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S (S A) (S B) (S C) A+b+ C

There are three main types of triangles defined by their sides: scalene (all sides different lengths), isosceles (two sides the same length), and equilateral (all three sides the same length). The area of each type of triangle can be calculated using specific formulas involving the sides and semi-perimeter. Other shapes discussed include cylinders, spheres, prisms, pyramids and cones. Formulas are provided to calculate volume, surface area, lateral surface area, and total surface area for each shape using relevant variables like radius, height, base, slant height, etc.

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Saideep Aryal
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31 views

S (S A) (S B) (S C) A+b+ C

There are three main types of triangles defined by their sides: scalene (all sides different lengths), isosceles (two sides the same length), and equilateral (all three sides the same length). The area of each type of triangle can be calculated using specific formulas involving the sides and semi-perimeter. Other shapes discussed include cylinders, spheres, prisms, pyramids and cones. Formulas are provided to calculate volume, surface area, lateral surface area, and total surface area for each shape using relevant variables like radius, height, base, slant height, etc.

Uploaded by

Saideep Aryal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Mensuration: Area of Triangles:

Triangle: A geometrical plane figure bounded by three sides having three angles and three vertices in them are called
triangles.
 Properties of a triangle:
a. The sum of all three angles of a triangle is always 180 0.
b. The sum of length of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than the length of third side of the same triangle.
 Types of triangle:
A. On the basis of side:
a. Scalene Triangle: A triangle whose length of each sides are different is known as a scalene triangle.
a+b+ c
Area of Scalene triangle: √ s ( s−a)(s−b)( s−c ), where S = semi-perimeter of triangle = .
2
b. Isosceles Triangle: A triangle whose length of any two sides are equal is known as an isosceles triangle.
b √ 4 a 2−b2 .
Area of isosceles triangle:
4
c. Equilateral triangle: A triangle whose length of all sides are equal is known as an equilateral triangle.

Area of equilateral triangle:


√ 3 a2.
4
B. On the basis of angle:
a. Acute angle triangle: A triangle whose all of the angles are acute angle, then such triangle is called acute angle
triangle.
b. Right angle triangle: A triangle whose one of the angle is right angle i.e. 90 0, then such triangle is called right
angled triangle.
1
Area of right angle triangle: ×b × h
2
c. Obtuse angle triangle: A triangle whose one of the angle is obtuse angle, then such triangle is called obtuse angle
triangle.

Mensuration: Cylinders and Sphere:


For a right circular cylinder:
A cylinder having circular base and whose axis is perpendicular to the base then, such cylinder is called a right
circular cylinder.

If ‘r’ is the radius of base and ‘h’ is the height of cylinder then:
Volume of cylinder = Base Area × Height = A b × h = πr2h [since, Base Area = πr2]
Curved surface area (C.S.A.) of cylinder = Perimeter of base × Height = C b × h = 2πrh [since, Perimeter of base = 2πr]
Total Surface Area (T.S.A.) of cylinder = Curved Surface Area (C.S.A.) + Area of bases
= 2πrh + 2 × area of circle
= 2πrh + 2πr2
= 2πr (r + h)
Sphere: A round solid figure, or its surface, with every point on its surface equidistant from its center.
If ‘r’ is the radius of sphere then:
4 3
Volume of sphere = πr
3
Surface Area of the sphere (C.S.A. and T.S.A.) = 4πr 2 or, πd2

Hemisphere: When a sphere is divided into two equal halves, each half is called the hemisphere.
2 3
Volume of hemisphere = πr
3
Curved Surface Area (C.S.A.) of hemisphere = 2πr2
Total Surface Area (T.S.A.) of hemisphere = 3πr 2
Mensuration: Prism, Pyramid and Cone:
Prism: A prism is a geometrical shape with two identical shapes facing each other. These identical shapes
are called bases. The bases can be a triangle, square, rectangle or any other polygon. Other faces of prism
may be rectangular or parallelogram.

Fig: Triangular based prism


Volume of a triangular prism (V) = Base area × Height of the prism
i.e. V = Ab × h
Lateral Surface Area of a triangular prism (L.S.A.) = Perimeter of base × Height of the prism
i.e. L.S.A. = Pb × h
Total Surface Area of a triangular prism (T.S.A.) = 2 × Base area + L.S.A. of prism
i.e. T.S.A. = 2 × Ab + Pb × h
Note: The base of a triangular prism may be scalene triangle, isosceles triangle, equilateral triangle or right angled triangle.
Pyramid: A geometrical solid object where the sides are triangles which meet at a vertex and the base is a
polygon (triangle, rectangle, square, pentagon, etc.) is called pyramid.

Fig: Square-based pyramid


1
Volume of pyramid (V): × Base area × Vertical height of pyramid
3
1
i.e. V = × Ab × h
3
1
Lateral Surface Area of a pyramid (L.S.A.) = × Perimeter of base × Slant height
2
1
i.e. L.S.A. = × Pb × l
2
Total Surface Area of a pyramid (T.S.A.) = L.S.A. + Base Area
1
i.e. T.S.A. = × Pb × l + Ba; where Pb = perimeter of base, l = slanted height, Ba = Area of base
2
Note: The base of a pyramid may be triangle, square or rectangle.
Cone: A geometrical solid object that has a circular base joined to a point i.e. vertex by a curved side is
called a cone.

Fig: Circular cone


1 2
Volume of cone (V): πr h; where h = vertical height
3
Curved Surface Area of a cone (C.S.A.) = πrl; where l = slanted height
Total Surface Area of a cone (T.S.A.) = πr(r+l)
Note: The base of a cone is circular.

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