Rader System
Rader System
Rader System
ANGUL
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “RADAR” submitted by
guidance.
Date:
Place: Submitted By: Ranjit Mahalik
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Date:
Ranjit Mahalik
Roll NO: 15PHY044
Department of Physics
Government Autonomous College
Angul – 759122
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION:
Radar is a system that uses electromagnetic waves to identify the range,
altitude, direction, or speed of both moving and fixed objects such as
aircraft, ships, motor vehicles, weather formations, and terrain.
The term RADAR was coined in 1941 as an acronym for Radio Detection and
Ranging .A radar system has a transmitter that emits either microwaves or
radio waves that are reflected by the target and detected by a receiver, typically
in the same location as the transmitter. Although the signal returned is usually
very weak, the signal can be amplified. Radar can detect static or mobile
objects or targets and is the most effective method for guiding a pilot with
regard to his location in space and also for warning the approach of an enemy
plane for similar purposes.
HISTORY:
1904 - Christian Hulsmeyer demonstrated detection of a ship in dense
fog.
1917 - Nikola Tesla first established principle for the first primitive radar
units.
Hestated, “by their (standing electromagnetic waves) use we may
produce at will, from a sending station, an electrical effect in any
particular region of the globe; we may determine the relative position or
course of a moving object, such as a vessel at sea, the distance traversed
by the same, or its speed.”
1934 - American Dr. Robert M. Page tested the first mono pulse radar.
1934 - Soviet military engineer P.K.Oschepkov produced an
experimental apparatus RAPID.
1935 - British Robert Watson-Watt demonstrated to his superiors the
capabilities of a working prototype.
THIS IS THE PICTORIAL VIEW OF ALL THE
COMPONENTS OF A RADAR SYSTEM.
ALL THE COMPONENTS HAS BEEN ASSIGNED IN A
DEFINITE MANNER.
PRINCIPLE OF RADAR:
The basis of the radar principle is that if an electromagnetic woven
counters sudden changes in conductivity σ, permittivity ε or permeability µ
in the medium, a part of the electromagnetic energy gets absorbed by the
second medium and is reradiated. The significant change in atomic density
between the object and what’s surrounding it will usually scatter radar
(radio) waves.
RADAR EQUATION:
The amount of power Pre returning to the receiving antenna is given by the
radar equation:
Where,
Pt= transmitter power
Gt= gain of the transmitting antenna
Ar= effective aperture (area) of the receiving antenna
σ = radar cross section, or scattering coefficient, of the target
F = pattern propagation factor
Rt= distance from the transmitter to the target
Rr= distance from the target to the receiver. In the common case where the
transmitter and the receiver are at the same location,
Rt=Rr and the term Rt²Rr² can be replaced by R4,
This yields:
PERIPHERALS OF RADAR:
1. AN T E N N A S
2. DU P L E X E R
3. RADIO FR E Q U E N C Y SU B S Y S T E M
4. DIGITAL WA V E F O R M GE N E R A T O R
5. F R E Q U E N C Y S Y N T H E S I Z E R S O S C I L L A T O R S
6. MI X E R
7. PO W E R AM P L I F I E R
8. TRANSMITTER SU B S Y S T E M
9. LOW NOISE AM P L I F I E R
10.RE C E I V E R SU B S Y S T E M
11.SIGNAL PR O C E S S I N G /DATA PR O C E S S I N G /CO N T R O L
SU B S Y S T E M S
12.AN T E N N A POSITIONING SY S T E M
13.PO W E R SY S T E M
CLASSIFICATION:
Radar system can be broadly classified into two basic categories:-
1. Continuous wave (CW) / Doppler Radars
2. Pulsed Radar
CONTINUOUS-WAVE RADAR:
A continuous– Wave Radar transmits a continuous wave signal and
is generally useful in Doppler radars which utilizes the Doppler
Effect. If there is any relative motion between the radar and the
target, the shift in carrier frequency (Doppler Shift) of the reflected
wave becomes amea sure of the target’s relative velocity and may
be used to distinguish moving targets from stationary targets. The
Doppler Effect can be experienced while standing near a train track.
APPLICATIONS:
CIVILIAN APPLICATION:
1. Radar altimeters for determining the height of plane above ground.
2. Radar blind lander for aiding aircraft to land under poor visibility, at
night, under adverse weather condition etc.
3. Radar blind lander for aiding aircraft to land under poor visibility, at
night, under adverse weather condition etc.
4. Police radar for directing and detecting speeding vehicles.
5. Radars for determining the speed of moving target, (e.g. the speed of a
cricket ball being bowled) automobiles, shells, guided missiles etc.
MILITARY APPLICATION:
1. Detection and ranging of enemy target even at night.
2. Aiming guns at aircraft and ships.
3. Bombing ships, aircraft or cities even during overcast or at night.
4. Early warning regarding approaching aircraft or ships.
5. Directing guided missiles.
6. Searching for submarines, land masses and buoys.
ADVANTAGES OF RADAR:
Radar furnishes high penetration capability through any type of weather
condition and it works in the day and night.
Radar can be availed in a number of waves.
It can help find out following parameters of the objects or target Angular
position, Location of target, velocity of Target.
Radar possesses the stationary mode, moving mode, and two direction
modes.
The beam spreader by the radar can incorporate many targets.
Radar signal can penetrate and see through insulators.
DISADVANTGES OF RADAR:
Radar has the disadvantage of time and that is it can take two seconds to
get the lock.
The large targets that are close to radar can saturate the receiver.
The hand-held modulation can falsify readings.
It has many interference sources.
It cannot recognize color of the targets.
CONCLUSION:
RADAR is used to find velocity, range and position of the object.
Advantage of the RADAR is that it provide superior penetration
capability through any type of weather condition.
Lidar is advanced type of Radar which uses visible light from laser.