International Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology (IJEET)

Volume 11, Issue 4, June 2020, pp. 384-391, Article ID: IJEET_11_04_043
Available online at https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJEET?Volume=11&Issue=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6545 and ISSN Online: 0976-6553
DOI: https://doi.org/10.34218/IJEET.11.4.2020.043

© IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

PHC CONTROL METHOD FOR SHUNT ACTIVE

POWER FILTERS IN THREE-PHASE FOUR-
WIRE SYSTEMS
A. Muthuraman
Associate Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Mailam Engineering College, Mailam, Tindivanam, Tamil Nadu, India.

M. Saravana Kumar
Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Mailam Engineering College, Mailam, Tindivanam, TamilNadu, India.

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the Control method of calculating the reference currents for
shunt active power filters under different load conditions. In PHC method was applied
to a three-phase four wire system in order to reduce harmonics present in the source
current .When the non- linear load connected across the source, source current
getting harmonics, due to the harmonics load heated very short time so to avoid this
problem to reduce the harmonics present in the source current . This compensation
method will generate un- compensating current to compensate the source current.
These methods produce more optimal solution based on the MATLAB simulation.
Key words: Shunt Active Power Filter (SAPF), Perfect Harmonic Cancellation (PHC)
method, Point of common coupling (PCC).
Cite this Article: A. Muthuraman and M. Saravana Kumar, PHC Control Method for
Shunt Active Power Filters in Three-Phase Four-Wire Systems. International Journal
of Electrical Engineering and Technology, 11(4), 2020, pp. 384-391.
https://iaeme.com/Home/issue/IJEET?Volume=11&Issue=4

1. INTRODUCTION
Power electronic devices and inductive load are more widely used in industrial, commercial,
and domestic applications, due to more inductive load cause to drawing non- sinusoidal
current and reactive power from the source. This more reactive power consumption causes
voltage distortion that affects other loads connected at a point of common coupling (PCC).
The Active power filters (APFs) are being developed as a possible alternative to this problem.
The block diagram of control method for a shunt active power filter (Fig.1) generates the
reference current, that has got to be provided by the active filter to compensate reactive power
and harmonic currents required by the load. This method includes a group of currents within
the limit of phase domain, which can be traced the generating signals applied to the converter

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 PHC Control Method for Shunt Active Power Filters in Three-Phase Four-Wire Systems

by means of the closed-loop switching control technique like PWM control, hysteresis current
control or dead-beat control. This is used to calculate the compensating current in terms of the
reference source current.
𝑖𝐶𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑖𝐿 − 𝑖𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑓
The proposed control is perfect harmonic cancellation (PHC) method, for the calculation
of the reference currents during a shunt active power filter connected to a three-phase four-
wire system, which supplies an un-compensating current to compensate requirement of reactive
current in nonlinear load (Fig. 1). The simulations under both ideal and distorted mains
voltage conditions are presented.[1]
The perfect harmonic cancellation (PHC) method is often considered a modification of
classical p-q compensation, UPF compensation technique and indirect p-q compensation
theories. Its objective is to compensate all the harmonic currents and the fundamental
component reactive of power demanded by the load. The source current is in phase
with the elemental positive-sequence component of the voltage at the PCC [8].

Figure 1 Three phase four wire sources with nonlinear load and shunt active power filter.
The load active power is calculated as follows
𝑃(𝑡) = 𝑖𝑟 𝑣𝑟 + 𝑖𝑦 𝑣𝑦 + 𝑖𝑏 𝑣𝑏 = 𝑃𝑑𝑐 + 𝑃𝑎𝑐
Then only fundamental component of load voltage are taken for calculating the desired
current.
𝑖𝑜𝑑 0
𝑃𝑑𝑐
𝑖
( 𝛼𝑑 ) = 𝑒
2 ( 𝛼)
𝑖𝛽𝑑 (𝑒𝛼 )2 + (𝑒𝛽 ) 𝑒𝛽
Where 𝑒𝛼 and 𝑒𝛽 are the fundamental components of load voltage and calculated from
original voltages by means of ordinary filter circuits like Low-pass filter and band-pass filters.
[8]
The reference source current is be given by
𝑖𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝐾. 𝑢1+
Where u1+ is the fundamental component positive-sequence voltage at PCC.
The power delivered by the source will then be
𝑃𝑠 = 𝑢. 𝑖𝑠𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑢. 𝐾. 𝑢1+
The constant K will be determined with the condition that the above source power equals
the dc component of the instantaneous active power demanded by the load.

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 A. Muthuraman and M. Saravana Kumar

𝑝̅𝐿𝛼𝛽 + 𝑝̅𝐿0
𝑘=
(𝑢02 + 𝑢𝛼2 + 𝑢𝛽2 )
𝑑𝑐
Finally, the reference source current calculation will be given by 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 𝑜
transformation,
𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑢0 𝑢0
𝑝̅𝐿𝛼𝛽 + 𝑝̅𝐿0
[𝑖𝑠𝛼𝑟𝑒𝑓 ] = 𝐾 [𝑢𝛼 ] = 2 2 + 𝑢2 )
[𝑢𝛼 ]
𝑖𝑠𝛽𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝑢𝛽
(𝑢0 + 𝑢𝛼 𝛽 𝑢𝛽
𝑑𝑐

2. EXPRESSIONS FOR THE REFERENCE SOURCE CURRENTS

2.1. Power Calculation
Instantaneous power defined as the time rate of energy generation, transmission and
utilization. The principle of energy conservation in single phase circuit is the product of
voltage and current.
𝑝(𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡) × 𝑖(𝑡)
For polyphase circuit with N phase, each phase instantaneous power is the sum of active
power of each phase
𝑁 𝑁

𝑝(𝑡) = ∑ 𝑝𝑖 (𝑡) = ∑ 𝑣𝑖 (𝑡) × 𝑖𝑖 (𝑡)

𝑖=1 𝑖=1
The reactive power causes increased in transmission line loss and utilization of power, the
power to circulate all the phases calculated on instantaneous basis, the power circulates
between source and load can be calculating on the average or rms value. The average value is
restricted to the frequency domain, others in time domain, shunt compensator to minimize the
reactive power or reactive current required of source current. Utilization of energy requires
the active power of compensator to average zero 𝑝𝑠 (𝑡), 𝑝𝐿 (𝑡), 𝑝𝑐 (𝑡) is instantaneous power,
load and compensator respectively. The average value of power over the time interval 𝑇𝐶. [10]
1 𝑡
𝑃𝑥 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝑝 (𝜏)𝑑𝜏
𝑇𝐶 𝑡−𝑇𝐶 𝑥
Where X=source power (S), Load power (L) and compensator power (c)
Then 𝑃𝑆 (𝑡) + 𝑃𝐶 (𝑡) = 𝑃𝐿 (𝑡)
The instantaneous active current 𝑖𝑝 (𝑡) and non-active current 𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) are
𝑃𝐿 (𝑡)
𝑖𝑝 (𝑡) = 2 × 𝑣𝑝 (𝑡)
𝑉𝑃 (𝑡)
𝑖𝑞 (𝑡) = 𝑖𝐿 (𝑡) − 𝑖𝑃 (𝑡)
The average load active power and reactive power calculated over the interval of [t-Tc, t]
is,
1 𝑡
𝑃𝐿 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝑝 (𝜏)𝑑𝜏
𝑇𝐶 𝑡−𝑇𝐶 𝐿
1 𝑡
𝑄(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑣(𝜏)𝑖𝑞 (𝑡)𝑑𝜏
𝑇𝐶 𝑡−𝑇𝐶
Calculating reference source current in PHC method, the equation can be derived from the
instantaneous value of active current 𝑖𝑝 (𝑡) [10]

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 PHC Control Method for Shunt Active Power Filters in Three-Phase Four-Wire Systems

2.2. PHC Strategy

The equation for reference source current derived based on the instantaneous active and non-
active current with 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 𝑜 transformation.
𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑓 0
𝑝̅𝐿𝛼𝛽 + 𝑝̅𝐿0 +
[𝑖𝑠𝛼𝑟𝑒𝑓 ] = +2 +2
[𝑢𝛼1 ]
𝑖𝑠𝛽𝑟𝑒𝑓 (𝑢𝛼1 + 𝑢𝛽1 ) 𝑢+
𝑑𝑐 𝛽1
Where is the reference voltage, its RMS value of the average load active power, both are
calculated in the averaging interval power. For a three-phase system, can be expressed in the
vector form used in this below equation.
𝑢𝑃0
𝑝̅𝐿
𝑖𝑆𝑟𝑒𝑓 = 𝑖𝑝 = 2 𝑢
[ 𝑃𝛼 ]
2 2
(𝑢𝑃0 + 𝑢𝑃𝛼 + 𝑢𝑃𝛽 ) 𝑢𝑃𝛽
𝑑𝑐
The generalized reactive power theory is not specify the characteristics of the voltage v(t)
and current i(t), they can be theoretically any waveforms. In a power system, the voltage is
usually sinusoidal with/without harmonic distortion, and the distortion of the voltage is
usually lower than that of the currents .Therefore the voltage is assumed to be periodic for all
cases.[11]
+
If 𝑇𝐶 is the fundamental period, 𝑇1 and 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑣𝑝𝑐𝑐 , by selecting 𝑣𝑝 = 𝑣𝑝𝑐𝑐 the PHC
reference source current is calculated. The simulations were conducted with both sinusoidal
and distorted mains voltage and under different load current conditions. In both cases the
phase angle between the fundamental components of source voltage and load current was
30°degree inductive. For a three phase foure wire system, the equivalent voltage, current, and
apperent power are given by

1
𝑈𝑒 = √𝑢𝑅 2 + 𝑢𝑌 2 + 𝑢𝐵 2
3

1
𝐼𝑒 = √𝐼𝑅 2 + 𝐼𝑌 2 + 𝐼𝐵 2
3
𝑆𝑒 = 3𝑈𝑒𝐼𝑒
The total active power is obtained by adding the active power in each phase
𝑃 = ∑ ∑ 𝑈𝐾ℎ 𝐼𝐾ℎ 𝐶𝑂𝑆𝜑𝐾ℎ
𝑘 ℎ
Where k means the phase (R, Y, B), this the order of the harmonic voltage and 𝜑𝐾ℎ is the
angle between the h th harmonic voltage and the h th harmonic current for phase k. the total
power factor of the system is given by
𝑃
𝑃𝐹 =
𝑆𝑒
The PHC method correctly compensates the fundamental reactive power with unity
displacement power factor.

3. ANALYSIS OF PHC CONTROLLER

3-phase, 4-wire SAF is composed by voltage source inverter with PWM current control, the
input of the controller are phase voltage and line currents the instantaneous current calculated
by VSI have higher order harmonics due to its high frequency switching, therefore a shunt

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 A. Muthuraman and M. Saravana Kumar

active filter used to cut off the harmonics .The hysteresis current controller to inject reference
current through 𝛼 − 𝛽 − 𝑜 transformation.[5]
This method is unable to compensate the dc zero-sequence active power demanded by the
load, so that an external source would be needed in such situations. This problem could be
obviated if were replaced by
𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑓 0
𝑃𝐿𝛼𝛽 + 𝑝𝐿𝑜 1
[𝑖𝑠𝛼𝑟𝑒𝑓 ] = ( ) [𝑢𝛼 ]
√𝑢 2 + 𝑢2 √𝑢 2 + 𝑢2
𝑖𝑠𝛽𝑟𝑒𝑓 𝛼 𝛽 𝑑𝑐
𝛼 𝛽 𝑢𝛽

PHC: This method ensures the sinusoidal and balanced currents in phase with positive
fundamental harmonic voltages, although harmonics and/or imbalance appear in the PCC
voltage. However, the source delivers reactive power and ac components of active power so
that PF is less than unity.[1]

4. SIMULATION MODEL

Figure 2 Simulation diagram for PHC Method.

Figure 3 Control stage scheme formed by the PHC control strategy block and the current controller.

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 PHC Control Method for Shunt Active Power Filters in Three-Phase Four-Wire Systems

4.1. Simulation Results

Figure 4 Source voltage And Source Current before compensation

Figure 5 Voltage across the capacitor

Figure 6 Source voltage before and after non linear load

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 A. Muthuraman and M. Saravana Kumar

Figure 7 Simulation results for PHC load current, source current after compensation.

5. CONCLUSION
This paper has provided control of shunt APFs in three-phase four-wire systems with
harmonic distortion or imbalance. These methods are the most sensitive to distortion and
imbalance in the voltages at the PCC. Although it is to attain unity PF and to minimize the
source current RMS values, three-phase four-wire systems with zero-sequence components in
the voltage. The simulations show that source voltage and source current before compensation
and after compensation also gate pulse provided to the control circuits with reactive power
compensation, this was confirmed by MATLAB simulink Simulation.

REFERENCES
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