Multi Level DC Voltage Reinjection for Especial Applications using STATCOM

B.Naresh M.TECH (PE&ED)1 ,Prof. P.V.Kishore M.TECH,(Ph.D)2 Prof.Dr. S. Rama Reddy3 1,2 ( Electrical and Electronics department / MIST, Sathupally, JNTUH, A.P, India. 3 Jerusalem College of Engineering, Chennai, India. Email ID:nareshbangari@gmail.com.)

ABSTRACT
A new concept, the multi level voltage/current reinjection is described in this paper. A voltage source converter is proposed, in which the multistep output voltage waveform is achieved by the reinjection of different DC voltage levels via the common neutral point of the converter bridges an 84-pulse voltage source converter (VSC), assembled by combining one twelve-pulse VSC, in conjunction with an asymmetric single phase seven-level converter plus an injection transformer. With this arrangement, the VSC output's total harmonic distortion in voltages is reduced, allowing it to be used in especial applications or as the basement of flexible A.C. transmission systems (FACTS) devices. The proposed strategy allows savings in the number of employed switches. Simulations results are provided to show the proposal appropriateness. should be taken to ensure not to pollute the system to prevent further harmonic issues. In general, there are three feasible strategies to assemble a VSC:(i) the multi-pulse; (ii) the multi-level; (iii) and the pulse width modulation (PWM) [9, 10]. Strong efforts have been made in order to reach minimum harmonic distortion in the VSCs output voltage. A strategy to build an 84-pulse equivalent output voltage waveform, which employs a twelvepulse along with an eight-level reinjection converter is presented in [10]. However, the cost for this is 26 extra switch devices and 7 DC voltage sources (capacitors).This array makes the control task difficult because of the amount of gate signals needed, and it is prone to unbalance, due to the large chain of capacitors. Multi-Level Voltage Reinjection (MLVR) H-bridge conversion is another option to generate 84 pulses, which requires the use of 5 additional DC voltage sources and 12 switches, as opposed to the conventional 12-pulse converter. It may be easily utilized to attain more levels on the reinjection by adding H-bridges in series [11]. This paper describes a strategy to generate the 84pulse VSC, assembled with the combination of one 12-pulse converter with a seven-level converter, as well as one reinjection transformer to attain the required performance. The extra components are: 8 switches, 4 DC voltage sources, and 4 diodes for the seven-level converter. A reinjection transformer is needed, which is able to work properly within a wide range of its turn ratio. This constitutes an attractive array in terms of costs. In high-voltage applications, the voltage will generally be higher than the switches and diodes ratings at the current technology. Therefore, each symbol in the following diagrams may represent a chain of series-connected switches with auxiliary components [11].

Key words: FACTS devices, Multi pulse converters, StatCom, Voltage source converters (VSC). 1. INTRODUCTION
A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is a regulating device used on alternating current electricity transmission networks. It is based on a power electronics voltage-source converter and can act as either a source or sink of reactive AC power to an electricity network. If connected to a source of power it can also provide active AC power. It is a member of the FACTS family devices. By regulation of the StatComs output voltage magnitude, the reactive power exchange between the device and the transmission system maybe controlled to improve the power system voltage profile [4,5, 6, 7, 8]. Since the StatCom may cause interference on the systems fundamental sine wave at frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental one, especial care

2. 84-PULSE VSC TOPOLOGY

Numerous methods have been investigated to increase the number of pulses in the multi-pulse converters output. The simplest one is by increasing the number of six-pulse converters and the corresponding transformers (4 six-pulses converter results in 24-pulse, 8 six-pulse converter results in 48-pulses operation, and so forth). The harmonic cancellation is carried out by the transformer secondary windings arrangement. The weakness of this method is the large size and high cost due to the increased number of bridges and transformers. In order to overcome such difficulty, an auxiliary circuit in the DC link side has been roposed for reinjection [12]. Such topology results through modifying the DC input on the conventional double bridge twelvepulses shunt converters through a multi-level auxiliary circuit with an injection transformer [13]. In this paper, an asymmetric 7-levelarray for the auxiliary circuit is used as a reinjection scheme, Fig.1. The conventional double bridge twelve-pulse operation is assembled by connecting two identical three-phase bridges to three-phase transformers in a parallel VSC configuration. Each branch in the sixpulse converter must have a displacement of 120 among them. The upper switch is conducting while the lower one is open and vice versa (180voltage source operation) [14]. A 30 displacement in the firing sequence of both converters should be considered. Transformers turn ratios are 1:1 and 1: 3 on the YY and Y transformers, respectively. By injecting additional DC pulses via the three-phase bridges neutral point, an effect of pulse spreading is attained. The auxiliary circuit is common to the three phases, reducing the number of extra components. The configuration description to provide pulse multiplication is detailed in [9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 21]. In Fig. 1, A-B illustrates the auxiliary seven-level inverter utilized as a reinjection circuit. To apply the seven-level inverter output voltage to feed the standard twelve-pulse converter, special care should be taken to not inject negative voltage into V Y or V notice the inclusion of the injection transformer between both arrays. Thus, voltages at the six-pulse converter inputs can be regulated by adjusting the injection voltage U i by: Vy Vy
=

The injection voltage is determined by the sevenlevel inverter switching pattern and the injection transformer turns ratio. By using voltages Y V and V as inputs to the six-pulse converters, a cleaner VSCs output voltage comes about. Fig.4 (a&b) exhibits the followed strategy to build VYU and VY as the interaction of the seven-level output and the corresponding six-pulse signals. Through the 1:1 ratio for the YY TRANSFORMER,1:3 for the Y TRANSFORMER, and adding their corresponding output signals, the 84-pulse line-to-neutral signal VU emerges (Fig.5a). The corresponding harmonic spectrum is depicted in Fig. 5b, illustrated on a linear scale, while the one presented in Fig. 4 is displayed in decibels.VU is an odd symmetric signal, so that the Fouriers even terms are zero. Thus,

In (4), a is the reinjection transformer turns ratio. The 84-pulse signal value (VU) depends on the injection transformer turns ratio a, which is determined so as to minimize the total harmonic distortion (THD), which is defined by [9, 17]:

V dc + U I

(1) (2)

V dc - U I

The minimization of THD yields the parameter a. In this paper such estimation has been made through MATLAB for a value n = 7200, with increments of a = 0.0001. With these parameters, the minimum THD becomes 2.358% with a = 0.5609 , value employed in previous figures. According to the IEEE Std. 519, the distortion limits indicate that the llowed THD voltage is 10% in dedicated ystems,5% in general systems, and 3% for special applications as hospitals and airports [17]. Table 1 presents the voltages minimum THD generated by several multipulse configurations. Through our proposition, the resultant THD allows its use even in applications

Fig. 1. 84-pulse StatCom structure

with stringent quality requirements; it exhibits less dependence to variations in the transformers turn ratio a, which can have a variation until 12.5%to reach a maximum THD lower than 3%. This means that it does not need a strict reinjection transformer turn ratio in order to get the THD for stringent conditions.
Table 1 Minimum THD reached through VSC multi-pulses-based

Number of pulses 12 24 48 60 84

THD (%) 15.22 7.38 3.8 3.159 2.358

Fig. 2 THD dependence respect to the reinjection transformer turns ratio a

Fig. 2 illustrates the THD dependence respect to variations in the reinjection transformers turn ratio a

3. OPEN LOOP STATCOM STRUCTURE

The connection of the improved VSC to the system requires aspects to be considered. This section deals with such details within an open loop context. 3.1. Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) The Synchronizing Circuit is responsible for determining the system frequency and the phaseangle of the controlled AC bus fundamental positive sequence voltage [18]. The Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) utilizes the Stationary Reference Frame in order to reduce the computational cost, and helps to improve the systems dynamic performance [19]. The digital PLL is an algorithm able to detect the phase of the fundamental voltage, through the synchronization of the output signal to the frequency and phase of the input one, without requiring a zero crossing subroutine at the input voltage, or to generate an internal reference signal for the input current [20]. The proposed strategy employs a tan-1( ) function added to a correction value determined by the signs of and , Fig.3.

3.3. Seven-Level Pulse Generator To operate the seven-level inverter, six times the frequency of the six-pulse generator must be ensured. This is achieved by monitoring the falling border in the novel PLL output signal, using it along with the modulus operator with the 3 argument. This signal will be the period for the seven-level generator which will change its state each / 42 rad.

4. SIMULATION RESULTS

Fig.4(a) Mixing seven-level, six-pulse signals to attain VYU

Fig .3 Optimized PLL scheme.

3.2. Six-Pulse Generator The second block is the six-pulse generator, responsible for generating the pulse sequence to fire the three-phase IGBT array. It consists of an array of six-pulse spaced 60 each other. The IGBT will operate at full 180 for the on period and 180 for the off period. Any disturbance on the frequency will be captured by the synchronizing block, preventing malfunctioning. The falling border in the synchronizing block output signal is added to a series of six 60 spaced signals. The modulus operator with the 2 argument gives the needed on sequence that will be sent to the gate opto-coupler block, which will feed each six-pulse converter. The off sequence turns out on a similar way but waiting 180 to keep the same on and off duration in each IGBT.

Fig .4(b ) Mixing seven-level, six-pulse signals, and transformers ratios to attain V Y

VII. REFERENCES
[1] Hingorani, N. G.: FACTS Technology State of the Art, Current Challenges and the Future Prospects, IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting, 24-28 June 2007, Tampa, Florida USA [2] Song, Y. H., and Johns, A. T.: Flexible AC transmission systems FACTS, (IEE Power and Energy Series 30, 1999) [3] Acha, E., Fuerte-Esquivel, C. R., Ambriz, H., Angeles, C.: FACTS.Modelling and Simulation in Power Networks. (John Wiley and Sons,LTD, 2004.) [4] Wang, H. F.: Applications of damping torque analysis to StatCom control, Electrical Power and Energy Systems, Vol. 22, 2000, pp. 197- 204. [5] CIGRE, Static Synchronous Compensator, CIGRE working Group 14.19, September 1998. [6] Hingorani, N. G., and Gyugyi, L.: Understanding FACTS, (IEEE Press 2000). [7] El-Moursi, M. S., and Sharaf, A. M.: Novel Controllers for the 48-Pulse VSC StatCom and SSSC for Voltage Regulationand Reactive Power Compensation, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No. 4, November 2005, pp. 19851997 [8] Davalos-Marin, R.: Detailed Analysis of a multi-pulse StatCom,Cinvestav Internal Report. May 2003, availableat http://www.dispositivosfacts.com.mx/dir_tesis_doc.html [9] Pan, W., Xu, Z., Zhang, J.: Novel configuration of 60-pulse Voltage source converter for StatCom application, international Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems, Vol 8, Issue 5, 2007, Article 7. [10] Liu, Y. H., Arrillaga, J., Watson, N. R.: A New STATCOM Configuration Using Multi-Level DC Voltage Reinjection for High Power Application, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, Vol. 19,No. 4, October 2004, pp. 1828-1834. [11] Arrillaga, J., Liu, Y. H., Watson, N. R.: Flexible Power Transmission,The HVDC Options. (John Wiley & Sons, Ltd , 2007, pp. 169-223.) [12] Liu, Y. H., Watson, N. R., Arrillaga, J.: A New Concept for the Control of the Harmonic Content of Voltage Source Converters, The Fifth International Conference on Power Electronics and Drive Systems, 2003, 17-20 Nov. 2003, pp. 793-798 Vol.1 [13] Rodriguez, J., Sheng, L. J., Peng, F. Z.: Multilevel inverters: a survey of topologies, controls, and applications, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Volume 49, Issue 4, Aug. 2002 pp. 724 738. [14] Krause, P. C., Wasynczuk, O., and Sud, S. D.: Analysis of Electric Machinery an Drive Systems, Second Edition, (IEEE Series on Power Engineering, pp. 487, 2002) [15] Liu, Y. H., Perera, L. B., Arrillaga, J., and Watson, N. R.: Harmonic Reduction in the Double Bridge Parallel Converter by Multi-Level DCVoltage Reinjection, 2004 lnternational Conference on Power System Technology POWERCON 2004 21-24 November 2004 [16] Han, B., Choo, W., Choi, J., Park, Y., Cho, Y.: New Configuration of 36-Pulse Voltage source Converter Using Pulse-Interleaving Circuit, Proceedings of the Eight International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems 2005, September 27-29, 2005

Fig.5(a) 84-pulse line to neutral output voltage

Fig.5(b) harmonic content

V. CONCLUSIONS This paper describes the strategy to obtain an 84pulse VSC three-phase voltage with the associated low THD, by combining one twelve-pulse converter plus a seven-level converter. The device performance, proven on a lab prototype, allows to verify the harmonic content of the resultant voltage signal. The exhibited low THD, permits the system to be used in especial applications or as basement of FACTS devices. The three-phase digital PLL used to detect the phase of the fundamental voltage, synchronizes the firing signals in all switches within a sample cycle.

VI. BIOGRAPHIES

B. Naresh received his B.Tech degree in EEE from JNTU University in the year 2006. Presently, he is pursuing his M.TECH in the Department of Electrical Engineering from MIST, Affiliated JNTU,HYD,A.P.

Mr. P. Venkata Kishore has obtained his B. Tech degree from S.V. University India, in 1998 and M. Tech degree From S. V. University India, in 2003. He has 12 years of teaching experience. He is presently a research scholar at Satyabhama University, Chennai, India. He is working in the area of D-STATCOM.

Dr. S. Rama Reddy is professor in the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, Jerusalem College of Engineering, Chennai, India. He obtained his D.E.E from the S.M.V.M. polytechnic, Tanuku, A.P., A.M.I.E. in Electrical Engineering from the Institution of Engineers (India), M.E. in Power Systems from Anna University, Chennai, India in 1987 and He received Ph.D degree in the area of Resonant Converters from College of Engineering, Anna University, Chennai India in 1995.He has published over 40 technical papers in national and international conferences proceedings / journals. He has secured the A.M.I.E. institution gold medal for obtaining the highest marks. He has won the AIMO best project award and Vijaya Ratna Award. He has 20 years of teaching experience. His research interests include the areas of resonant converters and FACTS. He is a life member of the Institution of Engineers (India), Indian Society for Technical Education, Systems Society of India, Society of Power Engineers and Institution of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineers (India).