Ch2.3-Work Modified

Debre Berhan University
College of Natural and Computational Sciences

Department of physics
General Physics (Phys 1011)

Chapter 2:Work, Energy and Linear Momentum
28 February, 2023
DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 1 / 82
Work and Energy
Work Done by a Constant Force

The meaning of the term work is distinctly different in physics than in
everyday meaning. For work to be done on an object
• Force must be exerted on the object
• The force must cause a motion or displacement
• The force should have a component along the line of displacement
If a particle subjected to a constant force F~ undergoes a certain
displacement, ∆r, the work done W by the force is given by:
~ · ∆~
W =F ~ ||∆~
r = |F r | cos θ
N.B., this relationship applies

only when F is constant in
magnitude and direction.
Work Done by a Constant Force, Cont’d
Example-1
No work is done on a bucket when

it is moved horizontally because the
applied force F is perpendicular to
the displacement.
Example-1
The student does positive work when he
lifts the box from the floor, because the
applied force F is in the same direction
as the displacement. When he lowers the
box to the floor, he does negative work.
No work is done on a bucket when

it is moved horizontally because the
applied force F is perpendicular to
the displacement.
The sign of the work depends on the direction of the force relative to
the displacement.
• Work is positive when projection of F~ onto ∆r is in the same
direction as the displacement.
• Work is negative when the projection is in the opposite direction.
• Work is a scalar quantity
• The SI unit of work is a Joule (J)
Where
1J = 1N m

Example-2
A particle moving in the xy-plane undergoes displacement given by
F~ = (5.0î + 2.0ĵ)N onto ∆~r = (2.0î + 3.0î)m as constant force acts on
the particle. Calculate the work done by F~ on the particle.

Example-2
A particle moving in the xy-plane undergoes displacement given by
F~ = (5.0î + 2.0ĵ)N onto ∆~r = (2.0î + 3.0î)m as constant force acts on
the particle. Calculate the work done by F~ on the particle.
Solution
W = F~ · ∆~r
= [(5.0î + 2.0ĵ)N ] · [(2.0î + 3.0ĵ)m]
= (5.0î · 2.0î + 5.0î · 3.0ĵ + 2.0ĵ · 2.0î + 2.0ĵ · 3.0ĵ)N · m
= [10 + 0 + 0 + 6]N · m
= 16J

Graphical Representation
Consider a constant force F applied on an object and displaces it
through the distance d along the x-axis.
Force (N)
Fcosθ
O
d Distance (m)

Force (N)
Fcosθ Area = (F cos θ)d

= F d cos θ
Area = W ork
O
d Distance (m)

Force (N)
Fcosθ Area = (F cos θ)d

= F d cos θ
Area = W ork
O
d Distance (m)
- Therefore, the area under the force-displacement curve
measures the work done
Example-3
A force acting on a particle varies with x as shown in Figure. Calculate
the work done by the force on the particle as it moves from x = 0 to
x = 6.0 m.

Example-3
A force acting on a particle varies with x as shown in Figure. Calculate
the work done by the force on the particle as it moves from x = 0 to
x = 6.0 m.
• the area of the rectangle:
WA to B = (5.0N )(4.0 m) = 20 J
• the work done by the force is

1
WB to C = (5.0N )(2.0 m) = 5.0 J
2
The work done by the force • total work done:
is equal to the area under the
curve. Wtotal = WA to B + WB to C
Work Done by a Varying Force
Consider a particle being displaced along the x axis under the action of
a force that varies with position.
For a very small displacement ∆x,

Fx is approximately constant.
W ≈ Fx ∆x
The total work done
xf
X
W ≈ Fx ∆x
xi
Work Done by a Varying Force
Consider a particle being displaced along the x axis under the action of
a force that varies with position.
For a very small displacement ∆x, If the size of the small displace-
Fx is approximately constant. ments is allowed to approach zero
W ≈ Fx ∆x xf Z xf
X
The total work done W = lim Fx ∆x = Fx dx
∆x→0 x xi
xf i
X
W ≈ Fx ∆x
xi
Work Done by a Varying Force, Cont’d
Example: Work Done By A Spring

Consider the Mass-spring system where the force applied varies with
position constantly. A block on a horizontal, frictionless surface is
connected to a spring as shown in the figure below.
when x > 0 (stretched
spring), the spring force
is directed to the left
when x = 0 (natural
length of the spring), the
spring force is zero
when x < 0 (compressed

spring), the spring force
is directed to the right
Example: Work Done By A Spring, Cont’d

- Hooke’s law states the restoring force exerted by the spring is
Fs = −kx
• x is the position of the block relative to its equilibrium
• k is the force constant or the spring constant of the spring
• The negative sign implies the force exerted by the spring is
always directed opposite to the displacement from
equilibrium.

Fs
F
s (x
)=
-k
x
xmax
-xmax x

Fs 1
Area = × base × height
2
F 1
s (x = × x × kx
)= 2
kxmax -k
x 1
= kx2
Area 2
xmax
-xmax
Area
x
-kxmax


- work by the spring as the block moves from xi = −xmax to xf = 0
1
Ws = kx2max
2
- Generally, the work done by the spring on the block is
1 1
Ws = kx2i − kx2f
2 2


A particle is acted by the force along x-axis which varies as given in
below graph.
a. Find the work done F(N)
from x=0 to x=5 m
360
b. Find the work done
240
from x=5 to x=10 m
120
c. Find the work done x(m)
from x=10 to x=15 m 0
5 10 15
d. The total work done -120
from x=0 to x=15 m


F(N)
a. the work done from
x=0 to x=5 m 360
240
W1 = Area1 Area2
120
1 Area1 Area3 x(m)
= × 5 × 300 0
2 5 10 15
= 750J
-120
b. the work done from

x=5 to x=10 m c. the work done from x=10 to x=15 m
W2 = Area2 W3 = Area3
= 5 × 300 1
= × 5 × 300
= 1500J 2
DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011)
= 750J
28 February, 2023 21 / 82
Work-Energy theorem
Let a force F is applied on an object initially moving with velocity vi .
If the object is displaced by ∆x, the work done by F~ on the object is
Wnet = F~net ∆x = (ma)∆x
an object undergoes constant acceleration:
v 2 − v2
f i
vf2 = vi2 + 2a∆x or a∆x =
2
Work-Energy theorem, Cont’d
Substituting into the first equation The kinetic energy KE of an

object of mass m moving with a
vf2 − vi2
!
speed v is
Wnet = m
2
1
KE = mv 2
2
Therefore,
Thus, the net work done on an
1 1 object is:
Wnet = mvf2 − mvi2
2 2
Wnet = KEf − KEi = ∆KE
- Work-kinetic energy theorem

“In the case in which work is done on a system and the only
change in the system is in its speed, the work done by the net force
equals the change in kinetic energy of the system.”
Example
A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a horizontal,
frictionless surface by a constant horizontal force of 12 N. Find the
speed of the block after it has moved 3.0 m.

Example
A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right along a horizontal,
frictionless surface by a constant horizontal force of 12 N. Find the
speed of the block after it has moved 3.0 m.
W = F d = (12N )(3.0m) = 36J

W = ∆KE
1
W = mvf2 − 0
2
s s
2W 2(36)
vf = = = 3.5m/s
m 6

Conservative and nonconservative Forces

- Conservative Force (e.g. gravitational force, spring force, etc)
• The work done on a particle moving between any two points
is independent of the path taken by the particle.
• The work done by a conservative force on a particle moving
through any closed path is zero.
- Nonconservative Forces(e.g. frictional force, etc)
• They do path dependent work and thus they cause a change
in the mechanical energy and internal energy of the system.
Thus, the net work is
Wnet = Wc + Wnc
The work-energy theorem
Wc + Wnc = ∆KE
Example
A 40 kg box initially at rest is pushed 5.0 m along a rough horizontal
floor with a constant applied horizontal force of 130 N. If the coefficient
of friction between the box and floor is 0.30, find
a) the work done by the applied force,
b) the energy lost due to friction,
c) the change in kinetic energy of the box, and
d) the final speed of the box.

Solution
a) the work done by the applied force,
W = F d cos θ = (130N )(5.0m) cos 0o = 650J
b) the energy lost due to friction,
ff ric = µmg = (0.30)(40kg)(9.80m/s2 ) = 120N

Wf ric = F d cos θ
= ff ric d cos(1800 )
= (120N )(5.0m)(−1)
= −590J
590J of energy is lost due to friction.

Solution
c) the change in kinetic energy of the box,
the net work done
Wnet = Wc + Wnc = 650J − 590J = 60J
work-kinetic energy theorem
∆KE = Wnet = 60J
d) the final speed of the box.

1 1
∆KE = mvf2 − mvi2 ; vi = 0
2
s 2
2∆KE
vf = = 1.8m/s
m
Example
A 5.00-kg package slides 1.5 m down a long ramp that is inclined at
120 below horizontal. The coefficient of kinetic friction between the
package and the ramp is µk = 0.31. Calculate
a) the work done on the package by
friction
b) the work done on the package by
the gravity
c) the work done by the normal force
d) the total work done on the package
e) If the package had has a speed of
2.20 m/s at the top of the ramp,
what is its speed after sliding 1.5
m down the ramp?

Example
a) the work done on the package by friction
fk = µk mg cos θ
= (0.31)(5.00)(9.8) cos(120 )
= 14.7N
Wf = fk d cos(1800 )
= (14.7)(1.50)(−1)
= −22.3J
b) the work done on the package by the gravity
Fg = mg = (5.00)(9.80) = 49.0N
Wg = F d cos θ = Fg d cos(780 ) = (49.0)(1.50) cos(780 ) = 15.3J
Example
c) the work done by the normal force
Wn = F d cos θ = Fn d cos(900 ) = 0J
d) the total work done on the package
Wnet = Wf + Wg + Wn
= −22.3J + 15.3J + 0J
= −7.0J
e) If the package had has a speed of 2.20 m/s at the top of the ramp,
what is its speed after sliding 1.5 m down the ramp?
From the work-energy theorem,
∆KE = Wnet = −7.0J

Example
1 1
mvf2 − mvi2 = Wnet
2 2
The speed at the end of the ramp
q
vf = vi2 + 2W/m
q
= 2.22 + (2)(−7/5)
= 1.4m/s

Gravitational Potential Energy
- The energy that is stored in an object due to its position relative

to some zero position.
Suppose a book of mass m falls

from a height yi to a height yf ,
Wg = F~ · ∆~r
= (−mg ĵ) · [−(yi − yf )ĵ]
= −mg(yf − yi )
The gravitational PE of a system

consisting of Earth and an object
of mass m near Earth’s surface is
given by
P E = mgh
Conservation of Energy
- Thus, the work done by gravity is the same as the negative of

the change in gravitational potential energy.
Wg = −(P Ef − P Ei )
- Thus, the work-energy theorem
Wnc = (KEf − KEi ) + (P Ef − P Ei )
- For an object falling only under the influence of gravity,

nonconservative forces are absent thus, Wnc = 0. Thus,
KEi + P Ei = KEf + P Ef

- In any isolated system of objects interacting only through

conservative forces, the total mechanical energy,
Emech = KE + P E
- the total mechanical energy of the system is conserved
∆Emech = 0
- An isolated system is one for which there are no energy

transfers across the boundary.
- For the an object of mass m falling in a gravitational field
1 1
mvf2 + mgyf = mvi2 + mgyi
2 2
- Non-isolated system - the system that interacts with its

environment
- On the other hand, in the presence of friction, the change in
mechanical energy is equal to the work done by friction. That
is;
∆Emech = Wf
where Wf is work done by friction

Example
A 3.00-kg crate slides down a ramp. The ramp is 1.00m in length and
inclined at an angle of 30.00 , as shown in the figure below. The crate
starts from rest at the top, experiences a constant friction force of
magnitude 5.00 N, and continues to move a short distance on the
horizontal floor after it leaves the ramp.
Vi = 0
a) Use energy methods to deter-
mine the speed of the crate at
the bottom of the ramp.
d = 1.00m
b) How far does the crate slide on
Vf
the horizontal floor if it con- 0.500m
tinues to experience a friction
force of magnitude 2.00N ? 30.00

Example
a) Use energy methods to determine the speed of the crate at the
bottom of the ramp.
the mechanical energy of system when the crate is at the top
1
Ei = Ki + Ui = mvi2 + mgyi = 0 + mgyi = mgyi
2
the mechanical energy of system when the crate is at the bottom
1 1 1
Ef = Kf + Uf = mvf2 + mgyf = mvf2 + 0 = mvf2
2 2 2
the change in mechanical energy of the system
1
∆E = Ef − Ei = mvf2 − mgyi
2
Example
in the presence of non-conservative force, i.e, friction force, the
change in mechanical energy of the system
∆E = Wf
where Wf is the work done by the friction force which is given by

Wf = F d cos θ = fk d cos(180) = −fk d
Hence, equating the above equations, we get

1
mvf2 − mgyi = −fk d
2
Therefore, the final speed becomes
r
2
vf = (mgyi − fk d) = 2.54m/s
m
Example
b) How far does the crate slide on the horizontal floor if it continues
to experience a friction force of magnitude 2.00N ?
Vi = 0
d=
1.0
0m
0.500m
Vf
30.00

Example
The mechanical energy of the system when the crate leaves the
bottom of the ramp
1 1
Ei0 = Kf + Uf = mvf2 + 0 = mvf2
2 2
The sytem comes to rest after sliding some distance, so that it
experiences no mechanical energy
Ef0 = 0
Hence, the change in mechanical energy becomes

1
∆E 0 = Ef0 − Ei0 = − mvf2
2

Example
in the presence of non-conservative force
∆E 0 = −fk d0
Equating the two equations

1
− mvf2 = −fk d0
2
0
mvf2
d =
2fk

Power
- When a work ∆W is done during a time interval ∆t, average

power Pav
∆W
Pav =
∆t
- the average power interms of the average velocity
∆W F ∆x
Pav = = = F vav
∆t ∆t
- Instantaneous power P is the limit of this expression as ∆t → 0
P = Fv v is instantaneous velocity
- We can also express in terms of the scalar product:
P = F~ · ~v
Power
- The SI unit of power is the joule per second (J/s), also called the
watt, named after James Watt:
1W = 1J/s = 1kg · m2 /s3
- The unit of power in the U.S. customary system is the horsepower

(hp), where
1hp = 746W
- 1kWh is the energy transferred in 1 h at the constant rate of

1kW = 1000J/s.
1kW h = (103 W )(3600s) = 3.6 × 106 s

Power
Example
A 1500-kg car accelerates uniformly from rest to a speed of 10 m/s in 3
s. Find
a) the work done on the car in this time,
b) the average power delivered by the engine in the first 3 s,
c) the instantaneous power delivered by the engine at t=2 s.

Power
Example
Solution: After 3 s, vf = 10 m/s, m = 1500 kg
a) the work done is given by
1
W = mvf2 − 0
2
1
= × 1500 × (10)2
2
= 7.50 × 104 J
b) the average power delivered by the engine in the first 3 s,
7.5 × 104
P̄ =
3
= 2.5 × 104 W
Power
Example
c) let us find the acceleration a, from v = vo + at, we have,
v − vo 10 − 0
a= = = 3.33 m/s2 .
t 3
The velocity at t = 2 s, is then
v = 0 + 3.33 × 2 = 6.66 m/s
and the force of the engine is calculated using Newton’s second law
F = ma = 1500 × 3.33 = 5000 N.
Now, the instantaneous power is
P = F v = 5000 × 6.66 = 3.33 × 104 W.

Linear Momentum
- The linear momentum (or simply momentum) p ~ of a body of

mass m moving with velocity ~
v is defined as
p
~ = m~
v
- Momentum is a vector quantity whose direction is that of the

velocity
- The SI units of momentum is kg · m/s

Linear Momentum
- Using Newton‘s second law of motion,

v
∆~ v)
∆(m~ p
∆~
~ = m~
F a=m = =
∆t ∆t ∆t
Therefore, the time rate of change of the linear momentum of
a particle is equal to the net force acting on the particle.
• if the net force on an object is zero, the object’s

momentum doesn’t change. In other words, the linear
momentum of an object is conserved when F ~ =0
• changing an object’s momentum requires the continuous
application of a force over a period of time ∆t leading to
the definition of impulse.

Linear Momentum
~ acts on an object, the impulse I~

- If a constant force F
delivered to the object over a time interval is given by
I~ = F
~ ∆t
• Impulse is a vector quantity whose direction is that of the

force.
• Its SI unit is N.s
- impulse-momentum theorem: the impulse of the force
acting on an object equals the change in momentum of that
object.
I~ = ∆~ vf − m~
p = m~ vi

Linear Momentum
Exampe
A 1400 kg car moving westward with a velocity of 15 m/s collides with
a pole and is brought to rest in 0.30 s. Find the force exerted on the
car during the collision.

Linear Momentum
Exampe
A 1400 kg car moving westward with a velocity of 15 m/s collides with
a pole and is brought to rest in 0.30 s. Find the force exerted on the
car during the collision.
Given: m = 1400 kg vi = 15 m/s to the west, vi = −15 m/s

∆t = 0.30 s vf = 0 m/s
Unknown: F =?
(1)
Use the impulse-momentum theorem.
F∆t = ∆p = mvf − mvi

mvf − mvi
F=
∆t
(1400 kg)(0 m/s) − (1400 kg)(−15 m/s)
F = = 7.0 × 104 N to the east
0.30 s
Linear Momentum
Exampe
A 2240 kg car traveling to the west slows down uniformly from 20.0
m/s to 5.00 m/s. How long does it take the car to decelerate if the
force on the car is 8410 N to the east? How far does the car travel
during the deceleration?

Linear Momentum
Exampe
A 2240 kg car traveling to the west slows down uniformly from 20.0
m/s to 5.00 m/s. How long does it take the car to decelerate if the
force on the car is 8410 N to the east? How far does the car travel
during the deceleration?
Given: m = 2240 kg vi = 20.0 m/s to the west, vi = −20.0 m/s

vf = 5.00 m/s to the west, vf = −5.00 m/s
F = 8410 N to the east, F = +8410 N
Unknown: ∆t =? ∆x =?

Linear Momentum
Exampe
Use the impulse-momentum theorem.
F∆t = ∆p
∆p mvf − mvi
∆t = =
F F
(2240 kg)(−5.00 m/s) − (2240 kg)(−20.0 m/s)
∆t = = 4.00s
8410 kg · m/s2
1
∆x = (vi + vf ) ∆t
2
1
∆x = (−20.0 m/s − 5.00 m/s)(4.00 s)
2
∆x = −50.0 m = 50.0 m to the west

Conservation of Linear Momentum
Consider the collision between two particles of masses m1 and m2

shown in the figure below. The figure shows an isolated system of
two particles before and after they collide.
Before collision
v1i v2i
m1 m2
After collision
m1 m2
v1f v2f
From Newton’s 3rd the force that object 2 applies to object 1 is

equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force that
object 1 applies on object 2.
F21 F12
m1 m2
where F21 is the force on m1 from m2 and F12 is the force on m2

from m1

~12
F = −F~21
~12 + F
F ~21 = 0
v1
∆~ ∆~v2
m1 + m2 = 0
∆t ∆t
m1 ∆~v1 + m2 ∆~v2 = 0
Therefore,
m1~
v1i + m2~
v2i = m1~
v1f + m2~
v2f
- Conservation of linear momentum: When no net external

force acts on a system, the total momentum of the system
remains constant in time.
Collisions in One Dimension
Elastic collision
- Consider two particles of masses m1 and m2 moving with
initial velocities ~
v1i and ~
v2i along the same straight line, as
shown in the figure above.
- The two particles collide head-on and then leave the collision
site with different velocities, ~
v1f and ~
v2f
- Both momentum and kinetic energy are conserved
m1 ~
v1i + m2~
v2i = m1~v1f + m2~v2f
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
m1 v1i + m2 v2i = m1 v1f + m2 v2f
2 2 2 2
Simulataneous use of both equation will result in:
v1i − ~
~ v2i = −(~
v1f − ~
v2f )
Elastic collision
Solving for ~ v1f
m1 − m2 2m2
~
v1f = ~
v1i + ~
v2i
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
and ~
v2f becomes
2m1 m2 − m1
~
v2f = ~
v1i + ~
v2i
m1 + m2 m1 + m2

Linear Momentum
Elastic collision: Example1

A 0.015 kg marble moving to the right at 0.225 m/s makes an elastic
head- on collision with a 0.030 kg shooter marble moving to the left at
0.180 m/s. After the collision, the smaller marble moves to the left at
0.315 m/s. Assume that neither marble rotates before or after the
collision and that both marbles are moving on a frictionless surface.
What is the velocity of the 0.030 kg marble after the collision?

Linear Momentum

A 0.015 kg marble moving to the right at 0.225 m/s makes an elastic
head- on collision with a 0.030 kg shooter marble moving to the left at
0.180 m/s. After the collision, the smaller marble moves to the left at
0.315 m/s. Assume that neither marble rotates before or after the
collision and that both marbles are moving on a frictionless surface.
What is the velocity of the 0.030 kg marble after the collision?
Given: m1 = 0.015 kg m2 = 0.030 kg

v1,i = 0.225 m/s to the right, v1,i = +0.225 m/s
v2i = 0.180 m/s to the left, v2,i = −0.180 m/s
v1,f = 0.315 m/s to the left, v1,f = −0.315 m/s
Unknown: v2,f = ?

Linear Momentum
m1 v1i + m2 v2i − m1 v1f

v2f =
m2
(0.015)(0.225) + (0.030)(−0.180) − (0.015)(−0.315)
=
0.030
= 9.0 × 10−2 m/s to the right

Inelastic collision
- momentum is conserved, but kinetic energy is not.
v1i v2i
Before Collision m2
m1
v1f v2f
After Collision m2
m1
m1 ~
v1i + m2~
v2i = m1~ v1f + m2~v2f
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
m1 v1i + m2 v2i 6= m1 v1f + m2 v2f
2 2 2 2
Perfectly inelastic collision

- When two objects collide and stick together, they will have
common velocity.
Before collision
v1i v2i
m1 m2
After collision
m1 m2
vf
m1 ~
v1i + m2~
v2i = (m1 + m2 )~
vf
Linear Momentum
Perfectly inelastic collision: Example1

A 1850 kg luxury sedan stopped at a traffic light is struck from the
rear by a compact car with a mass of 975 kg. The two cars become
entangled as a result of the collision. If the compact car was moving at
a velocity of 22.0 m/s to the north before the collision, what is the
velocity of the entangled mass after the collision?

Linear Momentum

A 1850 kg luxury sedan stopped at a traffic light is struck from the
rear by a compact car with a mass of 975 kg. The two cars become
entangled as a result of the collision. If the compact car was moving at
a velocity of 22.0 m/s to the north before the collision, what is the
velocity of the entangled mass after the collision?
Given: m1 = 1850 kg m2 = 975 kg v1i = 0 m/s

v2i = 22.0 m/s to the north
Unknown: vf =?
Use the equation for a perfectly inelastic collision.
m1 v1i + m2 v2i = (m1 + m2 ) vf

m1 v1i + m2 v2i (1850)(0) + (975)(22.0)
vf = = = 7.59 m/s to the north
m1 + m2 1850 + 975
Linear Momentum

Two clay balls collide head-on in a perfectly inelastic collision. The
first ball has a mass of 0.500 kg and an initial velocity of 4.00 m/s to
the right. The second ball has a mass of 0.250 kg and an initial
velocity of 3.00 m/s to the left. What is the decrease in kinetic energy
during the collision?
Given: m1 = 0.500 kg m2 = 0.250 kg

v1i = 4.00 m/s to the right, v1,i = +4.00 m/s
v2i = 3.00 m/s to the left, v2,i = −3.00 m/s
Unknown: ∆KE =?

Linear Momentum

Use the equation for a perfectly inelastic collision to calculate the final
velocity
m1 v1i + m2 v2i
vf =
m1 + m2
(0.500)(4.00) + (0.250)(−3.00)
=
0.500 + 0.250
= 1.67 to the right
1 2 1 2
KEi = KE1i + KE2i = m1 v1i + m2 v2i = 5.12J
2 2
1
KEf = KE1f + KE2f = (m1 + m2 ) vf2 = 1.05J
2
∆KE = KEf − KEi = 1.05 J − 5.12 J = −4.07 J
In an accident on a slippery road,

a compact car with a mass of 575
kg moving at 15.0 m/s smashes into
the rear end of a car with mass 1575
kg moving at 5.00 m/s in the same
direction.
a. What is the final velocity if the
wrecked cars lock together?
b. How much kinetic energy was
lost in the collision?
c. What fraction of the original ki-
netic energy was lost?


a. Use the conservation of momentum equation to find the final
velocity.
pAi + pBi = pAf + pBf

mA vAi + mB vBi = (mA + mB ) vf
(mA vAi + mB vBi )
vf =
(mA + mB )
(575 kg)(15.0 m/s) + (1575 kg)(5.00 m/s)
=
(575 kg + 1575 kg)
= 7.67m/s, in the direction of the motion before the collision


b. To determine the change in kinetic energy of the system, KEf and
KEi are needed.
1 1
KEf = mv 2 = (mA + mB ) vf2 = 6.32 × 104 J
2 2
1 2 1 2
KEi = KEAi + KEBi = mA vAi + mB vBi = 8.44 × 104 J
2 2
∆KE = KEf − KEi = −2.12 × 104 J
c. Calculate the fraction of the original kinetic energy that is lost.
∆KE −2.12 × 104 J

= = −0.251
KEi 8.44 × 104 J
Therefore, 25.1% of the original kinetic energy in the system was
lost.
Exercise
A 10.0-g bullet is fired into a stationary block of wood (m = 5.00
kg).The bullet sticks into the block, and the speed of the
bullet-plus-wood combination immediately after the collision is 0.600
m/s. What was the original speed of the bullet ?

Center of Mass
- The center of mass is the point at which all the mass can be
considered to be "concentrated". The center of mass of the
system is located somewhere on the line joining the particles
and is closer to the particle having the larger mass.

Center of Mass
- The x coordinate of the center of mass of the pair of the

particles is given by
m1 x1 + m2 x2
xcm =
m1 + m2
- The x coordinate of the center of mass of n particles
n
P
m1 x1 + m2 x2 + · · · + mn xn mi xi
i=1
xcm = =
m1 + m2 + · · · + mn M
Where M is the total mass,
n
X
M = mi
i=1

Center of Mass
- Similarly, the y and z coordinates of the center of mass are

n
P n
P
mi yi mi zi
i=1 i=1
ycm = and zcm =
M M
- Therefore, the position vector becomes
~
rcm = xcm î + ycm ĵ + zcm k̂
P n  P n  P n 
mx
 i=1 i i 
mx
 i=1 i i 
mx
 i=1 i i 
=   î +   ĵ +   k̂

M  
M  
M 

Center of Mass
Example1
Three masses are placed on the x-axis: 200 g at x = 0, 500 g at x = 30
cm, and 400 g at x = 70 cm. Find their center of mass.

Center of Mass
Example1
Three masses are placed on the x-axis: 200 g at x = 0, 500 g at x = 30
cm, and 400 g at x = 70 cm. Find their center of mass.
n
P
mi xi
i=1 (0.20kg)(0) + (0.50kg)(0.30cm) + (0.40kg)(0.70cm)
xcm = n =
P
mi (0.20 + 0.50 + 0.40)kg
i=1
= 0.39m
The y- and z-coordinates of the mass center are zero.

Center of Mass
Example2
A system consists of the following masses in the xy-plane: 4.0 kg at
coordinates (x = 0, y = 5.0 m), 7.0 kg at (3.0 m, 8.0 m), and 5.0 kg at
(-3.0 m,-6.0 m). Find the position of its center of mass.

Center of Mass
Example2
A system consists of the following masses in the xy-plane: 4.0 kg at
coordinates (x = 0, y = 5.0 m), 7.0 kg at (3.0 m, 8.0 m), and 5.0 kg at
(-3.0 m,-6.0 m). Find the position of its center of mass.
n
P
mi xi
(4.0kg)(0) + (7.0kg)(3.0m) + (5.0kg)(−3.0cm)
xcm = i=1
n =
P
mi (4.0 + 7.0 + 5.0)kg
i=1
= 0.38m
n
P
mi yi
(4.0kg)(5.0) + (7.0kg)(8.0m) + (5.0kg)(−6.0cm)
ycm = i=1
n =
P
mi (4.0 + 7.0 + 5.0)kg
i=1
= 2.9m

Center of Mass
Exercise
Four objects are situated along the y axis as follows: a 2.00 kg object is
at +3.00 m, a 3.00-kg object is at +2.50 m, a 2.50-kg object is at the
origin, and a 4.00-kg object is at -0.500 m. Where is the center of mass
of these objects?

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Debre Berhan University

College of Natural and Computational Sciences

General Physics (Phys 1011)

Work Done by a Constant Force

N.B., this relationship applies

No work is done on a bucket when

No work is done on a bucket when

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 5 / 82

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 6 / 82

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 7 / 82

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 8 / 82

Fcosθ Area = (F cos θ)d

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 9 / 82

Fcosθ Area = (F cos θ)d

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 11 / 82

• the area of the rectangle:

• the work done by the force is

For a very small displacement ∆x,

Example: Work Done By A Spring

when x < 0 (compressed

Example: Work Done By A Spring, Cont’d

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 16 / 82

Example: Work Done By A Spring, Cont’d

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 17 / 82

Example: Work Done By A Spring, Cont’d

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 18 / 82

Example: Work Done By A Spring, Cont’d

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 19 / 82

Example: Work Done By A Spring, Cont’d

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 20 / 82

Example: Work Done By A Spring, Cont’d

b. the work done from

Let a force F is applied on an object initially moving with velocity vi .

If the object is displaced by ∆x, the work done by F~ on the object is

Wnet = F~net ∆x = (ma)∆x

an object undergoes constant acceleration:

Substituting into the first equation The kinetic energy KE of an

- Work-kinetic energy theorem

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 24 / 82

W = F d = (12N )(3.0m) = 36J

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 25 / 82

Conservative and nonconservative Forces

The work-energy theorem

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 27 / 82

W = F d cos θ = (130N )(5.0m) cos 0o = 650J

b) the energy lost due to friction,

ff ric = µmg = (0.30)(40kg)(9.80m/s2 ) = 120N

590J of energy is lost due to friction.

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 28 / 82

Wnet = Wc + Wnc = 650J − 590J = 60J

work-kinetic energy theorem

∆KE = Wnet = 60J

d) the final speed of the box.

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 30 / 82

b) the work done on the package by the gravity

d) the total work done on the package

∆KE = Wnet = −7.0J

DBU, Department of physics General Physics (Phys 1011) 28 February, 2023 33 / 82