Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Department

Experiment No.
NAME OF THE STUDENT: Priyansh Rupani
SAP NO. 60002200127 E2-4
OBJECTIVE

Study of Frequency Modulation & Demodulation over Fiber Optics Link using 660 nm and
850/950 nm LED

THEORY

Frequency Modulation is a type of modulation in which the frequency of the high

frequency(Carrier) is varied in accordance with the instantaneous value of the modu-lating signal.

Consider a sine wave signal vm(t) with pulse w. Refer Graph 3

vm(t) = B.sin(w.t)

and another sine wave vc(t) with upper Ω pulse

vc(t) = A.sin(Ω.t)

Then signal vm(t) is called modulating signal, the signal vc(t) is called carrier signal.

Vary the frequency of the carrier vc(t) in a way proportional to the amplitude of the modulating
signal vm(t). Frequency Modulated diagonal, which can be expressed by the relation:

vm(t) = A.sin[θt)]

with θt instantaneous angle function of vm(t).

MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION OF THE FREQUENCY MODULATED SIGNAL

The instantaneous pulse (t) of the FM signal by definition:.

(t) = + K. vm(t)
With h = carrier pulse
K = modulation sensitivity

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 Fig 5.1

Fig. 5.2

The instantaneous angle (t) to be used as subject of the sine to obtain the mathematical operation of
the FM signal is detected by integrating Ω(t):

In the case of modulating sine wave signal [vm (t) = B.sin (w.t)], θ (t) it results:

The expression of the frequency modulated signal vm(t) becomes:

FREQUENCY DEVIATION ∆F AND MODUALTION INDEX MF:

The instantaneous frequency F (t) of the carrier modulated by a sine wave, results:

and oscillates between a minimum Fmin and a maximum value Fmax:

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 The frequency deviation F represents the maximum shift between the modulated signal frequency,
over and under the frequency of the carrier:

We define as modulation Index mf the ratio between ∆F and the modulating frequency f:

FREQUENCY MODUALTION GENERATION

The circuits used to generate a frequency modulation must vary the frequency of a high frequency
signal (carrier) as a function of the amplitude of a low frequency signal (modulating signal). In
practice there are two methods used to generate the FM:

DIRECT METHOD

An oscillator is used in which the reactance of one of the elements of the resonant circuit depends
on the modulating voltage. The most common device with variable reactance is the Varactor or
Varicap, which is a particular diode which capacitance varies as function of the reverse bias voltage
(the Varicap is described in the next chapter).

Fig.5.3
Fig.5.4

The frequency of the carrier is established with AFC Circuits (Automatic Frequency Control) or
PLL (Phase Locked Loop). In this FM is generated by using FM genera-tion IC . This generated FM
is then sent via. Fiber Optic and is received by optical detector. The output of the detector is then
fed to the FM Demodulation section. The frequency of the carrier is established with AFC circuits
or PLL

INDIRECT METHOD

The FM is obtained in this case by a Phase Modulation, after the modulating signal has been
integrated. In the phase modulator, the carrier can be generated by a Quartz oscillator and so its
frequency stabilization is easier,

In the circuit used for the exercise, the frequency modulation is generated by a Hartely Oscillator,
whose frequency is determined by a fixed inductance and by a capacity (variable) supplied by
Varicap diodes.
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 FREQUENCY MODULATION

To demodulate a frequency modulated signal a circuit is necessary which supplies the output with
proportional voltage to the frequency deviation of the input modulated signal.The ideal
characteristic of the demodulator is a straight line, also if it is actually sufficient to obtain
characteristics as one of Fig. 5.1 which presents a linear behavior only for a certain frequency range
(demodulator usage range). The Figure reports:
a) The instantaneous frequency f of the modulated signal, oscillating between F1 and F2 (Fc,
frequency of carrier)

b) The Voltage / frequency characteristics curve of the demodulator.

c) The detected signal.

DEMODULATION OF FM SIGNAL

An FM receiver is very similar to an AM receiver. The most significant change is that the
demodulator must now extract the information signal from a frequency, rather than an amplitude
modulated wave.

The basic requirement of any FM demodulator is therefore to convert frequency changes in voltage,
with the minimum amount of distortion.

To achieve this, it should ideally have linear voltage/frequency characteristics, similar to that shown
in fig. 5.2

A ‘demodulator’ can also be called a ‘discriminator’ or a ‘detector’.

Any design of circuit that has linear voltage/frequency characteristics would be ac-ceptable and we
are going to consider the most popular type
Fig.5.5

FREQUENCY DEMODULATOR CIRCUIT

PLL DETECTOR
It constitutes one of the applications of the Phase Locked Loop and is less sensitive to noise.
In this demodulator it employs a phase comparator circuit. It is very good demodulator and has the
advantage that it is available as a self contained integrated circuit so that no setup is required. You
just plug it in and it works. For these reasons it is used as commercial receivers. It has very low
level of distortion and is almost immune to external noise signals.

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 The overall action of the circuit may, at first, seem pointless. The incoming FM signal is taken to
one input of the PHASE COMPARATOR CIRCUIT, where its phase is compared to the square
wave output from the VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR (VCO), If the central frequency
of the detector and the carrier frequency of the FM signal and the local oscillator frequency
coincide, you will get the original reproduction of the signal. As seen in figure29 there is a VCO.
The frequency of this oscillator is controlled by a DC output voltage from the output of the low pass
filter. Now, this DC voltage keeps the oscillator running at the same frequency as the original input
signal and 90° out of phase.

The question often arises as to why we would want the oscillator to run at the same frequency
and 90° out of phase. And if we did, then why not just add a phase shifting circuit at the input to
give the 90° phase shift?

The answer can be seen by imagining what happens when the input frequency changes - as it would
be with an FM signal.

Fig - 5.6

Fig.- 5.7

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 Fig.- 5.8

If the input frequency increases or decreases, the VCO frequency is made to follow it. To do this,
the input control voltage must increase and decrease. These changes of the DC voltage level form
the demodulated signal.

The AM signal then passes through a shift buffer to prevent any loading effects from disturbing the
VCO and then through and audio amplifier if necessary.

The frequency response is highly linear as shown in figure 30.

The FM Demodulation section consists of PLL IC which demodulates the FM signal. This
demodulated signal is then fed to the filter section to get the exact original signal.
EXPERIMENT: FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION WITH FIBER OPTIC

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 BLOCK DIAGRAM-5

GRAPH 5.1

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 FM TRANSMITTER
As we can see from Figure 31 the audio oscillator supplies the information signal and could, if we
wish, be replaced by microphone and AF amplifier to provide speech and music instead of sine
wave signals.

Procedure

1. Connect the AC Supply to Kit.

2. Ensure that all fault switches is in normal position.
3. Make the connections as shown in Block Diagram-5.
4. Connect 1KHz Sine Wave signal to Frequency Modulator Input
5. Connect Frequency Modulator Output source to 660nm FO Transmitter Input.
6. Connect 1Mtr. FO Cable between 660nm FO Transmitter output and 660nm FO Receiver input.
7. Connect 660nm FO Receiver output to Frequency Demodulator Input.
8. Connect Frequency Demodulator Output to Low Pass Filter Input.
9. Connect Low Pass Filter Output to AC Amplifier Input.
10. Set the switch SW3 to Analog Mode.
11. Switch ON the power supply of the trainer.
12. Observe the signal on the CRO at FM Modulation Output & Sine wave Input.
13. Increase the time period on the oscilloscope and you could obtain the waveform as shown in
the FIG.5.8 to obtain this figure keep your voltage level to 0.5V p-p.

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 14. The frequency deviation ∆F can be calculated as follows (Refer to FIG.33). From
the oscilloscope evaluate FM and Fm, detecting the periods of the respective sine
waves.
The frequency deviation F is defined as

You can note that if the modulator operates in a linear zone, so FM & Fm are over and
under the central frequency F of the same quantity ∆F, otherwise this does not occur.
15. The value of the modulation index mf is calculated by the relation, Mf= F/f, where f is
the frequency of the modulating signal.
16. Then observe the FM Signal as shown in Fig.5.8.
17. Compare the FM Demodulated output signal at AC Amplifier Output with the input
Modulator signal.
18. To obtain the proper demodulated output set the gain pot of the AC Amplifier.
19. Vary the Input Frequency and Observe the Output.

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 GRAPH 5.2

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