Veruscha Fester

4 Nov 2020
http://quotesgram.com/albert-einstein-education-quotes-learning/
What are we doing today?
 Content of Chapter 4
 Content of Chapter 5
 Writing tips
 Exercise 1
 Exercise 2
 Exercise 3
 Real example
 Figure caption
 Description
 Discussion
 Conclusion
Chapter 4
 Present the actual outcomes of your work.
 Present the results in a logical well organised
way that clearly shows
 what was found in relation to the research questions,
 aim &
 objectives of the study.
 Compile your data into graphs, tables and
summaries as required to show clearly the
findings of your work i.e.
 If you have a lot of data, present representative
results here and put the rest in an appendix.
Chapter 4
 Can include results obtained by cost and/or design
calculations.
 In a qualitative study findings are usually given in terms
of themes revealed by the data.
 examples of raw data should be presented e.g. quotes from
interviews or accounts of observation.
 Quantitative analysis, however, will result in findings of a
numerical nature,
 best presented in the form of tables and graphs.
 These must be properly numbered,
 described (legend, title)
 and referenced in the text,
 with a description of statistical tests used, if this is applicable.
Example: Table

Johannes, 2013
Example: Figure

Johannes, 2013
Chapter 5
 You must interpret, evaluate and discuss
them in depth,
 The aim here is
 to bring together all the findings in the light of what the research
was intended to do
 and in the context of previous research and current knowledge
of the topic.
 This process requires a lot of careful thought,
and should be enlightening for you and readers
of your dissertation.
Chapter 5
 In the discussion of your results
 you must show that you have met the objectives
i.e.
 achieved the desired outcomes as stated in the
introduction and backed up by the literature study.
 Your discussion must provide an
explanation of the meaning of your
research findings,
 clarifying their inherent limitations and their value.
Chapter 5
Show that you have solved the problem
Contributed to the literature in the way you
stated you would (in the Literature Study
conclusion).
You should also present and discuss
inconclusive and incidental (but interesting)
results, as well as results that could not
reasonably have been expected.
The discussion must refer back to the results
correctly.
Global digital citizen foundation
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https://seanhamptoncole.wordpress.com/2014/05/29/critical-thinking-in-pictures/#jp-carousel-2268
Exercise 1
Some results for Exercise 1
 Is fall. They are in the street. They are wearing suit, tie and dress shoes.
They are men, one is big and other is short. They are thin. They go to the
party.
 The picture shows two men standing up in the street. I think, one of the
man is the tallest man in the world. He has fair hair, he looks happy because
he is smiling, he is wearing a grey suit, and he is wearing glasses. The other
man is shorter than the first man, he looks serious, he has dark hair, he has
his hands into the pocket and he is wearing a suit too, like the other man. In
the background there are houses and trees.
 This is a picture of a very tall man, who seems to be very happy with whom
he is. The other man is of average height and looks serious. The picture
looks like it was taken somewhere between 19th century and early
20th.Judging by the way they are dressed, they seem to be American
business men.
 They appear to be cordial if not friendly. They are standing on the sidewalks
and the picture was taken in what seem to be a deserted neighborhood.
Exercise 2
Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Concentration
380
CO2 (parts per million)

360

340

Long-term trend
Monthly mean
320

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Year
Answer to Exercise 2
 Concentration of atmospheric CO2 steadily rose over time,
 from a low of about 315 ppm in 1958 to a current level of
about 373 ppm.
 Within that long-term trend, there are annual cycles of
about 5 ppm.
 The next step in interpretation involves explaining why
there is a long-term rise in atmospheric CO2
concentrations on top of an annual fluctuation — now
we need to move beyond the graph itself and put it into
context.
 In this case, the annual cycles of about 5 ppm CO2
concentrations are related to natural, seasonal changes. Most
scientists agree, however, that the long-term increase is
related to the growing number of human activities that
release CO2, such as burning fossil fuels
Procedure to extract a lot of information
from a graph
 1. Describe the graph: What does the title say? What
is on the x-axis? What is on the y-axis? What are the
units?
 2. Describe the data: What is the numerical range of
the data? What kinds of patterns can you see in the
data?
 3. Interpret the data: How do the patterns you see in
the graph relate to other things you know?
Exercise 3
Applying 3 steps to Exercise 3
 Step 1: The graph shows the ancestry of United States
residents. The number of people with a given ancestry is
shown.

 Step 2: The most common ancestries are European, English,

German, Irish and Italian, along with American.

 Step 3: There are several possible interpretations of this

data. First of all, the fact that, when considered together,
many more people declare European ancestry than American
ancestry reveals that the United States is a young country,
populated largely by immigrants. Secondly, the range of
ancestries reflects the most common immigrants to this
country.
 Exercise: Discussing a graph

https://www.elanguages.ac.uk/los/eap/introduction_to_describing_graphs_and_tables.html
Model answer
 The graph compares the rate of smoking in men and women in Someland
between the years 1960 and 2000. It can be clearly seen that the rate of smoking
for both men and women is currently declining and that fewer women have
smoked throughout the period.

 In 1960, 600 men in every 1,000 was smoking. This number decreased gradually
to 500 by 1974 and continued to decrease but more steeply to 250 in 2000. In
contrast, the rate of smoking in women in 1960 was very low at only 80 in every
1,000. By 1968 this increased to 170, and increased again but more steeply to
320 in 1977. The rate of female smokers then remained stable at 320 until 1984
at which point the figures began to decline and
had dropped to 200 by 2000.

 In conclusion we can see that the rate of smoking in men dropped throughout
the whole period but was always at a higher level than the female figures. The
rate of smoking in women increased until 1977 but then decreased for the rest
of the period.
Writing tips
 Include an introduction and conclusion in
each chapter
 The conclusion should summarise the chapter
 Graphs and tables:
 captions of graphs and figures must be below the
graphs/figures
 captions for tables above the tables.
 Graphs are all formatted the same
 size, fonts and symbols
 It is important that the graphs are clear.
Description Tips
 The description of a figure should be the first
sentence of the paragraph.
 You should describe the results clearly with no
personal opinion.
 People want to see facts and features first before
they can know your opinion.
 Thus, never mislead your readers to add your idea
in the figure description.
Discussion Tips
 Using positive statements in most cases unless you
feel you really can not put in a positive way.
 Examples for this are: if you mean “can”, do not
write “could” and “might”;
 if you mean “be” and “will”, do not use “were” and
“would”.
 Do not use “may”. The “may” means that you are
asking for a permission to show your opinion.
Real Example
Figure Caption

Fig 3. Compressive strength versus age of UHPFRC: effect of

replacement of sand aggregate with SS, FOS I, FOS II and RGC
Figure Caption
Scale exactly the same

Fig 3. Compressive strength versus age of UHPFRC: effect of

replacement of sand aggregate with SS, FOS I, FOS II and RGC
 Description  Fig. 3 shows the development of the
compressive strength of UHPFRC using SS,
FOS-I, FOS-II and RGP under 20 C and 90° C
curing.
 The compressive strength of specimens using
SS, FOS-I and FOS-II and cured at 90° C all
fell within the range 160–180 MPa at age
91days
 and within the range of 140–160 MPa for the
RGC specimens.
 None of the specimens cured at 90 °C showed
a significant gain in strength after the 7 days
of hot curing.
 UHPFRC specimens cured at 20 °C continued
to increase in compressive strength over time
Fig 3. Compressive strength versus age of UHPFRC: effect of
replacement of sand aggregate with SS, FOS I, FOS II and RGC after the initial 7 day period, but at a
diminishing rate as shown in Fig. 3.

You can start this paragraph as: Figure 1 depicts, and ...... is shown in Fig. 1. The latter expression is
better for readers to see a fact immediately and directly. Let readers know that what are those curves and
points in the figure.
Finally, you should mention some obvious tendency in the figure with no comments.
The tendency of curves and data points is important.
First, this tendency is the fact indirectly proved by your experimental results. Second, the tendency gives a
hint for next discussion paragraph to develop your opinion.
After your figure description, readers should be ready to see what you might conclude from your
results.
Discussion
 The difference in the compressive strength between natural sand
specimens and RGC specimens could be attributed to the sand
geometry and internal structure.
 Firstly, the lower void content of aggregate sand can enable the
mortar in addition to filling the gaps between the sand particles to
form a more rigid and homogeneous cementitious matrix carrying a
higher load.
 With a lower void content, the ordinary sand (i.e. FOS-I and FOS-II)
and SS help to form more rigid concrete matrix than that of RGC
sand, resulting in a higher compressive strength.
 Secondly, since particles of RGC sand are formed by crushing of
larger glass particles, it is possible for RGC particles to have initial
cracks and also very flat and smooth external surfaces.
 This could lead to both a reduced bond between the cement paste
and the crushed glass particles and weakening due to further
internal cracking.
Conclusion
 Expensive silica sand normally used in UHPFRC can be replaced with more
economic locally available natural sand, i.e. FOS-I and FOS-II, while maintaining the
high mechanical performance and ductile behaviour.
 Within the parameters of this study, the grading of the fine sand does not significantly
influence the strength of UHPFRC. However sand with more uniform and spherical
particle shape and giving a lower concrete void content will lead to an enhanced
flowability and more uniform strength development.
 Although the use of recycled glass for fine aggregate does not produce quite as high
mechanical properties as using natural sand, UHPFRC made using recycled glass
still has very promising mechanical properties when compared to conventional
concrete.
 Comparison of the mechanical properties from UHPFRC cured at 90 °C and 20 °C
shows that 20 °C cured UHPFRC is approximately 20% lower in compressive
strength, 10% lower in flexural strength and 15% lower in fracture energy than that of
90 °C cured UHPFRC.
 However, the 20 °C cured UHPFRC still has outstanding mechanical properties when
compared with conventional concrete.
 This demonstrates the feasibility of in situ concrete placement, which can take the
manufacture of UHPFRC out from the factory and onto a construction site.
Discussion Tips
You should lead the readers to believe
your finding is correct, and you did the
best experiments in the world.
Use experimental results, theoretical
calculations, and conclusion drawn by some
famous people in literature, to support your
key points.

Use many opinions you have

extracted from your data based
on the experimental facts and
features in the figure(s), create a
discussion paragraph for each
of your opinion with a key
sentence for the opinion.
Final Word….
The description, interpretation
and discussion of the results is
the most important part of
scientific writing.
This is your CHAPTER 5 which
is essential for a successful
research report.