A SOCIALLY RELEVANT PROJECT REPORT OF

MILITARY RADAR
ANNAMACHARYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND SCIENCES, TIRUPATI (AUTONOMOUS)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BY:
Mentor:

KARTHIK Y[19AK1A0217]

M r . K.M. Sanjeeva kumar KEERTHI D [19AK1A0218]

Assistant Professor KISHORE N[19AK1A0219]
Department of EEE LAHARI R [19AK1A0220]
A.I.T.S, Tirupathi
 ABSTARCT

 RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) is basically a means of gathering information about distant objects by
transmitting electromagnetic waves at them and analyzing the echoes. Radar has been employed on the ground, in air,
on the sea and in space. Radar finds a number of applications such as in airport traffic control, military purposes,
coastal navigation, meteorology and mapping etc.
 INTRODUCTION

 Military radar should be an early warning, altering along with weapon control functions. It is specially designed to
be highly mobile and should be such that it can be deployed within minutes . Military radar minimizes mutual
interference of tasks of both air defenders and friendly air space users. This will result in an increased effectiveness
of the combined combat operations. The command and control capabilities of the radar in combination with an
effective ground based air defence provide maximum operational effectiveness with a safe, efficient and flexible
use of the air space. The increased operational effectiveness is obtained by combining the advantages of centralized
air defence management with decentralized air defence control . The development of the radar technology took
place during the World War II in which it was used for detecting the approaching aircraft and then later for many
other purposes which finally led to the development of advanced military radars being used these days. Military
radars have a highly specialized design to be highly mobile and easily transportable, by air as well as ground.
 Principle of Basic Radar
The basic principle behind radar is simple - extremely short bursts of radio energy (traveling at the
speed of light) are transmitted, reflected off a target and then returned as an echo. ... Once time and
bearing are measured, these targets or echoes are calculated and displayed on the radar display. 
 A radar system consists of a transmitter producing electromagnetic waves in the radio or
microwaves domain, a transmitting antenna, a receiving antenna (often the same antenna is used
for transmitting and receiving) and a receiver and processor to determine properties of the
object(s).
 Radar uses electromagnetic energy pulses in much the same way, as shown in Figure 1. The radio-
frequency (rf) energy is transmitted to and reflected from the reflecting object. A small portion of
the reflected energy returns to the radar set. This returned energy is called an ECHO, just as it is in
sound terminology. Radar sets use the echo to determine the direction and distance of the
reflecting object.The term RADAR is an acronym made up of the words:RAdio (Aim) Detecting
And RangingThe term “RADAR” was officially coined as an acronym by U.S. Navy Lieutenant
Commander Samuel M. Tucker and F. R. Furth in November 1940.
 RADOR RANGE EQUATION

The standard form of Radar range equation is also called as simple form of Radar range equation. Now, let us
derive the standard form of Radar range equation . We know that power density is nothing but the ratio of power
and area. So, the power density, P di at a distance, R from the Radar can be mathematically represented as − P
di=Pt4πR2Equation1Where,Pt is the amount of power transmitted by the Radar transmitter The above power
density is valid for an isotropic Antenna. In general, Radars use directional Antennas. Therefore, the power
density, P dd due to directional Antenna will be − P dd=PtG4πR2Equation2Target radiates the power in different
directions from the received input power. The amount of power, which is reflected back towards the Radar
depends on its cross section. So, the power density Pde of echo signal at Radar can be mathematically represented
as −Pde= Pdd (σ4πR2)Equation3Substitute, Equation 2 in Equation 3.Pde=(PtG4πR2)(σ4πR2)Equation4The
amount of power, P r received by the Radar depends on the effective aperture, Ae of the receiving Antenna .
Pr=PdeAeEquation5Substitute, Equation 4 in Equation 5.Pr=(PtG4πR2)(σ4πR2) Ae ⇒ Pr = PtGσAe (4π)2R4
*Pr=(PtG4πR2)(σ4πR2) Ae⇒ Pr = PtGσAe(4π)2R4⇒R4= PtGσAe(4π)2Pr ⇒R =[PtGσAe(4π)2Pr]1/4
ADVANCED FEATURES AND BENEFITS

 Typical military radar has the following advanced features and benefits: -
* All-weather day and night capability.
* Multiple target handling and engagement capability.
* Short and fast reaction time between target detection and ready to fire moment.
* Easy to operate and hence low manning requirements and stress reduction under severe conditions. Highly
mobile system, to be used in all kind of terrain
* Flexible weapon integration, and unlimited number of single air defense weapons can be provided with target
data.
* High resolution, which gives excellent target discrimination and accurate tracking . The identification of the
targets as friend or hostile is supported by IFF, which is an integral part of the system .
*During the short time when the targets are exposed accurate data must be obtained.
* A high antenna rotational speed assures early target detection and a high data update rate required for track
accuracy .
* The radar can use linear (horizontal) polarization in clear weather.
* During rains, to improve the suppression of rain clutter, provision exists to change to circular polarization at the
touch of the button from the display console.
#Pulse Doppler radars are used by the Army, Navy, Air Force, FAA, USCG,
NASA, and DOC.

#High-Range Resolution Radar: This is a pulse-type radar that uses very

short pulses to obtain range resolution of a target the size ranging from less
than a meter to several meters across .

#Radar has been a significant RF/microwave technology since the days of

World War II. ...

# Radar systems have been used in military applications for ground

surveillance, missile control, fire control, air traffic control (ATC), moving
target indication (MTI), weapons location, and vehicle search .

#Radar was developed secretly for military use by several countries in the
period before and during World War II.
# A key development was the cavity magnetron in the United
Kingdom, which allowed the creation of relatively small
systems with sub-meter resolution.

# The term RADAR was coined in 1940 by the United States

Navy as an acronym for "radio detection and ranging".

# The term radar has since entered English and other languages
as a common noun, losing all capitalization.

# The modern use of radar are highly diverse, including air and
terrestrial traffic control, radar astronomy, air defense systems,
antimissile systems, marine radars to locate landmarks and other
ships, air crafts and anti collision bodies.
 TYPES OF RADAR

* PRIMARY RADAR • CONTINUOUS WAVE

RADAR Continuous wave radars continuously transmit a
high-frequency signal and the reflected energy is also
received and processed continuously F o f o F o ± f d 0 d
f d f d CW Transmitter Detector ( mixer ) Beat frequency
amplifier Indicator Target PULSE RADAR Pulsed radar
transmits high power, high-frequency pulses toward the
target.
IMPORTANT RADARS
Radar technology was initially designed to meet the requirements and needs of the military. Since
then, there has been a continuous improvement in radar technology to assist in military operations
on land, in the air, and at sea. We take a look at some of the types of radars that the military uses to
advance their interest and achieve their objectives.
1. Simple Pulse Radar This type is the most typical radar with a waveform consisting of repetitive
short-duration pulses. Typical examples are long-range air and maritime surveillance radars,
test range radars, and weather radars. There are two types of pulse radars that use the Doppler
frequency shift of the received signal to detect moving targets, such as aircraft, and to reject the
large unwanted echoes from stationary clutter that do not have a Doppler shift.
2. 2. Moving-Target Indication (MTI) RadarBy sensing Doppler frequencies, an MTI radar can
differentiate echoes of a moving target from stationary objects and clutter, and reject the clutter.
Its waveform is a train of pulses with a low PRR to avoid range ambiguities. What this means is
that range measurement at the low PRR is good while speed measurement is less accurate than
at a high PRR’s.
 3. High-Range Resolution Radar This is a pulse-type radar that uses very
short pulses to obtain range resolution of a target the size ranging from less
than a meter to several meters across. It is used to detect a fixed or
stationary target in the clutter and for recognizing one type of target from
another and works best at short ranges.
 4. Imaging RadarSynthetic aperture, inverse synthetic aperture, and side-
looking airborne radar techniques are sometimes referred to as imaging
radars. The Army, Navy, Air Force, and NASA are the primary users of
imaging radars.
 5. Tracking RadarThis kind of radar continuously follows a single target in
angle (azimuth and elevation) and range to determine its path or trajectory
and to predict its future position. The single-target tracking radar provides
target location almost continuously. A typical tracking radar might measure
the target location at a rate of 10 times per second. Range instrumentation
radars are typical tracking radars. Military tracking radars employ
sophisticated signal processing to estimate target size or identify specific
characteristics before a weapon system is activated against them. These
radars are sometimes referred to as fire-control radars.
 6. Electronically Scanned Phased-Array Radar An electronically
scanned phased-array antenna can position its beam rapidly from
one direction to another without mechanical movement of large
antenna structures. Agile, rapid beam switching permits the radar to
track many targets simultaneously and to perform other functions as
required. The Army, Navy, and Air Force are the primary users of
electronically scanned phased-array radars.

7. Precipitation Radar This radar is employed on an aircraft or

  satellite and its antenna beam is scanning at an angle optimum to its
flight path to measure radar returns from rainfall to determine
rainfall rate.

8. Cloud Profile Radar Usually employed aboard an aircraft or

satellite. The radar beam is oriented at nadir measuring the radar
returns from clouds to determine the cloud reflectivity profile over
the Earth’s surface.

9. Scatterometer This radar is employed on an aircraft or satellite

and generally, its antenna beam is oriented at various aspects to the
sides of its track vertically beneath it.
10. Naval Fire-Control Radars .These are shipborne radars that are part of a radar-based fire-control and
weapons guidance systems.
11. Airborne Surveillance Radars . These radar systems are designed for early warning, land and maritime
surveillance, whether for fixed-wing aircraft, helicopters, or remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs).
12. Airborne Fire-Control Radars . Includes those airborne radar systems for weapons fire-control (missiles
or guns) and weapons aiming.
13. Military Air Traffic Control and Ranging Radars . These include both land-based and shipborne ATC
radar systems used for assisting aircraft landing and supporting test and evaluation activities on test ranges.
 APPLICATIONS

The modern uses of radar are highly diverse, including air and terrestrial traffic control, radar astronomy, air-defense systems,
antimissile systems, marine radars to locate landmarks and other ships, aircraft anti-collision systems, ocean surveillance systems,
outer space surveillance and rendezvous systems, ...Radar systems have been used in military applications for ground surveillance,
missile control, fire control, air traffic control (ATC), moving target indication (MTI), weapons location, and vehicle search . Radar
is used in fighter aircraft for finding enemy aircraft and controlling air-to-air missiles, rockets, and guns. It is used in bombers to
find surface targets, fixed or moving, and to navigate and avoid obstacles
 ADVANTAGES
1. RADAR can penetrate mediums such as clouds, fogs, mist, and snow. The signals used by RADAR technology are
not limited or hindered by snow, clouds, or fog. This means that even in the presence of these adverse conditions, data
will still be collected.
2. RADAR signal can penetrate insulators. Materials that are considered insulators such as rubber and plastic do not
hinder RADAR signals from collecting data. The signals will penetrate the materials and capture the necessary data
required
3. It can give the exact position of an object. RADAR systems employ the use of electromagnetic to calculate the
distance of an object and its exact position on the earth’s surface or space.
4. It can determine the velocity of a target. RADAR systems have the capability of calculating the velocity of an
object in motion. Besides knowing its location, you will also have data regarding the velocity of the object.
ADVANTAGES
 DISADVANTAGES
 1. RADAR takes more time to lock on an object. Since radio signals travel freely in air and space, it takes
more time to get to the object and back.
 2. RADAR has a wider beam range (Over 50ft Diameter). The beam range for RADAR is quite wide and not
target specific.
 3. It has a shorter range (200ft). Unlike LiDAR, RADAR signals operate at a limited range of 200ft.
 4. It cannot track if an object is decelerating at more the 1mph/s. If an object is in motion, it may be a
challenge for RADAR systems to collect data from the object.
 5. Large objects that are close to the Transmitter can saturate the receiver. The radio signals work best when
the object is further away from the receiver and not closer.
Military Radar

This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC

 FUTURE SCOPE

Modern radar systems are combining advanced materials, solid-state modules, digital signal processors, and complex A-
D converters to give a better look to military and civilian users who need the best possible capability in small, compact,
and efficient packages Modern radar systems are combining advanced materials, solid-state modules, digital signal
processors, and complex A-D converters to give a better look to military and civilian users who need the best possible
capability in small, compact, and efficient packages. Modern radar systems are combining advanced materials, solid-state
modules, digital signal processors, and complex A-D converters to give a better look to military and civilian users who
need the best possible capability in small, compact, and efficient packages . It is almost impossible to understate the value
and importance of radar to the Allied effort during World War II in terms of being a real game changer. Put simply, radar
may have been the decisive factor in the British victory in the Battle of Britain in the spring of 1940.
 Today’s radar technology is every bit as decisive as it was during the Battle of Britain, yet it is worlds away
from the large, tube-based, mechanically steered, relatively low-frequency systems that once stood as
electronic sentinels along the English coast . Modern radar systems often have imaging capability, can yield
digitized signals quickly and easily for use with graphical overlays, can be networked together so the total
system is greater than the sum of its parts, and can serve several different functions—such as wide-area
search, target tracking, fire control, and weather monitoring—where previous generations of radar
technology required separate systems to do the same jobs.
This Photo by Unknown Author is licensed under CC BY
 CONCLUSION
 With rising advancements in stealth technology there must always be a way to counter it and that’s possible
only by radars . If a country is developing a stealth technology that reduces a fighter jet’s RCS (Radar Cross-
Section), then other countries must develop a technology to detect the plane with lower RCS in order to protect
themselves from threat posed by the plane . Radar technology has applications in many fields like air traffic
control, remote sensing, space crafts and satellites, radio telescopes etc.
 A new emerging field in radar technology is the quantum radar technology, which uses the principles of
quantum entanglement. A quantum radar can be made to even find planes and other object with very good
stealth features . Thus radar technology has a huge role to play in the future…!Radar is used in fighter aircraft
for finding enemy aircraft and controlling air-to-air missiles, rockets, and guns. It is used in bombers to find
surface targets, fixed or moving, and to navigate and avoid obstacles. It is used in large aircraft as an airborne
warning…The applications include surveillance‐based radar systems such as ground and area surveillance
radars, air surveillance radar and ground penetration radar and tracking based radar systems such as weapon
locating radar, ballistic missile defence radar, mortar or shell ‐tracking radar and so on. ...AN/TPS-59.
Developed for the U.S. Marine Corps to provide a mobile long-range surveillance radar capability. It is
recognized as the world's most capable long-range ground-based radar for tactical ballistic missile defense with
proven performance during live fire tests.
THANK YOU