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Experiment
Experiment 5 7
Aim : To implement and study Sentiment Analysis.
Theory:
What is Sentiment Analysis
Sentiment analysis is a technique used to determine the emotional tone or

sentiment expressed in a text. It involves analyzing the words and phrases used
in the text to identify the underlying sentiment, whether it is positive, negative, or
neutral.
Sentiment analysis has a wide range of applications, including social media

monitoring, customer feedback analysis, and market research.
One of the main challenges in sentiment analysis is the inherent complexity of

human language. Text data often contains sarcasm, irony, and other forms of
figurative language that can be difficult to interpret using traditional methods.
However, recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) and machine

learning have made it possible to perform sentiment analysis on large volumes of
text data with a high degree of accuracy.
Lexicon-based analysis
This type of analysis, such as the NLTK Vader sentiment analyzer, involves using
a set of predefined rules and heuristics to determine the sentiment of a piece of
text. These rules are typically based on lexical and syntactic features of the text,
such as the presence of positive or negative words and phrases.
While lexicon-based analysis can be relatively simple to implement and interpret,

it may not be as accurate as ML-based or transformed-based approaches,
especially when dealing with complex or ambiguous text data.
Machine learning (ML)

This approach involves training a model to identify the sentiment of a piece of
text based on a set of labeled training data. These models can be trained using a
wide range of ML algorithms, including decision trees, support vector machines
(SVMs), and neural networks.
ML-based approaches can be more accurate than rule-based analysis, especially
when dealing with complex text data, but they require a larger amount of labeled
training data and may be more computationally expensive.
Pre-trained transformer-based deep learning

A deep learning-based approach, as seen with BERT and GPT-4, involve using
pre-trained models trained on massive amounts of text data. These models use
complex neural networks to encode the context and meaning of the text, allowing
them to achieve state-of-the-art accuracy on a wide range of NLP tasks,
including sentiment analysis. However, these models require significant
computational resources and may not be practical for all use cases.
● Lexicon-based analysis is a straightforward approach to sentiment

analysis, but it may not be as accurate as more complex methods.
● Machine learning-based approaches can be more accurate, but they
require labeled training data and may be more computationally expensive.
● Pre-trained transformer-based deep learning approaches can achieve
state-of-the-art accuracy but require significant computational resources
and may not be practical for all use cases.
Installing NLTK and Setting up Python Environment

To use the NLTK library, you must have a Python environment on your computer.
The easiest way to install Python is to download and install the Anaconda
Distribution. This distribution comes with the Python 3 base environment and
other bells and whistles, including Jupyter Notebook. You also do not need to
install the NLTK library, as it comes pre-installed with NLTK and many other
useful libraries.
If you choose to install Python without any distribution, you can directly download
and install Python from python.org. In this case, you will have to install NLTK
once your Python environment is ready.
To install NLTK library, open the command terminal and type:
`pip install nltk`

Preprocessing Text
Text preprocessing is a crucial step in performing sentiment analysis, as it helps
to clean and normalize the text data, making it easier to analyze. The
preprocessing step involves a series of techniques that help transform raw text
data into a form you can use for analysis. Some common text preprocessing
techniques include tokenization, stop word removal, stemming, and
lemmatization.
Tokenization
Tokenization is a text preprocessing step in sentiment analysis that involves
breaking down the text into individual words or tokens. This is an essential step
in analyzing text data as it helps to separate individual words from the raw text,
making it easier to analyze and understand. Tokenization is typically performed
using NLTK's built-in `word_tokenize` function, which can split the text into
individual words and punctuation marks.
Stop words
Stop word removal is a crucial text preprocessing step in sentiment analysis that
involves removing common and irrelevant words that are unlikely to convey much
sentiment. Stop words are words that are very common in a language and do not
carry much meaning, such as "and," "the," "of," and "it." These words can cause
noise and skew the analysis if they are not removed.
By removing stop words, the remaining words in the text are more likely to
indicate the sentiment being expressed. This can help to improve the accuracy of
the sentiment analysis. NLTK provides a built-in list of stop words for several
languages, which can be used to filter out these words from the text data.
Stemming and Lemmatization
Stemming and lemmatization are techniques used to reduce words to their root
forms. Stemming involves removing the suffixes from words, such as "ing" or
"ed," to reduce them to their base form. For example, the word "jumping" would
be stemmed to "jump."
Lemmatization, however, involves reducing words to their base form based on

their part of speech. For example, the word "jumped" would be lemmatized to
"jump," but the word "jumping" would be lemmatized to "jumping" since it is a
present participle.
Bag of Words (BoW) Model

The bag of words model is a technique used in natural language processing
(NLP) to represent text data as a set of numerical features. In this model, each
document or piece of text is represented as a "bag" of words, with each word in
the text represented by a separate feature or dimension in the resulting vector.
The value of each feature is determined by the number of times the
corresponding word appears in the text.
The bag of words model is useful in NLP because it allows us to analyze text
data using machine learning algorithms, which typically require numerical input.
By representing text data as numerical features, we can train machine learning
models to classify text or analyze sentiments.
The example in the next section will use the NLTK Vader model for sentiment
analysis on the Amazon customer dataset. In this particular example, we do not
need to perform this step because the NLTK Vader API accepts text as an input
instead of numeric vectors, but if you were building a supervised machine
learning model to predict sentiment (assuming you have labeled data), you would
have to transform the processed text into a bag of words model before training
the machine learning model.
End-to-end Sentiment Analysis Example in Python
To perform sentiment analysis using NLTK in Python, the text data must first be
preprocessed using techniques such as tokenization, stop word removal, and
stemming or lemmatization. Once the text has been preprocessed, we will then
pass it to the Vader sentiment analyzer for analyzing the sentiment of the text
(positive or negative).
Step 1 - Import libraries and load dataset

First, we’ll import the necessary libraries for text analysis and sentiment analysis,
such as pandas for data handling, nltk for natural language processing, and
SentimentIntensityAnalyzer for sentiment analysis.
We’ll then download all of the NLTK corpus (a collection of linguistic data) using
nltk.download().
Once the environment is set up, we will load a dataset of Amazon reviews using
pd.read_csv(). This will create a DataFrame object in Python that we can use
to analyze the data. We'll display the contents of the DataFrame using df.
Conclusion :
NLTK is a powerful Python library for sentiment analysis and other NLP tasks. In
this tutorial, we covered the basics of NLTK sentiment analysis, including text
preprocessing, bag of words model creation, and sentiment analysis using Vader.
NLTK is widely used and mastering its techniques can provide valuable insights
for data-driven decisions. If you're interested in applying NLP to real-world data
using Python libraries, including NLTK, scikit-learn, spaCy, and
SpeechRecognition, you can check out the resources below:
- Introduction to Natural Language Processing in Python
- Natural Language Processing in Python
These resources offer a strong foundation for text data processing and analysis
in Python, suitable for both beginners and those looking to expand their skills.

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Experiment

Aim : To implement and study Sentiment Analysis.

What is Sentiment Analysis

Sentiment analysis is a technique used to determine the emotional tone or

Sentiment analysis has a wide range of applications, including social media

One of the main challenges in sentiment analysis is the inherent complexity of

However, recent advances in natural language processing (NLP) and machine

While lexicon-based analysis can be relatively simple to implement and interpret,

Machine learning (ML)

Pre-trained transformer-based deep learning

● Lexicon-based analysis is a straightforward approach to sentiment

Installing NLTK and Setting up Python Environment

To install NLTK library, open the command terminal and type:

`pip install nltk`

Lemmatization, however, involves reducing words to their base form based on

Bag of Words (BoW) Model

Step 1 - Import libraries and load dataset

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