POLYNOMIALS

CHAPTER

CONTENTS

 Introduction
 Constants, Variables
 Algebraic Expressions
 Factors, Coefficients
 Polynomial, Degree and Types
 Value & Zeroes of Polynomial
 Geometric Meaning of Zero
 Division of Polynomial
  Remainder and Factor Theorem
 Applications
 Algebraic Identities, Factorization
 Types of Factorization

 INTRODUCTION

 Algebra is that branch of mathematics which treats the relation of numbers.

 CONSTANTS AND VARIABLES


In algebra, two types of symbols are used : constants and variables (literals).
 Constant :
It is a symbol whose value always remains the same, whatever the situation be.
3 7
For example: 5, –9, , , , etc.
8 15
 Variable :
 It is a symbol whose value changes according to the situation.
For example : x, y, z, ax, a + x, 5y, – 7x, etc.

 ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSION

(a) An algebraic expression is a collection of terms separated by plus (+) or minus (–) sign. For example : 3x +
5y, 7y – 2x, 2x – ay + az, etc.
(b) The various parts of an algebraic expression that are separated by ‘+’ or ‘–’ sign are called terms.
For example :
Algebraic No. of Terms
expression terms
(i) –32 x 1 –32 x
(ii) 2x + 3y 2 2x and 3y
(iii) ax – 5y + cz 3 ax, –5y and cz
3 y xy 3 y xy
(iv) + – +9 4 , ,–
x 7 8 x 7 8
and 9 and so on.
Types of Algebraic Expressions :
(i) Monomial : An algebraic expression having only one term is called a monomial. For ex. 8y, –7xy, 4x2, abx,
etc. ‘mono’ means ‘one’.
(ii) Binomial : An algebraic expression having two terms is called a binomial. For ex. 8x + 3y, 8x + 3, 8 + 3y, a
+ bz, 9 – 4y, 2x2 – 4z, 6y2 – 5y, etc. ‘bi’ means ‘two’
(iii) Trinomial : An algebraic expression having three terms is called a trinomial. For ex.
ax – 5y + 8z, 3x2 + 4x + 7, 9y2 – 3y + 2x, etc. ‘tri means ‘three’.
(iv) Multimonial : An algebraic expression having two or more terms is called a multimonial.

 FACTORS AND COEFFICIENTS

 Factor :
Each combination of the constants and variables, which form a term, is called a factor.
For examples :
(i) 7, x and 7x are factors of 7x, in which 7 is constant (numerical) factor and x is variable (literal) factor.
(ii) In – 5x2y, the numerical factor is –5 and literal factors are : x, y, xy, x2 and x2y.
 Coefficient :
Any factor of a term is called the coefficient of the remaining term.
For example :
(i) In 7x ; 7 is coefficient of x
(ii) In –5x2y; 5 is coefficient of –x2y; –5 is coefficient of x2y,
Ex. 1 Write the coefficient of :
(i) x2 in 3x3 – 5x2 + 7
(ii) xy in 8xyz
(iii) –y in 2y2 – 6y + 2
 (iv) x0 in 3x + 7
Sol. (i) –5 (ii) 8z (iii) 6
(iv) Since x0 = 1, Therefore
3x + 7 = 3x + 7x0
 coefficient of x0 is 7.

 DEFINITION OF POLYNOMIAL

A polynomial is an algebraic expression in which each variable involved has power (exponent) a whole
number.
For example :
In 3x2 – y5 + 8z, the power of variable x in the term 3x2 is 2, the power of variable in the term
– y5 is 5 and the power of variable z in the term 8z is 1 (z = z1). Therefore, the algebraic expression
3x2 – y5 + 8z is a polynomial.
 Polynomial in one variable :
The algebraic expression like 8x, 7x + 3, 4y – 3,
8x2 + 5, 6 – z2, x2 – 5x + 6, 3y2 + 8y + 9, etc. each of which involves only one variable (literal) are called
polynomials in one variable.
 Polynomials in two or more variables :
An algebraic expression, whose term or involves/involve two or more variables (literals) such that the exponent
of each variable is a whole number, is called a polynomial in two or more variables.
For examples :
(a) 3x2 – 6xy + 8y2 is a polynomial in two variables x and y.
(b) x + xy3 – 8x2yz – 15 is a polynomial in three variables x, y and z.

 DEGREE OF A POLYNOMIAL

The greatest power (exponent) of the terms of a polynomial is called degree of the polynomial.
For example :
(a) In polynomial 5x2 – 8x7 + 3x :
(i) The power of term 5x2 = 2
(ii) The power of term –8x7 = 7
(iii) The power of 3x = 1
Since, the greatest power is 7, therefore degree of the polynomial 5x2 – 8x7 + 3x is 7
(b) The degree of polynomial :
(i) 4y3 – 3y + 8 is 3
(ii) 7p + 2 is 1(p = p1)
(iii) 2m – 7m8 + m13 is 13 and so on.

EXAMPLES 
Ex.2 Find which of the following algebraic expression is a polynomial.
 1
(i) 3x2 – 5x (ii) x +
x

(iii) y–8 (iv) z5 – 3

z +8

Sol. (i) 3x2 – 5x = 3x2 – 5x1

It is a polynomial.
1
(ii) x + = x1 + x–1
x
It is not a polynomial.

(iii) y – 8 = y1/2 – 8

1
Since, the power of the first term ( y ) is , which is not a whole number.
2

(iv) z5 – 3
z + 8 = z5 – z1/3 + 8
Since, the exponent of the second term is
1/3, which in not a whole number. Therefore, the given expression is not a polynomial.
Ex.3 Find the degree of the polynomial :
(i) 5x – 6x3 + 8x7 + 6x2
(ii) 2y12 + 3y10 – y15 + y + 3
(iii) x
(iv) 8
Sol. (i) Since the term with highest exponent (power) is 8x7 and its power is 7.
  The degree of given polynomial is 7.
(ii) The highest power of the variable is 15
  degree = 15.
(iii) x = x1  degree is 1.
(iv) 8 = 8x0  degree = 0

 TYPES OF POLYNOMIALS

(i) Constant Polynomial :
It is a polynomial with degree 0 (zero).
Ex. 20, –8, –1, 1, 5, 7, , etc.
(ii) Linear Polynomial :
It is a polynomial with degree 1 (one).
3 5
Ex. –8x, 3x, x, x + 2 , 3 x–2, 5y – , z + 1 etc.
2 7

(iii) Quadratic Polynomial :

It is a polynomial with degree 2 (two)
 2 2
Ex. 6x2, y2, z, x2 – 3x, x2 – 3, 8 – 3y2,
5
5x2 + 3x + 2, 7 – 2z + z2, etc.
(iv) Cubic Polynomial :
It is a polynomial with degree 3 (three).
Ex. 15y3, x3, 8z3, x3 – 5x2, 3y2 + y3,

2 + 3z – 2z2 + 6z3, 7y – 2 – 12y3, etc.

 VALUES OF A POLYNOMIAL

 For a polynomial f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2.
To find its value at x = 3;
replace x by 3 everywhere.
So, the value of f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2 at x = 3 is
f(3) = 3 × 32 – 4 × 3 + 2
= 27 – 12 + 2 = 17.
Similarly, the value of polynomial
f(x) = 3x2 – 4x + 2,
(i) at x = –2 is f(–2) = 3(–2)2 –4(–2) + 2
= 12 + 8 + 2 = 22
(ii) at x = 0 is f(0) = 3(0)2 – 4(0) + 2
=0–0+2=2
2
1 1 1 1
(iii) at x = is f   = 3   – 4   + 2
2 2 2 2
3 3
= –2+2=
4 4
Ex.4 Find the value of the polynomial 5x – 4x2 + 3 at:
(i) x = 0 (ii) x = –1
Sol. Let p(x) = 5x – 4x2 + 3.
(i) At x = 0, p(0) = 5 × 0 –4 × (0)2 + 3
=0–0+3=3
(ii) At x = –1, p(–1) = 5(–1) –4(–1)2 + 3
= –5 – 4 + 3 = – 6

 ZEROES OF A POLYNOMIAL


 If for x = a, the value of the polynomial p(x) is 0 i.e., p(a) = 0; then x = a is a zero of the polynomial p(x).
For example :
(i) For polynomial p(x) = x – 2; p(2) = 2 – 2 = 0
 x = 2 or simply 2 is a zero of the polynomial
p(x) = x – 2.
 (ii) For the polynomial g(u) = u2 – 5u + 6;
g(3) = (3)2 – 5 × 3 + 6 = 9 – 15 + 6 = 0
  3 is a zero of the polynomial g(u)
= u2 – 5u + 6.
Also, g(2) = (2)2 – 5 × 2 + 6 = 4 – 10 + 6 = 0
  2 is also a zero of the polynomial
g(u) = u2 – 5u + 6
(a) Every linear polynomial has one and only one zero.
(b) A given polynomial may have more than one zeroes.
(c) If the degree of a polynomial is n; the largest number of zeroes it can have is also n.
For example :
If the degree of a polynomial is 5, the polynomial can have at the most 5 zeroes; if the degree of a
polynomial is 8; largest number of zeroes it can have is 8.
(d) A zero of a polynomial need not be 0.
For example : If f(x) = x2 – 4,
then f(2) = (2)2 – 4 = 4 – 4 = 0
Here, zero of the polynomial f(x) = x2 – 4 is 2 which itself is not 0.
(e) 0 may be a zero of a polynomial.
For example : If f(x) = x2 – x,
then f(0) = 02 – 0 = 0
Here 0 is the zero of polynomial f(x) = x2 – x.

EXAMPLES 
Ex.5 Verify whether the indicated numbers are zeroes of the polynomial corresponding to them in the following
cases :
1
(i) p(x) = 3x + 1, x = –
3
(ii) p(x) = (x + 1) (x – 2), x = – 1, 2
(iii) p(x) = x2, x = 0
m
(iv) p(x) = x + m, x = –

1
(v) p(x) = 2x + 1, x =
2
Sol. (i) p(x) = 3x + 1 
 1 1
   p    = 3 × – + 1 = –1 + 1 = 0
 3 3

1
  x = – is a zero of p(x) = 3x + 1.
3
(ii) p(x) = (x + 1) (x – 2) 
   p(–1) = (–1 + 1) (–1 – 2) = 0 × –3 = 0
and, p(2) = (2 + 1) (2 – 2) = 3 × 0 = 0
  x = –1 and x = 2 are zeroes of the given polynomial.
(iii) p(x) = x2   p(0) = 02 = 0
 x = 0 is a zero of the given polynomial
 m  m
(iv) p(x) = x + m  p    =   + m
   
=–m+m=0
m
  x=– is a zero of the given polynomial.


1 1
(v) p(x) = 2x + 1  p   = 2 × +1
2 2

= 1 + 1 = 2 0
1
  x= is not a zero of the given polynomial.
2
Ex.6 Find the zero of the polynomial in each of the following cases :
(i) p(x) = x + 5 (ii) p(x) = 2x + 5
(iii) p(x) = 3x – 2
Sol. To find the zero of a polynomial p(x) means to solve the polynomial equation p(x) = 0.
(i) For the zero of polynomial p(x) = x + 5
p(x) = 0  x + 5 = 0  x = –5
 x = –5 is a zero of the polynomial
p(x) = x + 5.
(ii) p(x) = 0   2x + 5 = 0 
5
   2x = –5 and x =
2
5
 x=– is a zero of p(x) = 2x + 5.
2
(iii) p(x) = 0  3x – 2 = 0  
2
   3x = 2 and x = .
3
2
 x= is zero of p(x) = 3x – 2
3

 GEOMETRIC MEANING OF THE ZEROES OF

 A POLYNOMIAL

Let us consider linear polynomial ax + b. The graph of y = ax + b is a straight line.

For example : The graph of y = 3x + 4 is a straight line passing
through (0, 4) and (2, 10).
 x 0 2
y  3x  4 4 10
Po int s A B

B(2, 10)

A(0, 4)

x O y

(i) Let us consider the graph of y = 2x – 4 intersects the x-axis at x = 2. The zero 2x – 4 is 2. Thus, the zero of the
polynomial 2x – 4 is the x-coordinate of the point where the graph y = 2x – 4 intersects the x-axis.

x 2 0
y  2x  4 0  4
Po int s A B

O A
x' x
–1
–2
–3
–4 B

y'

(ii) A general equation of a linear polynomial is ax + b. The graph of y = ax + b is a straight line which intersects the
b 
x-axis at  , 0 .
 a 

Zero of the polynomial ax + b is the x-coordinate of the point of intersection of the graph with x-axis.
(iii) Let us consider the quadratic polynomial x2 – 4x + 3. The graph of x2 – 4x + 3 intersects the x-axis at the point (1, 0)
and (3, 0). Zeroes of the polynomial
x2 – 4x + 3 are the x-coordinates of the points of intersection of the graph with x-axis.

x 1 2 3 4 5
y  x  4x  3 0  1 0 3 8
2

Po int s A B C D E

The shape of the graph of the quadratic polynomials is  and the curve is known as parabola.
 y

A C
x' O 1 2 3 4 5 x
–1
B
–2
y'

(iv) Now let us consider one more polynomial

–x + 2x + 8. Graph of this polynomial intersects the x-axis at the points (4, 0) (–2, 0).
2

Zeroes of the polynomial –x2 + 2x + 8 are the

x-coordinates of the points at which the graph intersects the x-axis. The shape of the graph of the given quadratic
polynomial is  and the curve is known as parabola.

x  2 1 0 1 2 3 4
y 0 5 8 9 8 7 0
Po int s A B C D E F G

y
D
9 E
8 C
7 F
6
5
4
B 3
2
A 1 G
x' x
–3 –2 –1 O 1 2 3 4

y'

The zeroes of a quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c,

a  0 are the x-coordinates of the points where the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c intersects the x-axis. There are three
types of the graph of y = ax2 + bx + c.
Case I :
Graph of y = ax2 + bx + c intersects the x-axis at two distinct points A and B. The zeroes of the quadratic
polynomial ax2 + bx + c are the x-coordinates of the points A and B.
 y

x' x
O A B

y'

Condition : b 2  4ac  0 and a  0

For example : Quadratic polynomial x2 – 7x + 12

Graph of y = x2 – 7x + 12 will cut x-axis at the two distinct points (3, 0) and (4, 0). Zeroes of the polynomial are
3 and 4.
Case II :
Here the graph intersects the x-axis at exactly one point i.e., at two coincident points. These two coincident points
A and B coincide and becomes one point A. Zero of the quadratic polynomial is the x-coordinate of point A.
y

x' x
O A

y'

Condition : b 2  4ac  0 and a  0

For example : y = (x – 1)2

The graph of y = (x – 1)2 will cut x-axis at one point (1, 0). Zero of the polynomial of the point of intersection
with x-axis.
Case III :
Here the graph of the quadratic equation will not cut the x-axis. Either the graph will be completely above the x-
axis or below the x-axis So the quadratic polynomial ax2 + bx + c has no zero in this case.
For example : y = x2 – 2x + 4
Graph of y = x2 – 2x + 4 will not intersect the
x-axis and the graph will be above the x-axis. The polynomial x2 – 2x + 4 has no zero.
 y

x' x
O

y'
Let y = –x2 + 2x – 2
Graph of y = – x2 + 2x – 2 will not intersect the x-axis and the graph will be below the x-axis.
The polynomial –x2 + 2x – 2 has no zero.
y

x' x
–2 –1 O 1 2 3
–1
–2
–3

y'

In Brief : It means that a polynomial of degree two has at most two zeroes.
Cubic polynomial : Let us find out geometrically how many zeroes a cubic has.
Let consider cubic polynomial x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6.
x 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
y  x 3  6x 2  11x  6  6  1.875 0 0.375 0  0.375 0 1.875 6
Po int s A B C D E F G H I

Case 1 :
The graph of the cubic equation intersects the x-axis at three points (1, 0), (2, 0) and (3, 0). Zeroes of the
given polynomial are the x-coordinates of the points of intersection with the x-axis.
y
6 I
5
4
3
2 D
1 H
C E G
x' x
–2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
–1
B F
–2
–3
–4
–5
–6 A

y'
Case 2 :
 The cubic equation x3 – x2 intersects the x-axis at the point (0, 0) and (1, 0). Zero of a polynomial x3 – x2 are
the x-coordinates of the point where the graph cuts the x-axis.
y

O
x' x

y'
Zeroes of the cubic polynomial are 0 and 1.
Case 3 :
y = x3
Cubic polynomial has only one zero.
y

x' O x

y'
In brief : A cubic equation can have 1 or 2 or 3 zeroes or any polynomial of degree three can have at most
three zeroes.
Remarks : In general, polynomial of degree n, the graph of y = p(x) passes x-axis at most at n points.
Therefore, a polynomial p(x) of degree n has at most n zeroes.

EXAMPLES 
Ex.7 Which of the following correspond to the graph to a linear or a quadratic polynomial and find the number of
zeroes of polynomial.
y y

(i) (ii)
x' x x' x
O O
y' y'
y y

(iii) (iv)
x' x x' x
O O
y' y'
y y
x' O x
(v) (vi)
x' x
O
y' y'
 y
y
x' x
O O
(vii) (viii)
x' x

y'
y'

y y

(ix) (x) x' x

x' x O
O
y' y'
Sol. (i) The graph is a straight line so the graph is of a linear polynomial. The number of zeroes is one as the graph
intersects the x-axis at one point only.
(ii) The graph is a parabola. So, this is the graph of quadratic polynomial. The number of zeroes is zero as the
graph does not intersect the x-axis.
(iii) Here the polynomial is quadratic as the graph is a parabola. The number of zeroes is one as the graph
intersects the x-axis at one point only (two coincident points).
(iv) Here, the polynomial is quadratic as the graph is a parabola. The number of zeroes is two as the graph
intersects the x-axis at two points.
(v) The polynomial is linear as the graph is straight line. The number of zeroes is zero as the graph does not
intersect the x-axis.
(vi) The polynomial is quadratic as the graph is a parabola. The number of zeroes is 1 as the graph intersects the
x-axis at one point (two coincident points) only.
(vii)The polynomial is quadratic as the graph is a parabola. The number of zeroes is zero, as the graph does not
intersect the x-axis.
(viii) Polynomial is neither linear nor quadratic as the graph is neither a straight line nor a parabola is one as the
graph intersects the x-axis at one point only.
(ix) Here, the polynomial is quadratic as the graph is a parabola. The number of zeroes is one as the graph
intersects the x-axis at one point only (two coincident points).
(x) The polynomial is linear as the graph is a straight line. The number of zeroes is one as the graph intersects
the x-axis at only one point.

 WORKING RULE TO DIVIDE A POLYNOMIAL

 BY ANOTHER POLYNOMIAL


Step 1: First arrange the term of dividend and the divisor in the decreasing order of their degrees.
Step 2 : To obtain the first term of quotient divide the highest degree term of the dividend by the highest degree term
of the divisor.
Step 3: To obtain the second term of the quotient, divide the highest degree term of the new dividend obtained as
remainder by the highest degree term of the divisor.
Step 4 : Continue this process till the degree of remainder is less than the degree of divisor.
 Division Algorithm for Polynomial
If p(x) and g(x) are any two polynomials with
g(x)  0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that
 p(x) = q(x) × g(x) + r(x)
where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x).
The result is called Division Algorithm for polynomials.

Dividend  Quotient  Divisor  Remainder

 EXAMPLES 
Ex.8 Divide 3x3 + 16x2 + 21x + 20 by x + 4.
Sol.
3x2 + 4x + 5
3x 3
x+4 3x3 + 16x2 + 21x + 20 First term of q(x) = = 3x2
3
3x + 12x 2 x
– – 4x 2
4x2 + 21x + 20 Second term of q(x) = = 4x
4x2 + 16x x
– –
5x
5x + 20 Third term of q(x) = =5
5x + 20 x
– –
0

Quotient = 3x2 + 4x + 5
Remainder = 0
Ex.9 Apply the division algorithm to find the quotient and remainder on dividing p(x) by g(x) as given below :
p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3, g(x) = x2 – 2
Sol. We have,
p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3 and g(x) = x2 – 2
x–3
x3
x –2 x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3 First term of quotient is 2 = x
2

x3 – 2x x
– +  3x 2
– 3x2 + 7x – 3 Second term of quotient is 2 = –3
– 3x2 +6 x
+ –
7x – 9
We stop here since
degree of (7x – 9) < degree of (x2 – 2)
So, quotient = x – 3, remainder = 7x – 9
Therefore,
Quotient × Divisor + Remainder
= (x – 3) (x2 – 2) + 7x – 9
= x3 – 2x – 3x2 + 6 + 7x – 9
= x3 – 3x2 + 5x – 3 = Dividend
Therefore, the division algorithm is verified.
Ex.10 Apply the division algorithm to find the quotient and remainder on dividing p(x) by g(x) as given below
 p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5, g (x) = x2 + 1 – x
Sol. We have,
p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5, g(x) = x2 + 1 – x
x2 + x – 3
x – x + 1 x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5
2

x4 – x3 + x2
– + –
x3 – 4x2 + 4x + 5
x3 – x2 + x
– + –
–3x2 + 3x + 5
– 3x2 + 3x – 3
+ – +
8

We stop here since

degree of (8) < degree of (x2 – x + 1).
So, quotient = x2 + x – 3, remainder = 8
Therefore,
Quotient × Divisor + Remainder
= (x2 + x – 3) (x2 – x + 1) + 8
= x4 – x3 + x2 + x3 – x2 + x – 3x2 + 3x – 3 + 8
= x4 – 3x2 + 4x + 5 = Dividend
Therefore the Division Algorithm is verified.
Ex.11 Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by applying the division algorithm.
t2 – 3; 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12.
Sol. We divide 2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12by t2 – 3
2t2 + 3t + 4
4 3 2
t2 – 3 2t + 3t – 2t – 9t – 12
4
2t – 6t2
– +
3t + 4t2 + 9t – 12
3

3t3 – 9t
– +
4t2 – 12
4t2 – 12
– +
0

Here, remainder is 0, so t2 – 3 is a factor of

2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12.
2t4 + 3t3 – 2t2 – 9t – 12
= (2t2 + 3t + 4) (t2 – 3)
Ex.12 Check whether first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial by applying the division algorithm.
x2 + 3x + 1, 3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2
Sol. We divide 3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2 by x2 + 3x + 1
3x2 + 4x + 2
4 3 2
x2 – 3x + 1 3x + 5x – 7x + 2x + 2
3x + 9x + 3x2
4 3

– – –
–4x3 – 10x2 + 2x + 2
–4x3 – 12x2 – 4x
+ + +
2x2 + 6x + 2
2x2 + 6x2 + 2
– – –
0

Since, here remainder is zero.

Hence, x2 + 3x + 1 is a factor of
3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2.
Checking
3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2
= (3x2 – 4x + 2) (x2 + 3x + 1) + 0
= 3x4 + 5x3 – 7x2 + 2x + 2 = Dividend

REMAINDER THEOREM AND FACTOR

THEOREM 
Remainder Theorem : Let p(x) be any polynomial of degree greater than or equal to one and let a be any real
number. If p(x) is divided by the linear polynomial x – a, then the remainder is p(a).
Proof : Let p(x) be any polynomial with degree greater than or equal to 1. Suppose that when p(x) is divided by x
– a, the quotient is q(x) and the remainder is r(x), i.e., p(x) = (x – a) q(x) + r(x)
Since the degree of x – a is 1 and the degree of r(x) is less than the degree of x – a, the degree of r(x) = 0. This
means that r(x) is a constant, say r.
So, for every value of x, r(x) = r.
Therefore, p(x) = (x – a) q(x) + r
In particular, if x = a, this equation gives us
p(a) = (a – a) q(a) + r
= r,
which proves the theorem.
Ex.13 Find the remainder when x4 + x3 – 2x2 + x + 1 is divided by x – 1.
Sol. Here, p(x) = x4 + x3 – 2x2 + x + 1, and the zero of x – 1 is 1.
So, p(1) = (1)4 + (1)3 – 2(1)2 + 1 + 1
=2
So, by the Remainder Theorem, 2 is the remainder when x4 + x3 – 2x2 + x + 1 is divided by x – 1. Ans
So, we can say
(i) Remainder obtained on dividing polynomial p(x) by x – a is equal to p(a) .
(ii) If a polynomial p(x) is divided by (x + a) the remainder is the value of p(x) at x = –a.
 (iii) If a polynomial p(x) is divided by (ax –b), the remainder is the value of p(x) at x = b
a
(iv) If a polynomial p(x) is divided by (b–ax), the remainder is equal to the value of p(x) at
x= b .
a
(v) (x–a) is a factor of polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0
(vi) (x + a) is a factor of polynomial p(x) if
p(–a) = 0
(vii) (ax – b) is a factor of polynomial p(x) if
b
p   = 0.
a
(viii) (x – a) (x – b) is a factor of polynomial p(x), if p(a) = 0 and p(b) = 0.

EXAMPLES 
Ex.14 Find the remainder when 4x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 4 is divided by
1
(a) x – 1 (b) x + 2 (c) x +
2
Sol. Let p(x) = 4x3 – 3x2 + 2x – 4
(a) When p(x) is divided by (x–1), then by remainder theorem, the required remainder will be p(1)
p(1) = 4 (1)3 – 3(1)2 + 2(1) – 4
= 4 × 1– 3 × 1 + 2 × 1 – 4
=4–3+2–4=–1
(b) When p(x) is divided by (x + 2), then by remainder theorem, the required remainder will be p (–2).
p(–2) = 4 (–2)3 – 3 (–2)2 + 2(–2) – 4
= 4 × (–8) – 3 × 4 – 4 – 4
= – 32 – 12 – 8 = – 52
 1
(c) When p(x) is divided by,  x   then by remainder theorem, the required remainder will be
 2
3 2
 1  1  1  1
p   = 4  – 3  + 2  – 4
 2  2  2  2

 1 1 1
= 4 ×   – 3 × –2× –4
 8 4 2

1 3 1 3
=– – – 1– 4 = – – 5
2 4 2 4
2  3  20 25
= =
4 4
Ex.15 Determine the remainder when the polynomial p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 2x + 1 is divided by x – 1.
Sol. By remainder theorem, the required remainder is equal to p(1).
Now, p (x) = x4 – 3x2 + 2x + 1
  p(1) = (1)4 – 3×12 + 2 × 1 + 1
 =1–3+2+1=1
Hence required remainder = p(1) = 1
Ex.16 Find the remainder when the polynomial
f(x) = 2x – 6x + 2x – x + 2 is divided by x + 2
4 3 2

Sol. We have, x + 2 = x – (–2). So, by remainder theorem, when f(x) is divided by (x–(–2)) the remainder is
equal to f(–2).
Now, f(x) = 2x4–6x3 + 2x2 –x + 2
 f(–2) = 2 (–2)4 – 6(–2)3 + 2(–2)2 – (–2)+2
 f(–2) = 2×16 – 6 × –8 + 2 × 4 + 2 + 2
  f(–2) = 32 + 48 + 8 + 2 + 2 = 92
Hence, required remainder = 92
Ex.17 Find the remainder when
p(x) = 4x3 – 12x2 + 14x – 3 is divided by
1
g(x) = x –
2

 1 1
Sol. By remainder theorem, we know that p(x) when divided by g(x) =  x   gives a remainder equal to p   .
 2 2

Now, p(x) = 4x3 – 12x2 + 14x – 3

3 3
1 1 1 1
 p   = 4   – 12   + 14   – 3
2 2 2 2

1 4 12 14
 p  = – + –3
2 8 4 2

1 1
 p  = –3+7–3
2 2

1 3
 p  =
2 2

1 3
Hence, required remainder = p   =
2 2

Ex.18 If the polynomials ax3 + 4x2 + 3x – 4

and x – 4x + a leave the same remainder when divided by (x–3), find the value of a.
3

Sol. Let p(x) = ax3 + 4x2 + 3x – 4 and

q(x) = x –4x + a be the given polynomials. The remainders when p(x) and q(x) are divided by (x–3) are p(3)
3
and q(3) respectively.
By the given condition, we have
p(3) = q(3)
 a × 33 + 4×32 + 3× 3– 4 = 33 – 4×3+a
  27a + 36 +9 – 4 = 27 – 12 + a
 26a + 26 = 0
  26a = – 26 
   a=–1
Ex.19 Let R1 and R2 are the remainders when the polynomials x3 + 2x2 –5ax–7 and
x3 + ax2 – 12x + 6 are divided by x + 1 and
x – 2 respectively. If 2R1 + R2 = 6, find the value of a.
Sol. Let p(x) = x3 + 2x2– 5ax – 7 and
q(x) = x3 + ax2– 12x + 6 be the given polynomials.
Now, R1 = Remainder when p(x) is divided by
x+1
  R1 = p(–1)
  R1 = (–1)3 + 2(–1)2 – 5a × – 1– 7

[ p(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 5ax–7]

  R1 = – 1 + 2 + 5a – 7
 R1 = 5a – 6
And, R2 = Remainder when q(x) is divided by
x–2
 R1 = q (2)
 R2 = (2)3 + a × 22 – 12 × 2 + 6

[ q(x) = x3 + ax2 – 12x–6]

   R2 = 8 + 4a – 24 + 6
 R2 = 4a – 10
Substituting the values of R1 and R2 in
2R1 + R2 = 6, we get
2(5a – 6) + (4a – 10) = 6
 10a – 12 + 4a – 10 = 6
 14a – 22 = 6
 14a = 28  
   a=2
Factor Theorem :
If p(x) is a polynomial of degree n  1 and a is any real number, then (i) x – a is a factor of p(x), if p(a) = 0,
and (ii) p(a) = 0, if x – a is a factor of p(x).
Proof : By the Remainder Theorem,
p(x) = (x – a) q(x) + p(a).
(i) If p(a) = 0, then p(x) = (x – a) q(x), which shows that x – a is a factor of p(x).
(ii) Since x – a is a factor of p(x),
p(x) = (x – a) g(x) for same polynomial g(x). In this case, p(a) = (a – a) g(a) = 0.
Ex.20 Examine whether x + 2 is a factor of x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 6 and of 2x + 4.
Sol. The zero of x + 2 is –2. Let p(x) = x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 6 and s(x) = 2x + 4
 Then, p(–2) = (–2)3 + 3(–2)2 + 5(–2) + 6
= –8 + 12 – 10 + 6
=0
So, by the Factor Theorem, x + 2 is a factor of x3 + 3x2 + 5x + 6.
Again, s(–2) = 2(–2) + 4 = 0
So, x + 2 is a factor of 2x + 4. Ans.
To use factor theorem
Step 1 : (x + a) is factor of a polynomial p(x)
if p(–a) = 0.
Step 2 : (ax – b) is a factor of a polynomial p(x)
if p(b/a) = 0
Step 3 : ax + b is a factor of a polynomial p(x) if p(–b/a) = 0.
Step 4 : (x – a) (x – b) is a factor of a
polynomial p(x) if p(a) = 0 and
p(b) = 0.

EXAMPLES 
Ex.21 Use the factor theorem to determine whether
x – 1 is a factor of
(a) x3 + 8x2 – 7x – 2

(b) 2 2 x3 + 5 2 x2 – 7 2
(c) 8x4 + 12x3 – 18x + 14
Sol.(a) Let p(x) = x3 + 8x2 – 7x – 2
By using factor theorem, (x–1) is a factor of p(x) only when p(1) = 0
p (1) = (1)3 + 8(1)2 – 7(1) – 2
=1+8–7–2
=9–9=0
Hence (x – 1) is a factor of p(x).

(b) Let p(x) = 2 2 x3 + 5 2 x2 – 7 2

By using factor theorem, (x–1) is a factor of p(x) only when p(1) = 0.

p(1) = 2 2 (1)3 + 5 2 (1)2 – 7 2

=2 2+5 2–7 2

=7 2 –7 2 =0
Hence (x–1) is a factor of p(x)
(c) Let p(x) = 8x4 + 12x3 – 18 x + 14
By using factor theorem, (x–1) is a factor of p(x) only when p(1) = 0
p(1) = 8(1)4 + 12(1)3 – 18(1) +14
 = 8 + 12 – 18 + 14
= 34 – 18 = 16  0.
Hence (x–1) is not a factor of p(x) .
Ex.22 Factorize each of the following expression, given that x3 + 13 x2 + 32 x + 20. (x+2) is a factor.
Sol. Let p(x) = x3 + 13x2 + 32 x + 20
= (x+2) is a factor of p(x)
p(x) = (x+2) (x2 + 11 x + 10)
= (x + 2) (x2 + 10 x + x + 10)
= (x+2) (x + 10) (x + 1)
Ex.23 Factorize x3 – 23 x2 + 142 x – 120
Sol. Let p(x) = x3 – 23x2 + 142 x – 120
Constant term, p(x) is – 120
±1, ±2, ±3, ±4, ±5, ±10, ±12 ..............±120
P(1) = 1 – 23 + 142 – 120 = 0
 x – 1 is a factor of p(x). We find the other factor by dividing p(x) by (x – 1)
p(x) = (x – 1) (x2 – 22x + 120)
= (x– 1) (x2 – 10x – 12x + 120)
= (x – 1) [x(x –10) – 12(x–10))
= (x – 1) (x–10) (x– 12)
Ex.24 Show that (x – 3) is a factor of the polynomial
x – 3x + 4x – 12
3 2

Sol. Let p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 12 be the given polynomial. By factor theorem, (x – a) is a factor of a polynomial
p(x) iff p(a) = 0. Therefore, in order to prove that x – 3 is a factor of p(x), it is sufficient to show that
p(3) = 0. Now,
p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 12
  p(3) = 33 – 3 × 32 + 4 × 3 – 12
= 27 – 27 + 12 – 12 = 0
Hence, (x – 3) is a factor of
p(x) = x3 – 3x2 + 4x – 12.
Ex.25 Show that (x – 1) is a factor of x10 – 1 and also of x11 – 1.
Sol. Let f(x) = x10 – 1 and g(x) = x11 – 1.
In order to prove that (x – 1) is a factor of
both f(x) and g(x), it is sufficient to show that
f(1) = 0 and g(1) = 0.
Now, f(x) = x10 – 1 and g(x) = x11 – 1
 f(1) = 110 – 1 = 0 and g(1) = 111 – 1 = 0
  (x – 1) is a factor of both f(x) and g(x)
Ex.26 Show that x + 1 and 2x – 3 are factors of
2x – 9x + x + 12.
3 2

Sol. Let p(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + x + 12 be the given polynomial. In order to prove that x + 1 and
2x – 3 are factors of p(x), it is sufficient to show that p(–1) and p(3/2) both are equal to zero.
Now, p(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 + x + 12
 p(–1) = 2 × (–1)3 – 9 × (–1)2 + (–1) + 12
3 3
3 3 3 3
and, p   = 2 ×   – 9 ×   + + 12
2 2 2 2

 p(–1) = –2 – 9 –1 + 12 and
3 54 81 3
p  = – + + 12
2 8 4 2

 p(–1) = –12 + 12 and

3 54  162  12  96
p =
2 8

3
  p(–1) = 0 and p   = 0
2
Hence, (x + 1) and (3x – 2) are factors of the given polynomial.
Ex.27 Find the value of k, if x + 3 is a factor of
3x2 + kx + 6.
Sol. Let p(x) = 3x2 + kx + 6 be the given polynomial. Then, (x + 3) is a factor of p(x)
 p(–3) = 0
  3(–3)2 + k × (–3) + 6 = 0
 27 – 3k + 6 = 0
  33 – 3k = 0  k = 11
Hence, x + 3 is a factor of 3x2 + kx + 6 if k = 11.
Ex.28 If ax3 + bx2 + x – 6 has x + 2 as a factor and leaves a remainder 4 when divided by (x – 2), find the values of
a and b.
Sol. Let p(x) = ax3 + bx2 + x – 6 be the given polynomial. Then, (x + 2) is a factor of p(x)
  p(–2) = 0 [ x + 2 = 0 x = –2]
 a(–2)3 + b(–2)2 + (–2) – 6 = 0
 –8a + 4b – 2 – 6 = 0  –8a + 4b = 8
 –2a + b = 2 ....(i)
It is given that p(x) leaves the remainder 4 when it is divided by (x – 2). Therefore,
p(2) = 4 [ x – 2 = 0  x = 2]
 a(2)3 + b(2)2 + 2 – 6 = 4
 8a + 4b – 4 = 4   8a + 4b = 8
  2a + b = 2 ....(ii)
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
 2b = 4   b = 2
Putting b = 2 in (i), we get
–2a + 2 = 2  –2a = 0  a = 0.
Hence, a = 0 and b = 2.
1
Ex.29 If both x – 2 and x – are factors of
2
px2 + 5x + r, show that p = r.
1
Sol. Let f(x) = px2 + 5x + r be the given polynomial. Since x – 2 and x – are factors of f(x). Therefore,
2

1
f(2) = 0 and f   = 0
2

 1 1
 x  2  0  x  2 and x  2  0  x  2 
 

 p × 22 + 5 × 2 + r = 0 and
2
1 1
p  + 5 × +r=0
2 2

p 5
 4p + 10 + r = 0 and + +r=0
4 2
p  4r  10
  4p + r = – 10 and =0
4
  4p + r = – 10 and p + 4r + 10 = 0
  4p + r = – 10 and p + 4r = –10
  4p + r = p + 4r
[RHS of the two equations are equal]
  3p = 3r  p = r
Ex.30 If x2 – 1 is a factor of ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e, show that a + c + e = b + d = 0.
Sol. Let p(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e be the given polynomial. Then, (x2 – 1) is a factor of p(x)
 (x – 1) (x + 1) is a factor of p (x)
 (x – 1) and (x + 1) are factors of p(x)
  p(1) = 0 and p(–1) = 0
[ x – 1 = 0 x = 1 and x + 1 = 0 x = – 1]
a + b + c + d + e = 0 and a – b + c – d + e = 0
Adding and subtracting these two equations, we get 2(a + c + e) = 0 and 2(b + d) = 0
 a + c + e = 0 and b + d = 0
 a + c + e = b + d = 0
Ex.31 Using factor theorem, show that a – b, b – c and c – a are the factors of
a(b2 – c2) + b(c2 – a2) + c(a2 – b2).
Sol. By factor theorem, a – b will be a factor of the given expression if it vanishes by substituting
a = b in it.
Substituting a = b in the given expression, we have
a(b2 – c2) + b(c2 – a2) + c(a2 – b2)
= b(b2 – c2) + b(c2 – b2) + c(b2 – b2)
= b3 – bc2 + bc2 – b3 + c(b2 – b2) = 0
 (a – b) is a factor of
a(b2 – c2) + b(c2 – a2) + c(a2 – b2).
Similarly, we can show that (b – c) and (c – a) are also factors of the given expression.
Hence, (a – b), (b – c) and (c – a) are also factors of the given expression.

 APPLICATION OF REMAINDER THEOREM

 IN THE FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS 

(i) Obtain the polynomial p(x)

(ii) Obtain the constant term in p(x) and find its all possible factors. For example, in the polynomial
x4 + x3 – 7x2 – x + 6 the constant term is 6 and its factors are ± 1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6.
(iii) Take one of the factors, say a and replace
x by it in the given polynomial. If the polynomial reduces to zero, then (x – a) is a factor of polynomial.
(iv) Obtain the factors equal in no. to the degree of polynomial. Let these are (x–a), (x–b), (x–c.).....
(v) Write p(x) = k (x–a) (x–b) (x–c) ..... where k is constant.
(vi) Substitute any value of x other than a,b,c ...... and find the value of k.

EXAMPLES 
Ex.32 Factorize x2 +4 + 9 z2 + 4x – 6 xz – 12 z
Sol. The presence of the three squares viz.x2, (2)2, and (3z)2 gives a clue that identity (vii) could be used. So we
write.
A = x2 + (2)2 + (3z)2 + 4x – 6 xz – 12 z
We note that the last two of the product terms are negative and that both of these contain z. Hence we write
A as
A = x2 + (2)2 + (–3z)2 + 2.2x – 2.x.(–3z) +
2.2 (– 3z) = (x+2 – 3z)2
= (x + 2 – 3z) (x + 2 – 3z)
Ex.33 Using factor theorem, factorize the polynomial x3 – 6x2 + 11 x – 6.
Sol. Let f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6
The constant term in f(x) is equal to – 6 and factors of – 6 are ±1, ± 2, ± 3, ± 6.
Putting x = 1 in f(x), we have
f(1) = 13 – 6 ×12 + 11× 1– 6
= 1 – 6 + 11– 6 = 0
  (x– 1) is a factor of f(x)
Similarly, x – 2 and x – 3 are factors of f(x).
Since f(x) is a polynomial of degree 3. So, it can not have more than three linear factors.
 Let f(x) = k (x–1) (x– 2) (x – 3). Then,
x3– 6x2 + 11x – 6 = k(x–1) (x– 2) (x– 3)
Putting x = 0 on both sides, we get
– 6 = k (0 – 1) (0 – 2) (0 – 3)
  –6=–6k k=1
Putting k = 1 in f(x) = k (x– 1) (x– 2) (x–3), we get
f(x) = (x–1) (x– 2) (x – 3)
Hence, x3–6x2 + 11x – 6 = (x– 1) (x – 2) (x–3)
Ex.34 Using factor theorem, factorize the polynomial x4 + x3 – 7x2 – x + 6.
Sol. Let f(x) = x4 + x3– 7x2 –x + 6
the factors of constant term in f(x) are ±1, ±2, ±3 and ± 6
Now,
f (1) = 1+ 1 – 7 – 1 + 6 = 8 – 8 = 0
  (x – 1) is a factor of f(x)
f (–1) = 1– 1 – 7 + 1 + 6 = 8 – 8 = 0
  x +1 is a factor of f(x)
f(2) = 24+23 – 7 × 22 – 2 + 6
= 16 + 8 – 28 – 2 + 6 = 0
  x–2 is a factor of f(x)
f(–2) = (–2)4+(–2)3 – 7(–2)2 –(–2) + 6
= 16 – 8 – 28 + 2 + 6 = –12 0
  x + 2 is not a factor of f(x)
f(–3) = (–3)4+(–3)3 – 7(–3)2 –(–3) + 6
= 81 – 27 – 63 + 3 + 6 = 90 – 90 = 0
 x + 3 is a factor of f (x)
Since f(x) is a polynomial of degree 4. So, it cannot have more than 4 linear factors
Thus, the factors of f (x) are (x–1), (x+1),
(x–2) and (x+3).
Let f(x) = k (x–1) (x+1) (x–2) (x + 3)
 x4 + x3 – 7x2 – x + 6
= k (x–1) (x +1) (x – 2) (x + 3)
Putting x = 0 on both sides, we get
6 = k (–1) (1) (–2) (3)  6 = 6 k  k = 1
Substituting k = 1 in (i), we get
x4 + x3 – 7x2 – x + 6 = (x–1) (x +1) (x–2) (x+3)
Ex.35 Factorize, 2x4 + x3 – 14x2 – 19x – 6
Sol. Let f(x) = 2x4 + x3 – 14x2 – 19x – 6 be the given polynomial. The factors of the constant term – 6 are ±1, ±2,
±3 and ±6, we have,
f(–1) = 2(–1)4 + (–1)3 – 14(–1)2 – 19(–1)– 6
 = 2 – 1 – 14 + 19 – 6 = 21 – 21 = 0
and,
f(–2) = 2(–2)4 + (–2)3 – 14(–2)2 – 19(–2)– 6
= 32 – 8 – 56 + 38 – 6 = 0
So, x + 1 and x + 2 are factors of f(x).
 (x + 1) (x + 2) is also a factor of f(x)
  x2 + 3x + 2 is a factor of f(x)
Now, we divide
f(x) = 2x4 +x3 – 14x2–19x – 6 by
x2 + 3x + 2 to get the other factors.
2x 2 – 5x –3
x2 + 3x + 2 2x4 + x3 – 14x2 – 19x – 6
2x4 + 6x3 + 4x2
– – –
– 5x – 18x2 – 19x – 6
3

– 5x3– 15x2 – 10x

+ + +
– 3x2– 9x – 6
– 3x2– 9x – 6
+ + +
0
  2x4 +x3 – 14x2–19x – 6
= (x2 + 3x + 2) (2x2–5x – 3)
= (x + 1) (x + 2) (2x2– 5x–3)
Now 2x2– 5x – 3 = 2x2 – 6x + x – 3
= 2x (x – 3) + 1(x – 3)
= (x – 3) (2x + 1)
Hence, 2x4 +x3 – 14x2–19x – 6
= (x + 1) (x + 2) (x – 3) (2x+1)
Ex.36 Factorize, 9z3 – 27z2 – 100 z+ 300, if it is given that (3z+10) is a factor of it.
Sol. Let us divide 9z3 – 27z2 – 100 z+ 300 by
3z + 10 to get the other factors
 3z2 – 19z +30
3z + 10 9z3 – 27z2– 100z + 300
9z3 + 30z2
– –
– 57z2– 100z + 300
– 57z2– 190z
+ +
90 z + 300
90 z + 300
– –
0

   9z3 – 27z2 – 100 z+ 300

= (3z + 10) (3z2–19z + 30)
= (3z + 10) (3z2–10z – 9z + 30)
= (3z + 10) {(3z2–10z) – (9z – 30)}
= (3z + 10) {z(3z–10) – 3(3z–10)}
= (3z + 10) (3z–10) (z–3)
Hence, 9z3–27z2–100z+ 300
= (3z + 10) (3z–10) (z–3)
Ex.37 Simplify :
4x  2 3 8x  3
+ –
x x2
2
2x  7 x  6
2
2x 2  x  3

2(2x  1) 3 8x  3
Sol. + –
( x  2) ( x  1) (2x  3) ( x  2) (2x  3) ( x  1)

The L.C.M. of the factors in the denominator is (x – 2) (x + 1) (2x – 3)

The given expression can be reduced to
2(2x  1) (2x  3)  3( x  1)  (8x  3)( x  2)
( x  2)( x  1) (2x  3)

2(4x 2  8x  3)  3( x  1)  (8x 2  13x  6)

=
( x  2)( x  1) (2x  3)

15
=
( x  2)( x  1) (2x  3)

Ex.38 Establish the identity

6x 2  11x  8 2
= (2x+5) +
3x  2 3x  2
Sol. 3x– 2 ) 6x2 + 11x – 8 ( 2x + 5
6x2 – 4x
 15x – 8
15x – 10

2
6x 2  11x  8 2
 = (2x + 5) +
3x  2 3x  2

 ALGEBRAIC IDENTITIES

(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 = (–a – b)2

(a – b) 2 = a2 – 2ab + b2
(a – b) (a + b) = a2 – b2
(a + b + c) 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(a + b – c) 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab – 2bc – 2ca
(a – b + c) 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab – 2bc + 2ca
(–a + b + c) 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab + 2bc – 2ca
(a – b – c) 2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – 2ab + 2bc – 2ca
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
(a – b) 3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
a3 + b3 = (a + b)3 – 3ab(a + b)
= (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
a – b = (a – b)3 + 3ab(a – b)
3 3

= (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
a + b + c3 – 3abc
3 3

= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
if a + b + c = 0 then a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc

EXAMPLES 
Ex.39 Expand each of the following :
2
x y
(i) (3x – 4y)2 (ii)   
2 3
Sol. (i) We have,
(3x – 4y)2 = (3x)2 – 2 × 3x × 4y + (4y)2
= 9x2 – 24xy + 16y2
(ii) We have,
2 2 2
x y x x y y
   =   + 2 × × + 
2 3 2 2 3 3

x2 1 y2
= + xy +
4 3 9
Ex.40 Find the products :
(i) (2x + 3y) (2x – 3y)
 1  1  1  4 1 
(ii)  x    x    x 2   x  4 
 x  x  x2   x 
Sol.(i) We have,
(2x + 3y) (2x – 3y)
 = (2x)2 – (3y)2 [Using: (a + b)(a – b) = a2 – b2]
= (2x)2 – (3y)2 = 4x2 – 9y2
(ii) We have,
 1  1  2 1   4 1 
x   x   x  2  x  4 
 x  x  x  x 

 1  2 1  4 1 
= x2   x  2  x  4 
 x2   x  x 


  1 
2
 4 1 
= ( x 2 ) 2     x  4 

  x2  
 x 
2
 1  4 1   1 
= x4    x  4  = (x4)2 –  4 
 x 
4
x  x 
1
= x8 –
x8
Ex.41 Evaluate each of the following by using identities :
(i) 103 × 97 (ii) 103 × 103
(iii) (97)2 (iv) 185 × 185 – 115 × 115
Sol. (i) We have,
103 × 97 = (100 + 3) (100 – 3)
= (100)2 – (3)2 = 10000 – 9 = 9991
(ii) We have,
103 × 103 = (103)2
= (100 + 3)2 = (100)2 + 2 × 100 × 3 + (3)2
= 10000 + 600 + 9 = 10609
(iii) We have,
(97)2 = (100 – 3)2
= (100)2 – 2 × 100 × 3 + (3)2
= 10000 – 600 + 9 = 9409
(iv) We have,
185 × 185 – 115 × 115
= (185)2 – (115)2 = (185 + 115) (185 – 115)
= 300 × 70 = 21000
1 1
Ex.42 If x + = 6, find : x4 + 4
x x
Sol. We have,
2
1  1 
x2 + = 34   x 2   = (34)2
x2  x2 
2
 1  1
  (x2)2 +   + 2 × x2 × 2 = 1156
x 
2
x
 1 1
 x4 + + 2 = 1156  x4 + = 1156 – 2
x4 x4
1
  x4 + = 1154
x4
1 1
Ex.43 If x2 + 2
= 27, find the value of the x –
x x
Sol. We have,
2
 1 1 1
 x   = x2 – 2 × x × + 2
 x  x x
2
 1 1
   x   = x2 – 2 +
 x x2
2
 1 1
   x   = x2 + 2 – 2
 x x
2
 1
   x   =27–2
 x

 1 
 x  2  27 (given )
2
 x 
2
 1
   x   = 25
 x
2
 1 1
   x   = (±5)2  x – = ±5
 x x
Ex.44 If x + y = 12 and xy = 32, find the value of
x2 + y2.
Sol. We have,
(x + y)2 = x2 + y2 + 2xy
 144 = x2 + y2 + 2 × 32
[Putting x + y = 12 and xy = 32]
 144 = x2 + y2 + 64
 144 – 64 = x2 + y2
 x2 + y2 = 80
Ex. 45 Prove that :
2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca
= [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
Sol. We have,
L.H.S. = 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca
= (a2 – 2ab + b2) + (b2 – 2bc + c2)
+ (c2 – 2ca + a2) [Re-arranging the terms]
 = (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 = R.H.S.
Hence, 2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca
= [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
Ex.46 If a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = 0, prove that
a = b = c.
Sol. We have,
If a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = 0
2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab – 2bc – 2ca = 2 × 0
[Multiplying both sides by 2]
 (a2 – 2ab + b2) + (b2 – 2bc + c2)
+ (c2 – 2ac + a2) = 0
 (a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2 = 0
  a – b = 0, b – c = 0, c – a = 0
[Sum of positive quantities is zero if
and only if each quantity is zero]
  a = b, b = c and c = a
  a=b=c

EXAMPLES 
Ex.47 Write the following in expanded form :
(i) (9x + 2y + z)2 (ii) (3x + 2y – z)2
(iii) (x – 2y – 3z)2 (iv) (–x + 2y + z)2
Sol. Using the identity
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(i) We have,
(9x + 2y + z)2
= (9x)2 + (2y)2 + z2 + 2 × 9x × 2y
+ 2 × 2y × z + 2 × 9x × z
= 81x2 + 4y2 + z2 + 36xy + 4yz + 18xz
(ii) We have,
(3x + 2y – z)2
= [3x + 2y + (–z)]2
= (3x)2 + (2y)2 + (–z)2 + 2 × 3x × 2y
+ 2 × 2y × (– z) + 2 × 3x × (–z)
= 9x2 + 4y2 + z2 + 12xy – 4yz – 6xz
(iii) We have,
(x – 2y – 3z)2
 = [x + (–2y) + (–3z)]2
= x2 + (–2y)2 + (–3z)2 + 2 × x × (–2y)
+ 2 × (–2y) × (–3z) + 2 × (–3z) × x
= x2 + 4y2 + 9z2 – 4xy + 12yz – 6zx
(iv) We have,
(–x + 2y + z)2
= [(–x) + 2y + z]2
= (–x)2 + (2y)2 + z2 + 2 × (–x) × (2y)
+ 2 × 2y × z + 2 × (–x) × z
= x2 + 4y2 + z2 – 4xy + 4yz – 2zx
Ex.48 If a2 + b2 + c2 = 20 and a + b + c = 0, find
ab + bc + ca.
Sol. We have,
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
 (a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
 02 = 20 + 2 (ab + bc + ca)
 –20 = 2(ab + bc + ca)
20  2(ab  bc  ca ) 
 – =  
2  2 

  ab + bc + ca = – 10
Ex.49 If a + b + c = 9 and ab + bc + ca = 40,
find a2 + b2 + c2.
Sol. We know that
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
  92 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 × 40
  81 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 80 
   a2 + b2 + c2 = 1
Ex.50 If a2 + b2 + c2 = 250 and ab + bc + ca = 3, find a + b + c.
Sol. We know that
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2(ab + bc + ca)
 (a + b + c)2 = 250 + 2 × 3
 (a + b + c)2 = 256
 (a + b + c)2 = (± 16)2
[Taking square root of both sides]
 a + b + c = ± 16

EXAMPLES 
Ex.51 Write each of the following in expanded form:
(i) (2x + 3y)3 (ii) (3x – 2y)3
Sol.(i) Replacing a by 2x and b by 3y in the identity
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab(a + b), we have
(2x + 3y)3 = (2x)3 + (3y)3 + 3 × 2x × 3y × (2x + 3y)
= 8x3 + 273 + 18xy × 2x + 18xy × 3y
= 8x3 + 27y3 + 36x2y + 54xy2
(ii) Replacing a by 3x and b by 2y in the identity
(a – b) = a – b – 3ab(a – b), we have
3 3 3

(3x – 2y)3= (3x)3 – (2y)3 – 3 × 3x × 2y ×

(3x – 2y)
= 27x3 – 8y3 – 18xy × (3x – 2y)
= 27x3 – 8y3 – 54x2y + 36xy2
Ex.52 If x + y = 12 and xy = 27, find the value of
3 3
x +y .
Sol. We know that
(x + y)3 = x3 + y3 + 3xy(x + y)
Putting x + y = 12 and xy = 27 in the above identity, we get
123 = x3 + y3 + 3 × 27 × 12
  1728 = x3 + y3 + 972
 x3 + y3 = 1728 – 972
  x3 + y3 = 756
Ex.53 If x – y = 4 and xy = 21, find the value of
x3 – y3.
Sol. We know that
(x – y)3 = x3 – y3 –3xy(x – y)
Putting x – y = 4 and xy = 21, we get
43 = x3 – y3 – 3 × 21 × 4
 64 = x3 – y3 – 252 64 + 252 = x3 – y3
  x3 – y3 = 316
1 1
Ex.54 If x + = 7, find the value of x3 + 3 .
x x
Sol. We have,
3
 1 1 1  1
 x   = x3 + 3 + 3 × x × x  
 x x x  x
3
 1 1  1
   x   = x3 + + 3x  
 x x 3
 x
 1
Putting x + = 7, we get
x
1
73 = x3 + +3×7
x3
1
  343 = x3 + + 21
x3
1 1
  x3 + 3
= 343 – 21 x3 + = 322
x x3
Ex.55 If a + b = 10 and a2 + b2 = 58, find the value of a3 + b3.
Sol. We know that
(a + b)2 = a2 + b2 + 2ab
Putting a + b = 10 and a2 + b2 = 58, we get
102 = 58 + 2 ab  100 = 58 + 2ab
  100 – 58 = 2ab  42 = 2ab
  ab = 21 Thus, we have
a + b = 10 and ab = 21 Now,
(a + b)3 = a3 + b3 + 3ab (a + b)
  103 = a3 + b3 + 3 × 21 × 10
[Putting a + b = 10 and ab = 21]
  1000 = a3 + b3 + 630
 1000 – 630 = a3 + b3
  a3 + b3 = 370
1 1
Ex.56 If x2 + 2
= 7, find the value of x3 + .
x x3
Sol. We have,
2
 1 1 1
 x   = x2 + 2 + 2 × x ×
 x x x
2
 1 1
  x   = x2 + +2
 x x2
2
 1  1 
   x   = 7 + 2 Putting x 2   7
 x  x2 
2 2
 1  1
   x   = 9   x   = 32
 x  x

1
  x + =3
x
[Taking square root of both sides]
 3
 1
   x   = 33 [Cubing both sides]
 x

1  1
  x3 + + 3  x   = 27
x 3
 x

 1 
   x 3   + 3 × 3 = 27
 x3 

1 1
  x3 + 3
= 27 – 9  x3 + = 18
x x3
1 1
Ex.57 If x4 + 4
= 47. Find the value of x3 + .
x x3
Sol. We know that
2
 2 1  1 1
 x  2  = x4 + 4 + 2 × x2 + 2
 x  x x
2
 1   1 
   x 2  2  =  x 4  4  + 2
 x   x 
2
 1   1 
   x 2   = 47 +2 Putting x  4  47
4
 x 
2
 x 
2
 1  1
   x 2   = 72 x2 + 2 = 7
 x 
2
x
[Taking square root of both sides]
2
 1 1
Now,  x   = x2 + 2 + 2
 x  x
2
 1  1 
   x   = 7 + 2 u sin g : x 2  2  7
 x  x  
2
 1 1
   x   = 32  x + =3
 x x
3
 1
   x   = 33 [Cubing both sides]
 x

1  1
 x3 + + 3  x   = 27
x 3
 x

1  1 
 x3 + + 3 × 3 = 27 Putting x   3
x 3
 x 
1 1
 x3 + 3
= 27 – 9  x3 + = 18
x x3
Ex.58 If a + b = 10 and ab = 21, find the value of
a3 + b3.
Sol. We know that
 a3 + b3 = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
= (a + b) (a2 + 2ab + b2 – 2ab – ab)
[Adding and subtracting 2ab in the second bracket]
= (a + b) [(a + b)2 – 3ab]
= 10 × (102 – 3 × 21)
= 10 × (100 – 63) = 10 × 37 = 370.
Ex.59 If a – b = 4 and ab = 45, find the value of
a3 – b3.
Sol. We have, a3 – b3 = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
= (a – b) (a2 – 2ab + b2 + 2ab + ab)
= (a – b) {(a – b)2 + 3ab}
= 4 × (42 + 3 × 45) = 4 × (16 + 135)
= 4 × 151 = 604.

EXAMPLES 
Ex.60 If a + b + c = 0, then prove that
a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
Sol. We know that
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3 abc
= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
putting a + b + c = 0 on R.H.S., we get
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 0
  a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
Ex.61 Find the following product :
(x + y + 2z) (x2 + y2 + 4z2 – xy – 2yz – 2zx)
Sol. We have,
(x + y + 2z) (x2 + y2 + 4z2 – xy – 2yz – 2zx)
= (x + y + 2z) (x2 + y2 + (2z)2 – x × y
– y × 2z – 2z × x)
= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca),
where a = x, b = y, c = 2z
= a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
= x3 + y3 + (2z)3 – 3 × x × y × 2z
= x3 + y3 + 8z3 – 6xyz
Ex.62 If a + b + c = 6 and ab + bc + ca = 11, find the value of a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc.
Sol. We know that
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
= (a + b + c) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
  a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc =
(a + b + c) {(a2 + b2 + c2) – (ab + bc + ca)}...(i)
Clearly, we require the values of a + b + c,
a2 + b2 + c2 and ab + bc + ca to obtain the value of a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc. We are given the values of a + b + c
and ab + bc + ca. So, let us first obtain the value of a2 + b2 + c2.
We know that
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2ab + 2bc + 2ca
(a + b + c)2 = (a2 + b2 + c2) + 2(ab + bc + ca)
 62 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 × 11
[Putting the values of a + b + c and ab + bc + ca]
 36 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 22
 a2 + b2 + c2 = 36 – 22
 a2 + b2 + c2 = 14
Now, putting a + b + c = 6, ab + bc + ca = 1 and a2 + b2 + c2 = 14 in (i), we get
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc = 6 × (14 – 11)
= 6 × 3 = 18.
Ex.63 If x + y + z = 1, xy + yz + zx = –1 and
xyz = –1, find the value of x + y + z .
3 3 3

Sol. We know that :

x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
= (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – yz – zx)
  x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
= (x + y + z) (x2 + y2 + z2 + 2xy + 2yz
+ 2zx – 3xy – 3yz – 3zx)
[Adding and subtracting 2xy + 2yz + 2zx]
  x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz
= (x + y + z) {(x + y + z)2 – 3(xy + yz + zx)}
x3 + y3 + z3 – 3 × –1 = 1 × {(1)2 – 3 × –1}
[Putting the values of x + y + z, xy + yz +
zx and xyz]
 x3 + y3 + z3 + 3 = 4
 x3 + y3 + z3 = 4 – 3
 x3 + y3 + z3 = 1

 TYPES OF FACTORIZATION

 Type I : Factorization by taking out the common factors.

Ex.64 Factorize the following expression :
2x2 y + 6xy2 + 10x2y2
Sol. 2x2 y + 6xy2 + 10x2y2 = 2xy(x + 3y + 5xy)

 Type II : Factorization by grouping the terms.

Ex.65 Factorize the following expression :
a2 – b + ab – a
Sol. a2 – b + ab – a
= a2 + ab – b – a = (a2 + ab) – (b + a)
= a (a + b) – (a + b) = (a + b) (a – 1)

 Type III : Factorization by making a perfect square.

Ex.66 Factorize of the following expression :
9x2 + 12xy + 4y2
Sol. 9x2 + 12xy + 4y2
= (3x)2 + 2 × (3x) × (2y) + (2y)2
= (3x + 2y)2
Ex.67 Factorize of the following expression :

x2 y2
+2+ , x 0, y 0
y2 x 2

x2 y2
Sol. +2+
y 2
x 2
2 2 2
x x  y  y x y
=   + 2   .   +   =   
y y x x y x
Ex.68 Factorize of the following expression
2
 1  1
 5x   + 4  5x   + 4, x 0
 x  x
2
 1  1
Sol. =  5x   + 4  5x   + 4
 x  x
2
 1  1
=  5x   + 2 ×  5x   × 2 + 22
 x  x
2
 1 
=  5x   2
 x 
 Type IV : Factorizing by difference of two squares.
Ex.69 Factorize
(a) 2x2y + 6 xy2 + 10 x2y2
(b) 2x4 + 2x3y + 3xy2 + 3y3
Sol. (a) 2x2y + 6 xy2 + 10 x2y2
= (2xy) (x + 3y + 5xy)
(b) 2x4 + 2x3y + 3xy2 + 3y3
= (2x4 + 2x3y) + (3xy2 + 3y3)
= (2x3 + 3y2) (x + y)
Ex.70 Factorize 4x2 + 12 xy + 9 y2
Sol. Note that 4x2 = (2x)2 = a2 say, and
9y 2 = (3y)2 = b 2 say, where a = 2x and
b = 3y. This suggests the use of identity (i) may be used and the given expression is equal to
(a + b)2. Hence
4 x2 + 12 xy + 9 y2
= (2x)2 + 2 (x) (3y) + (3y)2
= (2x + 3y)2
= (2x + 3y) (2x + 3y)
If the expression A can be reduced to an expression, three of whose terms are the squares of some
expression, then the identity (vii) may be useful.
Ex.71 Factorize each of the following expressions :
(i) 9x2 – 4y2
(ii) x3 – x
Sol. (i) 9x2 – 4y2 = (3x)2 – (2y)2
= (3x +2y) (3x–2y)
(ii) x3 – x = x (x2 –1)
= x(x–1) (x+1)
Ex.72 Factorize each of the following expressions :
(i) 36x2 – 12x + 1 – 25y2
9
(ii) a2 – ,a0
a2
Sol. (i) 36x2 – 12x + 1 – 25y2
= (6x)2 – 2 × 6x × 1 + 12– (5y)2
= (6x–1)2 – (5y)2
= {(6x – 1)– 5y} {(6x– 1) + 5y}
= (6x – 1 – 5y) (6x – 1 + 5y)
= (6x – 5y – 1) (6x + 5y – 1)
2
9 3
(ii) a2 – = (a)2 –  
a2 a

 3  3
= a   a  
 a a

Ex.73 Factorize the following algebraic expression :

 x4 – 81y4
Sol. x4 – 81y4 = [(x)2]2 – (9y2)2
= (x2 – 9y2) (x2 + 9y2)
= {x2 – (3y)2} (x2 + 9y2)
= (x– 3y) (x + 3y) (x2 + 9y2)
Ex.74 Factorize the following expression:
x(x+z) – y (y+z)
Sol. x(x+z) – y (y+z) = (x2 – y2) + (xz–yz)
= (x–y) (x+y) + z (x–y)
= (x–y) {(x+y) + z}
= (x–y) (x+ y + z)
Ex.75 Factorize the following expression :
x4 + x2 + 1
Sol. x4 + x2 + 1 = (x4 + 2x2 +1) – x2
= (x2 +1)2 – x2 = (x2 + 1 – x) (x2 + 1+x)
= (x2–x + 1) (x2 + x + 1)

 Type V : Factorizing the sum and difference of cubes of two quantities.

(i) (a3 + b3) = (a + b) (a2 – ab + b2)
(iI) (a3 – b3) = (a – b) (a2 + ab + b2)
Ex.76 Factorize the following expression :
a3 + 27
Sol. a3 + 27 = a3 + 33 = (a + 3) (a2 –3a +9)
Ex.77 Simplify : (x+ y)3 – (x –y)3 – 6y(x2 – y2)
Sol. Let x + y = a and x – y = b.
Then, ab = (x+y) (x–y) = x2–y2 and
a – b = (x+y) – (x–y) = 2y
  (x+y)3 – (x–y)3 – 6y (x2–y2)
= a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b) = (a – b)3
= {(x+y) – (x–y)}3 = (2y)3 = 8y3

 FACTORIZATION OF THE QUADRATIC

 POLYNOMIAL BY SPLITTING THE
MIDDLE TEAM

 Type I : Factorization of Quadratic polynomials of the form x2 + bx + c.

(i) In order to factorize x2 + bx + c we have to find numbers p and q such that p + q = b and pq = c.
(ii) After finding p and q, we split the middle term in the quadratic as px + qx and get desired factors by
grouping the terms.

EXAMPLES 
Ex.78 Factorize each of the following expressions :
(i) x2 + 6x + 8 (ii) x2 + 4x –21
Sol. (i) In order to factorize x2 + 6x + 8, we find two numbers p and q such that p + q = 6 and
pq = 8.
Clearly, 2 + 4 = 6 and 2 × 4 = 8.
We know split the middle term 6x in the given quadratic as 2x + 4x, so that
x2 + 6x + 8 = x2 + 2x + 4x + 8
= (x2 + 2x) + (4x + 8)
= x (x + 2) + 4 (x+ 2)
= (x + 2) (x + 4)
(ii) In order to factorize x2 + 4x – 21, we have to find two numbers p and q such that
p + q = 4 and pq = – 21
Clearly, 7 + (– 3) = 4 and 7 × – 3 = – 21
We now split the middle term 4x of
x + 4x – 21 as 7x – 3x, so that
2

x2 + 4x – 21 = x2 + 7x – 3 x – 21
= (x2 + 7x) – (3x + 21)
= x (x + 7) – 3 (x + 7) = (x + 7) (x – 3)
Ex.79 Factorize each of the following quadratic polynomials: x2 – 21x + 108
Sol. In order to factorize x2 – 21x + 108, we have to find two numbers such that their sum is
– 21 and the product 108.
Clearly, – 21 = – 12– 9 and – 12 × – 9 = 108
 x2 – 21 x + 108 = x2 – 12 x – 9x + 108
= (x2 – 12 x) – (9x– 108)
= x(x – 12) – 9 (x – 12) = (x–12) (x – 9)

Ex.80 Factorize the following by splitting the middle term : x2 + 3 3 x + 6

Sol. In order to factorize x2 + 3 3 x + 6, we have to find two numbers p and q such that
p + q = 3 3 and pq = 6

Clearly, 2 3 + 3 = 3 3 and 2 3 × 3 = 6

So, we write the middle term 3 3x as

2 3x+ 3 x, so that

x2 + 3 3 x + 6

= x2 + 2 3 x + 3 x + 6

= (x2 + 2 3 x) + ( 3 x + 6)

= (x2 + 2 3 x) + ( 3 x + 2 3 × 3 )

= x (x + 2 3 ) + 3 (x + 2 3 )
 = (x + 2 3 ) (x + 3 )

 Type II : Factorization of polynomials reducible to the form x2 + bx + c.

Ex.81 Factorize : (a2 – 2a)2 – 23(a2 – 2a) + 120.
Sol. Let a2 – 2a = x. Then,
(a2 – 2a)2 – 23(a2 – 2a) + 120
= x2 – 23x + 120
Now, x2 – 23x + 120 = x2 –15x – 8x + 120
= (x2 – 15x) – (8x – 120)
= x(x – 15) – 8(x – 15)
= (x – 15) (x – 8)
Replacing x by a2 – 2a on both sides, we get
(a2 – 2a)2 – 23(a2 – 2a) + 120
= (a2 – 2a – 15) (a2 – 2a – 8)
= (a2 – 5a + 3a – 15) (a2 – 4a + 2a –8)
= {(a(a – 5) + 3(a – 5)} {a(a – 4) + 2(a –4)}
= {(a – 5) (a + 3)} {(a – 4) (a + 2)}
= (a – 5) (a + 3) (a – 4) (a + 2)
Ex.82 Factorize the following by splitting the middle term :
x4– 5x2 + 4
Sol. Let x2 = y. Then, x4 – 5x2 + 4
= y2 – 5 y + 4
Now, y2 – 5 y + 4
= y2 – 4y – y + 4
= (y2 – 4y) – (y – 4)
= y(y –4) – (y– 4)
= (y – 4) (y – 1)
Replacing y by x2 on both sides, we get
x4 – 5x2 + 4 = (x2–4) (x2 – 1)
= (x2–22) (x2 – 12) = (x–2) (x+2) (x – 1) (x + 1)
Ex.83 Factorize : (x2 – 4x) (x2 – 4x – 1) – 20
Sol. The given expression is
(x2 – 4x) (x2 – 4x – 1) – 20
= (x2 – 4x)2 – (x2 – 4x) – 20
Let x2 – 4x = y . Then,
(x2 – 4x)2 – (x2 – 4x) – 20 = y2 – y – 20
Now, y2 – y – 20
= y2 –5 y + 4y – 20
 = (y2 – 5 y) + (4y– 20)
= y (y – 5) + 4 (y – 5)
= (y – 5) (y + 4)
Thus, y2 – y – 20 = (y – 5) (y + 4)
Replacing y by x2 – 4x on both sides, we get
(x2 – 4x)2 – (x2 – 4x) – 20
= (x2 – 4x – 5) (x2 – 4x +4)
= (x2 – 5x + x – 5) (x2 – 2 × x × 2 + 22)
= {x (x – 5) + (x – 5)} (x – 2)2
= (x – 5) (x + 1) (x – 2)2
 Type III : Factorization of Expressions which are not quadratic but can factorized by splitting the middle
term.
Ex.84 If x2 + px + q = (x + a) (x + b), then factorize
x + pxy + qy2.
2

Sol. We have,
x2 + px + q = (x + a) (x + b)
  x2 + px + q = x2 + x(a + b) + ab
On equating the coefficients of like powers of x, we get
p = a + b and q = ab
  x2 + pxy + qy2 = x2 + (a + b)xy + aby2
= (x2 + axy) + (bxy + aby2)
= x(x + ay) + by(x + ay)
= (x + ay) (x + by)
Ex.85 Factorize the following expression
x2y2 – xy – 72
Sol. In order to factorize x2y2 – xy – 72, we have to find two numbers p and q such that
p+ q = – 1 and pq = – 72
clearly, – 9 +8 = – 1 and – 9 × 8 = – 72.
So, we write the middle term – xy of
x2y2 – xy – 72 as – 9 xy + 8 xy, so that
x2y2 – xy – 72 = x2y2 – 9 xy + 8 xy – 72
= (x2 y2 – 9xy) + (8xy – 72)
= xy (xy – 9) + 8 (xy – 9)
= (xy – 9) (xy + 8)

 FACTORIZATION OF POLYNOMIALS
 OF2 THE FORM
ax + bx + c, a 0, 1


 Type I : Factorization of quadratic polynomials of the form ax2 + bx + c, a 0, 1

 (i) In order to factorize ax2 + bx + c. We find numbers and m such that + m = b and
m = ac
(ii) After finding and m, we split the middle term bx as x + mx and get the desired factors by grouping the
terms.

EXAMPLES 
Ex.86 Factorize the following expression :
6x2 – 5 x – 6
Sol. The given expression is of the form
ax2+ bx+c, where, a = 6, b = – 5 and c = –6.
In order to factorize the given expression, we have to find two numbers and m such that
+ m = b = i.e, + m = – 5
and m = ac i.e. m = 6 × – 6 = – 36
i.e., we have to find two factors of – 36 such that their sum is – 5. Clearly,
– 9 + 4 = – 5 and – 9 × 4 = – 36
  = – 9 and m = 4
Now, we split the middle term – 5x of
x2 – 5x – 6 as – 9 x + 4x, so that
6x2 – 5x – 6 = 6x2–9x + 4x – 6
= (6x2 – 9x) + (4x – 6)
= 3x (2x – 3) + 2(2x – 3) = (2x – 3) (3x + 2)
Ex.87 Factorize each of the following expressions :

(i) 3 x2 + 11x + 6 3

(ii) 4 3 x2 + 5x – 2 3

(iii) 7 2 x2 – 10 x – 4 2
Sol. (i) The given quadratic expression is of the form
ax2 + bx + c, where a = 3 , b = 11 and

c=6 3.
In order to factorize it, we have to find two numbers and m such that

+ m = b = 11 and m = ac = 3 × 6 3 = 18
Clearly, 9 + 2 = 11 and 9 × 2 = 18
 = 9 and m = 2

Now, 3 x2 + 11 x + 6 3

= 3 x2 + 9x + 2x + 6 3

= ( 3 x2 + 9x) + (2x + 6 3 )

= ( 3 x2 +3 3 × 3 x) + (2x + 6 3 )
 = 3 x (x + 3 3 ) + 2(x + 3 3 )

= ( 3 x +2) (x + 3 3 ).

Hence, 3 x2 + 11 x + 6 3

= ( 3 x + 2) (x + 3 3 )

(ii) Here, a = 4 3 , b = 5 and c = –2 3

In order to factorize 4 3 x2 + 5x – 2 3 , we have to find two numbers and m such that

+ m = b = 5 and m = ac

= 4 3 × – 2 3 = – 24
Clearly, 8 + (– 3) = 5 and 8 × – 3 = – 24
  = 8 and m = –3

Now, 4 3 x2 + 5x – 2 3

= 4 3 x2 + 8x – 3x – 2 3

= (4 3 x2 + 8x) – (3x + 2 3 )

= 4x ( 3 x + 2) – 3 ( 3 x + 2)

= ( 3 x + 2) (4x – 3 )
(iii) The given quadratic polynomial is
7 2 x – 10x – 4 2 .
2

Clearly, it is of the form ax2+ bx + c, where

a = 7 2 , b = – 10 and c = – 4 2 .

In order to factorize 7 2 x2 – 10x – 4 2 , we have to find two numbers and m such that
+ m = b = – 10 and

m = ac = 7 2 × – 4 2 = – 56
Clearly, – 14+4 = –10 and – 14 × 4 = – 56
   = – 14 and m = 4
Now, we split the middle term – 10 x of
7 2 x – 10x –4 2 as – 14 x + 4x so that
2

7 2 x2 – 10x – 4 2

= 7 2 x2 – 14 x + 4x – 4 2

= (7 2 x2 – 14x) + (4x – 4 2 )

= (7 2 x2 – 7 2 × 2 x) + (4x – 4 2 )

= 7 2 x (x – 2 ) + 4(x – 2 )

= (x – 2 ) (7 2 x + 4)
Ex.88 Factorize the following by splitting the middle term :
 1 2
x – 2x – 9
3
1 2
Sol. In order to factorize x – 2x – 9, we have to find to number and m such that
3
1
+ m = – 2 and m= ×–9=–3
3
Clearly, – 3 + 1 = – 2 and – 3×1 = –3
So, we write the middle term – 2x as
– 3x + x, so that
1 2 1 2
x – 2x – 9 = x – 3x + x – 9
3 3
1 1 9
= ( x2 – 3x) + (x – 9) = ( x2 – x) + (x – 9)
3 3 3

1 
= (x–9)  x 1
3 
 Type II : Factorization of trinomial expressions which are not quadratic but can be factorized by splitting
the middle term.
Ex.89 Factorize the following trinomial by splitting the middle term :
8a3 – 2a2b – 15 ab2
Sol. Here a3 × ab2 = (a2b)2 i.e., the product of the variables in first and last term is same as the square of the
variables in the middle term. So, in order to factorize the given trinomial, we split the middle term
– 2a2b as – 12a2b + 10 a2b , so that
8a3 – 2a2b – 15 ab2
= 8a3 –12a2b +10 a2b–15 ab2
= 4a2(2a – 3b) + 5 ab (2a – 3b)
= (2a – 3b) (4a2 + 5ab)
= (2a – 3b) a (4a + 5b)
= a (2a – 3 b) (4a + 5b)
 Type III : Factorization of trinomial expressions reducible to quadratic expressions.
Ex. 90 Factorize each of the following expressions by splitting the middle term :
(i) 9(x – 2y)2 – 4(x – 2y) – 13
(ii) 2(x + y)2 – 9(x + y) – 5
(iii) 8(a + 1)2 + 2(a + 1) (b + 2) – 15(b + 2)2
Sol. (i) The given expression is
9(x – 2y)2 – 4(x – 2y) – 13.
Putting x – 2y = a, we get
9(x – 2y)2 – 4(x – 2y) – 13 = 9a2 – 4a – 13
Now, 9a2 – 4a – 13 = 9a2 – 13a + 9a – 13
 = (9a2 – 13a) + (9a – 13)
= a(9a – 13) + (9a – 13)
= (a + 1) (9a – 13)
Replacing a by x – 2y on both sides, we get
9(x – 2y)2 – 4(x – 2y) – 13
= (x – 2y + 1) {9(x – 2y) – 13}
= (x – 2y + 1) (9x – 18y – 13)
(ii) The given expression is
2(x + y)2 – 9(x + y) – 5
Replacing x + y by a in the given expression, we have
2(x + y)2 – 9(x + y) – 5 = 2a2 – 9a – 5
Now, 2a2 – 9a – 5 = 2a2 – 10a + a – 5
= (2a2 – 10a) + (a – 5)
= 2a(a – 5) + (a – 5) = (a – 5) (2a + 1)
Replacing a by x + y on both sides, we get
2(x + y)2 – 9(x + y) – 5
= (x + y – 5) {2(x + y) + 1}
= (x + y – 5) (2x + 2y + 1).
(iii) The given trinomial is
8(a + 1)2 + 2(a + 1) (b + 2) – 15(b + 2)2
Putting a + 1 = x and b + 2 = y, we have
8(a + 1)2 + 2(a + 1) (b + 2) – 15(b + 2)2
= 8x2 + 2xy – 15y2
= 8x2 + 12xy – 10xy – 15y2
= 4x(2x + 3y) – 5y(2x + 3y)
= (2x + 3y) (4x – 5y)
Replacing x by a + 1 and y by b + 2, we get
8(a + 1)2 + 2(a + 1) (b + 2) – 15(b + 2)2
= {2(a + 1) + 3(b + 2)} {4(a + 1) – 5(b +2)}
= (2a + 3b + 8) (4a – 5b – 6)  

 FACTORIZATION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

 OF THE FORM a3 + b3 + c3, WHEN a + b + c = 0

EXAMPLES 
Ex.91 Factorize :
(x – y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z – x)3
Sol. Let x – y = a, y– z = b and z – x = c, then,
a + b + c = x – y + y – z + z –x = 0
   a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
 (x–y)3 + (y – z)3 + (z–x)3 = 3 (x–y)(y – z)(z–x)
Ex.92 Factorize :
(a2–b2)3 + (b2–c2)3+ (c2–a2)3
Sol. We have,
let x = a2–b2, y = b2–c2 and z = c2–a2. Then,
x + y + z = a2–b2 + b2– c2 + c2–a2 = 0
  x3 + y3 + z3 = 3 xyz
  (a2–b2)3 + (b2–c2)3+ (c2–a2)3
= 3(a2–b2) (b2–c2) (c2–a2)
= 3(a+b) (a–b) (b+c) (b–c) (c+a) (c–a)
= 3(a+b) (b+c) (c+a) (a–b) (b–c) (c–a)

(a 2  b 2 ) 3  ( b 2  c 2 ) 3  (c 2  a 2 ) 3
Ex.93 Simplify :
(a  b) 3  (b  c) 3  (c  a ) 3

Sol. We have,
(a2–b2) + (b2–c2)+ (c2–a2) = 0
  (a2–b2)3 + (b2–c2)3+ (c2–a2)3
= 3(a2–b2) (b2–c2) (c2–a2)
= 3(a–b) (a+b) (b–c) (b+c) (c–a) (c+a)
Similarly,
(a–b) + (b –c) + (c – a) = 0
 (a – b)3 + (b–c)3 + (c–a)3 = 3 (a–b) (b–c)(c–a)

(a 2  b 2 ) 3  ( b 2  c 2 ) 3  (c 2  a 2 ) 3
 
(a  b) 3  (b  c) 3  (c  a ) 3

3(a  b)(a  b)( b  c) (b  c)(c  a )(c  a )

=
3(a  b)( b  c)( c  a )

= (a + b) (b + c) (c + a)
Ex.94 Find the value of x3 – 8y3 – 36 xy – 216, when x = 2y + 6.
Sol. We have, x3 – 8y3 – 36 xy –216
= x3 + (–2y)3 + (–6)3 – 3(x) (–2y) (– 6)
= (x – 2y – 6) (x2 + 4y2 + 36 + 2xy – 12y + 6x)
= 0×(x2 + 4y2 + 36 + 2xy – 12y + 6x)
[ x = 2y + 6  x – 2y– 6 = 0] = 0

 FACTORIZATION OF x3 ± y3


In order to factorize the algebraic expression expressible as the sum or difference of two cubes, we sue the
following identities.
 (i) x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x2 – xy+ y2)
(ii) x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x2 + xy + y2)

EXAMPLES 
Ex.95 Factorize 27x3 + 64y3
Sol. 27 x3 + 64 y3 = (3x)3 + (4y)3
= (3x + 4y) {(3x)2 – (3x) (4y) + (4y)2},
= (3x + 4y) (9x2 – 12 xy + 16y2)
Ex.96 Factorize a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 – 8
Sol. a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 – 8 = (a + b)3 –23
= {(a+b) – 2} {(a +b)2 +(a +b).2+22}
= (a + b– 2) (a2 + 2ab + b2 +2a + 2b + 4)
Ex.97 Factorize : a3 – 0.216
Sol. We have, a3 – 0.216 = a3 – (0.6)3
= (a –0.6) [a2 + 0.6a +(0.6)2]
= (a–0.6) (a2 + 0.6 a + 0.36)
Ex.98 Factorize :
(i) (x+ 1)3– (x–1)3 (ii) 8(x + y)3 – 27 (x–y)3
Sol. (i) (x+ 1)3– (x–1)3
= {(x+1) – (x–1)}{(x+1)2 + (x+1)(x–1) + (x–1)2}
= {(x+1–x+1)}{(x2+2x+1)+(x2–1)+(x2–2x+1)}
= 2 (x2 + 2x + 1 + x2 – 1+x2 – 2x + 1)
= 2 (3x2+1)
(ii) We have, 8(x + y)3 – 27 (x–y)3
= {2(x+y)}3 – {3(x–y)}3
= {2(x+y)–3(x–y) [{2(x+y)}2 –2(x+y) × 3(x– y) +
{3(x–y)}2]
= (2x + 2y – 3x + 3y) {2(x2 + 2xy + y2)
– 6(x2 – y2) + 3 (x2 – 2xy + y2)}
= (–x + 5y) (2x2+ 4xy + 2y2– 6x2 + 6y2
+ 3x2– 6xy + 3y2)
= (–x + 5y) (–x2 – 2xy + 11 y2)
Ex.99 Factorize : (i) x6 – y6 (ii) x12 – y12
Sol. (i) we have, x6 – y6
= (x2)3 – (y2)3 = (x2–y2){(x2)2 + x2×y2 + (y2)2}
= (x2–y2) (x4 + x2y2 + y4)
 = (x–y) (x+y){(x4+2x2y2+ y4) – x2y2}
= (x–y) (x+y){(x2+y2)2 – (xy)2}
= (x+y) (x–y){(x2+y2–xy)(x2 +y2 + xy)}
= (x+y) (x–y)(x2–xy+y2)(x2 +xy+y2)
(ii) x12 – y12 = (x4)3 – (y4)3
= (x4–y4){(x4)2 + x4×y4 + (y4)2}
= (x2)2–(y2)2)} (x8 + x4y4 + y8)
= (x2–y2) (x2+y2)(x8+2x4y4+ y8 – x4y4)
= (x–y) (x+y)(x2+y2) {(x4+y4)2 –(x2y2)2}
= (x–y) (x+y)(x2+y2) {(x4+y4–x2y2)
(x4+y4 + x2y2}
= (x–y) (x+y)(x2+y2) (x4+y4–x2y2) {(x4+y4 + 2x2y2)–x2y2)}
= (x–y) (x+y)(x2+y2) (x4+y4–x2y2)
{(x2+y2)2 – (xy)2}
= (x–y) (x+y)(x2+y2) (x4+y4–x2y2) (x2+y2–xy) (x2+y2+xy)
= (x–y) (x+y)(x2+y2) (x4+y4–x2y2) (x2–xy+y2) (x2+xy+y2)
Ex.100 Prove that :
0.87  0.87  0.87  0.13  0.13  0.13
=1
0.87  0.87  0.87  0.13  0.13  0.13

Sol. We have
0.87  0.87  0.87  0.13  0.13  0.13
0.87  0.87  0.87  0.13  0.13  0.13

=
0.873  0.133
0.872  0.87  0.13  0.132
a 3  b3
= where a = 0.87 and b= 0.13
a 2  ab  b 2

(a  b) (a 2  ab  b 2 )
=
(a 2  ab  b 2 )

= a + b = (0.87 + 0.13) = 1

 FACTORIZATION OF x3 + y3 + z3 – 3 xyz

(i) In order to factorize the algebraic expressions of the form x3 + y3+ z3 – 3xyz
We use the following identity :
x3 + y3+ z3 – 3xyz
= (x+y+z) (x2+y2 +z2–xy – yz – zx)
 (ii) If x + y + z = 0, then x3 + y3+ z3 = 3xyz

EXAMPLES 

Ex.101 Factorize : 8x3 + 27y3+ z3 – 18 xyz

Sol. We have,
8x3 + 27y3+ z3 – 18 xyz
= (2x)3 + (3y)3 + z3 – 3 × 2x × 3 y + z
= (2x + 3y + z) {(2x)2 + (3y)2 + z2 –2x × 3y
–3y × z – z × 2x}
= (2x + 3y + z) {(4x2 + 9y2 + z2 –6xy – 3yz –2zx}
Ex.102 Factorize :
(a+b)3 + (b+c)3+ (c+a)3 – 3(a+ b) (b+c) (c+a)
Sol. We have,
(a+b)3 + (b+c)3 + (c+a)3 –3(a+b) (b+c) (c+a)
= {(a+b) + (b+c) + (c+a)} {(a+b)2 + (b+c)2+
(c+a)2 – (a+b) (b+c) – (b+c) (c+a) – (c+a)(a+b)}
= (2a+2b + 2c) {(a2 + 2ab + b2)
+ (b2 + 2bc+c2)
+ (c2 + 2ca + a2) – (ab + ac+b2 + bc)
– (bc + ba + c2 + ca) – (ca + cb + a2 + ab)}
= 2(a+b+c) (2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 + 2ab + 2bc
+ 2ca–ab–ac–b2–bc–bc– ba –c2 – ca
– ca – cb – a2 – ab)
= 2(a+b+c) (a2 + b2 + c2 –ab–bc –ca)
Ex.103 Resolve a3 – b3 + 1 + 3ab into factors
Sol. a3 – b3 + 1 + 3ab
= a3+ (–b)3 + 13 – 3 (a)(–b) (1)
= (a–b+1) (a2 + b2 + 1 + ab –a+b)
= (a–b+1) (a2 + b2 + ab –a+b+1)

Ex.104 Factorize : 2 2 a3+ 8b3 – 27c3 + 18 2 abc

Sol. 2 2 a3 + 8b3 – 27c3 + 18 2 abc

= ( 2 a)3 + (2b)3– (3c)3 –3( 2 a)(2b) (–3c)

= ( 2 a + 2b – 3c) (2a2 + 4b2 + 9c2 – 2 2 ab

+ 6bc + 3 2 ac)
Ex.105 Prove that :
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
1
= (a+b+c) {(a–b)2 + (b–c)2 + (c–a)2}
2
Sol. We have,
a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
= (a + b +c ) (a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc–ca)
1
= (a + b + c ) (2a2 + 2b2 + 2c2 – 2ab
2
– 2 bc – 2ca)
1
= (a + b + c ) {(a2 – 2ab + b2) +
2
(b2 –2bc+ c2) +(c2 – 2ca + a2)}
1
= (a + b + c ) {(a – b)2 + (b–c)2 + (c–a)2}
2
 EXERCISE # 1

A.Very Short Answer Type Questions B. Short Answer Type Questions

Q.1 Which are polynomial and why Factorize each of the following expression
1 1
(a) + x + x2 + x3 – x4 + x5 b3
x 5 Q.12 125 a3 +
27
2
(b) x + 7x2
3 Q.13 If one of the factors of x2 + x – 20 is
2x 7 (x + 5), find other factor.
(c)  2 y 3  2
7 x Use factor theorem to verify in each of the
(d) 1
following that q(x) is a factor of p(x).
(e) 3 x  5x  3
Q.14 Find the value of k if (x – 2) is a factor of
Factorize each of the following expression 2x3– 6x2+ 5x + k
Q.2 x2 – x – 42
Q.15 Find the value of k if (x+3) is a factor of
Q.3 6 – 5y – y2 3x2 + kx + 6.

Q.4 a2 + 46a + 205 Q.16 p(x) = 3x6 – 7x5 + 7x4 – 3x3 + 2x2 – 2,
q(x) = x – 1
Q.5 ab + ac –b2 – bc
Q.17 For what value of k is y3 + ky + 2k – 2
Q.6 p4 – 81q4
exactly divisible by (y + 1) ?
Use remainder theorem to find remainder,
when p(x) is divided by q(x) in following C. Long Answer Type Questions
questions.
Q.18 Prove that
Q.7 p(x) = 2x2 – 5x + 7, q(x) = x – 1 a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc
1
Q.8 p(x) = x9 – 5x4 + 1 , q(x) = x + 1 = (a + b + c) [(a–b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c–a)2]
2
Q.9 p(x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + 4x–1 , q(x) = x + 2 Q.19 Prove that
Use factor theorem to verify in each of the (a + b)3 + (b + c)3 + (c + a)3 – 3(a+b) (b+c)
(c + a) = 2 (a3 + b3 + c3 – 3abc)
following that q(x) is a factor of p(x).
Q.20 If x + 1 and x – 1 are factors of
Q.10 p(x) = 2x3 + 5x2 + 3x – 4, q(x) = x – 1
mx3 + x2 –2x + n, find the value of m and n.
Q.11 p(x) = x4 – 3x2 + 2x + 1, q(x) = x – 1
 ANSWER KEY

A. VERTY SHORT ANSWER TYPE :

1
1. (a) No  in first term  x 1 but –1 is not
x
whole no.
B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE :
(b) Yes  Power of x are 1 and 2.
 b  5ab b 2 
12.  5a   25a 2   
(c) Yes Power of x are 1 and 2 & y has 3.  3   3 9 
0
(d) Yes  1 = x & 0 is whole no. 13. (x – 4)
1 14. –2
(e) No  x = (x)1/2 ; is not a whole no.
2
15. 11
2. (x + 6) (x – 7) 3. (6 + y) 17. 3
(1 – y)
C. LONG ANSWER TYPE :
4. (a + 41) (a + 5) 5. (a – b) (b
20. m = 2, n = – 1
+ c)
6. (p + 3q) (p – 3q) (p2 + 9q2) 7. 4
8. – 5
9. –37

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103
 EXERCISE # 2
 Short Answer Type Questions Q.13 Using factor theorem, factorize the
polynomial x4 + x3 – 7x2 – x + 6.
Factorize each of the following expression
Q.14 Let A and B are the remainders when the
Q.1 Find positive square root of 36x2 + 60x + 25
polynomial y3 + 2y2 – 5ay – 7 and
y3 + ay2 –12y + 6 are divided by y + 1 and
Q.2 Simplify : 2a 2  2 6ab  3b 2
y – 2 respectively. If 2A + B = 6, find the
Q.3 (x2 + 4y)2 + 21 (x2 + 4y) + 98 value of a.

Q.4 4(x–y)2 – 12(x – y) (x + y) + 9 (x+y)2 Q.15 If (3x – 1)4 = a4x4 + a3x3 + a2x2 + a1x +a0, then
find the value of a4 + 3a3 + 9a2 + 27a1 + 81a0.
Q.5 Find the value of 1 – a2 + 14ab – 4ab2. Q.16 Find the integral zeroes of 2x3 + 3x2 – 8x – 12.

Q.6 Find value of a + b – a3 – b3. Q.17 If polynomial x3 + x + m is dividing (x – 1)

& (x + 1) then remainder is 7. Find values of
Q.7 a3 – 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 – 8.  and m.

Q.8 If x–7 is a factor of p(x) = x3 – 9x2 + kx + 693 Q.18 If 3y3 + py2 + 4y + q has a factor y + 2 and
then find the value of k. gives remainder –5 if it divided by (y – 3).
Find values of p and q.
Q.9 Factorise x6 + y6.
Find the factors (Q. 19 to 24)
Q.10 If (x – 1) is a factor of p(y) = y3 – 7y + 6 then
Q.19 x3 – 5x2 + 2x + 8.
find other two factors.
Q.20 x3 – 6x2 + 3x + 10
3 2
Q.11 If x + mx + nx + 6 has x – 2 as a factor and
Q.21 x3 – 6x2 + 32.
leaves a remainder 3, when divided by
x– 3, find use of m and n. Q.22 x3 + 4x2 – 11x – 30.

Q.12 What must be subtracted from 4x4 – 2x3 – 6x2 Q.23 x3 + 17x2 + 95x + 175.
+ x – 5 so that the result is exactly divisible by Q.24 2x3 – x2 – 13x – 6.
2
2x + x – 1

ANSWER KEY
SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS : 8. – 85
1. 6x + 5 2. ( 2 a + 3 b) 9. (x2 + y2) (x4 + y4 – x2y2)
10. (y + 3), (y – 2)
3. (x2 + 4y + 7) (x2 + 4y + 14)
11. m = – 3, n = – 1
4. (x + 5y)2
12. – 6
5. (1 + a – 7b) (1 – a + 7b) 13. (x – 1) (x + 1) (x – 2) (x + 3) 14. a = x
6. (a + b) (1 – a2 – b2 + ab)
7. (a – b – 2) (a2 + b2 – 2ab + 2a – 2b + 4)
15. 0
16. 2 and –2
17.  = –1, m = 7
18. p = –26, q = 136
19. (x – 2) (x – 4) (x + 1)
20. (x + 1) (x – 2) (x – 5)
21. (x – 4)2 (x + 2)
22. (x + 2) (x – 3) (x + 5)
23. (x + 5)2 (x + 7)
24. (x + 2) (x – 3) (2x + 1)

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