FORM 3 CHEMISTRY TERM 1

GAS LAWS

1(a).State Boyle’s law

(b).Sketch a graph to show how pressure of a fixed mass of a gas varies with volume

(c) A fixed mass of gas occupies 105cm3 at -140C and 650mmHg pressure. At what temperature will it
have a volume of 15cm3 if the pressure is adjusted to 690 mmHg pressure? (3mks

(d).A gas occupies a volume of 400cm3 at 500k and 1 atmosphere pressure. What will
be the temperature of the gas when the volume and pressure of the gas is 100cm3 and 0.5 atmospheres
respectively.

(e).A fixed mass of a gas has a volume of 250cm3 at a temperature of 270C and 750mm Hg pressure.
Calculate the volume the gas would occupy at 420C if pressure remains constant (2marks)

(f) A certain mass of carbon (IV) oxide gas occupied 200cm3 at 250C and 750mm Hg pressure.
Calculate the volume occupied by the same mass of gas if pressure is lowered to 300 mmHg and
temperature raised to 300C.

2.(a)State Charles law

(b)Sketch a graph to show how volume of a gas varies with temperature

1
3.(a)Define the term diffusion

(b)Calculate the relative formula mass of gas A given that the time taken for equal volumes of oxygen
and gas A to diffuse through the use same hole is 20 seconds and 24 seconds respectively (O=16.0)

4.The set up below was used to investigate some properties of two gases M and N

When beaker A was filed with gas M, the level of water in the glass tube rose to
point II. When the experiment was repeated using gas N, the level of water dropped to point III. Explain
these observations.

5.A given volume of ozone, (O3) diffused from a certain apparatus in 96 seconds.
Calculate the time taken by an equal volume of carbon dioxide (CO2) to diffuse under the same
conditions (O = 16.0, C = 12.0)

6.A few crystals of potassium permanganate were carefully placed into water in a beaker at one spot.
The beaker was left undisturbed for two hours. State and explain the observation that was made.

7.Study the set up below and answer the questions that follows

2
 Cotton wool soaked in Cotton wool soaked in

conc ammonia solution conc hydrochloric acid

(i).What observations would be made in the tube (1 mk)

(ii).Indicate with a cross (x) on the diagram the likely position where the observation stated in (i)

above would be made.

(iii) Write an equation for the reaction that takes places in the set up above

8.(a)The graph below shows the behaviour of a fixed mass of a gas at constant temperature.
pressure

Volume

Sketch agraph to show how pressure varies with the reciprocal of the volume

b) 3 litres of oxygen gas at one atmosphere pressure were compressed to two atmospheres at constant
temperature. Calculate the volume occupied by the oxygen gas (2marks)

9.60cm3 of oxygen gas diffused through a porous partition in 50 seconds. How long would it take60cm3
of sulphur (IV) oxide gas to diffuse through the same partition under the same conditions? (S= 32.0, 0 =
16.0) (3marks)

3
10.The volume of a sample of nitrogen gas at a temperature of 291 K and 1.0x105Pascal’s was 3.5 x 10-
2 3
m . Calculate the temperature at which the volume of the gas would be 2.8 x 10-2m3 at 1.0 x 105 Pascal.

11(a) State the Graham’s law diffusion.

b) The molar masses of gases W and X are 16.0 and 44.0 respectively. If the rate
of diffusion of W through a porous material is 12cm3s-1calculate the rate of diffusion
of X through the same material.

12.The graph below shows the relationship between pressure and the temperature of a gas in a fixed
volume container
pressure

(a) State the relationship between pressureTemperature(K)

and temperature that can be deduced from
the graph.

(b) Using kinetic theory, explain the relationship shown in the graph(2 marks)

13.The pressure of nitrogen gas contained in a 1dm3 cylinder at -1960C was 107 Pascals.
Calculate the:
(a).Volume of the gas at 250C and 105 Pascals’.

(b).Mass of nitrogen gas (Molar volume of gas is 24dm3, N = 14.0)

4
14. How long would 200cm3 of Hydrogen chloride take to diffuse through a porous plug if
carbon(IV)oxide takes 200seconds to diffuse through.

THE MOLE(use periodic table to find RAM of elements)

1. Calculate the number of moles in

(i) 12g of magnesium

(ii) 4g of sodium metal

(iii) 6.3 g of calcium

2. Calculate the mass of

(i) 0.03moles of lead

(ii) 0.2moles of zinc

(iii) 0.025 moles of Cu

3. Calculate the RMM of the following compounds

(i) ZnSO4.7H2O

(ii) Fe203.2H20

5
 (iii) C8H10N2O2 (caffeine)

(iv) C14H20N2S04 (Pencillin)

4.Calculate the % composition of the following(Na=23,0=16,Al=27,S=32,Cu=64)

(i) NaOH

(ii) Al2(SO4)3

(iii) CuSO4.5H20

5.A form three student weighed a piece of plain paper, wrote her name on it and re-weighed it.
The following were the results.
Mass of plain paper = 2.804g
Mass of paper with name = 2.9053g
If she wrote her name LAURA using pure graphite, determine the number of carbon atoms
used to write her name.
(C=12.0, Mole constant L = 6.0 x 1023)

6.A weighed sample of crystalline sodium carbonate, (Na2CO3.nH2O) was heated in a crucible
until there was no further change in mass. The mass of the sample reduced by 14.5%. Calculate
the number of moles (n) of the water of crystallization.
(Na=23.0, O=16.0, C=12.0, H=1) (3mks)

EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

6
1.(a)A oxide of copper contain 80% by mass of copper. Determine its empirical formula. (Cu =
63.5, 16.0)

2.1.60g of an oxide of Magnesium contain 0.84g by mass of Magnesium. Determine its empirical
formula(Mg = 24.0, 16.0)

3.An oxide of Silicon contain 47% by mass of Silicon. What is its empirical formula(Si = 28.0,
16.0)

4.A compound contain 70% by mass of Iron and 30% Oxygen. What is its empirical formula(Fe
= 56.0, 16.0)

5.During heating of a hydrated copper (II)sulphate(VI) crystals, the following readings were
obtained:
Mass of evaporating dish =300.0g
Mass of evaporating dish + hydrated salt = 305.0g
Mass of evaporating dish + anhydrous salt = 303.2g
Calculate the number of water of crystallization molecules in hydrated copper (II)sulphate(VI)
(Cu =64.5, S = 32.0,O=16.0, H = 1.0)

6. A hydrocarbon was found to contain 92.3% carbon and the remaining Hydrogen.
If the molecular mass of the compound is 78, determine the molecular formula(C=12.0, H =1.0)

7. A compound of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen contain 54.55% carbon, 9.09% hydrogen and
remaining 36.36% oxygen.
If its relative molecular mass is 88, determine its molecular formula(C=12.0, H =1.0, O= 16.0)

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8. On complete combustion of a hydrocarbon 3.52g of carbon IV oxide gas and 1.44g of water
were formed. Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon
(RMM of hydrocarbon = 56.0, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)

9. A hydrocarbon burns completely in excess air to form 5.28 g of carbon (IV) oxide and 2,16g
of water. If the molecular mass of the hydrocarbon is 84,determine its M.F

10.When a hydrated sample calcium sulphate CaSO4.XH2O was heated until all the water was
lost, the following data was recorded:
Mass of crucible = 30.296g
Mass of crucible + hydrated salt = 33.111g
Mass of crucible + anhydrous salt = 32.781g
Determine the empirical formula of the hydrated salt.
(Relative formula mass of CaSO4=136; H2O=18). (3mks)

11.Excess carbon (II) oxide gas was passed over a heated sample of an oxide of iron as shown in
the figure below. Study the diagram and answer the questions that follow:
Oxide of iron

Dry carbon (II) oxide

To fume
cupboard

Mass of empty dish = 10.98g

Mass of empty dish + oxide of iron = 13.30g
Mass of empty dish + residue = 12.66g
i.Determine the formula of the oxide of iron.
(Relative formula mass of oxide of iron= 232, Fe=56.0, O=16.0) (3mks)

ii.Write an equation for the reaction which took place in the dish. (1mk)

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12. 0.318g of an oxide of metal M was completely reduced by hydrogen gas to 0.254g of metal.
Calculate empirical formula of the metal oxide. (M = 63.5, O = 16).

MOLAR GAS VOLUMES

1. Calculate the number of particles present in:
(Avogadros constant =6.0 x1023mole-1 )

(i) 2.24dm3 of Oxygen.

(ii) 2.24dm3 of Carbon(IV)oxide.

2. 0.135 g of a gaseous hydrocarbon X on complete combustion produces 0.41g of

carbon(IV)oxide and 0.209g of water.0.29g of X occupy 120cm3 at room temperature and 1
atmosphere pressure .Name X (C=12.0,O= 16.O,H=1.0,1 mole of gas occupies 24dm3 at r.t.p)

3.Calculate the volume of carbon(IV)oxide at r.t.p produced when 5.0 g of calcium carbonate is
strongly heated.(Ca=40.0, C= 12.0,O = 16.0,1 mole of gas =22.4 at r.t.p)

4. 1.0g of an alloy of aluminium and copper were reacted with excess hydrochloric acid. If
840cm3 of hydrogen at s.t.p was produced, calculate the % of copper in the alloy.(Al =27.0,one
mole of a gas at s.t.p =22.4dm3 )

5.When 1.15g of element R, atomic number 11 (R is not the actual element symbol) were
reacted with water, 600cm3 of gas was produced. Determine the relative atomic mass of R.
(Molar gas volume=24,000cm3). (3mks)

GAY LUSSAC’S LAW

9
1.State Gay Lussacs law

2.(a)Calculate the volume of Oxygen required to completely react with 50cm3 of Hydrogen.
Chemical equation: 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) -> 2H2O(l)

(b)Calculate the volume of air required to completely reacts with 50cm3 of Hydrogen.(assume
Oxygen is 21% by volume of air)

3.If 5cm3 of a hydrocarbon CxHy burn in 15cm3 of Oxygen to form 10cm3 of Carbon(IV)oxide
and 10cm3 of water vapour/steam, obtain the equation for the reaction and hence find the value
of x and y in CxHy.

4.100cm3 of nitrogen (II)Oxide NO combine with 50cm3 of Oxygen to form 100cm3 of a single
gaseous compound of nitrogen. All volumes measured at the same temperature and pressure.
Obtain the equation for the reaction and name the gaseous product.

5.When 15cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon was burnt in 100cm3 of Oxygen ,the resulting gaseous
mixture occupied70cm3 at room temperature and pressure. When the gaseous mixture was
passed through, potassium hydroxide its volume decreased to 25cm3.
(a)What volume of Oxygen was used during the reaction.(1mk)

(b)Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon(2mk)

6. 10 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon, C2Hx required 30cm3 of oxygen for complete combustion. If
steam and 20cm3 of carbon (IV) oxide were produced, what is the value of X.

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7.60cm3 of CO and O2 were put in a reaction chamber to form CO2.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction

(ii) Calculate the volume of CO2 formed

8. 40cm3 of carbon(II) oxide and 40 cm3 of oxygen were sparked in a closed vessel.
(i) Write a chemical equation for the reaction that occurs.

(ii) Determine the composition of the residual gases.

9.50cm3 of propane C3H8 is burned in excess oxygen

(i) Write an equation for the reaction

(ii) Calculate the volume oxygen used and volume of any gaseous products formed

10.100cm3 of CO and 100cm3 of oxygen are mixed and exploded.The mixture is cooled to its
original temperature and pressure.Calculate the composition by volume of the final volume.

11.When 100cm3 of gaseous hydrocarbon CxHy burn in 400cm3 of oxygen,100cm3 of oxygen is

unused,200cm3 of CO2 and 200cm3 of steam are formed.Deduce the equation for the reaction and
formula of the hydrocarbon

12.A volume of 15cm3 of ethane gas (C2H4) was exploded with 50cm of oxygen. If both
volumes were measured at the same temperature and pressure, calculate the volume of the
resulting gaseous mixture.
(i) Write the equation of the reaction for the combustion of ethene. (1mk)

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(ii) Calculate the volume of gaseous mixture.

13.An initial volume of 100cm3 of a mixture of propane (C3H8) gas and excess oxygen was
ignited in an experiment. The final volume was cooled to room temperature and bubbled through
aqueous sodium hydroxide. The final volume was reduced by 45cm3.
(i) What was the purpose of the aqueous sodium hydroxide

(ii) Write the equation of the reaction taking place when propane is burnt in excess oxygen

(iii) Determine the composition of the initial mixture

(iv) Determine the volume of the residue gas

MOLAR SOLUTIONS :TITRATION AND VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS

1.What is amolar solution

2. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing:

(i) 4.0 g sodium hydroxide dissolved in 500cm3 solution

(ii) 5.3 g anhydrous sodium carbonate dissolved in 50cm3 solution

(iii) 7.1 g of anhydrous sodium sulphate(VI)was dissolved in 20.0 cm3 solution. Calculate the
molarity of the solution.

(iv)The density of sulphuric(VI) is 1.84gcm-3 Calculate the molarity of the acid.

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3.20.0cm3 of a solution containing 4g per litre of sodium hydroxide was neutralized by 8.0cm3 of
dilute sulphuric acid. Calculate the concentration of sulphuric acid in moles per litre. (Na=23.0,
O=16.0, H=1.0) (3mks)

4. Calculate the mass of :

(i) 25 cm3 of 0.2M sodium hydroxide solution(Na =23.0.O =16.0, H=1.0)

(ii) 20 cm3 of 0.625 M sulphuric(VI)acid (S =32.0.O =16.0, H=1.0)

5.Calculate the molarity of MCO3 if 5.0cm3 of MCO3 react with 25.0cm3 of 0.5M hydrochloric
acid.(C=12.0 ,O =16.0)

6.In a titration reaction a student was provided with 0.1M sulphuric acid solution labeled. (M.A)

and a carbonate solution containing 13.8g/cm3 labeled (X.A). The student was required to

calculate the formula mass of X2CO3 and atomic mass of x in the carbonate. She pipette 25 cm3

of XA and titrated against (MA) using methyl orange indicator, her results of the titration are

shown in the table below.

Experiment 1 2 3

Final burette readings in cm3 25.0 25.0 25.0

Initial burette readings in cm3 0.00 0.0 0.0

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 Volume of solution MA cm3

(i).Complete the table ( 2 mks)

(ii).What is the average volume of MA used ( 1 mk)

(b).Calculate

(i)Moles of acid used

(ii).Moles of carbonate used

(c).Calculate the molarity of the carbonate ( 2 mks)

(d).Calculate the formula mass of X2CO3 ( 2 mks)

(e).Calculate the RAM of X ( 2 mks)

7.24cm³ of a solution of 0.1KOH were exactly neutralized by 30cm³ of a solution of sulphuric

acid. Find the molarity of the acid

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8.20.0cm³ of a solution containing 4.5gdmˉ³ of sodium hydroxide reacted exactly with 24.0cm³
of dilute sulphuric acid solution, using methyl orange as indicator. Calculate the molarity of the
sulphuric acid. (3 marks)

9.20cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution containing 8.0g/dm3 were required for complete
neutralization of 0.18g of a dibasic and H2X.Calculate the relative molecular mass of the acid.

10.A solution was made by dissolving 7.5g of sodium hydroxide containing inert impurities in
water and making it to 250cm3 of solution. If 20cm3 of this solution is neutralized
exactly by 13cm3 of 1M hydrochloric acid, calculate the percentage purity of sodium hydroxide.
(Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1 )

11.D g of sodium hydroxide were dissolved in distilled water to make 100cm3 of solution. 50cm3
of the solution required 50cm3 of 2M nitric (V) acid for complete neutralization.Calculate the
mass D of sodium hydroxide (Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1 ) ( 3 marks

12.34g of a salt of formula M2SO4 was dissolved in water. The sulphate was precipitated by
adding excess barium chloride solution. The mass of the precipitate formed was 4.66g.
(Ba = 56, S = 32, O = 16)
a) Determine the moles of sulphate ion present. (1mk)

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(b) Write an ionic equation for precipitation

(c).Calculate the relative atomic mass of M in M2SO4 (

13.12.0cm3 of 0.05M hydrochloric acid reacted with calcium hydrogen carbonate to form
calcium chloride, water and carbon (IV) oxide.
(a) Write the chemical equation for the reaction

(b) Calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric acid used

(c) Determine the number of moles of calcium hydrogen carbonate used

14.On complete combustion of a hydrocarbon 3.52g of carbon IV oxide gas and 1.44g of water
were formed. Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon
(RMM of hydrocarbon = 56.0, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)
……………………………………………………………………………………………

15.If 25cm3 of 0.1M H2SO4 solution neutralized a solution contain 1.06g of sodium carbonate in
250cm3 of solution, calculate the morality and volume of sodium carbonate solution. (Na = 23, O
= 16, C = 12)

ANSWERS TO CHEMISTRY FORM 3

GAS LAWS

16
1(a) Boyles law -The volume of a fixed mass of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure at
constant/fixed temperature

(b)

(c) P1V1 = P2V2

T1 T2

105 x 650 = 15 x 690

259 T2

T2 = 15 x 690 x 259
105 x 650

= 2680650
68250

= 39.276923 K
or
= 39.28 k

(d) ) P1V1 = P2V2

T1 T2

400 x 1 = 100x0.5
500 T

T=62.5K

(e) P1V1 = P2V2

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 T1 T2

750 x 250 =750 x V2

300 315

V2=595.2cm3

(f) P1V1 = P2V2

T1 T2

V2 = P1V1T2 = 760 x 200 x 303 = 515.2cm3

T1P2 298 x 300

2.(a) states that“the volume of a fixed mass of a gas is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature at constant/fixed pressure

(b)

3. (a)The movement of molecules (of a gas) from region of high concentration to a region of low
concentration

(b) TA = TO
√MA √MO

24 = 20
√MA √32

A=46.08

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4. Gas M is denser than air hence diffused into the pot much slower than air diffused out,hence
exerting less pressure compared to atmospheric pressure.thus water is pushed up the
straw.While gas N is less denser than air hence diffused into the pot much faster than air got ou.

5. T O3 = √ molar mass O3
T CO2 √ molar mass CO2

96 √48
X √32

X=78.38

6. the molecules of potassium permanganate are in constant motion as water molecules,as

they collide they break into small particles hence spreading.

7.(i) white deposit/ring/precipitate

(ii) Nearer to HCl side

(iii) HCl(g) + NH3(g) NH4Cl(s)

8.

1/V

(b) P1V1 = P2V2

3 X 1 = 2 x V2

V2 =1.5litres

9. R O2 = √ molar mass SO2

RSO2 √ molar mass O2

1.2 = √64

X √32

19
Time =70.75s

10. P1V1 = P2V2

T1 T2

3.5 x1 = 1 x2.8
291 T

T=232.8K

11.(a) the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its density, at
the same/constant/fixed temperature and pressure

(b) R W = √ molar mass X

RX √ molar mass W

12 = 4
X 6.63

X=19.89

12(a) pressure is directly proportional to absolute temperature

(b) as the temperature increases the molecules of agas gain more kinetic energy hence make
frequent collisions with the walls of the container thus exerting higher pressure.

13.(a) . P1V1 = P2V2

T1 T2

107 x 1 105 x V2
77 298

V2 =387dm3

(b) 1mole =28g =24litres

?=387litres

451.5g

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14. T CO2 = √ molar mass CO2 => 200 seconds = √ 44.0
T HCl √ molar mass HCl T HCl √ 36.5

T HCl = 200seconds x √ 36.5 = 182.16 seconds

√ 44.0

THE MOLE

1.(i) 0.5moles

(ii)0.174moles

(iii)0.1575moles

2.(i)0.03 x 207=6.21g

(ii)0.2 x 65=13g

(iii) 0.025 x64 =1.6g

3.(i)65+32+64+126=287

(ii)112+48+36=196

(iii) 166

(iv)310

4.mm =40

Na=23/40

=57.5%

O=16/40

=40%

H=1/40

=2.5%

(ii) mm=351
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Al=54/351

=15.38%

S=29.91%

O=54.70%

(iii)MM=250

Cu=64/250

=25.6%

S=12.8%

O=64/250

=25.6%

H20=90/250

=36%

5.mass of graphite=2.9053-2.804=0.1013g

Moles of graphite =0.1013/12

=0.00844moles

1mole contains 6.0 x 1023 atoms

0.00844moles contains?

=5.065 x 1021atoms

6.mass of Na2CO3= 100-14.5=85.5%

Moles of carbonate =85.5/106

=0.8067moles

Moles of water=14.5/18

=0.8056moles

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Mole ratio =1:1

N=1

EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

1.% of Oxygen = 100% - % of Copper = 100- 80 = 20% of Oxygen

Element Copper Oxygen

Symbol Cu O
Moles present = % composition 80 20
Molar mass 63.5 16
Divide by the smallest value 1.25 1.25
1.25 1.25
Mole ratios 1 1

Empirical formula is CuO

2.Mass of Oxygen = 1.60 – 0.84 = 0.56 g of Oxygen

Element Magnesium Oxygen

Symbol Mg O
Moles present = % composition 0.84 0.56
Molar mass 24 16
Divide by the smallest value 0.35 0.35
0.35 0.35
Mole ratios 1 1
Empirical formula is MgO

Element silicon oxygen

Symbol C H
Moles present = % composition 47 53
23
 Molar mass 28 16
Divide by the smallest value 1.6786 3.3125
1.6786 1.6786
Mole ratios 1 2

EF =SiO2

4.
element Fe O
mass 70 30
moles 70 30
56 =1.25 16 =1.875
Mole ratio 1.25 1.875
1.25 1.25
1 1.5
X2 X2
2 3
Formula Fe2O3

5. mass of anhydrous salt =303.2-300.0=3.2g

Mass of water =305.0-303.2=1.8g

Moles of CuSO4=3.2/144.5=0.02214moles

Moles of water=1.8/18=0.1moles

Mole ratio CuSO4 : H2O

1: 5

6. Mass of Hydrogen = 100 – 92.3 => 7.7% of Oxygen

Element Carbon Hydrogen

Symbol C H
Moles present = % composition 92.3 7.7
Molar mass 12 1
Divide by the smallest value 7.7 7.7
7.7 7.7
Mole ratios 1 1

Empirical formula is CH
The molecular formular is thus determined :
n = Relative formular mass = 78 = 6
Relative empirical formula 13
24
The molecular formula is (C H ) x 6 = C6H6

7. C H O

Mass 54.55 9.09 36.36

Moles 12 1 16

=4.546 9.09 2.2725

Mole ratio 2.2725 2.2725 2.2725

2 : 4 1

Formula C2H4O

(C2H4O)n=88

44n=88

n=2

Formula= C8H16O2

8. Mass of carbon = x 2.52 = 0.96

Mass of hydrogen in water = x 1.44 = 0.16

Element C H

Composition by mass 0.96 0.16

R.A.M 12 1

Moles
x 0.08 = 0.16

Mole ratio
=1 =2

EF = CH2

9.
25
Element Carbon Hydrogen
Symbol C H
Moles present = mass 1.44g 0.24g
Molar mass 12 1
Divide by the smallest value 0.12 0.24
0.12 0.12

Mole ratios 1 2√
Empirical formula is CH2√
The molecular formular is thus determined :
n = Relative formular mass = 84 = 6
Relative empirical formula 14

The molecular formula is (CH2 ) x 6 = C6H12.

10. CaSO4. XH2O

2.485 0.33

136 18

0.01827 : 0.01833

Ratio 1:1

Formula = CaSO4.H2O

11.mass of iron =12.66-10.98=1.68g

Mass of oxygen =13.30-12.66=0.64

Fe O

1.68 0.64
56 16

0.012 0.04
1 3

EF= FeO3

(FeO3)n=232

N=2

Fe2O6

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 12. M O
Moles 0.254 0.64
63.5 16
0.04 0.04
Ratio 1 : 1

E.F = MO

MOLAR GAS VOLUMES

1.(i) 22.4dm3 = 6.0 x1023

2.24dm3 = 2.24 x 6.0 x1023
22.4

=6.0 x1022 molecules

= 2 x 6.0 x1022. = 1.2 x1023 atoms

(ii).22.4dm3 -> 6.0 x1023

2.24dm3 -> 2.24 x 6.0 x1023
22.4
=6.0 x1022 molecules
= (CO2) = 3 x 6.0 x1022.
= 1.8 x1023 atoms

2. mass of C in CO2 = 0.1118g

Mass of H in H2O =0.0232g

C H

0.1118 0.0232

12 1

0.009317 0.0232

27
 Mole ratio 1 : 2

CH2

0.135g occupies 120cm3

? 24000cm3

MM =28

CH2)n=28

n=2

Formula =C2H4

3. CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

Mole ratios 1: 1: 1

Molar Mass CaCO3 =100g

Moles of 5.0 g CaCO3(s) = 5.0 g = 0.05 moles

100 g
Mole ratio 1:1
Moles of CO2(g) = 0.05moles
Volume of CO2(g) = 0.05 x 24000cm3 =1200cm3 /1.2dm3

4. 2Al +6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H2

Moles of hydrogen produced =840/22400

=0.0375moles

Moles of Al = 0.0375 x 2
3

=0.025moles

Mass of Al=0.025 x 27

=0.675g

Mass of Cu=0.325g

28
%= 0.325 x 100
1.0

=32.5%

5. 2R + 2H2O 2ROH + H2

moles of hydrogen =600/24000

=0.025moles

Moles of R=0.025x2 =0.05moles

1.15g contains 0.05moles

? contains 1mole

=23

GAY LUSSAC’S LAW

1. when gases combine/react they do so in simple volume ratios to each other and to their
gaseous products at constant/same temperature and pressure

2.(a) Volume ratios 2 : 1 : 0

Reacting volumes 50cm3 : 25cm3
50cm3 of Oxygen is used

(b) Chemical equation: 2H2 (g) + O2 (g) 2H2O(l)

Volume ratios 2 : 1 : 0
Reacting volumes 50cm3 : 25cm3
50cm3 of Oxygen is used
21% = 25cm3
100% = 100 x 25 = 119.05cm3
21
3. Chemical equation: CxHy (g) + O2 (g) -> H2O(g) + CO2(g)
Volumes 5cm3 : 15cm3 : 10cm3 : 10cm3
3 3
Volume ratios 5cm : 15cm : 10cm3 : 10cm3 (divide by
lowest volume) 5 5 5 5
29
Reacting volume ratios 1volume 3 volume 2 volume 2 volume

Balanced chemical equation: CxHy (g) + 3O2 (g) -> 2H2O(g) + 2CO2(g)
If “4H” are in 2H2O(g) the y=4
If “2C” are in 2CO2 (g) the x=2
Thus(i) chemical formula of hydrocarbon = C2H4
(ii) chemical name of hydrocarbon = Ethene

4. Chemical equation: NO (g) + O2 (g) NOx

Volumes 100cm3 : 50cm 3
: 100
Volume ratios 100cm3 : 50cm3 : 100cm3 (divide by lowest
volume) 50 50 50
Reacting volume ratios 2volume 1 volume 2 volume

Balanced chemical equation: 2 NO (g) + O2 (g) -> 2NO x(g)

Thus(i) chemical formula of the nitrogen compound = 2 NO2
(ii) chemical name of compound = Nitrogen(IV)oxide

5. (a)Volume of Oxygen used =100-25 =75cm3√

(P was completely burnt)

(b) CxHy + O2 -> xCO2 + yH2O

15cm3 : 75cm3
15 15
1 : 3√
=> 1 atom of C react with 6 (3x2)atoms of Oxygen
Thus x = 1 and y = 2 => P has molecula formula CH4√

6. C2Hx + O2 CO2 + H20

10cm3 30cm3 20cm3

1vol 3vol 2vol

C2H4 +3O2 2CO2 +2H2O

7. (i) 2COg + O2(g) 2CO2(g)

(ii) 2vol 1vol 2vol

60 30 60cm3 produced

30
 8. (i) 2COg + O2(g) 2CO2(g)

(ii) 2vol 1vol 2vol

40 20 40cm3

Excess oxygen =20cm3

Product =40cm3

9. (i) C3H8 + 5O2 3CO2 + 4H2O

(ii) 1vol 5vol 3vol

50cm3 250cm3 150cm3

Oxygen =250cm3

Product =150cm3

10. 2COg + O2(g) 2CO2(g)

100 50cm3 100cm3

Oxygen =50cm3

CO2 =100cm3

11. CxHy + O2 -> xCO2 + yH2O

100 300 200 200

1vol 3vol 2vol 2vol

C2H4 +3O2 2CO2 +2H2O

12.(a) 100 – 25 ½ = 75cm³ ½

(b)CXHy + O2  CO2 + H2O
15cm³: 75cm³: 45cm³
Volume ratio 1: 5 : 3
Value of  = 3, y = 8, hence formula C3H8

31
MOLAR SOLUTIONS :TITRATION AND VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS
1.It is asolution that contains one mole of solute in 1litre of solution

2. (i)Molar mass of NaOH = (23 + 16 + 1) = 40g

Moles = Mass => 4.0 = 0.1 / 1.0 x 10 -1 moles
Molar mass 40

(ii) Molar mass of Na2CO3 = (23 x 2 + 12 + 16 x 3) = 106 g

Moles = Mass => 5.3 = 0.05 / 5. 0 x 10-2 moles

Molar mass 106

Moles in decimeters = Molarity = Moles x 1000cm3/1dm3

Volume of solution
=> 1.0 moles x 1000cm3 =
50cm3

=1.0 M
3
(iii) 20.0cm solution ->7.1 g
1000cm3 solution -> 1000 x 71 = 3550 g dm-3
20

Molar mass Na2SO4 = 142 g

Moles dm-3 = Molarity = Mass 3550 = 2.5 M

Molar mass 142

(iv) Molar mass H2SO4 = 98 g

Moles = Mass => 1.84 = 0.0188 moles

Molar mass 98

3.molarity of sodium hydroxide =4/40

=0.1M

Moles of sodium hydroxide = 0.1 x 20

1000

=0.002moles

Moles of acid =0.001moles (from mole ratio)

32
Molarity =0.0010x 1000
8

=0.125M

4.(i) Molar mass NaOH = 40g

Moles in 25 cm3 = Molarity x volume => 0.2 x 25 = 0.005moles
1000 1000

Mass of NaOH =Moles x molar mass = 5.0 x 10-3 x 40 = 0.2 g

(ii) Molar mass H2SO4 = 98g

Moles in 20 cm3 = Molarity x volume=> 0.625 x 20 = 0.0125moles

1000 1000

Mass of H2SO4 =Moles x molar mass => 5.0 x 10-3 x 40 = 0.2 g

5. Stoichiometric equation: MCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) -> MCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Moles of HCl used = molarity x volume

1000
=> 0.5 x 25.0 = 0.0125 moles
1000

Mole ratio MCO3 : HCl = 1:2

Moles MCO3 = 0.0125 /1.25 x 10-2moles = 0.00625 moles
2

Molarity MCO3 = moles x 1000 => 0.00625 / 6.25 x 10-3 x 1000

Volume 5

= 1.25M

6. (i) titre =25.0cm3

(ii) 25+25+25
3

=25.0cm3

(b)(i) 0.1 x 25
1000

33
 =0.0025moles

(ii) X2CO3 + H2SO4 2XSO4 + CO2 + H2O

0.0025moles

(c) molarity = 0.0025 x 1000

25

=0.1M

(d) Molarity = g/litre

RFM

0.1= 13.8
RFM

=138

(e) X2CO3 =138

2x +12+48 =138

X=39

7. moles of KOH =0.1 x 24

1000

=0.0024moles

Moles of acid =0.0012moles

Molarity =0.0012x1000

30

=0.08M

8.molarity of base =4.5/40

=0.1125M

Moles of base = 0.1125x 20

1000

34
 =0.00225moles

Moles of sulphuric =0.001125moles

Molarity =0.001125x1000
24

0.0467M

9.Molarity =8/40=0.2M

Moles os base = 0.2 x 20

1000

=0.004moles

Moles of acid = 0.002moles

RMM =0.18/0.002

=90

10.Mass per litre of NaOH = 7.5g x 1000 = 30gdm3

250
Molarity of NaOH = 30
/40 = 0.75M 1 mark

Moles of NaOH reacted = 0.02 x 0.75 = 0.0015 moles

Moles of HCl used = 0.013 x 1 = 0.013 moles  ½
Moles of NaOH that should have been used = 0.013 moles
Moles of NaOH reacted = 0.005 x 40 = 0.006g  ½
Moles of NaOH required = 0.013 x 40 =0.52g  ½

% purity of NaOH = 0.56  ½ x 100% = 11.54%  ½

0.52
11.NaOH (aq) + HNO3 (aq) NaNO3 (aq) + H2O (l)
Moles of nitric (V) acid,
2 moles are in 1000cm3
? 50cm3
2 moles x 50cm3 = 0.1 moles  ½
1000
Moles ratio 1 : 1  ½
 Moles of acid equals moles of alkali
 moles of NaOH in 50cm3 are 0.1 moles
Moles in 100cm3 are ?
0.1 moles x 100cm3 = 0.2 moles  ½
50cm3
35
 Moles =mass in grams
RFM
RFM NaOH = 23 + 16 + 1 = 40  ½
0.2 moles = mass
40 g/mole  ½
 mass D = ( 0.2 x 40) g = 8g  ½
Mass
a) Mole of BaSO4 =
R.F.M
4.66
=
152

=0.0306moles  ½
Moles of SO42- = moles of BaSO4 = 0.0306 moles  ½

(b).Ba2+(aq) + SO2-(aq) → BaSO4(s) ½

(c).M2SO4(aq) →2M+(aq) + SO42- = 2:1  ½

Therefore moles of M+ = 2x0.0306 = 0.0612 moles,
Mass of SO42- = in M2SO4 = 96 x 0.0306
= 2.94 g ½
∴ Mass of M in M2SO4= 5.34-2.94= 2.4g  ½
Mass 2.4
Mass = ∴ R.A.M of M=
R.F.M 0.0612
=39.2  ½
13.(a) Ca(HCO3)(aq) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2CO2(g)

(b) Moles HCl = x 0.05  ½ = 0.0006 mol  ½

(c) Moles of Ca(HCO3)2 = x 0.0006 ½

= 0.0003 moles

14.Mass of carbon = x 2.52 = 0.96

Mass of hydrogen in water = x 1.44 = 0.16

Element C H

Composition by mass 0.96 0.16

R.A.M 12 1

36
 Moles
x 0.08 = 0.16

Mole ratio
=1 =2

EF = CH2

15.No. of moles of NaCO3 = = 0.01 moles

0.01 moles contained in 250cm3

? moles contained in 1000cm3

= = 0.04M

NaCO3(aq) + H2SO4(aq) NaSO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

Reacting mole ration Na2CO3: H2SO4
1 : 1
Moles of Na2CO3 = Moles of H2SO4

Moles of H2SO4 = = 0.0025 moles = Moles of Na2CO3

0.04 moles – 1000cm3

0.0025 - ?

= 62.5cm3  1

37