Database Management
Systems
Subject Teacher: Zartasha Baloch
2
Restricting and sorting data
Lecture # 13 & 14
Disclaimer: The material used in this presentation to deliver the lecture i.e., definitions/text and pictures/graphs etc. does
not solely belong to the author/presenter. The presenter has gathered this lecture material from various sources on
web/textbooks. Following sources are especially acknowledged:
1. Connolly, Thomas M., and Carolyn E. Begg. Database systems: a practical approach to design, implementation, and management. Pearson
Education, 2005.
2. Gorman,Tim, Inger Jorgensen, Melanie Caffrey, and Lex deHaan. Beginning Oracle SQL: For Oracle Database 12c.Apress, 2014.
3. Greenberg, Nancy, and Instructor Guide PriyaNathan. "Introduction to Oracle9i: SQL." ORACLE, USA (2001).
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
Limit the rows retrieved by a query
Sort the rows retrieved by a query
Limiting Rows Using a Selection
EMPLOYEES
“retrieve all
employees
in department 90”
Limiting the Rows Selected
Restrict the rows returned by using the WHERE clause.
SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}
FROM table
[WHERE condition(s)];
The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.
Using the WHERE Clause
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE department_id = 90 ;
Character Strings and Dates
Character strings and date values are enclosed in single
quotation marks.
Character values are case sensitive, and date values are
format sensitive.
The default date format is DD-MON-RR.
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id
FROM employees
WHERE last_name = 'Whalen';
Comparison Conditions
Operator Meaning
= Equal to
> Greater than
>= Greater than or equal to
< Less than
<= Less than or equal to
<> Not equal to
Using Comparison Conditions
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary <= 3000;
Other Comparison Conditions
Operator Meaning
BETWEEN Between two values (inclusive),
...AND...
IN(set) Match any of a list of values
LIKE Match a character pattern
IS NULL Is a null value
Using the BETWEEN Condition
Use the BETWEEN condition to display rows based on a range of
values.
SELECT last_name, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500;
Lower limit Upper limit
Using the IN Condition
Use the IN operator to test for values in a list.
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IN (100, 101, 201);
Using the LIKE Condition
Use the LIKE condition to perform wildcard searches of valid
search string values.
Search conditions can contain either literal characters or
numbers:
% denotes zero or many characters.
_ denotes one character.
SELECT first_name
FROM employees
WHERE first_name LIKE 'S%';
Using the LIKE Condition
You can combine pattern-matching characters.
SELECT last_name
FROM employees
WHERE last_name LIKE '_o%';
You can use the ESCAPE identifier to search for the actual %
and _ symbols.
Using the NULL Conditions
Test for nulls with the IS NULL operator.
SELECT last_name, manager_id
FROM employees
WHERE manager_id IS NULL;
Logical Conditions
Operator Meaning
AND Returns TRUE if both component
conditions are true
OR Returns TRUE if either component
condition is true
NOT Returns TRUE if the following
condition is false
Using the AND Operator
AND requires both conditions to be true.
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary >=10000
AND job_id LIKE '%MAN%';
Using the OR Operator
OR requires either conditions to be true.
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE salary >= 10000
OR job_id LIKE '%MAN%';
Using the NOT Operator
SELECT last_name, job_id
FROM employees
WHERE job_id
NOT IN ('IT_PROG', 'ST_CLERK', 'SA_REP');
Rules of Precedence
Order Evaluated Operator
1 Arithmetic operators
2 Concatenation operator
3 Comparison conditions
4 IS [NOT] NULL, LIKE, [NOT] IN
5 [NOT] BETWEEN
6 NOT logical condition
7 AND logical condition
8 OR logical condition
Override rules of precedence by using parentheses.
Rules of Precedence
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP'
OR job_id = 'AD_PRES'
AND salary > 15000;
Rules of Precedence
Use parenthesis to force priority.
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary
FROM employees
WHERE (job_id = 'SA_REP'
OR job_id = 'AD_PRES')
AND salary > 15000;
ORDER BY Clause
Sort rows with the ORDER BY clause
ASC: ascending order, default
DESC: descending order
The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT statement.
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date
FROM employees
ORDER BY hire_date ;
…
Sorting in Descending Order
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date
FROM employees
ORDER BY hire_date DESC ;
…
Sorting by Column Alias
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary*12 annsal
FROM employees
ORDER BY annsal;
…
Sorting by Multiple Columns
The order of ORDER BY list is the order of sort.
SELECT last_name, department_id, salary
FROM employees
ORDER BY department_id, salary DESC;
…
You can sort by a column that is not in the SELECT list.
Summary
In this lesson, you should have learned how to:
• Use the WHERE clause to restrict rows of output
– Use the comparison conditions
– Use the BETWEEN, IN, LIKE, and NULL conditions
– Apply the logical AND, OR, and NOT operators
• Use the ORDER BY clause to sort rows of output
SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] column|expression [alias],...}
FROM table
[WHERE condition(s)]
[ORDER BY {column, expr, alias} [ASC|DESC]];
