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Restricting and Sorting Data
Objectives
After completing this lesson, you should be able to do the following:
Limit the rows retrieved by a query Sort the rows retrieved by a query
Limiting the Rows Selected
Restrict the rows returned by using the WHERE clause.
column|expression [alias],...}
SELECT *|{[DISTINCT] FROM table [WHERE condition(s)];
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The WHERE clause follows the FROM clause.
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Using the WHERE Clause
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, department_id FROM employees WHERE department_id = 90 ;
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Character Strings and Dates
Character strings and date values are enclosed in single quotation marks. values are format sensitive.
Character values are case sensitive, and date The default date format is DD-MON-RR.
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id FROM employees WHERE last_name = 'Whalen';
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Comparison Conditions
Operator = > >= < <= <> Meaning Equal to Greater than Greater than or equal to Less than Less than or equal to Not equal to
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Using Comparison Conditions
SELECT last_name, salary FROM employees WHERE salary <= 3000;
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Other Comparison Conditions
Operator
BETWEEN
Meaning Between two values (inclusive), Match any of a list of values Match a character pattern Is a null value
...AND... IN(set) LIKE IS NULL
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Using the BETWEEN Condition
Use the BETWEEN condition to display rows based on a range of values.
SELECT last_name, salary FROM employees WHERE salary BETWEEN 2500 AND 3500; Lower limit Upper limit
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Using the IN Condition
Use the IN membership condition to test for values in a list.
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary, manager_id FROM employees WHERE manager_id IN (100, 101, 201);
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Using the LIKE Condition
Use the LIKE condition to perform wildcard searches of valid search string values. characters or numbers:
% denotes
Search conditions can contain either literal
zero or many characters. _ denotes one character.
SELECT
FROM WHERE
first_name employees first_name LIKE 'S%';
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Using the LIKE Condition
You can combine pattern-matching characters.
SELECT last_name FROM employees WHERE last_name LIKE '_o%';
You can use the ESCAPE identifier to search for the
actual % and _ symbols.
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Using the NULL Conditions
Test for nulls with the IS NULL operator.
SELECT last_name, manager_id FROM employees WHERE manager_id IS NULL;
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Logical Conditions
Operator
AND OR
Meaning Returns TRUE if both component conditions are true Returns TRUE if either component condition is true Returns TRUE if the following condition is false
NOT
Using the AND Operator
AND requires both conditions to be true.
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary FROM employees WHERE salary >=10000 AND job_id LIKE '%MAN%';
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Using the OR Operator
OR requires either condition to be true.
SELECT employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary FROM employees WHERE salary >= 10000 OR job_id LIKE '%MAN%';
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Using the NOT Operator
SELECT last_name, job_id FROM employees WHERE job_id NOT IN ('IT_PROG', 'ST_CLERK', 'SA_REP');
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Rules of Precedence
Order Evaluated 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Operator Arithmetic operators Concatenation operator Comparison conditions IS [NOT] NULL, LIKE, [NOT] IN [NOT] BETWEEN NOT logical condition AND logical condition OR logical condition
Override rules of precedence by using parentheses.
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Rules of Precedence
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary FROM employees WHERE job_id = 'SA_REP' OR job_id = 'AD_PRES' AND salary > 15000;
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Rules of Precedence
Use parentheses to force priority.
SELECT last_name, job_id, salary FROM employees WHERE (job_id = 'SA_REP' OR job_id = 'AD_PRES') AND salary > 15000;
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ORDER BY Clause
Sort rows with the ORDER BY clause
ASC: ascending order, default DESC: descending order
The ORDER BY clause comes last in the SELECT
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date FROM employees ORDER BY hire_date ;
statement.
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Sorting in Descending Order
SELECT last_name, job_id, department_id, hire_date FROM employees ORDER BY hire_date DESC ;
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Sorting by Column Alias
SELECT employee_id, last_name, salary*12 annsal FROM employees ORDER BY annsal;
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Sorting by Multiple Columns
The order of ORDER BY list is the order of sort.
SELECT last_name, department_id, salary FROM employees ORDER BY department_id, salary DESC;
