02

Vector Analysis
Scalars and Vectors
On the basis of magnitude, direction and rules of addition, all physical IN THIS CHAPTER ....
quantities are classified into two groups as scalars and vectors.
Scalars and Vectors
A scalar quantity is one whose specification is completed with its magnitude
only. For example, mass, distance, speed, energy, electric flux, current Addition of Vectors
electricity, etc. Subtraction of Vectors
A vector quantity is one whose specification is completed with its magnitude Resolution of Vectors
and direction both. For example, displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, Scalar Product or Dot Product
electric field intensity, current density, etc.
Vector Product or Cross Product

Types of Vectors
Some important types of vectors are given in the table below
S.No. Types of Vectors Description
(i) Polar vectors These are the vectors which have a starting point or a point of
application. e.g. Displacement, force, etc.
(ii) Axial vectors These are the vectors which represent rotational effect and act
along the axis of rotation in accordance with right hand screw rule.
e.g. Angular velocity, angular acceleration, etc.
(iii) Equal vectors These are the vectors which have equal magnitude and same
direction.
(iv) Like parallel These are the vectors which have same direction and magnitude
vectors may equal or different.
(v) Anti-parallel These are the vectors which have opposite direction and magnitude
vectors may equal or different.
(vi) Collinear vectors These are the vectors which act along same line, i.e. vectors lying
in the same line. Angle between them can be zero or 180°.
(vii) Zero vector A vector having zero magnitude is known as zero vector. Its
direction is not specified and hence it is arbitrary. It is represented
by 0.
Vector Analysis 29

S.No. Types of Vectors Description

(viii) Unit vector A vector whose magnitude is unit and
Addition of Vectors
points in a particular direction is called Vectors can be added by following laws
unit vector. It is represented by A$ (A cap
or A hat). The unit vector along the 1. Triangle Law of Vector Addition
direction of A is
A
If two vectors are represented both in magnitude and
A$ = , \ A = A$ | A |, direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in the same
| A|
order, then the resultant of these vectors is represented
where A = A $i + A $j + A k$
x y z both in magnitude and direction by the third side of the
and | A| = A 2x + Ay2 + Az2 . triangle taken in reverse order as shown below

(ix) Coplanar vectors These are the vectors which always lie
in the same plane.
(x) Negative vector If the direction of a vector is reversed, R
the sign of the vector is reversed. It is B
called negative vector of the original θ
α
vector.
O A
Example 1. A vector may change, if
or R=A+B
(a) frame of reference is translated
(b) vector is rotated If q is the angle between A and B, then the magnitude of
(c) frame of reference is rotated resultant, R can be given by
(d) vector is translated parallel to itself R =| A + B|= A2 + B2 + 2 AB cos q
Sol. (b) Vector will change, if it is rotated because its direction B sin q
If R makes an angle a with A, then tan a = .
changes. A + B cos q
1 $ $
Example 2. The expression ( i + j) is a 2. The Parallelogram Law
2
(a) unit vector If two non-zero vectors A and B are represented by the
(b) null vector two adjacent sides of a parallelogram then, the resultant
(c) vector of magnitude 2
is given by the diagonal of the parallelogram in
magnitude and direction both passing through the point
(d) scalar of intersection of the two vectors.
1/ 2
é æ 1 ö 2 æ 1 ö 2ù
Sol. (a) We have|R| = ê ç ÷ +ç ÷ ú =1 B
êë è 2 ø è 2ø ú
û A+
B
R=
Multiplication of a Vector by a β
α θ θ
Real Number A
The multiplication of a vector by a scalar quantity n gives
a new vector whose magnitude is n times the magnitude The magnitude of R is
of the given vector. Its direction is same as that of the R =|R| = A2 + B2 + 2 AB cos q …(i)
given vector, if n is a positive real number and reverses,
if n is a negative real number. where, q is the angle between A and B.
B sin q
Here, tan a =
Example 3. If A = 2 i$ - 3$j + 4 k$ , is multiplied by a number A + B cos q
5, then the vector along y-direction is A sin q
and tan b = …(ii)
(a) -15$j B + A cos q
(b) 5$j where, a + b = q .
(c) -5$j
(d) 15$j
Special Cases
If q = 0°, Rmax = A + B
Sol. (a) As, n ´ A = nA,
If q = 180°, Rmin = A - B and if q = 90° , R = A2 + B2
So, 5 ´ (2 $i - 3 $j + 4 k$) = 10 $i - 15 $j + 20k$
In all other cases, Eqs. (i) and (ii) can be used to calculate
\ Vector along y-direction = -15 $j
magnitude and direction of R.
30 JEE Main Physics

or 100 = A2 + B2 - 3 AB …(i)
3. Polygon Law of Vector Addition
B sin 150°
If a number of vectors are represented both in magnitude Again tan 90° =
and direction by the sides of a polygon taken in the same A + B cos150°
order, then the resultant vector is represented both in B ´1/ 2
=
magnitude and direction by the closing side of the A + B ( - 3 /2)
polygon taken in the opposite order. B
=
E U 2A- 3B
V
D B
or ¥=
2A- 3B
T
or 2A- 3B =0
R C
3
or A= B
S 2
B Putting the value of A in Eq. (i), we get
P 3 3 1
A Q 100 = B2 + B2 - 3 ´ B ´ B = B2
4 2 4
R= A+B+C+D+E or B2 = 4 ´ 100
or B = 20 N
Properties of Vector Addition 3
(i) Vector addition is commutative, and A= 20 = 10 3 N
2
i.e. A + B = B + A
(ii) Vector addition is associative, Example 6. Three vectors each of magnitude A are acting
i.e. ( A + B) + C = A + ( B + C) at a point such that angle between any two vectors is 60º.
(iii) Vector addition is distributive, The magnitude of their resultant is
i.e. l ( A + B) = lA + lB (a) zero (b) 2 A
Example 4. If A = B + C and the magnitude of A, B and C (c) 3 A (d) 6 A
are 5, 4 and 3 minutes respectively, then angle between A
Sol. (d) We have, R = | A + B + C|
and C is
–1
(a) cos (4/5) –1
(b) cos (3/5) = [ A2 + B2 + C 2 + 2 A × B + 2 B × C + 2 C × A ]1/ 2
(c) tan–1 (3/4) (d) sin–1(3/5) Given, A=B=C
and q = 60°
Sol. (b) Given, A = B + C
R = [3 A2 + 2 A × B + 2 B × C + 2 C × A ]1/ 2
Þ B= A - C Þ B= A-C
Þ B2 = ( A - C) 2 = [3 A2 + (2 A × A cos 60° ) ´ 3]1/ 2
Þ B × B = ( A - C) × ( A - C) = 6A
Þ B× B = A × A - A × C - C × A + C × C
Þ B2 = A2 - AC cos q - AC cos q + C 2 Example 7. A particle has two equal accelerations in two
Þ 2
2AC cos q = A + C - B 2 2 given directions. If one of the accelerations is halved, then the
2 2 2 angle which the resultant makes with the other is also halved.
Þ 2 ´ 5 ´ 3 ´ cos q = 5 + 3 - 4
The angle between the accelerations is
18 3
Þ cos q = = (a) 120° (b) 90°
30 5
(c) 60° (d) 45°
æ3ö
Þ q = cos-1 ç ÷ B sin q
è5ø Sol. (a) tan b =
A + B cos q
Example 5. The resultant of two forces acting at an angle A sin q
of 150º is 10 N and is perpendicular to one of the forces. One = (Q A = B)
A + A cos q
of the two other forces is
sin q
(a) 20 / 3 N (b) 10 / 3 N = …(i)
(1 + cos q)
(c) 20 N (d) 20 / 3 N
b ( A / 2) sin q
tan =
Sol. (c) We have, R 2 = A2 + B2 + 2 AB cos q 2 A + ( A / 2) cos q
(10) 2 = A2 + B2 + 2 AB cos150° sin q
= …(ii)
= A2 + B2 + 2 AB ( - 3 / 2) 2 + cos q
Vector Analysis 31

b Magnitude of S = A - B will be given by

2 tan
We know that, tan b = 2
|S|=| A - B|
2b
1 - tan
2 = A2 + B2 + 2 AB cos (180° - q )
sin q 2 sin q
Þ = or S= A2 + B2 - 2 AB cosq
1 + cos q é æ sin q ö 2ù
(2 + cos q) ê1 - ç ÷ ú For direction of S, we will either calculate angle a or b,
êë è 2 + cos q ø úû
B sin(180° - q )
1 2 (2 + cos q) tan a =
Þ = A + B cos (180° - q )
1 + cos q (2 + cos q) 2 - sin 2 q
B sin q
2 (2 + cos q) =
= A - B cos q
4 + cos2 q + 4 cos q - (1 - cos2 q)
Þ 2 cos2 q + 4 cos q + 3 = 2 (2 + cos q) (1 + cos q)
A sin (180° - q )
tan b =
B + A cos (180° - q )
Þ 2 cos2 q + 4 cos q + 3 = 2 cos2 q + 6 cos q + 4
A sin q
1 =
Þ cos q = - Þ cos q = cos 120° Þ q = 120° B - A cos q
2
Note (i) A - B or B - A can also be found by making triangles as shown in
Example 8. The sum of magnitudes of two forces acting figure.
at a point is 16 and magnitude of their resultant is 8 3. If the
resultant is at 90° with the force of smaller magnitude, their or
magnitudes are B
A –B B –A

B
(a) 3, 13 (b) 2, 14
(c) 5, 11 (d) 4, 12 A A
(a) (b)
Sol. (b) Given A + B = 16
R = ( A2 + B2 + 2AB cos q)1/ 2 (ii) Change in velocity of a particle moving along circular path with a
constant speed
8 3 = ( A2 + B2 + 2AB cos q)1/ 2
v1 = v
B sin q B sin q
and tan 90° = or ¥ =
A + B cos q A + B cos q P

or A + B cos q = 0 O
Q
or B cos q = - A
\ 8 3 = [ A2 + B2 + 2A ( - A)]1/ 2
or 192 = B2 - A2 = (B - A) (B + A) = (B - A) ´ 16
v2 = v
or B - A = 192 / 16 = 12
On solving, A = 2 and B = 14 When a particle moves along a circular path with a constant
speed, then its velocity changes due to change in direction.
\ Change in velocity, Dv = v1 - v 2 = v - ( - v ) = 2 v
Subtraction of Vectors
Negative of a vector (–A) is a vector of the same Example 9. Find A - B from the diagram shown in figure.
magnitude as vector A but pointing in a direction
Given A = 4 units and B = 3 units
opposite to that of A.
Therefore, A - B = A + ( - B). B

Let the angle between vectors A and B be q, then the

angle between A and - B will be 180° - q.
R =A + B θ = 60°
A
B
(a) 18 units (b) 17 units
θ
α (c) 14 units (d) 13 units
β A
Sol. (d) Subtraction, S = A 2 + B2 - 2 AB cosq
180° – θ
–B = 16 + 9 - 2 ´ 4 ´ 3 cos 60°
S = A + (–B) = 13 units
32 JEE Main Physics

Example 10. A car moving towards south changes its The rectangular components of a vector lying
direction towards west moving with the same speed. Find the in the space
change in the direction of velocity of the car. Suppose there is a vector A in space as shown in the
(a) North-West (b) North-East figure. Let the rectangular components of A along X-axis,
(c) South-East (d) South-West Y -axis and Z-axis be A x , A y and A z respectively.
Sol. (a) Y
O N P

v A
–v 1 v1 W E β
O α
X
γ
W S S
v2 Z
Here, |v1| = |v 2| = v (say) \ A = Ax i$ + Ay $j + Az k
$
\Change in velocity of car, Dv = v 2 - v1
Magnitude of the change in velocity, \ | A| = Ax2 + Ay2 + Az2

| Dv| = v12 + v 22 - 2 v1v 2 cos 90° This vector makes angle

æA ö
a = cos- 1 ç x ÷ with X-axis
= v2 + v2 - 0 = 2 v2 = 2 v è Aø
The direction of change in velocity, æ Ay ö
|v | v b = cos- 1 ç ÷ with Y -axis
tan q = 1 = = 1 è Aø
| v 2| v
æA ö
or q = 45° g = cos- 1 ç z ÷ with Z-axis
è Aø
The change in velocity of the car is along north-west direction.
Example 11. A force of 8N makes an angle 30º with
Resolution of Vectors X-axis. Find the x and y components of the force.
When a vector is resolved into its components and the (a) Fx = 4 3 N ,Fy = 4 N (b) Fx = 4 N ,Fy = 4 3 N
components are right angles to each other, then such (c) Fx = 2 N , Fy = 2 3 N (d) Fx = 2 3 N , Fy = 2 N
components are called rectangular components of given
vector along two perpendicular directions. Sol. (a) Here, F = 8 N, q = 30°
3
x-component of force, Fx = F cos 30° = 8 ´ =4 3N
The rectangular components of a vector lying 2
1
in the plane y-component of force, Fy = F sin 30° = 8 ´ = 4 N
2
Y
Example 12. A force of 10.5 N acts on a particle along a
N P direction making an angle of 37° with the vertical. The
A component of force in the vertical direction is
Ay Ay (a) 4.5 N (b) 8.4 N
(c) 6.9 N (d) 3.2 N
θ
X
O Ax M Sol. (b) The component of the force in the vertical direction
will be
A = Ax $i + Ay $j 4
Fv = F cos q = 10.5 cos 37° = 10.5 ´ = 8.4 N
If q is the angle subtended by vector A with X-axis, then 5
Ax = A cosq and Ay = A sinq represented the rectangular
components of A along two perpendicular directions. Example 13. The magnitudes of vectors OA, OB and OC
\ A 2 = Ax2 + Ay2 as in figure are equal. The direction of OA + OB - OC is

or A= Ax2 + Ay2 C Y
A
For the directions of vectors
Ay 45° 30°
X
tanq = O 60°
Ax
æ Ay ö
or q = tan-1 ç ÷
è Ax ø B
Vector Analysis 33

é (1 - 3 - 2) ù é (1 + 3 + 2) ù ● Dot product of two antiparallel vectors

(a) tan -1 ê ú (b) tan -1 ê ú
ë (1 + 3 + 2) û ë (1 - 3 - 2) û Here, q = 180°
é (1 - 3 - 2) ù é (1 + 3 + 2) ù \ A × B = AB cos 180° = - AB (Q cos180° = -1)
(c) cot -1 ê ú (d) cot -1 ê ú
ë (1 + 3 + 2) û ë (1 - 3 - 2) û
● Dot product of orthogonal unit vectors
$i × i$ = $j × $j = k
$ ×k
$ =1
Sol. (a) Let, OA = OB = OC = F
3 i$ × $j = $j × k
$ =k
$ × $i = 0
x-component of OA = F cos 30° = F
2 ● Dot product of two vectors in terms of their
F
x-component of OB = F cos 60° = components
2
F A × B = ( x $i + y $j + z k
1 1
$ ) × ( x $i + y $j + z k
1 2
$)
2 2
x-component of OC = F cos135° = -
2 or A × B = x1x2 + y1 y2 + z1z 2
\x-component of OA + OB - OC
æF 3 ö æF ö æ F ö Example 14. If A and B are perpendicular vectors, where
=ç ÷ + ç ÷ - ç- ÷
è 3 ø è2ø è 2ø A = 5 i$ + 7$j - 3k$ and B = 2 i$ + 2 $j - ak$ , then the value of a is
F (a) - 2 (b) 8 (c) - 7 (d) - 8
= ( 3 + 1 + 2)
2
Sol. (d) For perpendicular vectors, A × B = 0
F
y-component of OA = F sin 30° = So, (5$i + 7$j - 3k$ ) × (2$i + 2$j - ak$ ) = 0
2
F 3 or 10 + 14 + 3a = 0 or 3a = - 24
y-component of OB = - F sin 60° = - ×
2 or a = -8
F
y-component of OC = F sin 45° =
2 Example 15. The angle between the two vectors
\ y-component of OA + OB - OC A = 3i + 4 j + 5 k and B = 3i$ + 4$j - 5 k$ will be
$ $ $
æF ö æ F 3 ö æ F ö F
= ç ÷ + ç- ÷-ç ÷ = (1 - 3 - 2) (a) zero (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) 180°
è2ø è 2 ø è 2ø 2
Sol. (c) A × B = (3$i + 4 $j + 5k$ ) × (3$i + 4 $j - 5k$ ) = 9+16 - 25 = 0
Angle of OA + OB - OC with x-axis
or AB cos q = 0
éF ù
(1 - 3 - 2) ú or cos q = 0
-1 ê 2 -1 é (1 - 3 - 2 ) ù
= tan ê ú = tan ê ú or q = 90°
F ë (1 + 3 + 2) û
ê (1 + 3 + 2) ú
ë2 û
Example 16. The vectors P = a $i + a$j + 3k$ and
Q = a $i - 2 $j - k$ are perpendicular to each other. The positive
Scalar Product or Dot Product value of a is
The scalar product of two vectors A and B is defined as
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 1 (d) 0
the product of magnitude of A and B multiplied by the
cosine of the smaller angle between them. Sol. (a) For perpendicular vectos P × Q = 0
i.e. A × B = AB cos q So, ( a$i + a$j + 3k$ ) × ( a$i - 2$j - k$ ) = 0
or A × B = A ( B cos q ) = (magnitude of A) (component of B
or a2 - 2 a - 3 = 0
in the direction of A).
On solving a=3 or -1
Dot product or scalar product of two vectors gives the
scalar quantity. Example 17. What is the angle f between a = 3.0 $i - 4.0 $j
Some Important Properties of Dot Product and b = 2.0 $i - 3.0 k$ ?
● Dot product is commutative A × B = AB cos q and (a) 60° (b) 53°
B × A = BA cos q = AB cos q (c) 71º (d) 75°
\ A × B = B × A, which is commutative law. Sol. (c) Angle between a and b is given as
● Dot product is distributive over the addition of vectors a×b 3 ´ 2 + ( -4 ´ 0) + 0 ´ ( -3)
cos f = =
i.e., A × ( B + C) = A × B + A × C ab 3 + ( -4) 2 + 0 2 × 2 2 + 0 2 + ( -3) 2
2

● Dot product of two like parallel vectors 6

Þ cos f = Þ cos f = 0.333
Here,q = 0° 5 13
\ A × B = AB cos 0° = AB (Q cos 0° = 1) Þ f = cos-1 (0.333) = 70.55° ~
- 71°
34 JEE Main Physics

Vector Product or Cross Product Triple Product

The vector product or cross product of two vectors is a Scalar triple product of three vectors is given by
single vector whose magnitude is equal to the product of a1 a2 a3
the magnitudes of two given vectors multiplied by the A × ( B ´ C) = b1 b2 b3
sine of the smaller angle between the two given vectors.
c1 c2 c3
i.e. A ´ B = ( AB sin q) n
$
The unit vector normal to the plane containing vectors where A = a1$i + a2$j + a3 k
$,
A´B A´B B = b1i$ + b2$j + b3 k
$ and C = c i$ + c $j + c k$
A and B, is given by n$ = = 1 2 3
AB sin q | A ´ B|
It gives volume of parallelopiped formed with A, B and C
Some Important Properties of Cross Product as adjacent sides.
● Cross product of two vectors does not obey the Vector triple product is given by
commutative law. A ´ ( B ´ C) = B ( A × C) - C ( A × B)
i. e. A´B¹B´ A It is worth noting that
Here, A ´ B = -B ´ A (i) A × ( B ´ C) = 0 implies that vectors are coplanar.
● Cross product of two vectors is distributive over vector (ii) In scalar triple product, dot and cross can be
addition interchanged provided that their cyclic order is
i. e. A ´ ( B + C) = A ´ B + A ´ C maintained.
● Cross product of two like parallel vectors is zero. In this (iii) Four points A, B, C and D are coplanar, if
case, the angle between vectors will be zero degree. AB × ( BC ´ CD ) = 0.
\ A ´ B = ( AB sin 0° ) n$ =0 [Q sin 0° = 0 ] Example 18. The vector A has a magnitude of 5 unit, B
● Cross product of two perpendicular vectors : In this has a magnitude of 6 unit and the cross product A and B has
case, q = 90° the magnitude of 15 unit. The angle between A and B is
A ´ B = ( AB sin 90° ) n
$ = ( AB) n
$ (a) 90° (b) 60° (c) 30º (d) 120°
● Cross product of orthogonal unit vectors Sol. (c) If the angle between A and B is q, the cross product will
i$ ´ $i = (1 ´ 1 ´ sin 0° ) n
$ = 0, have a magnitude,
1
Similarly, $j ´ $j = 0 and k $ ´k$ =0 | A ´ B| = AB sin q or 15 = 5 ´ 6 sin q or sin q =
2
Also, $i ´ $j = 1 ´ 1 ´ sin 90° k $ =k
$ \ q = 30°
Similarly, $j ´ k$ = $i, k
$ ´ $i = $j Example 19. If A = i$ + 2 k$ and B = $j - k$ , then, A ´ B is
Now, $j ´ i$ = - k$ , i$ ´ k
$ = - $j and k$ ´ $j = - i$ equal to
(b) -2 $i + $j + k$ (c) $i + $j - k$
(a) 2 $i - $j - k$ (d) 2 $i + $j - k$
● Cross product of two vectors in terms of their
rectangular components Sol. (b) We have, A ´ B = ( $i + 2 k$ ) ´ ( $j - k$ )
$i $j k$
A ´ B = ( x1$i + y1$j + z1k
$ ) ´ ( x i$ + y $j + z k
2 2
$
2 )
$ = 1 0 2
$i $j k
0 1 -1
= x1 y1 z1
x2 y2 z2 = $i (0 - 2) + $j (0 + 1) + k$ (1 - 0) = -2 $i + $j + k$

● Magnitude of cross product of two vectors A and B Example 20. The area of a parallelogram whose adjacent
represents the area of the parallelogram. sides are P = 2 $i + 3$j and Q = i$ + 4$j is
Q R (a) 5 square units (b) 15 square units
(c) 20 square units (d) 25 square units
B sin
B Sol. (a) P ´ Q = (2$i + 3$j ) ´ ( $i + 4$j)
$i $j k$
O = 2 3 0 = $i (0 - 0) - $j (0 - 0) + k$ (8 - 3) = 5k$
N A P
1 4 0
\| A ´ B|= AB sin q = A ( B sin q ) = OP ´ QN = Area of
the parallelogram. Area of parallelogram = |P ´ Q| = 5 square units
Vector Analysis 35

Practice Exercise
ROUND I Topically Divided Problems

Addition and Subtraction of Vectors 7. Figure shows the orientation of two vectors u and v
in the XY-plane. [NCERT Exemplar]
1. Consider the quantities, pressure, power, energy, Y
impulse, gravitational potential, electrical charge,
temperature, area. Out of these, the only vector
quantities are [NCERT Exemplar]
v
(a) Impulse, pressure and area u
(b) Impulse and area
(c) Area and gravitational potential O X
(d) Impulse and pressure If u = a$i + b$j and v = pi$ + q$j, which of the following
2. What is the numerical value of the vector is correct?
3 $i + 4$j + 5k
$ ? (a) a and p are positive while b and q are negative
(a) 3 2 (b) 5 2 (b) a, p and b are positive while q is negative
(c) a, q and b are positive while p is negative
(c) 7 2 (d) 9 2
(d) a, b, p and q are all positive
3. If, 0.5 $i + 0.8 $j + c k$ is a unit vector, then the value 8. In the cube of side ‘a’ shown in the figure, the
of c is vector from the central point of the face ABOD to
(a) 0.11 (b) 0.22 the central point of the face BEFO will be
[JEE Main 2019]
(c) 0.33 (d) 0.89 z
4. Which one of the following statements is true? B E
[NCERT Exemplar]
A H a
(a) A scalar quantity is the one that is conserved in a
G
process. F
O
(b) A scalar quantity is the one that can never take y
negative values. a
x D a
(c) A scalar quantity is the one that does not vary
from one point to another in space. 1 1 $ $
(a) a ($i - k
$) (b) a ( j - i)
(d) A scalar quantity has the same value for observers 2 2
with different orientations of the axes. 1 1
(c) a ($j - k
$) (d) a (k $ - $i )
2 2
5. Given, vector, A = $i - $j + 2 k$ and vector
p
B = 3 $i - 3 $j + 6 k
$ , then which one of the following 9. Two forces, each equal to act at right angles.
2
statements is true? Their effect may be neutralised by a third force
(a) A is perpendicular to B. acting along their bisector in the opposite direction
(b) A is parallel to B. with a magnitude of
(c) Magnitude of A is half of that of B. p p
(a) p (b) (c) (d) 2 p
(d) Magnitude of B is equal to that of A. 2 2
6. What is the unit vector along $i + $j ? 10. Given A = i$ + 2$j - 3 k$ . When a vector B is added to
$i + $j A, we get a unit vector along X-axis, then B is
(a) (b) 2 (i$ + $j)
2 (a) -2$j + 3 k $ (b) - $i - 2$j
(c) i + $j
$ $
(d) k (c) - $i + 3 k
$ (d) 2$j - 3 k$
36 JEE Main Physics

11. Two forces F1 and F2 are acting at right angles to 20. If the resultant of A and B makes angle a with A
each other, then their resultant is and b with B, then
(a) F1 + F2 2
(b) F1 + F2 2 (a) a < b, always (b) a < b, if A < B
F + F2 (c) a < b, if A > B (d) a < b, if A = B
(c) F1 2 - F2 2 (d) 1
2 21. If the resultant of the vectors ( i$ + 2$j - k$ ), ( $i - $j + 2k)
$

12. Given, R = A + B and R = A = B. The angle between and C is a unit vector along the y-direction, then C
A and B is is
(a) 60° (b) 90° (a) -2$i - k
$ (b) -2$i + k
$ (c) 2$i - k
$ (d) -2$i + k
$
(c) 120° (d) 180° 22. (P + Q) is a unit vector along X-axis. If P = i$ - $j + k$ ,
13. The resultant of two forces, each P, acting at an then what is the value of vector Q?
angle q is (a) $i + $j - k
$ (b) $j - k
$ (c) $i + $j + k
$ (d) $j + k
$
q q
(a) 2P sin (b) 2P cos 23. What vector must be added to the sum of two
2 2
(c) 2P cos q (d) P 2 vectors 2 $i - $j + 3 k
$ and 3 $i - 2 $j - 2 k
$ so that the

resultant is a unit vector along Z-axis?

14. The resultant of two vectors of magnitudes 2A and
2 A acting at an angle q is 10 A. The correct (a) 5$i + k
$ (b) -5 $i + 3 $j (c) 3 $j + 5 k
$ (d) -3 $j + 2 k
$

value of q is 24. Two vectors a and b are at an angle of 60° with

(a) 30° (b) 45°
each other. Their resultant makes an angle of 45°
(c) 60° (d) 90°
with a. If|b|= 2 units, then|a|is
15. Two forces, each equal to F, act as shown in figure. (a) 3 (b) 3 - 1 (c) 3 + 1 (d) 3 /2
Their resultant is
25. A vector A when added to the vector B = 3 $i + 4 $j
yields a resultant vector that is in the positive
F y-direction and has a magnitude equal to that of B.
Find the magnitude of A.
60°
(a) 10 (b) 10 (c) 5 (d) 15
F
F 26. It is found that|A + B|= |A|. This necessarily
(a) (b) F (c) 3 F (d) 5 F
2 implies, [NCERT Exemplar]

16. If P = 4 $i - 2 $j + 6 k$ and Q = $i - 2 $j - 3 k$ , then the (a) B = 0 (b) A , B are parallel

(c) A , B are perpendicular (d) A × B £ 0
angle which P + Q makes with X-axis is
æ 3 ö æ 4 ö 27. The simple sum of two co-initial vectors is 16 units.
(a) cos -1 ç ÷ (b) cos -1 ç ÷
è 50 ø è 50 ø Their vector sum is 8 units. The resultant of the
æ 5 ö æ 12 ö vectors is perpendicular to the smaller vector. The
(c) cos -1 ç ÷ (d) cos -1 ç ÷
è 50 ø è 50 ø magnitudes of the two vectors are
(a) 2 units and 14 units (b) 4 units and 12 units
17. If A + B = C and A = 3, B = 3 and C = 3, then the (c) 6 units and 10 units (d) 8 units and 8 units
angle between A and B is
(a) 0° (b) 30° (c) 60° (d) 90°
28. The resultant of two forces at right angle is 5N.
When the angle between them is 120°, the
18. If the magnitude of the sum of the two vectors is resultant is 13. Then, the forces are
equal to the difference of their magnitudes, then (a) 12 N, 13 N (b) 20 N, 5 N
the angle between vectors is (c) 3 N, 4 N (d) 40 N, 15 N
(a) 0° (b) 45° (c) 90° (d) 180°
19. If, the resultant of two forces ( A + B) and ( A - B) is 29. Given, P = A + B and P = A + B. The angle between
A and B is
A2 + B2 , then the angle between these forces is p p
(a) 0° (b) (c) (d) p
-1 é ( A 2 - B 2) ù -1 é ( A 2 + B 2) ù 4 2
(a) cos ê- 2 2 ú
(b) cos ê- 2 2 ú
ë A +B û ë (A - B ) û 30. What is the angle between P and the resultant of
é A2 + B2 ù é 2 ( A 2 + B 2) ù (P + Q) and (P - Q)?
(c) cos -1 ê - 2 2 ú
(d) cos -1 ê - ú (a) zero (b) tan -1 (P /Q )
ë 2 (A - B )û ë A2 - B2 û
(c) tan -1 (Q /P ) (d) tan -1 (P - Q )/(P + Q )
Vector Analysis 37

31. Two vectors a and b are such that|a + b|= |a - b|. 41. The angle subtended by the vector,
What is the angle between a and b? A = 4 $i + 3 $j + 12 k
$ with the X-axis is
(a) 0° (b) 90° (c) 60° (d) 180° æ3ö æ4ö
(a) sin -1 ç ÷ (b) sin -1 ç ÷
è 13 ø è 13 ø
32. The vectors A1 and A2 each of magnitude A are
æ4ö æ3ö
inclined to each other such that their resultant is (c) cos -1 ç ÷ (d) cos -1 ç ÷
è 13 ø è 13 ø
equal to 3 A. Then the resultant of A 1 and - A 2 is
(a) 2A (b) 3 A (c) 2 A (d) A
Scalar and Vector Product of Vectors
33. If A = $i + $j - 2k$ and B = 2i$ - $j + k$ , then the 42. The angle between the Z-axis and the vector
magnitude of 2 A - 3 B is $i + $j + 2 k
$ is
(a) 90 (b) 50 (a) 30° (b) 45°
(c) 190 (d) 30 (c) 60° (d) 90°
34. The vector which can give unit vector along X-axis 43. The angle between A = $i + $j and B = i$ - $j is
with A = 2 $i - 4 $j + 7 k $ , B = 7 $i + 2 $j - 5 k
$ and
[NCERT Exemplar]
C = - 4 $i + 7 $j + 3 k
$ is
(a) 45° (b) 90° (c) - 45° (d) 180°
(a) 4 $i + 5 $j + 5 k
$ (b) -5 $i - 5 $j + 5 k$
44. Given, P = 3 $j + 4 k$ and Q = 2 $i + 5 k$ . The magnitude
(c) -5 i$ - 5 $j - 5 k$ (d) 4 i$ - 5 $j - 5 k
$
of the scalar product of these vectors, is
(a) 20 (b) 23
Resolution of Vectors (c) 26 (d) 5 33
35. The x and y components of a force are 2 N and – 3N.
The force is 45. If P = 2 $i - 3 $j + k$ and Q = 3 i$ + 2 $j, then P × Q is
(a) 2$i - 3$j (b) 2$i + 3$j (a) zero (b) 6
(c) -2$i - 3$j (d) 3 $i + 2$j (c) 12 (d) 15

36. The magnitude of the X and Y components of A are 46. If AB = AB, then the angle between A and B is
7 and 6. Also the magnitudes of X and Y (a) 0° (b) 45°
components of A + B are 11 and 9, respectively. (c) 90° (d) 180°
What is the magnitude of B ? 47. Projection of P on Q is
(a) 5 (b) 6 (a) P × Q
$ $ ×Q
(b) P
(c) 8 (d) 9 (c) P ´ Q
$ (d) P ´ Q
37. One of the rectangular components of a velocity of
48. A and B are two vectors given by A = 2 $i + 3 $j and
60 kmh–1 is 30 kmh –1. The other rectangular
component is B = i$ + $j. The magnitude of the components of A
(a) 30 km h -1 (b) 30 3 km h -1 along B is
(c) 30 2 km h -1 (d) zero (a)
5
(b)
3
2 2
38. A force is inclined at 60° to the horizontal. If its
7 1
rectangular component in the horizontal direction (c) (d)
is 50 N, then magnitude of the force in the vertical 2 2
direction is 49. If, A = 2 $i + 3 $j + 4 k$ and B = 4 $i + 3 $j + 2 k$ , then
(a) 25 N (b) 75 N
angle between A and B is
(c) 87 N (d) 100 N
æ 25 ö æ 29 ö
(a) sin -1 ç ÷ (b) sin -1 ç ÷
39. The component of a vector r along X-axis will have è 29 ø è 25 ø
maximum value, if [NCERT Exemplar]
æ 25 ö æ 29 ö
(a) r is along positive Y-axis (c) cos -1 ç ÷ (d) cos -1 ç ÷
è 29 ø è 25 ø
(b) r is along positive X-axis
(c) r makes an angle of 45° with the X-axis 50. What is the angle between ( $i + 2$j + 2k)
$ and $i?
(d) r is along negative Y-axis (a) 0º (b) p /6
(c) p /3 (d) None of these
40. Consider a vector F = 4 $i - 3 $j. Another vector that
51. If A = B, then which of the following is not correct?
is perpendicular to F is $ =B $ $ ×B$ = AB
(a) A (b) A
(a) 4 $i + 3 $j (b) 6 $j $
(c) 7 k (d) 3 $i - 4 $j
(c)|A| = |B| (d) AB$ || BA
$
38 JEE Main Physics

52. For what value of a, A = 2 $i + a $j + k$ will be 61. The area of a parallelogram formed by the vectors
perpendicular to B = 4 $i - 2 $j - k
$? A = $i - 2 $j + 3 k
$ and B = 3 $i - 2 $j + k
$ as its adjacent

(a) 4 (b) zero sides, is

(c) 3 (d) 1 (a) 8 3 units (b) 64 units
(c) 32 units (d) 4 6 units
53. The sum of two vectors A and B is at right angles
to their difference, then 62. The magnitude of the vectors product of two vectors
(a) A = B is 3 times their scalar product. The angle between
(b) A = 2B the two vectors is
(c) B = 2 A (a) 90º (b) 60º
(d) A and B have the same direction (c) 45º (d) 30º

54. Given, q is the angle between A$ and B.

$ Then, 63. Three vectors A, B and C satisfy the relation
$ ´B
|A $ |is equal to AB = 0 and AC = 0. If B and C are not lying in the
same plane, then A is parallel to
(a) sin q (b) cos q
(a) B (b) C (c) B ´ C (d) BC
(c) tan q (d) cot q
64. A vector F1 is along the positive Y-axis. If its vector
55. If P × Q = 0, then|P ´ Q|is
product with another vector F2 is zero, then F2
(a)|P||Q| (b) zero
could be
(c) 1 (d) PQ
(a) 4 $j (b) $j + k
$
56. Given, C = A ´ B. The angle which A makes with C (c) $j - k
$ (d) -4 $i
is
(a) 0° (b) 45° 65. The area of the parallelogram represented by the
(c) 90° (d) 180° vectors, A = 4 $i + 3 $j and B = 2 $i + 4 $j is
(a) 14 units (b) 7.5 units
57. The adjacent sides of a parallelogram are
(c) 10 units (d) 5 units
represented by co-initial vectors 2 $i + 3 $j and $i + 4 $j.
The area of the parallelogram is 66. If A and B denote the sides of a parallelogram and
(a) 5 units along Z-axis (b) 5 units in XY-plane 1
its area is AB (A and B are the magnitude of A
(c) 3 units in XZ-plane (d) 3 units in YZ-plane 2
and B respectively), the angle between A and B is
58. The magnitudes of the two vectors a and b are a (a) 30º (b) 60º (c) 45º (d) 120º
and b, respectively. The vector product of a and b
cannot be 67. Two vectors A and B are inclined to each other at
(a) equal to zero (b) less than ab an angle q. Which of the following is the unit vector
(c) equal to ab (d) greater than ab perpendicular to both A and B?
A´B $ ´B
A $
59. Given, A = 4 i$ + 6 $j and B = 2 $i + 3 $j. Which of the (a) (b)
AB sin q
following is correct? A´B A´B
(c) (d)
(a) A ´ B = 0 AB sin q AB cos q
(b) A × B = 24
|A| 1 68. Angle between A and B is q. What is the value of
(c) = A × (B ´ A ) ?
|B| 2
(a) A 2B cos q (b) A 2B sin q cos q
(d) A and B are anti-parallel
(c) A 2B sin q (d) zero
60. If A × B = 0 and A ´ B = 1, then A and B are
69. Given, C = A ´ B and D = B ´ A. What is the angle
(a) perpendicular unit vectors
between C and D ?
(b) parallel unit vectors
(a) 30º (b) 60º
(c) parallel
(c) 90º (d) 180º
(d) perpendicular
 ROUND II Mixed Bag
Only One Correct Option 7. If A = 2 $i + 3 $j + 6 k$ and B = 3 $i - 6$j + 2 k$ , then vector
1. Three forces of magnitudes 6 N, 6 N and 72 N act perpendicular to both A and B has magnitude k
at a corner of a cube along three sides as shown in times that of (6 i$ + 2 $j - 3 k)
$ . The value of k is equal
figure. Resultant of these forces is to
72 N
(a) 1 (b) 4
(c) 7 (d) 9
G
D
8. If A1 and A2 are two non-collinear unit vectors and
F E if |A 1 + A 2|= 3 , then the value of
( A 1 - A 2 ) × (2 A 1 + A 2 ) is
O (a) 1 (b) 1/2
C
(c) 3/2 (d) 2
A B
9. If vectors A and B are given by A = 5 $i + 6$j + 3 k$
and B = 6 $i - 2 $j - 6 k
$ . Which is/are of the following
(a) 12 N along OB (b) 18 N along OA
(c) 18 N along OC (d) 12 N along OE correct?
(a) A and B are mutually perpendicular
2. The sum of the magnitudes of two forces acting at a (b) Product of A ´ B is the same B ´ A
point is 16 N. The resultant of these forces is (c) The magnitude of A and B are equal
perpendicular to the smaller force has a magnitude (d) The magnitude of A × B is non-zero
of 8 N. If the smaller force has magnitude x, then
the value of x is 10. Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) 2 N (b) 4 N (a) The magnitude of the vector 3 $i + 4 $j is 10.
(c) 6 N (d) 7 N (b) A force (3 $i + 4 $j) N acting on a particle causes a
3. The magnitude of resultant of three vectors of displacement 6 $j. The work done by the force is 30 N.
magnitude 1, 2 and 3 whose directions are those of (c) If A and B represent two adjacent sides of a
the sides of an equilateral triangle taken in order is parallelogram, then|A ´ B|give the area of that
(a) zero (b) 2 2 units parallelogram.
(c) 4 3 units (d) 3 units (d) A force has magnitude 20 N. Its component in a
direction making an angle 60° with the force is
4. Two vectors A and B have equal magnitudes. The 10 3 N.
magnitude of ( A + B) is n times the magnitude of
( A - B). The angle between A and B is 11. The component of vector A = ax $i + a y $j + a z k$ along
[JEE Main 2019] the direction of ( $i - $j) is
æ n - 1ö
2
æ n - 1ö (a) (a x - a y + a z ) (b) (a x + a y )
(a) sin -1 ç 2 ÷ (b) sin -1 ç ÷
è n + 1ø è n + 1ø (c) (a x - a y )/ 2 (d) (a x - a y + a z )

æ n2 - 1 ö æ n - 1ö 12. If A ´ B = B ´ A, then the angle between A and B is

(c) cos -1 ç 2 ÷ (d) cos -1 ç ÷ (a) p (b) p /3
è n + 1ø è n + 1ø
(c) p /2 (d) p /4
5. There are two forces each of magnitude 10 units. 13. Given that, A + B + C = 0. Out of three vectors, two
One inclined at an angle of 30° and the other at an are equal in magnitude and the magnitude of third
angle of 135° to the positive direction of X-axis. The vector is 2 times that of either of the two having
x and y components of the resultant are equal magnitude. Then, the angles between vectors
respectively, are given by
(a) 1.59 $i and 12.07 $j (b) 10 $i and 10 $j (a) 45°, 45°, 90° (b) 90°, 135°, 135°
(c) 1.59 $i (d) 15.9 $i and 12.07 $j (c) 30°, 60°, 90° (d) 45°, 60°, 90°

6. What is the angle between $i + $j + k$ and $i ? 14. If the vectors A = 2 $i + 4 $j and B = 5 $i - p $j are
(a) 0º (b) p/6 parallel to each other, the magnitude of B is
(c) p/3 (d) None of these (a) 5 5 (b) 10
(c) 15 (d) 2 5
40 JEE Main Physics

15. Two vectors A and B are inclined at an angle q. 19. When two non-zero vectors a and b are
Now if the vectors are interchanged, then the perpendicular to each other, the magnitude of their
resultant turns through an angle a. Which of the resultant is R. When they are opposite to each
following relation is true? R
2 other, the magnitude of their resultant is . The
a æ A - Bö q a æ A - Bö q 2
(a) tan =ç ÷ tan (b) tan = ç ÷ tan
2 è A + Bø 2 2 è A + Bø 2 æ a bö
value of ç + ÷ is ……… .
a æ A - Bö q a æ A - Bö q è b aø
(c) tan =ç ÷ cot (d) tan =ç ÷ cot
2 è A + Bø 2 2 è A + Bø 2
20. The sum of two forces P and Q is R such that
16. Let|A 1|= 3,|A2|= 5 and|A1 + A2|= 5. The value of |R|= |P|. The angle q (in degree) that the resultant
(2 A1 + 3 A2 ) × (3 A1 - 2 A2 ) is [JEE Main 2019] of 2P and Q will make with Q is ……… .
[JEE Main 2020]
(a) -106.5 (b) -112 . 5
(c) -99.5 (d) -118 . 5 21. If a = 2$i - $j + k$ , b = i$ + 2$j - 3 k$ and c = 3 i$ - y $j + 5 k$
17. The vectors 2 i$ + 3 $j - 2 k$ , 5 i$ + a $j + k$ and are coplanar, then the value of y is ……… .
- $i + 2 $j + 3 k
$ are coplanar when a is 22. A triangle ABC has its vertices at A (2 , 1 , 1),
(a) –9 (b) 9 B(1 , - 3 , - 5) and C ( 4 , - 4 , - 4). If Ð BAC = q and
8n
(c) –18 (d) 18 cos q = . The value of n is ……… .
1537
18. Three vectors A, B and C add up to zero. Find which
is false?
23. The volume of a parallelopiped, whose edges are
[NCERT Exemplar]
represented by
(a) (A ´ B) ´ C is not zero unless B, C are parallel
a = (2$i - 3 $j + 4 k $ ) m , b = ( $i + 2$j - k
$ ) m and
(b) (A ´ B) × C is zero unless B, C are parallel $ ) m is ……… m 3.
(c) If A , B, C defined a plane, (A ´ B) ´ C is in that c = (3 $i - $j + 2 k
plane
(d) (A ´ B) × C = |A||B||C|® C 2 = A 2 + B2

Numerical Value Questions

Answers
Round I
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (c) 29. (a) 30. (a)
31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (c)
41. (c) 42. (b) 43. (b) 44. (c) 45. (a) 46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (d)
51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (a) 56. (c) 57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (a) 60. (a)
61. (d) 62. (b) 63. (c) 64. (a) 65. (c) 66. (a) 67. (b) 68. (d) 69. (d)

Round II
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (c) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c)
11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. 4 20. 90
21. 4 22. 6 23. 7
Vector Analysis 41

Round I
Solutions
9. As, R = a 2 + b2 + 2 ab cos q
1. Out of the given quantities, impulse and area are 2 2
æ pö æ pö æ pö æ pö
vector quantities and other are scalar quantities. Þ R = ç ÷ + ç ÷ + 2 ç ÷ ç ÷ cos 90°
è2ø è2ø è2ø è2ø
2. Required numerical value is 32 + 42 + 52 , i. e. 50 or p p
5 2. Þ R = 2× =
2 2
3. Clearly, (0.5)2 + (0.8)2 + c2 = 1 10. As, B + ($i + 2$j - 3 k$ ) = i$ or B = -2 $j + 3 k$
0.25 + 0.64+ c2 = 1
or 2
c = 1 - 0.25 – 0.64 = 0.11 11. As, resultant of two vectors is given by,
or c = 0.11 R= A 2 + B2 + 2 AB cos q
4. A scalar quantity has the same value for observers \ F 2 = F12 + F22 + 2 F1F2 cos 90°
with different orientations of the axes. Given, q = 90°
5. A vector A is parallel to that of vector B, if it can be or F 2 = F12 + F22 Þ F = F12 + F22
written as
12. For the resultant,
A = mB
$ ) = 1 (3i$ - 3$j + 6 k R2 = R2 + R2 + 2 R2 cos q
Here, A = ($i - $j + 2 k $)
3 or R2 = 2 R2 + 2 R2 cos q
1 1
A= B = 1 + cos q
3 2
1 1
This implies A is parallel to B and magnitude of A is or cos q = - or q = 120°
3 2
times the magnitude of B.
A 13. As, R2 = P 2 + P 2 + 2 P 2 cos q
6. We have A = AA$ or A$ =
A or R2 = 2 P 2 + 2 P 2 cos q
$i + $j $i + $j or R2 = 2 P 2 (1 + cos q)
\Required unit vector is = qö
|$i + $j| æ
2 or R2 = 2 P 2 ç2 cos 2 ÷
è 2ø
7. As per figure, in u = a $i + b$j , both a and b are positive. q
or R2 = 4 P 2 cos 2
In v = pi$ + q$j, p is positive and q is negative. 2
q
Thus, a, p and b are positive and q is negative. or R = 2 P cos
2
8. In the given cube, coordinates of point G(centre of face
a a 14. Resultant, R = A 2 + B2 + 2 AB cos q
ABOD) are x1 = , y1 = 0, z1 =
2 2 Þ 10 A 2 = 4 A 2 + 2 A 2 + 2 ´ 2 A ´ 2 A ´ cos q
where, a = side of cube or 4 A 2 = 4 2 A 2 cos q
Z 1
or cos q =
B 2
Þ q = 45°
A H E
G 15. Note that the angle between two forces is 120° and not
a ,0 , a 60°.
2 2
O F R2 = F 2 + F 2 + 2 × F × F cos 120°
D Þ R2 = F 2 + F 2 - F 2
Y
X
C Þ R2 = F 2
and coordinates of point H are Þ R=F
a a 16. As, P + Q = 5 i - 4$j + 3 k$
$
x2 = 0, y2 = , z2 =
2 2 5 5
So, vector GH is Þ cos a = =
52 + 42 + 32 50
GH = (x2 - x1 )i$ + ( y2 - y1 )$j + (z2 - z1 ) k
$
æ 5 ö
a a a or a = cos -1 ç ÷
= - i$ + $j = ($j - i$ ) è 50 ø
2 2 2
42 JEE Main Physics

17. As, A + B = C (Given) 2 sin 60° 3

24. Here, tan 45° = =
So, it is given that C is the resultant of A and B a + 2 cos 60° a + 1
\ C 2 = A 2 + B2 + 2 AB cos q 1=
3
or 32 = 3 + 3 + 2 ´ 3 ´ cos q a+1
or 3 = 6 cos q or a+1 = 3
1 a = 3 -1
or cos q = Þ q = 60°
2
25. Given, C =|B|$j Þ C = 5 $j
18. According to question, P 2 + Q 2 + 2 PQ cos q = (P - Q )
Let, C = A + B = A + 3 i$ + 4 $j
Þ P 2 + Q 2 + 2 PQ cos q = P 2 + Q 2 - 2 PQ
5 $j = A + 3 $i + 4$j
Þ 2 PQ (1 + cos q) = 0
But, 2 PQ ¹ 0 Þ A = -3 $i + $j
\ 1 + cos q = 0 |A|= (3)2 + (1)2 = 10
or cos q = -1
26. If|A + B| =|A|, then either|B| = 0 or A and B will be
or q = 180°
antiparallel, where|B| = 2|A|.
19. Here, P = ( A + B), Q = ( A - B)
27. According to question, P + Q = 16 …(i)
and R= A 2 + B2 2 2
Þ P + Q + 2 PQ cos q = 64 …(ii)
R2 - P 2 - Q 2 Q sin q
Þ cos q = \ tan 90° =
2 PQ P + Q cos q
( A 2 + B 2 ) - ( A + B )2 - ( A - B )2 Q sin q
= or ¥=
2 ( A + B) ( A - B) P + Q cos q
é A 2 + B2 ù Þ P + Q cos q = 0
=-ê 2 2 ú or Q cos q = - P ...(iii)
ë 2 (A - B )û
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
é A 2 + B2 ù
\ q = cos -1 ê - 2 2 ú
P 2 + Q 2 + 2 P (- P ) = 64
ë 2 (A - B )û or Q 2 - P 2 = 64
20. We can make the diagram as below or (Q - P ) (Q + P ) = 64 ...(iv)
Now from Eqs. (i) and (iv), we get
64
or Q-P = =4 …(v)
B R 16
Adding, Eqs. (i) and (v), we get
β
2 Q = 20
α
or Q = 10 units
A
B sin q A sin q From Eq. (i), P + 10 = 16
Clearly, tan a = and tan b =
A + B cos q B + A cos q or P = 6 units
From the above equation, it is clear that when a < b, 28. Let, A and B be the two forces.
then B < A.
As per question A 2 + B2 = 5
21. Given, (i$ + 2$j - k$ ) + (i$ - $j + 2 k$ ) + C = $j
or A 2 + B2 = 25 …(i)
\ C = $j - ($i - 2$j - k $ ) - ($i - $j + 2 k
$) 2 2
and A + B + 2 AB cos 120° = 13
= - 2 i$ - k
$ or 25 + 2 AB ´ (-1 / 2) = 13
or AB = 25 - 13 = 12
22. Given, P = i$ - $j + k$ , then we have
or 2 AB = 24 …(ii)
P + Q = $i
Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Q = $i - $i + $j - k
$ = $j - k
$
A = 3 N and B = 4 N
23. As, A = 2i$ - $j + 3 k$ , B = 3i$ - 2$j - 2 k$ and C = ? 29. Given,|P|= A + B
R=k $ = A + B+ C
Þ |P|2 = ( A + B)2
$k = (2$i - $j + 3 k$ ) + (3$i - 2$j - 2 k
$)+ C
or |A + B|2 = ( A + B)2
= 5$i - 3$j + k$ +C or A + B + 2 AB cos q = A 2 + B2 + 2 AB
2 2

\ C = -5 i$ + 3 $j or cos q = 1 Þ q = 0°
Vector Analysis 43

30. Resultant, R = (P + Q) + (P - Q) = 2 P. Thus, angle 39. If r makes an angle q with X-axis, then component of r
between R and P is 0°. along X-axis = r cos q.
It will be maximum, if cos q = max = 1 or q = 0°. i.e. r is
31. From the condition given in question, along positive X-axis.
a 2 + b2 + 2 ab cos q = a 2 + b2 - 2 ab cos q
40. Since F = 4 $i - 3 $j is lying in XY-plane, hence the vector
or 4 ab cos q = 0
perpendicular to F must be lying perpendicular to
But 4 ab ¹ 0 $
XY-plane or along Z-axis, i.e. 7 k.
\ cos q = 0
or q = 90° 41. Let q be the angle which A make with X-axis, then
Ax 4 4
32. Let q be the angle between A1 and A 2, then cos q = = =
A 2 2
4 + 3 + 12 2 13
A12 + A22 + 2 A1 A2 cos q = R2
æ ö
4
or A 2 + A 2 + 2 AA cos q = 3 A 2 \ q = cos -1 ç ÷
è 13 ø
1
or cos q = = cos 60°
2 42. From, A × B = AB cos q
or q = 60° A×B
Þ cos q =
The angle between A1 and -A 2 is (180° - 60° ) = 120° AB
\Resultant of A1 and -A 2 is (i$ + $j + 2 k
$ )× k
$
or cos q =
R¢ = [ A12 + A22 + 2 A1 A2 cos(180°-60° )]1/ 2 1 1 2 + 1 2 + ( 2 )2
= [ A 2 + A 2 + 2 AA cos 120° ]1/ 2 = A 2 1
or cos q =
= Þ q = 45°
33. Clearly, 2 A - 3 B = 2 ($i + $j - 2 k$ ) - 3 (2 $i - $j + k$ ) 2 2
= - 4 $i + 5 $j - 7 k
$ A×B ($i + $j) × ($i - $j) 1 -1
43. cos q = = = = 0 = cos 90°
AB 2 2
1 + 1 ´ 1 + (-1) 2 2 2
\Magnitude of 2A - 3B = (-4)2 + (5)2 + (-7)2
= 16 + 25 + 49 = 90 \ q = 90°
34. The vector is i - (A + B + C )
$ 44. |P × Q| = (3$j + 4 k$ ) × (2i$ + 5 k$ ) = 6 + 20 = 26
= i$ - [(2i$ - 4$j + 7 k
$ ) + (7 i$ + 2 $j - 5 k
$ ) + (-4 i$ + 7$j + 3 k
$ )]
45. Here, P × Q = (2$i - 3$j + k$ ) × (3$i + 2$j) = 6 (i$ × $i ) - 6 ($j × $j) = 0
= - 5 $i - 5$j - 5 k
$
46. We know that, [$i × $j = $j × k$ = k$ × $i = 0, $i × $i = $j × $j = k$ × k$ = 1]
35. Here, F = Fx i$ + Fy $j or F = 2 $i - 3 $j As, AB cos q = AB
or cos q = 1
36. Let, A + B = R. Given, Ax = 7 and Ay = 6
or q = 0°
Also, Rx = 11 and Ry = 9
Therefore, Bx = Rx - Ax = 11 - 7 = 4 47. Projection of P on Q is P cos q
and By = Ry - Ay = 9 - 6 = 3
P
Hence, magnitude of B = Bx2 + By2 = 42 + 32 = 5 θ
v Q
37.
PQ cos q P × Q
Here, P cos q = = = P× Q
$
60 km/h Q Q

48. Magnitude of component of A along B

30 km/h A × B (2$i + 3$j) × (i$ + $j) 5
= = =
|B| 2
1 +1 2 2
602 = 302 + v2
or v2 = 90 ´ 30 49. As, A × B = AB cos q
or v = 30 3 kmh -1 A × B (2$i + 3$j + 4 k
$ ) × (4 $i + 3$j + 2 k
$)
Þ cos q = =
38. Given, Ax = 50 and q = 60° AB 4 + 9 + 16 × 16 + 9 + 4
8 + 9 + 8 25
Then tan q = Ay / Ax = =
29 29
or Ay = Ax tan q
-1 æ 25 ö
or Ay = 50 tan 60° = 50 ´ 3 = 87 N Þ q = cos ç ÷
è 29 ø
44 JEE Main Physics

50. Using, A × B = AB cos q 62. Given, |A ´ B| = 3A × B

A×B Þ AB sin q = 3 AB cos q
Þ cos q =
AB
or tan q = 3
($i + 2$j + 2k
$ ) × i$ 1 1 Þ q = 60°
or cos q = 2 2 2 1/ 2
= = = 0.33
(1 + 2 + 2 ) 9 3
63. As, A × B = 0 so, A is perpendicular to B. Also A × C = 0
Þ q = 70°30¢ means A is perpendicular to C. Since B ´ C is
51. Here A$ × B
$ = (1) (1) cos 0° = 1 ¹ AB. perpendicular to B and C, then clearly A is parallel
to B ´ C.
52. A ^ B, if A × B = AB cos 90° = 0 64. As, F1 = F1 $j ; F1 ´ F2 is equal to zero only, if angle
(2i$ + a$j + k
$ ) × (4i$ - 2$j - 2 k
$)=0
between F1 and F2 is either 0° or 180°. So, F2 will be
or 8 - 2a - 2 = 0 or a = 3 4 $j. (In direction of Y-axis) (Q i$ ´ $i = $j ´ $j = 0)
53. Using, A × B = AB cos q, given q = 90° Þ cos 90° = 0 65. Area =|A ´ B| =|(4i$ + 3$j) ´ (2i$ + 4$j) =|10 k$ |= 10 units
Then, (A + B) × (A - B) = 0
A 2 - B2 = 0 or A = B 66. Area of parallelogram =|A ´ B|
1
54. The vector product, AB sin q = AB
2
|A ´ B| = (1) (1)sin q = sin q 1
\ sin q =
55. Since, P × Q = PQ cos q, then 2
P× Q = 0 Þ q = 30°
Þ P ^ Q or q = 90° 67. The required unit vector should be
|P ´ Q|= PQ sin 90° = PQ or|P||Q| A´B
$ =
n
AB sin q
56. The direction of the vector given by the cross product of
$ ´ BB
AA $ $ ´B
A $
the two vectors is perpendicular to the plane containing = =
the two vectors, i. e. A ´ B = ( AB sin q) = C. Therefore, AB sin q sin q
the angle which A makes with C is 90°.
68. A × (B ´ A ) = 0 (According to rules for scalar triple
57. The required area, A ´ B = (2i$ + 3$j) ´ (i$ + 4$j) product)
= 8 (i$ ´ $j) + 3($j ´ $i ) = 8 k
$ - 3k
$ =5k
$
69. Since, (A ´ B) = -(B ´ A ), so C = D i. e. , C and D are
58. As,|a ´ b|= ab sin q antiparallel to each other, i.e. q = 180°.
Since, sin q cannot be greater than 1.
Round II
\|a ´ b|cannot be greater than ab.
1. The resultant of 6 N along OC and 6 N along OA is
59. We have A ´ B = (4 $i + 6$j) ´ (2 $i + 3 $j)
R = 62 + 62 = 72 N along OB
= 12 (i$ ´ $j) ´ 12($j ´ $i )
The resultant of 72 N along OB and 72 N along OG
= 12 (i$ ´ $j) - 12 (i$ ´ $j) = 0 is
60. Given, A × B = 0 R¢ = 72 + 72 = 12 N along OE.
Þ A^ B (Since, A × B = AB cos q) 2. Given, x + y = 16, Also y2 = 82 + x2
Now, A´B=1
or AB sin q = 1
y
AB sin 90° = 1 or AB = 1
Þ A = 1 and B = 1
So, A and B are perpendicular unit vectors.
x
61. Required area of parallelogram, or y = 64 + (16 - y)2
2
(Q x = 16 - y)
A ´ B = (i$ - 2$j + 3 k$ ) ´ (3i$ - 2$j + k $)
or y2 = 64 + 256 + y2 - 32 y
= -2 k $ - $j - 6(- k $ ) - 2 i$ + 9 $j - 6 (- i$ )
or 32 y = 320
= 4 $i + 8$j + 4 k
$
or y = 10 N
|A ´ B| = 42 + 82 + 42 = 32 + 64 \ x + 10 = 16
= 96 = 4 6 units or x=6 N
Vector Analysis 45

3. The three vectors A, B and C are represented as 5. Here, A = OP = 10 units along OP

shown in figure (a) where A = 1, B = 2 and C = 3. Here B = OQ = 10 units along OQ
the sides of the equilateral triangle represent only the
ÐXOP = 30° and ÐXOQ = 135°
directions and not the magnitudes of the vectors.
\ ÐQOX ¢ = 180° - 135° = 45°
Y

B sin 45° j
B A sin 30° j
C Q P
60°
60° O
X' X B
A 135° A
B 60°
45° 30°
60° 60° X′ X
C B cos 45° – i A cos 30° i
A
Y'
(a) (b)
Resolving A and B into two rectangular components
we have A cos 30° along OX and A sin 30° along OY .
In figure (b), these vector are drawn from a common
While B cos 45° along OX ¢ and B sin 45° along OY ¢.
point, O and they are lying in XY-plane. Resolving
these vectors into two rectangular components along Resultant of components of forces along X-axis.
XY-axis and Y -axis, we have, the X-component of = ( A cos 30° - B cos 45° ) i$
resultant vector as = (10 ´ 3 / 2 - 10 ´ 1 / 2 ) $i = 1.59 $i
RX = |A| + |B|cos (180° - 60° ) + |C|cos (180° + 60° )
Resultant of components forces along Y -axis
= 1 - 2 cos 60° - 3 cos 60°
1 1 3 = ( A sin 30° + B sin 45° ) $j
= 1 -2 ´ -3 ´ = -
2 2 2 æ 1 1 ö$
= ç10 ´ + 10 ÷ j = 12.07 $j
Y -component of resultant vector is è 2 2ø
RY = 0 + |B|sin (180° - 60° ) + |C|sin (180° + 60° )
6. Using A × B = AB cos q
= 0 + 2 sin 60° - 3 sin 60° = - sin 60° = - 3 /2 Q A = $i + $j + k
$,
Magnitude of resultant vector,
2 \ A = 12 + 12 + 12 = 3
2
æ 3ö æ 3ö
R = RX2 + RY2 = ç - ÷ + ç - ÷ = 3 units A × $i 1 3
è 2ø è 2 ø Þ cos q = = =
3 3 3
1.732
4. Given, | A | =| B| or A = B …(i) = = 0.5773 = cos 54°44¢
3
Let magnitude of ( A + B ) is R and for (A - B) is R¢.
or q = 54°44¢ ~ - 55°
Now, R = A + B
and R2 = A 2 + B2 + 2 AB cos q 7. Let, C be a vector perpendicular to A and B, then as
per question, kC = A ´ B
R2 = 2 A 2 + 2 A 2 cos q …(ii)
[Q using Eq. (i)] (A ´ B) (2$i + 3$j + 6 k $ ) ´ (3 i$ - 6$j + 2 k
$)
or k = =
Again, R¢ = A - B C (6 $i + 2$j - 3 k $)

Þ R¢2 = A 2 + B2 - 2 AB cos q (42 $i + 14 $j - 21 k$)

2 2 2 = =7
R¢ = 2 A - 2 A cos q …(iii) (6$i + 2$i - 3 k$)
[Q using Eq. (i)]
2 8. Here, A1 = A2 = 1
æ Rö
Given, R = nR¢ or ç ÷ = n 2 and A12 + A22 + 2 A1 A2 cos q = ( 3 )2 = 3
è R¢ ø
or 1 + 1 + 2 ´ 1 ´ 1 ´ cos q = 3
Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (iii), we get 1
n 2 1 + cos q or cos q =
= 2
1 1 - cos q Now, (A1 - A 2) × (2A1 + A 2) = 2 A12 - A22 - A1 A2 cos q
n 2 - 1 (1 + cos q) - (1 - cos q) = 2 ´ 12 - 12 - 1 ´ 1 ´ =
1 1
or =
n 2 + 1 (1 + cos q) + (1 - cos q) 2 2

n 2 - 1 2 cos q 9. Here, A × B = (5 $i + 6$j + 3 k$ ) × (6 i$ - 2$j - 6 k$ ) = 0

Þ = = cos q
n2 + 1 2 Hence, A and B are mutually perpendicular to each
æ n2 - 1 ö other. Vector product of two vectors is not
or q = cos - 1 ç 2 ÷ commutative, hence A ´ B ¹ B ´ A.
è n + 1ø
46 JEE Main Physics

10. (a) If A = 3 i$ + 4 $j, then|A|= 32 + 42 = 5 If A ||B , then

(b) W = (3i$ + 4$j) × 6$j = 24 J A × B = AB cos 0° = AB
(c) |A ´ B| = Area of parallelogram whose two 10 - 4 p = 20 25 + p2
adjacent sides are represented by two vectors
A and B. Squaring, 100 + 16 p2 - 80 p
(d) Component of force F in the direction making an = 20 (25 + p2) = 500 + 20 p2
1
angle q = F cos q = 20 cos 60° = 20 ´ = 10 N or 20 p2 - 16 p2 + 80 p + 400 = 0
2
or p2 + 20 p + 100 = 0
11. Here, A = (a x i + a y j + a z k)
$ $ $
or ( p + 10)2 = 0
Let, B = (i$ - $j) \ p = -10
$ =B= i$ - $j i$ - $j \ B = 5 i$ + 10 $j
Then, B =
B 2
(1) + (-1) 2 2 B = 52 + (10)2 = 125 = 5 5
Component of A along the direction of B is $ . Let q be the angle between
15. As, A = AA$ and B = BB
$ (i - j) = (a x - a y )
$ $
A×B $ = (a i$ + a $j + a k
x y z )× A and B as per question,
2 2 $ + BB
$ ) × ( AB
$ + BA
$)
( AA
cos a =
12. As, A ´ B = B ´ A or (A ´ B) - (B ´ A ) = 0 | AA + BB|| AB + BA|
$ $ $ $
or (A ´ B) + (A ´ B) = 0 2 AB + ( A 2 + B2) cos q
or cos a =
or 2 (A ´ B) = 0 ( A 2 + B2 + 2 AB cos q)2
or 2 AB sin qn$ =0
or 2 AB + ( A 2 + B2) cos q = ( A 2 + B2) cos a
As, A ¹0 + 2 AB cos q cos a
nor B ¹0 or 2 2
2 AB (1 - cos a cos q) = ( A + B ) (cos a - cos q)
So, sin q = 0 2 AB cos a - cos q
or =
Hence, q = 0° or p 2
A +B 2
1 - cos a cos q
2 2
13. If |A| =|B|= x, then|C|= 2 x. 2 AB + ( A + B ) (cos a - cos q) + (1 - cos a cos q)
or =
( A 2 + B2) - 2 AB (1 - cos a cos q) - (cos a - cos q)
Now, A+ B= -C
( A + B)2 (1 + cos a ) (1 - cos q) tan 2 q/2
or (A + B) × (A + B) = (- C )× (- C ) or = =
Þ A 2 + B2 + 2 AB cos q = C 2 ( A - B)2 (1 + cos q) (1 - cos a ) tan 2 a /2
Þ x2 + x2 + 2x2 cos q = 2x2 a æ A - Bö q
or tan =ç ÷ tan
or cos q = 0 or q = 90° 2 è A + Bø 2
Again, A + C = - B 16. For vector A1 + A 2, we have
Þ (A + C) × (A + C) = - B × B |A1 + A 2|2 = (A1 + A 2) × (A1 + A 2) [Q x × x =|x|2]
or A × A + C × C + 2 A × C = B2 Þ 2 2 2
|A1 + A 2| = |A1| + |A 2| + 2A1 × A 2
or x2 + 2x2 + 2x2 2 cos q = x2 Given, |A1| = 3,|A 2| = 5 and|A1 + A 2| = 5
1 So, we have, (5)2 = 9 + 25 + 2A1 × A 2
or cos q = -
2 9
Þ A1 × A 2 = -
Þ q = 135° 2
Now, (2A1 + 3A 2) × (3A1 - 2A 2)
Again, B + C = -A
= 6|A1|2 - 4A1 × A 2 + 9A1 × A 2 - 6|A 2|2
or (B + C) × (B + C) = (- A ) × (- A )
= 6|A1|2 - 6|A 2|2 + 5A1 × A 2
or x + 2x2 + 2x2 2 cos q = x2
2
Substituting values, we have
- 2 x2 1 (2A1 + 3A 2) × (3A1 - 2A 2)
or cos q = 2
=-
2x 2 cos q 2 æ 9ö
= 6 (9) - 6 (25) + 5 ç - ÷ = -118.5
Þ q = 135° è 2ø

14. As, A = 2 i$ + 4$j and B = 5 $i - p $j 17. If the three vectors are coplanar, then their scalar
triple product is zero. So, (A ´ C) × B = 0
\ A = 22 + 42 = 20 or [(2$i + 3$j - 2k
$ ) ´ (- i$ + 2 $j + 3 k
$ )] × [5 i$ + a$j + k
$]=0
and B = 5 2 + p2 or [(13 $i - 4 $j + 7 k$ ] × [5$i + a$j + k
$]=0

Now, A × B = 10 - 4 p or 65 - 4 a + 7 = 0 or a = 18
Vector Analysis 47

18. Given, A + B + C = 0, then A , B and C are in one plane Substituting the value of|P|cos b from Eq. (i) in above
equation, we get
and are represented by the three sides of a triangle
p
taken in one order. tan q = ¥ Þ q = = 90°
2
(a) \ B ´ (A + B + C ) = B ´ 0 = 0
or B´ A + B´ B+ B´ C=0 21. If three vectors are coplanar, then a × (b ´ c) = 0.
or B´ A + 0 + B´ C=0 i$ $j k$
or A ´B=B´C …(i) Þ (2i - j + k) × 1
$ $ $ 2 -3 = 0
\ (A ´ B ) ´ C = (B ´ C) ´ C; 3 -y 5
It cannot be zero.
If B||C, then B ´ C = 0, then (B ´ C ) ´ C = 0 Þ (2$i - $j + k$ ) × { $i (10 - 3 y) - $j(5 + 9) + k $ (- y - 6)} = 0

Thus, option (a) is correct. Þ (2i$ - $j + k $ ) × {(10 - 3 y)i$ - 14$j - (6 + y) k$ }=0

(b) ( A ´ B) × C = (B ´ C ) × C = 0 Þ 2 (10 - 3 y) + 14 - (6 + y) = 0
If B||C, then B ´ C = 0, then (B ´ C ) ´ C = 0 Þ 20 - 6 y + 14 - 6 - y = 0
Thus, option (b) is correct. Þ 28 - 7 y = 0
(c) (A ´ B) = D = AB sin q D. The direction of D is \ y=4
perpendicular to the plane containing A and B. 22. Here, AB = position vector of B -position vector of A
(A ´ B ) ´ C = D ´ C. Its direction is in the plane of
B
A, B and C. Thus, option (c) is correct.
(d) If C 2 = A 2 + B2, then the angle between A and B is
90°.
\ (A ´ B) × C = ( AB sin 90° D) × C = AB (D × C)
θ
= ABC cos 90° = 0. C
A
Thus, option (d) is false.
= ($i - 3$j - 5 k
$ ) - (2$i + $j + k
$)
19. If a and b are perpendicular to each other.
= - $i - 4$j - 6 k
$
R = a 2 + b2
and AC = position vector of C - position vector of A
If a and b are opposite to each other,
R = (4i$ - 4$j - 4 k
$ ) - (2i$ + $j + k
$ ) = 2$i - 5$j - 5 k
$
=a-b
2 Q AC × AB =|AC||AB||cos q
2 AC × AB
R \ cos q =
Þ = a 2 + b2 - 2ab |AC||AB|
2
(-2 + 20 + 30)
Þ a 2 + b2 = 2a 2 + 2b2 - 4ab =
4 + 25 + 25 1 + 16 + 36
Þ a 2 + b2 - 4ab = 0
48
a 2 + b2 =
Þ =4 29 53
ab 48 8n
a b = =
or + =4 1537 1537
b a
\ n =6
20. Given, sum of P and Q is R. Let angle between P and
Q is b, then resultant of P and Q,
23. The volume of parallelopiped is|a × (b ´ c)|
|R| = |P|2 + |Q|2 + 2|P||Q|cos b = |(2i$ - 3$j + 4 k
$ ) × {(i$ + 2$j - k
$ ) ´ (3i$ - $j + 2k
$ )}|

ì $i $j $ ü
k
As, |R| = |P| (given) ï ï
= (2i - 3 j + 4 k) × í 1 2 -1 ý
$ $ $
So, |P|2 = |P|2 + |Q|2 + 2|P||Q|cos b ï 3 -1 2 ï
î þ
Q
or |P|cos b = - .... (i) = (2i$ - 3$j + 4 k
$ ) × { i$ (4 - 1) - $j (2 + 3) + k
$ (-1 - 6)}|
2
If resultant of 2P and Q makes angle q with Q, then = |(2i$ - 3$j + 4 k
$ ) × (3i$ - 5$j - 7 k
$ )|
angle q is given by = |6 + 15 - 28|
|2P|sin b
tan q = = 7 m3
|Q| + |2P|cos b