PSYCH 100 REVIEWER Mind and soul is given in perfection with God.

LESSON 1: THE PHILOSOPHY OF SELF Psyche or “mind” 3 ELEMENTS

Philosophy RATIONAL SOUL

About finding answer to questions about ourselves Reason and intellect

and about the world we live in. For us to think deeply, make wise choices and
“Questioning existing knowledge and intuitions to achieve a true understanding of eternal truths.
get closer to the truth”
Origin of Philosophy SPIRITED SOUL
 Search for truth
Emotion and Passions
 Search to look for something
Basic emotions (love, anger, ambition, empathy and
 Search for meaning
aggressiveness)
 Importance
 Significance APPETITIVE SOUL
 Value
 Relevant Basic needs
Includes our basic biological needs such as hunger,
It allows you to: thirst, and sexual desire.
 Plato believes that genuine happiness can only be
Justify your opinions.
achieves by people who consistently make sure that
Explain to people why you are wrong and they are
their REASON is in control of their Spirits and
right.
Appetites.
Philosophy basically teaches you to think!
ARISTOTLE: FATHER OF WESTERN PHILOSOPHY (384 322 B.C.E)
PYTHAGORAS- He was the one who first to use the term
philosophy. the body and soul are not two separate elements
but are “one thing”.
PHILO – Greek word for love
the soul is simply the Form of the body, and is not
SOPHIA – “ “ “ wisdom capable of existing without the body.
The soul is the essence of the self.
 Love of Wisdom
Aristotle “Kinds of Soul”
The Philosophy of Self – refers to the conditions of IDENTITY VEGETATIVE includes the physical body that can
that make the individual distinct grow.
from all others. SENTIENT includes the sensual desires, feelings, and
emotions
IDENTITY- it is the qualities, characteristics, beliefs etc. beliefs, RATIONAL is what makes man human. It includes
etc. that makes a person or grouped unique from one another. the intellect that makes man know and understand
things.
THE WESTERN PHILOSOPHY OF SELF
EASTERN PHILOSOPHERS
 encompasses all views of the self that
emanated from the European and American RENE DES CARTES (1596-1650)
continent, postulated by thinkers from these
regions. self is a thinking person.
In his writing “Cogito ergo sum”(I think
3 WESTERN PHILOSOPHERS therefore; I am) he stressed that the mind is a
substance within the brain capable of thinking
SOCRATES: THE FIRST MORAL PHILOSOPHER (470 399 B.C.E) (affirming, doubting, judging etc.)

believes that to understand the self is to “know

thyself”.
Everyman is dualistic. It composed Descartes’ two (2) distinct entities:

of body and soul COGITO

Two important aspects of his personhood:  The thing that thinks

 Mind
Body - imperfect and impermanent
Soul - perfect and permanent EXTENZA

PLATO (424 347 BCE)  The extension

 Body
A student of Socrates.
Believed in the existence of mind and soul. The soul JOHN LOCKE: ENGLISH EMPIRICAL PHILOSOPHER (1632 1740)
is immortal.
 the self can be understood by examining one’s mind, PSYCHOLOGICAL OWNERSHIP
what constitute the mind.
Human mind at birth is Tabula rasa or blank state. Physical tangible objects we own, do literally
Self is constructed primarily from sense of become a part of who we are.
Experiences. Psychological ownership of things we own, which
He theorized, all babies know absolutely nothing evoke emotion.
and ready to learn through experiences.
THE “ME” & THE “I”
DAVID HUME: SCOTTISH EMPIRICIST
The Me Self can be considered as a separate object
(1711 6) or individual that the person refers to when
the self is nothing more than the mental perceptions discussing or describing their personal experiences.
which are available to our memory. (Empirical me).
all perceptions of the mind is divided in two distinct The I Self is the self that knows and recognizes who
kinds, the “impression” and “ideas”. they are and what they have done.
Pure Ego or the Thinking Self
SIGMUND FREUD: DRIVE THEORY OF SELF
THE SPIRITUAL SELF
(1856 9)
believes that the self has three layers: refers to the self that is more concrete or
 ID - pleasure principle (I WANT TO DO THAT NOW!) permanent when compared to the material and
 EGO - reality principle (MAYBE WE CAN social selves. It is always engaging in the process of
COMPROMISE) introspection (self observation).
 SUPER EGO- “moral principle” ( IT’S NOT RIGHT TO
2. MURRAY BOWEN (1913-1990)
DO THAT).
American Psychiatrist and Professor of Psychiatry
SIKOLOHIYANG PILIPINO
Family Therapy and Systemic Therapy
The Philippines also has a homegrown psycho
philosophical view of the self. The view was
developed by Virgilio Enriquez, who is considered as 2 FORCES AFFECTING AN INDIVIDUAL
the Father of Sikolohiyang Pilipino.
1. Togetherness
VIRGILIO ENRIQUEZ (1942 1994)
2. Individuality
the self in the Filipino is the unity of the “self” and
“others” expressed in the Filipino word “ kapwa”. GLOBAL AND DIFFERENTIATED SELF MODELS

A. THE GLOBAL SELF is the product of all experiences

LESSON 4: SELF FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF that he had in the society which accounts for the
kind of person he presently is.
PSYCHOLOGY
B. THE DIFFERENTIATED SELF though still affected by
the presence of others, has the ability to separate
PSYCHOLOGY
feelings and thoughts.
It is the scientific study of human behavior and
mental processes. 3. CARL ROGERS (1902-1987)
GREEK WORD – The study of mind or soul.
 PSYCHE – soul/spirit/mind An American Psychologist who proposed the
 LOGOS – Study personality theory known as Person Centered
Theory
1. WILLIAM JAMES (1842- 1910) He stated that the term self-concept is used to refer
to how a person thinks about or perceives himself.
An American Philosopher and Psychologist
He is known for his Theory of the Self TWO TYPES OF SELF CONCEPT
He wrote many articles on both philosophy and
psychology and published several books, one of a. REAL SELF refers to all information and perception
which is The Principles of Psychology in 1980. the person has about himself. This is who he actually
is and answers the question, “Who am I?”.
DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF THE SELF b. IDEAL SELF is the model version the person has of
himself. This idealized view was borne out of his
MATERIAL SELF – Relates to the things we considered ours, w/ experiences,standards and demand of society.
which we have an emotional attachment and had significantly Answers the question of who hewants to become or
invested on. “Who do I want to be?”.

Example: The person’s body, his family, clothes, books, money. 4. MULTIPLE AND UNIFIED SELVES

MATERIAL SELF INVESMENT – These may come in different A. THE MULTIPLE SELF- suggests that there exists in the
forms like time, effort, money and experiences. individual different aspects of the self.
.B. UNIFIED SELF- is essentially connected to consciousness, COLLECTIVE SELF
awareness and agency. In the cultures of the East, the development of a
collective self is ingrained into the individual.
The family and the society control how the group
5. DONALD WOODS WINNICOTT (1896-1971) members should think, act and generally conduct
themselves in society.
English pediatrician and psychoanalyst who studied Collectivistic cultures give birth to individuals who
child development. develop collective selves. Such individuals establish
He looked into the significance of play in child strong bonds particularly with their families.
development; it is also through play where he
observed children/people as having true and false THE SELF IN CONFUCIAN THOUGHT
selves. CONFUCIUS grew up poor even though
he descended from a scholarly family.
TRUE AND FALSE SELVES Confucius’ family made sure that he
received proper education.
A. TRUE SELF- one in which the self is seen as creative,
Through scholarly study, he came to be
spontaneously experiencing each day of their lives,
known as ‘Master Kong’ and as ‘Great
appreciating being alive, real, integrated and
Sage and Teacher’ (Koller, 2007).
connected to the whole of existence.
B. FALSE SELF- may be manifested as a form of REN
defense. It is the mask that hides the true person Can be understood as human goodness.
for fear of the pain of rejection and failure. It is this which makes human beings
different from beasts.
6. ALBERT BANDURA (1925-PRESENT) Ren guides human actions and to go
against the ren means abandoning what
Is the proponent of the personality theory known as is truly human, for it is the ren that
the THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY. makes life worth living ( Stangroom ,
Self as Proactive and Agentic 1984).

TRIADIC RECIPROCAL CAUSATION PARADIGM 3 ASPECTS OF REN

Human beings are affected by the interaction among a. Li (propriety)- in order to guide human actions, rules of
environmental events, behavior, and personal propriety should be followed. Such rules involve adherence to
factors (Feist & Feist, 2008). the rituals of the community.

FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY b. Xiao (filiality)- it is the virtue and reverence and respect for
family. Parents should be revered for the life they had given.
A. INTENTIONALITY - actions performed by the person Children show respect to their parents by exerting efforts to
intentionally or with full awareness of his behavior. take care of themselves.
B. FORETHOUGHT- the person’s anticipation of likely c. Yi (rightness)- it is the right way of behaving. It is
outcomes of his behavior. unconditional and absolute. Right is right and what is not right
is wrong; there are no gray areas.
C. SELF- REACTIVENESS - the process in which the person is
motivated and regulates his behavior as he observes his LESSON 5: THE SCIENTIFIC SELF
progress in achieving his goals.
FERTILIZATION:
D. SELF-REFLECTIVENESS - the person looking inward and
evaluating his motivations, values, life goals and other The union of the sperm and egg cells.
people’s effect on him. An important aspect of it is self efficacy The union of male sperm and female egg cell
(person’s belief that he is capable of behavior that will produce signals the beginning of human life. This results to
the desired positive results). fertilized egg called the “zygote” that contains
equal number of chromosomes from each parent.
WESTERN AND ORIENTAL THOUGHT
Human fertilization begins with a woman’s
INDIVIDUALISTIC SELF menstrual cycle. This cycle prepares a woman’s
The development of an individualistic self begins body for fertilization.
after birth and is observed in the child –rearing It is at this point that an egg cell is released, or
practices of parents in the West. ovulated, into the Fallopian tube.
In the US, off-springs who reach the age of eighteen
FALLOPIAN TUBE- fertilization will take place.
years are expected to move out of the house,
support himself and make his own decisions. There are up to 150 million sperm in a single
Individual freedom and the ability to stand on his ejaculation.
own is expected. The sperm travel to the fallopian tube to meet the
Although a person is aware that he is not alone and egg.
that he exists with others in society, he sees himself The sperm have to complete within 12-48 hours of
as being capable of living his own life, making his the egg being ovulated, or else they will die.
own mistakes and learning from his experiences.
 About 85% of the sperm are not properly The idea of particulate inheritance of genes can be
structured for travel. attributed to the Moravian monk Gregor Mendel
The UTERUS is also known as the WOMB and is who published his work on pea plants in 1865.
where the baby will develop after fertilization.
About 1000 sperm are left.

There are TWO FALLOPIAN TUBES, and only one contains egg. MECHANICS OF HEREDITY

The sperm that choose the correct Fallopian tube will finally  HEREDITY is the transmission of genetic traits or
reach the egg. characteristics from parents up to the third line of
ancestry.
 The CHROMOSOMES contain chemical packets
called “genes”.  process begins from the moment of conception

 GENES- carries heredity traits.  Dominant and Recessive Traits

 In MITOSIS, the cell divides by duplicating a  DOMINANT: traits that are

chemically-thought genes known as the phenotypically observable or which can
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) forming new cells. be seen.
 RECESSIVE : express less frequently
 23 PAIRS OF CHROMOSOMES, a total of 46
chromosomes contribute to the mixture of FACTORS THAT MAY AFFECT THE UNBORN CHILD
hereditary traits.
 Maternal size, weight, and nutritional state.
CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
 Anemia (iron deficiency).
It happens when in the process, a pair of  Cigarette smoking and substance abuse.
chromosomes exchange places causing individual
differences and biologic variations among the off  early miscarriage
springs of given parents.
 placenta abruption
MITOSIS AND MEIOSIS
 placenta previa
Development of humans occurs through a series of
cell divisions: “mitosis and meiosis”  preterm birth

BIOLOGY OF SEX  low birth weight

In the process of reproduction, both the mother and Uterine blood flow.
father contribute equal number of chromosomes.
HEREDITY AND BEHAVIOR
Normal individual has 23 pairs, a total of 46
chromosomes. biology affects behavior also through mechanism of
heredity regulated by genetic principles.
SEX DETERMINATION
the nature vs. nurture controversy
A normal female has XX sex cells
A normal male has XY sex cells
CHROMOSOMAL ABNORMALITIES
Combination/Pairing:
it exist, but they can be categorized as either
XX sex cells from parents – Baby girl numerical or structural.
XY sex cells – Baby Boy it can occur as an accident when the egg or the
sperm is formed or during early developmental
stages of fetus.
 There are common causes of birth defects that can it can have many different effects, depending on the
affect the brain and other parts of the body caused specific abnormality. (an extra copy of chromosome
by chromosomal abnormalities. 21 causes Down syndrome “trisomy 21”.
structural chromosomal abnormalities result from
 These occur when part of chromosome is: breakage and incorrect rejoining chromosomal
segments.
 missing
FAMILY COPING TECHNIQUES FOR GENETIC AND BIRTH
 switches in pairing with another
ABNORMALITIES
chromosomes

 extra chromosome is added. acknowledge yourself – It is quite natural to feel

devastated and sad but you have to move forward.
 Mutation may lead to death of the embryo or talk to your self – Talk to your self and accept what
characteristic disease syndrome. is bestowed on you by the Almighty above.
do some research – It is advisable to do some
GREGOR MENDEL: FATHER OF GENETICS (1822-1884) research.
 talk to your partner – your partner is the only SEXUAL ORIENTATION, as one of the aspects within
person in the entire world who can relate to your the broad umbrella of sexuality, is defined by the sex
condition of the person to whom one is sexually attracted to
know about your baby’s condition – knowing your and has potential of loving.
baby’s condition is very important for the parents. a. Heterosexual
try to get local support – coping with congenital b. Homosexual
defects can be very annoying and stressful. The c. Bisexual
correct way to handle the changes in your d. Asexual
aspirations and expectations is to learn with other
parents facing similar or like circumstances.
discuss freely about the birth defects with your ASPECTS OF SEXUALITY
family members and friends - prepare yourself
mentally to live with birth defect in a child. there are several researches today that focus on
prepare yourself financially – Having a child with the aspects of sexuality.
birth defects is quite challenging both a. sexual pleasure
psychologically as well as financially. b. sexual satisfaction
ask the doctor about helping aids your child might c. sexual desire
need in order to be safe and healthy. d. sexual agency

SEXUAL SEX CONCEPT

LESSON 6: THE SEXUAL SELF is also referred as “sexual self view”.

it perceives how you view yourself sexually.
SEXUAL SELF CONCEPT
is considered a multi- dimensional construct that
is a characterized as a person’s evaluation of his or refers to an individual’s positive and negative
her own sexual feelings and actions. perceptions about him or herself as a sexual being.
a. Information or event
SEXUAL SELF-ESTEEM
b. Sexual esteem
c. Sexual affect/feelings is a feeling of self worth in sexual situations.
d. Sexual behavior and function Confidence in the capacity to experience one’s
sexuality has a sexual self esteem.
SEX AND SEXUALITY IN ADOLESCENT
it tends to positively evaluate one’s own capacity to
Sex is a primary category of human social engage in healthy sexual behaviors and to
perception. Judging a person as a male or female experience one’s sexuality in satisfying and
has been described as an automatic social cognitive enjoyable way.
process that is effortless, unintended, and a. sexual behavior
involuntary. b. sexual conduct
Characteristics that differentiate males and females c. sexual attractiveness
has been defined as sex.
SEXUAL ANXIETY
a. Chromosomes - XX or YX
b. Gonads - ovaries/testes it tends to feel tension, discomfort, and anxiety
c. Gonadal hormones - estrogens or about the sexual aspects of one’s life.
androgens/testosterone
d. Internal accessory organs -fallopian SEXUAL SELF-EXPLORATION
tubes
e. External genitalia - clitoris, labia minora, scientific studies are replete with data suggesting
vaginal orifice or penis, scrotum that most teenagers admit that they are too young
To engage in sexual intercourse.
SEX, GENDER, AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION
EROTIC SELF- EXPLORATION
GENDER IDENTITY
 on the other hand, refers to the intimate the first step towards realizing a healthy sex life in
knowledge and experience of the the 21st century is erotic self-exploration: Providing
individual’s own gender. a pleasurable sexual experience to a partner is much
 is perceived as subjective and based on more likely if one has had first-hand experience with
self providing sexual pleasure to oneself.
 identification as cited in Social
SEXUAL SELF-EFFICACY
Psychology in the Philippine Context.
 it is a personal conception of oneself as Is incredibly important for sexual health.
male Of female blend of both or neither
how individuals perceive themselves and Sex and Relationships
what they call themselves.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION is an “enduring emotional, concomitant to the discussion on sexual self is the
romantic, sexual, or affectional attraction to another views of the individuals on sexual relationship and
person. conduct.
EMERGING SEXUAL TREND NATURAL METHODS
TYPES:
PARTNER SWAPPING - swinging, sometimes called  ABSTINENCE- Using this method means
wife swapping or partner, is a non -monogamous not engaging in any sexual activity at all.
behavior in which both singles and partners in a  CALENDAR METHOD- known as rhythm
committed relationship engage in sexual activities method which means not engaging in
with others as recreational or social. any sexual activity during the days in a
ORGIES- these are parties where people engage in month that the female is fertile.
unrestrained intimacy with each other. It happens  WITHDRAWAL METHOD- entails the man
both strangers and know people. withdrawing from the sexual activity just
before he releases.
THE ONLINE SPACE
ARTIFICIAL METHODS
PORNOGRAPHY is the portrayal of sexual subject  SUBDERMAL IMPLANTS- Rod-like
matter for the purpose of sexual arousal. implants inserted under a female’s skin,
It may be presented in a variety of media, including made with etonogestrel, desogestrel and
books, magazines, postcards, photographs etc. progestin, which are hormones that
make sure the female doesn’t produce
THE SEXUAL SELF eggs for reproduction.
 ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES- a.k.a PILL,
EROGENOUS ZONES contains synthetic estrogen and
progesterone that prevent ovulation,
These are areas of the body (mouth, breast, neck,
must be taken in strict scheds. As
thigh, genitals) that have increased sensitivity
prescribed by doctor.
especially when stimulated.
 MALE CONDOMS- a latex or synthetic
Touching them may create a sexual arousal that rubber sheath placed on the male organ,
could lead to sexual response. also proven to prevent sexually
transmitted infections (STIs).
SEXUAL RESPONSE
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
When a sexual activity is continued, it proceeds to four
sequential phases. Here are the stages. NATURE OF SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
1. EXCITED PHASE- Characterized by increase in pulse  commonly called STD’s, are disease that are spread
and blood pressure, skin temperature, muscle by having sex with someone who has an STD. You
tensions, more rapid breathing and secretion of can get a sexually transmitted disease from sexual
genital fluids. activity that involves the mouth, anus, vagina, or
2. PLATEAU PHASE- Consistent stimulation until penis.
orgasm occurs
3. SEXUAL CLIMAX- intense pleasure with a rapid COMMON TYPES OF STDS AND THEIR TREATMENTS
increase in pulse rate and blood pressure, and
possibility of spasms and muscular contractions.  STDs are infections that are passed from one person
4. RESOLUTION PHASE- A slow return to the normal to another during vaginal, anal, and oral sex. They’re
state. really common, and lots of people who have them
don’t have any symptoms.
HUMAN SEXUAL BEHAVIOR  it can be dangerous, but the good news is that
getting tested is no big deal, and most STDs are easy
It is an activity done in solitude between two adults. to treat.
What factors determine human sexual behavior?
INHERITED SEXUAL RESPONSE PATTERNS – SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS
physiological factors ensuring reproduction.
OTHER SEXUAL INFLUENCE – external factors from HIV (HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS)- causes
society. damage in the immune system and interferes with
SOLIDARITY BEHAVIOR- self-stimulation, can be the body’s ability to fight and protect disease-
more common among the unmarried. causing organisms.
SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR- two individuals sexually SYPHILIS (SPIROCHETE BACTERIA TREPONEMA
engaged with each other. PALLIDUM)- A.K.A the great imitator, because
o HETEROSEXUAL BEHAVIOR- 2 individuals symptoms are like other diseases; causes major
of the opposite sex engage in sexual complications if not detected and treated properly.
behavior. HPV ( HUMAM PAPILLOMA VIRUS)- infections are
o BISEXUAL BEHAVIOR- 2 individuals of the characterized by anogenital and oropharyngeal
same sex engage in sexual behavior. disease.
o TRANSSEXUAL BEHAVIOR – 2 people,
CHLAMYDIA
with one or any of them whose gender
identity is different from their assigned is a bacterial infection that’s easily cured with
sex, engage in sexual behavior. antibiotic medicine.
METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION
 it is spread through vaginal, anal, and oral sex. The
infection is carried in semen (cum), pre cum, and
vaginal fluids.

GENITAL WARTS

are common and are caused by certain types of

HPV (Human Papilloma Virus).
it can be annoying, but they’re treatable and aren’t
dangerous.
it shows up on skin around your genitals and anus.
it can be passed on having skin
around your genitals and anus.

GONORRHEA

is a very common sexually transmitted infection,

especially for teens and people in their 20s.
it is sometimes called “the clap” or “the drip”.

HEPATITIS B

is a liver infection caused by a virus (hepatitis B virus

or HBV).
it can be serious and there’s no cure, but the good
news is it’s easy to prevent.

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)

it’s a virus that breaks down certain cells in the

immune system.
is the virus that causes AIDS.
can affect anybody.it is carried in a semen (cum),
vaginal fluids, blood, and breast milk.
it can also be passed to babies during pregnancy,
birth, or breastfeeding.
it isn’t spread through saliva (spit), so a person
CAN’T get HIV from kissing, sharing food or drinks,
or using the same fork or spoon.

HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV)

it’s the most common sexually transmitted infection.

is usually harmless and goes away by itself, but
some types can lead to cancer or genital warts.
genital HPV infections are very, very common.
it is easily spread from sexual skin to skin contact
with someone who has it.
it is the most common STD, but most of the time it
isn’t a big deal.