
the pneumatic, in w hich bellows, or a ball filled
Vespasian, Domitian, Nerva, Ac. The same with wiud (follis) was employed. Of the former
type also exhibits itself on coins of Trajan, more frequent mention is made by ancient
Caracalla, Trcboniauus Gallus, Volusinnus, authors.
— “ Nero,” says Suetonius (in allusion
JSmilianus, Valerianus, Gallicnus, and Quiutillus, to the eccentric manner in which that prince
The branch of laurel is sometimes in the hand trifled away time which ought to have been
of another figure, but often in the hands of the devoted to state affairs), “ Nero, at the sug-
Emperor. gestion of those who were now really his
The laurel crown is observable on coins of greatest enemies, spent the principal part of the
colonics, families, and emperors, from Julius day in shewing the first men of the city certain
Ciesar to Honorius, sometimes by itself, some- hydraulic instruments (organa of a novel and
times containing an inscription within it at ; hitherto unknown description.” —
Testimony of
others with the addition of emblems or placed . a more definite kind, adds Eckhel, is to be
—
;

on the head of a figure. The laurel in the [

found on this subject in Thcodorctus (de Pro-
band of Victory, or of Jove, of Minerva, and vident. Oral. 3.) For it was, says that writer,
other figures appears ou coins of the Cordia, |
“ of the same construction as the organ com-
Julia, and Sallust in families and in the Imperial
; posed of brass tubes (or trumpets), and blown
series on those of Claudius, Nero, Vespasian, into by bellows, which when put in motion by
Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus, Caracalla, Ac. the fingers of the player produces those har-
The laurel in the beak of an eagle appears on monic modulations.”
coins of the Emperors Geta, Macrinus, Gallicnus, It would seem that the hydraulic were on
 LECTISTERNIUM. LECTISTERNIUM.— LEGEND. 507
a small, what the pneumatic organs were on a eagle on hand and a hasta in his
larger scale.
—
“ Athenseus (observes Millin) in left. —
his right
The same deity is in like manner figured
the chapter wherein he treats of musical instru- on a coin of Pergamus. By Jupiter’s side a
ments, speaks of an hydraulic organ, and in a woman is seated, and there is also a young man
way which proves that it was sufficiently small who seems to wait at table.
*
to be capable of beiug transported from place to Lectisternium. —
We also see this represented
place like the hand organs of our Savoyards. on medals of Marcus Aurelius, Lucilla, Alexander
The same passage informs us that the people Severus, and Philip senior, whereon Fortune,
were in extacy when at a fair they heard un- Isis, or some other female figure is seated. On —
expectedly an instrument of this description.” a coin of Nero, there is upon this prepared bed
L. CAN. Lucias Caninius. — Name and pre- of honour a woman who offers food out of a
nomen of a man. small vase to a serpent. —
Some authors consider
L. D. —
Letters inscribed on tablets, exhibited this figure to be meant for Hygcea ; others refer
in a denarius of the Coelia family, to signify the type to Agrippina, mother of Nero, who
the words Libero Damno, in giving votes at was desirous of passing with the Roman people for
elections. — i,n, a mint-mark, Lugdunum. —
Hygcia Salutaris the health-giving Goddess.
LE. Lepidus, On the medals of Vespasian, Titus, Domitian,
Lectisternium, a species of sacrifice, at &c., there are lectisterns on which a thunderbolt
which, in times of great public calamity, the is placed. Several coins of the Elder Faustina
Gods themselves were invited to a solemn feast. present a lectistern, wr ith a peacock having its
Their statues were taken from their pedestals, tail spread, and the hasta pura, or sceptre of

and they were laid on pulvinaria, or lecti., that divinity. These medals evidently refer to the
is to say, on beds prepared purposely for their apotheosis of that Empress, the wife of Anto-
reception in the temples, with pillows under ninus, indicated sometimes by the word ivnoni
their heads, and in this posture they were each reginae, in others by that of consecratio.
day of the festival served with a magnificent A coin of Faustina the younger, in first brass,
banquet, which the priests never failed to saecvli felicit. s. c., has for its type a
clear away in the evening. There were tables lectistern, on w'hich are seated two young
set out in all the different quarters of the city,
to which every one, without distinction, was
admitted. The festival, whilst it lasted, was a
signal for reconciliation, and an occasion of
universal good-will, in which enemies were
treated as friends, and liberty was given to all
prisoners and captives. This ceremony was
appointed by the order of magistrates called
Quindecemvin sacris faciendis, and the feast
was prepared by those who went under the
appellation of Septemviri epulones, or Epulones.
The first celebration of the kind was held by
Duumvirs, in the year 356, after the foundation
of Rome. —
Livy (in his xxii. book, cap. x.) gives
an account of the most splendid leclisternia, children, viz., Commodus and Annius Verus,
reckoning in them the twelve principal cities. who were twins. The same legend Saeculi
Turn lectisternium, says he, per triduum Felicitas (the happiness of the age) occurs also
habitum decemviris sacrorum curantibus ; sex in silver. —
On a coin of Septimius Severus
pulvinaria in conspectu fuere: Jovi et Junoni appear the lectisternium and the corona laurea,
unum ; alterum Neptuno ac Minerva; ; tertium both of them insignia of the Emperor’s con-
Marti et Veneri, quartum Apollini ac Diana secration.
quint um Vulcano et Vesta; sextum Mercurio LEG. Legatus, a Lieutenant or Deputy.
et Cereri. —The word lectisternium signifies the eg. avg. pr. r.
l, LEGatus AXGusti P ro-
act of making or preparing beds. It is derived Vratore. Lieutenant of the Emperor for the
from lectus, a bed, and sternere, to raise, Pnctor.
prepare, spread. The word also designates LEG. Legio, the Roman Legion.
sometimes the bed itself, on which was placed Legend. — By this appellation numismatists
the statue of the divinity in honour of whom the distinguish the words engraved on coins around
above-mentioned ceremony of the lectistcm was heads and types, from the inscription which, on
celebrated. —
A true representation of a lecti- the contrary, is an assemblage of wwds that hold,
sternium, with the recumbent figure of Jupiter in the area, or middle, of the medal, the place
upon it, is seen on a denarius of the Coelia of a type. After this distinction, it may he
family, with the inscription l. cai.dvs virviR said that each medal bears two legends, that of
Epvl. Septemvir Epulonum —
In further numis-
. the head and that of the reverse. The former
matic illustration of this subject, it may be generally serves no other purpose than to make
mentioned that a medal of Caracalla’s, struck known the personage represented, by his proper
by the colony of Sinope (c. I. a. v. sinop.) name, by his offices, or by certain surnames
on a lectisternium,
exhibits in the attitude of lying which his alleged good qualities have assigned
Jupiter, who has a calathus on his head, an for him. The second is destined to publish.
3 T 2
 508 LEGEND. LEGEND.
whether justly or unjustly, his virtues and his Philip senior, there
is this legend, pax FVNTUTA
tine actions or to perpetuate the remembrance
; cvm persis (Peace concluded with the Persians);
of advantages derived through his means to the by which that Emperor has left us a monument
empire ; and also of the glorious monuments of the pacific treaty which he made' with the
which serve to dedicate his name to immortality.
Sometimes great actions are expressed on medals,
people of that powerful monarchy. The legends —
of some
coins shew', as has already been hinted,
either in a natural manner, or by symbols, the professed attachment of certain princes
which the legend explains. It is thus that on for particular deities. For example, we become
a medal of Trajan, which shews that prince acquainted with the marked veneration of
putting the crown on the head of the Parthian Numerianus for Mercury, from the circumstance
King, we find the legend to he rex partuis of several medals of that Emperor exhibiting on
dat vs. (a King given to the Parthians). On their reverse the legend PIETAS AY Oust
i,
the other hand, by a symbol, the victories of
Julius and of Augustus in Egypt are repre-
round a figure of Mercury. —Jupiter was
the tutelary deity of Diocletian ; and we see
sented by a crocodile chained to a palm-tree, on medals of that prince the legends of
with the words aegypto capta.
:
IOVI co.nservatori iovi propvgnatori (to
;

A considerable number of legends arc only j

Jupiter the Preserver; to Jupiter the Defender).

the explanations of symbols which form the This Emperor also took the surname of Jovius.
types of medals, intended to proclaim the — Gordianus Pius, having gained a battle by the
virtues of priuces, together with certain events firmness of his soldiers, who would not abandon
of their life, the honours decreed to them, the their position, caused a medal to be struck
services rendered by them
the state, the to which has for its legend iovi statori. The
monuments of their glory, the deities they good fortune of the Roman Emperors is often
|

professed in an especial manner to worship, and recorded, in a dedicatory form, on their coins.
from whom they believed, or pretended to believe, j

'llie names of particular legions are also re-

that they had received particular protection. I
corded in the legends of medals which likewise
The legend of a medal, therefore, is (so to I
make known the names of public games, the
speak) the key to its type, which without it ‘
vows for the Emperors ; their titles, alliances,
would sometimes be with difficulty explained. adoptions, &c. It is by means of these legends
Amongst Roman medals, the types of those of that we also ascertain how long their gratitude
the Emperors are always studiously chosen,
first lasted, who, having received the empire from
and applied from some motive which the legend their father, or from their predecessor who had
|

reveals to us. In the lower empire, on the adopted them, soon afterwards quitted the name
contrary, the same types and the same legends and quality of son, which they had at first most
—
|

are continually and without discrimination re- eagerly assumed. Trajan began his reign by
curring under all the Emperors. The legends joining to his own name that of Ncrva, whose
|

which express the benefits conferred on the successor he was by adoption. Sometimes, how-
cities, and spread over the provinces of the ever, cither ambition or vanity
!
prompted certain
empire, are generally very short and simple; emperors to retain and even to assume the names
|

without being on that account the less mag- I

of princes, whose memory was cherished by the
nificent; such as conservator vrbis svae (the people. Accordingly we find that of Antoninus
saviour of his city)
— kestitvtor vrbis
;

hispaniae gali.iae, &c. (the Prince who has

— \
used by six Emperors down to Elagabalus. The
circumstance of this name having become
re-established the City, Spain, Gaul, &c.) i common to several princes, has indeed occa-
;

saevs generis humani (the safety of the j

much
sioned difficulty in numismatic researches.
human exvperator omnivm gentivm
race) ; The natural position of the legend is along
(the conqueror of all the nations) ; roma the round of the medal, within the engrailed
kenascens (Rome reviving), &c. The par- |
ring, commencing from left to right there are ;

ticular acts of public benefit conferred by the instances also in w hich it is read from right to
reigning prince are sometimes more distinctly left and even where it is partly to the left,
|
;

expressed in the legends of Imperial medals, as partly to the right. Some legends appear only
—Legends
I

HEMISSA dvcentesima. also oeca- [

on the exergue (see the word) or upon two ;

sionally point to events peculiar to a province, parallel lines, one above the type, the other at
when they are represented only by ordinary j

the bottom sometimes they are placed across

;
|

symbols, such as a military' trophy, a figure of I at other times saltier- wise.

Victory, &c. At other times the legend speci-
fically indicates the victory and over whom it
LEG. Legio. —
Legion, the body of soldiers
thus named by the Romans, was composed of
was gained. Thus on a medal of Claudius the I
cavalry and infantry', but the number of which
legend tells us of the glorious reception which it consisted differed considerably at
J
different
the soldiers of his army gave to that Emperor. cpochas. Under the republic, the legions were
In the same manner, the unusual mark of favour commanded by one of the consuls, and by their
shewn to Nero, whilst he was ns yet only lieutenants. Under the emperors they were
Princeps Juventutis (Prince of the Roman commanded by a prefect us exercituum. In the
Youth), in admitting him a member of all the earliest ages of Rome, when the number of
sacerdotal colleges a fact which has been pre-
is the legion did not exceed three thousand foot-
served by the legend Sacerdos co-optat us in soldiers, there were only three tribunes in each.
omnia collegia supra numerum. — In a coin of 1

But when afterwards the legion was augmented

 LEGIONS. LEGIONS. 509
to four thousand and five thousand, that of the Roman coins exhibit the number of the legions
tribunes was carried to six ;
and on a further no further than the twenty-second the seven
:

increase to six thousand infantry, the number of following are not mentioned ou them. But
tribunes was increased again, even to sixteen. the thirtieth is again found on medals of Severus,
Each manipu/us or division of two hundred of Gallienus, of Victorinus, and Carausius.
men, had for its chief an officer named Some of these intermediate legions are, how-
ducenarius and he who commanded a ever, recorded in lapidary inscriptions.
century, or one hundred men, was called a Legions were, after Augustus’s time, some-
centurion. Each legion had for its general times designated by the same number. Thus
“
ensign an eagle with stretchcd-out wings.-1- |
there were three third legions,” distinguished
The cavalry which belonged to each legion bore from each other by the surnames of Gal/ica,
the name of al<e, because usually placed on its Cyrenaica, and Augusta also two “ sixth
flanks it formed its wings. It was divided into legions,” the one called Victrix, and the other
ten parts, called turma, as many as there were Ferrata. The Emperor Gatba raised a Legio
cohorts. The cavalry of the Roman armies Prima, surnamed Adjutrix, although Nero had
were heavily armed but made no use of spears,
;
already formed a first legion, called Italica.
and had only flat saddles. —
Among the Roman With regard to the probable motives which
legionaries under the republic there was no light led to the inscription of legions on Roman
cavalry ;
was a species of force known only
it medals, it may
be observed that not only Mark
among the auxiliary troops.But the Emperors Antony and Clodius Macer but in later times
;

established troops of light horse under the name Septimius Severus and other Emperors were, in
of sagittarii or archers, armed only with
,
certain periods of their career, dependent in a
sword, bow, and quiver of arrows. When great measure for their very existence on the
the legions had gained a victory, the Roman favour of the troops, whom they thus sought
eagles were adorned with laurels, and so were to conciliate. —
On colonial coins, the legions
the standards of the cavalry, and the ensigns were numerically cited, either in consequence
ou which the portrait of the Emperor was of certain veterans belonging to these legions
placed, and before w hich perfumes w'ere burnt, having been sent by some of the emperors into
as a religious ceremony. those cities or because the particular legions so
;

The Legions were distinguished by the order marked happened to be stationed there. Accord-
in which they W'ere respectively raised, as prima, ingly, on coins of Emerita (now Merida in Por-
secunda, tria, (leg. I. II. III.) &c. —
Previous to tugal), we see leg. v. and LEG. x., correspond-
the time of Mark Antony, no mention is made ing with the fact adduced by Dion Cassius, that
of the Legions on Roman coins. The thirtieth a colony of old Legionaries was established in
(leg. xxx.) is the last noted on the denarii of that Lusitanian city by Augustus. The coins of
that Triumvir. The series up to xx. is perfect. Viminiacum record the Fourth and Seventh
From that to the thirtieth there are several gaps. Legions (LEGiones IV. and VII.) as having been
The twenty-fifth, the twenty-eighth, and the placed there. —
From the same cause the coins
twcuty-ninth are not to be found on coins. The of the Dacian province present to us Legions V.
twenty-seventh appears, indeed, ou one medal, and XIII. ; and those of Egypt LEGzo II.
but its genuineness is not authenticated. The Traiana —
(the Second Trajanian Legion.)
twenty-second, snrnamed Primigenia, is found Legions derived their peculiar appellations
—
on coins of Carausius. Besides the denarii of —
from various causes. Whilst the republic existed,
Antony, of which an example is here intro- they were almost wholly distinguished by their
duced, we find the number number alone, as Legio I. II. &c. Some, —
of the legions marked on however, even at this period, received their
coins struck under the Em- names from those of their commanders. The
perors Severus, Gallienus, Legion es Valeriante, or Valerian legions, were
Victorinus, Carausius, &c., thus denominated, because they were raised by
as well as upon many colo- Cains Valerius Flaceus, the same chief who
nial medals. — It is to be re- gave the name of Valeria to the Twentieth
marked, that upon the coins, legion. On the denarii of Mark Antony we
not only of Mark Antony, but also of many have the legions called Antigua, Classica, Lybica.
emperors, the indication of legions, between Under the Emperors, the legions received titles
the numbers twenty and thirty were incomplete. derived from the names or families of the
Their number, which had too much increased reigning princes, as Augusta, Flaria, Trajana,
during the civil wars of the republic, was TJlpia, & c. Also from deities, as Minervia or
diminished by Augustus. —
Dion Cassius relates from regions, as Italica, Parthica, Macedonica,
that in the year of Rome, 758, the number of &c. ; or from some event, as Victrix, Adjutrix,
legions of Roman citizens was, according to some, Liberatrix, &c. Sometimes the legions bear
twenty-three according to others, twenty-five.
;
the name of gemella or gemina. But of all
Under Alexander Severus, there yet remain the surnames assigned to the Roman legions,
nineteen. As to the legions not composed of none are so common as those of Pia and
Roman citizens, the same author' says that Fidelis. —
Dion fully explains these names, and
they had been either totally disbanded, or shews that Ti. Claudius caused the Seventh and
amalgamated with the other legions under Eleventh Legions, who in the sedition of
different emperors. The imperial series of Camillus had preserved their fidelity to him, to
610 LEGTOXUM INSIGNIA, LEIBERTAS.
be named Claudia et Fideles et Pia, by a During peace they were employed in working on
senatus comult um. —
To this may be added the the fortifications of towns and of camps, as
celebrated marble, adduced by Gruter and well as in repairing the high roads.
Fabretti, inscribed under the reign of Commodus, LEGio IV. —The legionary eagle, between
on which C. Vesnius Vindex is called trib. two military ensigns.
MIL. LEO. VIII. AVO. QVO. MI LIT ANTE. CVM. Rev. —The Praetorian galley, with the legend
LIBERATA. ESSET. NOVIA. OBSIDIONE. LEGIO. of ANTonius AVG«r III. VIR. Rei P ub/ica
PIA. El DELIS. CONSTANS. COMMODA. COGNO- Constiluenda.
minata. est. Monumental inscriptions should Many legions are found on the denarii of
be studied conjointly with coins for the location Antony, which he caused to be struck with
of the legions much information of importance ensigns and numbers, in order to ingratiate him-
will be found in Horsley’s Britannia liomana, self with the soldiers, and to display his resources
a standard work on the Roman inscriptions re- both by sea and land.
lating to Britain up to 1732. Gough, Lvsons, —
LEG. VIII. See Pinaria gens.
and others, including Wellbeloved’s Eburacum , LEG. M. XX. Legio Macedonian, or Minercia
J. E. Lee’s Caerleon, and the Collectanea Vicesima, on a silver coin of Gallienus. V. —
Antigua, may be consulted for the more recent Banduri.
discoveries in Great Britain. LEG. PRI. Legio Prima, with the eagle
Legionum Imignia. — Most of the insignia and ensigns of the First Legion, on a silver coin
of the Legions may be seen on the silver coins of M. Antony.
of Gallienus. As the legion was composed of LEG. PRO. — us Pro-consule,
COS . -Legal
hastati, principes, even after
and legionarii, Legate for the Consul. — See Sempronia family.
the form of the Militia Bomana was changed by LEG. PRO. PR —. us Pro Pratore. —
-Legal
C. Marius, so there are to be observed on denarii On a denarius belonging to the Caecilia family
of the Claudia family, and others, three military we seeon the obverse metel. pivs. scip. imp.,
ensigns the first of which may denote the a male head, with curled beard and a fillet
—
;

Hastati, that is to say, those who formed below, an eagle’s head and sceptre. On the
the first line of the army, carrying spears
.
reverse, crass, ivn. leg. pro. pr., a curule
another, the Principes, who formed the second chair, on the right of which is the head of an
line of battle array, and were of a more eagle, and above it are a cornucopia; and a pair
robust age and the third the eagle of the
;
of scales.
legionarii placed in the middle, between the two On another silver coin of the same family,
above mentioned. Upon a second brass of Galba the legend metel. pivs. scip. imp., and the
type of a trophy between the iituus and
prcfcriculum occupies the obverse and the ;

reverse exhibits a female head, with tnrretcd

crown, between an car of corn and a caducous,
the legend being the same as above, shewing
that Crassusjun., whilst leoatvs pro praetore,
caused these denarii to be struck in honour of
his celebrated ancestor Metellus.
The Legate, or Deputy of the Prsetor, was an
officer who, according to the institution of
Augustus, held the chief authority in the
province of the Emperor, at the discretion of
arc three military standards, which, from being the Pro-consuls, who governed the provinces of
mounted on prows of galleys, denote the two the Roman people, and at the same time were
services, the army and the navy. The eagle is accustomed to coin money for the use of the
the especial symbol of the legions. The legions army, cspeciaUy when war broke out in the
were divided into cohorts, maniples, and province where they administered the govern-
centuries. To the second of these the hand, ment. — Hence P. CAR1SIVS LEGaYwj PRO
manus, which is often seen upon some of the PRatore, under Augustus, for the public con-
standards, may apply. venience, ordered a coinage of denarii for ten
Legionarii. —This is the name given to the asses, and for the daily pay of the soldiers also ;

foot soldiers of the Roman legions. The horse- quinarii, the half of the denarius —
viz., five

men were distinguished by the appellation of asses —These denarii bear on their obverse the
Equites. Amongst the Legionarii the Velites, portrait of the above named Emperor, and on
the Hastati, the Principes, and the Triarii (see their reverses trophies of victory.
these words), held a conspicuous place, as has LEIBERTAS, instead of LI BERTAS, accord-
above been alluded to. The term of sixteen ing to the ancient mode of spelliug with the
years was the period fixed for the service of the dipthong EI for the single letter I. It is thus —
Legionarii. Before the reign of S. Sevcrus that it appears, with his head, on the denarius
they were not permitted to marry, or at least of M. Brutus, to show that he was the asserter
to have their wives with them in the camp. of Liberty. —
eeJunia.
The military discipline of these troops was very LEIBERTAS, with the head of the Goddess
severe. They led a life of great hardship, and of Liberty veiled, appears on a coin of C.
made long marches, laden with heavy burthens. Cassius, in memory of the event in which he
 LENTIILUS. LEO. 511
and Marcus Brutus, with the other conspirators, of the same emperor, four lions draw a car in
killed Julius Ctesar, and asserted what they, who which are Trajan and Plotina.
“ called” it freedom when themselves were free, The Lion is the sign of Fortitude. Hence we
termed the Liberty of the Republic. see him on a coin of Gallienus as the accompany-
. —
LEN Lent ut us, a surname of the Cornelia ing type of LEGio 1 III FL avia.
. —
By the same
family. rule theLion is the symbol of Hercules, and of
LENTVLVS SPINTer. —This inscription Herculean labour and fortitude. —
Represented
appears on a silver coin of Augustus, having for with radiated head, and with the thunderbolt
its type the Li ficus and the Praefericulum (see between his teeth, as on coins of Caraealla,
those words) which instruments of augury Alex. Sevcrus, Probus, Val. Maximianus, and
Lent ulus, surnamed Spinier, caused to be en- other emperors, the Lion is the acknowledged
graved on the said coin, to shew his sacerdotal symbol of Empire and of Providence.
functions. On an elegant gold coin of Gallienus in the
L. LENTVLVS FLAMEN. MARTIAJJS, Imperial Cabinet at Vienna, the type of a lion
of whom and of whose sumptuous supper see with an eagle on its back appears within a crown
Macrobius. — The name appears on a denarius of of laurel, and below are the initial letters
Augustus. s. p.Q. r. —
The lion’s slrin is seen on the head
The Lion appears in the attitude of walking of some Roman Emperors, such as Commodus,
on coins of Mark Autony, of Antonine, Caraealla, Alexander Severus, and others ; also, though
Philip, Gallienus, Aurelian, Probus, and other more rarely, on the head of Gallienus.
emperors. —
lu this attitude he is also the Leo (Flavius Valerius), surnamed the Great,
symbol of Imperial Consecration, see memoriae of Thracian origin, was raised to the Empire of
aeternae ;
likewise of Munificence, sec the East, a.d. 457, on the death of Marcianus.
—
MVN1FICE.NTIA SAECV LARES AVG. A prince of high character for clemency,
A Lion with a thunderbolt in his mouth is He died a.d. 474. His
generosity, and piety. —
on coins is D. N. LEO. PERPefazu F.
style
—
AVG. Gold and silver, common ; third brass,
rare.
Leo II., the son of Zeno and of Ariadne,
daughter of Leo I., was born at Rome a.d.
459, and created Ciesar while as yet a youth,
by his grandfather. The following year, Leo
the First dying, he was proclaimed Augustus, but
soon after he himself died, having reigned only
six months. —
His style, as associated with his
father, is on coins D. n. leo et. zeno p.p. avg.
— Akerman observes that “ if any coins exist on
which the style of this Emperor is found alone,
they are confounded with those of Leo I.”
seen on coins of Caraealla, of Aurelian, of Gold and Quinarii very rare.
Postumus, Probus, and Diocletian. — He stands Leo III., surnamed Isaurus, from an Isaurian
at the feet of Hercules in a brass medallion of family of ignoble rank to which he belonged,
Hadrian, and at the feet of Cybele (see matri was proclaimed Emperor by the soldiers near
deym), who also is seen seated on a lion. On — Nicomcdia, and crowned in that royal city a.d.
accoimt of the abundance of these animals in 717, when Theodosius III. abdicated the throne.
that quarter of the globe, Africa is personified, He was a prince of some military talent, but of
having likewise a lion at her feet on coins of tyrannical disposition, and stands condemned by
Hadrian, Commodus, and Diocletian. A biga — ecclesiastical writers of that period as impious,
of lions, with the legend of aeternitas, is the having been a great hater and destroyer of
type of Consecration. sacred images. Leo died a.d. 741. His style—
A Lion pierced with a lance, which the is d. n. leon. p. av. —
His gold coins are
Emperor on horseback holds in his hand, is seen common silver and brass more or less rare.
;

on a coin of Commodus, with the legend virtvti Leo IV., surnamed Chazarus, because his
avgvsti. —
On a first brass of Hadrian, the mother Irene was the daughter of a Khan of
emperor on horseback is striking his dart at a the Chozars, was the son of Constantinus
lion running before him, with the legend virtvs Copronymus. He was born at Constantinople
—
avgvst. On a silver medal of Constantine is a.d. 750, and proclaimed Emperor in the
the same type see liberator orbis.
; following year, in association with his father,
A Lion fighting with a stag, which it is tear- whom he succeeded a.d. 775. He died a.d.
ing to pieces, appears ou a coin of Augustus, 780, in the fourth year of his reign, and the
struck in memory of a grand hunting of wild
beasts, instituted in celebration of that emperor’s
thirtieth of his age. —
His coins, on which he is
styled leo, are very rare in gold, and equally
birthday. — See Durmia gens, rare in third brass, if indeed there be any of his
A
Lion and a boar yoked together to a chariot authentic in that metal.
in which Victory is seated, and before which Leo surnamed Armenvs, son of the
V.,
Hercules marches, is given by llavercamp among patrician Bardus, of Armenian origin, on the
the Contorniate medals of Trajan. On a coin — expulsion of Michael I., whose general he was.
512 LEO— LEPIDUS. LEPIDUS.
was proclaimed Emperor by the army, a.d. 813. I
of his more astute colleagues, the legions he
He was, however, assassinated in about seven commanded were seduced from him by the
vears after he had ascended the throne. There — blandishments of Octavius, who, depriving him
are only third brass extant of this insignificant of his triumvirship (v.c. 718), still allowed him
Emperor of the East, coins equally rare and to pass the remainder of his life in tranquil
barbarous. obscurity at Circseum, on the shores of Latium,
Leo VI., surnamed Sapiens, or Philosopher, where he died (v.c. 741, b.c. 13) despised for
the son of Basilius, succeeded his father as his indolence of character, and total want of
Emperor of the East, a.d. 886. —A learned the talents necessary to sustain that leading
man, but an indifferent soldier, he was first part in the tragic drama of the times to which
beaten by the Bulgarians, and afterwards by the selfishness of his ambition had induced him
the Saracens. He (lied a.d. 911. His style — to aspire.
on his coins is leon. basilevs. kom. The — The gold coins of this Triumvir are of the
brass of this prince are rare, the silver still highest rarity ; the silver also are rare, especially
rarer, the gold most rare. those with the head of Octavius, and those
Leontius, an usurper in the reign of Zeno, without the head of Mark Antony, on the
who having assumed the purple in Syria, when reverse.— On these he is styled st. lep. imp.
he was soon afterwards taken prisoner by the iiivir. k.p.c. Marcus Lepidus Imperator
Imperial army, and beheaded at Constantinople Triumvir, llei Publica Constituenda.
a.d. 488. —
There arc gold coins of Leontius, on
which he is styled d. N. leontivs. p. f. avg.
They are very rare.
Leontius, surnamed Isaurus from the birth-
place of bis family, was the second usurper of
that name, and belonged to the patrician order.
He employed the armies of Justinianus II. to
overthrow that emperor, and to obtain his
throne, a.d. 695. —Absimarus, however, de-
feated him in Dalmatia, and, cutting off his
nose and cars, imprisoned him in a monastery, Lepidus to the left. Rev. iuivib. a. p. p. l.
where he was put to death, together with mvssidivs. t. f. lonovs. A nude warrior
Absimarus himself, on the restoration of Justinian standing with his left foot upon a shield, holding
the Second, a.d. 705. —
On his coins which are a spear and parazonium. In gold and silver.
gold, of the highest rarity, Leontius II. is styled Though the head of Lepidus appears on silver
D. leonti. a. —
The unique third brass, pub- and gold coins of the Roman mint, yet it
lished by llionnet, is supposed to belong to is never seen on those of brass of the same

Leontius I. fabric But on some very rare brass medals of

LEPI. Lepidus, the surname of a Roman certain Greek cities, and also of some colonial of
Patrician family, in which are found seventeen Gallia Narbonensis, his portrait is found.
of the greater Magistracies. LEPIDVS. PONT. MAX. IIIVIR. R.P.C.
Lepidus (Marcus), the most celebrated of (Lepidus, Sovereign Pontiff, Triumvir of the
his name and race, is that Triumvir whose Republic.) —On
a silver medal, the uaked head
weakness was as fatal to the Republic as the of Lepidus has this legend around it. On the —
sanguinary disposition of his colleagues, Octavius reverse caes. imp. iiivik. k.p.c. The naked head
and Antony. The year of his birth is unknown, of Octavius, gcucral of the armies, triumvir of
but in the civil wars he is found following the republic
Caesar’s party, and his colleague in the Consulate, Mongez, in his Encyclopedic Methodique,
v.c. 708. The year following he was appointed recueil d'antiquites, observes, pointedly, “ Lepi-
Master of the Horse to the Dictator, at whose dus was a man without talents, without energy
death he contrived to obtain the vacant high whom whimsical fortune took pleasure in ele-
dignity of Pontifex Maximus. —
Entrusted by vating who was twice consul, sovereign pontiff,
;

the Senate with the government of Transalpine triumpher without having fought an enemy,
Gaul, he, through perfidy or the most incon- commanding thirty legions without knowing the
siderate fear, soon after gave up his legions to art of war, triumvir and master of the fate of
Mark Antony and Octavius, by whom he was at his two colleagues (Octavius and M. Antony)
the same time admitted into that political without being able to profit by it and who
;

association on which the second Triumvirate was finally dragged on a long old age in shame and
formed, in the year of Rome 711 (43 A.C.), contempt.”
and took the honours of a triumph for his (M.) LEPIDVS. COS. IMP—
Sacrificial
previous successes in Spain. —
In recompense of instruments (viz. Capeduncula, aspergillum,
:

his nefarious share in the proscriptive horrors secespita, apex), —

Reverse: M. ANTON, cos.
that ensued, Lepidus had Spain and Gallia imp. Augural symbols (viz. Lituus, prtrferi-
:

Narbonensis assigned to him in the division of culum, coruus).

provinces elected consul for the second time
; On this denarius we see the title of IMPerator
fiterum) v.c. 712, he had the care of Italy given to Lepidus, who, before medals of that
whilst his brother-triumvirs were engaged in kind were struck, had been already called
—
war with Brutus. Having answered the purposes Imperator iterum, according to Cicero. And
 LEPTIS MAGNA.— LEX. LEX DIDIA.— LEX JULIA. 513
not only had he legions under him, but he laws were published, either by the Decemvirs
twice enjoyed triumphal honours, although from under the name of the Twelve Tables, or by the
no personal claim to military merit. On this — Consuls, or the Dictators, or the Tribunes of
coin Lepidus, as sovereign pontiff, exhibits the the people. —
The following are those few laws
instruments of the priesthood, just as Antony’s to which allusion is made on coins of the
quality of augur is designated by the augural Romans :

insignia. —
See Aemilia. Lex Bidia, de Ptenis Militum. — Traces of
Leptis Magna ,
a city (says Pellerin, Rectti/, this law, in reference to military punishments,
vol. iv. p. 15), situate at some distance from are found, or said to be found, on a silver coin
the river Cynipas (Wad-Quahain) in the Syrtica, of the Bidia family on the obverse of which
;

by which is understood the entire space between appears the head of Minerva, and behind it
the Syrtis Major (Gulf of Sidra) and the roma, in monogram. On the reverse are two
Syrtis Minor (Gulf of Cabes), the shores of men engaged in combat, one of them armed
which form at this time the greater part of the with a whip, the other with a sword, and both
territory called the kingdom of Tripoli. It was bearing shields. The legend on the exergue is
called Magna to distinguish it from another T. DEIDItti. —
Opinions amongst the learned
Leptis,which was in Byzacium or Emporiee, respecting this representation arc various enough,
and which was called Leptis Parva, below and the question seems still undecided. Haver- —
Hadrumetum, now called Lemta. Leptis Magna — camp has given a long account of them in his
is now called Lebda, not far from Tripoli. It Commentary on Morell’s Thesaurus. Some
is marked as a Roman
colony in the Itinerary refer it to the castigation of slaves, during the
of Antoninus. — it to have been
Vaillant states servile war others to the restoration of military
;

invested with the Jus Italicum, by Sept. discipline by a law proposed by T. Didius (Lex
Severus ;
but gives no description or engraving Bidii), and to the punishment of the soldier with
of any of its money. — Havercamp, in his notes the centurion’s rod (centurionis vitis) others
on the Queen of Sweden’s medals, has given a think otherwise. But none of their explanations
second brass, which bears on its obverse drvso carry conviction of the truth, nor even of that
Caesaki with the head of Drusus, son of which is probable, to our minds, respecting the
Tiberius, and on the reverse a head of Mercury, meaning of this vciy curious and unique type.
with the following legend PERMISSV Luca :
— See Bidia.
APRON It PROCO«Sk/m III. This medal he Lex Julia, de Maritandis Ordinibus. History —
attributes to Leptis but on no other apparent ;
bears testimony to the good intention of Augustus
ground than that the said Apronius was the in renewing by this enactment, the provisions of
successor of M. Camillus in the Pro-consulate an ancient law ( Lex Papia Poppa a), com-
of Africa. The coins of this city consist of pelling and encouraging men of a proper age to
Colonial Autonomes, with Latin legends, and take to themselves wives, giving rewards to
Imperial of Augustus and Tiberius, with Latin those who had children born to them in wed-
or Greek legends. Autonomous and Imperial — lock, and on the other hand inflicting penalties
coins, with Punic legends, are also assigned to —
on bachelors. Amongst the coins of Augustus,
Leptis Major, (which is said to have been founded there is one on the reverse of which appears the
by the Phcenicians). But, says M. Henuin, Emperor seated on a small estrade, and before
ces attributions sont douteuses. Pellerin has — him a figure standing, in the act of presenting
given three medals, which he inclines to to him a naked child ; on the exergue we read
assign to the greater Leptis 1. Has the — imp. xiii. —
Schulze, in the introduction to his
helmeted head of Rome, and COL. vie. ivl. Science of Aucient Coins, expresses an opinion
lep. Reverse a bull, with names of Duumvirs. that “ the type of this medal seems to be ex-
—
:

2. Female head with same legend on obverse, plained by those words of Suetonius (In Aug.
and same type on reverse. 3. A female head, — cap. 34), in which he says Sic quoque
:

with palm branch. Over the head is pk. n. abolitionem e/vs (Legis Julia) publico spectaculo
vir., and below it C. v. i. L. Colonia Victrix pertinaciter postulante Equite, adcitos Ger-
Julia Leptis, shewing its origin under Julius manici liberos, receptosque partim ad se, partim
Caesar. in patris premium, ostentavit : manu vultuque
Lex, a Law. —This word in its peculiar sense, signijicans, ne gravarentur imitari juvenis
as applied to the Romans, signifies that order exemplum.”
or command, which was decided upon by the Lex Papia. —A
law carried in the time of
Roman people in their assemblies by centuries ;
the republic by C. Papius, a Tribune of the
Lex est quam Populus Centuriatis comitiis people, for excluding foreigners from Rome.
sciverit. The laws were proposed hv certain There is Papia family, edited
a denarius of the
high magistrates, most frequently in the Forum, by Morell, which close to the head of
Juno
or in the Campus Martius under stated pre- ;
Sispita exhibits a tablet (lobelia), on which is
liminary fonns, which being gone through, every inscribed the word papi. and which is supposed
one was permitted to speak for or against them. to allude to this Lex Papia, which in the
And if a law passed, it was engraved on a table opinion of Cicero was equally unjust and
of brass; and being thus received, it remained inhuman.
in force until it pleased the people to abolish, —
Lex Porcia. The law so called was made by
or, as it was called, abrogate it (abrogare legem). Porcius Laeca, Tribune of the people in 453,
During the republic a very great number of in favour of Romau citizens, whom it exempted

3 U
514 LEX TABELLARIA. LIBER.— LIBERO PATRI.
from being subjected to the ignominious punish- LIBER. —This appellation was given to
meut of the scourge. Porcia Lex, says Cicero, Bacchus, for various 'reasons noticed by his-
virgas ab omnium civium Romanorum corpore torians. Not from a license of expression, says
amovit. —
[Pro C. Rabir. c. iv.]. This ex- Seneca, the inventor of wine called Liber,
is

ample took place only in the cities, and was but because he rescues the free mind from the
not allowed to prevail in the camp on behalf of thraldom of cares, and impels it with more
the soldiers, who were entirely dependent on quickness and greater boldness into all enter-
their general. —
An allusion to the law of appeal prises. His feasts were called Liberalia .

(Provocatio) offers itself on a coin of the Macrobius affirms that Liber and Mars were one
Porcia family on the obverse of which is the
;
and the same deity. And it was under that
winged head of Minerva, with the legend notion that the Romans worshipped both by
p. i.aeca and eoma . —
On the reverse is a figure the appellation of Pater.
in a military dress; a Lictor behind crowning LI BERO PATRI.— This legend appears on a
a citizen :on the exergue we read the word rare gold and on an equally rare silver coin
pkovoco .See Porcia. of Sept. Severus, having for its type the
—
Lex Tabellaria. A law carried by L. Cassius god Bacchus, under the
Longinus, a Tribune of the people, and which image of a young man
prohibited the Roman citizen from giving his who holds in his left hand
suffrage viva voce, and required him to write the thyrsus, and in his right
down on a tablet (see tabella), the first letters a dish or cup at his feet
;

of the name of the candidate for whom he is apanther or tiger.

voted. —
The tabella was also used in public It maybe supposed, says
judgments (in judiciis pubheis), and the Prietor Pedrusi, who gives an en-
distributed to the Judges three tablets; viz.: graving of this medal (Mus. Fames, vol. iii.
that of absolution, marked with a letter a. ; p. 291), that the vain devotion which Severus
that of condemnation, ou which was written the professed towards this divinity might occasion
letter c. and the third tablet, demanding more
; him to believe himself indebted to the high
ample information, was marked with the letters patronage of Father Bacchus for the favour-
N. and L., signifying Non liquet. —
The memory able issue of his military enterprises in Asia
of L. Cassius Longinus, and his Lex tabellaria “ Fella stolta crqdenza di quei tempi veneravasi
are recalled by a denarius of the Cassia family, Bacco come Signore e Conquestatore dell’
on the obverse of which is Oriente ; e in consequenza pregiavasi motto in
the head of VESTA and on; quelle regioni la di lui protezione.”
the reverse a round temple, The alleged reason for giving the appellation
within which is a curule of Liber to Bacchus has already been stated.
chair (sella curulisj. In The thyrsus, observes Pedrusi, is the appro-
the field of the coin is on priate sceptre of Bacchus, hut in the present
one side an urn, and on the instance he holds iustead of it a spear in his
other a tabella, inscribed left hand and in that peculiarity the type
;

a. c., that is to say Absolvo. conforms to Macrobius’s description of the

— Condemno. This Cassius, having, in the year image of Liber Pater worshipped with peculiar
of Rome 641, been appointed, under the attachment by the Lacedemonians, and which bore
Peduceian law, Commissioner with pra-torian (says the writer) “ Hasta insigne, non Thgrso."
power to investigate cases of violation of chastity Bacchus is attended by a tiger or panther, as
in Vestals, summonedagain to trial, and con- an animal consecrated to him, and which is
demned and Marcia, who had
(to death) Lieiuia often seen on medals and has reliefs drawing the
been acquitted by L. Metellus P.M., according to chariot of the god. —
Alluding to this Seneca (in
Asconius Ptedianus on Cic. pro Mi/one. —
Cassius IJyppotit.) is thus descriptive in his poetry :

was so great an exemplar of severity, that he

Et tn thqrsigera Liber ab India
was commonly called reorum scopulus, and Intonsi juvenis perpetuum coma
Cassianajudicia became a proverb. [SecMorell.] Tigres pampinea cuspide territans, <fc.
— The curule chair within the temple denotes the
And thus also sings Martial (lib. 8, epig. 26):
Praetorian power. The urn (or cista) is that into
—
which the tabella were cast. There is also Fain cum captivos ageret sub curribus Indos
Content us gemina tigride Bacchus erat.
another silver coin of the same family, which bear-
ing the same reverse, but having on its obverse the The head of Liber, crowned with ivy, appears
head and name of libektas, belongs to the on coins of the Cassia, Petronia, Porcia,
history of the same Cassius. In these designs Vibia, Vipsania, and Volteia families.
the ballot law concerning trials is alluded to, by LIBERO. CONS AVG. Libero Pairs
P.
which, in all cases except that of treason, the Conservatori Augusti. With a panther or —
people were allowed to vote by tablets (i. e. the tiger, sacred to Bacchus, who is the same with
ballot), “ a regulation (adds the unsuspecting Liber pater. Gallieuus on a silver and a third
Eckhel, who had not lived to see the shameful brass coin calls him his Conservator, as indeed
example of the United States as to the abuses, he was in the habit of calling Jupiter, Mars,
corruptions, and intimidations practised under Mercury, Neptune, aud other members of the
it), eminently adapted for the preservation of —
Heathen Pantheon all were Preservers of
Liberty." Emperors.
 LIBERALITAS. LIBERALITAS. 515
Liberalitas. — being one of the
Liberality, standing by herself, holding a hom of plenty in
princely virtncs and at the same time a most her left hand, and in her right hand a tessera,
popular quality, appears both as a legend and as or a tablet, which specifies the quantity of wheat
a type on a great many Roman Imperial medals. delivered to each person at a low price through
These attest the occasions when the Emperors the liberality of the Emperor, or on which was
made a display of their generosity towards the inscribed what was given to each citizen. —
people by all kinds of distributions amongst them, gold coin of Elagabalus exhibits that Emperor
in money and provisions. In the earlier age this sitting on a suggestum, with Liberality standing
was called Congiarium (Manus), because they on one side, and the Praetorian Prefect, or a
distributed congios oleo plenos. —
In the time of Lictor, —
on the other distributing the congiarium
the free republic, the Ediles were specially to the Roman citizens. —
In that emphatic tribute
entrusted with these distributions, as a means of of eulogy to Hadrian’s unexampled munificence,
acquiring the good-will of the people. The the celebrated coin which bears the legend of
same practice was followed under the Emperors ;
LOCVPLETATOKI OUB1S TERRARVM, we See that
and we occasionally find on their coins the word the type refers to the Liberalilates of that
congiarivh, but the more common term is emperor, who, under the auspices of the Goddess,
LIBERALITAS, to which is frequently added the is distributing his bounties with an outstretched

number of times, i. n. III. up to vii. and vm. hand. — Many medals consecrated to the liberality
that such liberality has been exercised by each of the emperors shew by a numeral cipher how
—
Emperor. On these occasions of Imperial many times that liberality has been repeated by
munificence, a certain sum of money was for the same prince. — Thus, a coin of Antoninu
the most part given to each person, and when Pius, struck a short time before his death, under
grain was distributed, or bread, to prevent the his fourth consulate, in the year of Rome 914,
evils of dearness and famine from affecting the bears the epigraph liberalitas avg. ix., that
Roman populace, it was called Annona; (see the is to say, the ninth Liberality or distribution

word.) But when something beyond their —

made by the Emperor. The medals of Com-
ordinary pay was bestowed upon the soldiers, it modus and of Caracalla present to us eight
was denominated Donativum, a ivord, however, liberalities or donations those of Hadrian and
;

not found on coins, but comprised under that of M. Aurelius record seven. On the coins of
Liberalitas, or of Congiarium ; and after the Sept. Sevcrus and of Geta, we find indications
reign of Marcus Aurelius, congiarivm is no of six liberalities there are five recorded on a
;

longer found, and the expression liberalitas medal of Alexander Severus ; four on coins of
is alone employed. Elagabalus, of Gordianus Pius, and of Gallienus
Liberality is personified under the image of a three on some of Veras and of the two
;

woman, holding in one hand a tessera, or Philips (in these the Emperors, father aud son,
square tablet, furnished with a handle, and on are represented sitting together, without atten-
which is a certain number of points, shewing dants or recipients). It is, however, to be borne
that the prince had given to the people money, in mind as to the emperors of whom some
corn, and other articles of consumption. In medals offer us a more considerable number of
the other hand she holds a cornucopia, to liberalities, that some others give us also most
indicate the abundance of wheat contained in of the preceding liberalities. —
The greater part
the public granaries. represented
Liberalitas is of these coins refer to the times when it was the
as presiding at all congiaria (see the word). custom to bestow on each citizen a quantity of
The liberalities of the Augusti, by which the corn from out of the public granaries. — One of
distribution of their bounties to the people is the most remarkable of Hadrian’s liberalities
signified, were of ordinary and
two kinds, was that of his having remitted to the people
extraordinary. —Themention of Liberalitas
first their arrears of taxes accumulated during
occurs on coins of Hadrian ; on those of suc- the space of sixteen years, and of his having
ceeding Emperors it is frequently reiterated. caused the vouchers, by which the Imperial
Indeed these instances of imperial generosity Treasury could have made good its claim to
are more carefully recorded on medals than they fiscal dues, to be burnt in the Forum at Rome.
are by history. —
On a coin of Hadrian, struck See RELIQVA VETERA, &C.
under his second consulate, in the year of Rome
870, wc see two figures seated on a suggestum,
or raised platform. The genius of Liberality,
with the attributes above described, stands
beside or behind them
and another figure is
;

ascending a small flight of steps, which leads to

the raised platform, where the gift of the Em-
peror is received. —
On a gold coin of Antoninus
Pius, and also on one of Philippus senior, the
Emperor sits in a curule chair, placed on a
raised platform before him stands the image of
;

Liberalitas, pouring out from a cornucopise

money into the bosom of a man, who is ascend-
ing by steps on the opposite side. On a silver — LIB. AVG. TR. P. COS. II S. C.—The
coin of Antonine we see the figure of a woman Emperor, on an estrade, distributes a liberality.
3 U 2
 516 LIBERALITAS. . LIBERALITAS.
Behind him the pnctorian prefect
is on the ;
many passages of his history notices the cov-
right, a little in advance, stands the Goddess giaria and the donatives bestowed by Antonine,
Liberalitas a recipient of the bounty is ascend-
;
and vini, o/ei, et tri/ici, penuriam per aerarii
ing the steps. —
Large brass of Pertinax. j
sui dannul emendo, et gratis poputo dando,
LIB. AVGG. VI. ET V. Liberalitas Aligns- sedarit. But he mentions these generally with-
torum Sexla et Quinta. This, which appears— out making mention of the time. Of these
on first brass coins of Caraealla and of Geta, liberalities, however, which the coins in question
means the sixth liberality of the former, and extol, one doubtless seems to have been that of
the fifth of his brother Geta. The two princes — which Capitolinus speaks thus Suptias Jitue—
are sitting together on an estrade, and a figure sutr Faustina usque ad donalivum mititum
stands at the bottom of the steps. ceteberrimas fecit.
LIBERALITAS AVG. TR. P. II. COS. LIBERALITAS COS. IIII. AVG. IIII. or
S.C —
On a first brass of Septimius Severus we V.— LIBERALITAS AVG. V.—Ou first brass
see that Emperor sitting on the same estrade of Antoninus Pius. Similar type to the pre-
w'ith his two sons, Caraealla and Geta, and ceding medals, except that here the pnctorian
Liberality, with another figure standing near prefect stands behind the Augustus.
them : a figure appears in the act of
fifth LIB. IIII. COS. IIII. A woman stands —
ascending the steps. —
Herodianus says of Severus with the tabarum in her right hand and a
that he made the most profuse and costly dis- cornucopia: in her left. —
Silver coin of Antonine.
tributions. —
There is a gold coin of the same According to Capitolinus, on the day when
Emperor inscribed liberalitas vi., with the Verus took the toga v iritis, Antoninus Pius
above tvpe. dedicated the temple of his father and was
LIBERALITAS AVG., in others with II. liberal to the people. This silver coin, in which
III. 1111. — On a gold coin of Gordianus Pius the Liberalitas is represented as holding the splendid
personification of Liberality stands holding up tabarum instead of the accustomed tessera,
the tessera in her right hand, and two horns of teaches us that the liberality of the Emperor
abundance in her left, as designating a double was also extended to the soldiers, as indeed is
gift made at that time or, as was usual to be
;
testifiedby Capitolinus, who, however, takes no
done, a donative to the soldiery, a congiarium notice of the time Congiarium poputo dedit,
:

to the people. —A
great many “ Liberalities” of militibus donalivum addidil.
Gordianus Pius appear on the coins of that
prince, of which no notice is taken by historians.
LIBERALITAS VII. IMP. VIII. COS. III.
S. C. —
This legend appears on a first brass of
Marcus Aurelius, which has on its reverse the
usual type of Liberality standing alone. Noris
pronounces this seventh Liberalitas to have been
the donative given by that emperor to the
Legions in Germany.
LIBERALITAS AVGVSTORVM.— TheLibe-
rality of the Emperors. —
On a large brass of
Balhinus and Pupienus, with this legend on the
reverse, we see an estrade, on which are seated
those two emperors and the young Gordian, LIBERALI (tas Aug. Cos. mi.) A woman
then only Caesar, between two figures standing, standing, holding in her right hand a
—
tessera,
one of whom holds a tablet; and at the foot of and in her left a labarum, in which is VI.
the estrade is a sixth figure. —
Here, then, we First brass of Antoninus Pius.
have three imperial personages, attended by the LIBERALiVflj AVG. II.; in others III, ; in
praetorian prefect, and in the supposed presence others IIII. —
Liberality is standing (in the field
of the Liberal Goddess, presenting a gift to a of the coin a star). Elagabalus. Silver and —
—
Roman citizen. On a coin of Valerianus, with second brass. On a first brass medal of the —
the above legend, that Emperor and his son same Emperor he is figured seated on an estrade
Gallienus appear, both clothed in the toga and distributing gifts.
laureated, sitting on raised curule chairs This vile youth profaned and degraded the
;

another figure stands near them, extending the name of Liberality by having two about
the
right hand, and holding a wand or sceptre in year a.d. 220 but the cause of them is not
—Thus much
;

the left. assigued. is known on the authority

LIBERALITAS. AVG. II III).— The
(or of Lampiidius that the mad -brained monster
type of a Congiarium, in which the Emperor, caused a species of lottery tickets to be dis-
seated on an estrade, is distributing presents. tributed amongst the people, which assigned to
On gold of Antoninus Pius; also with legend of “ the fortunate holders” ten camels, or ten
LIBERALITAS. AVO. Vlt. IMP. VIII. COS. II.; OB pounds (libra-) of gold, or as many pounds of
firstbrass of the same Emperor. lead, Sic. ; whilst other lots appropriated to
We perceive from his coins that the first those who drew them ten bears, ten dormice,
Liberality exercised by this Em|>eror took place ten lettuces, &c., whereby the populace, whether
in his second Consulate. The third Consulate ! desirous of gain or of amusement, were
offers two following each other. Capitolinus in I
abundantly delighted.
 LIBERALITAS. LIBERATOR. 517
LIBERAL. AVG. TR. P. COS. II. SC.— assumptive, appears on a third brass of Con-
The Emperor seated oil an estrade in advance ;
stantine the Great, the type which it accompanies
of him, on the right hand, is the personification being that of the Emperor on horseback with
of Liberality behind him stands the praetorian
;
his right hand raised, and a lion crouching
prefect ascending the staves of the
a figure is —
under his horse’s feet. Eckhel refers it to the
—
;

raised platform. On a first brass of Pertiuax successes of Constantine over cither his rivals or
this legend and type appear, and with apparent the barbarians whose incursions were pernicious
fidelity and truth, for Capitolinus observes' that to the whole Roman world, and who there-
the donatives and congiaria which G'ommodus fore on this medal are shadowed forth under
had promised Pertinax distributed. [There is
also a second brass of Pertinax with the same
— the image of a lion trampled upon by a horse-
man.
legend, but the type is simply that of Liberality LIBERATOR REIPVBLICAE.—Thislcgend
standing.] is found on a gold coin of Magncntius, who is
LIBERALITAS AVGVSTI. III. S.C.— The typified on the reverse as on horseback, ottering
Emperor seated on a suggestum, two figures haud to a woman turret-crowned, hold-
his right
standing behind him, the statue of the goddess ing a palm branch aud cornucopiie. —
It forms
at his right hand, and a figure ascending from one amongst several medals struck under this
below. —
On a first brass of Alexander Severus, usurper, in which, prematurely enough, he
under whom were struck other coins in each boasts of himself as the liberator of the republic,
metal, recording a fourth act of similar munifi- the renovator of the Imperial City, and the
cence, and on which seven, and even eight restorer of the liberties of the Roman World,
figures are seen at the foot of the estrade. —The chiefly grounded on his victory over Nepotianus,
who only imitated him in assuming the purple,
and in acting with great cruelty during a short
career.
LIBERI IMP. GERM. AVG. Liberi Im -
peratoris —
Germanici Augusti. This legend
appears on an elegant gold coin of Vitellius,
which has for the type of its reverse the naked
heads of that Emperor’s two sons, looking
towards each other. The names of these chil-
dren are not known. Of one of them Tacitus
speaks (Hist, ii.) in reference to the time
when reports were sent to Vitellius respecting
the death of Nero :
—
“ Mox universum exer-
citum occurrere infanti filio jubet : perlainm,
et paludamento opertum, sinu relinens Ger-
—
,

illustration selected is taken from a medallion of manicum appel/avit.” According to Suetonius,

this Emperor. he perished at the same time with his father
LIBERALITAS AVG. or AVGVSTI—On and uncle.
a first brass of Maximinus the emperor
is repre- LIBERI IMP. AVG. VESPASm«aj— The
sented sitting on a curulc chair surmounting a heads of Titus and Domitian, on a silver coin
platform on which are three other figures and ;
of Vespasian.
there arc several small ones at the foot of the This reverse taken from the above cited
is

suggestum. coin of except that the faces in

Vitellius,
LIB — LIB. AVG. Libertas Au-
Libertas. the latter look towards, and these look from,
gusti, or Augusta. each other. Titus and Domitian are here
LIBERATIS CIVIBVS. —ToCitizensrestored called the children of the Emperor Vespasian
to Liberty. — This which appears on
inscription, their mother was Flavia Domitilla and each in
;

a rare silver coin of Pertinax, is new to the his turn reigned after the father, but both died
Roman mint ; but its meaning is obvious, as without male issue.
struck by the virtuous prince who restored There is another rare and elegant silver coin
Rome to liberty, after the tyranny of Commodus of Vespasian, with the same legend, but of
had been abolished. It is, however, more which the type consists of two veiled figures
difficult to find any agreement between the standing, each holding in his right hand a
epigraph and the type of this medal, which is patera. These represent Titus and Domitian,
simply the usual one of Liberality (a woman on whom their father conferred the honours of
with tessera and cornucopia). It appears that the priesthood, in the anticipation of their
by this reverse only the liberality of Pertiuax is future succession to the empire.
This custom
which has been noticed on a preceding
indicated, was borrowed from the example of Augustus,
medal, but which was the more agreeable to the in his adoption of Caius and Lucius, on
Roman people, because it was a liberality no w'hich occasion that Emperor placed the one
longer bestowed on citizens oppressed with amongst the Pontiffs and the other amongst the
tyranny, but granted at length liberatis civibus — Augurs.
to freemen. L1BERIS AVGusti COL. A. A. P.—The
LIBERATOR ORBIS. — The Liberator of Colonia Augusta Aroe Palrensis (in Achaia)
the World. —This new title, and sufficiently is pronounced by Vaillant, and confirmed by
618 LI BERTAS. LIBERTAS.
Eckhcl, to have struck a second brass coin, Vitellius, Galba,Vespasian, Nerva, Trajan,
which throws a light on the domestic history of Marciaua, Hadrian, Antoninc, Commodus,
Claudius. On the obverse is that Emperor’s Severus, Caracalla, Gcta, Elagabalus, Alexander
image and superscription on the reverse is the
;
Scverus, Mamma, Gordiauus Pius, Trajanus
uncovered head of Britannicus between the heads Decius, Trebouianus Gallus, and Claudius Gothi-
of his sisters Antonia and Octavia, placed on a cus.— On a medal of Hadrian we see Liberty
cornucopia: —
a proof of the fecundity of the seated, holding in the left hand a branch, and in
Imperial house. —
See Patrae Col. the right a spear. —
A coin of Galba shews us
LIBERT. Liberia!. —
This word appears this Goddess standing, w'ith a horn of plenty in
behind the head of the Goddess of Liberty, on the left hand, holding in her right the pi/eus or
a silver coin of the Cassia family. cap of liberty. —
On a coin of Antoninus Pius
—
LI BERTAS. Liberty is represented in two she holds a patera in her right hand. —
On a
ways on coins the one as a woman with a
: medal of Clodius Macer, and on a gold coin of
naked head, which is the image of Roman Galba, restored by Trajan, she holds a cap in
Liberty the other having her head covered
;
the right and the patera in the left hand. —The
with a veil, and adorned with a diadem, is the pileus held in the right and the cornucopia: in
effigy of the Goddess of Liberty, whose temple the left are the attributes of Liberty on coius of
was on Mount Avcntine. The veil is in this Antoninus, Elagabalus, Volusiauus, Gallienus,
case the token of divinity, as indeed the diadem Quintillns, Aurelianus, Julianus the usurper, and
is the ornament of a goddess. Liberty is repre- — Julianas II.
sented not only on Consular medals, but also LIBERTAS AVG
usta (August Liberty), or
w'ith considerable frequency on those of the LIBERTAS AVG ustorum (the Liberty of the
Imperial series. Emperors), “who called it freedom when them-
The head, of Liberty is the type of many selves were free.” We find the title of mb. p. r.
medals of Roman families she is crowned with ;
(the Liberty of the Roman people), indis-
an olive garland in Licinia; with laurel in criminately expressed on coins of Galba,
Junia, Pedania, Servilia, Vibia and her ;
Vitellius, Vespasian, Nerva, Hadrian, Antoniue,
head-dress in different styles on coins of the Commodus, Gordianus Pius, Treb. Gallus, and
Csecilia, Cassia, Cousidia, Junia, Petillia, libektas pvbLlCAand mbebtas
Gallienus, as if
Porcia, Postumia, Sempronia, Silia, and Valeria restitvta were epigraphs applicable to the
families; she appears veiled on the denarii of political state of the Roman Commonwealth
the .Emilia, Calpurnia, Crcpusia, Lollia, Lutatia, under the best and mildest of those princes,
Mamilia, Marcia, and Sulpicia families and she ; even a Nerva, or an Antoniue.
is both veiled and laureated on a medal of the Liberty is a type especially repeated on
Scstia family. — On the greater part of the the medals of Galba ; a circumstance not sur-
denarii, struck by the conspirators against prising, when it is considered that after the
Cmsar, we sec the head of Liberty, sometimes death of Nero the people testified so lively a
ornamented, at other times veiled. “ By this joy, and so fully believed that the republic was
symbol (says Milliu) they intended to shew that re-established, that according to the testimony
they had taken up arms only to deliver Rome of Suetonius, they ran through the streets, their
from the tyranny of Julius ; whilst on the other heads covered with the cap of liberty.
hand even Caesar himself pretended also that Liberty, in a biga, appears on coins of the
to avenge the liberty of the Roman people was Mamilia, and Marcia families; and
Crepusia,
his sole object.” — On a quadriga on a denarius of the family Cassia ;
celebrated silver coin the in a
head of M. Brntus appears on one side and on she sometimes holds a cap with one hand and the
;

the other a cap between two daggers, with reins of the horses in the other, or otherwise
this historically interesting inscription EID/Awr she holds the reins with both hands. On a —
MAR/uj; “to the Ides of March,” the day of silver coin of L. Dolabclla, in the Cornelia
Caesar’s murder. Dion —
Cassius (in the 25th family, a figure of Victory flying through the
chap, of his 47th book) also acquaints us that air offers a crown to Liberty.
Brutus caused coins to be struck, of which the LIBERTAS. Head of Liberty. Reverse. —
type was simdar to the one above described.. brvtvs. —
Procession of the Consul, between
The same writer adds that by this type and by a two lictors, preceded by the accensus, a public
medal bearing the legend of mrertas p.r. officer of Rome, appointed to call courts aud
rest. (Liberty restored to the Roman people), assemblies. On a silver coin of M. brvtvs. — —
Brutus wished to shew that, conjointly w'ith See the name.
Cassius, he had restored the liberty of bis LIBERTAS. Head of Liberty. Reverse. —
country. —
See ElD. mar. m. — —
brvtvs and P opu/o Kama no RESTtlula. The pileus or cap —
Junia family. of Liberty, between two daggers.—On another
Liberty is often depicted under the figure of denarius of M. brvtvs. See the name. —
a woman standing, with a hat or cap (pileus) in LEI BERTAS for LIBERTAS.— The head of
her right hand, and holding in her left a hasta, a female crowned with a nimbus or glory ; on
or perhaps that particular wand which the others veiled besides On a denarius of C. —
Romans called rudis or vindirta, with which Cassius Longinus, the colleague of Brutus, who
slaves were slightly struck, at the moment of here places the head of Liberty on his medals,
their emancipation. Under this form and with because he had taken up arms in her cause.
such attributes she is seen on medals of Claudius, LIBERTAT1S. Sec Lollia gens. —
 LIBERTAS. LIBERTAS. 519
LIBERTAS AVGVSTA goddessS. C.—The appear on a second brass of Claudius, as if he
standing, holds the pileus in her right hand, had restored liberty to the Republic after
and extends her left —
This legend and type Caligula’s tyranny and oppression.

LIBERTATIS P. R. VINDEX.— This flatter- ' This coin of Galba evidently formed the prototype
ing title Vindicator of the Liberty of the from which Hadrian afterwards took his tvpes in
Roman —
People appears on the obverse of a reference to restored provinces.
silver medallion of that Liberticide, Augustus On a first brass of Hadrian, with the same
So much for Roman however,
flattery. It is, legend, we
Emperor seated on an estrade,
sec the
the only instance in which the adopted son of below which stands a woman, who offers in her
the great Julius received such adulation on a left hand a child to the Emperor.— Eekhel
coin, and none of the succeeding emperors offer expresses himself at a loss to know what this
on their respective coins a similar example. type signifies, unless it be to what Spartianus
The reverse of this coin exhibits a female figure, mentions : Libens proscriptoruni duodecimos
holding a caduceus near to which is an altar
;
bonorum concessit.
with a serpent on it. The word pax is in the LICI. Licinius. — LICIN. Licinianus.
field of the coin, and the whole is within a Licinia. A plebeian family. Its surnames
laurel garland. on coins are Crassus , Macer Murena Nerva
, , ,

LIBERTAS P. R.—The Liberty of the Stoto. From this stock many illustrious branches,
Roman People. —This legend appears on a adorned by men of consular and pontifical
denarius of Galba, which presents the image of dignity, have sprung, as the above appellations
Liberty in an unusual attitude. She is depicted serve to impart. —
There are silver medals bear-
under the form of a woman standing between ing the name of this family amongst those
two corn ears, and raising her hands towards
heaven.
—
“ It seems (says Eekhel) that this type
struck by the moneyers of Augustus. The
brass pieces are the As, or its parts, and some
—
involves a fine allegory, namely, that Liberty are also by the moneyers of Augustus. There —
exhorts the people to devote themselves anew to are thirty-one varieties. Silver and first brass
the pursuits of agriculture, after the extinction rare the rest common.
;

of that execrable tyranny with which Nero had Ihe following denarius of this family, bearing
desolated the empire —
as if in joyful accents she the surname of Crassus, is rare :

exclaimed to the Roman husbandmen, with The head of Venus behind which is S. C.
:

Maro :
Rev. p. crassvs M. f.
holds in his
A soldier standing, —
“Pascite ut ante boves, pueri, submittite tauros." left hand a spear and buckler, with
his right he holds a horse by the bridle.
LIBERTAS RESTITVTA. S.C.—The restor-
I his silver coin appears to have
ation of liberty is for the first time typified on a been struck
first brass of Galba, by a group representing that by P. Crassus, the son of Marcus Crassus, killed
Emperor standing, in the toga, and raising up by the Parthians, and who himself lost his life
in the same war but who, previously to the
;

Parthian war, followed the camp of C®sar in

the Gallic war, as the latter often testifies in his
Commentaries. Whether this denarius, as some
have supposed, was struck by him whilst he was
qumstor in Gaul, or at another time, is un-
certain. —The type of the reverse is believed to
allude to the ceremony of the transvectio equi,
or parading of the liorse, accustomed to be
performed before the Censor, thus recalling to
remembrance an ancestral honour, for both
his father and grandfather w ere censors.
Spanheim, tom. ii. p. 99.
See
r
—
The following denarius of the same family,
under the surname of Stoto, is also rare :

a kneeling female figure, whilst a soldier stands —

avgvstvs tr. pot. Augustus on horseback,
behind him, allusive to the freedom of the holding a garland in his right hand.
Roman people rescued from destruction by the Rev. The pontifical Apex between two ancilia,
death of Nero, and the accession of Galba. with p. stolo iirviB, —On first and second
520 LICINIUS. LITUUS.
brass of Augustus we read p. licinivs stolo They were usually taken from the dregs of the
IIIVIR. people, but were nevertheless free, and some-
This Licinius, who, as tribune of the people, times emancipated by the magistrates they
caused a law to be passed, prohibiting any served. Their functions were various 1st. :
—
Roman citizen from possessing more than five They walked in procession before the magistrates
hundred acres of laud, was, according to Varro, with fasces, composed of axes and rods. 2nd.
called Stolo, because he bestowed so much care They gave notice to the people to render to
in cultivating his land, that no one could find a the magistrates the honour due to them. 3rd.
stolo, or off-shoot of a plant, on his farm. They walked before the magistrates, not two and
One of this man’s descendants was Stolo, whom two, nor confusedly, but ranged one after the
these coins shew to have been a monetal triumvir other in single file. 4th. When the magistrates
of Augustus —
Vaillant is of opinion that on pronounced these words I, Lictor, adds virgas
:

these denarii Augustus is exhibited on his return reo, et in eum lege age, they struck the guilty
from Syria, entering the city with the honours person with rods, and cut off his head. The
of an ovation, because without bloodshed he had Dictator had twenty-four of these officers in
recovered Roman citizens and standards from attendance on him ;the Master of the Horse
the Parthians, as Dion relates to which event ; six ; the Consul twelve the Praetor six.
;

the reverse type is also thought to bear reference, A denarius of the Junia family, bearing on
for these military standards were hung up in the its reverse the head of Liberty, exhibits on its

temple of Mars Ultor, whose flamen, or priest, obverse a group of four figures, considered to
wore the apex, and whose duty it was to preserve represent the sons of Junius Brutus, guarded by
the ancilia. —See the word. the lictors. —
See brvtvs.
Licinius ( Publius Flavius Claudius Galerius A Lictor standing with the virga or rod is
Valerius Licinianus) was born of an obscure seen ou a brass coin of Antoninus —
also on a
family in Dacia, a.d 263 distinguished him-
: second brass Liberalitas of Alexander Severus.
self against the Persians. —
Upon the death of See likewise the denarius inscribed provoco.
Severus II., he was named C®sar and Augustus L. I. MIN. RESTITVTA. Legio 'Pnma
by Galerius Maximianus, who associated him in , —
Minercia Resliluta. On a brass coin of Aure-
the empire, a.d. 307, and assigned Pannonia olus, who is figured joining hands with Minerva,
and Rhcetia to his government. Covetous, and — a palm branch being between them both.
of infamous habits, he cruelly persecuted the Banduri, i. p. 328.
Christians. In 313 he espoused Constantia, |
Lit u us Augurum, the augural staff, like a
the sister of Constantine the Great, and daughter Bishop’s crosier, but shorter, which the augur
of Constantius Chlorus. The same year he defeated held in his haud, whilst describing and measuring
Maximinus Daza, and reigned with Constantine ;
off the different regions of the sky, is found on
caused the deaths of Valeria and Prisca made ; a denarius of the Licinia family, bearing the
war upon Constantine ; was beaten at Cibalis portrait of Numa Pompilius —
and also is seen
in 314, and was offered terms by the victor; behind the head of King Ancus, on a denarius
declared his son Licinius, Caesar and again ;
of the Marcia family, inscribed ancvs. Ancus
appealed to arms against Constantine, by whose Martins being the kiug who restored from their
generals he was defeated at Adrianople, in 323, neglected state the institutions of religiou which
and at Chalccdon shortly afterwards he sur-
;
—
Numa had formed. The same augural instru-
rendered himself at Thcssalonica, where, by ment appears on coins of Julius Cwsar, M.
order of Constantine, he was strangled a.d. Antony, Lepidus, Augustus, Caius Lucius, and
324 —The style of this on his coins
prince Caligula, — frequently accompanied with other
(which are very rare in metals except second
all religious utensils, such as the prsefericulum,
and third brass) is imp. c. oal. val. licin. secespita, &c.
licinivs P. P. avg. —
The coins published by The Lituus Auguralis, or pontifical symbol,
Banduri, on which Licinius is styled Ciesar only, also appears on coins of Vespasian, Nerva,
when it would appear that Galerius had first Hadrian, Antonine, M. Aurelius, Commodus,
given him that title alone, arc regarded by Eckhel Elagabalus, Gordianus Pius, Maximus Caesar,
to be either false or to belomr to Licinius jun. Philippus junior, Herennius, Hostiliauus, Volu-
Licinius (Ft. Val. Licinian.) the younger, sianus, and other Emperors. —
The Lituus is like-
son of the elder Licinius, by Constantia, was wise observed on medals of the Annia, Cassia,
born a.d. 315, and declared Cassar a.d. 317 a ;
Cornelia, Domitia, and other Roman families.
prince of great promise but the victim of
;
Lituus Militaris, a military instrument, so
Constantine’s policy, he was stripped of his called from its resemblance to the augural lituus,
title on the death of his father in 323, and put was a species of curved
to death in 326. His style is LICINIVS trumpet, which served in
—
IVN. NOB C ttsar also Ft., vai, licinianvs camps to mark, by its
licisivs nob. caes. —
On the same coin with j
sounding, the day and night
his father it is dd. nn. iovii licinii. invict. watches of the soldiers. In
avg. et. caes. —
His gold and silver are very the Junia family, a denarius
rare ;
brass medallions still rarer third brass ;
exhibits on its reverse two
very common. of these military him, placed
Lictores. — Lictors, officers established by crosswise, with bucklers at
Romulus, after the example of the Etruscans. top and bottom. A silver coin of the same
 LIYIA. LOLLIA. 521
family bears for type Jupiter in a quadriga, who, as may be implied from the addition
holding a military hi tins as does Mars, on a PRAEF. VR., was one of the Prefects of the
coin of the Domitia family —Two military litui City, whom Julius Csesar, when he went to
appear placed with shields and spears, on a coin Spain, left at Rome (as Dion relates), and who
of Marcus Aurelius. assumed to themselves the jus lictorum et sellte
Lima Brasilia, also called Julia, was the curulis, as the coins of this Regulus seem to
daughter of Livius Calidiauus of the Claudia shew, unless perhaps the type in the above
family, and the fourth wife of Augustus. She described denarii more correctly belongs to the
first was espoused to Tiberius Claudius Nero, Pnctorship of Regulus the father, especially as
by whom she was yielded up to Augustus, who there are no axes (secures) to the fasces and
;
divorced his third wife Scribonia in order to we learn from Spauheim that such was the case
marry her; she being already mother of Tiberius,
and pregnant with Nero Drusus. Handsome,
with the fasces of the pratores urbani
By the . —
type of the combat of men with wild beasts,
and of great abilities, yet proud, cruel, and the magnificent gladiatorial shews, given by
unprincipled, she compassed the deaths of Julius Caesar, are probably indicated.
Augustus’s heirs, Marcellus, Agrippa junior, LN., as a mint-mark, Lugdunum.
and Germanicus, in order to raise her son Lollia, a plebeian family, having for its sur-
Tiberius to the imperial throne. name palikanvs. Its
’
coins offer twelve
The coins of this princess, of Roman mintage, varieties, two of which deserve note, viz., one
do not hear her portrait. She is represented as a denarius with legend libertatis and head
JVSTITU, as pietas, and as salvs, on second of Liberty, and the other inscribed honoris,
brass (which are scarce) struck under Tiberius : with laurcatcd head of Honour.
the two latter restored by Titus. first brass A —
libertatis. The head of Liberty.
with the head of Justice is very rare.
ivstitia )
(See
It was after the death of Augustus
Rev. palikanvs. —
A portico, to the columns
of which are affixed the beaks of ships, and on
that she took the name of Julia,
—On
and these the top of which is placed a table. The fore- —
pieces are of that epocha.
is always styled ivlla avgvsta.
Latin coins she
— On some
going Eckhel’s description of the type.
is
By —
Mionnct it is described as a bridge with several
Greek medals she is called livia. — The legend arches a table above, mid three galleys below.
;

avgvsta mater patriae is found ou a coin Thebrass pieces of this family were struck
struck in her honour by some unkuown colony. in Cyrenaica, by L. Lollius, one of the lieu-
LIVIAN. Livianus, surname of the ^Emilia tenants of Augustus.
family. —
honoris. A juvenile head laureated.
Livineia, a plebeian family,
on coins are Regulus and Ga/his. Its medals
whose surnames Rev. —
palikanvs. A eurule chair between
two ears of corn.
present thirteen varieties, extremely rare in The reverse of the first denarius exhibits the
gold somewhat common in silver, except those
; rostra Populi Romani, an appellation given to the
pieces restored by Trajan the third brass of
: suggestum, or elevated platform, constructed in
this family are by the moneyers of Augustus, the forum, and adorned with the beaks of galleys
and are common. captured from the Antiates. The type is re-
The following are among the few interesting garded as referring to M. Lollius Palikauus, who,
denarii of the Livineia family :
being tribune of the people in the year of
h. regvlvs. PR. —
The bare head of a young Rome 684, succeeded, with the assistance of
man, without beard. Pompey the Consul, in restoring to the tribune-
Rev. regvlvs. f. praef. vr. A curide — ship its ancient power, of which Sylla had left the
chair, upon which is a crown on each side are; shadow without the substance. [See Tribunitia
the fasces without axes. Potestas.] By the head of Liberty, therefore,
Same head. Rev. Two men, with spears, the restoration of liberty to the Roman people
fighting with a lion, a tiger, and a bull. In — is clearly indicated : whilst the rostra point to the
the exergue l. regvlvs. place where the tribuni plebis were accustomed
The on the obverse of these coins
portrait to speak on behalf of the assemblies of the people.
is certainly intended to represent some one of
LOCVPLETATORI ORBIS TERRARVM.
the more ancient Reguli, but which of them in
particular does not seem to be blown. Haver- —
S.C. (To him who enriches the
Emperor Hadrian, seated on au
world). —The
eslrade, has
camp thinks that the letters PR. following the
word REGVLVS should be read Taler Reguli,
because ou the reverse of the first coin we read
—
REG\ LVS Filius. Eckhel clearly proves, how-
ever, that there should be no point between the
P and the R, as erroneously engraved in Morel],
but that it should be read PRcetor. He, more-
over, entertains no doubt of the epigraph of the
reverse reading REGVLVSY ilius, meaning the
son of the Praetor Regulus. It is thus also
ou coins of the Valeria family that we read
—
MESSAL. F. These coins, in the opinion of
Havercamp, were struck by that L. Regulus,
3 X
 522 LUCILLA. LUCIES.— LUCRETI.
Liberalitas beside him, who, from a horn of and of Faustina the younger. Handsome, and
plenty, pours forth gifts into the bosoms of two at first virtuous, she was married to Lucius
figures standing beneath. Vcrus. Forsaken by him, she gave herself up
The generosity and munificent largesses of to lewdness and excess. After Vcrus’s death,
Hadrian, after having been recorded many times to which Lucilia is accused of having been an
on various coins and in divers ways, arc on the accessory,* she espoused Claudius Pompeianus, a
reverse of a first brass medal of great rarity, Roman senator lived with Cominodus as his
;

glorified altogether by the above splendid title mistress abandoned by him she conspired
;

“ The Benefactor of the World”—a superlative against that tyrant, by whom she was exiled to
the more remarkable, inasmuch as, neither Capreae, where she was shortly after put to
before nor afterwards, js it found conferred on death.
—
any other Emperor. Dion Cassius at once She is styled on her coins (which in every;
illustrates and countenances the otherwise hyper- metal are more or less common), LVCILLAI
bolical characterof this legend locupletator —
AVGVSTA and as the daughter of Marcus!
orbis terrarum, in a passage wherein he says Aurelius, LVCILLA AVG. M. ANTONI NI
of this prince that he was accustomed to enrich AVG. Filia. The types of some of her brass
whole provinces with his gifts, which were medallions are of great beauty and rarity. She
bestowed ou a crowd of citizens of all ranks had children by her two husbands, and her
and classes, and that he never waited to be medals often make allusion to her fecundity.
asked, but bestowed his beneficence wherever LVCINA. —See ivno lvcina.
the necessity of the case required it. See — LVCIO. —See caio et lvcio.
Hadrian. Lucius, born seventeen years before Christ,
Lollianus. — Sec Laelianus. was one of the sons of Agrippa, by Julia,
LON. Longus. — Surname of a man. daughter of Augustus, and with his elder
LONG VS is a surname common to many brother Coins was adopted into the Julia yens,
families of different races. It is an addition to and at the same time into the family of the
the Casca branch of the Servilia family — Caesars, by his grandfather Augustus, and was
CASCA LONGVS. called Princeps Juventutis Prince of the —
Lorica, the cuirass of the Romans. This Roman youth, llis portrait appears on second
piece of defensive armour, which the ancients brass colonial of Augustus (l. avg. or L.
at first made of leather, was afterwards formed j
caes avg. f. princ. tWEN.) Sent to the
of iron rings, and lastly of steel, brass, silver,
1

army of Spain, he died on his way, at Marseilles

and even gold scales. The lorica squamece of (Massilia), a.d. 2 supposed to have fallen a
;

the Emperors is frequently seen on their coins, victim to the poisouiny arts of Li\ia.
— See Bomitian, Severus, &c.
j

LVC. or LVG. P.S. Lucduni, or Lugduni,

L. P. D. AE. P. Lucius Papirius Besignatus pecunia signata .
—
Money struck at Lugdunum,
JEdilis Plebis. — Plebeian Edile elect. — Vaillant now Lyons.
in his coins of Families gives this as inscribed LVCR. —
LVCRETI The name of Lucretius.—
on a remarkable brass coin, having on one side —Sec Lucretia gens, a family extinct in its
Janus, and on the other the prow. patrician branch but its plebeian cognomen of
;

L. R. Lucius Rubrius or Roscius. trio is preserved on eleven varieties of coins

L. S. DEN. Lucius Sicinius Bentatus. — none, however, of any remarkable interest.
Prenomcn, name, and surname of a man. The following is a rare denarius; but as
L. VAL. Lucius Valerius. Preuomen and — restored by Trajan it is trebly rare :

name. I. Head of the Sun radiated. Rev. The

LVC1F. Lucifera. — Sec diana lvcifera.— |
crescent Moon between the Triones, or constella-
LVNA I.VCIFEIIA. tion of seven stars L. i.vcreti trio.

Lucilia, a plebeian family, whose cognomen [

There is an elegant though by no means a
is Rufus. has only one type, winged head of
It scarce silver coin :

Minerva, behind it a. fv., the whole within a II. Head of Neptune, behind it a trident
laurel crown. Rev. Victory in a biga, inscribed ami xxxi. Rev. Cupid riding on the back of
m. lvclli. rvf. Silver common. a dolphin, which he guides with a bridle
L. LVCRETI TRIO.
It is evident that the seven stars, or Triones,
arc placed on this family coin in allusion to its
name. —
Eckhcl adds, “ The symbols of the sun
and inoon were, moreover, engraved on it,
because those planets diffusing, as they do above
all others, an abundant light, have a reference,

in my opinion, to the name of Lucretius."

Cupid mounted ou a dolphin is a doubtful
subject on this second denarius of Lucretius.
Vaillant refers to the naval victory of Aemilius,
Pnctor of Sicily ; bnt that eminent writer
carrieshis perspicuity so far ns, from the
numerals xxxi. which he secs near the head of
( / ) Lucilia (AnniaJ , daughter of Marcus Aurelius Neptune, to gather the very number of ships

/ci Lift hmnifi /.

iCsiLLft 1 hp\iTiA-/L .
 LUDI ROMANI. LUDI ROMANI. 623
captured Quis hac refutabit ? drily asks
!
coin bearing the inscription ceu. qvinq. kom.
the unimaginative but sagacious Eckhel. co. Cerlamen Quinquennale Roma Oon-
LVD. Ludi, Ludis, Ludos. stitulum. —
See CEit. qvinq. kom. co. And
Ludi. —
Games. Public sports or spectacles from a legend on a Greek coin of Caraealla, it
exhibited for the amusement of the people. is ascertained that at Ancyra in Galatia games
These celebrations formed part of the religion had been celebrated in houour of Esculapius, in
of the ancients the games themselves were
; like manner with those already dedicated in the
solemnized for the professed purpose either of Isthmus of Corinth to Apollo.
appeasing the wrath of the gods, and meriting Ludorum Pramia, the prizes or symbols of
their favour or of invoking the blessing of
; public games, were the caduceus, the corona or
health for the people, whose good graces were garland, the laurel, the palm, vases, &c.
also sought to be conciliated by those who The following are the only Roman games
instituted and
arranged them. —
The Grecian alluded to on medals with Latin inscriptions :

states, in the ages of their independence, carried Ludi Apollinares, which w'ere instituted in
the system of holding public games to the Rome to the honour of Apollo by a Senatus
highest point of national distinction. After- consul turn, and celebrated for the first time in
wards when Greece submitted to the Roman 543. These annual games consisted of horse-
yoke, her conquerors encouraged this extravagant racing in the circus. Several coins of the
taste, which better suited their ambitious policy Calpurnia family offer types which, in the head
than to leave her to the galling thoughts of lost of Apollo, the laurel crown, the vase, and a
liberty. And from numismatic evidence, it horse at full gallop with its rider, are considered
woidd even appear that the provinces increased as having reference to the Apollinariau games,
the number of their public games in the very which were identical with the Pythian games of
ratio of their decreasing prosperity. — From the the Greeks.
time of Septimius Severus, medals are fouud —
Ludi Cereales. These games, common to
to indicate many new institutions of this sort, Ceres and to Bacchus, were under the direction
of which no preceding record had been made. of the Curulc Ediles.
Rut their number was never so great as under —
Ludi Circenses. The games of this name,
Valcriauus and Gallienus —
that is to say, during borrowed from the Greek, were fust celebrated
reigns which the Greek provinces of the
in at Rome, when the Elder Tarquin built a circus
empire were in the most neglected and ruinous between Mounts Aventine and Palatine. They
state. Passing over (by no means as uninterest- commenced on the 23rd September, lasted five
ing but simply as exceeding the limits of a work days, and five sorts of exercises, called
expressly confined to Roman numismatics), those
notices of Grecian games which Millin has so
Gymnici, were performed at them viz., —
racing, pugilism, wrestling, the discus, and the
nobly given in his bictionaire des Beaux Arts, dance. The procession from the Capitol to the
we proceed enumerate and shall attempt con-
to Circus, on the opening day, was of the most
cisely to explain the Ludi Romani. These re- —
imposing description. A coin of Nerva records
ceived their respective appellations from the the games of the Circus in connection with their
places where they were celebrated, as circensian reputed founder, Neptune ; and an equally
and as scenic games or by the name of the
; interesting allusion to them is found ou coins of
deity to whom they were consecrated and these; Roman mintage, that which is inscribed on a
latter were divided into sacred games, and votive coin of Hadrian, inscribed ANNo DCCCLXX1 II
games, funeral games, and games of amuse- NATali VRB is Yritnum CIRcenses CON stituti,
ment. The Plebeian Ediles had tbc manage- recording the revival and re-cstablishment, alter
ment of the plebeian games. The Prator, or long disuse, of the Circensian games, in celebra-
the Curulc Edile, took the direction of the tion of the 874th anniversary of Rome’s natal
games dedicated to Ceres, to Apollo, to Jupiter, or foundation day (see the words anno, &c).
to Cybele, and to the other principal deities, Havercamp, in his remarks on Coutorniate
under the name of Ludi Megaleuses. Amongst medals, show's to what an insane pitch the love
were some
this variety of public spectacles, there of these games w as carried, even under the
T

which were specially denominated Ludi Romani, Christian Emperors.

and which were themselves divided into magni, —
Ludi becennales. Games which theEmperors
and maximi. gave to the people ou the tenth year of their
Ludi Publici, the public games which the reign. The custom of celebrating the decennial
Roman Emperors dedicated to the amusement of games derived its origin from Augustus, after
the people, were a species of feasts or holidays whose example other Emperors adopted it, as
but it was not every public festivity that was
accompanied by public games. On coins these
Dion Cassius teaches us (L. iii.) See peimi—
decennaj.es and decexnalia.
ludi are very frequently noticed. —
Besides being Ludi Florales. — Floral games which were
indicated by vases, whence spring palm branches, celebrated at Rome in honour of the Goddess
or over which appear crowns, they are dis- Flora, under the direction of the Curule Ediles,
tinguished by legends, which for the most part on the 29th of April, to invoke the seasonable
exhibit either the name of the author, or that
of the deity to whose honour they were insti-
appearance of the Flowers. —
A record of one
ol these cclcbratious is seen on a denarius of the
tuted. —Thus Nero is shewn to be the author of Servilia family. —
Sec Flora.
certain contests celebrated every fi'vc years by a Ludi Funebres. — Funeral games given in
3X2
524 LUDI ROMANI. LUDI SJSCl'LARES.
honour of persons of distinction after their death, tomiatc medals, with the head of Trajan on
under the superstitious idea of satisfying their them, to be distributed amongst the people.”
manes, and of appeasing the wrath of the Ludi Saculares —
Secular games, so called,
.

infernal gods. Th ey included combats of because they were celebrated only once in a
gladiators ; and this cruel spectacle was called century or age, or perhaps because it was
inunus, that to say a gift.
is The Romans for-— scarcely given to a man to see them more than
bade women being present at these murderous once in his life. They constituted one of thei
exhibitions. The games lasted three or four most solemn of the Roman festivals. Their
days, and the people attended them in mourning actual origin is thus related. In the same year
habits. when the kingly government was abolished,
The ludifunebres in honour of Divus Augustus, ]
Rome became afflicted with a dreadful pestilence;
instituted by the Col. Ficlr. Jut. Carth., arc |
and Publius Valerius Publicola, then one of the
referred to on coins of Roman families, edited two consuls, sought to stay the vengeance of
by Havercamp and Morell. the offended deities, by causing sacrifices to be
—
Ludi Francici. In the calendarium of offered on the same altars to Pluto and Proser-
Philocalus, published by Lainbecius, mention is
;

pine ;
and, as we are told, the plague ceased. —
made of games bearing the name of Francici ,
Sixty years afterwards, the same rites were
and which are supposed to have been instituted repeated by order of the priests of the Sybilliue
on the occasion of the victory gained over the Oracle, and certain ceremonies were added, as
Franks and Alemanni by Constantine the Great, pretended to be prescribed in the sacred books
who, according to Eutropius “ Casts Francis
— <
of the Sybills; and then it was ordained that
atque Alemannis reges eorum cepit, et bestiis, j
these feasts should take place at the end of
cum magnificum spectaculum muneris parasset, each century. The preparation for and arrange-
—
\

objecit.” If this horrible act of ungenerous ments of these games were extremely imposing,
bloodthirstiness was really committed by this first especially during the period of the empire, with
professed imperial convert from Paganism to the whose preservation they were, in popular
religion of the Cross, the gavdivm which stands opinion, identified. When the time arrived for
on the numismatic record of his achievement, as holding these secular sports, the Quindeccmvirs
the vanquisher THAN Comm et AI.A 'Sian norum, sent heralds throughout all Italy, for the express
should have been written CRVDEL1TAS purpose of inviting the people to assist at a
ROMANORVM. The man, indeed, who could festival “ which they had never seen, and which
deliver up the no longer resisting
chiefs of his they would never see again.” —
When everybody
foes to wild beasts at the games which he was assembled, the solemnities began with a
exhibited for the amusement of the people, was procession, consisting of the Priesthood, the
not a monarch but a monster not a Christian Seuate, and the Magistrates, accompanied by a
Emperor, but an incarnate fiend. Eumenius, in — multitude of citizens clothed in white, crowned
his panegyrics, Constantine in giving
lauds with flowers, and each holding a palm-branch.
his Frankish prisoners in such numbers to the For the three days and nights that the festirtd
wild beasts that they at last stood still, satiated lasted, three different hymns were sung in the
with slaughter. —
See a notice of the amphitheatre temples, and various shows were exhibited to
at Treves, the site of the carnage, in Mr. Roach the people. The scene of action was changed
Smith’s Col. Ant. vol. ii. each day. The first was in the Campus Martins;
Ludi Magni, or Romani, were institnted the second at the Capitol ; the third on the
under the Kings of Rome, and were called Palatine Hill. After a preparatory form of
magni, because they were given on a grand scale devotion, called Perrigi/wm, when lustral cere-
and at a great expense. They were dedicated to monies were gone through, and black victims
Jove, Juno, and Minerva. The curule chair, offered up to the Infernal Gods, the multitude
with the thunderbolt and face of Jupiter above assembled in the Field of Mars, and sacrificed to
it, on the obverse of denarii, shew that it was Jupiter, Juno, Apollo, Diana, Ceres, and other
the Ediles who celebrated these grand or Roman divinities. The first nizht of the games, the
games. Emperor himself, at the head of fifteen Pontiffs,
Ludi Megalenses, or Megalesii, in honour of proceeded to the banks of the Tiber, and
Mater Magna, the Idican Goddess (Cybele), there at three altars erected for the occasion,
were held in April, with great religious pomp. and sprinkled with the blood of three lambs,
Tlic early coinage of Rome shews that the above- they dedicated victims and other burnt -offerings.
named goddess was a principal deity, whose A certain space of ground was afterwards
favour it was sought to invoke, and whose wrath marked out, and converted into an illuminated
to appease, by these games. Their types arc scene. During the first two days appropriate
found on certain denarii of Roman families (see hymns were chanted in chorus ;
different kiuds
Havercamp aud Morell, Fam. p. 298). These
;
of games were performed ; scenic pieces were
public games were celebrated by Scipio at exhibited at the theatre and at the circus there
—Sec
;

Nassica, in Spain. Calagurris. were foot, horse, and chariot races. The third
Ludi Farthici. —The Parthian games were day, which concluded the festival, seventeen young
celebrated at Rome in remembrance of the men and as many young women of condition,
victories gained by Trajan over the 1’arthiaus. and having their fathers and mothers living,
“ It would seem (says Millin) that the com- entered the temple of Apollo Palatinus, and
memorations occasioned a great number of Con- I sang hyinns in Greek and Latin, invoking
 Ll'Dl S.ECULARES. LUDI SJDCULARES. 525
upon Rome the protection of the gods, who had ten years, in taking for a base the 737th year
just been honoured by the most solemn sacrifices. of Rome, when Augustus re-established them
At length the Sibylline Priests who had opened or else the period of one bundled years adopted
the ludi see cutares with prayers to the deities, by Claudius, Antoninus Pius, and Philip in —
closed them in the same manner. taking for a base the secular games celebrated
In giving an account of the various epochas in 957 under Severus, according to the com-
when the Secular games were celebrated under putation of Augustus, they ought to have been
the Emperors, M. Millin observes that after an celebrated one hundred and ten years after, that
interruption which lasted for a long series of is to say, in 1067 but Maximianus w as dead
;

years, these festivities took place for the sixth in 1063. The same reasoning may be employed
time from their original institution during the in order to prove that dining the reign of
reign of Augustus, and in the year of Rome Gallienus, which comes in the series between
—
737. The Emperor Claudius, indeed, when he that of Philip and that of Maximian, there should
was but a private individual, had borne testimony not have been any secular games. It is this
1
to the fact that Augustus’s calculation of the circumstance which induced Eckhel to suppose
j
year for performing the secular games was carc- that, having found the period of a whole century
I fully and correctly made. But when Claudius too long, the Emperors determined upon cele-
became emperor he found fault with this brating these splendid feasts at the end of half a
calcidation,which he said had anticipated the century. This hypothesis acquires great weight,
I
time; and he pretended that the celebration ought when it is considered, in the first place, that at
to have been reserved to the end of the century this cpocha, the Roman empire was afflicted with
in which he was living. In conformity with pestilence and ravaged with wars, and that it
I this his professed opinion, Claudius repeated was expressly with the view of removing these
these games in the 80uth year after the founda- scourges that the celebration of the secular
tion of Rome. It is in reference to that games was instituted ;
in the next place, accord-
occasion Suetonius remarks that the pro- ing to the newer computation, the time for per-
clamation of the herald, about “ what people forming them coincides with the reign of
had never seeu and would not see again,” failed Gallienus,and with that of Maximianus, under
in its application to this particular instance; whom the testimony of medals shews that they
because many persons who had witnessed the took place.— Severus celebrated the games in
secular games under Augustus, were then still 957, ou the computation 'of Augustus. In
living ;and because there were even actors that adding thereto 55 years, the half of 110,
had been employed on the former occasion, who according to Augustus, composing the period
took part in the spectacle of this Claudian cele- required to elapse between one celebration and
bration. —
Forty-one years afterwards, Domitian another, we arrive at the year 1012, which
renewed the secular games, not according to the corresponds with the seventh year of the tri-
calculation established by Claudius, but agree- bunitian power of Gallienus, a period at which
ably to that of Augustus, by which it had been his father Valerianus was taken prisoner by the
laid down that the games in question were to be Persians —an event which perhaps induced Gal-
celebrated every hundred and ten years. Tacitus — games as a supposed
lienus to give the secular
was then praitor, and actively assisted at this means of appeasing the anger of the gods.
celebration of Domitian, in his office of quin- M ith respect to Maximianus, it must be con-
decemvir, or sibylline pontilf, as he calls him- cluded that he took for the basis of his calcula-
self, says in his Ann als
(Lib xi. c. 11). tion the games celebrated in 1001 under Philip,
|
Antoninus Pius, as Aurelius Victor informs us, adding thereto fifty years, as the half century,
celebrated the 900th year of Rome, with great according to the computation followed by Clau-
,
magnificence; it is not said that the secular dius, in which case the secular games would
i
games were then exhibited, but that they were have been celebrated under Maximianus, in the
*
is the more probable, inasmuch as the writer year 1051 of Rome —
the thirteenth year of his
above-mentioned does not even use that ex- tribunitian power. —
Constantine did' not cele-
pression when speaking of the secular games brate them in the year when he was consul,
celebrated in the reign of Philip. Septimius — with Licinius for the third time, in the 1066th
Severus adopted the computation of Augustus, year of Rome, or a.d. 313.— But the Emperor
in giving the secular games at Rome, in the llonorius, having received intelligence of the
year 957. It is well-known that Philip repeated victory gained by his general Stilico over
them with unexampled magnificence and splen- Alaric, permitted all the Pagans again to cele-
dour, in the year of the city 1001. The types brate the secular games ; and these were the last
of several medals of Gallienus shew that, under of which history makes mention.
his reign, there was a performance of these Ludi Votivi —
Games which Roman Generals
.

games. And Eckhel, Syllog. i. Num. Vet. has caused to be celebrated when they were
published (plate 10, No. 11) a coin of Maxi- about to depart for the wars, or which they
niianus, which goes to prove that under that made a vow to celebrate in the event o’f
prince also the same games were celebrated.
Nevertheless, according to the two modes of
their escaping some imminent danger.
ludi votivi were performed on various occa-
The —
calculating the epochas of the secular games, sions, being of a private as well as public kind.
which we have seeu were adopted by preceding Mention is made of them on a coin of the
emperors, viz., a period of one hundred and Non ia family, the reverse of which has for its
 620 lud; s.-eculares. LUDI S JSCCLARES.
circumscription SE Xtus NONImw VRimus (or
as some read it PR ator) Ludus Xotivus P ublicos
Fecit . —To this may be added a medal of the. Maria
family, in tab. i. no. 5 of Morell’s Thesaurus.
LVD. SAEC. —On a rare silver coin of
Augustus is a cippus on which are inscribed the
words IMP. CAES. AVG. LVD. saec. In the
field, on one side, is xv., on the other, s. F.,

which means Casar Augustus ludos sacularcs,

(subandit ur fecit,) Quindecemcir sacrisfaciun-
dis. (The Emperor Cicsar Augustus instituted
the Secular games as Quindecemvir having the
care of sacred things.)
Augustus, as has been stated, restored the Near the Emperor, a woman holding a cornucopia;
secular games 737, when
in the year of Rome '

is seated on the ground whilst on the other

;

he was one of the Quindqcemciri, or officers side we see a harper, a flute player, and a popa
|

appointed to superintend the sacrifices. Hence (or priest who slew the victims) with a sow.
we find it recorded on the cippus, as on the
I

("he woman whom we see on the ground, says

coins of Domitian and of Philip.
LVD. SAEC. EEC. COS.
—
Eckhcl, is Tel/us, or Mother Earth the fertile
XIIII. Ludos nurse of all living creatures, characterised as
such by the horn of plenty. The sow which we
see brought to the altar is destiued to be sacrificed
to her, as the verses of the Sibylls, quoted in
Zosimus, indicate, by mentioning the hog and
the black sow as fit immolations to the Goddess
of the Fertile Earth. Hence also Horace,
amongst other deities, to whom vows were
accustomed to be made, invokes Tellus, in the
Carmen Krcu/are :
FertilLi frugum, pecorisque Tellus
Spicea donet Cererem corona.
sttcttlares fecitConsul XIIII. The Emperor — On another first brass of Domitian, bearing
(Domitian) caused to be celebrated or rather — the same legend of lvd. saec. fec. Cos. xiIll.
under the reign of Domitian, and during his 14th s. c., the Emperor stands
in front of a Temple,
Consulate, the secidar games were celebrated, holding a patera over a lighted altar opposite ;

about the year of Rome 841 104 years after ;

him is a man seated on the ground with a harp
those of Augustus, and 41 after those of in his hand behind arc two flute players.
;

Claudius. The coin above, in second brass, On a second brass of Domitian, the Emperor
commemorates this event. is seen in the act of sacrificing at a lighted altar,
Of all the medals struck under different
Emperors commemoration of the secular
in
games, none arc more curious, none are more
replete with antiquarian interest, than those of
Domitian, representing the solemn ceremonies
of these games. —
On one of these (a denarius)
we sec a man habited in the toga, standing near
a cippus inscribed as above,
and wearing on his head a
helmet, whence spring two
wings in his right hand he ;

holds a small staff, and in whilst one popa holds down an

ox, the second popa
his left a round buckler. strikes him with This type refers to the
his axe.
This figure, it is conjectured, custom which prevailed at the Secular games of
is that of the herald whose offering up while bulls to Jupiter and Juno, aud
duty it was to announce the black ones to Pluto aud Proserpine, as Horace
celebration of the games or perhaps one of the
;

quindecemcirs who presided at them. The same

says —
Qiorque cos bobus reneratur albis .

figure (says Millin) is found on coins of the

Sanquinia family, of which the type recalls the
memory of those secular games which Augustus
re-established (737), and when one of the
members of the above named family was
monetary triumvir.
On a first brass of the same Emperor, bear-
ing the same legend, we sec his figure standing,
clothed in the toga, holding a patera in his right
hand, aud performing sacrifice before .an altar.
 LUDI SiECULARES. LUDI SjECULARES. 527
Sheep and goats were also sacrificed on these on which is written svfpd ;
and, unattended by
occasions, as may be remarked on other second the usual assistants, he is making a distribution
brass coins of Domitian, which bear equally
specific reference to the Secular games.
to a —
man and a child. This type, according to
the concurrent opinion of the learned, refers to
On a first and second brass of the same certain functions performed by the Emperor as
quindecemvir sacris faciundis. The letters
SVlj'PD being explained to mean SVEfimenta
Vopulo Data LVlJoj SXECularcs FEC#, that is
to say, perfumes (for the purpose of lustrations)
given to the people , some days before the com-
mencement of the Sfceular games.
A large brass of the same Emperor, which
has for the legend of its reverse cos. xim. lvd.
saec. a. pop., and on the base of a suggestum
frvg. ac. —
Here we see Domitian seated;
before him stand two figures, in front of a
Emperor we see a river personified in a recum- temple. This last legend gives rise
two to
bent posture, and holding a cornucopia; This — interpretations. Some read cos. xim. Ludi :

river, says Eckliel, is the Tiber for, according Srecularibus a Populo fruges accepit
; which
to the laws of these games, as Zosimus instructs alludes to the of the harvests offered
first fruits
us, the victims were immolated on the bank of to the Gods by the people.But the greater
the Tiber, near the Campus Martins, at the number of numismatists, holding opinion with
spot called Tereutum. Spanheim, think it should be interpreted Cos.
On a first brass 0 i Domitian the Emperor xim. Ludos Saculares, (the word fecit being
appears clothed in the toga, and holding a understood) a Populo fruges accepter, it being
remembered that after the games an abundance
of distributions were made to the multitude.
Another first brass, with the same legend (but
without the abbreviated w ords frvg.
r
ac.),
represents Domitian near a
temple, having
before himseveral figures kneeling, with them
hands raised towards the Emperor.
LYDOS. SAECVL. FECIT. COS. III.—
Bacchus with panther and Hercules with club
,

stending and between them a cippus bearing this

;

legend constitute the reverse of a second brass

of Severus in the Queen of Sweden’s cabinet.
A gold coin is given by Mionnct, which he
values at 150 francs, bearing the same legend
volume,!, or roll of papyrus, in his left hand and type, but apparently without the cippus.
behind him is another togated man whilst near These medals record the renewal, by this warlike
;

him is a procession of three young persons, whose Emperor, of the Secular games celebrated by
hands are raised, and who hold palm branches. Domitian; but not till after a lapse of 116
This type has relation to the twenty-seven boys years, as perhaps on account of the civil
wars
and the twenty-seven girls, who (ambos parent es he was unable to give them at the prescribed
adhuc superstites habent) had both parents time. Herodianus (as quoted by Vaillant) thus
surviving, and who chanted hymns in Latin
still

and alludes to them —

“ We see also under him
Greek. — Horace illustrates this custom thus in his
(Severus) certain games of every kind produced
Carm. Sac : at all the theatres, and at the same time
.
public
Condito mitis, placidusque telo festivities celebrated, and vigils after the
manner
Supplices audi pueros, Apollo ; of the initiated in the rites of Ceres these
are
—
;

Sulerum regina bicornis audi now called the Secular games.” Dion Cassius
Luna ,
puellas. states that Severus built a large temple
to
And Catullus still more pointedly: Bacchus and Hercules.
Diana sumus in fide COS. 111. LVD. SAEC. EEC. S. C.— The
Puellce, et pueri integri,
Dianavn pueri integri,
Puellteque canamvs.
On
a first brass also of Domitian, which on
its obverse bears his laureated head, with the
newly assumed title of CENiOr PER petuus,
and which on the reverse is notified as having
been struck in the 14th Consulate (cos. xim).
D e read as on all the foregoing :

LVD. SAEC. EEC. S. C. ;

and we see the
Emperor clothed in the toga, sitting in front of
a temple on the suggest um, or raised platform.
528 LUGDUNUM.—LUNA. LUNA LUCIFERA. —LUNUS.
Emperor sacrificing before an altar, attended by moon, over or under the head of the Emperor
Hercules and Bacchus. In the back ground a or Empress, on coins of Augustus, Nero,
flute player. In the front, on the left is Tcllus ,
Commodus, Mamira, Otacilia, Etruscilla, Salo-
on the right, a boy holding the victim. First — nina, Saloninus, Postumus, &c.
brass of Scverus. The Luna Crescens, with seven stars, apj>ears
Thus we from the above cited instances of
see on a silver coin of Hadrian.
Augustus, Claudius,Domitian, and Severus, LVNA LVCIFERA. — A female figure in a
that in spite of their name (saecvlares), these car drawn) by two horses, and having a crescent
solemnities had no decidedly fixed epochas the ;
moon on her head. —This epigraph and type
will of the reigning prince, and the circumstances appear on silver, gold, and second brass coins of
of the empire, uuiting to alter the era from Julia Domua. The ambitious wife of Severus
which their return was computed.
—
LVG. Lugdunensis. C. C. COL. LVG.
Claudius Copia Colonia Lugdunensis. The —
Roman colony of Lugdunum.
Lugdunum, a city and colony of Gaul
according to Herodianus a large and opulent
city, now called Lyon, in central France.
Havcrcamp (ad Morell Tam. p. 26 ) states that
Lugdunum was made a Roman municipium
under the provincial qnaestorship of M. Antonins
Creticus, the father of Mark Antony the
triumvir. Itwas furthermore invested with the
jus civitatis Romance by the Emperor Claudius, isexhibited on her coins now as Cybcle, then as
who, by his mother Antonia, was related to the Venus, but here as Diana, or Luna. Just as
Antonii. —An ancient copy of the decree of her imperial husband is styled uumisinatically
upon brass plates, is preserved at
Claudius, Parator Orbis under the figure of the Sun,
Lyon. They were discovered in 1528. so Julia on account of her fertility in bearing
LVGDVNI A. XL. A Lion walking. This — sons, is Luna Luci/era, for as Cicero says,
called
inscription and type appear on a quinarius of M. (Lib. ii. De
Nat. Dear.) Diana was invoked by
Antonius, and shew it to have been struck at women at the time of child-birth.
Lugdunum in Gaul, now Lyon. It is singular to find such a legend as this,
Lugdu.ni Genius.— The Genius of Lyon, with the type of the Goddess (her head adorned
personified by a male figure, turret-crowned, with a crescent, walking and holdmg a torch
standing with a spear in his right, and a in her hand), on a coin (third brass) of Gallicnus;
cornucopia: in his left hand, with an eagle at his but that Emperor was a complete pantheist in
feet, appears on a silver coin of Clodius his mint, and has dedicated his coins to all the
Albinus. —
See gen. lvo. Goddesses as well as Gods of Heaven, Earth,
—
Luna, the Moon. This deity was by the and Hell
Romans, who borrowed their worship of her Lunus, a deity; that, by the testimony of
from the Greeks, generally identified with Diana, many coins, and also according to Spartianus
from which chaste goddess she is, however, to ( Anton. Caracal! us, c. vii.), was a peculiar object
be distinguished, inasmuch as to Inna, or of Pagan worship throughout almost all Asia
Selena, were attributed certain amorous adven- Minor and Syria. It was iu fact Luna, or the
tures, amongst others that with Endymion, of Moon, adored by several nations under the figure
which the fable is depicted on one of the of a man, because, as the above-mentioned
Contorniates in llavercamp’s collection. author aflirins, they persuaded themselves that
The symbols of Luna are various on Roman he alone would obtain obedience from his wife
coins ;
on those of Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, who worshiped Lunus as a male divinity but ;

Trajan, and Hadrian (second brass), the figure that he who adored the moon as Luna that is
of Eternity holds in her hands the heads of the to say, as a female divinity, could not assure
—
Sun and Moon. The moon mingled with stars himself that his wife would obey him. The
is a type, of Consecration, and serves on a Romans called him Mcnsis as well as Lunus.
second brass of Faustina senior to designate the On medals of Antioch in Pisidia (see Vaillant,
reception of that Empress amongst the celestial Col. i. p. 180), struck under Antoninus Pius, we
divinities. —On a second brass of the younger sec this deity standing, clothed in the long dress
Faustina Luna is seen standing with a torch in of a woman, wearing a phrygian pileus, or cap
each hand, symbolically pointing to that princess holding the hasta in his right hand, aud extend-
as siuektbvs kecepta. —
See that legend also ;
ing his left with a Victory in it. At his
see aeternitas and conseciiatio. feet is what looks like an eagle, but which is
Luna is represented in different designs on described to represent the galfus gallinaceus,
coins of the Empresses, amongst others in those or cock. At his back is a crescent, the cha-
which exhibit Julia Domna, whether in allusion racteristic attribute of Lunus. The legend of
to the fecundity of that princess, or as flattering the reverse is mensis col. caes. antioch.
her with the Sond idea of being another light to “ The Antiochians of Pisidia by this medal
the world. She appears in a biga of bulls on (says Havcrcamp in Mus. Christ. 896), npjicar
coins of Caracalla. —The crescent, or two-horned to have designed the congratulation of Antoninc
 LUNUS.—LUPA. LUPA.— LUPUS. 529
on some victory gained by his lieutenants under The taken from a large brass of
illustration,
his fourth consulate (cos. mi. as recorded on Antoninus Pius, exhibits above the cave a bird,
the side of the portrait).” —
It is not without a
cause that mention is made of Mensis (or Mouth)
in the inscription of the reverse, forthe people
of Pisidinn Antioch rendered a religious worship
to the mouth, called Ascens, as we learn by a
passage from Strabo (L. xii. p. 557), quoted by
' Vaillant, in Col. tom. i. p. 240 .—Lunus, as
distinguished by the above noted attributes,
appears on the reverse of a first brass of Sept.
Severus, in the Colonies of Vaillant (tom. ii.
p. 4), who shews that the worship of this god
was particularly observed in Pamphvlia, and
that the Antiochians had consecrated this medal
to Severus after his victory over Pescenuius which has been usually considered to be an eagle.
Niger. — In the coin of Severus, the legend of It may be so but Ovid describes the wood-
;

the reverse is col. caes. antioch. Colonia pecker as officiating at the nursing of the
Casarea Antiochensis. In the field are the infants.
letters s. K., which Vaillant interprets Senatus Besides those of Antoninus Pius, the well-
Romanus but without assigning his reasons known type of the Lupa cum puerulis, occurs on
for so doing. —
On the medal in question, as coins of that Emperor’s predecessors Tiberius,
engraved in his “ Colonies,” the god Lunus is Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, Trajan, and Hadrian;
represented in male attire a similar medal of
; and of his successors M. Aurelius, Commodus,
Severus and of Julia Domna (in Mus. Christina) Severus, Caracalla, Maerinus, Elagabalus, Alex.
gives him the long robe of a female. See — Severus, Gordianus Pius, Philippus, Trebonianus
Antiochia Pisidia. Gallus, Valerianus, Gallienus, Aurelianus, Probus,
Carausius, Maxentius, and Constantine the Great.
The last-named exhibits the wolf suckling
the twins ; and, on some, two stars appear
above the wolf, an emblem under which
Castor and Pollux are generally represented.
With the mint-masters of the Roman colonies
this is a frequently recurring type. —See Beul-
tum .
— On a coin of Maxentius quoted by
Vaillant, the same type is united to a singular
epigraph, viz., aetekna felicitas. —
On a
family coin of Sextus Pompeius (having the
helmetcd head of Rome on its obverse, and for
the legend of its reverse sex. pomp, fostvlvs.)
we wolf standing before the fig-tree
see the
quietly devoting her teats to the mouths of
Lupa. —The she
wolf suckling Romulus and Romulus and Remus.
Remus. On
one of the coins (struck in each LVP. Lupercus The name of a man.
. —
metal) of Antoninus Pius, we see the fabled On a coinof the Gallia family is read g. gallivs
cohabitation of Mars with Rhea Sylvia, the lvpercvs III. VIE. A.A.A.F.F.
Vestal daughter of Numitor; and on another L. V. P. F. LudosVotivos Publicos Fecit .

we see the fruits of that alleged connection in In the collection of Ursinus, p. 188, and in
the birth of the twin brothers, and in their Vaillant’s Pam Rom. ii. p. 172, a coin is given,
preservation by the popularly credited miracle in which a togated figure, sitting on spoils, is
of a savage animal performing the office of a crowned by a victory ; with the inscription of
mother to the exposed and deserted babes. We — SEXlus NONIkj PR. and the above letters —
see on a second brass of M. Aurelius the wolf The Ludi Votivi in this
con- instance are
in the cave on the banks of the Tiber, with the sidered to relate to the celebration of a victory
two sturdy infants imbibing nourishment at her gained by Sulla, the uncle of this Nonius, over
—
pendent dugs a representation consecrated on Mitbridates.
innumerable monuments, and held as a symbol LV PO PR. C. CAESAR. Lupo Prafecto
indicating the origin of the Roman Coinmon- Cohortis Caesarea . — On a coin of Livia in
w-ealth, especially of the Colonies the whole is
:
Vaillant’s Colonies, i. p. 50.
singularly illustrated by the following verses of Lupus —
The wolf was sacred to Mars.— On
.

Virgil :
a coin of the Satriena family, wT e see a she-
wolf walking, and above it the word roma.
Fecerat et viridi fetam Mavortis in antro
Procubuisse lupam : geminos huic ubera circum A wolf is also the distinctive sign of the Roman
Ludere pendentes pueros, et lambere matrem colonial town of Ilerda, now Lerida, in Spain.
Impavidos; illam tereti cervice rejiexam See Ilerda.
Mulcere alternos, et corpora fingere lingua. On a coin of the Papia family, we see a
wolf holding a log in his mouth, whilst an eagle
530 LTJRIA.— LUTATIA. LYRA.
stands by it with expanded wings, near a fire. Catulus gained at rEgates over the Carthagenians,
This coin was struck to shew the origin of the in the year of Rome 512, and which at a later
Papii in the town of Lanuvium, of whose period this Q. Lutatius Cerco has in this manner
“ wonderful wolf” Dionysius Halicarnassus re- alluded to in honour of his family.
lates a strange story. — See Papia. LYX MYNDI. — Banduri gives this epigraph,
LVRIA, a family little known. Its cognomen on a silver coin of Tiberius Constantinus (Em-
Agrippa —
P. lvrivs agripfa iiivir. &c., on peror of the East in a.d. 578), with a cross in
first and second brass of Augustus. the middle.
Lusitania part of Uispania ulterior which Lyra. —
The lyre was generally regarded as
Pliny (L. iv. c. 12) bounds by the river Durius the instrument of Apollo, although artists have
(or Douro), calling the other and by far given it also to other divinities. It was distin-
the larger portion by the name of Uispania guished by many names such as lyra, chelys,
citerior. But Strabo and Mela ascribe to it barbiton, cithara. It seems that the grand
much ampler boundaries. It is now called lyre the Apollo Citharoede and Palatine
of
Portugal. — Vaillant in his Colonies (L. p. 35; was the barbiton. The number of strings to
shews it to have been a province under Augustus. this instrument varied much ; that of seven
— The Lusitani offered a resistance of some strings was the most used, it was that appro-
duration to the Romans, but were conquered by priated to Apollo, and was the most perfect.
D. Brutus. The lyre was played with the fingers, or with a
Lustratio. Lustration. —
A ceremony by which small ivory instrument, or a reed, called pecten,
things both animate and inanimate were purified. or plectrum, which was employed to save the
The Romans regarded it as so solemn a rite, fingers; but it was deemed more skilful to
that on certain occasions not only the army but touch the lyre without the plectrum. The lyre
also the city itself was lustrated, crimes being w as also performed upon w ith both hands, which
then expiated, and the polluted citizens purgated was called touching or nipping it inside and
with pure water. —
The manner of purifying the outside. The great lyre was considered to be
armies was by dividing a sacrificial victim in the invention of the God of Music, the divine
two, and causing the soldiers to march between Apollo, whilst the smaller or cithara was re-
the two portions, in pronouncing some form of puted to have been invented by Mercnry.
prayer. — The riteLustration is shadowed
of The Lyre is figured on various coins both
forth on a coin of the Poslumia family (see Roman and Greek. One or two of these instru-
the word). —
A large brass medallion of Lucilla, ments appear on medals which have been struck
without legend, is also considered to be a monu- in those cities where Apollo Actius, or the
ment of the lustral ceremony performed on God of the Muses, was worshipped. A single —
infants —
viz., a female shaking a tree, from lyre is found on coins of Acmilin, Papia, and
which an infant is falling; another female Pctronia families; and in the Imperial series on
bathing an infant in the sea ; three winged medals of Augustus, Hadrian, and Domitian.
genii ;
one on an estradc, the other on an altar, The Lyre, as displaying the image of celestial
the third on a gardeu wall. harmony, is represented in the hand of Apollo,
Lupercal, a place thus named, was situated or the arm is seen resting upon it,
of that deity
under the Palatine Hill at Rome. It was on coins of Augustus, Nero, Domitian, Hadrian,
sacred to the God Lupercus whom the Romans Antonine, Commodus, Severus, Caracalla, Tre-
otherwise called Pan Lyccrns. There were bonianus Callus, Valerian, Gnllienus, Probus,
yearly feasts termed Lupercatia, on the days of &c. —In the hand of Calliope, or the Muse
which the Luperci or Priests of Pan, ran naked Clio, and of HerculesMusagctcs, in the Pompunia
through the streets, and with the whips they family. —
In the hand of a citharoedus, or
carried struck the hands of women, who held harper, it is a frequent type in sacrificial
them out to receive the lash that they might solemnities likewise in the secidar festivals
—
;

conceive and bear children. As bearing allusion sec lvd. saec. fec. —
On Nero’s coins, we sec
to this piece of indecent superstition, Du Choul, it in more than one instance in the hands of
in his Religion des Anciens Romains, professes that imperial "fiddler."
to copy a large brass of Lucilla, exhibiting The Lyre and laurel branch is exhibited on a
Juno Lucina sitting with a sceptre in one hand coin of Domitian.
and a whip in the other. Two Lyres suspended, one on each side of
LVTATIA, a plebeian family, whose surname an altar, on a coin of the Scribonia family and —
—
on its coins is Cerco. It has three varieties. the same number with a caduceus in the middle,
The following is a rare denarius, viz., cerco on a silver coin of Domitian. —
Havercainp on
roua. Hclmcted head of Minerva. —On the Morcll (Pam. p. 204) gives the type of two
reverse Q. lvtati. Q. A galley within an oaken Lyres, on which an owl is standing, designating
garland. as he interprets it. Concord assisted by prudent
The type of the reverse is supposed to indicate counsel, or indicating simply the worship of
the celebrated naval victory, which Lutatius Apollo and Minerva. —
See Cithara.
 MAGISTER. MACEDONIA. 531
M. as a numeral signifies Mille, a
thousand.
M. MAC. or MACED. Macedonica. leg. v. —
mac. Legio Macedonica Quinta, Sexta, fy~c.
M. The
twelfth letter of the Latin alphabet. MAC. AVG. Macellum Augusts. On the —
A capital M
appears on coins of Anastasius, reverse of a large and a middle brass of Nero we
JustinusL, Justinus II., Tiberius Constantiuus, find this inscription, and for its accompanying
Mauricius, Phocas, Heraclius, and other Em- type an elegant edifice, with many columns,
perors of the East. into w hich the ascent is by a flight of steps,
r

M. as a letter of the alphabet is observed on ornamented with a statue in its portico. These
many coins of Roman families. rare coins were struck in memory of the Mar-
M. — KQ. M. Equitum Magister.
Magister. ket-place, which, as Dion relates, was con-
Master of the Horse.
—
M. Magna. I.s.m.r. Juno Sospita Magna
structed by order of Nero. —
See a view of the
building, p. 77.
Regiua. The Macellum was a place where meat and
M. Marci. — m. Marti In
f. Filius. like other eatables w’crc sold. It appears that at Rome
manner M. asMarci Nepos.
N. the place appropriated to the slaughtering of
M. or MA. Marcia. — aqva. m. on a beasts was not the same as that destined to the
deuarius of the Marcia family. sale of meat, but that each had its particular
M. Marcia, a prenomen and name of a locality. Hence the word macellum, which is
woman. commonly translated butchery, properly means
M. Marci-us. Q. M. —
Quintus Marcius. a market for meat, fish, and other eatables
;

or MA. Marcus, a prenomen, frequently

M. and in this sense the word as used by Varro,
found on coins of Roman families, and likewise Plautus, and other writers, must he understood.
on those of the Imperial series, where we see On the above quoted medal of Nero, we see a
IMP. C. M. (or MA.) AVREL. ANTONINVS ; on building equal in exterior magnificence of archi-
a coin of Caracalla. tecture to the public baths, to the circusses,
M. A. Marcus Atitonius,aho 3farcus Aurelius. and to the amphitheatres. This Market-place
M. AVR. Marcus Aurelius. *
is perfectly characteristic of the Roman empire,
—
M. Martia. leg. xiiii. gemina. m. v. which lavished the utmost grandeur of design
Legio xiiii. Gemina Martia Victrir. This — and splendour of art, on the simplest monu-
epigraph, with the legionary eagle between two
standards, appears on a very rare silver coin of
ments of public utility. —The word macellum
(adds Milliu), written on tbe map of the capitol,
Sept. Severus, as edited in Khcll's Suppl. p. 108. in front of an edifice adorned with columns,
M. Mater. M, c. —
Mater Casaris; or leaves no doubt as to its destination ; hut it
Mater Castrorum M. patr. Mater Patrice.
. does not appear to be the same with that repre-
—
M. Maxima. victoria g. m. Germanica sented on the medal in question.
Maxima, on a coin of Gallienus, in Khell’s Therefore by this epigraph of mac. avg.
Suppl. p. 184. and the type above described the macellum
M. Maximo. See I. — o. M Jovi Optimo is recorded, respecting which Xiphilinus from
—
Maximo. Dion thus speaks “Then also Nero dedicated
—
:

M. Maximus. p. m. Pontifex Maximus. the forum of provisions, which is called the

M. Messius, prenonien of Trajanus Decius. —
macellum.” The name is derived from Maccllus,
m. Q. traianvs. formerly a noted robber in Rome, on whose con-
—
M. Metropolis. col. sep. avr. laod. m. demnation the censors ordained that in his house
Colonia Septimia Aurelia Metropolis. victuals should be sold. Suetonius also mentions
—
M. Militaris. R. M. Pei Militaris. annona macelli. This coin of Nero clearly then
—
M. Minervia. leg. m. xx. Legio Minervia confirms the words of Dion, and at the same
P icesima. time shews the form of the building, with which
M. Moesia. — M. col. vim. Provincia
p. s. that emperor embellished the forum obsoniorum.
Moesia Superioris Colonia Viminiacum. The ever visionary Harduin interprets the epi-
M. Moneta. — sacra avgg. et caess.
m. graph Mausoleum Casaris AVGustil
NX. Moneta Sacra Augustorum Et Casarum MACED. Macedonica. leg. v. maced, —
Nostrorum. viii. avg. Legionis Quinta Macedonica
—
M. Multis. See votis x. m. xx. on coins Octava Augusta. On a colonial coin of Philip
of Galerius. senior.
M. Munita. — qvod. m. &c. Quod v. s. Macedonia, an ancient Greek monarchy, in
Via Munita Sunt. the south of Europe ; the kingdom of Philip
M. Municipe — m. vticen. Municipes
s. ivl. and of Alexander the Great. After royalty
Julii Uticensis. became extinct in Macedonia, the people governed
M. Municipium. —M. —Munidpium Pa- r. themselves by their own laws. Conquered by
vennatum. — Vaillant, Pr.
i. 300. /Emilius, it was at first left free, but w'as at
M. end of Roman words was now
at the length made a Roman
province by Cecilius
and then formerly omitted for example we find ; Metcllus, and was divided into four parts.
it wanting on denarii of the Aemilia family, as During tbe empire it struck Greek medals in
—
priver. captv. It is also sometimes observed honour of Augustus, Claudius, Nero, Vitellius,
to be left out in the word avgvstorvm, as Vespasian, Domitian, Hadrian, Antonine, Marcus
victoria avgvstorv. Aurelius, Faustina, Commodus, Severus, Gor.
3 Y 2
532 MACER. —MACRINUS. MACRINUS.
dianus Pius, Diadumcnianus. The four
and — silver are of base metal (often described as third
Roman colonies in Macedonia, of Cassandra, brass). On these he is styled macrianvs,
Dium, Pella, and Philippi, indicate their esta- NOBIL. CAES., or IMP. C. FVLVIVS. MACRIANVS
blishment by Julius Cmsar, or Augustus, on P.F. AVG.
their coins which bear the inscription col. Ivl. “ It would appear (says Mr. Akcrman) from
avg. Colonia Julia Augusta. —
Macedonia, as the first of these titles that, contrary to the

a province under Imperial Rome, is personified testimony of historians, Macrianus the younger
on two distinct coins of Hadrian, viz., the was first declared Caesar, and that the title of
adventvs and the restitvtor macedoniae of Augustus was conferrred upon him subsequently.
his large brass geographical scries the latter : The Latin coins of the young Macrianus do not
exhibits in its type the pointed cap and the bear the prenomcn. His Greek coins differ in
round buckler of the Macedonians. the name some have marcvs, others titvs.
;

MACEDONIC. Maeedonieus, a surname of If any of the coins with these names bore an
Metellus. Q. mete. MACEDONIC. Quintus old head, instead of the youthful portrait always
Met i'll us Maeedonieus appears on the denarius
,
found on them, it might reasonably be supposed
which records the triumphal honours decreed that either Titus or Marcus belonged to the
to Metellus on the conquest of Macedonia. elder Macrianus. Nevertheless, it is certain
MACER (Lucius Clodius), Proprietor of that many of the Imperial Greek coins have
Africa under Nero, and afterwards for a short portraits but little resembling those on the Latin
interval invested with the title of Augustus, coins of the same emperor.” Descript. Catal.
until he was deposed and put to death by order vol. ii. p. 77, 78.
of Galba. His coins, struck in Africa, arc in MACRINUS (Marcus Ope/ius Secerns), the
silver, and very rare, those without the head successor of Caracalla, who was assassinated in
being, perhaps, somewhat more common than Mesopotamia at his instigation. He was born
those wT ith the portrait. They present several in Africa, of an obscure family (a.d. 164). At
varieties of type, one of the most interesting of first he came to Rome and was
an advocate,
which is here engraved :
Obv. L . clodivs favourably received by Scptimius Severus; after-
wards appointed Prmtorian Prefect by Caracalla,
but having ascertained the intention of that
ferocious tyrant to destroy him, he took the
above-mentioned effectual but treacherous step
to prevent it, and was proclaimed Emperor
a.d. 217. He was a prince well skilkJ in the
laws, and just in their administration; a pro-
tector of literature, and a great disciplinarian,
macek s.c. Bare head of Clodius Macer. but somewhat cruel and voluptuous. Although
Rev. PRO prae. africae. A galley upon confirmed in the government by the Senate, he
which is a military standard. Valued by — did not proceed to Rome, having immediately
Mionnet at 300 francs. entered into a war with the l’arthians, by whom
M. ACILIVS. —Prenomen and name of the he was defeated, and at length was constrained
Aeilia family. to make a peace with their King Artabanes on
MACRIANVS (Marcus Fulvius) the elder, terms disgraceful to the Roman arms. Having
one of the many usurpers who took advantage of by his parsimony and severity indisposed the
the distracted state of the empire, during the troops towards him, and being attacked by the
reign of Gallienus. The friend of Valerianus, generals of Elagabalus, he was defeated, pursued,
he excited him against the Christians, and then and slain, in Bythinia, a.d. 218, in the 54th
betrayed his cause. Elected Emperor a.d. 261, year of his age, not having completed the
he appointed Balista his general, and defeated second year of his reign. —
The coins of Macrinus
the Persians. But soon afterwards marching are of extreme rarity in gold not scarce in;

into Illyria against Aurcolus, another tyrant, he silver; but rare in first and second brass, and
was himself defeated, and fell a victim to the his brass medallions arc very rare. On these he
treachery of his own soldiers a.d. 262. is styled imp. caes. m. opf.l. sev. macrinvs avg.

Beauvais, History, quotes coins of the

in his On the obverse of a first brass medal, with
elder Macrianus but according to the opinion the above names and titles for its legend, is the
—
;

of Vaillant, confirmed by later writers, there laureated head of the Emperor. On the reverse,
are no Latin coins of his extant but those ;
the epigraph is secvritas tempokvm, and the
which remain belong to the younger Macrianus. type a woman holding the hasta in her left
Those, in potin, struck at Alexandria, are of hand, and resting her right hand on a column.
extreme rarity. The more frequently revolutions multiplied
MACRIANVS (Marcus, or Titus,
junior themselves under the Emperors, the more the
Fulvius), proclaimed Augustus nt the same time throne tottered on its base and the princes who
;

with his father, by the legions of the eastern pro- were called to the government of the empire
vinces a.d. 261. He was a good soldier acted as ; affected to invoke a security of which they
a tribune under Valerianus associated in govern-
; would hardly have been otherwise than doubtful.
ment with his father, whose
he shared alter
fate For the portrait of Macrinus, sec Annona Aug.
their just defeat by Aurcolus. There are no— M . ,EM . Marcus - EniiUus . — Preuomen and
gold coins of Macrianus jun., and those called name of a man.
 M.ECILIA —MjENTA —MAESA. MAESA. 533
MvECILIA, a plebeian family ;
surname adroitly iuduced Elagabalus adopt for his
to
Tiillus. Four varieties of coins, all common. successor, and by whom she was honoured with
M MAECII.IVS. TVLLVS. IIIV1R. A.A.A.F. F. This the ceremonies of consecration. Her coins are —
inscription is found un first and second brass of of extreme rarity in gold but common in silver
;

Augustus. and first and second brass. On these she is

MyENIA, a plebeian family, which extended styled IVLIA maesa avgvsta, and, after death,
itself from the two Manii, tribunes of the diva maesa avg.
people. Its surname is said to be Antiaticus. On a large brass medal, with the head of
There are four varieties on its coins, which arc Micsa, we read ivlia maesa avg.; and on the
rare in silver, and much rarer in third brass. reverse S4ECVLI felicitas s. c. A woman
The types of the silver (Mania) are the common standing, with a caduceus in her hand at her ;

ones of Minerva’s head on the obverse and ;

feet a modius, or bushel, out of which issue
Victory in a quadriga, or the Dioscuri on horse- ears of coins in the field of the medal is a
—The greater part Mmsa’s
;

back, on the reverse, with the legend p. mae. or star. of

probably coins
P. mae. ant. —
A small brass of this family belong to the reign of Elagabalus.
bears on one side the head of Hercules, and on MAG. M —MAG. IVVENT. Ma-
agister.
the other the prow of a galley, with the inscrip- gister Juventutis.
tion P. MAE. ANT. ME. MAG. PI VS. Magnus Pius. — Great and
Aloysius Odericus thus signally explains the Pious, names and titles of Cueius Po’mpey.
above coins in the dissertation which he has See Pompeia fam.
given in Saggi di Cortona. Havercamp, says Magister Juventutis. — One of the coins on
he, from these contracted epigraphs, (epigraphes which this title is read, according to Morcll, is
sigla, for the letters arc tied together) (colligahs) of the Mitreia family, —on the obverse
thus
has made out three persons, viz., P Mtenius, C. M1TRE1VS F. MAGwfer IWENTwfw,
L.
Antonius (or Antronius), and Mctellus, when with the naked head of a man. — On the reverse
nevertheless only one individual is named, that the number XII. within a laurel crown 111 the . —
is to say, P. Manias Antiaticus , Megellus, or Pembroke coins this is placed amongst the
Medullinus, or what other surname soever Spintria. — The office of the Magister Juventutis
begins with the syllable me. The first surname seems to have bceu that of instructing in
rightly belongs to the Mania race, of which military discipline and equestrian exercises the
was C. Mien ius, who, in the year of Rome 4 1C, Roman youth i.e., the young nobility, and,
triumphed over the Antiates, according to Livy’s in the first place, Caius and Lucius, on whom
history, and the Fasti Capitolini, in which Augustus had conferred the title of principes
latter appears as follows: — C. MAENIVS P. juventutis. — On one of the ancient inscriptions
F. P. N. COrcSaf DE ANTIATIBVS. The — by Gruter is read M. fveiiorvm dom. avgvst.
second cognomen, whatever it was, distinguishes Magister puerorum domus Augusta. The word —
this Msenius from other Antiatici, just as the Magister properly signifies a man invested with
cognomen Spinther serves to distinguish the —
some authority a master, one who has more
Cornelii Lentuli from the Marcellini. power than another.
Magistratus. —
Magistracy or the dignity of
Magistrate. —
This name was at Rome given
only to those offices, which were discharged in
that city, and the functions of those who
governed in the provinces were simply denomi-
nated Potestates. —
Magistratus also (derived
from Magister) signifies the Magistrate, of
whom there were several sorts among the
Romans. 1. The ordinary magistrates, and the
extraordinary magistrates. 2. Patrician, Plebeian,
and mixed magistrates. 3. And these were
again distinguished as the great and the lesser
MAESA (Julia), born at Einesa in Syria, magistrates. There were, moreover, Curutes
daughter of Julius Bassianus, priest of the Sun, and Non Curutes, Magistrates of the City, or
sister of Julia Domna, and grandmother of
Elagabalus. She married Julius Avitus, by
Capital, and Provincial Magistrates. The Magis- —
tratus Curutes were those who had a right to
whom she had Julia Soacmias and Julia Mamma, the curule chair, as the Dictator, the Consul,
the mother of Alexander Severus. She was a the Praetor, and the Curule Edile, and
these
woman of great sagacity and courage, possessed alone possessed the jus imaginis, or right
to
of vast wealth. Retiring to Emcsa, at the have the images of their ancestors in their houses,
period of Caraealla’s death, she gained over the &c. —The Magistratus Majores, or superior
soldiery by her largesses ;
proclaimed Elagabalus magistrates, were so called because they had
emperor fought at the head of his troops the grand auspices, the right to have lictors
;
and
against Macrinus proceeded to Rome, took her
;
messuages, and were chosen in the comitia by
seat in the Senate, though contrary to the laws centuries, such were the Consuls, the Pnetors,
gave good counsels, but in vain, to her infamous —
and the Censors. The Magistratus Minores
grandson and died regretted in the reign of
; were those who were appointed in the comitia
Alexander Severus, a.d. 223, whom she had !
—
by tribes viz., the Curule and Plebeian Ediles,
534 MAGNENTniS. MAGXIFICENTIA AUG.
the Tribunes of the people, the Questors, the I
MAGX1A VRBICA, whose coins in every
Monetary Triumvirs, and the Provincial Magis- ,
metal are extremely rare, has by some been
trates, both ordinary and extraordinary. ascribed as the wife of Maxentius, by others of
Magistrate Ptitricii At the commencement Magnentius or Decentius, by others again of
of the republic the magistrates were all patricians, Carus and Nuincrianus; but Khell and Eckhel
but in the end the people acquired a share in all. assigu her to Carinus. See Urbica. —
these dignities, except that of the interrex A . I FI M GNI A CENT
AVG. The mag- —
Magistratus Plebeii: The plebeian magistrates nificence, or as it is generally expressed muni-
were the 'Tribunes and Ediles of the people all ficence (mvnificentia) of the Emperors, is
;

the others were mixt. Magistrate Provinciates a legend which has relation to public games,
were those the exercise of whose functions was through the attractive medium of which the
limited within the provinces to which the Roman Emperors strove to gain the affections
republic sent them, as governors, in quality of the people. The usual type is the figure of
either of Proconsul, of Prretor, of Proprietor, an elephant standing, as we see it on coins of
and for purpose of administering justice
the Antoninus Fills, of Commodus, of Sept. Severus,
according to the Roman laws. and of Elagabalus.
The insignia of Roman Magistrates, repre- M
AGNI FICENTI AE AVG. COS. VI. P. P.
sented on the reverses of Consular medals, are within a crown. —
Second brass of Cominodus.
sella curules, fasces, secures, gubernacula, This coin is wanting in Mcdiobarbus, but
tripodes, &c. —
See those words.
—
appears in Vaillant, and in Ilavercamps’s Cabinet
MAGN. Magnentia. salvs d. n. magn. of Queen Christina, and is recognised by Mionnet
et. caes. — Salus Domini Nostri Magnentii et and Akennan. It is an unique example of

Casaris — (Decentii understood.) Magnificentia (says Eckhel) inscribed on coins

MAGNENTIVS (FI. Magnus), born in Gaul, an epigraph the adoption of which any occasion
of obscure British or German parents, about a.d. or motive, how trifling and absurd soever, might
303, was brought up by Constans, with whom suggest to so very vain a man.
he was so great a favourite, on account of his MAGNVS, a surname or title of gods,
skill in military affairs, that in a tumult when heroes, kings, and emperors. The deities were
the soldiers were on the point of putting him as generally called Magni, and the term was par-
captain of the guard to death, his imperial ticularly applied to Jupiter, Diana. &c. Magnus
master threw his pa/udamenlum as a protection and Maximus are titles often found assigned
over him, and thus saved his life. This kind- to Roman Emperors. The inscription divo
ness Magnentius most ungratefully requited with antonino magno appears ou coins of Caracalla
treachery, and the basest machiuations, through struck after his death ;
for that bad prince, as
which the Emperor fell a victim, and this vain as he was ferocious, loved to be saluted
usurper obtained the empire, after having with the distinctive appellation of Magnus, after
assumed the purple at Autun (Augustoduuurn), the example of Alexander the Great, whom he
a.d. 350. He was a man of studious habits, affected to imitate.
powerful in conversation, but hard-hearted and MAGNVS is a cognomen ascribed on certain
cruel. He named as Ctesar his brother Decentius consular coins to Pompey and to
sons,his
whom he sent with an army to defend Gaul Cnaeus and Sextus to the father on account of
beyond the Alps ; and he himself marched against his victorious exploits, and to his posterity as an
hereditary distinction —See Pompeia family.
The name of Magnus was assumed by the
usurper Magnentius, and also by his brother
Decentius. —
Maximus, another pretender to the
imperial throne, during the rcigu of Theodosius
I., took the prenomen of Magnus.

Magusano, or Macusano, on coins of Pos-

tumus. —
See Hercu/i Magusano.
MAIANIA, a family of uncertain rank, and
respecting which no mention is made by ancient
writers. Its coins bearing on the reverse c.
maiani. present three varieties; are rare in
silver ; common brass, being parts of
in first
of peace he had rashly rejected, and by whom the as but very rare in third brass, which are
he was defeated in two engagements, one in by the moneyers of Augustus.
Italy, the other in Gaul. Fleeing to Lyons, and The denariusof this family bears on its
unable to retrieve his affairs, he then slew him- obverse head of Minerva, with winged
the
self a.d.353, in the 50th year of his age. The — helmet. Rev. c. maiani. A winged figure,
second and third brass of Magnentius arc very with a whip guiding a biga at full speed. In
common; his gold arc rare; his silver rarer. the exergue roma.
On these lie is styled imp. cae. magnentivs Vaillant assigns this silver coin to the Mtcnia
AVG. DN MAGNENTIVS P.F. AVG IMP. PL. family, and liavcrcainp leans to this opinion ;
—
MAGNENTIVS P.P. AVG. Also MAGNENTIVS TR. but l rsin and Morell place it under the head of
p.p. avg. The signification of the lclteis tr. Maiania, and in doing so npjicar to have the
has not been explained. sanction of Eckhel.
 MAJORIANUS. —MAMEA. MAMILIA. 535
MAJORIANVS (Flavius Julius), appointed at Rome. It derived its surname Limetanus, it

by Leo, Emperor of the East, to be bis general in is believed, frombeing given at first to C.
its

chief, and sent by him to occupy the government Mamilius, tribune of the people, because he (v.c.
of the western empire assumed the title of
;
589) carried the lex de limitibus or boundary
Imperator, at Ravenna, after the deposition of law. In its coins which are for the most part
Avitus a.d. 457. He had proved himself a common, there are eighteen varieties the ;

-
good general under Aetius, and possessed great silver pieces restored bv Trajan are extremely
and excellent qualities. lie inflicted severe rare, amongst these is the following interesting
injury on the barbarian tribes both in Italy and type:—
in Gaul whilst his friend and general, Ricimer,
: C. MAMIL. LIMETAN. — A man in a short
defeated Genseric, 458 Majorian beat the Goths
;
habit, w'earing head the pileus, or
on his
under Theodoric; but he had scarcely made hemispherical bonnet, and holding a long knotted
peace with Genseric, when Ricimer conspired
against and deposed him at Dertona, now
Tortona, in Liguria and he died by his own
—
;

hand a.d. 461. The gold coins of Majorianus

are esteemed rare; the brass still rarer; on
these he is styled D. N. ivuvs. maioiuanvs.
FELIX. AVG. P.
M. or MAM. Mamercus a prenomen, and
afterwards a name of the Aemilia family :

stick, and a dog at his feet fawning on him.

mam. lf.pidvs. Mamercus Lepidus.
The obverse of this denarius bears the head
MAMAEA (Julie), daughter of Julia Masa,
of Mercury, as designated by his attributes,
sister of Julia Soaemias, and mother of Alex-
the winged cap and the caduceus. This coin
ander Severus. She took the name of the Julia
has been explained as representing Ulysses
family from her father, whom some call Jidius
Avitus, but her surname of Mamea, like that of
recognised by his dog. —According to the
Homeric recital, that Grecian hero, after an
her sister Soaemias, is believed to be Syriac.
absence of twenty years, resolved to repair once
more to his kingdom of Ithaca without making
himself known. Accordingly he disguised him-
self, as a pilgrim, or traveller, and effectually

escaped discovery by any man, when his faithful

dog Argus, knew again his long lost master,
and by wagging his tail, and other canine
blandishments, testified his dying joy at the
sudden recognition
“ Et moriens reminiscitur Argos."
The affecting incident is most graphically re-
corded on this elegant denarius. The Mamilia
Julia Mamaea was married to Genesius Mar- family pretended to derive its origin from
cianus, by whom she had Theoelia and Alexander Mamilia, the daughter of Tclegonus, the reputed
Severus. On Roman coins she is honoured with son of Ulysses and Circe and C. Mamilius, as ;

the title of Augusta (a.d. 222). By her sagacity a monetai triumvir, caused this subject to be
she conciliated the good-will of the soldiery in adopted on one of his medals.
favour of her son Alexander, of whom by There is another denarius, with same reverse,
education she made a perfect prince by her ; but, instead of the bust of Mercury, its obverse
assiduity with her mother Micsa she promoted exhibits that of Diana Venatrix, below which
his adoption to the empire, whilst by her pru- is S. C.

dence she extricated him from the snares laid MAN. Manias; a prenomen, which, in
for him by Elagabalus. She ruled under her linked monogrammated letters (MN), appears on
son with talent and courage was Ids companion
; coins of Fonteia family.
even in the Persian war but ambitious, haughty,
;
M. AN. — Sec Florianus.
Marcus Annius.
and covetous, she committed some acts of in- Manens, an epithet of Fortune, on a coin of
justice from the love of money. It is said, on Commodus. — See foktvnae manenti
historical authority, that she had embraced the MANLIA, a plebeian family. The coins said
Christian faith. This princess was murdered to belong to are passed over by Eckhel as
it

at the same time with her imperial son a.d. 235.

“ numi Goltziani,” and not noticed by Mionnet
The silver coins of Mamaea are common or Akerman.
the brass, first and second, very common third ; a band or company of Roman
Manipulus,
brass rare her gold arc of the highest rarity.
;
soldiers,whose military ensign was an extended
On these she is styled IVLIA MAMAEA hand placed on the top of a spear.
WGusta MATcr AVGusta. On the reverse is MANL. or MANLI. Manlius.
sometimes MATER CASTRORI M. MANLIA, a patrician family, of the most noble
MAMJLIA, although a most noble and most descent. Its principal surname is Torquatus,
ancient famdy, emigrating, it is said, from celebrated in its association with Manlius in
Tusculum, or from Tibur, yet it became plebeian Roman story. —The gold coins are very rare
 636 MANLIA. MANLIA.
the silver common. —
This family took the sur- of extreme rarity, the gold, silver, and second
name of Torquatus from the valour of T. brass particularly so. —
The silver and bronze
Manlius, who, in the year of Rome 393, slew have on their reverse ivno regina, aud a veiled
in single combat a Gaul of superior strength to female, or deity, standing with a patera in her
himself, and took away his collar (torques). right hand, a hast a in her left, and a peacock
Thenceforward the Manlii adopted the honour- at her feet. —The illustration has been selected
able addition, and stamped on their coins.
it from a gold coin Museum.
in the British
—Thus on the reverse of a silver medal of M. ANN Marcus Annius prenomen and
this family we see l. tohqva. q. ex. s. c. name of a man.
Manus Humana, the human hand, is some-
times the numismatic index of Liberality ; at
other times two hands joined together serve to
symbolize the concord of individuals, and to
designate the confirmation of friendship and of
treaties. — We see a human
hand, intended to
represent “the hand divine,’’ put forth from
clouds on a coin of Constantine the Great
A man, armed with helmet, spear, and buckler, another holding the cross or a crown, on coins
galloping on horseback. —
The obverse presents of Arcadius, and of Eudoxia his wife.
the winged head of Pallas, the word koma and —
Manus dua juncta. Two hands joined, hold-
x., all within a torques. —
On the reverse of ing a caduceus, or corn-ears, with poppies, or
another denarius of the Man/ia family we read other fruits, in indication of the happy con-
the words l. svi.i.a. imp., and the type represents sequences of concord, appears on coins of the
Sylla in a triumphal quadriga, holding in his Junia family; also on medals of Julius Ciesar,
right hand a caduceus, and crowned by a flying M. Antony, Lepidus, Augustus, Vespasian, Titus,
Victory. —
The obverse of this coin bears the Doinitian (see Caduceus), Antoninus, M. Aure-
legend L. max 1. 1. pro. q., and for its type hits lius, Albinus.
the winged head of Minerva. We learn from— Manus dua juncta. —
Two hands joined, hold-
Plutarch that Manlius Torquatus, who' on the ing a military ensign placed on the prow of a
above is called Proquastor, was one of Svlla’s galley, symbolical of the concord of the army,
generals. —
Another coin of the Man/ia family is a type found on coins of M. Antony,
exhibits the same reverse of Sylla triumphing, Vespasian, Domitian, Nerva, M. Aurelius, Com-
and bears on its obverse ROM. and the mark x., inodus. —
See Concordia Ezercituum.
together with the head of Pallas, all within a Tw o
hands joined, occur on silver of Balbinus
torques, or ornamental collar, allusive to their and Pupicuus, with amor mvtvvs avgg. ;
intrepid and victorious ancestor. and pi etas mvtva avgg. and on silver of
;

Besides the silver coins above described, there Carnusius with the legend concordia militvm.
is an elegant one inscribed ser. ( Serranus, or Three hands joined, appear on coins of Anto-
more probably Sergius), with the head of ninus, Salonina, and Valerian, jun., and the
Minerva for the type of its obverse, and roma same holding a caduceus on a coin of Augustus.
before it on the reverse of which is a. maxli.
;
MAQ. Moneta Aquileia Percussa. smaQP. —
Q. F.,and Apollo, or the Sun, in a chariot Secra Moneta Aquileia Percussa. —
These letters
draw-n by four horses, on his left X., on his appear on the exergue of a coin of Gratianus ;
right a crescent, and on each side a star. See — also on one of Theodosius M. —
[Aquileia, for-
SOL. merly a rich town, near the Gulf of Venice, is
Also another denarius, with female head, and now a small village.]
inscribed SIBYLLA. Rev. L. TORQVATiw MAR. Marcellinus — lent. mar. Len- f.
III. VIR. A tripod, above which are two tulus MarceUini Fi/ius.
stars, the whole within an ornamental circle. MAR. Marcellus. — mar. Marcellas
cl.
See Sibylla. Clodius.
MANLIA SCANTILLA, the wife of Didius MAR. —
Marcus. mar. avrelivs probvs.
Julianas, by whom she had the beautiful Didia Banduri, i. p. 456.
Clara, she being herself the .most deformed of MAR. Mars, Marti.
women. On the same day that her husband MAR. The month of March. eid. mar.
became Emperor (a.d. 193), she was proclaimed
j

j
Idas Martii. The Ides of March. —See Junia
Augusta, by a decree of the Senate, but her family.
happiness was of brief duration, for Julianus
j
MARCELLINVS. —On a denarius of the
having in a few weeks Claudia family ap]>cars the name of mxrcel-
been put to death, the Lixvs., aud the head of Claudius Marcellus,
imperial titles were taken behind which is the triquetra (or three mens’
away both from her and legs), allusive to his conquest of Sicily. On the
her daughter by Scverus, same denarius appears the word.
reverse of the
and Manila Scant ilia died MARCELLVS, the surname of the above-
in obscurity.— She is nu- meutioned plebeian family, marcellvs cos.
mismatieally styled Manl. qvinq. (Consul Quinquies, five times Consul.)
(or MANLIA) SCANT1I.LA. The type represents this valiant commander,
avg. —All her coins are clothed in the toga, carrying into a temple
 MARCIA. MARCIANA. —MARCLANUS. 537
of four columns, a trophy formed of armour medallion is valued by Mionnet at 200 fr. and ;

which he had himself taken from the person of there are others, of equal value, which he
Viridomarus, a Gaulish chief. —
See Claudia. describes in his Recaeil des Medailles Romaines,
51 A RC I .Marcius. and on which, in the opinion of Vaillant, the
MARCIA, a family originally patrician, head of this Amazonian female is to he re-
but afterwards plebeian. Its surnames are cognised.
Censorinus, Libo, Philippas Morell gives.
— MARCIANA, sister of the Emperor Trajan,
forty-two varieties of type, of which the and mother of Matidia, an accomplished woman.
silver are common, the brass rare. Many She lost her husband previous to the accession
of the latter pieces are asses or parts of of her brother to the empire, and lived as a
the as, or struck by the moneyers of Augustus. widow with the Emperor’s wife, Plotina, to
— The Marcia family claimed to derive its origin w hom she was united by the tenderest and most
from Ancus Marcius, King of the Romans— uninterrupted friendship. She died about a.d.
claim which is plainly indicated on a silver 114, and received the honours of Consecration
coin of that house, on which are exhibited the (see that word). —
She is styled marciana avg.
name and portrait of ancvs, with the iituus SOROR. IMP.TRAIANI — DIVA AVGVSTA MARCIANA.
behind the head —
On the reverse are the word The coins of this princess are, in every metal,
PHILIPPVS, and an equestrian statue on a exceedingly rare. The brass which form a
monument of her consecration are all of the
first size. — The annexed cut is from a specimen
in the British Museum.

bridge, underneath the arches of which we read

AQVA MARcta. This is allusive to the famous
Marcian aqueduct at Rome, whence flowed another
honour to the family. Respecting it Pliny ex-
presses himself in the following emphatic terms :

“The most renowned of all waters (conveyed

by* aqueducts) for the merit of coolness and
wholesome qualities is, by the city’s testimony, In commenting on the medals of Plotina,
that of marcia. Ancus Marcius, one of the Marciana, and Matidia, the intelligent and accu-
Kings of Rome, was the first to introduce it rate author of Lemons de Numismatique liomaine
into the city. In after times Q. Marcius observes, in reference to the types of Consecration,
restored it, during his praetorship, and the which appear on the coins of these three princesses,
same thing was done subsequently by M. that “although the Roman mintage retraces,
Agrippa.” — With respect
the figure of
to from the earliest reigns aud in divers manners,
the horseman placed on the arches of the the apotheosis of Emperors aud Empresses, yet
aqueduct, Eckhcl observes that as the same the word consecratio appears only for the first
recurs ou several coins of the Philippi, it is time on the medals of Marciana ; and with that
probable that it may allude to the surname legend a funeral pile, an altar, chariots of
Phi/ippus, although he would not deny that it various forms, &c., serve to represent the
may probably refer besides to the domestic apotheosis, without its being possible to deter-
praise of the family, since both Livy aud Pliny mine the rules by which one type was employed
bear witness to an equestrian statue publicly in preference to another. Nevertheless the
erected to Q. Marcius Tremulus, on his victory eagle taking its flight, a type at first common to
over the Samnites. —See Ancus Marcius, p. 44. both sexes (as is shewn in a large brass medal of
MARCIA, the prenomen of a woman, taken Marciana), was afterwards reserved for the
—
from Marcus as marcia otacilia seyera,- Augusti alone ; whilst the peacock (a bird con-
wife of Philip senior. —
See Otacilia. secrated to Juno), and the covered car drawr n by
MARCIA, a concubine of Commodus, to whom two mules, known by antiquaries under the
(according to Lampridius and other historians) name of carpentum became types exclusively
above all others that profligate emperor was the appropriated to theEmpresses and other Augusta.
most passionately attached, appears depicted on MARCIAN VS (Flavius Valerius), born of
his coins under the form of an Amazon. (Span- humble parentage in Thrace, or in Illyria, but
heim, Pr. ii. p. 292.) —
On the obverse of a an accomplished soldier, he was honoured in
fine bronze medallion of this prince (having for marriage with the hand of Pulcheria, sister of
the type of its reverse a sacrificial group) are the Theodosius the Second, who proclaimed him
joined heads of Commodus aud Marcia ; that Emperor of the East, a.d. 450. From that
of the former is laureated that of the other time to the end of his reign, seven years after,
;

helmeted. The bust of this woman is some- he preserved the peace and integrity of the
times clothed in a cuirass ; at other times it is empire ; refused to pay tribute to Attila
accompanied by the Amazonian pella. This destroyed paganism; favoured the Christians;
3 Z
538 MARCUS.—MARIDIANTJS. MARINIANA.— MARIUS.
and died regretted, at Constantinople a.d. 457, adopted, lengthened out the name, and was
supposed to have been poisoned, in the 65th called Maridianus. C. —
MARIDIANVS, who is
year of his age. —
All his coins arc of the highest read on the denarii of Julius Cicsar, was of the
rarity, and on them he is called D. N. MARCIANVS Cossutia family, that is of the equestrian order.
P. F. AVG. As one of the monetary triumvirs, he placed the
MARCVS, a frequently recurring prenomen, figure of Venus Victnx on Julius’s coins, to
which on silver coins of the ^Emilia, Antonia, indicate the latter’s pretensions to divine
and Aquilia families, is commonly found joined origin.
with the prenomina of relations and ancestors, MARINIANA, the second wife, as it is be-
for we read M. aemiu. m. f. m. n. Marcus lieved, of Valerianus, and the mother of Valeri-
Aemilius, Marci Hlius, Marci Nepos. In like anus jun. — This priucess is known only through
manner M. AQVILIVS M. f. m. n. The Emperor — the medals on which her
Commodus used the same prenomen of Marcus, name as diva Mariniana
which, as well as that of Lucius, by the initials appears, and from which
M. and L. is designated on his coins. it is inferred that she
—
Marcus Agrippa. See Vipsania family. died at the beginning of
—
Marcus Antonius. See Antonia fam. Valerian’s reign. It is

—
Marcus Aurelius. See Aurelius. still a matter
of doubt
MARI. Marius. See Maria fam.— whether she was the wife
MARIA, a plebeian family. Its surnames, of Valerianus ; but she
on coins, are Capito and Trogus. The varieties — certainly was of his family.
are forty-six — most of them
Connected rare. Her silver coins, or rather billon, are very rare,
with its surname of Marcus, is a denarius, on on the reverse of which we see a peacock, the
the obverse of which we read C. mari. c. f. symbol of her consecration. The brass are still
( Caius Marius, Caii Filius) capit. xxvm., rarer. —
See Akerman’s note on Mariniana.
with head of Ceres. Rev. A man driving MARIQVE. — See pace p. r. terra mariqve
two oxen. on a coin of Nero.
Trogus. —
C. Marius Trogus was one of the MARIT. Maritima PRAKP. CLAS. ET OR.
.

moneycrs of Augustus, as is shewn by his marit. Prafectus C/assis Et Ora Maritima .

denarii, which arc all honoured with the portrait See Pompeia.
of that prince. It is probable that they were Maritime, or naval power, is denoted on
struck about the year v.c. 741. As these Roman coins by the prow of a ship, as on a
denarii, with the exception of the name, offer denarius of Pompey the Great (with legend
nothing that relates to Trogus, but refer in all maqn. pro. cos.), or by the Roman Eagle and
their types to Augustus and his family, and they two standards, the latter resting on the prows of
are also of doubtful explanation, it will suffice to vessels, on a second brass of Serious Gallia.
notice a few, and those briefly :
The prictorian galley, with rowers, also serves
Epigraph. —
c. makivs. tro. nrviR., or c. to mark the prefecture and command of the sea,
MARIVS. C. F. TRO. as on medals of Hadrian and other emperors.
Tgpes. —
On the obverse, as has been stated, See Pratoria Navis and Felicitati Augusti.
the head of Augustus. —
On the reverse, the —
MARIVS (Caius.) It is observed by Plutarch
head of Julia, daughter of Augustes, between in the beginning of his life of this man, ennobled
the heads of Caius and Lucius, her sons by by so many consulates and by two triumphs,
Agrippa. —
This coin was struck under Augustus,
—
that he had no cognomen or third name. That
about the year 737. See avgvstvs divi. f., this, however, is not to be referred to the entire
in which the type is explained. family called amongst the Romans by the name
Two men, clothed in the toga, standing, one of Maria, but only to the branch of the house
of whom has his head laureated, the other wears whence Marius descended, the surname of
a turreted crown they both hold a roll in their
;
Capi/o and of Trogus struck on other coins of
left hands, and at the feet of each is something the same family serve abundantly to shew.
that resembles an altar, or pedestal or, as ;
MARIVS ( Marcus Aurelius), called also Ma-
Ilavcrcamp thinks, the scrinium (or casket), nurius and Vecturius, from being an artificer in
such as it was customary to place at the feet of iron and an armourer, became a Roman General,
senatorial statues. The same writer recognises and proclaimed himself Emperor a.d. 267, by
in these two Augustus and Agrippa, and
figures, favour of the Gaulish legions, after the death of
the latter especially from his turreted crown. Victorinus. lie was a bold and active man,
A priest veiled stands, holding in his right conspicuous for prodigious powers of body, aud
hand the simpu/um (or small chalice used in of especial strength in the use of his hands and
sacrifice). This is perhaps intended for Augustus, fingers. According to Po/lio he reigned only
promoted to be pontifex maximus, in the year three days, having been killed by one of his
of Rome 741. ancient comrades with a sword which he had
Some piecesin gold and silver of this family himself fabricated. The mode of his death may
are by the moneycrs of Augustus ;
and (here have been authentically described but that the ;

are denarii restored by Trajan. career of his usurpation should have been so
MARIDIANVS. —Caius Cossutius, a verv extremely short is scarcely credible, when regard
rich man, seems to have adopted Maridius, who, is had to the abundance of coins (of limited
according to the custom of those who were variety) struck with the muue and portrait of
 MARIUS.—MAES. MARS. 539
Marius, and which though of cn. bi.asio c. iv. f — See Visconti and Riccio
exceedingly rare iu gold ;
on this point.
are scarce in potin or base The temple of Mars, with the epigraph of
silver, and in third brass, mar. vlt., Marti Ullori, appears on coins of
but less so in the latter Augustus. On medals of Caracalla, Gordianus
He is styled imp. c.m. III. and other emperors, he has the name of
AVR. MARIVS. P.F. AVG. propvgnator (the defender); and Constantine,
The cut is taken from a previous to his profession of Christianity, dedi-
gold coin iu the British cated a coiu to his honour, with the circum-
Museum. scription of MARTI PATRI PROPVGNATORI.
MARS, the god of war, was, according to the The legend of mars victor is found on medals
common belief of the ancients, the son of Jupiter of Domitiau, Antoninus, Numerianus, Claudius
and of Juno; or as some of the later poets Gothieus, Probus, &c. mars vltor (the
have pretended, the son of Juno, by whom solely avenger) on those of Alexander Severus, and
he was generated, as the goddess Minerva was others ;
mars pacifer (the peace-bearer) on
brought forth of Jupiter alone. Mars was re- those of Gallienus, &c.; mars conservator
garded as a great leader iu battle as presiding
;
(the preserver) on those of Licinius, Constantine,
over discord and contest, everywhere exciting &c. We see, moreover, on other products of
slaughter and war. Although this divinity had the Imperial mint, that this favourite deity of
numerous adorers in Greece and iu many other warlike Rome was distinguished, according to
countries, there was no place where his worship the occasion on which the medal was struck, by
became more popular than at Rome. On a — titles of adsertor, stator, and pacator.
gold coin and also on a middle brass of Anto- MARS ADSERTOR. (Mars the Assister.)
ninus Pius, appears a type which reeals to mind On a silver coin ot Galba this legend appears,
the legendary origin of Rome. It represents with the type of Mars in the paludamentum,
Mars armed with helmet, spear, and shield, standing with trophy and shield. Like that
descending to Ilia or Rhea, the Vestal mother which bears the inscription of mars vltor,
of Romulus and Remus, who is depicted half with the same type, it was clearly intended
naked iu a recumbent posture, and buried in as a memorial of acknowledgment on the part of
a profound sleep. It was to support the fable the veteran general of Nero’s Legions in Spain,
which made Romulus pass for the son of Mars, that he owed the success of his enterprise
that the Romans gave to their first king, in his against the tyrant, and his own elevation to the
apotheosis, the name of Quirinus, and afterwards empire, to tbe assistance and tutelary favour of
to Mars himself many temples, amongst which the god of war.
that built by Augustus after the battle of —
MARTI AVGVSTO. Mars helmeted, march-
Philippi, under the name of mars victor, was ing with spear iu right hand and trophy on his
the most celebrated. The priests of this deity, left shoulder. On silver of Pescennins Niger.
called Salians, had the custody of the ancilia, See Pescennius.
or sacred shields. The Hat ins derived his name Khell, in recording this coin from the Imperial
from Mares (males), because it is men who Cabinet at Vienna, says —
“ Unicum kune, atque
are employed in wars. They also called prelii non eestimandi pronunciare confidenter
him Gradivus and sometimes' Quirinus ; and audeo.” —
Vaillant notes two coins of Niger as
established this difference between the two rarissimi, with the epigraph of Marti Victori
appellations, that the former indicated this god and with the exception of the parazonium
during war, and the latter during peace. The instead of the spear, the type of one of them
Romans likewise denominated him pater, on is the same as that above described. The leeend
several of their imperial coins, in allusion to of Mars Augustus appears on no other Roman
his being father ofRomulus aud Remus. On — Imperial medals as yet discovered.
medals and other ancient monuments Mars is MARTI DEO. — See deo marti. On a
represented under the figure of a man armed silver coin of Gallienus we see this rare inscrip-
with a helmet, a lance, and a shield, sometimes tion, with a figure of Mars, supporting his left
naked, at others in a military habit, or with a hand on his spear and his right hand on his
soldier’s mantle over the shoulders; in some shield, standing helmeted in a temple of four
instances bearded, hut more frequently without columns.
a beard. Mars Victor appears bearing a MARTI.—The figure of Mars stands helmeted
trophy, and Mars Gradivus is depictured in and in a military hand grasping
dress, his right
the attitude of a man who is walking with the hasta ferrata or
iron-headed lance, and his
great strides. The wolf was sacred to Mars, left placed on a shield resting on the ground.
and the Romans sacrificed a horse to him on the On this rare silver medal Hadrian is depictured
12th of October. His familiarity with Venus under the form of Mars. —
“A similar image,
is shadowed forth on coins of Marcus Aurelius says Vaillant, may be seen in Parian marble at
and Faustina jun., in which we see the goddess the Capitol in Rome, with this sole difference,
of beauty, as venvs victrix, embracing him that in the statue Hadrian is represented naked
;
iu her arms, and retaining him by her blandish- while on the coin he appears in the costume
ments. of a warrior.”
The unbearded head of Mars appears on a MARTI CONSERA ATORI. — Respecting this
denarius of the Cornelia family, with inscription dedicatory inscription which appears on coins of
3 Z 2
540 MARS. MARS.
Maxentius, Licinius, and Constantine, — Span- 1

MARTI PROPAG. IMP. AVG. N.— Mars,

heira, in his “ Ca-sars of Julian,” observes with spear in left
in military garments, stands
“ Ancient medals present to us this son of hand,and joins his right hand to that of a
Jupiter, not only under the images of an avenging, woman standing before him, between both is
a victorious, and a lighting god Martis U/toris, the wolf suckling the twins. —
Respecting this
Victoria, Propugnatoris —
in a word, he who takes
\

|
epigraph and type on a silver coin of Maxentius,
delight in nothing but war and combats but they ; Eckhel observes that Mars Propagator imperii,
also designate him to us under the appearance like Princeps imperii Romani, on a gold coin of
of a peaceable and peace-making, a preserving, the same Augustus, is a new title, contrived by
and fatherly deity Martis Pad/ici, Pacatoris, the ingenuity of Maxentius, to be conferred
Conservatoris, Statoris, Patris, in order to teach upon this deity.
ns what are the duties of conquerors, and even Vaillant says, “ At a time when Constantine
what ought to be the aim of their conquests.” was iu possession of great part of the empire,
Banduri gives a second brass of Maxentius, and Galerius with Licinius governed a still larger
with an armed Mars walking, and the legend portion, Maxentius invokes Mars as the author
MARTI. CONSERVATort AVG usti N ostri. of the City of Rome, praying him that he
(To Mars the Preserver of our Emperor.) w ould amplify and propagate the boundaries of
MARS PACATOR. —A half-naked figure of his empire.”
a man, with helmet, a branch iu the right and MARS PROPVGnahw, and MARS PRO-
a liasta in the left hand. On silver of S. PVGNATVri. (Mars the Champion or Defender.)
Severus. Mars here carries the olive branch, a —A hclmctcd fieure, clothed in armour, walk-
symbol of peace. —
As the supposed father of ing, with spear and buckler. The former legend
their city’s founder, the Romans (observes appears on a silver piece of Gordianus Pius, and
Vaillant) paid the highest honours of their re- the latter on a denarius of Gallienus, who, as
Mars, whom they denominated
ligious worship to his coins teach us, paid particular adoratiou to
Gradivus, and offered sacrifices to, when on the Mars. Indeed he is known to have raised a
point of war but whom they called Pacator
;
temple to the worship of that divinity in the
when they entered into pacific treaties with the Circus Flaminius, and to have called the god
enemy. To this Ovid alludes in the 3rd book Propugnator. See Hostilianus Well indeed
. —
of his Fasti : he might, being at that period sore pressed in
Nunc primum studiis pads, deus it til is armis, every quarter of his government by both civil
Advocor. —
and foreign wars. (Vaillant.) There is a second
MARTI PACIFERO. —This dedication, with brass of Constantine which presents on its
the image of the god holding the olive branch, reverse the naked figure of Mars, with spear
appears on a silver coin of Volusianus, who and buckler, marching, and the inscription
thus assumes to be Mars the Pacificator, or MARTI HATH! PROPVGNATOBI.
Peace-bearer, on account of the peace made, —
MARS VICTOR. A helmeted figure walk-
under his father, with the Vandals. The same ing, holding a spear transversed, and in his left
legend appears on coins of Florianus, &c. hand a trophy resting on the shoulder. A very —
MARTI PATRI CONSERVATORI. —This rare gold coin of Probus bears this legend and
new on a second brass of Constantine has
title inscription, by which this warlike emperor is
for itsaccompanying type an armed and hclmctcd —
compared to Mars no inappropriate or un-
effigy of Mars, under whose lineaments Beger meaning compliment to a prince, of whom it
thinks the features and helmet of Constantine has been recorded that every part of the Roman
himself are plainly to be recognised. Hence he world w as rendered celebrated by his victories.
observes we may understand that it was the
emperor himself rather than the heathen deity
who is on this medal represented. Constantine
is called Mars on the occasion of his great
slaughter of the Fraud and Alemanni, and his
capture of their lriugs, thus preserving Gaul to
the empire.
The surname of Conservator is found assigned
to Mars, not only on coins, hut on an ancient
inscription, given in Gruter — (p. lvii.)
Mars is called Pater, as Liber (or Bacchus)
was called Pater, and as Janus was called Pater,
because, Lactantius writes, it was “ the
as
custom to invoke by that name every god when
offering to him solemn rites and prayers
besides, who does not know that Mars was MARTI VICTORI.— In noticing this lcgrnd
commonlv held to be the parent of the Romans? of Pescennius Niger, Vaillant ( Pr. ii. 204)
MARTI PATRI SEMP. VICTORI. (To observes that Mars, in his quality of presiding
the ever victorious Father Mars). On another — over war seems to have had the cognomen of
second brass of Constantine the Great appears Fir/or assigned jto him; and that, as the coins
this epigraph and it occurs
;
only in the case of bearing that epigraph denote, it is probable that
this emperor. Pescennius performed sacrifices to the God of
 MARS.—MARTINIANUS. MATER AUGG. 541
Rattles, propitiating his aid to gain the hoped- MATER AVGG. Cybele in a quadriga of
for over Severus
victory —
a rival who, how- lions, holding a branch. This appears on gold
ever, proved to be his conqueror. See Marti — and silver of Julia Domna, wife of Severus and, ;

AVGVSTO. as Eckhel observes, there does not exist on coins

MART —
VLTO. On a denarius of Augustus a weightier proof of servile adulation. Here
we see a round temple, in which is a figure of we behold Domna held out as the object of the
Mars Ultor, whose temple Augustus caused to high worship paid to Cybele, and that, too,
be built in the capital. when this “ Mother of the Gods” was really the
There is another silver parent of Caracalla, and of Geta ; see also by
coin of the same Emperor, how subtle a device these two young Augusts
with the same epigraph, are placed on an equality with the gods them-
and a similarly formed selves I —
This coin was struck when Geta, as
edifice, in which is a well as his elder brother, had attained to
military ensign. This Augustal honours.
represents the temple of MAT AVGG. MAT. SEN. M. PATR.
Mars the Avenger, which Mater Augustorum, Mater Senatus, Mater
Augustus ordered to be Pa tries. — A female figure
representing Julia,
built at Rome, in imitation of that of Jupiter sitting or standing, with corn ears in one hand,
Feretrius, in which the military standards —
and the hasta in the other. Gold, silver, and
restored by the I’arlhians were suspended. large brass of Domna exhibit this unique and
MARS VLTOR. — Mars walking with spear remarkable inscription.
in hand, and trophy on his shoulder on coius of ;
On this medal we see not only new titles, but
Alex Severus, Claudius Gothicus, Quintillus, such as no other princess ever before assumed.
Tacitus, and Probus. —
With the ancient Romans, For one Domna to call herself, on her coins, the
as well as Greeks, it was one of the principal Mother of the Senate, and the Mother of the
marks of worship paid to their gods, to honour Country, was bold iudeed. It was the result of
them as Avengers of injuries received hence ;
that insensate veneration which her son Caracalla
originated, amongst others, the titles of Jupiter affected to entertain for her, it being also under
Ultor, of Mars Ultor, and the like, which his reign that the surnames of pia, fei.ix, were
medals so frequently exhibit to us. conferred on the imperial widow of Severus.
MARTI VLTORI. — On a silver coin of MATER AVGVSTI ET CASTRORVM.
Galba edited in Morcll’s Inipp. Rom. we see The Mother of the Emperor and of Camps are
this legend accompanied by the type of Mars, the titles assumed (on large and second brass
naked, except the helmet, walking: he brandishes coins) by Mamma, mother of Alexander Severus,
aloft a dart in his right hand, and holds out a who in all things acted under her counsels, and
small round shield on his left arm. who, with her, was assassinated by the troops
MARTI COMITI W
Gusli N ostri.
Mars, the companion of our Emperor.)
(To
—
of the ferocious Maximinus.
MATER CASTRORVM. —A
1. woman seated,
2.
second brass of Maxentius bears this sufficiently having
3.
before her three military ensigns. This
presumptuous inscription. The Emperor who reverse
4. of a large brass of Faustina the younger,
5.
thus makes a colleague of his deity is represented is remarkable.
6.
The title of Mother of Camps,
on horseback, with right hand uplifted, and a which
7. no empress previous to her had borne,
soldier with spoils preceding him. —
The epigraph 8.
though others afterwards received it, was given
and type occur only on the money of Maxentius, to Faustina, on the occasion of her having
who on other coius treats Hercules with the followed her husband, M. Aurelius, in his
same familiarity (Herculi Comiti victorious expedition against the Quadi, a.d.
MARTIALI. —See ivnoni martiali. 174, a campaign memorable for the victory
MARTIN I AN VS (MarcusJ, general of regarded as miraculous, and ascribed to the
Licinius, whose palace he held the post of prayers of
in the Theban legion, called Legio
Magister Officinorum —
He was created Ciesar by fulminans. — Julia Domna, and Julia Mamma,
that prince, after the latter had declared against successively exhibit the same title on their coins’
Constantine, A.n. 324. — Martinianus
usurped the latter (as above observed) prefixing to it that
the style and title of Augustus, as appears by of mater avgvsti, as the mother of Alexander
his coins, which are in third brass, and most Severus. —
The type in Julia Domna’s first and
rare, d. n. m. Marti an vs p. f. avg. Two years — second brass, with this legend, is a female
afterwards he shared the fate of his master, both figure, sacrificing before three military ensigns.
he and Licinius, after the two disastrous battles
of Ailriauopolis and Chaleedon, having been put
MATRES AVGUSTORVM
are nearly
—
The following
the mothers of emperors of whom
all
to death by order of Constantine. there are authentic coins
Martins, formerly the first month of the year — Livia, of Tiberius.
:

with the Romans, it being named by Romulus —Antonia, of Claudius.

after his reputed father. —
It appears on certain —
celebrated coins. —
See Ell), mar. —Agrippina,
Agrippina,
of Caligula.
of
MASSO, a surname of the patrician family of — Domitilla, Nero. of Titus.
Papiria. —Julia Domna, andof Caracalla
MAT. Mater — Thus Julia Mamtea
.
is styled —Julia Soaemias, Elagabalus. of
of Geta.

mat. avgvsti. (Mother of the Emperor.) —Julia Mamaea, Alexander of Severus.

542
10. MATER DEUM. MATIDIA.
11.
9 . — Marcia Severa, of Philip
Olacilia jun. veiled before a small altar, and two, or three
— Mariniana, of Valcrianus jun. military ensigns, performing sacrifice, as though
—FIa via Helena, of Constantine the Great. partaking the councils of her husband, in his
To no mother was there by any son,
living warlike expeditions, she invoked success on his
being emperor, any coin struck representing enterprises, and made herself a consort in his
two portraits, except to those who either had victories. — This title of Mater Cattrorum con-
mingled in the allairs of state, or had sons ferred for the first time on the unworthy wife of
under their guardianship who were afterwards M. Aurelius, was afterwards, in the same spirit
advanced to the empire. Of these there were of congratulation to the husband, bestowed on the
six, viz., Livia with Tiberius. 2. Agrippina masculine and ambitious empress of Septimius
with Caius (Caligula). 3. Agrippina, jun., with Severus. — We sec the same inscription and a
Nero. 4. Domna with Caracalla aud Geta, similar type on a medal of Julia Sooemias whose
whose coins, however, were struck with the claim to this martial appellation of honour,
heads of the sons upon them during the life- as an imperial camp mistress, is in like manner
time of their father Scverus. 5. Julia Sotemias substantiated by her historical character as a
with Elagabalus. 6. Julia Mamaea with courageous princess and a leader of armies
Alexander. MATIDIA, the daughter of Marciana aud niece
MATER DEVM. See Cybele .— Numerous of Trajan she was the mother of Sabina, who
;

coins of pro-consular cities in Asia attest the became the wife of Hadrian. She was declared
worship of this Phrygian deity, by the exhibition Augusta along with Plotina, by a decree of the
of her image. The same Magna Deum Mater, Senate about the year of
or Great Mother of the Gods, celebrated under Christ, 113;
possessing
so many names, was worshiped in her inmost all the of her
virtues
sanctuary under the form of nothing more than mother, she equally re-
a black stone ( lapis niger), as Arnohius, L. ceived with her the
vii.,from personal observation describes. Her — honours of the apotheo-
temple was repaired by Augustus. —
As identified sis, under the reign of
with Tel/us, Cybele carries the tympanum, by Hadrian, some say of
which the terrestrial globe was signified and ;
Antoninus Pius. The
the towers on her head bespeak her influence medals of Matidia, like
over towns. those of Plotina and Marciana, are in each
MATER DEVM. and MATRI DEVM.— metal of the highest degree of rarity, especially
Cybele seated between two lions, or Cybele thefirst brass. On these she is stvled MATIDIA.
AVG. F.— MATIDIA AVG. D1VAE MAR-
CIA NAK Viha. also DIVA MATH H A
—
SOCRVS. The annexed cut is from a denarius
in the British Museum.
MATRI DEVM CONSERV. AVG. (Con-
servatrici Augusti.J — This legend,
with Cybele
riding on a lion, appears on first and second
brass and ou silver of Commodus who with his ;

characteristic audacity, whilst he was violating

every law, divine and human, calls the Mother
of the Gods his preserver ; in like manner as on
other medals he selects Jupiter himself as the
standing, with a lion at her feet. On gold, — spousor for his security (sponsor securitatis),
silver,and brass of Julia Domna, called on the and as the defender of his health and safety
obverse ivlia avgvsta. —
The ambitious wife of (defensor salutis.)
Severus is not more fully exhibited by the title -MATRI DEVM SALVTARI. —A temple
of Mater Avgustorum than she is as Cybele in which Cybele is seated on the outside
:

hut on the above coin, with the epigraph of stands Atys near a tree, which he touches with
Mater Deum, she is represented as though his left. hand. —
Bronze medallion of Faustina,
Cybele and Julia were the same. senior.
'MATRI CASTRORVM. —On her coins, in The type of Cybele, or mother of the gods,
is common ou the coinage of Faustina the elder

but on this exceedingly rare medallion we see

also introduced, Atys both the priest and the
lover of Cybele. He stands near a tree, and
touches it either because he was detected by
;

the goddess in a forbidden amour, and being

sought after to receive punishment, hid himself
under a pine tree, or because he was changed
into a pine tree by Cybele (which are the several
opinions of certain mythologists), or because
thiswas the very tree on whose existence de-
pended the life of the nymph Sangaris, with
gold, silver, and brass, Julia Domna stands whom Atys had fallen desperately in love, aud
 MAURETANIA. MAURICIUS TIBERIUS. 543
which tree the goddess, in wrath at her lover’s leader Lusius Quintus, in the various wars of
infidelity, had cut down and destroyed. See — Trajan, is attested in several passages of Dion
—
Cybe/e and Atys. and the Trajan column itself affords a lasting
—
Matrix (Matrice). This word is used by testimony to this fact, in that compartment of
some numismatic writers to signify the die, its sculptured shaft, on which the Moorish
square, or punch, that is to say, the mass of horsemen arc represented making a furious
hardened medal, on which is engraved or sunk, charge upon the Dacians.
the inverse way, the type of the medal, in order Tlie Mauretaniau is depictured on the coin,
to impress it, the right way, on the blank which walking with bridle and lance in his hand,
is exposed to its stroke. The word by which because that people, according to Strabo, gene-
the Romans designated the die, or as the French rally fought with spears and on horseback.
call it the coin of the medal, is not known. MAVRETANIA. COS. II. S.C. A man, —
—
MAVRETANIA spelt with an e as well on with garment tucked-up, standing with basket
inscribed marbles, edited by Gruter, as on coins in right hand, and spear in left. First brass of
of Hadrian, Autoninc, and Commodus —
a region —
Antoninus Pius. Eckhcl.
of Africa, separated from Spain by the straits For other numismatic memorials connecting
of Gibraltar (/return Gadilanum), and from the same province with the Emperor Hadrian,
Numidia by the river Ampsaga. It now forms seeADVENTVI AVG. M AV RETAN LA E EXEKC1TVS .
—
the kingdoms of Fez and Morocco. —
Mauretania —
MAVRETANICVS. RESTITVTORI MAVRETANIAE.
was made a conquest of by Julius Caesar, who MAVRICIVS TIBERIVS, as on coins he is
having vanquished its king, Juba, reduced the styled, w'asborn in Cappadocia, but of a family
country to a Roman province, giving the govern- of Roman extraction, a.d. 539. Adopted by his
ment of it to the Pro-consul Crispus Sallustius. father-in-law Tiberius, he succeeded to the
Augustus afterwards exchanged it with Juba, the empire in 582. An energetic prince, skilled in
son, for Numidia. —
This region remained under war and not less conversant with peaceful arts,
subjection to the Romans till about a.d. 441, but avaricious and wrathful. He conquered the
when Genscric, King of the Vandals, gained Persiaus, by his generals Philippicus and Ger-
possession of it. The Emperor Valentinian dis- manus : he also fought many battles, with
puted with him its retention, sword in hand, different degrees of success, against Chosroes,
for three years, with various success; and at king of Persia, and also against the Avars,
length peace was established between these two who had invaded the eastern provinces. His
potentates, who divided Northern Africa between soldiers revolting, under the leadership of Focas,
them. At the death of Valentinian, Genserie either because they had not received their pay,
not only recovered all which he had ceded, but or because the emperor had refused to ransom,
again overthrew' the Empire of the West. at a small price, many thousand captives taken
Justinian re-conquered this territory ninety-live by the Avars, paid the forfeit of his outrageous
years after the Vandals had permanently occu- covetousness; the emperor himself, with his
pied it. whole family, having been murdered by the
Spauhcim (Pr. ii. p. 583) affirms that the traitorous usurper Focas, a.d. 602, in his 63rd
ensigns of royalty were accustomed to be sent to year and 20th of his reign. —
The gold of
the Mauretanian Kings by the Roman Emperors, Mauricius are common silver rare ; brass com-
;

and in no other way w'ere they confirmed in mon, except quinarii. His name and titles are
their regal dignity. d. n. mavric. Tiber, p. p. avg. —
The legends
MAVRETANIA. — An inhabitant of this pro- of bis medals are in the Latin character, but
vince stands with a spear in his left hand, and like nearly all the rest of the Byzantine series,
holds with the other a horse by the bridle. the types are uninteresting and the execution
This name and appropriate type of the Moorish barbarous.
race, appears on a large brass of Hadrian,
I

MAX. Maxima. — Sec vict part. max.

of which an illustration is here given. The Victoria Parthica Maxima on coins of Caracalla.
MAX. Maximo. —i. o. max. —Jovi Optimo
Maximo.
MAX. —
Maximus. A title of the chief pontiff.
Thus, P. max. Ponlifex Maximus, in Nero;
pon. max. in Domitian.
—
MAX. Maximus. A masculine surname de-
rived from illustrious exploits.
—
MAX. Maximus. An epithet of honour
applied to several emperors, as referring to some
conquest or victory. Thus M. Aurelius, L.
Veins, Sept. Severus, Caracalla, were dis-
tinguished by the title of Parthicus Maximus
cavalry of the Mauri was renowned of old Commodus with that of Britannicus Maximus.
both for the excellence of the horses and the Constantine the Great, after overcoming Max-
skill of the riders. —
Accordingly we find the entius, assumed this superlative max., which was
figures of horses stamped even on the earliest afterwards conferred on Constans and Valens.
coins of the Mauretanian Kings. That this MAXENTIVS (Marc. Aurel. Valerius), son
equestrian people were employed, under their of Maximianus Hercules and of Eutropia, was
 544 MAXIMIANUS. MAXIMIANUS.
bom a.d. 282. —Diocletian
wished to have that the appellative of IVN. or junior is found
named him Ctesar Galerins was opposed to it.
; on the coins of Galerins. For as Herculeus
This neglect, and the promotion of Severus, Maximianus alone had hitherto home the title
Maximinus Daza, and, later, of Constantine to of Augustus, it was the less necessary by the
that rank, made him a mal-eontent; and he word SEN /or to distinguish him from Galerius,
caused himself to be declared Emperor at Rome who was at that time only Caesar. Nor was
by the Pretorian soldiers the Senate assented,
; there any risk of Galerius being confounded
and proclaimed his assumption of the purple, with llerculeus Maximianus, because the title of
according to history, in 306. But “ the medals, Caesar sufficiently distinguished his coins from
which assign to Maxentius the title of Caesar those of the elder one, who is said never to have
only, lead (as Mionnet observes) to the belief received the dignity of Caesar, but was declared
that this prince was at first content with that at once Augustus by Diocletian. Hence it is
honour, and that he did not receive the title of that the title of IVNior is never found con-
Augustus until some time afterwards. In that joined to N ( bilissim us CAESar on the medals
case the coins are at variance with the historians, of Galerius ; nor is the prenomen of Galerius
who make him Caesar and Augustus at once, by by any means common on them, as for example
the united voice of the soldiers and the senate.” by MAX1MIANVS NOB. CAES. Galerius is
Maxentius was a monster of cruelty aud lust indicated, although no mark of the prenomen
he compelled his father to re-aseend the throne GAL. should be found, the title HObi/issimus
in order to maintain him in the government of CAESar sufficiently distinguishing him from
the empire; he ruled Rome like a sanguinary Herculeus. But when Galerius became Augustus,
tyrant, resembling his parent in harshness of the prenomen of each might be left out, and the
disposition ;
pillaged Italy by his confiscations of title alone of IVNior and of SENior might be
private property and by fiscal extortions to placed on their respective medals. And we find
increase his revenues, he became the object
till this done on their coins which arc inscribed
of universal hatred. After having sustained his MAXIMIANVS SEN. P.F. AVG. when Valerius
authority against Severus II., and against Gale- Maximianus is indicated, or IMP. MAXI-
rius Maximianus, by whom he was successively MIANVS IVN. P.F. AVG. when Galerius
attacked ;he drove Maximianus Hercules, his Maximianus is intended to be designated. The —
father, from Rome defeated the usurper Alex-
; following are the observations of the perspicuous
auder in Egypt, which he ravaged burnt ; and accurate Bimard (in his notes on Jobert),
Carthage in 311; and having quarrelled with with reference to this point, than which nothing
Constantine, his former ally, he proceeded is calculated completely to remove the
better
horribly to persecute the Christians. Con- which some learned writers have started
stantine, however, secretly invited by the
difficulty
thereupon
—
“ History, both ecelesiastic and
:

Seuate, marched from Gaul, and arriving near profane, teaches us that there were two, and
Rome, gave battle at the Milvian bridge to only two Emperors, of the name of Maximianus;
Maxentius, who being totally defeated, threw one of whom called himself M. Aurelius
himself as a fugitive into the Tiber and was Valerius Maximianus, and the other C. Galerius
drowned, on the 28th December, 312, in the Valerius Maximianus. The former was, on
30th year of his age and sixth of his reign, the medals struck after his abdication (as
leaving his victorious rival Constantine undis- Diocletian’s colleague), called Maximianus
puted master of the Roman empire. Maxentius — Senior Augustus the latter to distinguish him-
-,

had a sou, named Romulus, who died before his self took at the same time the appellation of
father, in the fourth year of his age, to whose Maximianus Junior Augustus It is, however,
aeterna memoria medals were struck, and are needful to observe, that Junior is never found
extant in each metal. except on medals whence we see only the name
(See romvlvs.) The of .Maximianus, and which we have not yet
style of Maxentius on his remarked on those which bear the family name
coins is MAX EXT I VS of Galerius Maximianus, because then the name
NOB. CAESAR — IMP. of Galerius suffices to distinguish him from
MAXENTIVS. P. F.
AVG.
P. F.
—AVG — MAXEN-
MAXENTIVS.
Maximianus Aurelius. Nor do we find Maxi-
mianus Junior Nobi/issimus Ctrsar, because the
quality of Ctrsar sufficiently distinguished Galc-
TIVS PKINCV/w IN- rius Maximianus from Mnximianus Hercules,
V I CTmj. —
everal of the who always bore the tide of Augustus.” — (vol.
reverses are of historical interest. ii. p. 309.)
MAX1MIANVS. —Two Emperors rejoiced M AXIMIANVS (Marcus Aurelius Valerius),
in the common name of Maximianus ;
and of surnamed Herculeus, on the ground of his pre-
these Galerius Maximianus was called junior, to tended descent from Hercules, was born at
distinguish him from the elder by birth, and Sirmium (Sinnich), in Pantionia, in the year of
who in respect to the other was called senior. our Lord 250. Entering the army he served
This distinction, however, we do not always see with distinction under Aurclian and Probus. It
observed in cither else. For the coins of was on account of his valour and military
Maximianus the elder born, called by the other talents, and in spite of his unpolished mind and
name of llerculeus, do not all present the harsh temper, that he was associated in the
name SEN. or senior; and it is very seldom empire with the title of Augustus, by Diocletian,
 MAX TMI ANUS. MAXIMINUS. 545
a.d. 286, having previously been created C;csar look, voice, and gesture inspired terror by their
—
by the same emperor. Maximianus was an out- savage rudeness. Ignorant, arrogant, brutal,
rageous tyrant, covetous, violent, and cruel and cruel, his lust for power w as equalled only
an abominable persecutor of Christians, against by his ingratitude to his benefactors ; he per-
whom he further instigated his sufficiently pre- secuted the Christians with unexampled bar-
judiced colleague. He conquered and kept down barity constrained Diocletian and Maximian
;

the Bagaudie, the Persians, and the Germans. to abdicate, and reigned in their place with the
In 292, whilst Diocletian adopted Galerius assumed dignity of Augustus, a.d. 305. This
Maximianus, be on his part conferred the title prince founded the colony of Valeria, in Illyria
;
of Caesar on Constantius Chlorus, and besides defeated Narscs, King of Persia, and forced
adopting the two emperors joined them by the him to conclude a peace favourable to the em-
closer bond of relationship. After becoming pire declared Constantine Caesar, and Severas
;

Augustus, he defeated aud dispersed the Mauri Augustus, a.d. 306 died iu 311 of a most
of Africa (296). —
On the day of Diocletian’s horrible disease,
;

nineteen years after being

abdication (305), Maximianus renounced the nominated Caesar, and the seventh from Diocle-
empire also, the former retiring to Nicomedia, tian’s abdication. He was buried in the place of
the latter iuto Luoania, having named Scverus his birth, and placed in the rank of the gods by
in his place. At the solicitation of his son Maxentius.
Maxentius, or as some say for the lust of power,
he resumed the quality of Emperor at Rome The second and third
brass coins of this Maxi-
(307) but driven from that city, he fled (308)
;

into Gaul, and received protection from Con- mianus are common his ;

stantine, afterwards the Great, who had married silver are rare, and gold
his daughter Fausta, and to whom he had given rarer. On them he is

the title of Augustus. styledGAL. MAXIMIANVS

Lodged in the palace of
Constantine at Arles, he, in the absence of that CAES. IMP. GAL. VAL.
prince, once more attempted to regain the MAXIMIANVS P.F. AVG. —
imperial dignity a.d. 309.
DIVVS MAXIMIANVS SOCER
But Constantine
having retraced his steps back into Gaul, soon
(that is to say socer Maxentii.)
compelled Maximianus to make his escape to the
M AX M IN VS 1 ( Caius Julius Verus), bom
in Thrace, a.d. 173, of an obscure and bar-
city of Marseilles, where he was made prisoner,
barous family, the son of Alicea, a Goth, and
and for the third time forced to abdicate his pre-
of Ababa, an Alanian. This herdsman, by
tentions to empire. Having, however, entered
iuto a plot
against his son-in-law, he was
detected, through the disclosures of his wife,
who preferred, in this case, her husband to her
father, and Constantine ordered him to be
strangled, at Marseilles, in the 60th year of
his age, and in the year of Christ 310.’ He is
numismatically styled VAL. MAXIMIANVS
NOBt/imnttu CAES. — IMP. M. AVR. VAL.
MAXIMIANVS P. F. AVG.—HERCVLEVS
MAXIMIANVS AVG. &c.— The same as in
the instance of Diocletian, the medals which give
to Maximiau the epithets of SENt'or, BEATIS-
SIMUS, FELICwmttj, and the title of original occupation, entering into the Roman
Domi/ius N oster, arc posterior to his first abdi- cavalry, attracted by
his extraordinary size and
cation, as above noticed. Maximianus the elder strength the notice of Septimius Severus, who
boasted of celestial origin hence on his coins
; eventually raised him to military dignities.
is read HERCVLI DEBELLATORI, with the Alexander Severus caused him to be elected a
figure of Hercules striking the hydra then ;
senator, and appointed him to different govern-
HERCVLI PACIFERO ;
and also HERCVLI ments. In the war against Persia he shewed
VICTORI. His head not unfrequently appears his courage aud capacity. Accompanying that
covered with the lion’s skin. (See iovi et excellentEmperor into Germany, he basely pro-
hercvli avgg.) — utropia, a Syrian woman, cured bis assassination and then usurped the ;

yras the wife of this Maximianus. His silver empire a.d. 235. The army haring proclaimed
medals arc rare his gold still rarer
; second ;
him Augustus, he associated with himself his
and third brass for the most part very common. son Maximus, as Caesar, and the Senate con-
— See Herculio Maximiano. firmed their election. A harsh and distrustful
MAXIMIANVS ( Galerius Valerius), the son tyrant, pride, insolence, avarice, and blood-
of a peasant, was born near Sardica, in Dacia ; thirtiness governed all his actions. Of gigantic
he distinguished himself by his ability and stature and of prodigious muscular powers, the
valour under Aurelian aud Probus in the year ;
wondrous proofs of his bodily form obtained for
of the Christian era, 292, he was declared '

him the names of Hercules and Milo. His

Ca>sar, by Diocletian, who adopted him, and ferocity was equally manifested iu his devasta-
gave him his ourn daughter Valeria in marriage. tions of Germany by fire and sword and in ;

A man of lofty stature and robust frame, his letting loose his fury against the Christians as
4 A
546 MAXIMINUS, MAXIMUS.
well as his other subjects. At length, justly and a half assuming the purple. Advert-
after —
abhorred for his cruelty, and declared the enemy ing to the dreadful tortures both of mind and
of the country, this sanguinary despot was body which marked the end of Maximinus
massacred by his own soldiers, at Aquileia, Daza, Beauvais observes —
“ This destroyer of
(together with his son.) in the 65th year of his the faithful exclaimed in the paroxysm of his
age, a.d. 238. —
Maximinus manned Paulina, torment ; —
It is the blood of the Christians
by whom he had Maximus. This Emperor’s — which I have caused to be shed that has re-
brass and silver coins are common, but the gold duced me to this state. His memory was
extremely rare. His numismatic titles are imp. stigmatised as that of a brutal ruffian ;
his
maxi min vs pivs avg. (for this most impious children were put to death ; and his wife was
usurper assumed the honoured surname of the thrown (at Antioch) alive into the river Oroutes,
good Antoninus !) maximinvs pivs avg. where by her orders a great number of Christian
—
GERM. IMP. C. IVL. MAXIMINVS AVG. Tile women had been drowned ”
reverses of the large brass medals arc common
enough, such as liberalitas avg. fides —
—
MIMTVM. VICTORIA GERMANICA.
There is a large brass medal of Maximinus,
which exhibits the laureated head of that em-
peror, and which has for the legend of its
reverse p.m. tr. p. mi. cos. p.p. s.c. (Sovereign
PontitT, possessing the tribuneship for the fourth
time; Consul; Father of the Country; struck
under the authority of the Senate.) The type
is the Emperor standing, holding his spear, in
the midst of three military ensigns.
The above medal has an interest in reference
to chronology. Historians were not agreed Thecoins of this emperor are extremely rare
respecting the duration of Maximinns’s reign. in gold of still greater rarity in silver
: but ;

Several assign to him only two years, whilst for the most part common in third brass, aud
others suppose it 4o be five or six. But we here very common in second brass. On them he is
see by the fourth tribunitian power, which this styled maximinvs nob. caesar. gal. val. —
coin records, that the third year of his reign —
MAXIMINVS NOB. C. MAXIMINVS F1L. A VUG.
was at least begun when it was struck. On the IMP. GAL. VAL. MAXIMINVS. P.F. INV. AVG.
other hand, the fifth tribunitian power for MAXIM VS, surname of the Fabia family.
a
Maximinus, is found on no public monument The title of Maximus
appears on Imperial coins,
whatever and since chronologers determine the
: as ascribed to some few princes, not as a family
commencement of his reign to have been the name, but as an adjunct to the surnames of
month of March, Roue 988
in the year of conquest. Thus we find Parthicus Maximus
the fourth tribunate Maximinus must be
of borne by S Scvems, who subdued the Part Ilians
referred to the year of Rome 991, the more Anneniacus Maximus is included in the style of
probable cpocha of the death of this barbarian, Lucius Verus, for his successes, or, rather for
as well as of the ephemeral reigns of the two those of his colleague M. Aurelius, over the
African Gordians, immediately followed by those —
Armenians. We read on the coins of Valerianus,
of Balbinus and Pupienus. Gallienus, and Postumus, Germanicus Maximus,
MAXIMINVS II. ( Ga/erius Valerius), a title which these princes assumed on account
surnamed Daza, bom in Illyria, was the son of victories gained by them respectively over
of the sister of Galerius Maximianus, and the Germans. —
Constantine the Great is called,
like his paternal ancestor, rude and un- on his coins, maximvs, as a title of the greatest
educated. — Importuned by Galerius, Diocletian distinction. —
The idea of Harduin, concurred in
reluctantly confers upon
the dignityhim by Jobert, that Maximus was a name belonging
of Ca'sar, a.d. 305. He governed Syria and to Constantine’s family is clearly shewn by
other provinces of the East. Timid, super- liimard, in every point of view, to be unsus-
stitious, addicted to drunkenness, cruelty with tainable.
him went hand in hand with debauchery. This MAXIMVS. — See germanicvs.
savage tyrant persecuted the Christians in the MAXIMVS. — Sec Petronius, on whose coins
most horrible manner. In the year 307, the circumscription of the head is petronivs.
Maximinus received the title of Filius Augusti, maximvs.
at the same time with Constantine, conferred —
MAXIMVS. Sec Pupienus, whose coins bear
by Galerius Maximianus. The year following pvpienvs maximvs. avg.
he caused himself to be proclaimed Augustus, MAXIMVS ( Coins Julius Verus), son of
by his army. In 313, he having imprudently Maximinus 1. and (as is supposed) of Paulina,
allied himself to Maientius, the enemy of Con- came into the world about a.d. 216. He passed
stantinc and Licinius, the latter marched against for one of the finest and haudsomest young men
him into Thrace, and defeated him in a decisive of the empire but early abandoned himself
;

battle. Pursued and besieged by Licinius, he to pleasure and luxury. After the elevation
poisoned himself at Tarsus, in Cilicia, a.d. 313, of his father, who declared him Cicsar (235),
eight years after being named Ctcsar, aud five he became so proud, insolent, aud vicious, us
 MAXIMUS. MAXIMUS.— MEDAGLIONI. 547
to render himself as much detested by the The annexed cut is from a fine silver medallion
Romans Maximinus himself was.
as This in the British Museum.
beautiful and accomplished but ill-mannered
prince, who was eighteen years of age when
clothed with the purple, enjoyed his honours
but a short time, for being obliged to join his
father in Germany, he was assassinated with
him by his soldiers near Aquileia (238), just as
he was on the point of uniting his barbarian
blood to that of the illustrious family of Anto-
ninus Pius, by a marriage with Junia Fadilla.
His silver coins are rare; the gold exceedingly
so ;the brass scarce. lie is styled c.
IVL. VERVS. MAX III VS CAES. — MAXIMVS CAES. The portrait of Magnus
GERM. Maximus on some of
the brass coins is very
different from the above,
as is shewn by an example
found at Richborough, in
Kent, and published in
Mr Roach Smith’s “An-
tiquities of Richborough,
Reculver, and Lymne.”
It appears to exhibit much individuality of
features.
MAXIMVS (Tyrannus) on the death of
,

Constans II., was proclaimed Emperor in Spain

by Geroutius, one of the generals of the usurper
MAXIMVS (Flavius Magnus), bom in a Constantinus, a.d. 409. But divesting himself
distinction in Spain, he of the purple, he returned into private and
family of little
from serving in the army of Britain, to be a
rose,
might have died in peace.
— “ The life,

caprice (how-
general under Theodosius. Profiting by the ever, says Gibbon,) of the barbarians who
hatred entertained by the legions in that island ravaged Spain, once more seated this imperial
towards Gratian, who neglected them, he cor- phantom on the throne but they soon resigned :

rupted their fidelity, and was proclaimed by him to the justice of Honorius ; and the tyrant
them Emperor. This usurper then passed over Maximus, after he had been shewn to the people
from England into Gaul, a.d. 383, and assem- of Ravenna and Rome, was publicly executed
bling around him a large force, marched —
a.d. 411. -There .are two varieties of silver
against Gratian, who was encamped near Paris, coins Maximus, bearing his portrait,
of this
seduced that emperor’s army from their alle- and the legend d.n. maximvs p.f. avg. The
giance, and caused him to be assassinated at reverse of one is inscribed victoria aavggg.,
Lyon the same year. Thus become master of a helmeted woman holding a globe, surmounted
Gaul, Spain, and Britain, with all the legions by a Victory and that of the other victoria
;

of the west under his orders, Maximus sought romanorvm, a similar type.
alliance with Theodosius, who, on certain con- M. C. I. or IV. Municipium Calagurris
ditions made in favour of Valentinian the Julia . —
The Municipality of Calagurris Julia,
Second, conferred on him the title of Augustus. (now Lahorre, in Spain.)
He subsequently established his residence at M. COM MOD VS ANTONINVS AVG.
Treves, rendering himself formidable to the BRIT. Marcus Commodus Antoninus Au-
nations surrounding him, especially to the gustus Britannicus.
Germans, whom he laid under tribute. His M. D. M. I. Magna Leum Matri Idea .

ambition leading him to drive Justina and Valen- To lda;an Cybele, the great mother of the
tinian II. from Milan, he was attacked by gods.
Theodosius, defeated on the Save, near Siscia, MEDAGLIONI. Medallions. Everybody in —
and being taken prisoner at Aquileia, was the least acquainted with the Italian language
put to death by the soldiers of Theodosius, knows that the augmentations end in one ; thus
in spite of the wish of that emperor to spare the of medaglia, medal, they have made medaglione.
life of a man who had borne with glory the The French have borrowed from the Italians
title of Augustus for more than five years. the word medallion, grand medaille; and we
“ Brave, skilled in war, active and vigorous, have taken from the French our word medallion,
this tyrant (says Beauvais) would have appeared to express a large medal.
worthy of the throne if he had not ascended it MEDALET, an appellation given by Pinkerton
—
by means of a crime.” His coins are rare in to a curious though not uncommon class of
gold and in second brass ; common in silver of Roman pieces not intended for currency, which
the usual size but extremely rare in large silver
;
consists of small coins, or missilia, scattered
or medallions ; and scarce in third brass. On among the people on solemn occasions; those
these he is styled d.n. mag. maximvs. p.f. avg. struck for the slaves in the Saturnalia private ;

4 A 2
548 MEDALLION, MEDALLION.
counters for gaming tickets for baths and
; as the tetradrachms and the cisiophori, the only
feasts tokens in copper and lead, and remains
; pieces with which the province of Asia payed
of a like kind. its tributes to the Komau republic and by ;

MEDAL, from the French word midaille, analogy, all the Greek medallions of the same
which takes its derivation from the Latin, weight aud form. Millin himself goes on to
metallum. The appellation of medal is given instance the fine gold medallion of the Emperor
to every piece of gold, of silver, or of brass, Augustus, found at Herculaneum, which “ought,
which bears an impression designed to preserve he says, to be regarded us a piece of money, so
the remembrance of a great man, of a sovereign, likewise those of Domitian aud Cotnmodus, all
or of a remarkable eveut. Medals or coins in these quadruples of the aurei of Augustus,
the monetary sense of the term may also be which weigh nearly two gros. Whatever might
defined as pieces of metal on which public have been weight of their monies, the
the
authority has stamped different signs to indicate Romans neither knew, nor employed, more than
their weight and their value, iu order that they the two synonyms nutni aud numismata to
might serve for the acquisition of things neces- designate them all. Marcus Aurelius caused a
sary to human existence, and that they might great number of medallions of the largest
facilitate commerce, which, without that means volume to be struck, numos maximos, says
of exchange, would be too difficult. Julius Capitolinus. A particular word would
The Greeks called money or coins vipicrpa, have been invented to name these extraordinary
the Latins nummus or numus. The science of pieces, if they had been anything else than
medals has beeu called by modern French extra sized money. An inference favourable to
archicologists Numismatique. this opinion (adds Millin) is derived from types
—
MEDALLION. Under this term ore, without which adorn the Roman medals iu each metal
distinction, comprised all monetary productions these types and their legends arc absolutely the
of the ancients, whether in gold, silver, or same with those of the ordinary sized medals.
brass, the volume and weight of which mate- We find, indeed, on the medallions, especially
rially exceed the usual size of coins struck in from the reign of Gallicnus to that of the
those respective metals. —
There is, however, a Constantiues, the figure of Moneta, sometimes
difference of opinion amongst numismatic anti- aloue, at others uuder the emblem of three
quaries as to whether what are called medallions women, bearing each a balance. These symbols
were or were not used for money. —
Patin are accompanied with legends used, in a similar
observes that they were made for no other case MONETA AVO. AEl^VlTAS AVO. MONETA
; ; ;

original purpose than that of satisfying the avgg. and upon a medallion of Crispin,, moneta
;

curiosity of princes, as is done to this day with vrbis vkstrae. Some medallions, few how-
fancy pieces (piece de plaiser). —
Jobert, in his ever in number, bear the two letters s. c., that
Science des Medail/es, remarks that their work- is to say, Senatus Consultus, which are gene-

manship was too exquisite, and their size too rally placed on the bronze medals of the three
unwieldy for common currency.—-Biinard, in modules (first, second, and third brass), and
his historical and critical notes on the work of announce the authority of the Senate. As —
the last named writer, agrees that it is most it is nowhere read that the Senate made
probable not to have been the intention of those, largesses or liberalities, the pieces which have
who in ancient times caused medallions to be the mark of the Senatus Consultus, large and
struck, that they should serve for money but ;
heavy as they may be, were therefore struck by
with his usual cautious and discriminative judg- order of that body, only to be used as money.
—
ment adds “ 1 think, nevertheless, that when As to the rest it is generally to be observed on
those pieces had fulfilled then first destination,
-
medallions of all the three metals, that they
and were dispersed abroad (distribuees), a free are worn just like the coins. This wearing of
currency was given them in commerce, by re- the coin is certainly attributable to the same
gidating their value in proportion to their weight cause, namely the continual rubbing to which
and to their standard of purity. At least I circulation exposes all monies. The medallions,
have thought myself warranted in coining to therefore, (proceeds Millin,) served for the same
this conclusion, from the countermarks which I purpose, although they were much more rare.
have seen on several Greek medallions of the They moreover a characteristic
often exhibit
Imperial scries, and it is certain that the Greek which only belongs to money, and which is the
medallions were real money. It was doubtless countermark. Their fabrication, therefore, has
after the example of the Greeks, that the always had a commercial object, into which they
Romans put also their medallions into circula- entered, after having originally been presentation
tion as current
coin.” —
Malmdal, to whose pieces (pieces de largesses). Such (concludes —
dissertation on the same subject Billiard refers, Millin) was doubtless their first destination.
supports the opinion, “ that medallions were The Emperors caused them to be struck for the
pieces distinguished from money, as they were purpose of distributing them on solemn days,
with us from medals." —
But, says Millin, “there aud on occasions of state pomp. Those who
are other writers, who far from entertaining came afterwards into possession of them, were
this opinion, maintain against the system of competent to supply with them the wants of
Malmdal, that we are to recognise money in life and the demands of commerce.”

those medallions which are multiplied from a Amongst the number of writers opposed to this
piece generally acknowledged to be money, such theory is our owu Addison, who, in his “ Dialogues
 MEDALLION. MEDALLION. 549
upon the usefulness of Ancient Medals,” makes objects of value. —
or money , ought
Coins,
Philander tell his numismatic pupils that “ for- necessarily to unite these three determinate,
merly there was no difference between money uniform, and known characters standard, —
and medals. An old Roman had his purse weight, and types.
full of the same pieces that we now pre- “ Medals (medailtes) arc pieces of metal
serve in cabinets. As soon as an Emperor had which, multiplied in an uniform manner, with-
done anything remarkable, it was immediately out having any precise value, and without
stamped on a coin, and became enrreut through uniting the known and determinate characters
the whole dominions.” (p. 147). And a little for standard, weight, and types, are designed
further ou, in answer to Cynthio’s question, to serve in commemoration of events or of
“were all the ancient coins that are now in personages.”
cabinets once currentmoney?” our illustrious M. Hennin proceeds to remark that, in giving
countryman, through the mouth of his imaginary the name medals to the money of the
of
representative,*' replies, “It is the most pro- ancients, three inconveniences arc incurred the —
bable opinion that they were all of them such, first is that of calling these pieces by what is

excepting those we call medallions. These in re- not their real name the second, that of giving
;

spect of the other coins were the same as modern a false idea of what they were in the ages
medals in respect of modern money. They of antiquity the third, that of confounding
;

were exempted from all commerce, and had no thereby antique coins with antique medals, for
other value but what was set upon them by the the ancients themselves knew the difference
fancy of the owner. They are supposed to between one and the other.
have been struck by Emperors for presents to So much for the questiou, whether any of
their friends, foreign princes, or ambassadors. the pieces called medallions passed as coins with
However, that the smallness of their number the ancients, a matter of no intrinsic import-
might not endanger the loss of the devices they ance. It is of much greater moment to notice
bore, the Romans took care generally to stamp the different articles belonging to the class of
the subject of their medallions on their ordinary medallions. There were a great number of
coins that were the running cash of the nation. medallions struck in the Grcekc ities, subject to
As if in England, we should see on our half- the Roman empire, and they arc of considerable
penuy and farthing pieces, the several designs importance on account of the extent of their
that shew themselves in their perfection on our inscriptions, which elucidate many extremely
medals.” — (p. 148.) curious points connected with antiquity. Pellerin
A later and perhaps more practised English has published and explained many of these
numismatist, the dogmatical but still scientific medallions, and the Royal Library at Paris
and sagacious Pinkerton, in his “ Essay on possesses a large collection of them. They are
—
Medals,” says “ Under the term of medallions particularly useful to beginners, because their
arc included all the pieces produced by the legends are more easily read than those ou coins
ancient mints, which, from their superior size, of a smaller module, and because they exhibit
were evidently not intended for circulation as themselves in a great variety of form. Rut —
coins, but for other occasions. Medallions passing by the Greek, both Autonomous and
were presented by the emperor to his friends, Imperial, which though highly interesting in
and by the mint-masters to the emperor, as each metal, from the general excellence of their
specimens of fine workmanship. They were workmanship and the diversity of their types,
struck upon thecommencement of the reign of do not come within the province of this work,
a new emperor, and other solemn occasions, as we proceed to that more truly Roman branch
monuments of gratitude or of flatten'. Some- of the Imperial series, commonly called Latin
times they were merely what we would call Medallions. All gold and silver pieces larger
trial, or patternteslimonia probata
pieces, than the diameter ordinarily assigned to im-
moneta ; and such abound after the reign of perial money may be regarded as comprised
Maximian, with the tres moneta on the re- in this category, and are all of greater or less
verse.” — (vol. i. p. 278;) rarity.
The most recently published observations ou Medallions are indeed generally more adapted
the subject in question are from the pen of M. to facilitate the study of antiquity than common
Hennin, a very acute and accomplished French medals, because their types present more curious
numismatist, who in his “Manuel” of the and interesting subjects in reference to mytho-
Science, devotes a chapter to the purpose logy, and to ceremonies and customs religious,
of defining the difference between coins and civil, military, &c., representing as they gene-

medals,” (difference des monnaies aux me- rally on their reverses, triumphs, games,
do,
dailles), words which are continually con- edifices,and other monuments, which are the
founded with each other, particularly in re- most particular objects of an antiquary’s re-
ference to the mintages of ancient times. search. Nor is the information to be derived
“ Coins ” (les monnaies), says the above- from medallions less important with regard to
named writer, “ are pieces of metal which, the history of art. Their superior size has
uniformly and very numerously multiplied, and enabled those who executed them to charge
bearing similar impressions in evidence of their their reverses with more complex designs and ;

value, whether real or fictitious, serve for an accordingly we

amongst the medallions of
find
universal medium of exchange against all other the Roman Emperors, many specimens of work-
550 MEDALLION. MEDALLION.
manship almost equal in point of exquisiteness I ought not to bo confoimded with medallions
to that of the finest engraved stones. they are distinguishable by the head of the
Millin places at the head of these antique Prince, which is always radiated, whilst it is
pieces of inetal the gold medallion of Jus- laureated on coins of the common size. These
tinian, in the French King’s Cabinet. This medals were not struck till the period from
magnificent product of coinage, not for money Caracalla’s reign to that of the elder Philip
purposes, is more than three inches (French) in inclusive. — As medallions of gold and of
to
diameter, and in proportionably high relief. silver, it is very easy to recognise them it ;

Its extraordinary volume, equal to that of the suffices that they arc found to exceed the usual

gold medallion of Tetricus, shews it to have module by their weight, or their diameter
been appropriated to the same use. The per- when however of extraordinary dimensions they
|

forated rams-horns (be/ieres, as the French call I are of extreme rarity, and should not be mixed
them), which are attached to the former, clearly up with the smaller size, which in general are
point out that it was originally destined to serve less estimated. —
Brass medallions and large brass
as an ornament, principally for suspension from medals have for the most part been frequently
the neck. the object of mistaken notions with authors
With these medallions should be classed those and connoisseurs. Some, foi the reign of
pieces, which are surrounded with borders, Postumus especially, have given us for medal-
encircled with ornamental mountings, and wliieh lions the coins w hich belong only to large brass
are double the size of coins, to which, however, whilst others, for the hower Empire, have
J

their types are common. Sometimes the circles passed off for large brass w hat can be regarded
are of the same metal as that of those extra- as no more than middle brass.”
j

ordinary pieces, and in that case they arc con- I The following remarks concerning the Roman
tinuous with the field of the coiu at other times
;
medallions are chiefly drawn from Pinkerton
they are found composed of a metal, or rather and Millin :
—
Many of these have s. c. as
of a mixture of metals (alliage), different from being struck by order of the Senate; others
that of the medallion with which they have been j
have not, as being by order of the Emperor.
soldered after being placed between the dies. |
Of Augustus a noble gold medallion was fouud
These sorts of medallions do not commence ! in Herculaneum. There are many of Tiberius
until the reign of Commodus. Sometimes even and Claudius. Some of Agrippina, Nero, Galba,
the circle made of a different metal, or alloy, is i Vespasian, and Domitiau, are also extant. Those
itself enclosed in a rim, the material of which I of Trajan and Hadrian have generally a broad
still differs from its own. In these singularities rim beyond the legend with indented circles.
is seen a marked intention to place them out of \
Above all it was under the reign of Antoninus
currency. It was the custom to use these Pius, and some of his first successors, that very
j

extraordinary medallions as ornaments for the fine medallions were struck. That emperor hail a

decoration of military ensigns, whether they religious respectfor all which recalled the
were suspended to them with be/ieres, or fixed history of Rome’s foundation aud that of her
to the standards by means of holes pierced in first ages. Thus we find on these medallions
the centre of their diameter, or whether they j
Hercules, whom the inhabitants of Mount
were inlaid on them from space to space. Per- Avcutinc thanked, for having delivered them
j

haps the medallions which were composed of from the giant Cacus likewise we sec Horatius
;

two different metals were employed for the same ,

Codes defending the Sublirian bridge ; the
purpose. Rome, under the form
arrival of ,-Esculapius at
Medallions from the time of Julius to that of of a serpent, &c., &c.
These medallions, more-
Hadrian, are very uncommon, and of enormous over, retrace many ancient aud important features
price ; from Hadrian to the close of the western of mythological and heroic history. A medallion
empire they are generally speaking less rare. of Lucilla represents the combat of the Romans
The largeness of medallions is not to be and the Sabines, and Hersilia throwing herself
1

understood merely in comparison with that of between Tatius her father and Romulus her
common coins, of which the greater have some husband. A fine one of* the same empress has —
advantage over the others. The size of me- for the type of its reverse that lady walking
dallions is so considerable, that it sometimes in a garden and several cupids overturning each
exceeds the ordinary weight of medals by one other “ A meet emblem (says Pinkerton) of
—
or two proportions. The thickness, the height her various amours and which calls to mind ;

of relief, and the extent of surface are the Anacreon’s description of his heart, as a nest in
qualities which are held by numismatists in the which old loves begot young ones.” There are
higher esteem. medallions of Commodus remarkable for their
A remarkable distinction between tho Greek superior workmanship one of them in bronze, :

and Roman medallions lies in their different Pat in has engraved in his “ llistoire de*
thickness, the Roman being often three or four Medailles ," of which the reverse is enriched
|

lines thick, whilst the other seldom exceed one. with one of the finest sacrificial groups, a
M. Mionnct, in some observations which he master- piece of ancient art. On another of this
,
—
makes (in the preface to his celebrated work De emperor we see him aud his concubine Marcia ;

la rare/d et da pri-r des Medailles Rom nines,) their heads joined, and she wearing a helmet.
on the module of the coins, says,
—
“ Silver
j

One of Pertinax has for reverse that emperor

,

medals of the larger size, as they arc called, sacrificing, with votis dece.vnalldvs.
I
Of
 MEDALLION. MEDUSA. — MELICERTA. 551
Septimius Severus there are many. The mints of Medals and Monies, or Coins, difference
Gordian III. and of Philip contribute to the between. — See Medallion.
number. Numerous varieties subsequently appear The following are among the terms used by
of Trebonianus Gallus, Valerian, Gallienus, French numismatists to denominate and dis-
Aureliau, Piobus, Diocletian, Maximian I., tinguish the different pecularities of ancient
Constantins I., Coustantiuus I. and 11., Constans medals and coins :

—
aud Constantius II. For a notice of the curious Medailles non /rappees —
Pieces of metal of
.

brass medallion of Constans, which represents a certain weight, which served wherewith to
him standing in a ship, aud a human figure in make exchanges against merchandize and com-
the waves, — see the legend bononia oceanen. modities, before the art was discovered of im-
It has been asserted that no medallions were pressing figures or characters upon them, by
ever struck in the colonies. Nevertheless, means of dies and of the hammer.
Vaillant has published one of Cordova and Medailles affrontees, frc .— A medal some-
another of Saragossa. The medallions called times offers several heads. The French call
Contorniate, from an Italian word, indicating them affrontees, or opposees, according as they
the manner in which they are struck, are quite look towards each other, or as they are placed
—
a distinct class of pieces. See the word. in a contrary direction. They are conjugees,
It is very difficult to form a numerous suite or conjoined, when there are more than one on
of medallions; those extant do not furnish all the same side.
the Emperors, and thus the series remains Medailles enchassees. Euchased medals,
always imperfect. — The first who collected A small number of pieces in bronze, are of two
any considerable number of these pieces was metals, that is to say, of two different qualities
Gothifredi, a Roman gcutlcmau, who possessed of copper, the centre being, as the French calls
nearly two hundred of them about the middle it, enchasse, or surrounded by a circle of
of the seventeenth century. These he augmented another quality. The plates (plans) thus pre-
from time to time, and in 1672, wheu they pared were afterwards struck, and of this there
became the property of Christina, Queen of can be no doubt (says Hennin) since the letters
Sweden, they amounted to more than three of the legends are often found imprinted on the
hundred. — Cardinal Gaspard Carpegna was also two metals at one time. These pieces are all
one of the earliest who attached themselves to Imperial of the Roman die, and they appear
the task of forming a suite of medallions. He under the reign of various Emperors up to the
caused one hundred and ninety-five of them to end of the third century. They ought, without
be engraved, and they were accompanied with doubt, to be considered as true medals, con-
observations by Buonarotti. — Vaillant has de- tradistinguished from current coius, aud to be
scribed about foiu- hundred and fifty from Julius ranged amongst the medallions (see the word). —
C;esar to Constans, which he had seen in different They are generally of fine workmanship, and
cabinets of France and Italy. —
According to a remarkable for the pains bestowed on their
catalogue published at Venice, there were two fabrication.
hundred and twenty-nine medallions in the MEDUSA, one of the three Gorgonides, who,
—
Museum Pisaui. The Carthusians at Rome had according to Ovid’s amplification of the fable,
a very fine collection of medallions, which was was a most beautiful nymph, both in form and
afterwards sold to the Emperor of Germany feature but of all the charms with which she
;

the engravings from it are now extremely was gifted, none were more lovely than her
rare — In the seventeenth century more than luxuriant locks of golden hue. Neptune declared
four hundred medallions in the French Kiug’s to her his passion in the temple of Minerva,,
Cabinet were engraved. Their number had been who was so offended that she changed the hair
much increased since the acquisition made of of Medusa into and gave to this
serpents;
all that belonged to Marshal D’Estrees. This horrible image of deformity the power of turn-
suite comprised all the medallions which had ing iuto stone all who looked upon it. The
enriched the collection of the Abbe de Camps, beauty thus become a monster, fatal to all
besides those which appeared with the explana- beholders, was at length encountered by Perseus,
tions of Vaillant, aud which did not exceed one who cut off her head with the sword of Minerva;
hundred and forty. The Abbe de Rothelin also and that goddess placed the viper-tresses and the
possessed a very considerable series of them. hideous countenance on her own redoubtable
Above all, Cardinal Albani’s fine series of -Egis. —
The head of Medusa appears on a
medallions ought to be mentioned. These after- first brass of Hadrian,hearing the legend of
wards passed to the Vatican ;
Venuti engraved sicilia. —Also on gold and
silver of Septimius
and described them. This collection and those Severus, with the epigraph providentia, where
of Cardinal Carpegna were, in Buonaparte’s the winged head (Jf the Gorgon, bristling with
time, united to that in the cabinet of antiques serpents, is exhibited as the symbol of Pro-
in the national Library at Paris, which even vidence.
before that period was one of the most numerous MELICERTA or Melicertes, called by the
in Europe. [Restored to the Vatican at the Latins Portumnus, and by the Corinthians
peace of 1815.] In 1806, when M. Millin was Palamon, was the son of Athamus, King of
Conservateur des Medailles in that magnificent Thebes, and of Ino. It was with Melicerta
establishment, the number of autique medallions that Ino is said to have cast herself into the

there accumulated was not less than 1,500. sea, from the summit of the Moluris rock, to
552 MELICERTA. — MEMMIA. MEMORIA.—MEMORIE.
avoid the persecutions of Athamas. Melicerta |
is made by ancient writers. —We see Ceres with
then became a marine deity, and was worshipped j
serpent, torch, and corn-ears, things dedicated
under the name of Palsemon. Sisyphus insti- to that divinity on account of the earth’s fertility.
tuted the Isthmian games to his honour. He The colus or distaff seems to point her out as
was regarded as the god who came to the succour ,
presiding over the domestic care of matrons.
of the shipwrecked. The Romans have con- [
See Ceres, and Cerialia.
founded Palsemon with their tutelary divinity
1

The same by Trajan, bears

type, as restored
of the sea-ports, Portumnus. See Connthus— on its exterior circle imp. caes. traian.
avg.
Cotonia for the following types :
germ. dac. P. P. rest. Imperator Ctesar
Melicerta is represented on a first brass Traianus Augustus Germanicus Dacicus Pater
struck at Corinth under Domitian. Ino pre- Patrue Restituit.
sents him as a child to Neptune, who is seated MEMOR. Memorise. On a coin of Maxi-—
or* a rock by the sea-side ; a dolphin is at his miauus.
feet above we read perm. imp. (by permission
;
MEMORIA. —See aeternae memoriae, on
of the Emperor), referring solely to the miutage a gold medallion of Maxentius, having for type
of the coin. a temple with an eagle seated on the s umm it of
Melicerta lying on the dolphin who saved
,
its dome.
his life behind him is the pine-tree near to
;
MEMORIAE AETERNAE.—There are two
which he had fallen, when Sisyphus took care third brass coins of Claudius Gothicus (both
of him. This type with the legend clicor, struck after that Emperor’s death, as the in-
(Colonia Julia Connthus ,) appears on a coin scription of DIVO CLAVlllO opt. imp. on the
struck at Corinth. obverse clearly shew), but the type of one is an
The same subject is alluded to on another ;
eagle with expanded wings, and of the other a
Colonial medal of the Romano-Corinthian mint, I lion standing.
struck under Aurelius. In the round temple of MEMORIA DIVI CONST ANTI. — On a
Neptune, of which the dome formed of fish
is medallion of second brass of Constantius
scales, and where a dolphin is placed on each Chlorus, the type of which is a round temple
side of the roof, we see the same recumbent surmounted by an eagle.
figure of a boy on a dolphin, and read the Spanheiin, in his commentaries on theCmsars
same inscription of cli cor. of Julian, observes that “ Immortal remem-
A third medal of Corinth exhibits its acropolis, brance” was esteemed the most glorious reward
or citadel, with the temple of Neptune on the of conquerors in ancient times. Hence pro-
top, and a grotto at the bottom, in which the ceeded the choice of such inscriptions as those of
body of Melicerta had been deposited. On the Aeterna Memoria, of Memoria Perpetua, and
right is the pine where Sisyphus found him. of Memoria Felix, which arc found on the coins
Same inscription. of some Roman Emperors, struck after their
On a fourth medal struck by the Roman
!

death, and which clearly mark that this was the

colony of Corinth, Melicerta is seen on a end and true meaning of their consecration.
dolphin. By his side is Sisyphus, conqueror at Moreover we find these inscriptions accompanied
the Isthmian games, which he had instituted in '

cither with temples, or with lighted altars, or

honour of Melicerta. He bears away the case eagles (generally with expanded w ings), or with
and the palm-branch, symbols of the prizes he cars destined for public processions, the usual
had won. symbols of Apotheosis, as (amongst others)
MEMMIA, a plebeian family. Its surnames on two medals of Constantius I., the father of
arc uncertain. Its coins which in silver are Constantine, both of them struck at Treves one —
common exhibit fifteen varieties. Some were with the words Memoria Did Constantii, the
restored by Trajan and are very rare. The other JFAema Memoria.
bronze pieces of this family are parts of the as. MEMORIA FELIX. An eagle with ex- —
One of the scarce types refers to the CeriaJia, panded wings, within a temple, on the frieze of
or festival of Ceres; it bears on its obverse a —
which is another eagle. The obverse has the
laureated head, with curled beard, and the veiled head of Constantius I. — See Constantius
inscription c. memmi. c. f. qvirinvs. On the — I., — Arte, — Consecratio.
reverse Ceres sitting a serpent at her feet in
; ; MEMORIAE AGRIPPINAE. S.P.Q.R. A
her right hand three ears of corn ;
in her left a
|

funeral carpentum drawrn by two mules. This —

distatf, and memmivs. aed. cerialia. preimvs. I
medal, in large brass, aud also a bronze medal-
FECIT. lion cited by Morell, bear on the obverse the
Whether the word Quirinus may be con- portrait of Agrippina senior, struck after her
sidered as a cognomen of the Memmia family, death, in under the cruel and unjust
exile
or whether it refers to the head as that of Tiberius, and remind us of the translation of
Quirinus or Romulus, or both together, is a her ashes from the island of Pandatarin, and of
point iu dispute among the learned. But the all the funeral honours which were decreed to
reverse of this rare denarius teaches us that her by the filial piety of Caligula her son, at
Meinmius, in his edileship, was the first who the seemingly auspicious commencement of his
celebrated at Rome the CeriaJia,
or feasts, in reign. —
Suetonius, whose account is confirmed
honour of the Goddess of Harvests, a ceremony by Dion, adds that the above-named emperor
held in much consideration by the Romans, but caused annual sacrifices to be instituted to the
of the time of first celebrating it no mention maucs of his mother, together with Circensian
 MEMORIAE. —MENSIS. MERCURIES. 553
celebrations, in which the carpentum was drawn match for the ma/us animus which caused the
in state procession. wise and honest Pertinax to be butchered at the
MEMORIAE DOMITILLAE S.P.Q.R.— shrine of Prsetorian avarice.
Funeral car as in the foregoing. On a rare MER. Meritorum.— See REQVIES OPTi-
large brass, struck under Titus ; the reverse morum MERitorum ; on third brass of Claudius
of which has s. c. in the middle of the field, Gothicus.
surrounded with the inscription imp. x. caes. MERC. Mer curio.
Divi. vesp. p. avg. p.m. tr. P. P.P. See Car- — MERCVRIVS. The God— Mercury, son of
pentum, with illustration. Jupiter, and Maia one of the daughters of
“ Antiquaries (says the author of Lemons de Atlas