Share FACTORS - AFFECTING - STUDENTS - CAREER - CHOICE

FACTORS AFFECTING STUDENTS’ CAREER CHOICE:THREE YEAR CAREER
GUIDANCE PROGRAM
A Dissertation
Presented to the
Faculty of the Graduate Program in Education
PHINMA Cagayan de Oro College
Cagayan de Oro City
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements Degree
Doctor of Philosophy in Educational Administration
and Supervision
JUVY T.IMPORTANTE
APRIL 2022
ABSTRACT
Career decision-making is unquestionably one of the most difficult and
demanding in any student's life. Time when a student is planning and preparing
for the role, they would like to take part in the community by taking the desired
course or job to uplift their dignity as a person.
Hence, the paper assessed the degree of career choices and the extent of
factors influencing the career choices among Grade 12 students in the senior
high school in the Division of Cagayan de Oro City for the School Year 2020-
2021 as the basis for the Three-year Career Guidance Program. Specifically, it
sought to identify the characteristics of the respondents as well as the factors
that interest and influence respondents` career choices, considering the
following such as knowledge, socio-economic, future jobs, personality, peers,
and school.
The focus of the study was learners( n=280) of the chosen secondary
schools. A descriptive research design used as the method to investigate one or
more variables. Questionnaires created by the researcher were used and
validated by various registered career advisors employed in private schools.
Mean and standard deviations such as the F test and T-test were used to
determine factors affecting career choices on interest, and influence.
Respondent’s career choices considering interest and influence results
reveal that in all indicators of the learner-related factors, responded as usually
true on the factors to consider interest, and influence knowledge; future work;
personality; and socio-economic condition school, peers, and family. It is

believed that parents play an important function in the career choices of the
student today, though some would say that peers as influential people for them
to choose the courses they need to take to prepare them for the career chosen.
Keywords: students’ career choices, interest, and influence

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The researcher would like to thank God the Almighty for His faithfulness
and protection throughout this study that made it possible for the researcher to
encounter this success.
The researcher takes this great opportunity to sincerely thank several
people and institutions who have made it possible for this research paper and
the doctorate program to become a reality.
With gratitude goes to its Graduate School Dean,
Isabelita M. Borres PhD. for the dedicated support and endless guidance that she
offered throughout the research process. The researcher is also indebted to her
dissertation adviser Pepa V. Pontillas Ph.D., for extending her patience and
guidance. With great appreciation to all the members of her dissertation panelist
and lecturers, Nimfa R. Lago Ph.D., Braziel L. Ongcachuy Ph.D., Erlinda A. Quirap
PhD., and Wilma R. Taganas PhD. for their patience and time spent during the
final phase of the oral defense of this paper;
My sincerest thanks to Cherry Mae L. Reyes PhD.,Schools Division
Superintendent of the Division of Cagayan de Oro City for granting the researcher
to conduct her study in the chosen schools in the City;
The researcher would like to appreciate so much the moral support and
unconditional love of her Daddy Teddy and Mommy Letty Antonio in achieving
this goal, Tito Leo, Tita Flor, and Ate Tessa A. Ghem for the all-out support, the
patience, and kindness for making her achieve the desires of her heart;
Her dearest friends whose unwavering love and support, their prayers, and
real assistance this is what they have been waiting for, the journey she has been
having now come into realization Maria Sophia Gracia Beja Avellana, Gemma Y.
Ronquillo , Merla R. Mabelin and the BFF ;
Her warmest thanks also to her Taglimao National High School Family, to
Ms. Marilou P. Lagac, the School Head who has been by her side during the
struggles in the paper preparation, to her colleagues for the School Year 2016 to
the present, for supporting all her endeavors in achieving her goals and making
this paper possible;
To her supportive friends and unlimited words of encouragement and
upliftment from Ferdinand “Bobby” N. Labitad, Ms. Conception T. Narisma,
Jennyvic T. Roa, Kristine Camille T. Macesar, and Catherine C. Lopez these
people have been rooting for her success in achieving her goals and aspirations
her full appreciation to all their time spent for her;
To her dear friend Mr. Chiebert Jala DM and Isabel Jamela L. Baculio who
makes all things light and easy amidst her stressful day , thank you so much;
Her heartfelt gratitude also goes to her children Eunice Grace and Corwin
Marion, Charity Princess Mae R. Floresca, and her husband Mario A. Importante
for their tender loving care, support, and patience to endure her divided attention
between her home and the demanding studies. In addition, to her Mother Ophelia
Torres-Turno who patiently waits every week as she arrived from work. To God,
All Be the Glory!
JTI
DEDICATION
To my daughter Eunice Grace

Who left too soon in this earthly world
This makes her smile and jump with joy in Heaven
To my son Corwin Marion

My happy pill, my joy and my strength
Thank you for you patience Son
To the Almighty God

Who Showered Us with His Grace and Mercies
Thank you for the Knowledge and Wisdom
In the realization of this work
To God Be the Glory!
JTI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE i
APPROVAL SHEET ii
ABSTRACT iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ix
DEDICATION xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS xii
LIST OF TABLES xiv
LIST OF FIGURES xvi
CHAPTER
1 THE PROBLEM
Introduction 1
Theoretical Framework 3
Statement of the Problem 6
Hypothesis 7
Significance of the Study 8
Scope and Limitation of the Study 9
Definition of Terms 9
2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literatures and Studies in Foreign Setting 11
Related Literature and Studies in Local Setting 16
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design 22
Research Setting 22
Respondents and Sampling Procedure 25
Research Instrument 26
Validity of Instrument 26
Data Gathering Procedure 26
Scoring Procedure 27
Statistical Treatment 29
4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 32
5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
A. Letter Request to Conduct the Study
B. Letter and Questionnaire to the Respondents
C. Questionnaire
D. Data Analysis Certificate
CURRICULUM VITAE
LIST OF TABLES
No. Table Page
1 Distribution of the Respondents’ Sex 32
2 Distribution of Respondents’ Family Income 34
3 Distribution of Respondents’ Parents Occupation 37
4 Distribution of Respondents’ Parents Educational Attainment 42
5 Distribution of Respondents’ Parents Civil Status 45
6 Distribution of Respondents’ Attitude Towards Carrier Choice 48
7 Distribution of Respondents’ Factors Affecting Student

Career Choice on Interest in terms of Knowledge 53

Career Choice on Interest in terms of Future Work 57

Career Choice on Interest in terms of Personality 60

Career Choice on Interest in terms of Socio-Economic
Condition 64
11 Distribution of Respondents’ Factors Affecting on

Influence in Career Choice Considering the School
68

Influence in Career Choice Considering the Peers
75

Influence in Career Choice Considering the Family
80
14 Summary of Respondents’ Factors in the Career Choice

Considering Interest and Influence 87
15 Comparison of Factors Affecting Students’ Career Choice in

Terms of Interest When Grouped According to their Profile 91
16 Comparison of Factors Affecting Students’ Career Choice in
Terms of Influence When Grouped According to their Profile 99
17 The Extent of Respondents’ Characteristics Contribute to

Explain the Factors Affecting Students’ Career Choice in
Terms of Interest 104
18 The Extent of Respondents’ Characteristics Contribute to

Explain the Factors Affecting Students’ Career Choice in
Terms of Influence 112
LIST OF FIGURES
No. Figure Page
1 The Schematic Presentation 5
2 Location Map of the Study 24

Chapter 1
THE PROBLEM
Introduction
Career selection is one of the important choices a student needs to do in his
lifetime. The decision one makes in career choice will determine the kind of life
the student will have, and it impacts their decision throughout their lifetime. For
most graduates today the career choice and career interests seemed not to be in
harmony with each other. Most of the young adults today do not have a career
permanence. It is easy for the young adults to quit a job if they find it not fitting
to the career plan and interest it has perceived before entering college or the
workforce.
The unemployment rate was associated with the wrong choice of courses
taken by some the high school students. Career choice and selection is one of
the many important choices students will make in determining their future and
this decision will impact them throughout their lives. Filipinos believe that
education plays an important role in the country’s progress, and it helps people to
become better and more productive citizens hence, according to De Guzman
(2015) education helps solve the unemployment problem which poses a
hindrance to the growth of the nation.
Consequently, to find solutions to unemployment, the Philippines adopted
the K to 12 Program to which the child must enter the school from kindergarten
to Senior High School with a total of 12 years. DepEd has already prepared the
students to decide the possible career exits they will have through the Career
Guidance Program (DO 41, s. 2015), but still, uncertainty does exist in the minds
of the Grade 12 students.
There was an issue of learners not aligned to the career track they chose in
the senior high school concerning their career interests. Guiding the learners
towards the right decision they need to make when they decide on what career
path, they are to take in the future is important before entering college to avoid
college dropouts. The Senior High School levels offer a wide range of subjects
from which students can choose a program leading to college or university
entrance or a career in business or industry (DepEd, nd).
One of the main challenges of K to12 in improving Philippine education is to
provide quality basic education opportunities for all students, increasing the
quality of the educational process and the transition from senior high school to
college levels, as well as improving the integration of the whole educational
system. Senior high school education in the Philippines has a very important
impact on the country’s national development. The government invested in
education in the hope that students would become globally competitive. To
become globally competitive, the student must be eager to see what career path
they will pursue soon. A planned and organized life and career goals can
contribute to their personal and professional growth (Manapsal 2017).
This is one of the reasons why the government has introduced the K12
program into its education system. To lessen misfit qualification of graduates to
the needed workforce of companies and institutions, the government, particularly

the Department of Education finds ways to elevate the quality of graduates
before even reaching the collegiate level. Ordine and Rose (2017) stated that
individual mismatch does not refer that a particular group of graduates
exceeding what is necessarily required for a job. Individual Mismatch can be
associated with either under or over-education.
This given study was conducted among the secondary learners in the
public schools specifically the Grade 12 learners of Bulua National High School,
East Gusa National High school, Lapasan National High School, and Lumbia
National High School were chosen as the respondents of the study.
Theoretical and Conceptual Framework of the Study
A professional career is the progression of a person's professional life, which
includes professional choices that makeup one's biography, specialized training,
job gain, and professional advancement. Hence, this study is anchored in the
study from the recently developed Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) model
of Career Self-Management (Lent et al.2016).
Thus, it is essential to better understand the relationship between the
demographic profiles of the respondents regarding age, parents’ educational
attainment, and course strand. Accordingly, the focus of this current study is to
identify the factors affecting students’ career choices as the basis for three- year
career guidance development plan. Thus, the objective of this research is to
explore the following conditions: describe the connection of the Grade 12
learners towards career choice such that the researcher would try to analyze
further if the career choices will be due to the respondent’s interest, motivation
and influence acquired in choosing the planned career after graduation.
The paper explored the concept of factors affecting students’ career choices
which it explored having the condition hence, the independent variable such as
the characteristics of the respondents in terms of sex, family monthly income,
parent’s occupations, parent’s highest educational attainment, parent’s civil
status as well as the attitude of learners in choosing a career such that the
dependent variable will be the factors in career choices such as interest, and
influences.
The study's dependent variables, which are factors in career choices when
the group as interest specifically represents knowledge, work experience,
personality, and socio-economic condition, will be analyzed, as well as influence,
which includes school, friends/peers, and family.
Most of the respondents are enrolled in various tracks such as Humanities
and Social Science Track (HUMMS), Technical Vocational Track (TVL),
Accountancy, Business, and Management Track (ABM) and Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics Track (STEM) which essential in this given study.
To visualize and see the details of the concept, Figure 1 presents the
schematic diagram of the concept of the study. The characteristics of the
respondents of the study such as sex, family monthly income, parent’s
occupation, parent’s highest educational attainment, parent’s civil status, and
attitude towards career choice, will be examined hence representing the
independent variables in the study.

Independent Variables Dependent Variables
Respondents’ Characteristics
 Sex
Factors Affecting Student
 Family Income Career Choice
Interest
 Parent’s Occupation
 Knowledge
 Future Work
 Parent’s Highest
Educational  Personality
Attainment
 Economic and Social
 Parent’s Civil Status Condition
Influence
 Attitude Towards
 School
Career Choice
 Friends/Peers
 Family
Three Year Career Guidance

Development Plan
Figure 1. Schematic Presentation showing the Interplay between the

Dependent
and Independent Variables of the Concept of the Study
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to determine the factors affecting the students' career
choice in the Division of Cagayan de Oro City for the School Year 2020-2021 as
the basis for the Three-year Career Guidance Program.
Specifically, it sought to answer the following:
1. What is the respondents’ characteristics in terms of:
1.1 Sex;
1.2 Family Monthly Income;
1.3 Parent’s Occupation;
1.4 Parent’s Highest Educational Attainment;
1.5 Parent’s Civil Status; and
1.6 Attitude towards Career Choice?
2. What is the level on the factors affecting the respondents’ career choice
considering the following?
2.1 Interest;
2.1.1 Knowledge;
2.1. 2 Future Work;
2.1.3 Personality; and
2.1.4 Socio-Economic Condition?
2.2 Influence
2.2.1 School;
2.2.2 Peers;
2.2.3 Family?
3. Is there a significant difference on the level of the factors affecting students'
career choice when grouped according to:
3.1 Sex;
3.6 Attitude towards Career Choice ?
4. To what extent do the following respondents’ characteristics contribute to
explain the factors affecting students’ career choices?
5. Based on the findings of the study, what 3-year career guidance program can
be developed?
Hypotheses
The Problem 1, 2, and 5 presented in the study are hypotheses-free. Based on
Problems 3 and 4, the null hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance.
HO: There is no significant difference on the level of the factors affecting
student’s career when grouped according to:
1.1 Sex
1.2 Family Monthly Income
1.3 Parent’s Occupation
1.4 Parent’s Highest Educational Attainment
1.5 Parent’s Civil Status
1.6 Attitude towards Career Choice

HO2: The following characteristics of the respondents do not contribute to
explain significantly the factors affecting students’ career choices.
Significance of the Study
This study generates relevant information that is beneficial to the School
Administrators, School Guidance Counselor, Teachers, Parents, and Students.
The School Administrators, get a clear strategic plan in
implementing the career guidance program and develops ways of proper
information dissemination and careful decision-making to address the issues on
career guidance information to parents’ teachers, and students.
Through this research, career guidance counselors could create programs
and interventions on how to strengthen the student’s career planning and
decision-making.
At the classroom level, the teachers would be able to present the different
subjects and learning concepts in preparation for future career opportunities of
the learners to consider for lifelong learning and life opportunities.
This study would provide the parents with the idea of how they are to
assist and motivate their children to choose a career that best suits their child
and would fulfill parents’ desire for a successful career for their children.
The students in the Senior High School would benefit from the findings of
this study such that it would provide them a more in-depth understanding of the
importance of aligning their career interests and career choices as to choose the
right course without delays in achieving the life skills needed for career success.
This study would also guide and ignite the interest of the future
researchers to recognize further the learner’s behavior in choosing the career
path and would also open a more opportunities for them to gather other variables
that will better expound this present study.
Scope and Limitation of the Study
The study will focus on career interest, influences, motivation as factors in
career choices among the Grade 12 Senior High School learners in the Division of
Cagayan de Oro City. This involves the 288 earners for the School Year 2019-
2020.
The research was limited to four schools namely: Bulua National High School,
East Gusa National High School, Lapasan National High School, and Lumbia
National High School.
Definition of Terms
To have a better understanding, and analysis of this study, the following
terms are defined operationally.
Career Guidance. This refers to a program designed to assist every individual
in making and implementing awareness and informed academic programs and
occupational choices. Thus, career guidance and counseling is a program
designed to assist an individual to develop its competencies, self-knowledge,
occupational exploration, and career planning.
Economic and Social Condition. This refers to the kind of economic gains
and the social situation the respondents would prefer when choosing a certain
career as it is used in this study.
Family. This refers to the parents and relatives of the respondents that
influence in its career choices as used in this study.
Influence. This refers to the factors that influence the respondents in
choosing certain course tracks or career choices.
Interest. This refers to measures the person’s different occupational
interests and it aids to assist in the career planning of the respondents in this
given study.
Knowledge. This refers to the level of awareness and ability to understand
the different concepts and skills learned in its academic and skills training by the
respondents as used in this study.
Peers. This refers to the acquaintances and the friends the respondents have
been constantly in association with which influences their career choice as used
in this study.
Personality. This refers to the individual disposition or temperament when it
plans to choose a career such that the respondents consider its preferences in
its choices as used in this study.
School. This refers to the school environment in which it provides the level of
influence in choosing a career like the teachers, classmates, and the different
people the respondents has been association which is used in this study.
Chapter 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
This chapter presents the available related literature on career influences,
on career choices, and career interests. Hence it provides a framework of
understanding through various literature and studies from various sources such
as journals, internet websites, foreign and local studies.
Related Literature and Studies in the Foreign Setting
A career can be seen as a professional process in which a person creates
and develops by spending most of the time first. A productive year of their life,
usually starting with their education and continuing to the end of their working
life. Career choice is one of the most significant tasks that make up the shift
from school to further education or work. According to Avram et al. (2019)
external factors such as an individual`s social background, family, environment,
education, and socio-economic phenomena contribute to the formation of
internal reactions and motives. All of this influence the inside and outside of the
individual and guide the individual's career decisions.
Additionally, Rainey et al. (2019) that world literature is rich in realistic
evidence of factors that influence career decisions, such as family influence,
passion, abilities, self-efficacy, obvious difficulties, values, attribution, gender,
and race. Hezlina and Abdul (2015) also learned through data collected from
senior high school students those parents, especially mothers, have a greater
influence over the career choice of their children than the children’s peers.
However, they also found out that the educational background of parents does
not have much influence on the career choice of their children.

The process of making a choice is multifaceted and distinctive for
everyone depending on cognitive factors and social structures of the individual’s
environment. Many students who are studying in secondary schools will enter
college without visualizing their talents, gifts, abilities, and strengths. They
cannot see where they are going or what they want to become (Braza & Guillo
2015).
Individuals choose career planning to pursue professional objectives,
getting informed about upcoming opportunities, their results, and their timely
evaluations. It is a beginning in the stages of career choices but still of
paramount significance. People prefer a career that could provide a sound basis
for an improved standard of living (Cavus et al. 2015).
The decision to pursue a career only works, corresponding to a person’s
abilities, desires, and interests can ensure real creativity and successful work in a
definite field. It means that the choice of a career has always been and will be a
topical issue and an important behavior component in taking part in one’s life to
set their goal to achieve the career (Kumar, 2016).It is important for any
individual wishing to start in a profession since it will determine the individual’s
success in his or her stages of life (the University of Kent Careers and
Employability Service, 2017). Koech et al (2016) suggested that exploring career
options through guidance and counseling before committing to a career
increases future success and satisfaction.
Further, career choices are challenging yet important since the decision an
individual makes affect all the aspects of later life (McKay, 2017). It entangled
with both short-term and long-term individual goals and objectives that are to be
achieved along with ones’ career path planning (Khattab, 2015).Individuals chose
career planning to pursue professional objectives, getting informed about
upcoming opportunities, their results, and their timely evaluations. It is a
beginning in the stages of career choices but still of paramount significance.
People prefer a career that could provide the sound basis for an improved
standard of living (Cavus et al. 2015). Adolescents feel greater control and
confidence in their career decision-making when they can face challenges
associated with their career choices (Duffy, Douglass, & Autin, 2015). Since
career choice is a process the life’s event of a teenager, it is the main point of
one’s life that one must plan for a future career.
A recent study by Ooro et (2017) attempts to determine the factors
influencing career choice among students. The study reveals that gender is the
most influencing factor to career choice, followed by age. Boys and girls right
now have the strong will to pursue the desired career choice. The student
develops an interest in a previous career before training. The study also reveals
that expected financial reward motivates the students in choosing a specific
career based on the salary they are expecting at the time of employment.
Students who have access to sound education find it easy to make wise career
choices compared to those who do not (Gordon & Steele 2015).
The research by Ginevra, Nota, and Ferrari (2015) noted the degree of
parental support and expectations could dictate the career choices of students.
How supportive the parents would be that becomes a driving for the learner to
pursue the career it desires for future endeavors. Support allows adolescents to
identify a career choice and pursue goals of their choice (Yap & Baharudin, 2016).
Currently, the millennial generation where this generation can have the
potential to be successful because the millennial generation can be trained well,
are motivated within themselves to learn new thing (ACCA,2019). Students
having the motive to continuously increase their knowledge tend to have higher
self-confidence abilities as a result it will inspire them to pursue the career of
their choice. Regardless of what is the economic status of the learner today
everyone pursues and motivated to achieve the desired career hence, class
status and location were previously the most important factor in college choice,
and career interest is a predictor of both career preference and outcome (Nugent
et al.,2015).
Students’ career choices shape the design of human resources in various
courses, and a better understanding of the development of career choices can
help to create a better meet of students’ inclinations with discipline needs. The
decision, in turn, has a significant impact on career satisfaction and personal well
-being later in life (Dyrbye et al.2018). Guidance in making the best appropriate
career choice should, therefore, be part of the education, and from this point of
view, career preference changing aspects are a relevant object of study in
education.
Career choice is a process with many interacting factors. It shows how the
process of career choice is essentially a balance between expected future career

needs and the perception of the characteristics of a field of specialization. Career
needs are determined by the preferences and values of a student, affected by
student characteristics and educational program characteristics. The stronger
the perceived similarity between career needs and the perceived characteristics
of a chosen career, the stronger the desire for this field of specialization as a
career choice (Querido et al., 2016).
Liaw et al. (2017) state that personal interest refers to the students’
personal interest in their chosen professions. Personal interests are learned from
parents, in school, from friends, and from your life-long experiences. Interest
plays very important role in motivating people to do the right things that they like.
A very strong and motivating interest in anything will boost to do it whole
heartedly. When student choose a career, they consider their personal interest for
they do better on the chosen field.
Moreover, entrepreneurial knowledge and abilities are important to pass
on to young people, particularly in the 21st century. Entrepreneurial development
is a complex event, and it is the sum of a person's social setting, family influence
personal attitudes, educational system, parental income, occupation, and other
factors. Rengamani and Ramachandran (2015) explained that entrepreneurs are
not regarded to develop on their own.
Henceforth, Giustinelli (2016) highlighted two key points regarding the
influence of parents on students' career planning. For instance, even in a system
in which individual family members' preferred careers were encouraged at the

time of the final decision and in homes where both parents and children openly
expressed decisions on what career to be taken, parental definite preferences
were observed to be chosen in a much higher percentage of conditions.
Related Literature and Studies in Local Setting
The educational system of the Philippines is now on its reform. From ten
years of basic education, two more years are added. DepEd suggested a
framework for the new educational system which is K+6+4+2 or what they call K
to 12 which consists of kinder, six years of Elementary education, four years of
Junior High School, and two years of Senior High School. The last two years are
to consolidate academic skills and competencies and allow in-depth
specialization for students depending on the occupation/career track they wish
to pursue and enhance of skills and competencies relevant to the job market
(govph, 2017). In this case, the curriculum that will be offered to the Senior High
School depends on the available resources of the school and community
favorable to what the industries demand.
Preparing every senior high school learning is important in this present
trend of the educational system such that every learner will be aware of the skills
and interests they have as to assist them in choosing the right career path hence,
D.O.41 s.2015 states that DepEd establishes a policy that provides a set of
guidelines for the conduct of the Senior High School Career Guidance program
which specifically assist Senior High School students making an informed
decision regarding their career choices of SHS track and promote awareness in
the importance of choosing a track that suits their skills and interest that
matches the available resources and needs of the society.
A study conducted in Antipolo, Rizal, Philippines, showed that gender,
average monthly income, school preference, occupation of the head of the
household, and the average scholastic ratings are associated with the career
choice among students as discussed by Abarro (2016) hence it is very helpful
that the given factors as mentioned would be among the determinants in the
decision making among the graduating students in the Senior High School.
Parents educational attainment and financial capability are one among the
considerations of the students to think when choosing a course leaning towards
achieving the career they choose after college.
Some researchers studied factors that may affect career decision-making
specific to the field of study. Aguado and co-workers (2015) showed that
students’ personal choice with parental support affects the level of interest in
pursuing the career choices the student had in mind. A student’s choice of a
future career is influenced by different factors, the curricular offering of Senior
High Schools also provides an impact on the students’ career choices. On the
other hand, the parent’s factor influence is considered as one of the most
influential factors for a student’s career choice (Dagang & de Mesa, 2017).
Parents are considerably interested and influential in their children’s education
choices.
Ouano et al. (2019) opined that one of the most difficult decisions
students had to make for their studies was the choice of career that would
determine their further professional path. The importance of career planning on
what courses or fields of specialization whereabout to take cannot be denied.
Many students do not place enough focus on their career choices, and as a result,
they believe that the career or track they are pursuing in secondary education is
unrelated to the profession they may later specialize in at a higher education
level (Cabanias, 2021).
Moreover, several studies have been conducted to establish the numerous
factors that influence, relate to, and affect a student's job choice. Most of the
study on the factors that influence students' career and course selections for
college was centered on senior high school students' career and course
preferences as mentioned by Penedilla & Rosaldo (2017) since it is the fulfillment
of the high school academic requirements hence the college is the most
essential learning environment preparing every student for lifetime career
achievement aligned from the career choice they had in mind prior entering
various colleges and universities.
Recent reforms in the Philippine educational system (i.e., Enhanced Basic
Education Act of 2013, the implementation of the K to 12 Program) aim to
prepare students for lifelong learning, enhance their competence for their chosen
career paths, and promote positive changes to oneself and society. Which,
President Rodrigo Duterte of the Philippines signed the Secondary School Career
Guidance and Counseling Act in 2019, which applies to both public and private
high schools across the country. The act is intended to assist students in making
more informed and correct judgments about their future jobs. To accomplish this,
schools implemented a career guidance and counseling program. This is act is
known as the RA No. 11206 or the An Act Establishing A Career Guidance and
Counseling Program For All Secondary Schools Appropriating Funds.
This is how the status of the career choices among the learners today in
the Philippines to which it has to pick a track based on how he or she will want to
proceed after high school graduation. However, students first undergo
assessments to determine their strengths and interests. These will include an
aptitude test, a career assessment exam, and an occupational interest inventory
for high schools. Career advocacy activities will also be conducted to help guide
students in choosing their specialization or track. Specializations or tracks to be
offered will be distributed according to the resources available in the area, the
needs and interests of most students, and the opportunities and demands of the
community. RA 10533 otherwise known as the Basic Education Act of 2013
states that the Career Guidance Program aims to guide the secondary level
student in choosing the career tracks that they intend to pursue through
informed career choices towards becoming productive and contributing
individuals (DM-OUCI-2021-00 15)
Accordingly, in the Philippines, the social and personal process career
choices have rooted in the past and present experiences the learner has. For
Filipino youth, one’s career is defined in the different stages in life. Whatever
circumstances he/she is facing, these will have an impact on his/her choices as
career planning for Filipino youth is consistent. Choosing a profession is one of
the most difficult decisions a senior high school student will face. Due to the
difficulty Cabanias (2021), many students do not give enough attention to their
career choices, and as a result, they assume that the vocation or track they are
pursuing in secondary school has nothing to do with the profession in which they
may later concentrate in a higher education setting.
In the study of Penedilla and Rosaldo (2017) discovered that the senior
high school student's choice of career and college degree although mostly are a
personal choice is not free from any influence. Their choices, personal or advised
or pressured, are affected by multiple factors-from Academic Qualifications to
social and economic factors. Therefore, students are motivated in making the
decision. To address this fact, the Department of Education believed in
conducting a National Career Assessment Exam (NCAE) to determine the
appropriate course for students.
Understanding the career interest, influences, and factors in career
choices for choosing such given career in mind were the factors identified by
previous research in which the current study used to expand upon the influences
affecting college degree course choices hence such that this study has been
anchored to Republic Act No. 11206 otherwise known as the Secondary Career
Guidance and Counseling Act of 2019 aims to: a) to institutionalize career
guidance and counseling program for students in all public and private secondary
schools nationwide to provide them with proper direction in pursuing subsequent
tertiary education; (b) to equip secondary education students with the capability
to make educated career decisions and expose them to relevant labor markets;
and (c) to ensure that graduates of tertiary education meet the requirements of
the government, industry, and the economy.
Following graduation, students choose one of the four exits envisioned for
SHS graduates – higher education, entrepreneurship, employment, or middle-
level skills development –to become full-fledged contributors to social
development and nation-building, as envisioned by the Department of
Education (DepEd).
For this study, it would like to further validate that career interest,
influences, factors in career choices in choosing the given career to know the
relationship with the given demographic profile of this present study.

Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research methodology used by the researcher. It
discusses the research design, research setting, respondents and sampling
procedure, research instrument, data gathering procedure, categorization of
variables, and statistical treatment in analyzing and validating the data gathered.
Research Design
According to Creswell et al. (2018) the design of this study affects the
type of data collected. The descriptive research design also defines all other
components of the survey, such as variables, hypotheses, methodologies, and
statistical evaluations.
Published on May 15, 2019 by Shona McCombes revised on September 3,
2020 explained that descriptive research aims to accurately and systematically
describe a population, situation or phenomenon. It can answer what, where, when
and how questions, but not why questions.
A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of research methods
to investigate one or more variables. Unlike in experimental research, the
researcher does not control or manipulate any of the variables, but only observes
and measures them .
Research Setting
The research of this given study was conducted in Cagayan de Oro City
among the selected public schools offering Senior High School. The first school
was the Bulua National High School which was in the heart of the city and
considered a Mega School under the level categorization of the Department of
Education It was in the year 1970 that high school education came to an open in
barangay Bulua. The school was continuously improved and the potential of the
school was recognized.
The second school was located in the East District of the city which is
another National High School specifically named East Gusa National High School.
The school is a public secondary educational institution located in Cagayan De
Oro, Misamis Oriental. The school was established to cater to students by
providing curriculum-based quality and affordable education. Identified as Large
School category having 60 teachers assigned.
The third school is the Lapasan National High School also considered a large
school category as per directive and assessment of the Division of Cagayan de
Oro City has both junior and senior high school students.
The fourth school is another National High located in the Southwest District
of Cagayan de Oro City. It is a school located in the uptown area of the City which
is considered as one of the largest barangay in Cagayan de Oro City.
The school that was chosen in this current study were identified as big
schools since the population of these schools reaches beyond 1,000 learners
with over 10 to 15 teachers teaching in the senior high school alone. Since junior
high school has different categories when it comes to the teaching personnel.
The Senior high school teachers mostly have specialized skills according to the
teaching assignments they are assigned. Some of the teachers have also been
working in some private industries before joining the DepEd Senior High Program;
thus, they can also influence the learners for the career choices they have.
https://www.google.com/maps
Figure 2. Location Map of the School in the Study
Respondents and Sampling Procedure
The respondents in this study were the Grade 12 public school learners in the
Division of Cagayan de Oro City for the School Year 2020-2021. The researcher
made a random sampling technique to determine the number of respondents
that were involved in the study.
Using the Slovin’s Formula to accurately get the possible number of
respondents asked to respond to the questionnaire for the conduct of the survey
for the research purposes. The result computation taken from the entire
population the school identified in the study was then distributed accordingly to
avoid biases in the distribution of the respondents in its school. Since the
researcher used the random sampling procedure in the conduct of the study.
Table A
Distribution of Respondents
Senior School Population Sample Size
450 75
Bulua National High School
East Gusa National High School 175 70
Lapasan National High School 180 71
Lumbia National High School 200 72
Total 1,005 288
Research Instrument
The instrument that was the questionnaires that were designed by the
researcher herself. The first part of the questionnaire was the characteristics of
the respondents and the attitude of the respondents in choosing their careers.
Part II was the questionnaire for factors in career choices and has been grouped
according to interest, influence, and motivation in a career choice that was the
researcher’s made questionnaire. The substances were mainly based on the
information shared by its colleagues, the panel of experts, and the personal
knowledge of the researcher himself or herself.
Validation of Instrument
The items of the instrument have been tested for validity and reliability.
The researchers also consulted with four registered career counselors in the City
of Cagayan de Oro, who were currently employed at private universities and high
schools. The tests were analyzed to give a reliability efficiency score of 0.70 or
higher, which made the instrument reliable and ensured that the test instruments
used had measured what is believed to be measured.
Data Gathering Procedure
The researcher prepared a formal letter to request Permission to Conduct
Survey among Grade 12 learners in the Secondary Public schools’ address to the
Schools Division Superintendent.
The permits were approved such that the researcher personally conducted
the given survey through communications with various schools’ Grade 12 level
coordinators upon the approval of the respective School Heads or Principals
since the distribution was sent during the distribution of the learning modules
and retrieval of the said documents the soonest the respondents were able to
comply with the survey questionnaires and returned during the retrieval of the
first four weeks of the learning modules that was distributed by the respective
schools.
The process was very tedious due to the various health protocols that need
to be strictly followed by the various teachers during the retrieval of the materials;
hence the researcher needs to wait for the grade level coordinators when the
materials were retrieved since they underwent a quarantine period of seven days
and some schools had it for ten days.
The returned questionnaires were only 280 out of the projected 288. The
eight (8) questionnaires have never been returned due to some unexplained
circumstances from the respondents’ end.
Scoring Procedure
The categories to be used in analyzing and interpreting the data were the
following:
Part I. Respondent’s Characteristics
Sex
Male
Female
Family Monthly Income:
Php 26, 001.00 and above
Php 21,000.00 – Php 25,999.00
Php 16,000.00 – Php 20,999.00
Php 11,000.00 – Php 15,999.00

Php 6,000.00 – Php 10,999.00
Php 5,000.00 and below
(Using the poverty data available from the PSA for 2018)
Parent’s Occupation
Businessman/Businesswoman
Engineer
Farmer
Nurse
Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW)
Policeman/Policewoman
Salesman/Saleswoman
Soldier
Teacher/ Instructor
Other’s please specify_____________________
Parent’s Educational Attainment
Doctorate Degree
With Units in Doctorate Degree
Master’s Degree
With Units in Master’s Degree
College Graduate
College Level
High School Graduate
High School Level

Elementary Graduate
Elementary Level
Parents Civil Status:
Married Widow Separated Parents are not Legally Married
Attitude Towards Career Choice
Scale Mean Range Description
4 3.50 - 4.00 Almost True
3 2.50 - 3.49 Usually True
2 1.50 - 2.49 OccasionallyTrue
1 1.00 - 1.49 Usually Not true
Part II. Factors Affecting Student Career Choice
Scale Mean Range Description
4 3.50 - 4.00 Most of the Time
3 2.50 - 3.49 Some of the Time
2 1.50 - 2.49 Seldom
1 1.00 - 1.49 Never
Statistical Treatment
The data was classified, tabulated, and analyze using the following statistical
tools:
Frequency count and percent were utilized to determine the characteristics
of the respondents in terms of sex, family monthly income, parent’s occupation,
parent’s highest educational attainment, parent’s civil status, and attitude
towards career choice.

Mean and standard deviation was used to determine factors affecting career
choices on interest, and influence.
F-test was used to test the significant difference between the factors
affecting students’ career choice when grouped according to respondent’s
characteristics in Problem Number 3 of this paper and T-test was employed as
to what extent the respondents’ characteristics contribute to explain the future
affecting students' career choice in Problem Number 4.
A t-test is a type of inferential statistic used to determine if there is a
significant difference between the means of two groups, which may be related in
certain features. The t-test is one of many tests used for the purpose of
hypothesis testing in statistics. Calculating a t-test requires three key data values.
They include the difference between the mean values from each data set (called
the mean difference), the standard deviation of each group, and the number of
data values of each group .
Chapter 4
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

This chapter presents analyzes and interprets the data gathered from the
survey questionnaires given to the respondents. The group of data presented
follows the order of problems presented in Chapter 1. Various tables present the
data after these were processed and subjected to statistical procedures.
1. What is the respondents’ characteristics in terms of:
1.1 Sex;
To better understand the current study, it is imperative to identify
the characteristics of the respondents in terms of sex, family monthly income,
and parent’s occupation. Parent’s highest educational attainment. Parent’s civil
status and attitude towards career choice. Each variable will be analyzed in its
value in this present study.
Table 1
Distribution of the Respondents’ Sex
Sex Frequency Percentage

Male 135 48.00
Female 145 52.00
Total 280 100.00
Table 1 shows the distribution of respondents’ characteristics in terms of
sex. It shows that most of the respondents are female having the highest
frequency of 145 (52.00%). This implies that more female learners are enrolled
in grade 12 in the School Year 2020-2021. It is common knowledge that in public
schools or private schools there is more female learner enrolled. Even in families
having more than 3 children or less mostly females are the dominant population.
In workplaces, there are more females than males. When we examine the Learner
Information System in the Department of Education (2020-2021) there are more
female learners enrolled than males. In the Division of Cagayan De Oro, everyone
can notice that inside the classroom and in the list of learners per class there are
more females than males. When we investigate various business establishments,
government, and private offices there were more females than that of the males
not unless specified thereof in a certain sector both in the private and
government that the work or position required is more on the male preference
than the female.
While the male learners presented the lowest frequency of 135 (48.00%).
This signifies that there were fewer male learners enrolled in the senior high
school specifically the Grade 12 level. The sex ratio at birth is not equal. It is very
clear in the Division of Cagayan de Oro that there was more female learner
enrolled than male learner. A difference of 10 males concerning that of the
female learners hence, this already showed a clear picture of the difference in the
number of males and females born as well those who went to school and pursue
Grade 12 to finish the Senior High School.
Hence, many of the female learners nowadays are more motivated to be in
school and pursue to graduate and enroll in college as they have observed on the
social media as well as the parents are now also encouraging the female children
to be a productive people not only out home but also in the economic pursuit to
achieve and help ease the standard of living of the family despite being a female.
Thus, males are now lagging in terms of academic performance. Nevertheless,
data from1990s and 2000 continue to suggest a dramatic change in education in
the form of girls' outperformance. Girls are outperforming boys in education
irrespective of the global north and south (Parson & Ozaki,2017).
Table 2
Distribution of Respondents’ Family Income
Family Monthly Income Frequency Percentage

PhP 26, 001.00 and above 0 0.00
PhP 21,000.00 – Php 25,999.00 28 10.00
PhP 16,000.00 – Php 20,999.00 60 21.42
PhP 11,000.00 – Php 15,999.00 78 27.86
PhP 6,000.00 – Php 10,999.00 57 20.36
PhP 5,000.00 and below 57 20.36
Total 280 100.00
Table 2 presents the distribution of the respondents’ characteristics in
terms of family income. The highest frequency of 78 (27.86%) whose family
income range from Php 11,000.00 – Php 15,999.00 a month as is shown in the
table. As per observation it clearly shows that most of these families belong to
the low-income earner but are not poor and above the poverty line at the
Philippine economic level. So, this means that more respondents belong to low-
income earners but are not poor if being categorized. Amongst the poor and the
middle class is another social class described as the low-income class to which
they are not the middle class but not deemed poor. As Joliffe and Prydz (2016)
clarified that just as there is no universally accepted definition of poverty, there is
also no internationally accepted definition of the middle class among social
scientists, definitions of the middle class vary widely.
According to the latest data from the FIES Philippine Statistics Authority
(2015a), about 2 in every 5 (40.2%) Filipinos belonged to the middle-income class,
nearly three-fifths (58.4%) to low-income, and the remaining (1.4%) to high-
income. Such shares of the income classes hardly changed since 2006. In terms
of households, less than half (45.1%) were middle income in 2015, while a bigger
proportion (52.8%) belonged to the low-income class. Hence, the statistical data
clearly shows how the family income in the Philippines is presented in terms of
numbers.
The lowest frequency of 28 (10.00%) whose family income range from
Php 21,000.00 – Php 25,999.00 a month as seen in the table. This presents the
lowest number of respondents who belong to a given category such that it can
be described as lower-middle-class in the Philippine standard of an economic
category amongst all the family income earned per month. Most the family who
belongs to this category has other basic needs that sending children to private
school may not be sufficient for their basic needs; hence they opted to send their
children to public school to be able to provide the basic needs such as food,
clothing, and shelter sufficiently. Economists tend to define the middle class
through a monetary lens. In other words, those belonging to the middle-income
class are families (or persons belonging to families) that have incomes between
2 and 12 times the poverty line. In 2017, a family of five would thus be middle
income if its monthly income ranged roughly between PHP 20,000 and PHP
115,000 as per the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) (2015)
report.
Agriculture is the primary and often only source of income for poor rural
people, most of whom depend on subsistence farming and fishing for their
livelihoods. According to the International Fund for Agricultural Development with
low-paid jobs concentrated in the informal sector, in-work poverty is closely
related to a relaxed attitude. The migration of families from the rural to urban
areas causes issues on family income to sustain their family needs; hence more
families belonging below the poverty line is due to the cost of standard of living
that these families must consider. Migration from rural areas to urban areas
occurs in various forms of migration from other cities and regions and causes
rapid changes in urban population, so family residences such as food and
housing needs.
In AmBisyon Natin 2040, Filipinos have articulated a long-term goal to “live
in a prosperous, predominantly middle-class society where no one is poor” NEDA
(2016). This Policy Note profiles middle-class persons and families in the
Philippines. It also examines the country’s progress in achieving the long-term
objectives of a largely middle-class society. The Philippine government has
already prepared programs for Filipino families to be able to reach the status of
comfortable life being a middle-income earning family. The goal is to lessen the
poverty level among the families in the country today. Middle-class families as
well have better access to education and health care programs.
Table 3
Distribution of Respondents’ Parent's Occupation
Father Mother
Parent's Occupation
Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Businessman 20 12.26 4 3.42
Engineer 5 3.07 0 0.00
Farmer 29 17.79 0 0.00
Nurse 2 1.23 11 9.41
OFW 13 7.98 20 17.09
Policeman/Woman 8 4.91 3 2.56
Salesman/Saleswoman 37 22.70 15 12.82
Soldier 30 18.40 2 1.71
Teacher/ Instructor 5 3.07 15 12.82
Massage therapist 14 8.59 12 10.26
Manicurist 0 0.00 6 5.13
Hairdresser 0 0.00 9 7.69
Dressmaker 0 0.00 20 17.09
Total 163 100.00 117 100.00
Table 3 establishes the distribution of respondents’ characteristics in
terms of parents’ occupation. Results display that fathers’ highest frequency of
37(22.70%) are a salesman. It shows that most of the fathers are working as a
salesman. This implies that being in the sales gives fathers more opportunities
to earn more aside from the basic salaries they received from the companies
they are currently employed. The income of a salesman is reliant on the output
on the daily basis dependent on customers' needs of the day, weeks, or months.
Hence, incentives and bonuses are important since the earnings are higher than
that of the basic salaries received. A study made by Khan et al. (2017) says that
there is a positive impact of the occupation of parents on the financial capacity

of the students and their family relationships. Thus, the father with a stable
income could send their children to school may, it be in public or private school.
While having the least frequency mean of 2 (1.23%) work was frequent for
a male nurse as its occupation. The lack of men in nursing is not just evident in
the United States but is a worldwide phenomenon. Cheng, Tseng, Hodges, and
Chou (2018) report males represent less than 10% of the global nursing
workforce. According to Wilson et al. (2018), careers with disproportionately
large numbers of women have lower wages than traditionally male occupations.
However, many males in nursing benefit professionally and financially by working
in the profession of nursing. As a current observation, many of these Philippine-
trained health care professionals do not necessarily end up working in the
Philippines (Castro-Palaganas et al., 2017). At this time many fathers also lost
their job due to the Pandemic experience worldwide. Suman et al. (2020)
explained that commercial establishments had observed mandatory closures
during the lockdown period. Limited availability of public transportation services
has caused mobility and accessibility problems for consumers and workers alike.
While there are no fathers’ who work as a manicurist, hairdressers, and
dressmakers’ frequency mean of 0 (0%). This implies that among these 280
respondents’ no father has chosen the kind of occupation since it is very evident
that the kind of occupation is more on the female sector than that of the males.
Males are more likely to value working with tools and machines and making lots
of money, than females as well as to aspire to careers within traditional male-
dominant domains (Ramaci et al.,2017).

While the mother’s occupation the highest frequency of 20 (17.09%) is
being an Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW) and a dressmaker. It suggests that
most mothers must work outside the country to be able to provide enough
financial and security to the family as well as to the basic needs of the children
including their education. In most families, every adult works when a new child is
welcomed into the family, when a child stays home sick from school, or when an
aging parent suffers from a fall, someone must stay home to provide care—and
this person is usually a mother, a wife, or an adult daughter. Indeed, wages of
working women may ease household budget constraints by providing additional
resources available to households. However, employment also effectively limits
the supply of time that may likewise be a crucial input to household quality,
including the development of children a study made by Abrigo (2016). Some
mothers have learned to help augment the financial need of the family through
their dressmaking skills such skills must have been learned from special training
or learned the skill from school or parents’ ancestral source of income.
While the lowest frequency of 2 (1.71%) is a soldier as a mother’s
occupation. This indicates that few women enlisted themselves to become
military personnel before marriage and having children. Even though these
women got married and became a parent they continued with their chosen
professions. The growing participation of women in the traditionally male-
dominated profession of security and peacekeeping has been observed in recent
years (Egnell & Alam, 2019). Women who are working in a male-dominated
working environment meet a lot of challenges, but due to the love of the
profession, most of these women overcome such challenges. As Workplace
Gender Equality (2018) said that women are breaking through the ‘glass ceiling’
in pursuit of male-dominated professional courses and careers in areas such as
law, medicine, accounting, and management roles. Since some women defy
conventional female career patterns and choose to pursue careers in male-
dominated occupations. The challenges women faced when they penetrated the
male-dominated profession have successfully and persevered in historically male
-dominated work environments arise from traditional gender hierarchies and
norms that prevail in the family and society.
While none of the present respondents’ mothers had a job related to
Engineering and Farming having a frequency of 0 (0%) most likely this group of
mothers has not chosen such occupation in their given time. There were periods
in the past when female students rarely chose engineering courses as well
agriculture-related courses. Reasons such may be a result of labor market
perceptions and most engineering-related organizations preventing women from
reaching their full potential because of working conditions and family
commitments. Women become even more discouraged in the workplace due to
higher standards of achievement expected from them than from men. This may
discourage women from entering the field of engineering (Hunt,2015).
In the field of farming, it can be noted choosing a career path is a huge
part of a young man's or woman’s life. Today, jobs are more varied, and many
jobs have changed from one area to another. Over time, the culture and the
economy have changed. Women are perceived to be a mother they should be

able to do housework such as cooking, washing, ironing, cleaning the house, and
preparing for the husbands' and children’s needs. According to Mbow et al.
(2019), women in rural areas grow most of the crops for domestic consumption
and are responsible for storing, processing, and preparing food, handling
livestock, gathering food, and fuelwood, managing the domestic water supply
and providing most of the labor for post-harvest activities.
A study conducted with rice farmers in the Philippines indicated that
women farmers in the country are the least empowered in terms of time and
drudgery domain compared to other Southeast Asian women farmers. They are
usually overburdened both by reproductive and productive roles with a less
manageable workload and no sufficient time to relax (Akter et al.,2017). Hence
therefore, few women in the country opted to work as a part of the farming
industry due to unequal opportunities for skills development related to the given
occupation. It can be noted that women also have to do the household task in
caring for the children's daily needs from food to homecare preparation for the
entire household.
If women voluntarily give up work in response to rising economic conditions, this
can be seen as an essential part of economic growth and does not require
program intervention. This shows the need to focus on increasing public policy
when women drop out of the workforce due to the difficulty of finding a job. And
they need to concentrate in childcare as well as caring for the elderly in the family.
It can be noted that it is known that women are the first person to give up
working outside the home due to domestic needs.

Table 4
Distribution of Respondents’ Parent's Educational Attainment
Parent's Father Mother

Educational Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage
Attainment
Doctorate Degree 1 0.72 1 0.71
Masters Degree 1 0.72 2 1.42
with PhD units
Master’s Degree 15 10.79 20 14.18
College Graduate
with Master’s 10 7.19 15 10.64
Degree Units
College Graduate 10 7.19 8 5.67
College Level 12 8.63 6 4.26
High School 25 17.99 30 21.28
Graduate
High School Level 30 21.58 35 24.82
Elementary 25 18.00 10 7.09
Graduate
Elementary Level 10 7.19 14 9.93
Total 139 100.00 141 100.00
Table 4 describes the distribution of respondents’ parents’ educational
attainment of the father. The data revealed the highest frequency of 30 (21.58%)
of respondents’ fathers are high school level only. This signifies that most of the
fathers were not able to graduate the secondary education. The issue of high
school dropouts has been an ongoing concern for educators, community
stakeholders, and politicians on local, national, and global levels. Many of these
fathers cannot secure a stable job since they have not completed secondary
education. As Partin, (2017) said that despite improved high school graduation
rates, researchers have confirmed that students who drop out of high school
struggle academically, socially, and emotionally; moreover, they have trouble

gaining competitive employment in their local job markets. Though there are
many reasons why they were not able to complete the secondary education such
as poor academic achievement, family difficulties or lack of parental support, and
many other issues too many to mention. According to Freeman and Simonsen
(2015), a culmination of challenges causes individuals to abandon high school.
However, having the lowest frequency of 1(0.72%) the respondents
attained the post-graduate level which was the Doctorate Degree and master’s
degree with Ph.D. units. These parents reaching the post-graduate level may
have been according to the need of their profession and aiming for a better
income to provide the family with its basic needs. It has been constantly
observed in the academic world that one’s a teacher or a professor acquires a
level of much higher educational profile such as having a higher postgraduate
category there are higher chances of having a much better opportunity to obtain
a high teaching position. Doctorate holders also enjoy high relative earnings,
especially those who enter the private sector as observed by the European
Commission, (2016). As the Organization for Economic Co-operation and
Development OCED (2019) said that given the high investment in personal and
financial resources and the pivotal role of doctorate holders in pushing back the
frontiers of knowledge, there has been growing policy interest in attracting
talented young people into careers in research, ensuring equitable access to
doctoral programs for both men and women, and providing rewarding
employment opportunities to its graduates.
While the distribution of respondents’ parents’ educational attainment of

the mothers showed that the highest frequency of 35 (24.82%) are high school
level in its highest educational attainment. The common factors why female
learners drop out from school hence is not able to graduate the secondary
education due to early pregnancy, lack of parental support, need to leave school
and opting to look for a job to be able to help support the family’s needs and
many other factors that can be considered. Experiencing financial stress is not
unlikely among Filipino students, and government statistics suggest that a
significant proportion of the school-age population experience financial
difficulties. Starting at the basic education level, almost 20% of Filipino children
who dropped out of school mentioned insufficient financial resources as the
main reason for quitting school in a study made by the Philippine Statistics
Authority (2015).
While having the lowest frequency of 1(0.71%) the respondents’ mothers
reached their Doctorate Degree Graduate. Women today do desire to achieve
higher educational pursuits for the purpose to attain a better position in the
academic industry or the present institution being employed. It can be observed
also that in the respondent's mothers there is only one parent who had graduated
the Doctorate level in educational attainment upon the conduct of the study. To
note that most of the mothers in the study were mostly holders of master’s
degree probably these women do give much time to care and management of
their child's basic needs that be much concern of their professional development.
According to the study made by the Philippine Department of Labor,
Bureau of Labor Statistics (2015) that the unemployment rate for college
graduates with a bachelor’s degree is about half of the national average, and the
pay gap between college graduates and individuals who did not graduate from
college is at a record high and growing. Therefore, this will encourage some
women to pursue further graduate education so that they can be on an equal
footing with men in education and other business-related institutions. The
increasing importance of the non-academic employment market for PhD
graduates is due to several factors. Factors stem from the demand side of the
labor market, for example, the availability of jobs, within or outside academia. A
determining characteristic of the academic labor market is the bottleneck in the
availability of academic positions, which leads to the postdoctoral workforce
forming a queue for tenure-track positions (Andalib, Ghaffarzadegan, & Larson
,2018).
Table 5
Distribution of Respondents’ Parents Civil Status
Parent's Civil
Frequency
Status Percentage
Married 145 51.79
Widow 20 7.14
Separated 59 21.07
Not Legally Married 56 20.00
Total 280 100.00
Table 5 presents the distribution of respondents’ characteristics in terms
of parents’ civil status. Results show that the highest frequency of 145 (51.79%)
of the parents are married. It is believed that most of the respondents have
parents who are legally united by law in the level of being married couples. To
clearly state that having a complete family is viewed as having parents who are
legally married. It has been the standard norm in the society that has a complete
set of parents living together in one household. It is automatically understood
that the parents are legally married. According to Kids Count Data Center (2017),
“Children growing up in single-parent families typically do not have the same
economic or human resources available as those growing up in two-parent
families. Compared with children in married-couple families, children raised in
single-parent households are more likely to drop out of school, to have or cause a
teen pregnancy, and to experience a divorce in adulthood” Hence, it has been
observed nowadays students whose parents are legally married and live together,
these students felt more secure and confident about themselves for they knew
they have a family to whom they can turn in times of crisis in their own lives.
Thus, the lowest frequency of 20 (7.14%) in the respondents’ parents’ civil
status were parents who are widows. This, therefore, implies that these children
are therefore being raised by a single parent may they lost their father or mother
at some point in their family life. It is known for a fact that one of the important
aspects of society is family. It’s a primary source whom which children, young or
adolescents do, interact and socialize. The family’s most significant and
extraordinary duty is to organize and elevate the children within the standards
and beliefs of society. But the death of the spouse is another cause to be left by
the partner. Death may have been due to an accident or may have been due to a
short-term illness, or a chronic health condition. According to the Family Code
Article 212 - Within the case of either parent's absence or death, the parent shall
still pursue parental supervision over the kids unless otherwise qualified by the
court to be the kid's guardian or the children's property. (Attorneys of the
Philippines, 2017). Art. 64. – Widowed or Neglected Parent Assistance and Her
Minor Dependents. The State shall aid the widowed or abandoned parent or
where either spouse, due to sickness, arrest, etc., is in the prolonged absence
and cannot support his / her children. The National Government or other officially
authorized agencies with similar roles shall support financial and other vital
social services to assist such parents in obtaining the required information or
abilities necessary for proper care and family maintenance (Executive Order No.
64, 1986).
Parenting not only begins with nurturing and expressing love, but also
seeks to be financially stable to meet the needs of the child, primarily by
providing education, housing, health care, and a safe future. It starts from. Single-
parent families are vulnerable to financial difficulties, which can affect their
psychological well-being. This happens when the family earner does not receive
other financial support from the child's father or mother. Another consideration is
when a single parent needs to prioritize basic needs such as food, water, rent,
and mortgage payments. If there is a medical need among the family, electricity
costs are the worst and education costs are the lowest priority in the household.
Parents are responsible for the overall development of their children by
promoting their physiological, psychological, cognitive, emotional, moral, social,
and career development and also bringing up them as per the norms and values
of the society ( Ali & Soomar ,2019).

Table 6
Distribution of Respondents’ Attitude towards Carrier Choice

Attitude Towards Carrier Choice Standard
Mean Description
Deviation
I am confident that I have a clear
direction for my career choice after 3.40 0.907 Almost True
graduation from High School.
I want to plan a career that is
2.97 0.735 Usually True
aligned with my ambition.
I enjoy organizing my thoughts to
be certain of the decision in 3.35 0.757 Almost True
choosing my career.
I am positive that I am moving
toward a well-defined career 2.83 0.728 Usually True
choice.
I am happy to be able to
understand the importance of 3.19 0.844 Usually True
choosing a career.
I consider career choices relevant
and interesting to me.
I feel that my goal as a career
choice is realistic and achievable.
I believe my career choice has
prepared me to face the challenges 3.06 1.014 Usually True
ahead.
I understand that career choice is
useful to me.
I am happy and satisfied with my
career choice.
Overall 3.08 0.443 Usually True
Legend:
3.50-4.00 Almost True 1.50-2.49 Occassionally True
2.50-3.49 Usually True 1.00-1.49 Usually Not True
Table 6 reveals the respondents’ attitudes towards carrier choice. Results
show that in all indicators of the respondents related to attitude towards carrier
choice the respondents are usually true as indicated by the overall mean of 3.08
(SD=0.443). This indicates that the respondents approve that the attitude toward
career choice matters for its future. Every student at a certain moment in their
life must choose their career. It is widely believed that selection of a college
degree is the major factor which leads the students to struggle for their desired
future careers. Students are particularly to encounter such problems while the
selection of college degrees. Thus, according to Theresa (2015), these lead the
students to struggle for their desired future careers the wrong selection of
college courses leads the students towards an undesired future career.
Career choice is a significant issue in the developmental life of youths
because it is reported to be associated with positive as well as harmful
psychological, physical, and socio-economic inequalities that persist well beyond
the young age into an individual’s adult life ( Bubi & Ivani evi ,2016). The young
adults of today must be very certain of the choices they are to make when
choosing a college degree that leads to a fulfilling career, they have desired for
their life’s future may it be economically or psychologically.
Hence, the indicator “I am confident that I have a clear direction on my
career choice after graduation in High School” got the highest mean of 3.40
(SD=0.907) described as almost true. Most of the respondents are very certain
of their decision that they have prepared for a career choice they intend to
stimulate by interest, enjoyment, curiosity, or pleasure and they include
personality traits, job satisfaction, advancement in career, and learning
experiences. Some respondents must be good decision-makers before the
selection of college courses to achieve a career decision after graduation.

Factors such as personality traits are important to be considered in choosing a
career to appreciate the various special training a student will experience as a
preparatory in the formal development of life skills they are to master when they
join the formal vocational training school or the colleges and universities they will
be joining in attaining the certificates, the licenses or the diplomas they desired
prior embarking to the real work scenario in actualizing the careers they selected.
Various factors such as extrinsic and intrinsic have a significant influence
on the career choices of individuals. From this perception, the intrinsic factors
are based on the interests, personality, self-concept, cultural identity, and
attitudes of individuals after high school graduation. According to Nyamwange, J.
(2016) intrinsic factors relate to decisions emanating from self, and the actions
that follow. Many factors affect the career choices of high school students.
Career selection is one of many important choices students will make in
determining plans for their future. This decision will impact them throughout their
lives.
Such that in a particular indicator with the lowest mean of 2.83 (SD=0.728)
described as usually true thus, it says, “I am positive that I am moving toward a
well-defined career choice.” Career choice has become an important facet of an
individual’s life because it defines the plan which is played by the individual in the
future. Thus, career choice is one of many choices that respondents would make
in determining their potential strategy. It takes a deep understanding of oneself
and mustering self-determination in achieving the desired goal in life. Such that
when the student starts to be changing courses when they are already in college,
could be a cause of having the wrong decision in choosing a career that could
lead to a waste of time, resources, and career frustration. This decision will pass
on all over their lives.
Moreover, Kazi A. et al. (2017) posited that if the students are not able to
make the right career choices, then no doubt the country would not be able to
develop in such a difficult and dynamic environment. Career choice is very
important for any person. Respondents must accept their interests, personality,
and skills required giving priority to one occupation over another. Decisions
should be given to the student themselves since they will be the ones to
accomplish the dreams and aspirations they have in life for the fulfillment of their
careers.
Specifically, learners today need to develop good decision-making that is
helpful for them. As learners today one should start the decision-making skills,
the chance of getting an unnecessary result is greatly reduced and less painful.
They found that their interest in careers matched the patterns of student likes
and dislikes. Indifference to work-related activities predicts student career
choices Tekke, Ghani, and Kurt (2015) discuss different stages in behavior
change and the manner of thinking of an individual while picking a career.
As one respondent relates to the present factor of being positive about
moving toward a well-defined career choice says that choosing this career is an
important decision for the respondent at first because of doubts and peer
pressure. It was in its 11th grade, that one has decided to pursue a nursing
degree or go into Information Technology and Engineering. Well, there are doubts
in choosing one of them, but finally, when choosing what they wanted to engage
in, they did not have any regrets about choosing to have Information Technology
as a degree course in reaching one’s goals in life. It is very clear that learners
today are very decisive and have a clear vision of how they want to achieve the
careers they want in life. A major turning point in adolescents’ lives involves the
career choice that they make while in secondary school ( Ogueze ,2018). Career
choice is indeed a very vital decision for a student after accomplishing the
completed senior high school academic requirement.
2. What is the level of the factors affecting the respondent’s career choice
considering the following?
2.1 Interest
2.1.1 Knowledge;
2.1. 2 Future Work;
2.1.3 Personality; and
2.1.4 Socio-Economic Condition?
2.2 Influence
2.2.1 School;
2.2.2 Peers;
2.2.3 Family?
Considering the factors affecting the respondent’s career choice in terms
of interest considering knowledge, future work personality, as well as economic
and social condition, will be analyzed as they are essential variables in this
present study. Factors affecting the respondent's career choice in terms of
influence seeing school, peers, family, and community will be considered another
variable to be evaluated including motivation as another factor that affects
career choice among the respondents to which structure of work, reward system,
organizational climate, and leadership will also be studied.
Table 7
Distribution of Respondents’ Factors Affecting

Student Career Choice on Interest
in terms of Knowledge
Legend:
Legend:
3.50-4.00 Most of the Time 1.50-2.49 Seldom
2.50-3.49 Some of the Time 1.00-1.49 Never
Standard
Indicators Mean Description
Deviation
I can grasp different concepts
3.10 Some of the
necessary to the career I will be 0.681
Time
choosing.
I can comprehend every instruction Some of the
3.11 1.391
given to me by my superior at work. Time
I easily understand concepts when it Some of the
2.93 0.824
comes to the task given to me. Time
I have full awareness to what are the
Some of the
things I need to consider when I am 2.97 0.780
Time
given a task in my workplace.
I can easily remember the different
Some of the
instructions given to me by my superior 2.85 0.899
Time
in the workplace.
Overall Some of the
2.99 0.571
Time
Table 7 presents the distribution of respondents’ factors affecting student career

choice through an interest in terms of knowledge. Results reveal that in all
indicators of the learner-related factors, respondents some of the time as
indicated by the overall mean of 2.99 (SD=0.571) this indicates that the
respondents are positive with regards to factors affecting student career choice
through interest. It can be perceived that the respondents approve of the idea
that interest does matter in their career choices. The respondents must consider
several factors before arriving at a decision. Education is the most important tool
for everyone to succeed in life. It encouraged everyone to move forward and
differentiate by producing positive effects that can be recognized and achieved.
It allows everyone to think critically in both ways, make better decisions to face
and overcome different life challenges, and grow on the path of life that everyone
chooses. Has created a motivation to have a better outlook needed for. In
Abueva, A. (2019), implementing the K-12 Program in the Philippine Curriculum
of Basic Education was the key to the growth of our country. The K-12 Program
over the years was a necessary improvement as improving the quality of our
education was important to the success of our country.
As observed by Mohammad. (2016) the K-12 program pave the way for a
generation of graduates who are equipped not only with knowledge but also with
skills that are relevant to their day-to-day experiences of future sustainable
development. Therefore, education must be prioritized to improve skills in the
21st century, including critical thinking, problem-solving, and communication with
the global and productive workforce.
Specifically, the indicator, “I can comprehend every instruction given to

me by my superior at work” got the highest mean of 3.11 (SD=1.391) described
some the time. It implies that the respondents do every instruction provided to
them by the immediate superior given in the work assigned to them. Sometimes
people in a workplace may experience communication problems because the
message sent is not clear to both sender and receiver.
Hence, some respondents need to be rechecked by the superior in the
workplace to further validate if such instructions were being understood clearly.
Communications in the workplace were at times sent through emails, electronic
text messaging or Viber, and many other platforms of communication using
technology. Because of this, some respondents have difficulty responding to
such instructions given to them in that given context. Other than that, the
communication conflicts through technology such as emails, phone calls, and
text messages can cause the work to not be carried out correctly as discussed
by Sim (2018). Likewise, Bernoff (2016) explained that poorly-worded or
inefficient emails, careless reading or listening to instructions, documents that
go unread due to poor design, hastily presenting inaccurate information, sloppy
proofreading — all these examples result in inevitable costs. Another factor that
affects miscommunication between the respondents and the employer is due to
language differences. It is always understood that communication is a transfer
of information from one person to another. Therefore, communication means
actions or behaviors that process in the form of exchanging common opinions
and ideas as explained by Macnamara (2015). If the sender of the
communication is not able to provide clear verbal or written instruction hence the
receiver will always execute the task not accorded to the real instruction.
Another indicator “I can easily remember the different instructions given
to me by my superior in the workplace” showed the lowest mean of 2.85
(SD=0.899) described some of the time. This explains that most of the
respondents have a good level of memory to remember instructions given to
them by their superiors or supervisors in the workplace. In the sense that these
respondents are focused on the various task given to them by the supervisors
such that they have retained the instruction in its long-term memory part of their
personality. To be efficient in every task it is indeed required to recall every
instruction provided to a worker. Memory and concentration are considered
associates. Even if one has a high concentration, it may not be useful without
memory. Memory preservation plays an important role in students' academics.
Radvansky (2017) defines memory as mental processes which are used to
acquire, store, or retrieve information. Its processes are acts of using the
information in specific ways to make the information available later or to bring
that information back into the current stream of processing. Susak (2016) noted
that participation allows students to build knowledge, demonstrate skills, develop
confidence, and apply theory to practice. The ability of the respondents to
remember the instruction given shows their enthusiasm for the task being given
to them. If there is no concentration on the task given memory will be useless.
Students should be encouraged and motivated when doing certain tasks
assigned. If students keep in mind the information presented it makes it better if
they are practicing personalized learning. To which students are likely to develop
mastery through their own choices. The student who has a great motivation to
succeed in life always has an inner strength to remember every task assigned as
well has always been into their memory of every lesson learned through
classroom demonstration, lectures as well in the actual field of learning during
the actual field experience they have in school. Managing learning activities and
utilizing educational strategies and techniques to better encourage inclusive
education and motivate students to keep their memories. Students are more
likely to engage in learning if they can identify activities, procedures, and
processes. Emphasize how educational practices should be conducted in
important contexts so that students can share something in the conduct of
learning activities to seek knowledge and show ownership of learning.
Table 8

Student Career Choice on Interest in Terms
of Future Work
Indicators Standard
Mean Description
Deviation
The work environment in the
Most of the
industry I have worked in is very 3.49 0.501
Time
safe for the employees.
Work ethics in the workplace is Some of the
3.04 0.609
important to me. Time
All the personnel and technical 1.74 0.442 Seldom
employees are well trained.
The office provides skills
development and balances with 2.10 0.305 Seldom
the interpersonal relationship
among coworkers.
The employers and employees are
very respectful to all the 2.07 0.687 Seldom
personnel in the company.
Overall 2.49 0.208 Seldom
Legend:
Table 8 presents the factor affecting student career choice on interest in
terms of future work. Results show that in all indicators of the career choice
through on interest in terms of future work. The respondent's overall response
says seldom as indicated by the overall mean of 2.49 (SD=0.208) when it comes
to the future work of the respondents. There are many conditions in the real
workplace environment that the respondents are not well prepared to deal with.
Therefore, they are reluctant in a way to face the challenges of being in the real
event of being part of the economic workforce. According to Bridges (2015), they
prefer a work environment that nurtures mentoring, learning, and professional
development opportunities as they have faith in their education and have not
been given the required skills to deal with real-life problems. A workplace that
encourages their entrepreneurial skills, a sociable work environment, and
allowance for flexible schedules. Young adults today are more realistic about
their work expectations and optimistic about the future.
However, another indicator shows the highest mean of 3.49 (SD=0.501)
which describes most of the time the factor that says that “the work
environment in the industry I have worked with is very safe for the employees.”
All human beings desire to be in a safe and secure environment. Even the
respondents do highly give regard to having a safe work environment when they
work. Safety does not only mean the physical structure of the establishment but
also the various personnel that these young adults will be working with. Filipinos
long for work-life balance, a comfortable, secure, and peaceful life. This was
about the time the Philippines adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable
Development, and subsequently crafted the Philippine Development Plan (PDP)
2017-2022.
During the student’s exposure to their immersion program, most of the
respondents got a positive response about their relationship with immediate
superiors in the workplace. As Half 2015) says, young adults nowadays prefer to
work for a leader with honesty and integrity. Most of this young generation soon
be part of the professionals in various fields of endeavors as well young workers
in various organizations and companies; hence they are mostly idealistic and
optimistic, and they tend to be motivated when the environment is safe for them
to express their talents, skills, and abilities. As Raziq and Maulabakhsh (2015)
said that the number of work environment factors that affect job satisfaction
include supervisor support, relationships with colleagues, job safety and security,
working hours, and esteem needed. Job safety and security, which is one of the
most important work environment factors in creating a comfortable working
environment and flexible working condition for every employee.
When the responses go for the highest mean now, it can be noted also
that some mean goes its lowest. Which it has a response that “the employers
and employees are very respectful to all the personnel in the company” and
responded as seldom with a mean of 2.07(SD=0.687). This simply implies that
the respondents were able to observe some opposite behavior of not being
respectful to employees as the question was on being respectful to the

personnel in the company. Mohan and Sudarsan (2020) further explained that the
need for such connection is because attitudes are evaluative statements that
may either be favorable concerning objects, people, or events. Because they
reflect how one feels about something. In the workplace, they reflect how an
employee feels about his work, the work environment, resources, policies, and
procedures.
At times young adults do not seem to understand much of some
communication differences between old and professional interactions of the
newly recruited or join in the organization. Sachane et al. (2018) on the other
hand noted that employee attitudes are not only related to different aspects of
human life but also, are rooted in the mindset and manifest in the behavior of the
employee. It is clear indeed that the young adults have established in their minds
the utmost respect of rank to each employee in the organization but at times
words being said are being construed as rude behavior.

Table 9

Student Career Choice on Interest in
Terms of Personality
Indicators Standard
Mean Description
Deviation
I like to work with a team. Most of the
3.56 0.498
Time
I am easily distracted by noise when I am Some of the
3.25 0.434
working. Time
I like to work on plenty of challenges that Some of the
help me think and become innovative. 3.23 0.649
Time
I can work under pressure, and I find it
satisfying to know I am trusted with the 1.96 0.765 Seldom
given task.
I am more productive if I work Some of the
independently. 3.25 0.693
Time
Overall Some of the
3.05 0.254
Time
Legend:
Table 9 states that the factor was affecting student career choice through
an interest in terms of personality factors. Results show that in all indicators of
the career choice through an interest in terms of personality, the respondents
some of the time as indicated by the overall mean of 3.05 (SD=0.254) when it
comes to the personality of the respondents. Understanding young adults this
present time, most of this new generation are working independently and more
comfortable in a less noisy environment. This must be the reason that they are
more output-oriented and teamwork has is important to them. According to Dika
et al. (2016) the theory, personal characteristics, and contextual background
factors play a role in determining attainment aspirations and career interests.
The personality of young adults matters most in the process of selecting a career
for their future endeavors. Being enthusiastic requires dedication, hard work, and
attention, and they want to learn from failures, these kinds of the personality of
the students have had great importance to their career choices. As Ball (2016)
explained that passion-based and practical-based are two of the perspectives
that an individual can use as a basis in choosing a career or strand. Hence,
Kaneez & Medha (2018) said that careers are becoming interrelated. Career
choice involves creativity, trial, error, decision- making and future judgment in
which for the students to be able to make the right decisions, they must be aware
of this process as young as they are.
Based on the study made by Tomlinson and Jackson (2019) they said that,
created through the beliefs and attitudes, values, motives, and experiences
individuals use to define themselves in their actual or anticipated professional
life. That is young adults today are more particular about how they develop at
their own pace. Such that each one has its own belief and motivation on how
they are to achieve and fulfill the career they chose for their future.
In this context, the indicator that says “I like to work with a team” gets the
highest mean of 3.56 (SD=0.498) which describes most of the time. The
respondents feel that it would be best if they need work as a team. Young adults
today are team-oriented this must be because they are frequently exposed to
working as a team in school. As part of the 21st Century Skills frameworks, the
respondents or students of today must be well oriented regarding teamwork,
work autonomy, developed cognitive and interpersonal skills is very essential to
be competitive and efficient personnel in the labor force. Mehta et. al (2018)
explained that teamwork is a vital aspect of the functioning of any organization.

Agarwal, et al. (2016) says that the sustainability of organizations and corporate
performances are positively related to successful teamwork. It is very rewarding
that the young generations today understand the value of teamwork.
According to Driskell et al. (2018), “teamwork is the process through
which team members collaborate to achieve task goals. Teamwork refers to the
activities through which team inputs translate into team outputs, such as team
effectiveness and satisfaction”. Hence these young adults learned to appreciate
working as a team. They can understand the importance of working with others.
Among the indicators concerning factors affecting student career choice
through an interest in terms of personality, the statement “I can work under
pressure, and I find it satisfying to know I am trusted with the given task” has
the lowest mean of 1.96 (SD=0.765) which describes as seldom. Most of the
respondents do not believe that they can work under pressure and are given a
task believing that they can be trusted to such. It can be observed that most
young adults in this present generation have short tolerance to work pressure.
They are easily stressed out hence causing mental health problems. As Schultz &
Schultz (2015) explained that workload refers to the greatness of job tasks and
might cause mental distress for employees. People respond differently to
workload. Some embrace it, while others show frustration. As employees climb
the employment stairs, workload increases, which influences workers’ job
performance. That is the respondents firmly oppose the statement that they can
work under pressure. The trust given to them finds it overwhelming to them.
Ghanaee et al. (2015) explained that two main social influence pressures could
affect performance i.e. (i) obedience pressure and (ii) conformity pressure.
Because the young adults this time, after high school graduation needs to
undergo some jobs either for experience’s sake or to apply the skills learned
from senior high school. Such that they realize how stressful it is to work
following rules given to them by the company or institution they work with.
Some young adults nowadays tend to be determined and adaptive to
various kinds of work environments. The motivation of receiving an income
happens to be one of the motivating factors why young adults at times tend to
stay long in each workplace. As explained by Islam and Saha (2016), exposing
employees to better facilities and a supportive work environment manifest higher
levels of job satisfaction. The essential aspects that ensure job satisfaction
include salary, work efficiency, fringe benefits, supervision, and relationship
among co-workers. In any work, job security and satisfaction are the main
concerns of every employee. That is why every Filipino youth desire to land a
career that will provide work satisfaction and personal development enabling
them to become a successful human workforce in our country. Flexibility is an
important characteristic of a sustainable and successful employee. Certain jobs
need employees to be physically present; hence the ability to stay calm, think
reasonably, and act correctly in such a state is a most important asset for any
employee. It can be noted that the new generation of today or known as the
millennials career progression is the top priority who expect to rise rapidly
through the organization. Young adults tend to be more comfortable working
with older generations and value mentors. They tend to endure the task in the
workplace since they have set self-goals to achieve the desired career after high
school or college graduation.
Table 10
Distribution of Respondents’ Factors Affecting Student

Career Choice on Interest in Terms of
Socio-Economic Condition
Indicators Standard
Mean Description
Deviation
Good prospects for a higher starting Some of the
salary once hired in the job. 3.02 0.823
Time
The financial security I would have is 2.11 0.629 Seldom
clear in the future.
The income is very sufficient for our Some of the
needs someday when I land a job. 3.04 0.186
Time
The financial incentives I will receive are 2.31 0.672 Seldom
enough for me.
Additional incentives that will be Most of the
provided by the employer will influence 3.56 0.497
Time
my career decisions.
Overall Some of the
2.81 0.319
Time
Legend:
Table 10 describes the distribution of respondents’ factors affecting
student career choice through an interest in terms of socioeconomic condition.
Thus, the overall mean showed 2.81 (SD=0.319) which tells the respondents to
do some of the time. Monetary incentives and satisfaction are important factors
in choosing a career. The young adults in this present time are more concerned
what the monetary returns they are to get when they opt to choose a certain
career. Careers play a very important and indispensable role in an individual's life,
as they not only determine the form of income but also influence everyone’s
personality and concept of life. It can also be noted that the practical elements
seemed to be the common reasons why they choose a particular career namely
due to the salary, work safety, and availability of work. This study made by Stone
et al. (2017) found that students had realistic expectations of pay, workload, and
the hours that they would be working.
Relatively, factors related to the workplace and satisfaction can also be
useful benchmarks against which to measure future changes and development
in the job. For example, the research made by Lucky et al. (2015) explained that
overall organizational performance and team performance are directly related to
job security. This further explains that most young adults are very much aware to
have a stable and permanent job and able to execute good performance output
while working.
Such that in this factor related to the socio-economic condition when the
respondent chooses a career the highest mean is 3.56 (SD=0.497) having the
indicator that says “additional incentives that will be provided by the employer
will influence my career decision” described as most of the time. Most of the
respondents always believe in the monetary incentives they are to receive from
their chosen career they have when they can graduate from college. Some young
adults to they the intrinsic motivation to work are to earn tangible rewards
specifically monetary rewards. As the studies made by Egbunike (2015)
workplace motivators include both monetary and non-monetary incentives.
Financial motivations can be varied while having a similar effect on colleagues.
Money takes an important inspiring drive in as much as it represents intangible
goals like security, power, prestige, and a feeling of accomplishment and

success, as Christopher (2015) demonstrates the motivational power of money
through the process of job choice.
A young adult does understand that they will be paid a salary hence they
look forward to it and they do understand that they are required to complete a job
task given by their employers in return for the salary. As explained by Wen et al.
(2018) salary is one of the payment obligations by a company or organization to
the employee, which affects the employee's short-term and long-term financial
position for the company and individual.
The response on “the chosen career projects a good image and status”
had the lowest mean of 2.11 (SD=0.629) which describe as seldom. Most of the
respondents do believe that a good image and status, project the chosen career
is not worth believing in. Respondents who have chosen careers that will always
be messy or not informal outfits must be the reason they disagree with the idea.
Navarro-Astor et al. (2017) found that the top barriers include: the difficulty of
balancing work and family, gender stereotypes in the industry, and the lack of
professionalism in construction organizations’ human resource management.
Other top barriers include poor industry image as dirty and dangerous; sexual
harassment; long and inflexible working hours; high level of work stress; and lack
of informal networks for career opportunities.
One's the students choose a career for professional life it is considered a
part of their life which draws attention to the importance of planning and career
selection. Most millennials are more particular about how much they are to earn
rather than how they look in the workplace. Perger and Takács (2016) says that
while there is no uniform formula for choosing a career, it is suggested that
students should recognize their traits and relate to the most compatible career.
There several elements influencing their decision, such as the college's
reputation, location, cost, socioeconomic position, student expectations, school
size, and others, may vary. For students entering college education, getting the
appropriate job choice is crucial, since it will have a significant impact on their
professional life and future success. As a result, this decision will affect them for
the rest of their life.
Students nowadays are having a hard time deciding what career they need
to choose. Handling too many choices can be unfavorable in terms of time,
momentum, and focus. They turn between the wants and the needs for their
family and themselves as well. Some elements that could be deemed significant
in the success of a student's journey influence their choice of a major field of
study after they have completed senior high school hence planning a for a course
to take when they reach college or opting to choose the right vocational course
to have them land a job after senior high school. According to Raveenther (2017),
the decision of selecting a career is critical as it affects the social and economic
impact on the students’ future. Thus, information on new challenges and
employment opportunities is essential for individuals to make the right choice.
Pursuing a dream job has always been in the hearts of students. And recognition
of the dream career choice process is the way to reach the desired goals. Socio-
economic conditions do include the influence of parents, friends, and teachers,
and social status and financial conditions include employment opportunities and
salary levels that influence student career choices. Most of the students of today
prefer to choose a career that provides economic upliftment to the family
passion for work becomes a secondary option.
Table 11
Distribution of Respondents’ Factors Affecting Influence

in Career Choice Considering the School
Indicators Standard
Mean Description
Deviation
My subject teacher influences me Some of the
2.60 0.921
in my career choice. Time
My homeroom class adviser Some of the
2.59 0.650
influences my career choice. Time
Our health optimizing physical
education (HOPE) as a senior high Some of the
2.65 0.922
school teacher influences my Time
career choice.
Our school guidance counselor Some of the
gave an impact on my career 2.60 0.806
Time
choice.
Our school principal is my role Some of the
model in choosing the career 2.57 0.809
Time
choice I have.
Overall Some of the
2.60 0.450
Time
Legend:
Table 11 introduces factors affecting students through career choices
through influence in terms of school as one factor to consider. The data showed
that the overall mean is said to be 2.60 (SD=0.450) and described some of the
time. Therefore, this clearly shows that the respondents knew that the school
environment has a great influence on their career choices. School is another
social environment where this respondent has spent much time of their waking
time. School also influences their decision-making in the sense that they observe
various personnel working and having a good time with careers they are doing. In
that manner, the respondents also have enough time to communicate with
classmates, schoolmates, and teachers alike. As Abubaka,( 2017) explained that
school environment is a formal setting where academic activities take place. The
school environment is characterized by the provision and availability of
equipment, facilities, policies, and regulations. Proper management of the school
environment can encourage collaboration and synergy among students and
teachers. A good school environment can promote learning which can expose
students to areas of academic weakness and strength.
Such that Eremie and Ibifari (2018) said that despite the differences,
previous studies found a significant influence of the environment on career
choices. Nevertheless, this study is keen to seek the influence of similar
environmental factors studied by Kumazhege (2017) and lead to the
development of the following hypothesis that there is a relationship between
environment and career choices, to which these different environmental factors
are, for example, home location, religion, nature of businesses and services,
location of an educational institution, and socio-economic environment. It can be
observed that interest, abilities, and the need for a dynamic and challenging
environment have a positive significant effect on students’ choices.
Environmental factors are some of the challenges students face when choosing
a career. These environmental factors have some impact on one’s career. This
will affect them in the future if not given enough attention. The school
environment greatly influences their career choices. Students want to be like
some of their teachers and the school environment causes them to like what
they want to become. Their teachers inform them about careers that could fit
them better and not what they want.
The various personnel that the respondents have been working with within
the school created a significant impact on the decision of choosing a career for
their future career after college. According to Simeon (2018), a social school
environment is required for imitation and modeling of desired character and
career.
The data also showed the factor with the highest mean, particularly with
the indicator that says, “Our health optimizing physical education (HOPE) in
senior high school teacher influences my career choice” with a mean of 2.65
(SD= 0.922) and described as some of the time by the respondents. If the
teacher showed some skills that it provides an idea and motivation to a learner to
desire to attain a good career choice in the future to be able to become
successful someday like what they have seen from the subject teacher. A
student who frequently with a teacher who showed kindness and openness to
them, chances are that these students do also desire to become like the teacher
they had interacted with. Tsikati et al. (2016) found that related exposure was the
most influential factor in a student’s choice of specialization at a teacher training
institution. Professionals such as headteachers, teachers, lecturers, instructors,
counselors, and school auxiliary staff are said to be responsible for a student’s
choice of specialization. A teacher includes educational information, learning

habits, interpersonal information, career aspirations, and teachers’ influence
plays an important role in influencing students' career choices.
Moreover,some respondents, as well as learners in high school are
influenced by the kind of personality the teacher showed in a particular subject.
This implies that apart from teaching, the teachers need to carry the
responsibility of guiding learners toward career choice preparedness. Therefore,
teachers need to indulge in helping students to discern the career they should
pursue. Teachers advise students on a career that fits them, along with their
performance this is also a determinant of their career choices. The study by Igere
(2017) found that the students admitted that they are influenced by their
teachers toward their career choice. Most of the students had the idea and desire
to be like what their teachers had achieved when the students are constantly in
contact with their teacher usually it happens during their recess and vacant time
of the teacher and students discussing each other inside the classroom. Random
discussion ignites the students to pursue courses like their teacher in school.
Another factor that influences career choice but got the least mean is
having the indicator that says “our school principal is my role model in choosing
the career choice I have” which is said to be 2.57 (SD=0.809) which is described
as some of the time. Why is this so, the school principal is not frequently in
contact with the students in school. Most of the time they are more focused on
how the school system is being managed, that the school can provide the goods
and services needed by the teachers’ students and the community to which it
serves. Educational leaders play an important role in creating and promoting
educational development in schools ( Wieczorek & Manard ,2018). The principal
is said to be generally caring and committed to running schools it is also part of
their task to motivate the learners to be their best to be able to be encouraged to
be at best academically as to be able to choose a good career after graduation.
According to Kieleko (2015), the teaching load of the principal influences
the effectiveness of the principal’s instructional supervision. There are three
basic skills of supervision–technical, human, and conceptual. It is indeed very
clear that the principal does have less influence on the career choices among the
respondents in this present research study. Since students also would like to see
themselves become highly proficient teachers hence becoming a school
principal provides them the idea of career fulfillment as well as upgrading the
level of competencies from the regular teacher status to the administrative level
task of a schoolteacher.
When carrying out activities related to teaching management, the principal
himself must become an authority in teaching activities in the school; is a
connection between the individuals involved in the school’s teaching activities. If
the ability to link, motivate and encourage inventive sharing is complete, teachers
and students will have many benefits in teaching and learning. The usefulness of
teaching is established as a primary means to attract stakeholders to create
resources for the development of the school. Zorlu and Arseven (2016) express
that a school manager as an instructional leader is to actively take part in the
school program, selection, provision, and distribution of instructional materials.

The role of the principal is to maintain good relationships among teachers,
parents, and students so that there will be strong trust and teamwork among the
stakeholders in the school community.
Thoha (2016) explained that the position of the principal is the focal point
that becomes the driving force of school life. The realization of this role must
also be supported by leadership competence consisting of having a strong vision
of the future to bring the progress of its educational institutions, act as agents of
change, dare to take risks for improvement and progress, act equality and
democracy, be able to control emotions and act patiently - humbly - simple, and
fostering harmonious and synergic social relations with school members. Thus, it
motivates young adults' career choices and desire for career achievements when
they can complete achieving the academic requirements at their tertiary level
propelling them to achieve a professional career after accomplishing various
academic training.
The principal is the administrator of the school who looks after the day-to-
day activities of the teachers, the school, and the schools’ stakeholders in the
community. With the responsibility of organizing appropriate human and material
resources available for fulfilling organizational goals. School principals have to
face new challenges brought forth by advances in technology and higher
expectations of education from the community. These include the use of
information technology to support teaching and learning; adaptation of the
school curriculum to suit the ability and disposition of the young children as to
maximize their potential and not to give up on each pupil; increasing community
expectations for improvements to the educational system and the quality of
learning processes and outcomes; a growing awareness of teacher
professionalism; life-long learning and the notion of school as a learning
organization (Managok Elementary School Malaybalay City East District ,2014).
Additionally, Republic Act No. 9155, Chapter 1 Section No. 7, Letter E,
Paragraph 3 states that consistent with the national educational policies, plans,
and standards, the school heads shall have the Authority, Responsibility, and
Accountability (AuRA) in managing all affairs of the school. Thus, the success
and failure of the school depend on the kind of school principal it has. Therefore,
it is deemed necessary that a school head or a school principal must be a highly
proficient teacher who is able to master both academic deliveries as well as
administrative task delivery for the school head or principal will be able to
actively deliver the task accounted for the said personnel. The school principal or
school head must also be able to pass the licensure exam, be able to function as
a classroom teacher as well as learned the task of school management.
A principal who continuously guides learners in the classroom and with
the teachers as well creates an atmosphere of positive relationship in the
classroom management with the teachers, as well as the students. Likewise, a
principal who is burdened with the responsibility to inspire and assist teachers
for further development and innovation on their job might improve teachers’
efficiency in their various classrooms. The findings of Zalaquet (2015) further
revealed that students were more attracted to career guidance in schools where
the principals physically participated in the activities organized by the school’s

guidance designates or licensed guidance counselors. The principals' sensitivity
proved how it influences the support they give to counseling activities. The
school principal is said to be a dynamic persona in the life of the students as they
are seen by these students as leaders with multiple tasks on hand which
provides career motivation to the students.
Table 12

Career Choice on Influence in Considering
the Peers
Indicators Standard
Mean Description
Deviation
My friends influence me in my Some of the
2.93 0.728
career decision. Time
My best friend and I agreed to Some of the
become successful teachers 2.79 0.723
Time
someday.
My classmates made me choose Some of the
my chosen career. 2.26 0.737
Time
My groupmate in church Some of the
influences my career choice. 2.57 0.796
Time
My childhood friend influences my Some of the
career choice. 2.86 0.716
Time
Overall Some of the
2.68 0.534
Time
Legend:
Table 12 provides the factors affecting students through career choices
through influence among friends or peers with an overall mean of 2.68
(SD=0.534) and described as some of the time. Young adults’ today's decisions
have commonly been influenced by the various friends they meet in the school, in
the neighborhood, or the online friends as it has a common virtual environment
among the millennials of today. Bergin (2016) noted that students’ career
interests and subsequent ventures into the workforce are influenced by their
surroundings. Teachers, parents, and friends play the biggest part in students’
social experiences; hence they develop interests and preferences in careers they
are exposed to from early stages of life at school and home. Peer influence
cannot be underrated as it was noticed to be influential in career choices among
young adults of today’s generation. Peers influence career choices through peer
interactions.
Along with this present study generally, the respondents agreed that
friends and some peers had a great influence on their choices when it comes to
their career choices. The environment of a student has a very strong influence on
their career choices, friends, peers, and neighbors have a strong significant
influence on one's decisions in choosing the career they wanted to pursue after
senior high school. However, some students carelessly make occupational
decisions under the influence of peer pressure, cultural biases, and falsehoods
about careers. Peer group influence seems to be more influential in youth than at
any other time in life. As opined by Olalekan (2016), it is generally observed that
peer group has a lot of influence on students. This is seen from the character
played by the peer group in the life and learning of a young person, evidence
thrives that student feel more comfortable and relaxed among fellow students.
To which the indicator that showed that highest mean says that “my
friends influence me on my career decision” with a mean of 2.93(SD=0.728) and

described as some of the time. True to the first discussion that friends or peers
have such a great influence on the decision-making of a student when it comes
to career choices. This commonly happens during their frequent interaction in
school and outside school. When students have made a close relationship with
each other. Young adults may spend more time with their friends than with their
parents and siblings when they are in school and away from home. In situations
where they have time to reflect, teenagers are exceptionally quick and accurate in
forming judgments and decisions. When individuals must make decisions in the
intensity of the moment or social circumstances, external variables such as
peers typically impact their decisions. Amati et al. (2018) commented that the
satisfaction quality in friendship is positively related to daily activities, including
decision-making.
Hashim and Embong (2015) agree that the student’s peer group is the
single most potent source of influence regarding career choices. Adolescents are
easily influenced by their peers because they rely on their friends to provide
validation of the choices that they make, including career decisions. Peers are
also seen as another strong factor that might influence students in their career
choice. Because of peer pressure, some make wrong career choices due to
ignorance, inexperience, or the reputation attached to certain jobs. Such that
some friendships can lead to negative influence. Planning concerning the choice
of fitting career or occupation is one significant problem facing senior secondary
school students. The individuals among the young adults of today the vocational
choices and other job plans following high school graduation may be influenced
by peer groups to which they belong.
The indicator that showed the lowest mean says that “my classmates
made me choose my chosen career having a mean of 2.26 (SD=0.737) and
describe as seldom. It is not very common among young adults or students that
a classmate will decide on what career to choose. But at a time some young
adults do not have good decision-making skills and are not able to foresee the
future for themselves hence they are easily influenced by the decision of others.
Most students intermingle with their friends, they may take into regard the career
suggestion they receive. Students’ connections with peers of wide-ranging
interests can arouse reflection, knowledge, and beliefs which may lead to new
ways of thinking about the world of work. Their dealings with their peers make it
possible for them to put forward into careers they were unaware of. Alutu (2017)
says a career refers to a person’s professional course or occupation which one
must follow over several years, allowing progress as well as serving as the
principal means of earning a living and in which one is generally recognized to
have become fairly an expert in, through experience.
Specifically ,career choice is a crucial decision made by young people as
they move forward in high school. While this decision process starts early for
some young people from the enhanced environment the process comes late for
some other adolescents who cannot come to terms with themselves
consequently to the inability to identify what they would like to become in the
future. The direction of change is determined by the characteristics of the peer or
group of friends, with intensified similarity as the endpoint. Peer influence almost
always increases similarities between friends and associates. Supported the
findings of Bankole and Ogunsakin (2015), found that peer relationship has a
great influence on determining academic performance and career choice.
Student mindsets along with their peers, their accomplishments, and standards
can employ a strong influence on young people’s interest in choosing a certain
career after high school.
Nowadays most young adults have more time spent in school or outside
school activities together with their friends. Since young adults, these days spend
much of their time in school and other activities related to their personal
development such as training in the field of sports, music, and arts to which after
school they need to attend another field of learning in which they were to meet
another group of friends outside the school. Therefore, peers have a very large
influence on adolescents in general and on educational choices and attainment
according to Rosenqvist (2018).
In schools, the extent to which these goals are achieved is primarily
determined by the interaction between peers. Peer pressure can promote both
the negative and the positive. This has a profound effect on decision-making,
especially when choosing a course or career path. Positive peer pressure often
includes more inspiration and care than actual influence. High school students
are adolescents, they are at times dependent upon people of their age group.
According to Howard et al. (2015) students feel optimistic about their careers if
they get adequate social support from their parents, family, friends, and teachers.
Peer pressure and the influence of media are becoming stronger day by day
(Reddy & Rajaram (2015). It is not serving a larger good. Career choice is greatly
influenced by the environment, as well as the role of social media. Because the
information available to the student is so broad, social media plays an important
part in selecting career choices. It has a significant impact on the students’
psychological status while deciding on a career. There will be various
perceptions that many things can be used as employment because of social
media, and this will change the perception that jobs can be found through social
media, allowing students to innovate using information gathered from social
media.
Table 13

Career Choice on Influence Considering
the Family
Indicators Standard
Mean Description
Deviation
The occupation of my parents Some of the
3.00 0.916
determines my career choice. Time
The educational status of my parents Some of the
3.01 0.783
influences my career choice. Time
My parents’ attitude influences my 2.40 1.316 Seldom
career choice.
Our family business has a great impact 2.46 0.779 Seldom
to pursue business-related courses.
My grandparent's desire to see me
become a successful professional 2.18 0.975 Seldom
someday that influences the career
choice I have.
Overall Some of the
2.61 0.728
Time
Legend:
Table 13 shows the factors affecting students through career choices
through influence among families with an overall mean of 2.61 (SD=0.728) and
described some of the time. The family environment has such a great impact on
the career choice decisions of young adults in the present day. Most senior high
learners are still very much dependent on the support of parents, siblings, or
extended families like grandparents, uncles, or aunts. Liu et al. (2015) said that
parents are also a primary influence in encouraging adolescents to explore their
career interests and goals. The influence of the family on the child is an
unquestionable fact. The values and aspirations of the student have been greatly
influenced and learned from the family it belongs to.Family is the most important
contextual feature in individuals’ career development as well as the most
convenient resource where individuals seek help (Zhang et al.,2015) since most
of these young adults still live with their parents and extended family member;
hence, they are bounded to the decisions made for them when it comes to career
choices.
Therefore, a study of family variables on career decision-making can be a
factor in the discussion of how family influences adolescents’ career decision-
making. Hoto (2018) also contends that despite the popular belief that career
decisions are individualistic, the family (parents) is the most influential force
when it comes to career decisions. The amount of pressure the family put into
the mind of the child regarding career choices has a great impact when the
student starts to decide on a college degree or vocational endeavor to attain the
desired career for lifelong achievement. The desires of the parents or elder
siblings must be put into consideration which then put pressure on the student
between his interest and the family’s interest in their decision-making for a career
choice.
Families are very influential in the career choices of the young adults of
today this is due to parental concern over their child’s future in terms of
economic stability, quoting from the Career Guidance Manual of 2020 of the
Department of Education Republic of the Philippines under the Bureau of Learner
Support Service and the Youth Formation Division it says that “Parents may
intentionally or unintentionally push their child towards a particular career path,
especially in the cases of family-owned businesses where parents expect their
children to take over the company. Still, other parents apply pressure on their
offspring to strive for high-profile careers, feeling they are encouraging their
children to reach high”.
Families who follow a culture of having a minor in the house and the cost
of education has been shouldered by the parents who provide education to
children. Therefore, they have the full authority to decide what career their child
would have, according to D’Arrigo et al.(2019) parental attitudes are divided into
demandingness and responsiveness. With demands contrary to children’s self-
perception, children are expected to do tasks that they cannot do or have
difficulty doing. With responsiveness, the expectations of parents of their
children are in line with their level and understanding. In this way, parents know
and trust their children and believe they can do the task.
The indicator in terms of factors affecting students through career
choices through the influence of the family has the highest mean on the indicator
that says that “educational status of my parents influences my career choice.”

with a mean of 3.01 (SD=0.783) which describes as some of the time. The
young adults of today have also been trying to idolize the parents they have. They
have noticed that if the parents attained a good educational status the young
adult tended to choose the career that the parents had. Rodríguez et al., (2015)
also observed that the influence of family might be more prominent for
adolescents. Since the student has the belief that what their parents have
achieved, they can also achieve better due to the present condition such that
most of the learnings of the students nowadays are technologically assisted.
Regarding the influence of parents on students' job preparation, Giustinelli (2016)
emphasized two essential points even under a system where individual family
members' preferred vocations were supported at the time of the final decision,
and in families where both parents and children openly stated decisions on which
career to pursue, parental definite preferences were detected in a far larger
percentage of cases.
Parents, the educational background may give a perspective on the young
adult on its career choices whether to continue its education following the career
path of that of its parents or decide to end as a high school graduate since the
parents as it has observed, did not aim further to achieve high education. As
noted by Tillman and Tillman (2015) parental perception assumes an imperative
job in the life of young people including their scholarly standing, expert, and
individual lives.
Children look up to their parents as their educational role models in
choosing a career. When the children see that their parents who are more highly
educated give them the value of educational role models and economic
permanence and it will help them go on to complete more education and attain a
fulfilling career. As stated by Zhou et al. (2016) young adults end up loving their
parents' ideal careers more than others if their careers provide a comfortable
lifestyle, satisfaction, prestige, performance, and social status. Parental influence
on students' career choices and its effect on academic performance, job choice,
and vocational development is valuable. Students with inspiration and care look
at the many options available to them to find the best career that matches their
unique set of skills and interests.
Subsequently,the children of highly educated parents with professional
careers are more likely to enter professional careers as well than those whose
parents are less educated. According to Gwelo (2019), as children grow up, they
gain a clear picture of their parents' careers. For instance, if one parent is a
teacher, the child can also be driven to choose a career as a teacher. This
decision usually occurs if the child sees the way the parent's lives have been
productive and fulfilling towards the family and the relationship in the family. The
career of the parents has provided enough for the family’s needs. There is a
greater chance that the child opts to become like their parents after college
graduation. But, when the child sees the kind of careers the parents had not been
exemplifying and fulfilling towards the family’s needs such as financially,
emotionally, and harmoniously then this child would defy the kind of career the
parents had rather they opt to choose something that is fulfilling and personally
gratifies their current needs.

In the indicators related to factors affecting career choices family is said
to be one factor that affects the decision. In the given data of this present
research it was found out that the statement says “my grandparents desire to
see me become a successful professional someday that influences the career
choice I have” having the least mean of 2.18 (SD=0.975) described as seldom.
Many young adults nowadays do not consider the elderly as part of the decision-
making they have in their life, specifically related to their grandparents. Very
rarely does it happen that young adults put into consideration the opinion of their
grandparents. They find the grandparents as old school and no longer able to
connect with the current trends in technology and career development of young
adults. But some will follow the opinion of the grandparents if they happen to be
the only adult guardian or they became the only caregivers they had when
parents were not present in their growing up years the grandparents became the
sole provider of their basic and educational needs.
It would be noted that according to Bornstein (2019) parents and
caregivers fundamentally shape children’s lives and everyday experiences, which
has a major impact on their cognitive, academic, and socio-emotional
development. They also have a major impact on children’s health and well-being.
Grandchildren who have been cared for by grandparents would have a great
influence on the career decisions of the student this becomes possible when
they learn how difficult the journey of the grandparents in raising them in the
absence of parents. Young adults of today consider the financial returns when
they would choose a career that provides for their financial needs and alleviate
the family standard of living especially for their grandparents.
In the Philippine culture, grandparents at times have the voice in the
college and career choices of a young adult in the family, especially if the
grandparents are the only family caregiver. Cross-culturally, grandparents often
play important supportive roles, supplementing the care provided by a child’s
parent. According to Coall et al. (2018), a large body of international research
shows that grandparents, especially grandmothers, often have a positive impact
on grandchildren’s survival, growth, and social development ( Buchanan &
Rotkirch, 2016). A significant change in recent years is the growing numbers of
grandparents who are supporting childcare for their grandchildren. Material
hardship has a direct and negative relationship with grandparent relationship
providers’ mental health, and their mental health has a direct and negative
relationship with their parenting stress. As explained by Xu et.al (2020) one of the
most significant challenges facing grandparent relationships in family’s
economic hardship.
To some grandparents, their grandchildren seemed not too concerned to
ask their opinion about their career choices. Such that they seemed not
connected with the current trend regarding career decisions and choices for
them they have provided the needs of the children such as education shelter and
food that be enough. Mulvihill, (2016) even in the current generation, research
suggests grandparents have little clarity as to their function in the family unit or
society as a whole; subsequently, they may have a little intentional impact on
subsequent generations and specifically their grandchildren’s lives. Grandparents

can serve as loving advocates for their grandchildren, leading them along the
path of life with their years of experience. They may inculcate in their
grandchildren a strong sense of self-worth that will help them face and overcome
life's problems. Grandchildren often look up to their grandparents as worthy
models for how to live life. When these grandchildren saw the unwavering
support from their grandparents, students tend to choose sensible career
choices that would give emotional and psychological fulfillment to their
grandparents. A sense of gratitude becomes the motivation of these students to
follow the desires of the heart among their grandparents, the sense of
responsibility to look after their elders will also motivate the students to choose a
career wisely that provides economic support and family upliftment to the entire
family.
Table 14
Summary of Respondents’ Factors in the Career Choice

Considering Interest and Influence
Standard
Indicators Mean Description
Deviation
Interest
Knowledge 2.99 0.571 Some of the Time
Future Work 2.49 0.208 Seldom
Personality 3.05 0.254 Some of the Time
Socio- Economic Condition 2.81 0.319 Some of the Time
Average 2.35 0.2515 Seldom
Influence
School 2.60 0.450 Some of the Time
Peers 2.68 0.534 Some of the Time
Family 2.61 0.728 Some of the Time
Average 2.63 0.355 Some of the Time
Overall 2.75 0.523 Some of the Time
Legend:
Table 14 displays the summary of the factors in the career choice
considering interest and influence. Results revealed an overall mean rating of
2.75 (SD=0.523) described some of the time. This means that the respondents
approve of the idea that in the career choices interest and influence are
contributory to the decision over the career choices they are about to make for
their future life success. This career choice phenomenon is especially true
among senior high school students, where after completing their education,
students have reached a point where they must decide which career to embark
on to make a living for themselves and become fully independent. However,
relatively few people know what motivates senior high school students
concerning their career choice. At the same time, the decisions made by
students may differ based on culture, family background, skills, and interests.
Schoenfeld et al. (2017) opined that there are mutual relationships between
individuals, individual behavior, and the environment which then contribute to the
formation of academic and career interests. Students who have confidence in
their abilities in the chosen career expect the results of doing work in the chosen
field; hence, therefore, will direct their goals to become who they want to be in
the future.
One important point to consider is the motives why students choose a
certain profession or a career in the future. Students must also be
knowledgeable about current events and future developments as explained by
Ahmed et al. (2017). The profession's opportunities and challenges. Career
choice is one of the most important decisions that people will make in their lives,
and it has significant implications for both the individual and the country's future.
Because the individual will also have a say in the process that will influence their
entire existence. Baliyan and Baliyan (2016) opined that career choice is affected
by individual, cultural, social, economic, and environmental factors.
In this given summary the highest indicator that received the highest
rating is with a mean of 2.99 ( SD=0.222) and described as some of the time
which is on the knowledge factor. Braza & Guillo (2015) explained that the
process of making a decision is complex and unique for each person, and it is
influenced by cognitive variables and social structures in the individual's
environment. Many secondary school students will enter college without having a
clear picture of their talents, assets, abilities, and qualities. They have no idea
where they're headed or who they want to be. Career choice is an individual-
centered process that includes selecting a topic of study that requires the gain of
certain information and skills through a specified educational program. Important
information about a job choice demands thorough bringing inward and
application recognizing one's own potential in terms of academics, talents,
interest’s values, attributes, and resources available.
While the indicator related to future work had the least rating with a mean
of 2.49 ( SD =0.208) and described some of the time. This summarizes that the
respondent does not believe that in the future they will be able to work with well-
trained personnel or they will be able to have a good interpersonal relationship
among co-workers or colleagues or will be able to meet a respectful employer or
co-employee. Even though there is significant discussion over how the future of
work will develop, everyone agrees that the way individuals earn a living is
changing. Labor relations, or how people go about doing their jobs, are also
changing. The rise of labor casualization, digital nomads, the performance
economy, and flexible working arrangements are all important trends as
explained by Dunlop (2016). As one begins to explore what "productivity" and
community roles might look like in the future, the understanding of the value of
humans may shift. Hence, a good training program provides good motivation for
employees to be productive and determined to achieve quality performance.
There are numerous reasons students decide on their professions or field of
work. Some students believe that obtaining a higher degree will provide them a
better chance to work in the fields they prefer. The main point is the student
character revolves around what they must do with their long-term projects. In
today's environment, students' career choices are a constant challenge.
Problem 3: Is there a significant difference between the factors affecting
student’s career choice when grouped according to:
3.1 Sex;
As it has been presented, social science research typically measures one
or more variables in a sample and calculates descriptive statistics for that

sample. However, in general, the researcher's goal is not to conclude this sample,
but to conclude the population from which the sample was selected. Along with
this current study, the researcher gets into a more in-depth discussion on the
various factors that affect the career choices among the respondents in terms of
sex, family income, parents' occupation, parents' highest educational attainment,
parent civil status, and attitude towards career choices is these given variables
do provide a significant difference in the respondent's career choices. It is widely
acknowledged that for students to achieve their maximum potential choose a
career that prepares them for their lifetime economic, psychological, emotional,
and social fulfillment.

Table 15
Comparison of Factors Affecting Students’ Career Choice in Terms of Interest

When Grouped According to their Profile
Factors Affecting Students' Career Choices in terms of

Interest Indicator
Socio
OVER
Knowledge Future Work Personality Economic
Respondents’ ALL
F-value F-value F-value Condition
Profile F-value
p-value p-value p-value F-value
p-value
p-value
1.01 0.19 0.38 1.24 7.87

Sex 0.316 0.667 0.537 0.267 0.005*
NS NS NS NS NS
Family 1.14 5.86 4.07 6.67 6.35
Monthly 0.337 0.001* 0.003* 0.001* 0.045*
Income NS S S S S
Parent’s 2.39 12.71 21.81 13.34 2.55
Occupation 0.006* 0.001* 0.001* 0.001* 0.004*
S S S S S
Parent’s
2.41 2.77 9.14 11.25 7.18
Highest
0.013* 0.004* 0.001* 0.001* 0.001*
Educational
S S S S S
Attainment
2.22 8.37 2.43 16.33 1.10
Parent’s Civil 0.086 0.001* 0.066 0.001* 0.352
Status NS S NS S NS
Attitude 1.27 1.25 0.99 0.99 1.01
towards 0.204 0.218 0.476 0.468 0.453
Career Choice NS NS NS NS NS
Legend: *significant at p<0.05 alpha level S – significant NS – not significant
Table 15 shows the comparison of factors affecting students’ career
choices in terms of interest when grouped according to their profile. Overall,
results show that factors affecting students’ career choice in terms of interest
was significantly different when grouped according to the respondents’ sex,
family monthly income, parent’s occupation, and parent’s highest educational
attainment as indicated by the F-value and probability value less than 0.05 alpha
level which led to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This implies that the
factors affecting students’ career choice in terms of interest as perceived by the
respondents were not the same considering their sex, family monthly income,
parent’s occupation, and parent’s highest educational attainment.
It can be noted that there should not be any gender biases when it comes
to career choices. Regardless of the sexual orientation, whether the person is a
male or a female the career choice always depends on the skills and abilities of
the person. According to Sinclair et al. (2019), it is important to understand
gender differences in interests because they predict, for example, educational
choices as; well as opined by Hanna and Rounds( 2020 ) occupation and degree
completion are important since what matters at the end of the day is how a
student can achieve the desired career such that a male could be a successful
dressmaker and a female student could the best pilot after accomplishing the
chosen degrees in college.
Respondents also found that parents' resources were the motivation for
their career choices. This means that parental wealth and resources influence a
student's career choices. This statement is in line with Shuell (2016), and other
scholars, who found that the socio-economic background of a person has a link
to his/her educational and career development. Students from high-income
families tend to assume they would go to university. In addition, from their
findings, students from lower-income families tend to think in terms of skilled
jobs. That is why some of the respondents opt to have a vocational and technical
-related course to reach their career goals despite their family's economic
condition.
Javed (2018) stated that, often, parents impose their choice in the
selection of careers for their children without considering the interests of their
children. This causes some issues in some adolescents nowadays. Such impact
would mean a mismatch of career over the child's ability. Family background is
often seen as a factor influencing the efforts of the family's offspring. Children
whose parents are active politicians, businessmen, craftsmen, farmers, etc. are
believed to be strongly influenced by their profession in their choice of
profession. In addition, several studies have been conducted to determine the
socio-economic status of parents and the impact on their children's career
orientation.
Also, the factors affecting students’ career choice in terms of interest-
based on future work and economic and social condition was significantly
different when grouped according to the respondents’ parents’ civil status as
indicated by the F-value and probability value less than 0.05 alpha level, which
led to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This implies that different civil
statuses of parents would imply different perceptions of the factors affecting
students’ career choices in terms of interest-based on future work and economic
and social conditions.
Factors affecting students’ career choice in terms of interest as perceived
by the respondents was not the same. It is very clear that every individual has a
variety of reason when it comes to career choices. Reasons that family has a
great impact on the respondents' career choices regardless of the sexual

orientation of these given respondents. Dagang and de Mesa (2017) identified
the results which point to the strong influence of parents on their children's
choice of tertiary school.
It is deeply rooted in the Filipino consciousness of respect for the elderly
and therefore has a strong parental influence on children's decisions. In Filipino
families, children are financially dependent on their parents and therefore follow
their decisions. This explains the modest impact of others, such as peers, friends,
and relatives. Another factor was the affordability of tuition, followed by
scholarships. Socio-economic status implies the economic status of parents in
society. Salgotra and Roma (2018) studied and found out parents hold a strong
influence on children's career aspirations. The socio-economic background of
parents is the major factor in the variation in students’ perspectives on the value
and attainability of higher education.
Students' academic goals were significantly influenced by the socio-
economic background of the family and the resources of the schools.
Specifically, they pointed out that family social capital impacts higher than the
school social capital. By family capital, they implied parents' attendance of
schools’ activities and their show of assistance towards their children. Parents
often provide wide direction to their children, while their children frequently seek
their own experiences, without which they may be hesitant to pursue their desires.
Their help and advice are always sought for them to avoid repeating the same
mistakes as their parents.
As emphasized, family is the key institution in everyone`s life. From birth

or even before as a structure for the reproductive process, the home environment
is essential for any individual. External elements such as an individual's social
background, family, environment, education, and socio-economic phenomena,
according to Avram et al. (2019), contribute to the establishment of internal
emotions and reasons. All of these factors have an impact on an individual's
inside and outside life, as well as their professional choices. But some families
with inadequate capital structure were not able to provide better education to
their children. Hence some students the financial constraint is another factor that
leads to choosing different career paths as these students’ desire in their hearts.
Family impact, passion, abilities, self-efficacy, obvious problems, values,
attribution, gender, and race, to Rainey et al. (2019), family impact on career
choices is rich with practical evidence of factors that influence career decisions.
The respondents' decision is at times being influenced by the information
provided to them by the family members who are currently having a good
workplace environment as well as opportunities for better job security; hence
these family members or friends are the number one information provider to the
respondents in this given study.
Another finding revealed that there was no significant difference in the
influence of parents’ socioeconomic status on career choice based on parents’
educational background. Hezlina and Abdul (2015) discovered that parents,
particularly mothers, have a bigger influence on their children's job choices than
their peers, based on data obtained from senior high school students. They did
discover, however, that parents' educational backgrounds have little impact on

their children's professional choices. The status of parents' occupations did not
connect with the status of the employment selected by students. While students
with high-status fathers chose occupations with similar status, students with low
-status fathers leave behind their low-status positions in favor of high-status jobs.
As a result, a parent's educational experience cannot only impact their children's
professional choices.
Research supports the position that parents’ education is linked with the
student's career choice. Literature reports that parents’ educational level is the
most important factor in students’ career decisions as stated by Safarmamad,
(2019). It is important, that parents would have at least enough educational
background to be able to provide a clearer idea of the opportunities after
acquiring the academic requirements from the chosen college degree or
vocational and technical courses they have to choose to achieve the career they
choose. At times neither teacher, guidance counselor, nor coaches can replace
the influence on career choices of the student but their parents themselves are
the most effective influencer at times.
Adolescents are hesitant, they assume that chance is subjective to their
decisions due to a lack of information on the courses, so in some cases, parents
lead their children to choose careers that don't match their personalities out of
fear the child chooses the wrong profession, which causes adolescents to feel
constrained by parental expectations. Due to the financial dependence of their
children, they are forced to follow their parents' decisions when choosing a
career. Some students are forced to follow their parents' decisions about the
careers they need to achieve, but outgoing, ambitious and determined individuals
feel that they fit their current skills and passions. Select. Students may make
their first career decision in senior high school. It has been commonly observed
that parents do influence their children's career choices after high school; a
friend who became a doctor because the parents wanted them to, or a cousin
who did not pursue the dream of acting because the father feared he would
become a starving artist. Some students are affected by their parents who are
more determined to choose a similar career field to that of their parents. Parents
often begin career chats with their children as soon as possible from childhood.
Children should be thankful when talking to their parents about everything,
including their wishes for the future. Through open relationships with parents,
children can experience a variety of career options that suit their interests and
abilities. Some parents are conditioning the mind of their children from childhood
to what ought to become when they are adults. Some parents would expose their
children to the field of work where they want to visually experience the kind of
task they would have in the future if they opted to choose the career the parents
desired for them.
But when parents are separated children suffer much hence there will be a
decline in the economic supply to support the education of the children
consequently it is evident among middle-class families that only one parent
earns higher than the other one to support children’s education. In a study by
Margot Galang (2015) on the effects of marriage failure on Filipino children, the
most common reasons for Filipino couples to split are financial problems, lack of
communication, unfaithfulness, and domestic violence. Because of such
conditions, therefore, the young adults would then have to consider the kind of
career they need to choose considering the family’s economic condition. The
decision on the career choices among children belonging to some dysfunctional
or incomplete presence of the parents at home does also matter. Some would
choose a career that provides clear economic stability to the family enough to
sustain the basic needs such as food, clothing, and shelter hence they sacrifice
their ideal and desired career choices. It is difficult to measure the impact of the
civil statuses of the unmarried mother, father, or the parent’s marital relationship
since the career choices are still on the student.
As stressed, parents that devote time and value to their children's
education will see their children achieve greater academic success. Schools,
parents, and the community should collaborate to promote students' health, well-
being, and academic achievement. There is a good chance that students will be
able to be certain in the career choice that they need to have known that the
family is there for them in their journey to choose the life’s career path that
prepares them for the real world of work after they finished the college degree or
achieve certification in the technical-vocational courses they have chosen for
their life’s career. It can also be observed that even if parents are not that fully
supportive of their children’s endeavors, these students continue to pursue the
decision to achieve the career of their choice despite the odds they encounter in
achieving the goal for their future. Family involvement is indeed essential in the
pursuit of the career success of a certain individual but at times this does not
exist in the whole population, thus the decision for career success still lies in the
decision of the individual student.
Table 16
Comparison of Factors Affecting Students’ Career Choice in Terms of Influence

Factors Affecting Students’ Career Choice in
terms of Influence Indicators
School Peers Family Commun OVERALL
Respondents’ F-value
Profile ity
F-value F-value F-value p-value
p-value p-value p-value F-value
p-value
Sex 0.07 0.02 14.65 0.12 4.03
0.788 0.955 0.001* 0.732 0.046*
NS NS S NS S
Family Monthly 12.21 3.44 1.60 4.94 3.41
Income 0.001* 0.009* 0.176 0.001* 0.010*
S S NS S S
Parent’s 7.47 3.32 14.43 5.23 7.37
Occupation 0.001* 0.001* 0.001* 0.001* 0.001*
S S S S S
Parent’s 8.98 2.83 8.60 3.39 4.77
Highest 0.001* 0.004* 0.001* 0.001* 0.007*
Educational S S S S S
Attainment
Parent’s Civil 2.48 9.30 6.40 12.89 7.56
Status 0.062 0.001* 0.001* 0.001* 0.002*
NS S S S S
Attitude 1.31 0.94 1.18 0.82 0.90
towards Career 0.179 0.534 0.273 0.687 0.587
Choice NS NS NS NS NS
Table 16 shows the comparison of factors affecting students’ career
choices in terms of influence when grouped according to their profile. Overall,
results show that the factors affecting students’ career choices in terms of
influence were significantly different when grouped according to the

respondents’ sex, family monthly income, parent’s occupation, parent’s highest
educational attainment, and parent’s civil status. This implies that the factors
affecting students’ career choice in terms of influence as perceived by the
respondents were not the same considering their sex, family monthly income,
parent’s occupation, parent’s highest educational attainment, and parent’s civil
status. This only shows that every individual has their own reasons for choosing
the career they want for themselves.
Peers or friends can also be one factor that influences the career choices
among young adults of today. Women who are randomly assigned to work with
women peers were less likely to select male-dominated subjects, while males,
when assigned to work with female peers, were more likely to select male-
dominated subjects. According to the study made by Dangoy, J. E., & Madrigal, D.
V. (2020) peer pressure and influence can also greatly affect the decision-making
of some individuals. It is very relevant for the new generation today the feeling of
belongingness and companionship. Therefore some prefer to go and join the
pack in choosing their careers. It is also very helpful for some students to enter a
new journey and career path thinking and knowing that they have people or
friends to be within achieving their goals and in discovering their paths to
success.
Sex is another consideration in career choices. Male students prefer to
work on technology-related, science, engineering mostly related to technical
vocational skills such as electronics, carpentry, and the like. While female
students would opt to choose related to social sciences, business, and education
when it comes to technical vocational they are more into culinary, dressmaking,
food and beverage hotel and restaurant management, and the likes. On the
national level, men tend to opt for technological and experimental areas of
knowledge, whereas women are more likely to choose social and legal sciences,
health sciences, and humanities.
This observation is very evident personality does affect the career choices
among young adults of today. Individual characteristics have been understood by
the student and associated with their most compatible career. The way students
evaluate themselves in association with a personality trait is a factor influencing
the type of career to choose. Sex and sexual preferences are also factors in
choosing career paths for some students. Although, society is now very open to
the idea of gender equality some students use the advantage of their sexual
preferences in choosing the paths they want to take. They are more aware of the
pros and cons if they will get a career path appropriate and close to their
characteristics and capabilities.
A family with high socioeconomic status is highly capable of supporting
and sustaining a child's career and provides information and resources for career
planning and decision making. Young adults are dependent upon their parents’
direction to make decisions for them; most the students select a career
according to their family traditions, in traditional society hardly ever a career is
chosen scientifically based upon aptitude testing and career counseling. That is
why some young adults comply with the decision of their parents as to what
career path they will have since most of them are financially dependent on their
parents. Because of this, some of them had a hard time achieving the goals that
weren’t theirs in the first place. They feel all the burden and pressure in achieving
more since it is not what they prefer to have so they need to make more effort in
achieving more just to please their parents and achieve what is needed to be
achieved. Some of these individuals learned to love and live with the career
chosen by their parents but not everyone managed to overcome the frustrations
and pressure.
Some young adults tend to choose a degree or a career from where their
parents started such as taking the courses in college at the same school or
university where their parents earned their diplomas. And to parents who did not
attain a college degree or receive a college diploma would desire that their
children will go to the school they desired in the past or to join the university they
had wished for but due to life circumstances, it was not granted, therefore they
long that the fulfillment of their dreams will be acquired by their children.
Consequently, parents with limited exposure to knowledge and little experience in
higher education may be of little help to their children in the careers. Parental
influences come from two main causes: external impulses and communication
of the environment and communication of preferences and beliefs that their
children internalize.
But some young adults reject the profession chosen by their parents
because such a decision is not in their best interests. Because some of these
individuals sometimes had a hard time in school and university. Most of them felt
as if they were carrying a very big responsibility and a huge pressure from their
parents. They believe that they do have the interest and the skills matched to the
career chosen by their parents. A study made in Public High Schools in
Zambales, Philippines, Lupas and Farin (2021) shows that the learners in today’s
generation gave more importance and value to personal preferences than other
factors involved. Despite the fact of their parents’ and friends’ preferences,
guidance, and support. This is why it is also vital for parents to know their
children more and to be aware of how they are going to support their children in
choosing the career paths they want. This way, parental influence will be
essential in the success of the young individual ( Benedict ,2019).
Problem 4. To what extent do the following characteristics of the respondents
contribute to explaining the factors affecting students’ career choices?
Career selection takes several steps that evolve. It may differ from one
individual to another. Many factors influence high school students' career
choices. By identifying these factors, parents, educators and businesses can find
out where students are most confident in their career choices. Students can also
explore the process they use to make career choices. Students will also be
confident in achieving their goals and be successful knowing that they have
support systems and people and organizations are willing to help them achieve
what they have in mind. The researcher believes that it would be easy for the
students to choose career paths if they are fully aware that they have support at
all levels of society, especially those who surround them. They will be more
courageous in embracing the path they choose to take.

Table 17
The Extent of Respondents’ Characteristics Contribute to Explain the Factors

Affecting Students’ Career Choice in Terms of Interest
Factors Affecting Students’ Career Choice in terms of

Interest Indicators
Knowledg Future Personali Socio OVERALL
Respondent e Work ty Economic T-value
s’ Profile T- Condition p-value
T-value value T-value T-value
p-value p- p-value p-value
value
Sex 2.99 1.92 3.42 0.10 6.15
0.003* 0.056 0.001* 0.920 0.001*
S NS S NS S
Family 0.01 6.24 1.66 3.76 0.11
Monthly 0.998 0.001* 0.098 0.001* 0.915
Income NS S NS S NS
Parent’s 4.60 0.98 0.98 5.52 1.51
Occupation 0.001* 0.328 0.326 0.001* 0.133
S NS NS S NS
Parent’s 0.42 6.53 2.14 1.38 0.03
Highest 0.673 0.001* 0.033* 0.169 0.976
Educational NS S S NS NS
Attainment
Parent’s 2.52 5.08 1.91 6.17 2.12
Civil Status 0.012* 0.001* 0.057 0.001* 0.035*
S S NS S S
Attitude 0.41 1.01 3.34 1.92 3.12
towards 0.679 0.313 0.001* 0.055 0.002*
Career NS NS S NS S
Choice
Table 17 shows the extent to of the respondents’ characteristics
contribute to explaining the factors affecting students’ career choice in terms of
interest. Results reveal that the respondents’ sex, parents’ civil status, and
attitude towards career choice showed a significant extent on their perception of
the factors affecting students’ career choice in terms of interest as indicated by
the T-value and probability value less than 0.05 alpha level which led to the
rejection of the null hypothesis. This implies that the respondents’ sex, parents’
civil status, and attitude toward career choice can explain their level of
perception of the factors affecting students’ career choices in terms of interest.

It is very clear that when parents are together working hard for the future
of their children the children will find ways to have a good choice on the career
that they will have to pay back what their parents had invested in their education.
Career choice is one of the many important decisions students make. Determine
plans. This decision affects their life. Related to the study made by Ayriza et
al.(2020) that career decision-making is one of the issues that need to be
emphasized when planning for the future.
Many factors influence the career decision process, including friendship,
work, employment expectations, social cognition, academic satisfaction,
personal personality, and family influences, as researched by Ketchledge W.S.
(2018). To which inner environment of the respondents such as family, friends,
and workmates do play an important role in their career choices. Students tend
to make decisions considering the opinion of parents and friends. Even if there
are many choices, the impact on program selection is usually determined by the
student himself no one, except the students themselves, can benefit from the
decision.
A person's abilities, attitudes, and values can be well expressed in their
work; When the workplace situation is suitable for the personality traits of the
individual It is easy to achieve satisfaction, stability, and positive results in their
work. To note Rounds and Su, (2014) indicated that many studies have a role to
play. It's educational, career choice, job performance, professional success, and
future subjective well-being.
Providing support is important to parents and their interest in these

decisions over the career of their children. They try taking direct action and
communicating these preferences to their children. Research showed that
individuals’ career decision-making was closely related to environmental factors,
such as family ( Dangoy & Madrigal, 2020).
But the rebellious youth's emotions lead to different choices just because
they contradict the wishes of their parents. That career a person`s choice is the
most important factor in shaping their identity as it affects their identity.
Thinking, the environment in which they work, the environment in which they build
relationships, what lifestyle they have, how long they have on vacation, their
social status, and the overall position in their life. Ginzberg's Theory of Vocational
Guidance and Donald Super consider the choice of career as a lifelong
developmental process and see the adolescence period as a career research
period. Divide the professional development process into phases, with
adolescence as the period dreams of discovering their interests, skills, values ,
and professional characteristics occupations are tested in a conversational
discussion environment within the family career choices are made at the end of
the semester.
Discomfort and dissatisfaction with professional life affects all areas of personal
life. When the parents' choice does not fit the personal choice of their children
the inner conflict begins. Hence, the children still pursue the parents’ choices but
the children will have an inner self-dissatisfaction over the career choices of the
parents.
Also, the respondents’ family monthly income showed a significant extent

on the factors affecting students’ career choice in terms of interest based on
future work and economic and social conditions as indicated by the T-value and
probability value less than 0.05 alpha level which led to the rejection of the null
hypothesis. This implies that the respondents’ family monthly income can
explain their level of perception of the factors affecting students’ career choices
in terms of interest based on future work and economic and social conditions.
School choice options for parents in a variety of forms are becoming more
widespread in the Philippines. Most of the parents opted to choose schools run
by the government since it is not that costly and does provide great opportunities
for their child's educational needs promising career life after academic
completion. This also shows how parental involvement matters when it comes to
the education of their children. As indicated by Alampay (n.d.) the family is
recognized as an important part of Filipino society. Molded through the unique
history, values, experiences, adaptations, and ways of life that characterize
Filipino people and their culture. Filipino parenting dynamics and parental
authority and child obedience, family cohesion fulfill family obligations.
Career choices include personality, interests, self-concept, identity,
globalization, socialization, role models, social support, and available resources
such as information and finance. When the family has prepared enough for the
education of their children there is a greater chance that the children would
choose courses that will help them attain the career of their choice in the future
and that is at par with the financial capacity of the parents to provide for the
educational needs. Household income is an important predictor of parental

involvement with children from high-income families’ more parental support.
Most families, regardless of their income level, struggle to afford high-quality
education. Families of all income levels who may select private schools often
face high enrollment costs. High school graduates need to decide whether to
continue studying or start a professional life. The transition from high school to
college is an adjustment that every student must make in pursuit of a college
education. As explained by Li & Qiu, (2018) human capital theory explains that
education is an important human capital while the difference in investment, and
children's educational outcomes is dominantly caused by differences in family
investment in education.
Moreover,research on socioeconomic status often reveals access to
inequality resources and related topics privileges, power, and control. Socio-
economic status is usually broken it can be divided into three levels: high,
medium, and low. Explain the three places of the family or a person can fall into it.
When incorporating family and individuals into one or all of these categories of
three variables: income and education one can judge its profession.
Further, the respondents’ parents’ occupations showed a significant
extent on the factors affecting students’ career choice in terms of interest-based
on knowledge and economic and social conditions as indicated by the T-value
and probability value less than 0.05 alpha level which led to the rejection of the
null hypothesis. This implies that the respondents’ parents’ occupation can
explain their level of perception of the factors affecting students’ career choices
in terms of interest-based on knowledge and economic and social conditions.

To every student, this is the crucial phase in choosing a career. Family
influence is an essential factor in choosing their career, students need a careful
decision in choosing a career. Family influence concentrates on individual
parents’ careers, for instance, mothers or fathers influencing children to take up a
certain career. Young people benefit from parental support and often ask them to
provide a clear input into their career decision-making processes. Parents’ own
experiences of education influence and outline their suggestions and hopes for
the young people in their care. Highly income and highly educated parents are
more likely to be involved in their children’s education, which is a key factor in
adolescents’ educational accomplishments.
Parental guidance plays an important role in the lives of children and has a
powerful impact on their child's career choices. Aside from parents, teachers
also have the potential to be influential in the career choice of a young adult.
Students who want to choose a teaching career are influenced by the
schoolteachers or family members who are teachers. This suggests that both
teachers and parents have the potential possibility to influence the learners on
what career to take.In some cases, also parent's occupations are very influential
to the career of their children, such that if they are business people reason that
parents are graduates of business-related courses such marketing, business
management or banking and finance to which some parents are licensed
certified accountants by profession there is a higher chance that their children
follow their footsteps in the future.
Parents provide information about potential education and the profession

that will be chosen by their children. Like. Parents have the latest information
about their current profession, which they can share with their children. High
school students’ views on who influences their thinking about education and
careers found that family members including parents were the group that most
often had the most influence on their children’s thinking about education after
high school.
Finally, the respondents’ parent’s highest educational attainment showed
a significant extent on the factors affecting students’ career choice in terms of
interest based on future work and personality as indicated by the T-value and
probability value less than 0.05 alpha level which led to the rejection of the null
hypothesis. This implies that the respondents’ parents’ occupation can explain
their level of perception of the factors affecting students’ career choices in terms
of interest based on their future work and personality.
Specifically ,some young-adult career choices were influenced by a career
that their parents favor while others follow the career that their educational
choices have opened for them, and some choose their passion regardless of how
much or little it will make them while others choose the careers that give high
income. The determinants of students’ career choices, students’ reasons of
choice of learning disciplines are determined by economic background or
parents’ ability to pay fees, home background, or parents/guardians having
studied the same field, identified domestic chores resulting in poor performance
influence as a factor that contributed to students’ selection of discipline to study.
Student selection to determine the right career choice as they have a positive
impact on their life. Career selection requires as the most important and
compulsory decision for all students. A career is a progressive set of
competencies
and attitudes associated with work that any student has acquired for work-life.
According to Kelley and Knowles (2016), many education systems and
policymakers around the world have taken initiatives to reform their education
systems to overcome shortages in the workforce. That is why the school
curriculum today in the Department of Education has implemented various tracks
such as the Academic, Technical-Vocational-Livelihood; and Sports and Arts.
Along these given tracks there are various strands that. Academic Track has four
strands namely General Academic (GA), Humanities and Social Sciences
(HUMMS) Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM)
Accountancy, Business and Management (ABM) then the Technical-Vocational-
Livelihood (TVL) Track has various strands which are the Agri-Fishery Arts, Home
Economics, Industrial Arts, Information and Communications Technology (ICT).
Sports Track
developed to equip SHS students with sports-related and physical fitness and
safety knowledge. This track appeals to those who wish to venture into athletics,
fitness, and recreational industries. Arts and Design Track inside this course,
students with a penchant for the Arts can enroll in subjects that will hone their
skills in visual design and the performing arts (https://deped-lallonhs.com/senior
-high-school-tracks-and-strand).
The curriculum in the senior high school was designed to cater to the
various interest of the students which leads them to choose the right career after
high school. Lupas Jr. and Farin (2021) noted that students’ interests are indeed
a precursor of students’ career choice purposes. Interest must be brought
into concern in the analysis of students’ career choices. Interest in a career may
be based on interest in school subjects, hobbies, or apparent career-related
status.
Table 18
The Extent of Respondents’ Characteristics Contribute to Explain the Factors

Affecting Students’ Career Choice in Terms of Influence
Respondents’ Factors Affecting Students’ Career Choice in

terms of Influence Indicators
OVERALL
School Peers Family Community T-value
T-value p-value
Profile T-value T- T-value p-value
p-value value p-value
p-
value
Sex 0.27 0.67 0.57 2.48 0.60
0.786 0.503 0.570 0.014* 0.552
NS NS NS S NS
Family Monthly 0.23 3.01 2.51 4.90 4.32
Income 0.822 0.003 0.013* 0.001* 0.001*
NS * S S S
S
Parent’s 0.22 0.74 1.38 2.13 1.76
Occupation 0.829 0.459 0.167 0.034* 0.080
NS NS NS S NS
Parent’s 5.78 2.87 1.07 1.33 2.55
Highest 0.001* 0.026 0.287 0.185 0.011*
Educational S * NS NS S
Attainment S
Parent’s Civil 1.90 3.30 0.54 6.04 4.29
Status 0.058 0.001 0.588 0.001* 0.001*
NS * NS S S
S
Attitude 0.93 0.27 3.77 0.53 1.99
towards Career 0.352 0.787 0.001* 0.599 0.047*
Choice NS NS S NS S
Table 18 shows the extent to of respondents’ characteristics contributes
to explaining the factors affecting students’ career choice in terms of influence.
Overall, results reveal that the respondents’ family monthly income, parent’s
highest educational attainment, parent’s civil status, and attitude towards career
choice showed a significant extent on the factors affecting students’ career
choice in terms of influence as indicated by the T-value and probability value
less than 0.05 alpha level which led to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This
implies that the respondents’ family monthly income, parents’ highest
educational attainment, parents’ civil status, and attitude towards career choice
can explain their level of perception of the factors affecting students’ career
choice in terms of influence.
Parents have a responsibility to play in training their children for future
careers, not by putting their desires on them, but by encouraging a sense of
understanding in their children so that they can choose professional choices
based on their preferences. As a result, parents must assist their children in
learning how to choose a profession and offer information on various careers
and their value in their future options. For low socioeconomic level first-
generation students, parental expectations are thought to be a possible predictor
of college completion. Children benefit from many sorts of parental concerns.
Parents’ socio-demographic factors as determinants of career choice conflict
among senior secondary school students' parents' type of education significantly
influence the mean response of students’ career choice conflict between
students.
Some parents may have a low level of education to make informed
decisions about their children's future careers. Other school stakeholders, such
as teachers, are needed to augment the involvement of such parents in their
children's career choices. Teachers are no longer merely teaching experts,
however, who provide academic support to students. Instead, they are seen as
“natural mentors,” and parental involvement always takes place according to
Bartolome, et al. (2017) discussed in their research.
Because some parents did not achieve complete academic achievements
in their younger days hence when it comes to their children they desire a good
career for their children that is why they ask the assistance from the teacher, the
guidance counselor, or other professionals to guide their children in the career
choice they need to have to achieve the dream of their children to have a stable
and good job in the future. Teacher support may also be viewed via the lens of
social support, which is focused on social relationships and close interpersonal
interactions between students and teachers, concerning career development.
This type of assistance can help with not only achieving certain objectives, but
also with resolving personal issues, improving overall well-being, feeling safe,
and maintaining excellent mental health.
Therefore, in career choice readiness, teachers have a role to work in
partnership with parents in making clear and significant decisions for future
career choices. This can be made possible only when teachers embrace their role
as guides in addition to teaching. The teacher has an impact in assisting the
student to decide on choosing a career aligned with their interest.
Dangoy, and Madrigal, (2020) revealed that there when there were
significant variations in career preferences they were divided into groups
according to their sex, age, and parental influence. In addition, socioeconomic
status played a role decision to pursue a tertiary education by participants.
Hence, it is indeed clearly stated that parents are influential in the decision
among the high school students in choosing the career they need to pursue after
high school graduation.
Moreover, the respondents’ sex and parent’s occupation showed a
significant extent on the factors affecting students’ career choice in terms of

influence based on community as indicated by the T-value and probability value
less than 0.05 alpha level which led to the rejection of the null hypothesis. This
implies that the respondents’ sex and parents’ occupation can explain their level
of perception of the factors affecting students’ career choices in terms of
influence based on community.
Education is a significant means in the struggle against poverty. It is
obtained not only through the formal school system but also through the
community. The community is the equivalent of a large school. The student is at
the same time learner, teacher, parent, and member of the community. The
community provides ideas and opportunities for the students to experience the
real world of work. When schools actively engage with the community resources,
they are better able to provide for the educational needs of the students and it is
recommended that schools, parents, and the community should work together to
promote the well-being and learning of all students. When schools actively
involve parents and engage community resources, they can respond more
effectively to the needs of students.
Community exposure provides opportunities to allow students to have
experiences, knowledge, and decision. There are so many factors that greatly
influence career choices in the social context of family and community making
that will allow them to discover and prepare for their futures.
Financial outcomes, future work chances, social and print media, industrial
mentors, personal dynamics, topic selection, and grades achieved as drivers of a
career choice. Wherein the students in the high school had always in mind when
choosing a career for their future job opportunities after graduation. Social media
has provided some ideas on the kind of career these high school students need
to ponder and consider choosing as their career.
As discussed by Mann and Huddleston (2016) that due to growing
complexity and competition in the labor market, all persons are affected by a
variety of work-related concerns in the current economic age, which might be
referred to as the "economic globalization era" as a result, many individuals,
particularly the youth, face serious challenges as they transition from school to
the world of work. That is why the young adult of today must be certain in their
career choices as well as well-equipped knowledge and skills to meet the
demand of the workplace.
In a study by Nachmias and Walmsley (2015) the changing nature of
career decisions has grown challenging in the environment of the changing labor
market, globalization, and socialization, which has provided a significant
challenge for individuals to discuss as they approach the labor market, according
to the report. Such factors are more essential today than ever before because
information technology has transformed the world into a global community,
allowing people to pursue occupations as long as they have the necessary skills
and proficiency.
5. Based on the findings of the study, what Three Year Career Guidance
Development Plan can be developed?
Introduction
Career Development Plan is to assist students in achieving their goals. In
doing so, schools also increase the likelihood of training students, because
students recognize that teachers and parents have helped students achieve their
career goals within the school and the community.
The Career Development Plan also helps students set realistic
opportunities for career goals by suggesting time frames for certain milestones
to happen (like colleges courses) and identifying areas that students need to
develop before becoming eligible for their next join universities to attain the
college degree students’ desires. Note, too, that Career Development Plans are
just planned; they do not represent career commitments to the students nor the
family and the community.
The importance of getting a career development plan is essential for every
high graduate student to avoid misfits in career choices, skills, and interests
among the student. By setting goals, and understanding how one will reach them,
the course for success with a career development plan should be set for the
students through the assistance of a School Guidance Counselor or a Career
Counselor in schools.
Objectives
The objectives in this given development plan are as follows:
1. To develop good decision-making skills among senior high school in choosing
the right career that is fitted to their personality, knowledge, skills, and interest.
2. To identify the factors influencing your career development programs for
successful career choices.

3. To provide clear information for self-development towards choosing an
appropriate career that fits the ability and capacity to cope with various
challenges in choosing a career.

Three-Year Development Plan on: Career Guidance Program
Introduction
Career development has become part of the activity of the Guidance program
in the Department of Education. The career development program provides
students as well as guidance counselors, guidance designates, teachers as
well as parents with helpful assistance with career decisions. Guidance
Counselors or Guidance Designates or teachers get an opportunity to assess
the students' skills and competencies. Students will then know their goals and
future goals. It helps them give a direction so that they can focus on achieving
their long-term 5career goals.
State the results/findings of the study.
Based on the preceding findings, this 3-year Development Plan is

hereby proposed. It aims to:
a) Identify the basis for choosing a profession and discuss its personal
experiences in choosing a profession with the guidance counselor or teacher
and support of parents or significant others.
b) Find the different lifelong skills that respond to the varying nature of work.
c) Plan ways on how to decide consistency in their values to successfully
achieve their career and life goals such financial awareness
d) Evaluate the role of chosen people with the preferred career.
.
Three-Year Development Plan
Key Results
Year 1
Areas (KRAs)
Activity Person Involved Timeline

Career Orientation Activities
provided by various  School Principal
government and private  School Heads
agencies such as :
 School Registered
partnership with the Guidance
Department of Labor and Counselors
Industry on the Orientation on
various jobs available in the
 Guidance
Philippines and outside the Designates
country by using the:
 Classroom Teachers
1. Career Guidance Coaching
Module design by the DOLE.
 Parents
2. Employment Readiness
Guide
using this link for the materials
that parents and teachers can
use:
Career Choice on http://www.ble.dole.gov.ph/in
Interest  Community
Every October of the
dex.php/programs- Stakeholders School Year
in terms of
Knowledge projects/career-guidance-
advocacy-program
 Students
2. Orientation on the Labor
Advisory under Labor Advisory
08 s. 2016 entitled:
Protection of Senior High
School Student on K-12 Work
Immersion Program
3. Assessment for Career

Choices and Exit Survey will
be prepared for Survey as to
gather data in the current and
succeeding years.
4. Seminars/Webinars – A
social gathering which can be
done physically and virtually,
where matters concerning
career choices and other
aforementioned areas of the
person are discussed and
covered.
1.Implementation of the use of
the Career Guidance Modules  School Principal
for the Senior High School as
 School Heads
basis for Assessment and
Orientation on Job Security and  School Registered
Understanding Ethics in the Guidance
Workplace. Counselors
 Guidance
2. Group “Kumustahan” – Designates
Career Choice on Students can avail themselves
Interest of the counseling services in First and Second
 Classroom Teachers Semester of the
in terms of Future groups and have a session School Year
Work with the Guidance Counselor
together.  Students
3. Appointed routine –
Students in groups of five or
six may set an appointment
with the Guidance Counselor
in their most comfortable time
during school hours.
1.Using the various learning
materials available in the  School Principal
school on values information
 School Heads
hence strengthening
personality development  School Registered
across the curriculum. Guidance
Counselors
 Guidance
2. Training and Coaching on
Designates
various personality
development enhancement
skills training such
communication skills,
personal presentation skills  Students
used for job application, First Semester
Career Choice on of the School Year
personal hygiene and
Interest
in terms of character development.
Personality
Using the different Learning
Modules on Personality
Development as part of the
subject in the Senior High
School will be utilized.
English, MAPEH and

Educational Technology
Teacher provides lessons and
demonstrations to the learning
regarding basic and important
skills need for life skills and
employment preparations.
2. Implementation of Career
Month for Career Awareness
Activities
 Inviting Various Every April of the

Month
Colleges and
Universities for Career
Talks
 Invitation of Various
Business and Private
Institutions
 Public Employment
Service Office in
various localities will
be invited for Career
Awareness to
Graduating Senior
High School Students
Year 2
Key Results
Areas (KRAs)
1. Career Day activities  School Principal

Guidance Counselor and  School Heads
Career Choice on Designated invite guests to
Interest  School Registered
share their career experiences
in terms of Guidance
Knowledge with their students on career Counselors
days. Visitors, usually parents
or community members, can
 Guidance
present in front of the class
Designates
and encourage resource First and Second
persons to make it more Semester of the
 Classroom Teachers School Year
interactive.
2. ABC careers activity  Parents

Ask the students to come up
with a career and skills that  Community
start with each letter of the Stakeholders
alphabet. Then have them
mark the skills they have and
 Students
why those are important.
1.Job interview role play
activity
Career Choice on Pair up students-
Interest
in terms of Future
Work Have them interview one
another for jobs. The
teacher/guidance
counselor/designated can
supply them with a list of
generic questions about their
skills, strengths and
weaknesses and background Guidance
to encourage them to consider Counselors
how these attributes relate to
specific careers. First and Second
 Guidance Semester of the
Designates School Year
2. Display poster
Have each student do in-depth
research about a career,
identifying the skills, education
and the career path you could
take.
3. Youth job fair trip

Visit a career fair where the
students can speak to
employers first hand and ask
questions about different
occupations.
1. Interest & Preference  School Registered

Questionnaires- These Guidance
questionnaires help students Counselors
collect their thoughts and First and Second
place them on paper.  Guidance Semester of the
Career Choice on
Designates School Year
Interest
in terms of 2. Aptitude Surveys- aptitude
Personality surveys let them discover the  Classroom Teachers
skills they want to (or should)
learn for the future.
3. Informed Choice-Career
Decision Making
After learning a little more
about the career groups and
possible careers that you
might be interested in
exploring, take another career
interest inventory. Now
develop career plan and create
the pathway to get there.
Three-Year Development Plan
Key Results Year 3

Areas (KRAs)

Income and Paycheck  School Registered
Management: Discussing Guidance
how to not only manage a Counselors
Career Choice on
paycheck from a real-job, but First and Second
Interest
also how to manage their  Guidance Semester of the
in terms of School Year
career so that their income Designates
Knowledge
more than matches current
cost of living needs.  Classroom Teachers
 Financial Management
Agencies as resource  Stakeholders
persons
 Students
Career Choice on  School Registered

Interest Understanding How to Get Guidance First and Second
Semester of the
in terms of Future Hired: Things like interviews, Counselors School Year
Work creating a resume, job
searches, etc. are critical for  Guidance
students to know how to do. Designates
 Students
Self image Guidance
The purpose of this activity is Counselors
to help students learn to First and Second
Career Choice on describe the characteristics of Semester of the
 Guidance School Year
Interest others and identify their own.
Designates
in terms of
Personality Career management
competencies  Classroom Teachers
• Build and maintain a positive
self-concept  Students
• Interact positively and
effectively with others
Prepared by:
Juvy T.Importante RGC
Chapter 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
This chapter presents summary, findings, conclusions and
recommendation factors affecting students' career choices: A Three-year
Career Guidance.
Many factors can influence come into play when senior students’ choice
of career path. The purpose of this research is to determine the various factors
that affect career choices among the Senior High School students of the Division
of Cagayan de Oro City as the bases for the Three-Year Career Development Plan.
This study aimed to explore the concept of factors affecting students’ career
choices which it explored having the condition hence, the variable such as the
characteristics of the respondents in terms of sex, family monthly income,
parent’s occupations, parent’s highest educational attainment, parent’s civil
status as well as the attitude of learners in choosing a career such that the other
variable will be the factors in career choices such as interest, influences. The
research of this given study was conducted in Cagayan de Oro City among the
selected public schools offering Senior High School. This involves the 280
learners for the School Year 2020-2021. The questionnaire used was designed by
the researcher to contextualize the identification of the given variables being
studied in this paper. A descriptive research design can use a wide variety of
research methods to investigate one or more variables. The items of the
instrument have been tested for validity and reliability. The researchers also
consulted with four registered career counselors in the City of Cagayan de Oro,
who are currently employed at private universities and high schools. Mean and
standard deviations such as the F test and T-test were used to determine factors
affecting career choices on interest, and influence.
The study revealed the following salient findings:
Highest
Characteristics Category Percentage
Frequency
Sex Female 145 52.00
Family Income PhP 11,000-15,999 78 27.86
Parents Occupation
Father Salesman/Saleswoman 37 22.70
Mother OFW/Dressmaker 20 17.09
Parent’s Highest
Educational
Attainment
Father High School Level 30 21.58
Mother High School Level 35 24.82
Parent’s Civil Status Married 145 51.59
1. The distribution of findings in terms of:
Distribution of Respondents’ Attitude Towards Carrier Choice
Indicator Highest Mean Description
I am confident that I have a clear

direction on my career choice after 3.40 Almost True
graduation from High School.
B.
Lowest
Characteristics Category Percentage
Frequency
Sex Male 135 48.00

Family Income PhP 21,000-25,999 28 10.00
Parents Occupation
Father Engineer 5 3.07

Teacher/Instructor
Mother Soldier 2 1.71
Parent’s Highest
Educational
Attainment
Father Doctorate Degree 1 0.72

Masters Degree
Mother Doctorate Degree 1 0.71
Parent’s Civil Status Widow 20 7.14
Distribution of Respondents’ Attitude Towards Carrier Choice
Indicator
Lowest Mean Description
I am positive that I am moving 2.83 Usually True

toward a well-defined career
choice.
2. The factors affecting the respondent’s career choice considering the
following:
Factors
Interest Mean Description

Affecting Student Career Choice on Interest
Knowledge 2.99 Some of the Time

Future Work 2.49 Seldom
Personality 3.05 Some of the Time
Socio-Economic Condition 2.81 Some of the Time
Factors Affecting Influence in Career Choice
School 2.60 Some of the Time

Peers 2.68 Some of the Time
Family 2.61 Some of the Time
Influence Mean Description
Factors in the Career Choice Considering Interest and Influence
Indicator Overall Mean Description
Influence and Interest 2.75 Some of the Time
3. The significant difference between the factors affecting student’s career

choice when grouped according to:
Comparison of Factors Affecting Students’ Career Choice in Terms of Interest

Overall
Characteristics F value P Value Interpretation

Sex 7.87 0.005 Not Significant
Family Monthly Income 6.35 0.045 Significant
Parents’ Occupation 2.55 0.004 Significant
Parents’ Highest Educational
7.18 0.001 Significant
Attainment
Parents’ Civil Status 1.10 0.352 Not Significant
Attitude towards Career 1.01 0.453 Not Significant
Choice
Factors Affecting Students’ Career Choice in Terms of Influence When Grouped

According to their Profile
Overall
Characteristics F value P Value Interpretation

Sex 4.03 0.046 Significant
Parents’ Occupation 7.37 0.001 Significant
Attainment
Parents’ Civil Status 7.56 0.002 Significant
Attitude towards Career 0.90 0.587 Not Significant
Choice
4. The following characteristics of the respondents contribute to explain the
factors affecting students’ career choices.
Characteristics Contribute to Explain the Factors Affecting Students’ Career

Choice in Terms of Interest
Overall
Characteristics T value P Value Interpretation

Sex 6.15 0.001 Significant
Family Monthly Income 0.11 0.915 Not Significant
Parents’ Occupation 1.51 0.133 Not Significant
0.03 0.976 Not Significant
Attainment
Attitude towards Career 3.12 0.002 Significant
Choice
Characteristics Contribute to Explain the Factors Affecting Students’ Career

Choice in Terms of Influence
Overall
Characteristics T value P Value Interpretation

Sex 0.60 0.552 Not Significant
Parents’ Occupation 1.76 0.080 Not Significant
Attainment
Attitude towards Career 1.99 0.047 Significant

Choice
Conclusion
Throughout the investigation, the following discoveries were made:
1. Most of the respondents were female, having the highest number over the
male respondents. In terms of family income, most of the families had an
income of PhP 11,000.00- PhP 15,999.00. The parents’ occupation was being a
salesman rated the highest for fathers’ occupation and most of the mothers are
Overseas Filipino Workers. Data revealed that parents’ educational attainment of
the father respondents was high school level the same as mothers. Most of the
parent's civil status was indicated as married. Attitudes towards carrier choice
indicated that respondents approve that the attitude towards career choice
matters for its future which indicated as usually true. No parents want to leave
their children behind but due to some economic difficulties, some men and
women opted to work outside to country to provide sufficient support to the
family especially food, clothing, and shelter. It has been known today that many
men and women were not able to finish high school due to a variety of reasons
as well and it is evident in this present study.
2. On the respondent's factors affecting the respondent’s career choice
considering interest and influence results reveal that in all indicators of the
learner-related factors, responded as usually true on the factors to consider
interest, and influence knowledge; future work; personality; and socio-economic
condition school, peers and family were most have been observed. Many issues
in the past changed the career field for men and women. Over the last few
decades, careers have changed for both women and men. Today is work more
diverse and more work is shifting from one area to another and the economy has
changed. It is indeed very crucial to study further the factors that affect career
choices among senior high school students.
3. The comparison of factors affecting students’ career choices in terms of
interest when grouped according to their profile results show that factors
affecting students’ career choices in terms of interest were significantly different
when grouped according to the respondents’ sex, family monthly income,
parent’s occupation, and parent’s highest educational attainment as indicated

which led to the rejection of the null hypothesis. The following factors presented
are not the only reasons why students choose a certain career. This is due to
other influences such as the peers, the knowledge learned in the classroom, and
the student's skills and talents are some of the reasons why students opted to
choose the career they have for future endeavors.
4. Findings uncover that the respondents’ sex, parents’ civil status, and attitude
towards career choice showed a significant extent on their perception of the
factors affecting students’ career choice in terms of interest which led to the
rejection of the null hypothesis. Students of today are well influenced by the
mass media, the kind of friends they have, or the exposure they had while
learning in school which encourages them to pursue their chosen careers.
Recommendation
Based on the findings and the significance of the study, the following
recommendations are formulated.
1. Factors affecting student career choice on interest in terms of
knowledge, future work, and personality showed the lowest mean hence it is
described as seldom. It is believed that every individual is endowed with a unique
personality crucial to the development of skills, abilities, self-motivation, and
perseverance in learning. Incorporating the values formation in every subject in
school. Understanding one’s personality will not only be limited to the subject
such Araling Panlipunan or Personality Development but rather it should be
taught across the curriculum. That is why the school should have parenting
activities that discuss the various topics on knowledge, skills, and careers
available as well as in demand in the present time. Parenting seminars, financial
management, and career awareness are important to be provided to all parents
in school. Career talk is now provided to parents not limited to students only.
2. Factors affecting students’ career choices in terms of influence when grouped
according to their profile to sex, parent’s civil status, and attitude towards career
choices are not significant. It presents that the given factors mentioned do not
have any influence on the decision of choosing a career after graduation.
3. Factors affecting students’ career choices in terms of interest showed that
family income, parent’s occupation, and parent’s educational attainment were not
significant to the career choices among the respondents. While in terms of
factors affecting students’ career choices in terms of influence, it showed that
sex and parent’s occupation are not significant. It is very clear that influence in
the decision of choosing a career among students is not dependent on the kind
of occupation has or may they are male or female which sex does not influence
the decision.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Blaß, Klauss., & Himmelrath, Armin. Vocational schools on the sidelines: How we
can save our vocational training Edition Körber. (2016).
Buchanan, Ann., & Rotkirch, Anna. (Eds.) Grandfathers: Global perspectives.
London: Palgrave Macmillan.(2016)
Creswell,John.W.,&Creswell,J.David.Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative,
and Mixed Methods Approaches, 5th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Google Books (2018)
Schultz, Duane P., & Schultz, Sydney Ellen. Psychology and Work Today: Pearson
New International Edition Course Smart eTextbook. Routledge.(2015)
Shuell, Thomas. Teaching and Learning in a Classroom Context: Handbook of
Educational Psychology. New York: Macmillan(2016).
Walker, John R J. E. Supervision in the Hospitality Industry, USA Nickson, D.
(2013). Human Resource Management for Hospitality, Tourism and Events.
Golembiewski, R.T. (2010). Handbook of Organizational Behavior, Second
Edition. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc.(2016)
Yeşilyaprak, Binnur. Vocational Guidance and Career Counseling. Ankara:
Pegem Academy.(2019)
Journals/Periodicals
Abarro Juan O. Factors Affecting Career Track and Strand Choices of Grade
9 Students in the Division of Antipolo and Rizal, Philippines. International
Journal of Scientific and Research Publications 6(6):51-53. (2016).
Aguado Carlos, Laguador Jake. Deligero Joseph Cezar. Factors Affecting the
Choice of School and Students’ Level of Interest. Asian Social
Science 11:231- 239(2015).
Bartolome, Melissa T., Mamat,Nordin & Masnan, Abdul HalimInternational

Journal of Early Childhood Education Care Vol.6 ISSN 2289-3156 /eISSN 2550-
1763 (41-50) (2017)
Braza, Maria Ramona S.& Guillo, Romeo.M. Social-Demographic characteristics

and career choices of private secondary school students. Asia Pacific
Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 3(4):78-84.(2015)
Cabanias, Juanito. O. Why Does Choice Matter?. European Journal of Education

and Pedagogy, 2(3), 21-37. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejedu.2021.2 .3.88(2021).
Dagang, Anthony Ly B. & de Mesa, Carmencita D. Factors Influencing Choice of
a Business School in a City of Southern Philippines. Research Journal of
Social Sciences, 10(2), 1-7. Retrieved from
http://www.aensiweb.com/RJSS/(2017).
Dangoy, Julde E., & Madrigal, Dennis V. Career Preferences and Factors
Influencing the Career Choice of Senior High Students of a Catholic School.
Philippine Social Science Journal, 3(2), 95-96.
https://doi.org/10.52006/main.v3i2.235(2020)
Ouano, JV Jane. G., Torre, John Fritz De La., Japitan, Wenaly. I.,& Moneva, Jerald.
C. Factors influencing on grade 12 students’ chosen courses in Jagobiao
National High School–senior high school department. International
Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, 9(1), 421-
431.http://dx.doi.org/10.29322/IJSRP.9.0 1.2019.p8555 (2019)
Silvino. B. Lupas Jr. and Elizabeth. N. Farin. “Factors Influencing Career Choices
Among High School Students in Zambales, Philippines”, IJRESM, vol. 4, no. 10,
pp. 141–146,.(2021)
Stack, Rebecca. J., Meredith, Alex. The Impact of Financial Hardship on Single
Parents: An Exploration of the Journey From Social Distress to Seeking Help.
Journal of Family and Economic Issues, 39, 233-242.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10834-017-9551-6(2018)
Thesis and Dissertation
Published
Lupas,Silvino B. Jr. and Farin Elizabeth N. Factors Influencing Career Choices

Among High School Students in Zambales, Philippines International Journal
of Research in Engineering, Science and Management Volume 4, Issue 10,
October 2021https://www.ijresm.com | ISSN (Online): 2581-5792(2021)
Manapsal, Dr. Josephine P. Factors of Undecidability in Career Choices of Grade

11 General Academic Track Students. Basis for Career Decision- Making
Program, Munich, GRIN Verlag,
https://www.grin.com/document/455104McKay, D. R. (2017). How to Make
a Career Choice When You Are Undecided. New York, USA. (2017)
Mulvihill, John R. An analysis of the practices and perceived roles of
American grandparents among evangelical Christians (Doctoral dissertation).
Retrieved from Boyce Digital Library(May, 2016).
Unpublished
Alphonse, Mwaa Mutinda Parental Factors Influencing Career Choice

among High School Students (unpublished) (2016)
Catid,Melende B. Related Issues on technical Vocational Livelihood Tace: Basis
for an Implementation Plan COC GRAD DIS 0901 1499 (2016)
Domato,Sittie Naomie A. Studnets’ Occupational Aspiration: A Comprehensive
Plan COC GRAD DIS 0824.D666 (2017)
Penedilla, Jayson S., & Rosaldo, L. B. Factors affecting career preferences
among senior high school students in Tacloban City. Unpublished
Undergraduate Thesis). Eastern Visayas State University, Tacloban City.
https://www.academia.edu/34876760/FAC(2017)
Tolentino, Maria Teresa T. Status of Secondary Schools for the Implementation
of the K to 12 Senior High School Curriculum in the Division of Misamis
Oriental: Basis for Academic Track Development Program COC GRAD DIS 0803
T649 (2015)
Tuquib-Arancon,Rodelia. Information Skills Assessment for Senior High School
Students: Basis for a Library Literacy Kit COC GRAD DIS 1604 T675 (2019)
Virador, Florencio Acapulco Jr. Leadership Style and Supervisory Practices of
School Heads: Their Impact on Teachers Results Based Performance
(RPMS) COC GRAD DIS 0827 V813 (2016)
DepEd Orders
DO 41, s. 2015 Senior High School Career Guidance Program and Early
Registration
DO 30, S. 2017 – GUIDELINES FOR WORK IMMERSION
DM-OUCI-2021-00 15
Documents
Mary Del A. Jasa and Mary Ann Corpuz. Labor Mismatch in the Philippines
(2013, February)
Philippine Statistics Authority. (2015). 2013 Functional Literacy, Education, and
Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS): Final report. Manila: Philippine Statistics
Authority.
Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA). 2015a. 2015 Family Income andExpenditure

Survey. Quezon City, Philippines: PSA.———. 2015b. Labor Force Survey.
Quezon City, Philippines: PSA.———. 2017. 2017 Family Income and
Expenditure Survey.Quezon City, Philippines: PSA.
Philippine Development Plan (PDP) 2017-2022.https://pdp.neda.gov.ph/

Republic Act 11206 Secondary School Career Guidance and Counseling Act.
Other Sources
Abueva, Arni. Why Does the Philippines Need the K-12 Education System?
Retrieved from https: //soapboxie.com/social-issues/ The-Implementation-
o-the-K-12-Program-in-the-Philippine-Basic-Education-Curriculum (2019)
De Guzman, Sofia. Education Our Youth. The Philippine Star.
https://www.philstar.com/opinion/2015/10/04/1507199/educating-our-
youth#y1QWTyv4uH5lKt3D.99 (2015)
Ginevra, Maria Cristina., Nota, Lora., & Ferrari, Lea. Parental Support of
Adolescents’ Career Development: Parents’ and Children’s Perceptions. The
Career Development Quarterly, 63, 2-15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-
0045.2015.00091.x(2015).
Govph. The K to 12 Basic Education Program. April 14,
2017.http://www.gov.ph/k-12/(2017)
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). Ambisyon 2040: A long

term vision for the Philippines. Pasig City, Philippines: NEDA.
http://2040.neda.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/A-Long-Term- Vision
-for -the-Philippines.pdf (accessed on August 10, 2018). (2015).
Ordine Patrizia, & Rose, Giuseppe . Too Many Graduates? A Matching Theory of
Educational Mismatch, Vol. 11(Issue 4). Retrieved from
https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/694455?journalCode=j
hc(2017).
Pinto, Luiz Fernando Silva dos Santos,& Denver Carlos. Motivations of
Crowdsourcing Contributors. Innovation and Management Review,15
(1),5872.http://0s102jenc.y.https.www.emerald.com.mec.proxy.deepknowl
edge.i o/insight/content/doi/10.1108/INMR-02-2018
004/full/html#sec002(2018).
San Juan, Epifanio. Overseas Filipino Workers: The Making of an Asian-Pacific

Diaspora. The Global South, 3, 99-129.
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/gso.2009.3.2.99
https://doi.org/10.2979/gso.2009.3.2.99(2016)
Rafanan, Renzo Jay L& De Guzman, Clarisse Yimyr. Pursuing Stem Careers:
Perspectives of Senior High School Students. Participatory Educational
Research, 7(3), 38-58.http://dx.doi.org/10.17275/per.20.34.7.3(2020).
Terr, David. "Weighted Mean." From MathWorld--A Wolfram Web Resource,
created by Eric W. Weisstein.
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/WeightedMean.html (2019)
Workplace Gender Equality Agency. Higher Education and Labour Market

Statistics. https:// www.wgea.gov.au/sites/default/files/graduate-labour-
market-statistics.pdf(2018).
Internet Website
https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/31194/gender-equality-labor
-market-philippines.pdf Retrieved on January 2022
https://datacenter.kidscount.org/ Retrieved on March 17, 2022
https://www.depedmalaybalay.net/articles/the-challenging-roles-of-a-school-
principal.html Retrieved on November 7, 2021
https://deped-lallonhs.com/senior-high-school-tracks-and-strand Retrieved on
December 12, 2021
https://www.ifad.org/en/web/operations/-/project/1100001547 Retrieved on
March 12,2022
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/t-test.asp Retrieved on March 17, 2022
https://www.mbaskool.com/business-concepts/human-resources-hr-
terms/4399-knowledge-skills-and-abilities-ksas.html Retrieved on September
12,2021
https://pidswebs.pids.gov.ph/CDN/PUBLICATIONS/pidsdps2022.pdf Retrieved
on February 26, 2022
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/downloads/2019/02feb/20190214-RA-11206
-RRD.pdf Retrieved on March 22, 2022
https://www.profilesasiapacific.com/2020/05/26/career-guidance-assessments
-philippines/ Retrieved on March 22, 2022
https://www.scribbr.com/author/shona/ Retrieved on March 17, 2022
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/hypothesis-
testing/standardized-test-statistic/ Retrieved on March 17, 2022
https://zety.com/blog/hobbies-and-interests-on-a-
resume#:~:text=Interests%20are%20subjects%20that%20fascinate%20you%20a
nd%20want,history%2C%20going%20to%20museums%20would%20be%20your%
20hobby. Retrieved on September 12,2021
QUESTIONNAIRE
Part I. Respondents Characteristics
Instruction: Please fill up the spaces provided in the given questionnaire by

putting a checkmark.
Sex : ______Male _____Female
Family Monthly Income:
_____Php 26, 000.00 and above
_____Php 21,000.00 – Php 25,999.00
_____ Php 16,000.00 – Php 20,999.00
_____Php 11,000.00 – Php 15,999.00
_____Php 6,000.00 – Php 10,999.00
_____Php 5,000.00 and below
Others Please Specify:_____________________________

Parent’s Occupation
Father Mother
Businessman/Businesswoman
Engineer
Farmer
Nurse
Overseas Filipino Worker (OFW)
Policeman/Policewoman
Salesman/Saleswoman
Soldier
Teacher/Instructor
Others please specify:_____________________________
Parent’s Educational Attainment

Father Mother
___________ Doctorate Degree __________
___________ With Units in Doctorate Degree __________
___________ Master’s Degree __________
___________ With Units in Master’s Degree __________
___________ College Graduate __________
___________ College Level __________
___________ High School Graduate __________
___________ High School Level __________
___________ Elementary Graduate __________
___________ Elementary Level __________
Parents Civil Status
_____Married _____Widow ______Separated
_____Parents are not Legally Married

Attitude towards Career Choice
Instruction: Please encircle the number that corresponds to your choice.
4- Almost True 3 – Usually True 2- Occasionally True 1- Usually Not True
1. I am confident that I have a clear direction on

my career choice after graduation from High 4 3 2 1
School.
2. I want to plan a career that is aligned with my 4 3 2 1
ambition.
3. I enjoy organizing my thoughts to be certain 4 3 2 1
of the decision in choosing my career.
4. I am positive that I am moving toward a well- 4 3 2 1
defined career choice.
5. I am happy to be able to understand the 4 3 2 1
importance of choosing a career.
6. I consider career choices relevant and 4 3 2 1
interesting .
7. I feel that my goal as a career choice is 4 3 2 1
realistic and achievable.
8. I believe my career choice has prepared me 4 3 2 1
to face challenges ahead.
9. I understand that career choice is useful to 4 3 2 1
me.
10. I am happy and satisfied with my career 4 3 2 1
choice.
Part II. Factors Affecting Student Career Choice through Interest
Instructions: Please encircle the corresponding number of your response.
4- Most of the Time 3 – Some of the Time 2- Seldom 1- Never
A. Knowledge
Indicators 4 3 2 1
1. I can grasp different concepts necessary to
4 3 2 1
the career I will be choosing.
2. I can comprehend every instruction given to
4 3 2 1
me by my superior at work.
3. I easily understand concepts when it comes
4 3 2 1
to the task given to me.
4. I have full awareness to what are the things I
need to consider when I am given a task in my 4 3 2 1
workplace.
5. I can easily remember the different
instructions given to me by my superior in the 4 3 2 1
workplace.
B. Future Work
Indicators 4 3 2 1
1. The work environment in the industry I have
4 3 2 1
worked with is very safe for the employees.
2. work ethics in the workplace is important to
4 3 2 1
me.
3. All the personnel and technical employees 4 3 2 1
are well trained.
4. The office that provides skills development
and balances with interpersonal relationships 4 3 2 1
among coworkers.
5. The employers and employees are very 4 3 2 1
respectful to all the personnel in the company.
C. Personality
Indicators 4 3 2 1
1. I like to work with a team. 4 3 2 1
2. Additional incentives that will be provided by
4 3 2 1
the employer will influence my career decision.
3. I like to work on plenty of challenges that 4 3 2 1
help me think and become innovative.
4. I can work under pressure and I find it
satisfying to know I am trusted with the given 4 3 2 1
task.
5. I am more productive if I work independently. 4 3 2 1
D. Socio-Economic Condition
Indicators 4 3 2 1
1. Good prospects for a higher starting salary
4 3 2 1
once hired in the job.
2. The financial security I would have is clear in
4 3 2 1
the future
3. The income is very sufficient for our needs 4 3 2 1
someday when I land a job.
4. The financial incentives I will receive are 4 3 2 1
enough for me.
5. Additional incentives that will be provided by
the employer will influence my career 4 3 2 1
decisions.
Part III. Factors Affecting Student Through Career Choices Through
Influence
4- Most of the Time 3 – Some of the Time 2- Seldom 1- Never
A. School
Indicators 4 3 2 1
1. My subject teacher influence me in my career
4 3 2 1
choice.
2. My homeroom class adviser influence my
4 3 2 1
career choice.
3. Our health optimizing physical education
(HOPE) in senior high school teacher influences 4 3 2 1
my career choice.
4. Our school guidance counselor gave an 4 3 2 1
impact on my career choice.
5. Our school principal is my role model in 4 3 2 1
choosing the career choice I have.
B. Friends/Peers
Indicators 4 3 2 1
1. My friends influence me on my career
4 3 2 1
decision.
2. My best friend and I agreed to become 4 3 2 1
successful teachers someday.
3. My classmates made me choose my chosen 4 3 2 1
career.
4. My groupmate in church influenced my 4 3 2 1
career choice.
5. My neighbors influence my career choice. 4 3 2 1
C. Family
Indicators 4 3 2 1
1. The occupation of my parents determine my
4 3 2 1
career choice.
2. Educational status of my parents influence
4 3 2 1
my career choice.
3. My parents’ attitude influence my career 4 3 2 1
choice.
4. Our family business has a great impact to 4 3 2 1
pursue business-related courses.
5. My grandparent's desire to see me become a
successful professional someday influence the 4 3 2 1
career choice I have.

Share FACTORS - AFFECTING - STUDENTS - CAREER - CHOICE

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Share FACTORS - AFFECTING - STUDENTS - CAREER - CHOICE

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Share FACTORS - AFFECTING - STUDENTS - CAREER - CHOICE

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

FACTORS AFFECTING STUDENTS’ CAREER CHOICE:THREE YEAR CAREER

Career decision-making is unquestionably one of the most difficult and

course or job to uplift their dignity as a person.

sought to identify the characteristics of the respondents as well as the factors

that interest and influence respondents` career choices, considering the

following such as knowledge, socio-economic, future jobs, personality, peers,

schools. A descriptive research design used as the method to investigate one or

more variables. Questionnaires created by the researcher were used and

validated by various registered career advisors employed in private schools.

determine factors affecting career choices on interest, and influence.

Respondent’s career choices considering interest and influence results

reveal that in all indicators of the learner-related factors, responded as usually

personality; and socio-economic condition school, peers, and family. It is

Keywords: students’ career choices, interest, and influence

encounter this success.

The researcher takes this great opportunity to sincerely thank several

the doctorate program to become a reality.

With gratitude goes to its Graduate School Dean,

final phase of the oral defense of this paper;

My sincerest thanks to Cherry Mae L. Reyes PhD.,Schools Division

to conduct her study in the chosen schools in the City;

Ronquillo , Merla R. Mabelin and the BFF ;

this paper possible;

To her supportive friends and unlimited words of encouragement and

upliftment from Ferdinand “Bobby” N. Labitad, Ms. Conception T. Narisma,

Jennyvic T. Roa, Kristine Camille T. Macesar, and Catherine C. Lopez these

her full appreciation to all their time spent for her;

All Be the Glory!

To my daughter Eunice Grace

To my son Corwin Marion

To the Almighty God

To God Be the Glory!

TABLE OF CONTENTS xii

LIST OF TABLES xiv

LIST OF FIGURES xvi

Statement of the Problem 6

Significance of the Study 8

Scope and Limitation of the Study 9

2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Related Literatures and Studies in Foreign Setting 11

Related Literature and Studies in Local Setting 16

Respondents and Sampling Procedure 25

Data Gathering Procedure 26

4 PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA 32

5 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Letter Request to Conduct the Study

B. Letter and Questionnaire to the Respondents

D. Data Analysis Certificate

No. Table Page

1 Distribution of the Respondents’ Sex 32

2 Distribution of Respondents’ Family Income 34

3 Distribution of Respondents’ Parents Occupation 37

4 Distribution of Respondents’ Parents Educational Attainment 42

5 Distribution of Respondents’ Parents Civil Status 45

6 Distribution of Respondents’ Attitude Towards Carrier Choice 48

7 Distribution of Respondents’ Factors Affecting Student

8 Distribution of Respondents’ Factors Affecting Student

9 Distribution of Respondents’ Factors Affecting Student

10 Distribution of Respondents’ Factors Affecting Student