-1-

Department of Pre University Education

2nd PUC Annual Examination March 2022
SCHEME OF VALUATION
AíPÜWÜÙÜá
I
SUBJECT-A¥ÜìÍÝÓÜŒ CODE:22 VERSION: PܮܰvÜ 5x1=5

»ÝWÜ &G
1. Óܳ«ÝìñܾPÜ ŸÙÜPæ¿á®Üá° Öæãí©Êæ. 1

2. ÊÜáãÆPæR ²à®Ü ÊÜá«ÜÂÊÝXÃÜáñܤ¨æ. 1

3. ÓÝÌÊÜá¿ááñÜ ±æç±æäàq 1

4. B¦ìPÜ & HhæíoÃÜá 1

5. Êæáà騆 GÆÉÊÜä 1

II 5x1=5

6 ŸÆ 1

7. ñÜÇæPæÙÜWÝ¨Ü U 1

8. PÜáoáíŸWÜÙÜá 1

9. Ÿ¨ÜÈ (±Ü¿Þì¿á) 1

10. ÃܶÜâ ¤ 1

11. A®Üá»æãàWÜÊÝWÜ¨Ü 1

12. ÓÜÊÜáñæãàÆ®Ü ÊÜááíWÜvÜ ±ÜñÜÅ 1

13. ŸívÜÊÝÙÜ 1
 -2-

III A B 5x1=5
14
a) ÎûÜPÜÃÜ ÓæàÊæ iv) PèÍÜÆ 1

b) TFC + TVC iii) TC 1

c) ±ÜıÜä|ì ±æç±æäàq v) ±ÜıÜä|ì ÊÜÞ×£ 1

d) ÍÜÅÊÜá i) PÜãÈ 1

e) PÜaÝc ÓÜÃÜPÜá ii) ÊÜá«ÜÂÊÜ£ì ÓÜÃÜPÜá 1

IV
15. ñÜáÑrWÜá|ÊÜ®Üá° ÓÜíTæÂWÜÙÜÈÉ ÊÜÂPܤ±ÜwÓÜáÊÜâ¨Ü®Üá° ÓÜíTÝÂÓÜãaÜPÜ ñÜáÑrWÜá| ËÍæÉàÐÜOæ 1

G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
TR
16 AR = 1
q
ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær¿áÈÉ®Ü GÇÝÉ A®Üá»æãàXWÜÙÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠGÇÝÉ E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPÜWÜÙÜ 1
17.
Áãàg®æWÜÙÜá Öæãí¨Ý~Pæ¿ÞWÜáÊÜ Jí¨Üá Óܯ°ÊæàÍÜÊÜ®æ°à ÓÜÊÜáñæãàÆ®ÜÊæí¨Üá
ÊÝÂTݯÓÜÇÝX¨æ.
18. A˜PÜ ÓÜíTæ¿á E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPÜWÜÚ¨Üáª, E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPÜWÜÙÜ ÊÜááPܤ ±ÜÅÊæàÍÜ ÊÜáñÜᤠ1
¯WÜìÊÜá®ÜËÃÜáÊÜ ÊÜáñÜᤠHPÜÃÜã±ÜÊÜÆÉ¨Ü ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ/ÊæçË«ÜÂÊÜá¿á ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ
ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær ÓÜíÃÜaÜ®æ¿á®Üá° ÓÝÌÊÜá¿ááñÜ ±æç±æäàq G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
19. Jí¨Üá ¨æàÍÜ Jí¨Üá ÊÜÐÜì¨ÜÈÉ Eñݳ©Ô¨Ü GÇÝÉ Aí£ÊÜá ÓÜÃÜPÜá ÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ Joár 1
ÊÜåèÆÂÊÜ®Üá° Joár ¨æàÎà¿á Eñܳ®Ü° G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
ÊÜÃÜÊÜÞ®ÜÊÜâ ÍÜã®ÜÂÊÝX¨ÝªWÜÆá A®Üá»æãàWÜÊÜâ EípݨÜÃæ A¨Ü®Üá° ÓÝÌ¿áñܤ 1
20.
A®Üá»æãàWÜ G®Üá°ÊÜÃÜá. CÈÉ A®Üá»æãàWÜÊÜâ B¨Ý¿á©í¨Ü ÓÜÌñÜíñÜÅÊÝX¨æ.
ÖÜ| ±ÝÊÜÜ£Óܨæà ÓÝÊÜìg¯PÜ ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÙÜÓÜáÊÜÊÜÃÜ®Üá° ±ÜâPÜRpæ ÓÜÊÝÃÜÃÜá 1
21.
G®ÜáñݤÃæ.
 -3-

22. Jí¨Üá ¯©ìÐÜr AÊܘ¿áÈÉ Jí¨Üá ¨æàÍÜ¨Ü BÊÜá¨Üá ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ ÊÜåèÆÂWÜÙÜ ÊÜáñÜᤠÃܶÜ⤠1

ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ ÊÜåèÆÂWÜÙÜ ®ÜvÜá訆 ÊÜÂñÝÂÓÜPæR ÊݱÝÃÜ ¸ÝQ G®Üá°ÊÜÃÜá.

V »ÝWÜ & ¹ 9 x 2=18
23.
Jí¨Üá ÓÜÃÜQ®Ü ¸æÇæ¿áÈÉ®Ü Ÿ¨ÜÇÝÊÜOæWÜ®ÜáWÜáÊÝX A¨ÜÃÜ ¸æàwPæ¿áá
±ÜÅ£QÅÀáÓÜáÊÜâ¨Ü®Üá° ÊÜÞ±Ü®Ü ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ ±ÜÃÜPÜƳ®æÁáà ¸æÇæ ¸æàwPæ¿á 2
Ô§£Óݧ±ÜPÜñÜÌÊÝX¨æ.
¸æàwPæ¿áÈÉ ÍæàPÜvÜÊÝÃÜá Ÿ¨ÜÇÝÊÜOæ Q P
Ped = Ped = X
¸æÇæ¿áÈÉ®Ü ÍæàPÜvÜÊÝÃÜá Ÿ¨ÜÇÝÊÜOæ P Q

24. A®Üá»æãàX¿á B¨Ý¿á ÖæaÝc¨Üíñæ Jí¨Üá ÓÜÃÜQ®Ü ¸æàwPæ PÜwÊæá¿ÞWÜáñܤ¨æ ÊÜáñÜá¤

A®Üá»æãàX¿á B¨Ý¿á PÜwÊæá¿Þ¨Üíñæ ¸æàwPæ ÖæaÝcWÜáñܤ¨æ. CíñÜÖÜ 2
ÓÜÃÜáPÜáWÜÙÜ®Üá° PæÙܨÜhæì¿á A¥ÜÊÝ X¶Ü®… ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙæí¨Üá PÜÃæ¿ááñݤÃæ.
E¨ÝÖÜÃÜOæWæ : ®ÜÊÜOæ, ÓÜhæj , ¸ÝÈì, ÃÝX
25. ©à[ÝìÊܘ ÓÜÃÝÓÜÄ ÊæaÜc (LRAC) 2
©à[ÝìÊܘ ÔàÊÜÞíñÜ ÊæaÜc (LRMC)
26. PæÆÊÜâ aÜoáÊÜqPæWÜÙÜ ÓܨÝÊÜPÝÊÜ ÊæaÜcÊÜâ GÃÜvÜ®æà EñܤÊÜá aÜoáÊÜqPæ ¹oár Pæãor
WÜÚWæ¿ÞWÜáÃÜáñܤ¨æ. 2
E¨Ý: ®ÝÊÜâ Jí¨Üá ÓÝËÃÜ ÃÜã.WÜÙÜ®Üá° 1000/& ®ÜÊÜá¾ PÜáoáíŸ¨Ü ÊÜÂÊÜÖÝÃܨÜÈÉ
ÖÜãvÜÆá £àÊÜÞì¯Ô¨æªàÊæ. D aÜoáÊÜqPæWæ Ÿ¨ÜÇÝX ¸ÝÂíP…&1ÃÜÈÉ ÖÜãw¨ÜÃæ
Íæà. 10ÃÜÐÜár Ÿwx ƼÓÜáñܤ¨æ. ÊÜáñÜᤠ¸ÝÂíP…&2ÃÜÈÉ ÖÜãw¨ÜÃæ Íæà.5ÃÜÐÜár Ÿwx
ƼÓÜáñܤ¨æ GíŸá¨Ý¨ÜÃæ ®ÜÊÜá¾ aÜoáÊÜqPæ¿á ÓܨÝÊÜPÝÍÜ ÊæaÜcÊÜâ ¸ÝÂíP…&1
Ÿwx¿ÞX¨æ.
27 Ô§ÃÜ E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPÜWÜڨݪWÜ ±ÜıÜä|ì ±æç±æäàq ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær¿áÈÉ ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær 2
¸æàwPæ ÃæàTæ¿á®Üá° ±ÜäÃæçPæÃæàTæ¿áá dæà©ÓÜáÊÜ ¹í¨ÜáÊæà ÓÜÊÜáñæãàÆ®Ü
¹í¨ÜáÊÝXÃÜáñܤ¨æ ÊÜáñÜᤠCÈÉ ¸æàwPæ¿áá ±ÜäÃæçPæWæ ÓÜÊÜá®ÝWÜáÊÜ ÊÜáãÆPÜ
ÓÜÊÜáñæãàÆ®Ü ¸æÇæ ÊÜáñÜᤠÓÜÊÜáñæãàÆ®Ü ±ÜÅÊÜÞ|WÜÙÜá D ¹í¨ÜáË®ÜÈÉ
¯«ÝìÃÜÊÝWÜáñܤ¨æ.
 -4-
28. JŸº®æà ÊÜÞÃÝoWÝÃÜ 2
±Ü¿Þì¿á ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜá CÃÜáÊÜâ©ÆÉ.
E¨ÜÂÊÜáWÜÙÜ ÊÜááPܤ BWÜÊÜá®Ü ÊÜáñÜᤠ¯WÜìÊÜá®ÜWÜÙÜ ÊæáàÇæ ¯Ÿìí«ÜËÃÜáñܤ¨æ.
¸æÇæ ñÝÃÜñÜÊÜá A¥ÜÊÝ HPÜÃÜã±Ü ¸æÇæ
(any 2)
29. A®Üá»æãàX ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜá ŸívÜÊÝÙÜ ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜá
1. Aí£ÊÜá ŸÙÜPæWÝX A®Üá»æãàXWÜÙÜá 1. CñÜÃæ ÊÜÓܤWÜÙÜ Eñݳ¨Ü®æ¿áÈÉ
SÄà©ÓÜáÊÜ ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÙÜÓÜÇÝWÜáÊÜ ¸ÝÚPæ ŸÃÜáÊÜ WÜá|ÊÜâÙÜÛ
A®Üá»æãàX ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜá G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸívÜÊÝÙÜ ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜá
E¨Ý: BÖÝÃÜ, Ÿpær, CñÝ© G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. E¨Ý:¿áíñÜÅWÜÙÜá,
2. A®Üá»æãàX ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜá E±ÜPÜÃÜ|WÜÙÜá CñÝ©.
Ÿ¿áPæWÜÙÜ®Üá° ®æàÃÜÊÝX 2. ŸívÜÊÝÙÜ ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜá Ÿ¿áPæWÜÙÜ®Üá°
ñÜ겤±ÜwÓÜáñܤÊæ. ±ÜÃæãàûÜÊÝX ñÜ겤±ÜwÓÜáñܤÊæ.
3. A®Üá»æãàX ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜá Aí£ÊÜá 3. ŸívÜÊÝÙÜ ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜá ÊÜááí©®Ü
2
A®Üá»æãàWÜPÝRX Æ»ÜÂËÃÜáñܤ¨æ. Eñݳ¨Ü®æWæ ®æÃÜÊÝWÜáñܤ¨æ.
(any 2)

30. 1) Eñܤ®Ü° A¥ÜÊÝ ÊÜåèÆÂÊܘìñÜ Ë«Ý®Ü 2

2) ÊæaÜc¨Ü Ë«Ý®Ü
3) ÊÜÃÜÊÜÞ®Ü¨Ü Ë«Ý®Ü
31. G) ˯ÊÜá¿á ÊÜÞ«ÜÂÊÜá
H) ÊÜåèÆÂÊÜÞ±Ü®Ü ÓÝ«Ü®Ü
Ô) ÊÜåèÆ ÊÜWÝìÊÜOÝ ÓÝ«Ü®Ü
w) ÊÜåèÆ ÓÜíWÜÅÖÜOæ¿á ÓÝ«Ü®Ü (any 2) 2
32. ÖæaÜácÊÜÄ ¸æàwPæ: ÓÜÊÜáñæãàÆ®Ü ÊÜáor¨Ü Eñܳ®Ü°ÊÜâ ±Üä|ì E¨æãÂàWÜ ÊÜáorQRíñÜ
ÖæaÝc¨ÜÃæ ¸æàwPæ¿áá ÖæaÝcX¨Üáª, D Óܯ°ÊæàÍÜÊÜ®Üá° ÖæaÜácÊÜÄ ¸æàwPæ¿á Óܯ°ÊæàÍÜ
G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. C¨Üá ©à[ÝìÊܘ¿áÈÉ ¸æÇæ HÄPæWæ PÝÃÜ|ÊÝWÜŸÖÜá¨Üá. 2
PæãÃÜñæ ¸æàwPæ: ÓÜÊÜáñæãàÆ®Ü ÊÜáor¨Ü Eñܳ®Ü°ÊÜâ ±Üä|ì E¨æãÂàWÜ ÊÜáorQRíñÜ
PÜwÊæá¿á¨ÜÃæ ¸æàwPæ PÜwÊæáÀá¨Üáª. D ÓܮܰÊæàÊÜ®Üá° PæãÃÜñæ ¸æàwPæ¿á Óܯ°ÊæàÍÜ
G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. C¨Üá ©à[ÝìÊܘ¿áÈÉ ¸æÇæ CÚPæWæ PÝÃÜ|ÊÝWÜŸÖÜá¨Üá.
 -5-
33. Jí¨Üá B¦ìPÜñæ¿áÈÉ®Ü GÇÝÉ g®ÜÃÜá EÚñÝ¿á ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ B¨Ý¿á¨Ü
A®Üá±ÝñÜÊÜ®Üá° ÖæbcÔ¨ÜÃæ B¦ìPÜñæ¿á EÚñÝ¿á¨Ü Joár ÊÜåèÆ ÖæaÜcWÜÇÝÃܨÜá
2
Ÿ¨ÜÈWæ A¨Üá PÜwÊæá¿ÞWÜŸÖÜá¨Üá A¥ÜÊÝ Ÿ¨ÜÇÝWܨæà CÃÜŸÖÜá¨Üá. C¨Ü®Üá°
ËáñÜÊÜ¿á¨Ü ËÃæãà«Ü»ÝÓÜ G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
34. ËáWÜáñæ ÊÜááíWÜvÜ ±ÜñÜÅ PæãÃÜñæ ÊÜááíWÜvÜ ±ÜñÜÅ
1. ÊÜááíWÜvÜ ±ÜñÜŨÜÈÉ ñæÄWæ 1. ÊÜááíWÜvÜ ±ÜñÜŨÜÈÉ ÊæaÜcÊÜâ B¨Ý¿áQRíñÜ 2

ÓÜíWÜÅÖÜOæ¿áá (B¨Ý¿á) ÊæaÜcQRíñÜ A˜PÜÊÝXÃÜáÊÜ Óܯ°ÊæàÍÜÊÜ®Üá° PæãÃÜñæ

A˜PÜËÃÜáÊÜâ¨Ü®Üá° EÚñÝ¿á ÊÜááíWÜvÜ ±ÜñÜÅ G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
ÊÜááíWÜvÜ ±ÜñÜÅ G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. 3. ÓÝÊÜÞ®ÜÂÊÝX A¼ÊÜê©œÎàÆ ÃÝÐÜóWÜÙÜá

2. A¼ÊÜê©œ Öæãí©¨Ü ÃÝÐÜóWÜÙÜá PæãÃÜñæ ÊÜááíWÜvܱÜñÜÅÊÜ®Üá°

ÓÝÊÜÞ®ÜÂÊÝX ËáWÜáñæ Öæãí©ÃÜáñܤÊæ.
ÊÜááíWÜvܱÜñÜÅÊÜ®Üá° Öæãí©ÃÜáñܤÊæ.
35. Jí¨Üá PÜÃæ¯Õ¿á ¸æÇæ¿á®Üá° C®æã°í¨Üá PÜÃæ¯Õ¿á ÃÜã±Ü¨ÜÈÉ ÊÜÂPܤ±ÜwÓÜáÊÜâ¨ÜPæR 2
˯ÊÜá¿á¨ÜÃÜ G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. E¨Ý: 1vÝÆÃ…Wæ 50ÃÜã.WÜÙÜ®Üá° ¯àvܸæàPæí¨ÜÃæ 1
vÝÆÄ®Ü ¸æÇæ¿áá 50 ÃÜã±ÝÀáWÜÙÝWÜáñܤÊæ.
36 Eñܳ®Ü° ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær /ÓÜÃÜPÜá ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær PÜãíw
ÖÜ|PÝÓÜá ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær 2

ÍÜÅÊÜá ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær
 -6-
VI »ÝWÜ & Ô 7x4=28
37.
B¦ìPÜñæ¿áÈÉ ËáñÜ ÓÜí±Ü®Üã¾ÆWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓÜÃÜPÜá ÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ Eñݳ¨Ü®æ¿áÈÉ ÖÜÆÊÜâ
Ë«ÜWÜÙÜÈÉ ÖÜíbPæ ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ ÓÝ«ÜÂñæWÜÚ¨Üáª. ˼®Ü° ÓÜíÁãàg®æWÜÙÜ®Üá° ±Üvæ¿ááÊÜâ¨ÜPæR
Eñݳ¨Ü®Ý ÓÝ«ÜÂñæ G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. Æ»ÜÂËÃÜáÊÜ Joár ÓÜí±Ü®Üã¾ÆWÜÙÜ Êæãñܤ ÊÜáñÜᤠñÝí£ÅPÜ
þݮܩí¨Ü Eñݳ©ÓÜÇÝWÜáÊÜ ÓÜÃÜPÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ ÓÝ«ÜÂñæWÜÙÜ ÓÜíÁãàg®æWÜÙÜ
ÓÜíWÜÅÖÜÊÜ®Üá° “Eñݳ¨Ü®æ¿á ÓÝ«ÜÂñæWÜÙÜ WÜ|” G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
Jí¨Üá B¦ìPÜñæ¿áá ñܮܰ ÓÜí±Ü®Üã¾ÆWÜÙÜ®Üá° ŸÙÜÔPæãívÜá «Ý®Ü A¥ÜÊÝ ÖÜ£¤¿á®Üá°
Eñݳ©ÓÜŸÖÜá¨Ý¨Ü ÓÜíÁãàg®æWÜÙÜ®Üá° PæãàÐÜrPܨÜÈÉ ¯àvÜÇÝX¨æ. GÇÝÉ
ÓÜí±Ü®Üã¾ÆWÜÙÜ®Üá° «Ý®ÜÂWÜÙÜ Eñݳ¨Ü®æ¿áÈÉ ŸÙÜÔ¨ÜÃæ WÜÄÐÜu 4 ¿áã¯p…WÜÙÜÐÜár
ÊÜáñÜᤠÖÜ£¤¿á Eñݳ¨Ü®æ¿áÈÉ ŸÙÜÔ¨ÜÃæ 10 ¿áã¯p…WÜÙÜÐÜár Eñݳ©ÓÜŸÖÜá¨Üá. D
PæÙÜX®Üíñæ Eñݳ¨Ü®Ý ÓÝ«ÜÂñæWÜÙÜ®Üá° ±Üqr ÊÜÞvÜŸÖÜá¨Üá.
ÓÝ«ÜÂñæWÜÙÜá «Ý®Ü ÖÜ£¤
A 0 10
B 1 9
C 2 7
D 3 4
E 4 0

ËÊÜÃÜOæ CÃÜÈ

ÖÜ£¤

4
«Ý®ÜÂ
bñÜÅ¨Ü ËÊÜÃÜOæ CÃÜÈ
 -7-

38. Joár ñÜáÑrWÜá| ÔàÊÜÞíñÜ ñÜáÑrWÜá|

1. Jí¨Üá ÓÜÃÜQ®Ü ËÊÜ«Ü ZoPÜWÜÙÜ 1. Jí¨Üá ÓÜÃÜQ®Ü ÖæaÜácÊÜÄ ZoPܨÜ
A®Üá»æãàWÜ©í¨Ü ±Üvæ¨Ü ñÜáÑrWÜá| A®Üá»æãàWÜ©í¨Ü Joár
2. A®Üá»æãàXst Joár ÓÜÃÜQ®Ü ñÜáÑrWÜá|¨ÜÇÝÉ¨Ü Ÿ¨ÜÇÝÊÜOæ
±ÜÅÊÜÞ|ÊÜ®Üá° AÊÜÆí¹Ô¨æ. 2. ÖæaÜácÊÜÄ ZoPÜ¨Ü A®Üá»æãàWÜÊÜ®Üá°
3. TUn=MU1 + MU2 +----MUn
AÊÜÆí¨Ü¹Ô¨Ü.
3. MUn=TUn- TUn -1
4. A®Üá»æãàWÜ ÖæaÝc¨Üíñæ Joár
ñÜáÑrWÜá| CÚÊÜááS ¨ÜÃܨÜÈÉ 4. A®Üá»æãàWÜ ÖæaÝc¨Üíñæ ÔàÊÜÞíñÜ
ÖæaÝcX WÜÄÐÜuÊÜáor ñÜÆá²¨Ü ñÜáÑrWÜá|ÊÜâ CÚÊÜááSÊÝX ÍÜã®ÜÂ
4
®ÜíñÜÃÜ CÚÊÜááSÊÝWÜáñܤ¨æ. ÊÜáor ñÜÆá²¨Ü ®ÜíñÜÃÜ
MáOÝñܾPÜÊÝWÜáñܤ¨æ.
39.
Jí¨æà ÊÜáor¨Ü Eñݳ¨Ü®æ¿á®Üá° ¯àvÜáÊÜ GÃÜvÜá B¨Ý®ÜWÜÙÜ GÇÝÉ ÓÝ«ÜÂñÝ
ÓÜíÁãàg®æWÜÙÜ ÓÜÊÜáãÖÜÊÜ®Üá° ÓÜÊÜá Eñܳ®Ü° ÃæàTæ G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. ±ÜÅ£Áãí¨Üá ÓÜÊÜá
Eñܳ®Ü° ÃæàTæ¿áá Jí¨Üá ¯©ìÐÜrÊÜáor¨Ü Eñܳ®Ü°ÊÜ®Üá° ±ÜÅ£¯˜ÓÜáñܤ¨æ ÊÜáñÜᤠB
±ÜÅÊÜÞ|¨Ü Eñܳ®Ü°¨æãí©Wæ WÜáÃÜá£ÔPæãÙÜÛñܤ¨æ.

ŸívÜÊÝÙÜ

ÍÜÅÊÜá 4
(ËÊÜÃÜOæ CÃÜÈ)
 -8-

40 ©à[ÝìÊܘ¿áÈÉ GÇÝÉ B¨Ý®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° Ÿ¨ÜÇÝÀáÓÜÆá ÓÝ«ÜÂËÃÜáÊÜâ¨ÜÄí¨Ü GÃÜvÜá

B¨Ý®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° (ÍÜÅÊÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠŸívÜÊÝÙÜ) Jí¨æà ±ÜÅÊÜÞ|¨ÜÈÉ Ÿ¨ÜÇÝÀáÔ¨ÝWÜ
Ÿ¨ÜÇÝWÜáÊÜ B¨Ý®ÜWÜÙÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠEñܳ®Ü°¨Ü ®ÜvÜá訆 ÓÜíŸí«ÜÊÜ®Üá° ±ÜÅ£¶ÜÆ ±ÜÅÊÜÞ|
ËÊÜÄÓÜáñܤ¨æ. ±ÜÅ£¶ÜÆWÜÙÜ ±ÜÅÊÜÞ|WÜÙÜÈÉ HÄPæ ±ÜÅ£¶ÜÆ IRS, Ô§ÃÜ ±ÜÅ£¶ÜÆ CRS
ÊÜáñÜᤠCÚPæÁá ±ÜÅ£¶ÜÆ DRS WÜÙÜá GíŸ ÊÜáãÃÜá Ë«ÜWÜÚ¨Üáª, AÊÜâWÜÙÜ®Üá° D
PæÙÜX®Üíñæ ËÊÜÄÓÜŸÖÜá¨Üá.
1) HÄPæ ±ÜÅ£¶ÜÆWÜÙÜ ±ÜÅÊÜÞ| IRS – GÇÝÉ B¨Ý®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓÜÊÜá±ÜÅÊÜÞ|¨ÜÈÉ
ÖæbcÔ¨ÝWÜ Eñܳ®Ü°ÊÜâ A¨ÜQRíñÜ Öæbc®Ü ±ÜÅÊÜÞ|¨ÜÈÉ ÖæaÝc¨ÝWÜ Eñݳ¨Ü®Ý
¹íŸPÜÊÜâ IRS ®Üá° ñæãàÄÓÜáñܤ¨æ. E¨Ý: Jí¨Üá Eñݳ¨Ü®Ý ±ÜÅQÅÁá¿áÈÉ GÇÝÉ
B¨Ý®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° GÃÜvÜá ±Üoár ÖæbcÔ¨ÝWÜ Eñܳ®Ü°ÊÜâ GÃÜvÜá ±ÜqrXíñÜ
ÖæaÝcWÜáÊÜâ¨Üá.
2) Ô§ÃÜ ±ÜÅ£¶ÜÆWÜÙÜ ±ÜÅÊÜÞ| CRS: GÇÝÉ B¨Ý®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓÜÊÜá ±ÜÅÊÜÞ|¨ÜÈÉ
ÖæbcÔ¨ÝWÜ Eñܳ®Ü°ÊÜâ AÐærà ±ÜÅÊÜÞ|¨ÜÈÉ ÖæaÝc¨ÝWÜ Eñݳ¨Ü®Ý ¹íŸPÜÊÜâ CRS
®Üá° ñæãàÄÓÜáñܤ¨æ. E¨Ý: Jí¨Üá Eñݳ¨Ü®Ý ±ÜÅQÅÁá¿áÈÉ GÇÝÉ B¨Ý®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá°
GÃÜvÜá ±Üoár ÖæbcÔ¨ÝWÜ Eñܳ®Ü°ÊÜâ GÃÜvÜá ±Üqr®ÜÐærà ÖæaÝcWÜáÊÜâ¨Üá.
3) CÚPæ¿á ±ÜÅ£¶ÜÆWÜÙÜ ±ÜÅÊÜÞ| DRS: GÇÝÉ B¨Ý®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓÜÊÜá±ÜÅÊÜÞ|¨ÜÈÉ
ÖæbcÔ¨ÝWÜ Eñܳ®Ü°ÊÜâ A¨ÜQRíñÜ PÜwÊæá ±ÜÅÊÜÞ|¨ÜÈÉ ÖæaÝc¨ÝWÜ Eñݳ¨Ü®Ý
¹íŸPÜÊÜâ DRS ®Üá° ñæãàÄÃÜáñܤ¨æ. E¨Ý : Jí¨Üá Eñݳ¨Ü®Ý ±ÜÅQÅÁá¿áÈÉ 4
GÇÝÉ B¨Ý®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° GÃÜvÜá ±Üoár ÖæbcÔ¨ÝWÜ Eñܳ®Ü°ÊÜâ GÃÜvÜá ±ÜqrXí¨Ü
PÜwÊæá¿ÞWÜáÊÜâ¨Üá.
41. ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær¿áÈÉ A˜PÜ ÓÜíTæ PæãÙÜáÛÊÜÊÜÃÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠÊÜÞÃÝoWÝÃÜĨÜáª, HPÜÃÜã±Ü¨Ü
ÊÜÓÜá¤WÜÙÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞÃÝo ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær¿á®Üá° ±ÜıÜä|ì ±æç±æäàq ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær
G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. D ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær¿á PæÆÊÜâ ±ÜÅÊÜááS ÆûÜ|WÜÙÜ®Üá°
1) A˜PÜ ÓÜíTæ¿á PæãÙÜáÛÊÜÊÜÃÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠÊÜáãÃÜáÊÜÊÜÃÜ AÔ¤ñÜÌ
2) HPÜÃÜã±Ü¨Ü ÊÜÓÜá¤
3) E¨ÜÂÊÜáWÜÙÜ ÊÜááPܤ ±ÜÅÊæàÍÜ ÊÜáñÜᤠ¯WÜìÊÜá®Ü
4) ±ÜıÜä|ì þÝ®Ü
5) ¸æÇæ ±Üvæ¿ááÊÜÊÜÃÜá
4
(ËÊÜÃÜOæ CÃÜÈ)
 -9-

42. B¦ìPÜñæ¿áÈÉ ±ÜÅ£Áãí¨Üá E¨ÜÂÊÜáÊÜâ ÓÜÃÜPÜá ÓæàÊæ¿áWÜÙÜ®Üá° Eñݳ©ÓÜáÊÜâ¨ÜÃÜ

ÊÜááS E¨æªàÍÜ ÇÝ»ÜWÜÄÑuàPÜÃÜ| ÊÜÞvÜáPæãÙÜáÛÊÜâ¨ÝX¨æ. C¨ÜPÝRX E¨ÜÂÊÜáÊÜâ
ÐÜÃÜñÜá¤WÜÙÜ®Üá° ±ÜäÃæçÔÓܸæàPÝX¨æ.
ÐÜÃÜñÜᤠ1: E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPÜ¨Ü ÇÝ»ÜÊÜâ A¨ÜÃÜ Joár B¨Ý¿á ÊÜáñÜᤠJoár ÊæaÜc¨Ü
®ÜvÜá訆 ÊÜÂñÝÂÓÜÊÝX¨æ. Aí¨ÜÃæ (𝜋) = TR-TC BX¨æ.
D ¯¿áÊÜá¨Ü ÐÜÃÜ£¤®Ü ±ÜÅPÝÃÜ E¨ÜÂÊÜá¨Ü ÔàÊÜÞíñÜ B¨Ý¿áÊÜâ ñܮܰ ÔàÊÜÞíñÜ
ÊæaÜcQRíñÜ ÖæaÜác C¨ÝªWÜ WÜÄÐÜu ÇÝ»Ü ±Üvæ¿áÆá ÓÝ«Ü Gí¨Üá £ÚÓÜáñܤ¨æ.
±ÜıÜä|ì ±æç±æäàq ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær¿áÈÉ ¸æÇæ¿á ÔàÊÜÞíñÜ ÊæaÜcPæR ÓÜÊÜáÊÝX¨Üáª,
E¨ÜÂÊÜáÊÜâ A¦PÜ ÇÝ»Ü WÜÚÓÜÆá P = MC A¥ÜÊÝ P = MR BXÃܸæàPÜá.

¸æÇæ, ÔàÊÜÞíñÜ
ÊæaÜc

Eñܳ®Ü°

D ÊæáàÆRívÜ ÃæàTÝbñÜŨÜÈÉ ñæãàÄÓÜáÊÜíñæ Eñܳ®Ü°¨Ü ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær ¸æÇæ¿áá

E¨ÜÂÊÜá¨Ü ÔàÊÜÞíñÜ ÊæaÜcQRíñÜ PÜwÊæá C¨æ. AíñæÁáà E¨ÜÂÊÜá¨Ü ÇÝ»ÜWÜÚÓÜÆá
ÓÝ«ÜÂËÃÜáÊÜ GÇÝÉ «Ü®ÝñܾPÜ Eñܳ®Ü°WÜÙÜá q1 Eñܳ®Ü° ÊÜáor¨Ü GvÜPæR C¨Üáª
MC=q1BX¨æ. E¨ÜÂÊÜáÊÜâ D Óܯ°ÊæàÍܨÜÈÉ ÇÝ»Ü WÜÄÑuPÜÃÜ| Öæãí¨ÜÆá
ÓÝ«ÜÂËÃÜáÊÜâ©ÆÉ.

(ËÊÜÃÜOæ CÃÜÈ) 4
 -10-

43. ÓÜãûÜ$¾ A¥ÜìÍÝÓÜŒ ÓÜÊÜáWÜÅ A¥ÜìÍÝÓÜŒ

1. ÓÜãûÜ$¾ A¥ÜìÍÝÓÜŒÊÜâ B¦ìPÜñæ¿á 1. ÓÜÊÜáWÜÅ A¥ÜìÍÝÓÜŒÊÜâ B¦ìPÜñæÁá
ÓÜ|¡ ÓÜ|¡ Êæç¿áQ¤PÜ B¦ìPÜ ZoPÜWÜÙÜ ÊݱÜPÜ »ÝWÜWÜÙÜ JpÝrÃæ A«Ü¿á®Ü
ŸWæY A«Ü¿á®Ü ÊÜÞvÜáñܤ¨æ. ÊÜÞvÜáñܤ¨æ.
2. C¨Üá ÓÜíPÜábñÜ Êݲ¤¿á®Üá°
2. C¨Üá ËÍÝÆ Êݲ¤¿á®Üá° Öæãí©¨æ.
Öæãí©¨æ.
3. C¨Ü®Üá° ñÜá|áPÜá Ë«Ý®Ü G®Üá°ÊÜÃÜá
3. C¨Ü®Üá° ÃÝÎ Ë«Ý®Ü G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
4. C¨Üá »ÝWÜÍÜ@ ÓÜÊÜáñæãàÆ®Ü 4. C¨Üá ÓÝÊÜޮܠÓÜÊÜáñæãàÆ®Ü
ËÍæÉàÐÜOæ¿ÞX¨æ. ËÍæÉàÐÜOæ¿ÞX¨æ.
5. C¨Üá A®Üá»æãàX ÊÜñÜì®Ý ԨݪíñÜ 4
5. C¨Üá B¨Ý¿á, E¨æãÂàWÜ CñÝ©
Wæà~, PÜãÈ, Ÿwx, ÇÝ»Ü Ô¨ÝœíñÜ
ԨݜíñÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° JÙÜWæãíw¨æ.
CñÝ© ԨݜíñÜWÜÙÜ®Üá°
JÙÜWæãíw¨æ.
44. Jí¨Üá B¦ìPÜñæ¿á ÊÜêñݤPÝÃÜ aÜÆ®æ¿áÈÉ PæÆÊÜâ PÜƳ®æWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞvÜÇÝX¨Ü᪠AÊÜâ,
 ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær¿áÈÉ PæàÊÜÆ GÃÜvæà ÊÜÆ¿áWÜÙÜá AÔ¤ñŲ̈ÜÈɨÜ᪠PÜáoáíŸ ÊÜáñÜá¤
E¨ÜÂÊÜá ÊÜÆ¿áÊÝX¨æ. PÜáoáíŸ ÊÜÆ¿áÊÜâ Eñݳ¨Ü®ÝíWܨÜ
ÊÜÞÈàPÜÃÝXÃÜáñݤÃæ.
D PÜáoáíŸÊÜÆ¿áÊÜâ ñÜÊÜá¾ Eñݳ¨Ü®ÝíWÜWÜ®Üá° E¨ÜÂÊÜáPæR ÊÜÞÃÝo ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ
ÊÜáãÆPÜ B¨Ý¿áWÜÚÓÜáñݤÃæ.
E¨ÜÂÊÜáÊÜâ ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ®Üá° PÜáoáíŸÊÜÆ¿áPÝRX Eñݳ©ÓÜáñݤÃæ.
4
 CÈÉ EÚñÝ¿á CÃÜáÊÜâ©ÆÉ.
 C¨Üá ÊÜáábc¨Ü A¥Üì ÊÜÂÊÜÓæ§ BX¨Ü᪠ÓÜPÝìÃÜ, ¸ÝÖÜÂ, ÊݱÝÃÜ CÃÜáÊÜâ©ÆÉ.
ÃæàTÝbñÜÅ:
 -11-

(ËÊÜÃÜOæ CÃÜÈ)
4
45. ÊÜÞÃÝo¨ÜÈÉ A¯ÄàüñÜ CÚPæ ÓÜí»ÜËÔ¨ÜÃæ E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPܨÜÈÉ ÊÜÞÃÝo ÊÜÞvܨæ
EÚ¨Ü ¨ÝÓݤ®Ü®Üá° ÁãàiñÜÊÜÆÉ¨Ü ñܱÜÎàÆá ±ÜqrWÜÙÜ ÍæàSÃÜOæ G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. C¨ÜPæR
ËÃÜá¨ÜœÊÝX, ÊÜÞÃÝo¨ÜÈÉ A¯ÄàüñÜ HÄPæ ÓÜí»ÜËÔ¨ÜÃæ ñܱÜÎàÆá ±Üqr¿á
PÜáÔñÜÊÜ®Üá° ÁãàiñÜÊÜÆÉ¨Ü ñܱÜÎàÆá±Üqr¿á PÜáÔñÜ G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. C¨Ü®Üá° E¨ÜÂÊÜá
ZoPÜÊÜâ ¯ÄàüÔÃÜáÊÜâ©ÆÉ. E¨Ý: ÍÜp…ìWÜÙÜ®Üá° ñÜ¿ÞÄÓÜáÊÜ E¨ÜÂÊÜá
ZoPÜÊæäí¨Üá ÊÜÐÜì¨Ü BÃÜí»Ü¨ÜÈÉ 100 ÍÜp…ìWÜÙÜ ñܱÜÎàÆá±Üqr¿á®Üá°
Öæãí©ÃÜáñܤ¨æ. ÊÜááíŸÃÜáÊÜ ÊÜÐÜì¨ÜÈÉ C¨Üá 1000 ÍÜp…ìWÜÙÜ ÊÜÞÃÝoÊÜ®Üá° ¯ÄàüÔ
A¨Üá 1000 ÍÜp…ìWÜÙÜ®Üá° Eñݳ©ÓÜáñܤ¨æ. ÊÜÐÝìíñܨÜÈÉ ñܱÜÎàÆá±Üqr¿áÈÉ 100
ÍÜp…ìWÜÙÜ®Üá° EÚÔoárPæãÙÜáÛÊÜ ¯Äàûæ CoárPæãíwÃÜáñܤ¨æ. B¨ÜÃæ A¨æà ÊÜÐÜì¨ÜÈÉ
ÍÜp…ìWÜÙÜ ÊÜÞÃÝoÊÜâ A¯ÄàüñÜÊÝX PÜwÊæá¿ÞX PæàÊÜÆ 600 ÍÜp…ìWÜÙÜá ÊÜÞñÜÅ
ÊÜÞÃÝoÊÝWÜáñܤÊæ. E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPÜÊÜâ 400 ÊÜÞÃÝoÊÝWÜ¨Ü ÍÜp…ìWÜÙÜ®Üá°
Öæãí©ÃÜáñܤ¨æ. ÊÜÐÜì¨ÜÈÉ E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPÜÊÜâ 400 +100=500 ÍÜp…ìWÜÙæãí©Wæ
Pæã®æWæãÙÜáÛñܤ¨æ. ñܱÜÎàÆá ±Üqr¿áÈÉ 400 ÍÜp…ìWÜÙÜ A¯ÄàüñÜ ÖæaÜcÙÜ©í¨Ü
ÁãàiñÜÊÜÆɨæ. ñܱÜÎàÆá±Üqr¿á ÍæàSÃÜOæ PÜívÜáŸÃÜáñܤ¨æ. A¨æà Ä࣠ÊÜÞÃÝoÊÜâ
1000 ÍÜp…ìWÜÚXíñÜ ÖæaÝc¨ÜÃæ ñܱÜÎàÆá ±Üqr¿á ÁãàiñÜÊÜÆÉ¨Ü PÜáÔñÜ
EípÝWÜáñܤ¨æ. Aí¨ÜÃæ. ÊÜÞÃÝoÊÜâ 1050 B¨ÜÃæ BWÜ 1000 ÍÜp…ìWÜÙÜ®Üá°
ÊÜÞñÜÅÊÜÆɨæ 50 ÍÜp…ìWÜÙÜ®Üá° ñܱÜÎàÆá ±ÜqrÀáí¨Ü ÊÜÞÃÝo ÊÜÞvܸæàPÝWÜáñܤ¨æ. 4
ñܱÜÎàÆá ±Üqr¿áÈÉ®Ü D A¯ÄàüñÜ CÚPæ¿áá ñܱÜÎàÆá ±Üqr¿áÈÉ®Ü PÜáÔñÜPæR
PÝÃÜ|ÊÝWÜáñܤ¨æ.
 -12-

46. Jí¨Üá E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPÜÊÜâ C®æã°í¨Üá E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPÜPæR A¥ÜÊÝ JŸº ÊÜÂQ¤ C®æã°Ÿº
ÊÜÂQ¤Wæ ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ ±ÜÅÁãàg®Ü A¥ÜÊÝ Öݯ¿á®Üá° ¸ÝÖÜÂñæWÜÙÜá G®Üá°ÊÜÃÜá.
C¨ÜPÝRX ±ÜÅÁãàg®Ü ±Üvæ¨Ü ÊÜÂQ¤ H®Ü®Üá° ±ÝÊÜ£ÓÜáÊÜâ©ÆÉ ÊÜáñÜᤠÖݯ EípݨÜÃæ
ñæãí¨ÜÃæ ¯àw¨Ü ZoPÜWÜÙÜá ÁãàÊÜâ¨æà ¨ÜívÜ ±ÝÊÜ£ÓÜáÊÜâ©ÆÉ.
¸ÝÖÜÂñæWÜÙÜÈÉ ÊÜááSÂÊÝX GÃÜvÜá Ë«ÜWÜÚÊæ, AÊÜâ.
G) «Ü®ÝñܾPÜ ¸ÝÖÜÂñæWÜÙÜá: Jí¨Üá E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPÜÊÜâ C®æã°í¨Üá E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPÜPæR
A¥ÜÊÝ JŸº ÊÜÂQ¤ C®æã°Ÿº ÊÜÂQ¤Wæ ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ ±ÜÂÁãàg®æWÜÙÜ®Üá° «Ü®ÝñܾPÜ ¸ÝÖÜÂñæWÜÙÜá
G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. E¨Ý: Jí¨Üá ±ÜŨæàÍܨÜÈÉ ñæçÆ ÓÜíÓÜRÃÜOÝWÝÃÜÊÜ®Üá° Óݧ²Ô¨ÜÃæ ÃæçñÜÃÜ
gËáà¯Wæ ¸æÇæWÜÙÜá ÖæaÝcWÜáñܤÊæ. ÓÜáñÜ¤È®Ü g®ÜÄWæ E¨æãÂàWÜÊÜPÝÍÜWÜÙÜá ÃÜÓæ¤,
˨ÜáÂñ… ÊÜááíñÝ¨Ü ÊÜáãÆ ÓèPÜ¿áìWÜÙÜá ÖæaÝcWÜáñܤÊæ.
¹) MáOÝñܾPÜ ¸ÝÖÜÂñæWÜÙÜá: Jí¨Üá E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPÜÊÜâ C®æã°í¨Üá E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPÜPæR
A¥ÜÊÝ JŸº ÊÜÂQ¤Wæ ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ ÖݯWÜÙÜ®Üá° MáOÝñܾPÜ ¸ÝÖÜÂñæWÜÙÜá G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. E¨Ý:
Jí¨Üá ±ÜŨæàÍܨÜÈÉ ñæçÆ ÓÜíÓÜRÃÜOÝWÝÃÜÊÜ®Üá° Óݧ²Ô¨ÜÃæ A¨Üá ñÝÂgÂÊÜ®Üá° ÖÜ£¤ÃܨÜ
®Ü©Wæ ¹vÜáÊÜâ¨ÜÄí¨Ü ¯àÃÜá PÜÆáÑñÜÊÝWÜáñܤ¨æ. B ®Ü©¿á ¯àÃÜ®Üá° ŸÙÜÓÜáÊÜ g®ÜÃÜ
ÁãàWÜûæàÊÜá PÜáÔ¿ááñܤ¨æ. ÊÜÞÈ®ÜÂÊÜâ Ëáà®Üá ÊÜᣤñÜÃæ iàÊÜÃÝÎWÜÙÜ®Üá° 4
PæãÆáÉÊÜâ¨ÜÄí¨Ü Ëáà®ÜáWÝÃÜÃÜá ñÜÊÜá¾ iàÊÜ®æãà±Ý¿áÊÜ®Üá° PÜÙæ¨ÜáPæãÙÜÛŸÖÜá¨Üá.
47. E¨ÜÂÊÜáWÜÙÜá ±ÜÅ£ÊÜÐÜì Jí¨æà Êæãñܤ¨Ü ÖÜãwPæ¿á®Üá° ÊÜÞvÜÆá Ÿ¿áÓÜáñܤÊæ.
(ÓÝÌ¿áñܤ ÖÜãwPæ) GíŸ FÖæ¿á ÊæáàÃæWæ ÖÜãwPæ ÊÜáñÜᤠÓÝÌ¿áñܤ ÖÜãwPæWÜÙÜ
®ÜvÜá訆 ÓÜíŸí«ÜÊÜ®Üá° ÖÜãwPæ ¹íŸPÜ G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
I=I (CÈÉ I=ÖÜãwPæ, I- ÓÝÌ¿áñܤ ÖÜãwPæ¿ÞX¨Ü᪠«Ü®ÝñܾPÜ ÔÃÝíPÜÊÝX¨æ)
ÖÜãwPæ ¹íŸPÜ&ÃæàTÝñܾPÜ ±ÜÅ£¯˜ÓÜáËPæ&©ÌÊÜÆ¿á ÊÜÞ¨ÜÄ¿áÈÉ A®Üá»æãàWÜ ÊÜáñÜá¤
ÖÜãwPæWÜÙÜá Aí£ÊÜá ¸æàwPæ¿á GÃÜvÜá BPÜÃÜWÜÙÝXÊæ. I=I ÖÜãwPæ ¹íŸPÜÊÝX¨Üáª,
ÃæàTÝbñÜŨÜÈÉ ÓÜÊÜáñÜÆ AûÜ¨Ü Êæáà騆 I Wæ ÓÜÊÜáÊݨÜÐÜár GñܤÃܨÜÈÉ ÓÜÊÜáñÜÆ
ÃæàTæ¿ÞX¨æ. ÊÜÞ¨ÜÄ¿áÈÉ I ¿áá ÓÝÌ¿áñܤÊÝX¨Üáª, B¨Ý¿á¨Ü ÊÜáor GÐærà
C¨ÜªÃÜã A¨Üá AÐærà CÃÜáñܤ¨æ.
 -13-

C, I

-
I=I

Y 4

48.

aÝȤTÝñæ

ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ ÊݱÝÃÜ ÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ ÊݱÝÃÜ ÊÜWÝìÊÝOÝ ±ÝÊÜ£WÜÙÜá

EvÜáWæãÃæWÜÙÜá
ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ ¯ÊÜÌÙÜ Eñݳ¨Ü®ÝíWÜ ¯ÊÜÌÙÜ ±ÝÊÜ£WÜÙÜá ÊÜáñÜá¤
ÃܶÜâ ¤WÜÙÜá BÊÜá¨ÜáWÜÙÜá B¨Ý¿á Eñݳ¨Ü®ÝíXàñÜÃÜ A®Üá¨Ý®ÜWÜÙÜ®Üá°
B¨Ý¿á JÙÜWæãÙÜáÛñܤ¨æ

¸ÝÂíQíW…, ËÊæá
¯ÊÜÌÙÜ ÖÜãwPæ ®èPÜÃÜÓÜ ±ÜÅÊÝÓæãà¨ÜÂÊÜá
±ÜÄÖÝÃÜ©í¨Ü Óݶ…rÊæàÃ…,
B¨Ý¿á ŸÃÜáÊÜ ¯ÊÜÌÙÜ ®èPÝÓæàÊæWÜÙÜá
B¨Ý¿á CñÝ©

4
 -14-
vii »ÝWÜ & w 4 x 6=24
49. CÚÊÜááS ÔàÊÜÞíñÜ ñÜáÑrWÜá| ¯¿áÊÜáÊÜ®Üá° Êæã¨ÜÈWæ ±ÜÄaÜÀáÔ¨ÜÊÜÃÜá
Öæa….Öæa….WæãàÓÜ®… ÊÜáñÜᤠ±ÜÅTÝ£ ÊÜÞw¨ÜÊÜÃÜá vÝ>> BÇ…¶æv… ÊÜÞÐÜìÇ… 2
BX¨ÝªÃæ. D ¯¿áÊÜá¨Ü ±ÜÅPÝÃÜ “CñÜÃæ AíÍÜWÜÙÜÈÉ Ÿ¨ÜÇÝÊÜOæWÜÚÆÉ©¨ÝªWÜ Jí¨Üá
¯©ìÐÜr AÊܘ¿áÈÉ Jí¨æà ÊÜÓÜá¤Ë®Ü ËË«Ü ZoPÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÓÜÊÜá¿á¨Ü AíñÜÃÜËÆɨæ
Jí¨Ý¨Ü ÊæáàÇæãí¨ÜÃÜíñæ ÓæàËÓÜáñݤ Öæãà¨ÜÈÉ B ÊÜÓÜá¤Ë®Ü ÖæaÜácÊÜÄ ZoPÜWÜÙÜ
A®Üá»æãàWÜ©í¨Ü ¨æãÃæ¿ááÊÜ ñÜáÑrWÜá| CÚÊÜááSÊÝWÜáñݤ ÖæãàWÜáñܤ¨æ. ”C¨Ü®Üá°
CÚÊÜááS ÔàÊÜÞíñÜ ñÜáÑrWÜá| ¯¿áÊÜá G®Üá°ÊÜÃÜá.
CÚÊÜááS ÔàÊÜÞíñÜ ñÜáÑrWÜá| ¯¿áÊÜáÊÜ®Üá° D PæÙÜX®Ü A®ÜáÓÜãb¿á ÊÜáãÆPÜ
ËÊÜÄÓÜŸÖÜá¨ÝX¨æ.
ZoPÜWÜÙÜá Joár ñÜáÑrWÜá| ÔàÊÜÞíñÜ ñÜáÑrWÜá| 2
TU MU
1 12 12
2 18 6
3 22 4
4 24 2
5 24 0
6 22 -2
(ËÊÜÃÜOæ CÃÜÈ)

ñÜáÑrWÜá|
2

ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ ±ÜÅÊÜÞ|
ËÊÜÃÜOæ CÃÜÈ
 -15-

50. A®Üá»æãàX¿áá ñܮܰ B¨Ý¿áÊÜ®Üá° ËË«Ü ÊÜÓÜá¤WÜÙÜ ÊæáàÇæ SaÜáì ÊÜÞw WÜÄÐÜu
ñÜ겤¿á®Üá° ±Üvæ¿áᣤÃÜáÊÜ Ô§£¿á®Üá° A®Üá»æãàX¿á B¨ÜÍÜì BÁáR G®Üá°ÊÜÃÜá.

ËÊÜÃÜOæ CÃÜÈ
51.
i) ±ÜäÃæçPæ ÃæàTæ ÊÜáñÜᤠ¸æàwPæ ÃæàTæWÜÙæÃÜã ŸÆWÜvæWæ ±ÜÆÉoWæãÙÜáÛÊÜâ¨Üá.
ii) ±ÜäÃæçPæ ÃæàTæ ÊÜáñÜᤠ¸æàwPæ ÃæàTæWÜÙæÃÜvÜã GvÜWÜvæWæ ±ÜÆÉoWæãÙÜáÛÊÜâ¨Üá.

iii) ±ÜäÃæçPæ ÃæàTæ¿áá GvÜWÜvæWæ ±ÜÆÉoWæãÙÜáÛÊÜâ¨Üá ÊÜáñÜᤠ¸æàwPæ ÃæàTæ¿áá

ŸÆWÜvæWæ ±ÜÆÉoWæãÙÜáÛÊÜâ¨Üá.
iv) ±ÜäÃæçPæ ÃæàTæ¿áá ŸÆWÜvæWæ ±ÜÆÉoWæãÙÜáÛÊÜâ¨Üá ÊÜáñÜᤠ¸æàwPæ ÃæàTæ¿áá

GvÜWÜvæWæ ±ÜÆÉoWæãÙÜáÛÊÜâ¨Üá

(ËÊÜÃÜOæ CÃÜÈ)
 -16-

¸æÇæ

±ÜÅÊÜÞ|
6

(ËÊÜÃÜOæ CÃÜÈ)
52.
Q P TR= Q x P MR=TRn -–TRn- TC MC=TCn -TRn-1
1
0 52 0 0 10 0
1 44 44 44 60 50
2 36 72 28 90 30
3 31 93 21 100 10
4 26 104 11 102 2
5 22 110 6 105 3
6 19 114 4 109 4
7 16 112 -2 115 6
8 13 104 -8 125 10

1. MR ÊÜáñÜᤠMC A®ÜáÓÜãb ñÜ¿ÞÄÓÜÇÝX¨æ.

2. ±ÜÅÊÜÞ| 6ÃÜÈÉ MR ÊÜáñÜᤠMC WÜÙÜá ÓÜÊÜáÊÝWÜáñܤÊæ.
3. Eñܳ®Ü°¨Ü ÓÜÊÜáñæãàÆ®Ü ±ÜÅÊÜÞ| 6 ÊÜáñÜᤠÓÜÃÜQ®Ü ÓÜÊÜáñæãàÆ®Ü ¸æÇæ 19.
4. ÓÜÊÜáñæãàƮܨÜÈÉ Joár B¨Ý¿á 114 ÊÜáñÜᤠJoár ÊæaÜc 109 ÊÜáñÜᤠ6
Joár ÇÝ»Ü = 114&109 =5
 -17-
53. ÓÜÊÜáWÜÅ B¦ìPÜ A®Ü®ÜÂñæWÜÙÜá (ÃÝÑóà¿á ÊÜÃÜÊÜÞ®Ü¨Ü ±ÜÄPÜƳ®æWÜÙÜá) D PæÙÜX®Üíñæ
aÜbìÓÜŸÖÜá¨Üá.
1. Joár ¨æàÎà¿á Eñܳ®Ü° (GDP) : Jí¨Üá ÊÜÐÜì¨ÜÈÉ Jí¨Üá ¨æàÍÜ¨Ü JÙÜWæ
Eñݳ©Ô¨Ü GÇÝÉ Aí£ÊÜá ÓÜÃÜPÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ Joár ÊÜåèÆÂÊÜ®Üá° Joár
¨æàÎà¿á Eñܳ®Ü° G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. C¨ÜÃÜÈÉ ¨æàÎà¿áÃÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠ¨æàÍܨæãÙÜX®Ü
˨æàοáÃÜá Eñݳ©Ô¨Ü ÓÜÃÜPÜá ÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ ÊÜåèÆÂÊÜä ÓæàÄÃÜáñܤ¨æ.
ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær ¸æÇæWÜÙÜÈÉ GDPmp = C+I+G+X-M
Eñݳ¨Ü®ÝíWÜWÜÙÜ ÊæaÜc¨ÜÈÉ GDPFC = GDPmp – NIT
2. ¯ÊÜÌÙÜ ¨æàÎà¿á Eñܳ®Ü° (NDP): Jí¨Üá ÊÜÐÜì¨ÜÈÉ Jí¨Üá ¨æàÍÜ¨Ü JÙÜWæ
Eñݳ©Ô¨Ü GÇÝÉ Aí£ÊÜá ÓÜÃÜPÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ Joár ÊÜåèƨÜÈÉ ÓÜÊÜPÜÚ
ÊÜaÜcÊÜ®Üá° PÜÙæ¨ÜÃæ ¯ÊÜÌÙÜ ¨æàÎà¿á Eñܳ®Ü° G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær ¸æÇæWÜÙÜÈÉ NDPMP =GDP – Dep
MP

Eñݳ¨Ü®ÝíWÜWÜÙÜ ÊæaÜc¨ÜÈÉ NDPFC=NDP MP –¯ÊÜÌÙÜ Eñݳ¨Ü®Ý ñæÄWæ &

¯ÊÜÌÙÜ Eñܳ®Ü° ñæÄWæ.
3. Joár ÃÝÑóà¿á Eñܳ®Ü° (GNP) : Jí¨Üá ÊÜÐÜì¨ÜÈÉ Jí¨Üá ¨æàÍÜ¨Ü JÙÜWæ
Eñݳ©Ô¨Ü GÇÝÉ Aí£ÊÜá ÓÜÃÜPÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ Joár ÊÜåèÆÂPæR
˨æàÍÜWÜÚí¨Ü Ÿí¨Ü ¯ÊÜÌÙÜ Eñݳ¨Ü®ÝíWÜWÜÙÜ B¨Ý¿áÊÜ®Üá° ÓæàÄÔ¨ÜÃæ Joár
ÃÝÑóà¿á Eñܳ®Ü° G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
GNPMP=GDPMP + NFIA
GNPFC= GNPMP – ¯ÊÜÌÙÜ Eñݳ¨Ü®Ý ñæÄWæ & ¯ÊÜÌÙÜ Eñܳ®Ü° ñæÄWæ.

4. ¯ÊÜÌÙÜ ÃÝÑóà¿á Eñܳ®Ü° (NNP) :Jí¨Üá ÊÜÐÜì¨ÜÈÉ Jí¨Üá ¨æàÍÜ¨Ü JÙÜWæ

Eñݳ©Ô¨Ü GÇÝÉ Aí£ÊÜá ÓÜÃÜPÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ Joár ÊÜåèÆÂPæR
˨æàÍÜWÜÚí¨Ü Ÿí¨Ü ¯ÊÜÌÙÜ Eñݳ¨Ü®ÝíWÜWÜÙÜ B¨Ý¿áÊÜ®Üá° ÓæàÄÔ¨Ü
ÊÜåèƨÜÈÉ ÓÜÊÜPÜÚ ÊæaÜcÊÜ®Üá° PÜÙæ¨ÜÃæ ¯ÊÜÌÙÜ ÃÝÑóà¿á Eñܳ®Ü° G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
 -18-

NNPMP=GNPMP - Dep
NNPFC=NNPMP – ¯ÊÜÌÙÜ Eñݳ¨Ü®Ý ñæÄWæ & ¯ÊÜÌÙÜ Eñܳ®Ü° ñæÄWæ.
NNPFC ®Üá° ÃÝÑóà¿á B¨Ý¿á (NI) Gí¨Üã PÜÃæ¿ááñݤÃæ.
5. Êæç¿áQ¤PÜ ÊÜÃÜÊÜÞ®Ü (PI) : g®ÜÃÜá A¥ÜÊÝ PÜáoáíŸWÜÙÜ ±Üvæ¨Ü ÃÝÑóà¿á
ÊÜÃÜÊÜÞ®Ü¨Ü »ÝWÜÊÜ®Üá° Êæç¿áQ¤PÜ ÊÜÃÜÊÜÞ®Ü G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
PI = ÃÝÑóà¿á ÊÜÃÜÊÜÞ®Ü& ËñÜÃÜOæ¿ÞWÜ¨Ü ÇÝ»ÜWÜÙÜá & PÜáoáíŸWÜÙÜ ÊÜÞw¨Ü
¯ÊÜÌÙÜ Ÿwx ±ÝÊÜ£WÜÙÜá & PݱæäàìÃæàp… ñæÄWæ + ÓÜPÝìÃÜ ÊÜáñÜᤠE¨ÜÂÊÜá
ZoPÜWÜÚí¨Ü PÜáoáíŸWÜÚWæ ±ÝÊÜ£¿Þ¨Ü ÊÜWÝìÊÜOæ ±ÝÊÜ£WÜÙÜá.
6. Êæç¿áQ¤PÜ ÊæaÜc ÊÜÞvÜŸÖÜá¨Ý¨Ü ÊÜÃÜÊÜÞ®Ü (PDI) :
6
PDI = PI - Êæç¿áQ¤PÜ ñæÄWæ ±ÝÊÜ£WÜÙÜá & ñæÄWæÁáàñÜÃÜ ±ÝÊÜ£WÜÙÜá
54.
ÖÜ|¨Ü ±ÜäÃæçPæ¿á®Üá° ±ÜÅ»ÝËÓÜáÊÜ RBI ®Ü ±ÜÅÊÜááS ÓÝ«Ü®ÜÊæí¨ÜÃæ ÊÜááPܤ ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær
PÝ¿ÞìaÜÃÜOæ¿ÞX¨æ ÓÜPÝìÃÜ ¹vÜáWÜvæ ÊÜÞw¨Ü ¸ÝívÜáWÜÙÜ®Üá° RBI ÓÜPÝìÃܨÜ
±ÜÃÜÊÝX ÊÜááPܤ ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær¿áÈÉ ÊÜÞÃÝo ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜâ¨Üá ÊÜáñÜᤠSÄà©ÓÜáÊÜâ¨Ü®Üá°
ÊÜááPܤ ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær PÝ¿ÞìaÜÃÜOæ G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. ÊÜááPܤ ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær PÝ¿ÞìaÜÃÜOæ¿áÈÉ
GÃÜvÜá ±ÜÅPÝÃÜWÜÚÊæ.
1. Lp…Ãæçp… 2. Ãæ±æäà
6
(ËÊÜÃÜOæ CÃÜÈ)
55. ÊæaÜc¨Ü ÊÜXàìPÜÃÜ| &ËË«Ü E¨æªàÍÜWÜÚWæ ÓÜPÝìÃÜÊÜâ ÊæaÜcWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÊÜÞvÜáñܤ¨æ. AÊÜâ
PÜí¨Ý¿á ÊæaÜc ÊÜáñÜᤠŸívÜÊÝÙÜ ÊæaÜcWÜÙÝXÊæ.
G) PÜí¨Ý¿á ÊæaÜc: Pæàí¨ÜÅ ÓÜPÝìÃÜ¨Ü »è£PÜ A¥ÜÊÝ ÖÜ|PÝ暴 BÔ¤WÜÙÜ ÓÜêÑu¿á®Üá°
ÖæãÃÜñÜá±ÜwÔ EÚ¨Ü E¨æªàÍÜWÜÚWæ ÓÜPÝìÃÜÊÜâ ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ ÊæaÜcÊæà PÜí¨Ý¿á
ÊæaÜcÊÝX¨æ.
1. Áãàg®Ý PÜí¨Ý¿á ÊæaÜc: Pæàí¨ÜÅ Áãàg®æWÜÙÜ A®ÜáÐÝu®Ü, ÃÝg ÊÜáñÜá¤
Pæàí¨ÝÅvÜÚñÜ ±ÜŨæàÍÜWÜÙÜ Áãàg®æWÜÚWæ Pæàí¨ÜÅ ¯àvÜáÊÜ ®æÃÜÊÜâ CñÝ© BX¨æ.
 -19-

2. Áãàg®æàñÜÃÜ PÜí¨Ý¿á ÊæaÜc : C¨Üá PÜí¨Ý¿á ÊæaÜc¨Ü ±ÜÅÊÜááS »ÝWÜÊÝX¨Üáª

ÓÝÊÜޮܠÓæàÊæ, B¦ìPÜ ÓæàÊæ, ÓÝÊÜÞiPÜ ÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ®Üá° JÙÜWæãíw¨æ.
¹) ŸívÜÊÝÙÜ ÊæaÜc: ÓÜPÝìÃÜ¨Ü »è£PÜ A¥ÜÊÝ ÖÜ|PÝ暴 BÔ¤ ÓÜêÑr ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ
ÖæãOæWÝÄPæ¿á ÊæaÜcPæR ŸívÜÊÝÙÜ ÊæaÜc G®Üá°ÊÜÃÜá.
1. Áãàg®Ý ŸívÝÊÝÙÜ ÊæaÜc : ¨æàÍÜ¨Ü A¼ÊÜê©œWÝX ÍÝÍÜÌñÜ B¨Ý¿áÊÜ®Üá° WÜÚÓÜáÊÜ
BÔ¤WÜÙÜ ÊæáàÇæ ÊÜÞvÜÇÝWÜáÊÜ ÊæaÜcWÜÙÜ®Üá° Áãàg®Ý ŸívÜÊÝÙÜ ÊæaÜc G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
C¨Üá »Üã&ÓÝ̘à®Ü, PÜorvÜ, ¿áíñæãÅà±ÜPÜÃÜ|WÜÙÜá, ÍæàÃÜáWÜÙÜÈÉ ÖÜãwPæ ÃÝgÂ
ÊÜáñÜᤠPæàí¨ÝÅvÜÚñÜ ±ÜŨæàÍÜWÜÚWæ ¯àvÜáÊÜ ÓÝÆ ÊÜáñÜᤠÊÜááíWÜvÜWÜÙÜá CñÝ©
JÙÜWæãíw¨æ.
2. Áãàg®æàñÜÃÜ ŸívÜÊÝÙÜ ÊæaÜc : ÓÜPÝìÃÜ J¨ÜXÓÜáÊÜ ËË«Ü ÓÝÊÜÞ®ÜÂ, ÓÝÊÜÞiPÜ
ÊÜáñÜᤠB¦ìPÜ ÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ®Üá° JÙÜWæãíwÃÜáñܤ¨æ. 6
56. ÓÜí¨Ý¿á ¸ÝQ: Jí¨Üá ÊÜÐÜì¨ÜÈÉ Jí¨Üá ¨æàÎÊÝÔWÜÙÜá Cwà gWÜ£¤®Ü CñÜÃÜ
¨æàÍÜWÜÙæãí©Wæ ®Üvæst ÓÜÃÜPÜá, ÓæàÊæWÜÙÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠBÔ¤WÜÙÜ ÊÜÂÊÜÖÝÃÜWÜÙÜ ¨ÝSÇæ¿á®Üá°
ÓÜí¨Ý¿á ¸ÝQ G®Üá°ÊÜÃÜá. C¨ÜÃÜÈÉ hÝȤTÝñæ ÊÜáñÜᤠŸívÜÊÝÙÜ TÝñæ GíŸ GÃÜvÜá
ÊÜááSÂ TÝñæWÜÚÊæ.
1. aÝȤTÝñæ&ÓÜÃÜPÜá ÊÜáñÜᤠÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ ÊݱÝÃÜ ÊÜáñÜᤠÊÜWÝìÊÜOæ ±ÝÊÜ£WÜÙÜ
ÊÜÂÊÜÖÝÃÜ¨Ü ¨ÝSÇæ¿áá aÝȤ TÝñæ BX¨æ. aÝȤ TÝñæ¿á »ÝWÜWÜÙÜá D
PæÙÜPÜívÜí£Êæ.
G) ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ ÊݱÝÃÜ A¥ÜÊÝ ÊݱÝÃÜ ¸ÝQ& ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ ÊݱÝÃÜÊÜâ ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ
BÊÜá¨Üá ÊÜáñÜᤠÃܶÜ⤮Üá° JÙÜWæãíw¨æ. C¨Ü®Üá° ÊݱÝÃÜ ¸ÝQ Gí¨Üã
PÜÃæ¿ááñݤÃæ. Jí¨Üá ¯©ìÐÜr AÊܘ¿áÈÉ Jí¨Üá ¨æàÍÜ¨Ü BÊÜá¨Üá ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ
ÊÜåèÆÂWÜÙÜ ÊÜáñÜᤠÃܶÜ⤠ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ ÊÜåèÆÂWÜÙÜ ÊÜÂñÝÂÓÜPæR ÊݱÝÃÜ ¸ÝQ G®Üá°ÊÜÃÜá.
ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ BÊÜá¨Üá ÊÜáñÜᤠÃܶÜâ¤WÜÙÜá ÓÜÊÜáÊÝX¨ÝªWÜ ÊݱÝÃÜ ¸ÝQ¿á
ÓÜÊÜáñæãàƮܨÜÈÉÃÜáñܤ¨æ. Jí¨Üá ¨æàÍÜ¨Ü ÃܶÜâ ¤ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ ÊÜÞÃÝo BÊÜá¨ÜáXíñÜ
ÖæaÝcX¨ÜªÃæ ÊݱÝÃܸÝQ¿áá ËáWÜáñæ EípÝWÜáñܤ¨æ. B¨ÜÃæ Jí¨Üá ¨æàÍܨÜ
ÃܶÜâ ¤ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜá BÊÜá¨Üá ÓÜÃÜPÜáWÜÙÜ ÊÜáorQRíñÜ PÜwÊæá¿Þ¨ÜÃæ ÊݱÝÃܸÝQ¿á
PæãÃÜñæ EípÝWÜáñܤ¨æ.
 -20-

¹) ÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ ÊݱÝÃÜ: ÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ ÊݱÝÃÜÊÜâ Eñݳ¨Ü®ÝíWÜWÜÙÜ B¨Ý¿á ÊÜáñÜá¤

Eñݳ¨Ü®ÝíWæàñÜÃÜ B¨Ý¿áÊÜ®Üá° JÙÜWæãíw¨æ.
Ô) ÊÜWÝìÊÜOÝ ±ÝÊÜ£WÜÙÜá: ÓÜÃÜPÜá ÓæàÊæWÜÙÜ®Üá° PæãvÜ¨æ ¨æàÍÜÊÝÔWÜÙÜá EbñÜÊÝX
±Üvæ¿ááÊÜ ÔÌàPÜê£WÜÙÜ®Üá° ÊÜWÝìÊÜOæ ±ÝÊÜ£WÜÙÜá G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.

2. ŸívÜÊÝÙÜ TÝñæ: ŸívÜÊÝÙÜ TÝñæ¿á BÔ¤WÜÙÜ GÇÝÉ AíñÜÃÜÃÝÑóà¿á

ÊÜÂÊÜÖÝÃÜWÜÙÜ®Üá° ¨ÝSÈÓÜáñܤ¨æ. ŸívÜÊÝÙÜ TÝñæ¿áÈÉ D PæÙÜPÜívÜ
»ÝWÜWÜÚÃÜáñܤ¨æ.
G) ÖÜãwPæWÜÙÜá: ®æàÃÜ ÖÜãwPæ.
¹) ¸ÝÖÜÂÓÝÆWÜÙÜá: ¸ÝÖÜ ÊÝ~gÂ, ÓÝÆWÜÙÜá, AÇݳÊܘ ÓÝÆWÜÙÜá.
Ô) ¸ÝÖÜ ®æÃÜÊÜâ: ÓÜPÝìÃÜ¨Ü A®Üá«Ý®Ü, AíñÜÃ… ÓÜPÝìÄ¿á, ŸÖÜá±Üüà¿á ÊÜáñÜᤠ6
©Ì±Üüà¿á ÓÝÆWÜÙÜá C¨ÜÃÜÈÉ ÓæàÄÃÜáñܤÊæ.
viii »ÝWÜ & C 40 8
2 x 5=10
57.
G) A®Üá»æãàX¿áá ñܮܰ ÓÜí±Üä|ì B¨Ý¿áÊÜ®Üá° SaÜáì ÊÜÞw 5 =
¸ÝÙæÖÜ|¡®Üá° A®Üá»æãàXÓÜŸÖÜá¨Üá. 5
40 4
¹) A®Üá»æãàX¿áá ñܮܰ ÓÜí±Üä|ì B¨Ý¿áÊÜ®Üá° SaÜáì ÊÜÞw 10 =
ÊÜÞ訆 ÖÜ|¡®Üá° A®Üá¸æãàXÓÜŸÖÜá¨Üá. 5
Ô) Ÿhæp… ÃæàTæ¿á CÚhÝÃÜá PæÙÜÊÜááSÊÝXÃÜáñܤ¨æ.
w) Ÿhæp… ÃæàTæ¿á Êæáà騆 GÇÝÉ ÓÜíÁãàg®æWÜÙÜá A®Üá»æãàX¿á B¨Ý¿áPæR
ÓÜÊÜáÊÝXÃÜáñܤ¨æ.
C) Öè¨Üá C¨Üá ÓÜÄ, Jí¨Üá ¸ÝÙæÖÜ|¡®Üá° ÖæaÜácÊÜÄ¿ÞX ±Üvæ¿áÆá 5
ÊÜÞË®ÜÖÜ|¡®Üá° ¹oárPæãvܸæàPÝWÜáñܤ¨æ.
 -21-

58.
ÊÜÞÃÝo AR
TR MR
±ÜÅÊÜÞ| (q)
0 0 10 10
1 10 10 10
2 20 10 10
3 30 10 10
4 40 10 10
5 50 10 10
6 60 10 10 5

Aí«Ü ˨ݦìWÜÚWæ ÊÜÞñÜÅ

1. Joár B¨Ý¿á (TR) : E¨ÜÂÊÜá ZoPÜÊÜâ ñܮܰ GÇÝÉ Eñܳ®Ü°WÜÙÜ ÊÜÞÃÝo©í¨Ü
WÜÚÓÜáÊÜ B¨Ý¿áÊÜ®Üá° Joár B¨Ý¿á G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
TR = P x q P = ÊÜÞÃÜáPÜpær ¸æÇæ ÊÜáñÜá¤
q = Eñܳ®Ü°¨Ü ±ÜÅÊÜÞ|

2. ÓÜÃÝÓÜÄ B¨Ý¿á (AR) : Eñܳ®Ü°¨Ü ±ÜÅ£ ZoPÜ¨Ü ÊÜÞÃÝo©í¨Ü WÜÚÓÜáÊÜ

B¨Ý¿áÊÜ®Üá° ÓÜÃÝÓÜÄ B¨Ý¿á G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.
AR = TR (TR= Joár B¨Ý¿á, q- Eñܳ®Ü°¨Ü ±ÜÅÊÜÞ|)
q
3. ÔàÊÜÞíñÜ B¨Ý¿á (MR) : Jí¨Üá ÖæaÜácÊÜÄ ZoPÜ¨Ü ÊÜÞÃÝo©í¨Ü WÜÚÓÜáÊÜ
B¨Ý¿áÊÜ®Üá° ÔàÊÜÞíñÜ B¨Ý¿á G®Üá°ñݤÃæ.

MR = TR TR= Joár B¨Ý¿á¨ÜÇÝÉ¨Ü Ÿ¨ÜÇÝÊÜOæ 5

q q Eñܳ®Ü°¨ÜÇÝÉ¨Ü Ÿ¨ÜÇÝÊÜOæ ±ÜÅÊÜÞ|
 -22-

55. ÓÜPÝìÃÜ¨Ü PÝ®Üã¯®Ü ÊÜáãÆPÜ aÜÇÝÊÜOæ¿áÈÉÃÜáÊÜ PÜÃæ¯Õ¿á®Üá° ÃܨÜ᪱ÜwÓÜáÊÜ

PÜÅÊÜáÊÜ®Üá° A®Ý~ÂàPÜÃÜ| G®Üá°ñݤÃæ. B¦ìPÜñæ¿áÈÉ®Ü PܱÜâ³ÖÜ|, »ÜÅÐÝraÝÃÜ,
»ÜÁãàñݳ¨Ü®æ ÊÜáñÜᤠ®ÜPÜÈ ÖÜ|¨Ü aÜÇÝÊÜOæ¿á®Üá° ¯»ÝÀáÓÜÆá ÃÜã. 500 ÊÜáñÜá¤
ÃÜã.1000 ÊÜááS ¸æÙæ¿á ®æãàoáWÜÙÜ®Üá° ÃܨÜ᪠±ÜwÔ »ÝÃÜñÜ ÓÜPÝìÃÜÊÜâ ®ÜÊæíŸÃ…
8,2016ÃÜÈÉ A®Ý~ÂàPÜÃÜ|ÊÜ®Üá° hÝÄ ÊÜÞwñÜá. AÆɨæà ÃÜã. 500 ÊÜáñÜᤠÃÜã.
2000 ÊÜááS¸æÇæ¿á ÖæãÓÜ PÜÃæ¯Õ ®æãàoáWÜÙÜ®Üá° ¹vÜáWÜvæ ÊÜÞvÜÇÝÀáñÜá. ÖÜÙæ¿á
PÜÃæ¯Õ ®æãàoáWÜÙÜ®Üá° 31 wÓæíŸÃ… 2016ÃÜÊÜÃæWæ ¿ÞÊÜâ¨æà NãàÐÜOæÀáÆɨæà ñÜÊÜá¾
¸ÝÂíQ®ÜÈÉ ÊÜáñÜᤠ31 ÊÜÞa…ì 2017ÃÜÊÜÃæWæ NãàÐÜOæÁãí©Wæ RBI ®ÜÈÉ
sæàÊÜ~¿ÞX CvÜáÊÜíñæ ÓÝÊÜìg¯PÜÄWæ ÓÜÆÖæ ¯àvÜÇÝÀáñÜá. 12 wÓæíŸÃ…
2016ÃÜÊÜÃæWæ ±æpæãÅàÇ… ±Üí±…, ÓÜPÝìÄ BÓܳñæÅWÜÙÜÈÉ ÊÜáñÜᤠñæÄWæ, ˨ÜáÂñÜcQ¤ ¹Ç…
ÊÜááíñÝ¨Ü ÓÜPÝìÃÜ¨Ü ¸ÝQWÜÙÜ ±ÝÊÜ£¿áÈÉ ÖÜÙæ¿á ®æãàoáWÜÙÜ ÔÌàPÝÃÜPæR
AÊÜPÝÍÜÊÜ®Üá° ÓÜPÝìÃÜ ¯àwñÜá. ¸ÝÂíQ®Ü ÊÜáñÜᤠATM WÜÙÜ ÊÜááí¨æ E¨Üœ®æ¿á ÓÝÆá
PÜívÜá ŸÃÜᣤñÜá¤. ÓÜPÝìÃÜ¨Ü D PÜÅÊÜáÊÜâ A®æàPÜ ®ÜPÝÃÝñܾPÜ ±ÜÄOÝÊÜáWÜÙÜ®Üá° ¹àĨæ.
 C¨Üá ñæÄWæ A®ÜáÓÜÃÜOæ¿á®Üá° ÓÜá«ÝÄÔ A®æàPÜ g®ÜÃÜ®Üá° ñæÄWæ Êݲ¤ÁãÙÜWæ
ñÜí©ñÜá.
 PÜwÊæá Ÿwx¨ÜÃܨÜÈÉ ¸ÝÂíPÜáWÜÙÜá ÖæaÜác ÓÝÆ ¯àvÜÆá ÖæaÜác ÓÜí±Ü®Üã¾ÆWÜÙÜ®Üá°
Öæãí¨ÜáÊÜíñÝÀáñÜá.
 PÜáoáíŸ ÖÝWÜã E¨ÜÂÊÜáWÜÙÜá ®ÜWܨÜá ÊÜ×ÊÝq¯í¨Ü ˨Üá®ݾ®Ü ±ÝÊÜ£
ñÜíñÜÅþݮܨævæWæ Ÿ¨ÜÇÝWÜÆá ±ÝÅÃÜí¼Ô¨ÜÊÜâ.
 C¨Üá ñæÄWæ ÊÜíñÜ®¿
æ á®Üá° PÜwÊæá ÊÜÞvÜáÊÜ ÊÜáãÆPÜ ñæÄWæ BvÜÚñÜPæR 5
ÓÜÖÜPÝÄ¿ÞX¨æ.
 -23-

60 ¨æàÍÜ PÜÃæ¯Õ
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UK ±èív…ÓÜÌÈìíW…
gÊÜáì¯ ¿ááÃæãà
g±Ý®… Áá®…
5
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Ahæìíqà®Ý ±æÓæãà
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***********
 -1-

Department of Pre University Education

2nd PUC Annual Examination March 2022
SCHEME OF VALUATION Marks
I 5x1=5
SUBJECT-ECONOMICS CODE:22 VERSION: ENGLISH

PART – A
1. Competing usages 1

2. Convex to the origin 1

3. Monopolistic Competition 1

4. Economic agents 1

5. All of the above 1

II 5x1=5

6 Rightwards 1

7. Inverse U 1

8. House holds 1

9. Substitutes 1

10. Exports 1

11. Not Consumed 1

12. Balanced Budget 1

13. Capital 1
 -2-

III A B 5x1=5
a) Service of a teacher Skill 1
b) TFC + TVC TC 1
c) Perfect Competition Perfect Information 1
d) Labour Wages 1
e) Rawmaterials Intermediate good 1
IV 5x1=5
15. When the utility is measured in numbers it is called cardinal utility 1

TR
16 AR = 1
q
Market Equilibrium refers to a situation where market demand is equal to the
17. market supply corresponding to a particular Price/ Market Equilibrium is a situation 1
where the plans of all consumers and firms in the market –are equal.
When the market structure has large number of firms, free entry and exit of firms
18. and differentiated goods then it is called monopolistic competition. 1
GDP (Gross Domestic Product) is the market value of all final goods and services
19. produced within a domestic territory of a country measured in a year. 1
20. The consumption which is independent of income is called as autonomous 1
consumption.
A free rider is a person who benefits from something without expending effort or 1
21. paying for public goods. In other words free riders are those who utilize public
goods without paying for their use.
22. Balance of trade is the difference between the value of exports and value of imports 1
of goods of a country in a given period of time.
V PART-B 9x2=18
23. Price Elasticity of demand is a responsiveness of the demand for a good to changes
in its price. .
Percentage change in quantity demand
Ped = 2
Percentage change in price
Q P
Ped = X
P Q
 -3-

24. The inferior goods are those goods for which the demand increases with the fall in
income of consumer and vice-versa. That is there will be a negative relationship
between income of consumer and demand for inferior goods. 2
Example: Millets, Barley, Ragi
25. Long run Average Cost (LRAC)
Long run Marginal Cost (LRMC) 2
26. Opportunity cost is defined as the value of a factor in its next best alternative use or
it is the cost of foregone alternatives. Example A plot of Land can be used to
cultivate wheat and rice both. If the farmer uses this plot of Land to produce rice 2
(earns him Rs.1000/- thus opportunity cost of rice would be the cost wheat is Rs.
500/- the value of foregone alternative.
27 When fixed number of firms exist in perfect competition, price is determined by the 2
intersection of the demand and supply curves in the market.
28. Existence of single seller or firm
No close substitutes
Barriers on entry of new firms 2
Firm is a price maker and buyers are price takers
29. Consumer Goods Capital Goods
These are goods which are purchased These are the durable goods which are 2
for consumption by ultimate used in the production process
consumers. Example: Machinery implements
Example: Food, Clothes Service like
recreation
30. a) Product a value added method 2
b) Expenditure method
c) Income method
31. a) Medium of exchange
b) Measure of value
c) Store of value 2
d) Money as a means of transferring value
(any 2)
32. Excess demand: If the equilibrium level of output is more than the full employment
level, it is due to the fact that the demand is more than the level of output produced
at full employment level.
Deficient demand: If the equilibrium level of output is less than the full 2
employment of output it is due to fact that demand is not enough to employ all
factors of production.
 -4-
33. As people become more thrifty they end up saving less or same as before in
aggregate known as paradox of thrift.
In other words, if all the people of the economy increase the proportion of income
they save, total value of savings in the economy will not increase it will either 2
decrease or remain unchanged.
34. Surplus Budget Deficit Budget
1. The tax collection of The Government’s Expenditure exceeds 2
Government exceeds its its revenue.
required expenditure. Generally in Developing Countries
2. Generally in Developed
Countries
35. The rate at which one currency is exchanged for the other in called foreign 2
exchange rate. It links the currencies of different countries and enables comparison
of international costs and prices.
For example, if we need to pay Rs.76.60 for 1 dollar then the exchange rate is
Rs.76.60 per dollar.
36 a) Output market linkage 2
b) Financial market linkage
c) Labour market linkage
PART- C
The Production Possibility frontier shows graphical presentation of various 7x4=28
combinations of two goods (Cotton and wheat) that can be produced with available
technologies and given resources assuming that the resources are fully and
efficiently employed (utilised).
This can be tabular and graphically represented as follows:
Possibilities Wheat Cotton
A 0 10
B 1 9
C 2 7
D 3 4
37. E 4 0

Cotton

Wheat
 -5-
38. Total utility Marginal utility
1. Total utility is the aggregate 1. Marginal utility is the additional
utility derived by the consumer utility derived by the consumer by
by consuming all the units. consuming an additional unit.
2. It is symbolically written has 2. It may be written as
TUn=MU1 + MU2 +----MUn MUn=TUn- TUn -1 4
3. It increases in the beginning and
3. It decreases from the beginning and
later decreases as the consumer
becomes negative later.
consumes more and more units.
4. It represents utility of all the 4. It represents the utility of single unit
units consumed
39. “An isoquant is the set of all possible combinations of the two inputs (Labour and
capital) that yield the same maximum possible level of output.
Each isoquant represents a particular level of output and is labelled with that
amount of output. It is just an alternative way of representing the production
function.
ISOquant can be explained with the help of diagram.

Capital

4
Labour
(Explanation Needed)
40 Returns to scale explain the relationship between input and output in the long
period when all factors are increased by the same proportion when all input are
changed in the same proportion total output responds in three different ways. They
are.
1. Increasing returns to scale IRS
2. Constant returns to scale CRS
3. Decreasing returns to scale DRS
Increasing returns to scale (IRS):- When a proportional increase in all inputs
results in an increase in output by a larger proportion the production function is
increasing returns to scale.
 -6-
Constant returns to scale CRS:- When a proporitional increase in all inputs result
in an increase in output by the same proportion, the function is said to the constant
returns to scale.
Decreasing returns to scale DRS:- When a proporitional increase in all inputs
results in an increase in output by a smaller proportion it is said to be decreasing
returns to scale. 4
41. Perfect competition is a market situation in which there are large number of buyers
and sellers engaged in buying and selling of homogeneous products at a uniform
price.
1. Large number of buyers and sellers.
2. Homogeneous product.
3. Free entry and exist
4. Perfect market information
5. Price takers
(Explanation Needed) 4
42. A Firm always wishes to maximize its profit (𝜋). Profit is the difference between
total revenue and total cost.
(𝜋) = TR-TC
For profit maximization three conditions must be at equilibrium quantity (qo)
1. P = MC
2. MC must be non decreasing at qo
3. In Short run P>AVC
In Long run P>AC
1. P=MC= As long as the change in total revenue is greater than the change in
total cost (TR>TC) Profit will continue to increase with respect to the
marginal revenue and marginal cost, profit maximization is possible at the
level of output where MR=MC. For perfectly competitive firm MR=P so the
firms profit maximizing output becomes the level of output at which P=MC.
2. MC must be non-decreasing at qo – According to the second condition.
Marginal cost must be increasing at the equilibrium output (qo). Here profit
maximizing output is positive. This can be explained with a diagram.

Price, marginal
Cost

(Explanation Needed) 4
 -7-
43. Micro Economic Macro Economics
1. Micro Economics study 1. Macro Economics study aggregates
individual units so its scope is so its scope is wider
narrow
2. Micro Economics follows 2. Macro Economics follows lumping
slicing method as it studies method as it studies aggregates.
individual unit
3. In micro Economics each 3. In Macro Economics economic
individual economic agent think agents are different among
about its own interest and individual economic agent and their
welfare. goal is to get maximum welfare of a
country.
4. Micro Economics studies the 4. Macro Economics studies the
Partial equilibrium general equilibrium
5. Micro Economics consists of
theories like consumer’s 5. Macro economics comprises of
theories like consumer’s theory of income output and
behaviours, production and employment, consumption function,
Cost, Rent, Wages, Interest. investment function.
4
44. 1. The circular flow of income of an economy can be explained with the help of
following assumptions:
 Existence of two sectors household sector and firm.
 Households are the owners of the factor of production
 Households receive income by selling the factor services.
 There are no savings.
 The firms produce goods to the households the economy is a closed
economic system (Where no Government or external trade or savings.

(Explanation Needed)
 -8-
45 The stock of unsold finished goods or semi finished goods or raw materials which a
firm carries from one year to the next year is called inventory. Change in
inventories may be planned or unplanned.
1. In case of an unexpected fall in sales the firm will have unsold stock of goods
it had not anticipated. Hence there will be unplanned accumulation of
inventories.
2. In the opposite case where there is unexpected rise in the sales there will be
unplanned decumalation of inventories.
For example: A firm produces shirts. It starts the year with an inventory of
100 shirts. During the coming year it expects to sell 1000shirts. Hence it
produces 1000 shirts expecting to keep an inventory of 100 at the end of the
year. During the year the sales of shirts turn out to be unexpectedly low. The
firm is able to sell only 600 shirts. This means that the firm is left with 400
unsold shirts. The firm ends the year with 400+100=500 shirts.
On the other hand the sales had been more than 1000 we would have
unplanned decumalation of inventories. For example: if the sales had been
1050 than not only the production of 1000 shirts. will be sold. The firm will
have to sell 50 shirts out of the inventory. This unexpected reduction in
inventories is an example of unexpected decumalation of inventories. 4
46. Externalities refer to the benefits or harms a firm or an individual causes to another
for which they are not paid or penalized. They do not have any market in which
they can be bought and sold. There are two types of externalities.
 Positive Externalities
 Negative Externalities.
For example: Let us imagine that there is chemical fertilizer industry. It produces
the chemical fertilizers required for agriculture. The output of the industry is taken
for counting GDP of an economy. This is positive externality. While carrying out
the production the chemical fertilizer industry may also be polluting the nearby
river. This may cause harm to the people who use the water of the river. Hence their
health will be affected. Pollution also may kill fish and other organisms of the river.
As a result the fisherman of the river may lose their livelihood. Such harmful
effects that the industry is inflicting on others for which it will not bear any cost are 4
called negative externalities.
47. The functional relationship between investment and autonomous investment is
called investment function. Investment function can be shown as I=I, here I is a
positive constant which represents the autonomous investment in the economy in a
given year.
 -9-

C, I

-
I=I

O Y X
The investment function is shown as a horizontal line at a height equal to I above 4
the horizontal axis.
48.

Current Account

Trade In Goods Trade In Services Transfer Payments

Exports Imports Net factor Net non- Gifts

of Goods of Goods Income factor Remittances
income Grants

Net income Shipping ,

from banking
compensation insurance,
of employees tourism,
software service
etc.
Net
Investment
Income

4
 -10-
49. PART - D 4 x 6=24
The law of diminishing marginal utility is one of the most important law of
cardinal utility analysis. German Economist H.H.Gossen was the first to explain
this law. Later it was popularised by prof. Alfred marshall. According to this law
“The additional benefit which a person derives from a given increase of his stock of
a thing diminishes with every increase in the stock that he already has”. This
implies that as the consumer consumes more of a commodity the utility of addition
unit consumed diminishes. The law of Diminishing marginal utility can be
2
explained with the help of table and diagram.

No of Units Consumed Total utility Marginal utility

1 12 12
2 18 6
3 22 4
4 24 2
5 24 0
6 22 -2
2

Utility

Units Consumed

2
(Explanation needed )
 -11-
50. Optimal choice of consumer is a situation in which consumer derives maximum
satisfaction with no intention to change it and subject to given prices and her given
income. It is also called as consumer equilibrium. Under ordinal utility analysis or
indifference curve analysis the consumer will be in equilibrium when two
conditions are fulfilled. They are – The Budget line should be tangent to the higher
indifference curve.
The marginal rate of substitution, between two commodities at that particular point
be equal.

6
(Explanation needed )
51. Equilibrium price is the price at which equilibrium is reached in the market. The
equilibrium quantity is defined as the quantity which is bought and sold at
equilibrium price.
a) Both supply and demand curves shift rightwards.
b) Both supply and demand curves shift left wards.
c) Supply curve shifts leftward and demand curve shifts rightward
d) Supply Curve shifts right word and demand curve shifts left ward.
Shift in Demand Shift in Supply Quantity Price
Leftward Leftward Decreases May increase
decrease or
remain unchanged
Rightward Rightward Increases May increase
decrease or
remain unchanged
Leftward Rightward May increase decrease
or remain unchanged Decreases
Rightward Leftward May increase decrease
or remain unchanged Increases
 -12-

Price

Quantity 6
(Explanation needed)
52. a) MR and MC schedule
Quantity Price TR MR TC MC
0 52 0 0 10 0
1 44 44 44 60 50
2 36 72 28 90 30
3 31 93 21 100 10
4 26 104 11 102 2
5 22 110 6 105 3
6 19 114 4 109 4
7 16 112 -2 115 6
8 13 104 -8 125 10
b) Quantity where MR and MC arse equal is 6
c) Equilibrium Quantity is 6 and Equilibrium price =19
d) Total Revenue is 114 and Total Cost is 109 Profit π = TR – TC 6
π = 114 – 109 = 5
53. Macro Economic Identities.
a) Gross domestic product GDP
GDPmp = C + I + G + X – M

b) Gross Nation Product (GNP)

GNP = GDP + Net factor income from abroad
 -13-
c) Net Domestic Product (NDP)
NDF = GDP – Depreciation
d) Net National Product (NNP)
NNP= GNP – Depreciation
Net National Product (NNP) at factor cost (NNP FC)
NNPFC = NNP at market prices – indirect taxes + subsidies.
e) Personal Income (PI)
PI= NI – undistributed profits – Net interest payments made by the
households – corporate tax + transfer payments to the households from the
government and firms.
f) Personal Disposable Income (PDI)
PDI= PI – Personal tax payments – Non tax 6
(Explanation needed)
54. The open market operations is one of the tools of RBI to control money supply, It
refers to buying and selling of bonds issued by the Government in the open market.
This purchase and sale is entrusted to the RBI on behalf of the Government. There
are two types of open market operations. They are
Out right – are permanent in nature when the RBI buys the securities it is without
any promise to sell them later.
Repo – RBI buys the security with agreement of purchase on particular date and
price.
(Explanation needed) 6
55. The public expenditure can be classified as follows:- 2
 Revenue Expenditure
 Capital Expenditure.
Revenue Expenditure
 Plan Revenue Expenditure 2
 Non-Plan Revenue Expenditure
Capital Expenditure
 Plan capital expenditure
 Non-plan capital expenditure 2
(Explanation needed)
56. Balance of payments is the record of the transactions of goods, services and assets
between residents of a country with the rest of the world for a specified time period
that is a year. Balance of payments consist, of two accounts
 Current Account
 Capital Account
Current Account – It is the record of trade in goods and services and transfer
payments.
 -14-

Balance Current Account – Receipts is equal to payments.

Surplus Current – Account – nation is a lender to other countries.
Deficit Current Account – nation is a borrower from other countries.
Capital Account – It is the record of all international transactions of assets like
stocks, bonds, government debt.
The capital Account mainly consists of
 Foreign direct investment
 Foreign institutional investments
 External borrowings and assistance.
Capital Account includes Capital inflows and Capital outflows.
Capital inflows – loans from abroad, sale of assets or shares in foreign companies.
Capital outflows – Repayment of loans, purchase of assets or shares in foreign
countries
6
(explanation needed)
57. PART – E 2 x 5=10
a) M 40
= = 8 Bananas
P1 5
b) M 40
= = 4 Bananas
P2 10
c) Downward
d) Yes
e) Yes it is true 5
58
Quantity TR=P x Q MR AR
Sold MRn = TRn -TRn-1 AR= TR
Q
0 0 10 10
1 10 10 10
2 20 10 10
3 30 10 10
4 40 10 10
5 50 10 10
6 60 10 10
(For Blind students only)
Total Revenue (TR): It is the amount a firm receives by selling a given quantity of
output TR = P x Q.
Average Revenue (AR) : It is the per unit revenues received from the sale of the
commodity. AR = TR
q
 -15-

Marginal Revenue (MR) : It is the addition to the toal revenue from sale of an
additional unit of a commodity.
MRn = TRn -TRn-1 or MR = TR
Q 5
59 Demonetisation was a step taken by the Government of India. On 8th November
2016 to tackle the problem of corruption, blackmoney, terrorism, circulation of
fake currency in the economy. Old currency notes of Rs.500 and Rs.1000 were no
longer legal lender. New currency notes in denomination of Rs. 500 and Rs. 2000
were introduced. The public were advised to deposit old currency notes in their
bank account till 31st March 2016 without any declaration and upto 31 st March 2017
with the RBI declaration. Further till 12th December 2016 old currency notes were
acceptable as legal tender. At petrol pumps, Government hospitals and for payment
of Government dues like taxes, power bills etc. There were long queues outside
banks and ATM centres. There was acute shortage of currency notes.
The demonetization also has positive effects
 It improved tax compliance as a large number of people were bought in the
tax ambit
 The savings of individual were channelized into the formal financial system.
 Banks have more resources at their disposal which can be used to provide
more loans at low rate of interest.
 Demonetisation helps in curbing black money.
 Reducing tax evasion and corruption will decrease. Now a days households
and firms have started to shift from cash payment to electronic payments. 5
60 Countries Currency
US US dollars
UK British Pound
Germany Euro
Japan Yen
China Yuan
Argentina Peso
UAE Dirham
Bangladesh Taka
5
Russia Ruble

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