Mathematics Note For Grade 10
Mathematics Note For Grade 10
Mathematics Note For Grade 10
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Unit Seven: Measurement (Solid Geometry)
√
( ) √ And
√ √
( ) ( ) ( √ √ ) .
The volume of a circular cone is equal to one-third of the product of its base area and its altitude. That is,
, where V denotes the volume, r the radius of the base and h the altitude.
Example:
a. Calculate the total surface area and volume a right circular cone with length of altitude 8cm and radius 6cm.
Solution: h = 8cm, r = 6cm
b. The volume of a right circular cone is . The radius is 4cm.Find the length of the perpendicular
height.
c. Exercise 1: Calculate the total surface area and volume of a circular cone whose altitude and diameter of
base are equally x cm.
2: If the slant height of a circular cone is 13cm and the radius of a base is 12cm, then calculate; AL, AT and V.
Solution:
a. √ √ √
and
b.
C. Spheres:
A sphere is a closed surface, all points of which are equidistant from a point called the Centre or is a three
dimensional figure made up of all points a given distance from center.
Surface area and volume of a sphere:
The surface area (A) and the volume (V) of a sphere of radius r are given by r
Area of the sphere and Volume of the sphere
Surface area ad volume of a hemisphere (Half sphere)
Hemisphere is half of the spheres.
Area of the hemisphere r
Volume of the hemisphere ( ) r
Example:
a. The diameter of a sphere is 6cm; find the area and volume of the sphere.
b. The radius of one sphere is twice as long as the radius of another sphere. If the volume of the smaller sphere is
12 cubic units, then calculate the volume of the larger sphere.
c. If 18cm long wire whose radius of circular thickness is 4cm is melted to form a sphere, find the surface area
and volume of the sphere.
d. Find the surface area and volume a hemispherical metal of radius 12cm.
e. Exercise1: A cylindrical container of base radius 8 cm has enough water in it. An iron ball of radius 3 cm is
inserted in the cylinder. Assuming that the ball is completely immersed, how high does the water level rise?
2: If a spherical stone with radius 6ocm is submerged in a cylindrical water tank whose base radius is 2m then
how much is the level of water raised?
(√ )
c. To change in shape may change the surface area but doesn‘t change the volume.
Then let radius of the sphere, A = area of the sphere radius of cylinder, h = altitude of cylinder
volume of cylinder, volume of sphere
And
d. The radius of hemisphere is 12cm. Then
And
Exercise: If the radius of a sphere is doubled, what effect does this have on its volume and its surface area?
7.3. Frustums of pyramids and cones
Competencies
At the end of the sub-unit, students will be able to:
Define frustums of a pyramid and of a cone.
Calculate the surface areas of frustums of pyramids or of cones.
Calculate the volumes of frustum of pyramids or of cones.
A. Frustums of pyramids
If a pyramid or a cone is cut by a plane parallel to the base, the intersection of the plane and the pyramid (or the
cone) is called a horizontal cross-section of the pyramid (or the cone).
A frustum of a pyramid is a part of the pyramid included between the base and a plane parallel to the base.
The lateral faces of a frustum of a pyramid are trapeziums.
The lateral faces of a frustum of a regular pyramid are congruent isosceles trapeziums.
The slant height of a frustum of a regular pyramid is the altitude of any one of the lateral faces.
The lateral surface area of a frustum of a pyramid is the sum of the areas of the lateral faces.
In any pyramid, the ratio of the area of a cross-section to the area of the base is where h is the
altitude of the pyramid and k is the distance from the vertex to the plane of the cross-section.
In both figures
And
So in both conditions we have the above statement;
The ratio of the area of a cross-section to the area of the base is
Where h is the altitude of the pyramid and k is the distance from the
Vertex to the plane of the cross-section.
BY: YOHANNES MEGERSA ASTU SPECIAL SCHOOL
MATHEMATICS NOTE FOR GRADE 10
Surface area and volume of frustum of pyramids:
The lateral surface area (AL) of a frustum of a regular pyramid is equal to half the product of the slant height and
the sum of the perimeter (P) of the lower base and the perimeter (P') of the upper base. That is,
𝐴𝑏
The total surface area of frustum of regular pyramid is the sum of
Lateral face area and the two upper and lower bases.
𝐴𝑏
√ Where A is the lower base area, A' the upper base area and h' is the height
of a frustum of a cone or pyramid.
Example:
a. The area of the base of a pyramid is . The altitude of the pyramid is 12 cm. What is the area of a
horizontal cross-section 4 cm from the vertex?
b. The lower base of a frustum of a regular pyramid is a square of side 6 cm, and the upper base has side length
3 cm. If the slant height is 8 cm, find: its lateral surface area, total surface area and volume.
c. A frustum of a regular square pyramid whose lateral faces are equilateral triangles of side 10 cm has altitude
5 cm. Calculate the volume of the frustum.
Solution:
a. Let be the area of the cross-section, and the base area. V
k
b. ( ) 10
h’=5 h
h
c. √ D
C
( √ ) √
A O
√ √ (√ )
(√ ) 10 B
( ) ( ) ( √ ) √
√
( √ ) ( √ √ √ )
B. Frustum of cone
A frustum of a cone is a part of the cone included between the base and a horizontal cross-section made by a plane
parallel to the base.
Surface area and volume of frustum of cone.
For a frustum of a right circular cone with altitude h and slant height ,
if the circumferences of the bases are c and c', then the lateral surface area of 𝑟
the frustum is given by
The total surface area is the sum of the lateral surface area and the area of the two bases. 𝑟
( )
Where r is the radius of the bigger (the lower base of the frustum) cone and r' is the radius of the smaller
cone (upper base of the frustum).
Example:
a. Calculate the surface area and volume of frustum of cone with length of bases radii 7cm and 4cm that has a
slant height 5cm.
b. Exercise. A frustum of height 12 cm is formed from a right circular cone of height 16 cm and base radius 8
cm. Calculate the total surface area of the frustum and volume of the frustum.
Solution:
Total surface area of frustum of cone is given as follows
( )
And
( )