S (S A) (S B) (S C) A+b+ C

Mensuration: Area of Triangles:
Triangle: A geometrical plane figure bounded by three sides having three angles and three vertices in them are called
triangles.
 Properties of a triangle:
a. The sum of all three angles of a triangle is always 180 0.
b. The sum of length of any two sides of a triangle is always greater than the length of third side of the same triangle.
 Types of triangle:
A. On the basis of side:
a. Scalene Triangle: A triangle whose length of each sides are different is known as a scalene triangle.
a+b+ c
Area of Scalene triangle: √ s ( s−a)(s−b)( s−c ), where S = semi-perimeter of triangle = .
2
b. Isosceles Triangle: A triangle whose length of any two sides are equal is known as an isosceles triangle.
b √ 4 a 2−b2 .
Area of isosceles triangle:
4
c. Equilateral triangle: A triangle whose length of all sides are equal is known as an equilateral triangle.
Area of equilateral triangle:

√ 3 a2.
4
B. On the basis of angle:
a. Acute angle triangle: A triangle whose all of the angles are acute angle, then such triangle is called acute angle
triangle.
b. Right angle triangle: A triangle whose one of the angle is right angle i.e. 90 0, then such triangle is called right
angled triangle.
1
Area of right angle triangle: ×b × h
2
c. Obtuse angle triangle: A triangle whose one of the angle is obtuse angle, then such triangle is called obtuse angle
triangle.
Mensuration: Cylinders and Sphere:

For a right circular cylinder:
A cylinder having circular base and whose axis is perpendicular to the base then, such cylinder is called a right
circular cylinder.
If ‘r’ is the radius of base and ‘h’ is the height of cylinder then:
Volume of cylinder = Base Area × Height = A b × h = πr2h [since, Base Area = πr2]
Curved surface area (C.S.A.) of cylinder = Perimeter of base × Height = C b × h = 2πrh [since, Perimeter of base = 2πr]
Total Surface Area (T.S.A.) of cylinder = Curved Surface Area (C.S.A.) + Area of bases
= 2πrh + 2 × area of circle
= 2πrh + 2πr2
= 2πr (r + h)
Sphere: A round solid figure, or its surface, with every point on its surface equidistant from its center.
If ‘r’ is the radius of sphere then:
4 3
Volume of sphere = πr
3
Surface Area of the sphere (C.S.A. and T.S.A.) = 4πr 2 or, πd2
Hemisphere: When a sphere is divided into two equal halves, each half is called the hemisphere.
2 3
Volume of hemisphere = πr
3
Curved Surface Area (C.S.A.) of hemisphere = 2πr2
Total Surface Area (T.S.A.) of hemisphere = 3πr 2
Mensuration: Prism, Pyramid and Cone:
Prism: A prism is a geometrical shape with two identical shapes facing each other. These identical shapes
are called bases. The bases can be a triangle, square, rectangle or any other polygon. Other faces of prism
may be rectangular or parallelogram.
Fig: Triangular based prism

Volume of a triangular prism (V) = Base area × Height of the prism
i.e. V = Ab × h
Lateral Surface Area of a triangular prism (L.S.A.) = Perimeter of base × Height of the prism
i.e. L.S.A. = Pb × h
Total Surface Area of a triangular prism (T.S.A.) = 2 × Base area + L.S.A. of prism
i.e. T.S.A. = 2 × Ab + Pb × h
Note: The base of a triangular prism may be scalene triangle, isosceles triangle, equilateral triangle or right angled triangle.
Pyramid: A geometrical solid object where the sides are triangles which meet at a vertex and the base is a
polygon (triangle, rectangle, square, pentagon, etc.) is called pyramid.
Fig: Square-based pyramid

1
Volume of pyramid (V): × Base area × Vertical height of pyramid
3
1
i.e. V = × Ab × h
3
1
Lateral Surface Area of a pyramid (L.S.A.) = × Perimeter of base × Slant height
2
1
i.e. L.S.A. = × Pb × l
2
Total Surface Area of a pyramid (T.S.A.) = L.S.A. + Base Area
1
i.e. T.S.A. = × Pb × l + Ba; where Pb = perimeter of base, l = slanted height, Ba = Area of base
2
Note: The base of a pyramid may be triangle, square or rectangle.
Cone: A geometrical solid object that has a circular base joined to a point i.e. vertex by a curved side is
called a cone.
Fig: Circular cone

1 2
Volume of cone (V): πr h; where h = vertical height
3
Curved Surface Area of a cone (C.S.A.) = πrl; where l = slanted height
Total Surface Area of a cone (T.S.A.) = πr(r+l)
Note: The base of a cone is circular.

S (S A) (S B) (S C) A+b+ C

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Mensuration: Area of Triangles:

Area of equilateral triangle:

Mensuration: Cylinders and Sphere:

Fig: Triangular based prism

Fig: Square-based pyramid

Fig: Circular cone

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