INDIAN

ARCHITECTURE
Authorship + Disclaimer
This work is the property of
Ar. Robert Z. Salonga.
For questions, contact the author
rhobiesalonga03@gmail.com and
robertsalonga_03@yahoo.com.
Creative Commons
This presentation is licensed under the Creative
Common Attributions-Non Commercial-ShareAlike 4.0
International Licensed . To view a copy of this license,
visit http://creativecommon.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
 CONTENTS:

1. HISTORY
2. GEOGRAPHICAL
3. CLIMATE
4. RELIGIOUS
5. ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

The Historical Architecture Timeline

HOA1

Pre-Historic Egyptian Near East Greek Roman Early Christian Byzantine

HOA2

Romanesque Gothic Renaissance Industrial Revivalist Modern Post-Modern

Islamic Indian
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

THE HISTORY OF ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

• The architecture of India includes present day India,
Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka.
• These countries later on got separated by political
boundaries but, still share a common cultural heritage.
• The diversity of Indian culture is represented in its
architecture.
• Indian architecture comprises a blend of ancient and
varied native traditions, with building types, forms and
technologies from west, central Asia, and Europe
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

THE PHASES OF INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

1.Indus Valley Civilization (3300 BC-1700BC)
2.Maha Janapadas period (600 BC—200 AD)
3.Middle Ages (200 AD—1526 AD)
4.Indo-Islamic architecture
5.Colonial Architecture
6.Modern Architecture
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

(3300 BC-1700BC)

• The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age

civilization, located in the northwestern region of
the Indian subcontinent, consisting of what is now
mainly modern-day Pakistan and northwest India.
• The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest and
largest urban civilizations
• The civilization is noted for its cities built of brick,
roadside drainage system, and multistoried
houses.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

(3300 BC-1700BC)

• The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age

civilization, located in the northwestern region of
the Indian subcontinent, consisting of what is now
mainly modern-day Pakistan and northwest India.
• The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest and
largest urban civilizations
• The civilization is noted for its cities built of brick,
roadside drainage system, and multistoried
houses.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION

(3300 BC-1700BC)

• The Indus Valley Civilization was a Bronze Age

civilization, located in the northwestern region of
the Indian subcontinent, consisting of what is now
mainly modern-day Pakistan and northwest India.
• The Indus Valley is one of the world's earliest and
largest urban civilizations
• The civilization is noted for its cities built of brick,
roadside drainage system, and multistoried
houses.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

MAJA JANAPADAS PERIOD

(600BC-200BC)

• Sanchi Stupa
• Ajanta Caves
• Ellora caves
• Sarnath Stupa
 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
SANCHI STUPA
• A Buddhist complex, famous for
its Great Stupa (also called the
Stupa no. 1), on a hilltop at
Sanchi Town.
• The Stupa was made up of
bricks having several
chambers, which contains the
relics of Buddha.
• The Stupa is surrounded by
four gateways (torana) that
represent various scenes from
the life of Lord Buddha and the
Jataka tales
• A UNESCO World Heritage
Site
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHY
• Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the
7th
• Islamic leaders conquered Iran in 641 and in 642 Egypt
was under Islamic control.
• Eighth century: all of northern Africa, the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), India and Indonesia
became Islamic lands.
• The Muslims were stopped at France by their defeat at the
Battle of Tours in 732. Nonetheless, Islamic rule continued
on the Iberian Peninsula for nearly nine centuries.
STUPA IN SANCHI
Madhya Pradesh, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHY
• Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the
7th
• Islamic leaders conquered Iran in 641 and in 642 Egypt
was under Islamic control.
• Eighth century: all of northern Africa, the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), India and Indonesia
became Islamic lands.
• The Muslims were stopped at France by their defeat at the
Battle of Tours in 732. Nonetheless, Islamic rule continued
on the Iberian Peninsula for nearly nine centuries.
SANCHI STUPA
Madhya Pradesh, India
 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
AJANTA CAVES
• The Ajanta Caves are 30 rock-
cut Buddhist cave monuments
and the world's greatest
historical monument
recognized by UNESCO.
• The caves include paintings
and rock-cut sculptures
described as among the finest
surviving examples of ancient
Indian art, particularly
expressive paintings that
present emotion through
gesture, pose and form.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHY
• Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the
7th
• Islamic leaders conquered Iran in 641 and in 642 Egypt
was under Islamic control.
• Eighth century: all of northern Africa, the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), India and Indonesia
became Islamic lands.
• The Muslims were stopped at France by their defeat at the
Battle of Tours in 732. Nonetheless, Islamic rule continued
on the Iberian Peninsula for nearly nine centuries.
AJANTA CAVES
Maharashtra, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHY
• Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the
7th
• Islamic leaders conquered Iran in 641 and in 642 Egypt
was under Islamic control.
• Eighth century: all of northern Africa, the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), India and Indonesia
became Islamic lands.
• The Muslims were stopped at France by their defeat at the
Battle of Tours in 732. Nonetheless, Islamic rule continued
on the Iberian Peninsula for nearly nine centuries.
AJANTA CAVES
Maharashtra, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHY
• Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the
7th
• Islamic leaders conquered Iran in 641 and in 642 Egypt
was under Islamic control.
• Eighth century: all of northern Africa, the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), India and Indonesia
became Islamic lands.
• The Muslims were stopped at France by their defeat at the
Battle of Tours in 732. Nonetheless, Islamic rule continued
on the Iberian Peninsula for nearly nine centuries.
AJANTA CAVES
Maharashtra, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHY
• Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the
7th
• Islamic leaders conquered Iran in 641 and in 642 Egypt
was under Islamic control.
• Eighth century: all of northern Africa, the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), India and Indonesia
became Islamic lands.
• The Muslims were stopped at France by their defeat at the
Battle of Tours in 732. Nonetheless, Islamic rule continued
on the Iberian Peninsula for nearly nine centuries.
AJANTA CAVES
Maharashtra, India
 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
ELLORA CAVES
• It is one of the largest rock-cut
monastery-temple cave
complexes in the world, featuring
Buddhist, Hindu and Jain
monuments, and artwork.
• Cave 16, in particular, features the
largest single monolithic rock
excavation in the world, the
Kailasha temple, a chariot
shaped monument dedicated to
Shiva.
• There are over 100 caves at the
site, all excavated from the basalt
cliffs in the Charanandri Hills, 34
of which are open to public.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHY
• Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the
7th
• Islamic leaders conquered Iran in 641 and in 642 Egypt
was under Islamic control.
• Eighth century: all of northern Africa, the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), India and Indonesia
became Islamic lands.
• The Muslims were stopped at France by their defeat at the
Battle of Tours in 732. Nonetheless, Islamic rule continued
on the Iberian Peninsula for nearly nine centuries.
ELLORA CAVES
Maharashtra, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHY
• Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the
7th
• Islamic leaders conquered Iran in 641 and in 642 Egypt
was under Islamic control.
• Eighth century: all of northern Africa, the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), India and Indonesia
became Islamic lands.
• The Muslims were stopped at France by their defeat at the
Battle of Tours in 732. Nonetheless, Islamic rule continued
on the Iberian Peninsula for nearly nine centuries.
ELLORA CAVES
Maharashtra, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

MIDDLE AGE
(2000AD-1526AD)

• TheShore Temple –Mahabalipuram

• Sun Temple -Konark
• Khajuraho Group of Monuments
• Meenakshi Amman Temple-Madhurai
 MEENAKSHI ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

TEMPLE
• A historic Hindu temple dedicated to
Meenakshi, a form of Parvati, and her
consort, Sundareshwar, a form of Shiva.
• The temple has a total of 14 towering
gateways (gopurams).
• Each one of them is a multi-storey
structure and displays thousands of
mythological stories and several other
sculptures.
• Renowned for its astonishing
architecture, it was nominated as one of
the wonders of the world, but couldn’t
make it into the list of ‘Seven Wonders
of the World’.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHY
• Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the
7th
• Islamic leaders conquered Iran in 641 and in 642 Egypt
was under Islamic control.
• Eighth century: all of northern Africa, the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), India and Indonesia
became Islamic lands.
• The Muslims were stopped at France by their defeat at the
Battle of Tours in 732. Nonetheless, Islamic rule continued
on the Iberian Peninsula for nearly nine centuries.
MEENAKSHI TEMPLE
Tamil Nadu, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHY
• Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the
7th
• Islamic leaders conquered Iran in 641 and in 642 Egypt
was under Islamic control.
• Eighth century: all of northern Africa, the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), India and Indonesia
became Islamic lands.
• The Muslims were stopped at France by their defeat at the
Battle of Tours in 732. Nonetheless, Islamic rule continued
on the Iberian Peninsula for nearly nine centuries.
MEENAKSHI TEMPLE
Tamil Nadu, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHY
• Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the
7th
• Islamic leaders conquered Iran in 641 and in 642 Egypt
was under Islamic control.
• Eighth century: all of northern Africa, the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), India and Indonesia
became Islamic lands.
• The Muslims were stopped at France by their defeat at the
Battle of Tours in 732. Nonetheless, Islamic rule continued
on the Iberian Peninsula for nearly nine centuries.
MEENAKSHI TEMPLE
Tamil Nadu, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHY
• Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the
7th
• Islamic leaders conquered Iran in 641 and in 642 Egypt
was under Islamic control.
• Eighth century: all of northern Africa, the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), India and Indonesia
became Islamic lands.
• The Muslims were stopped at France by their defeat at the
Battle of Tours in 732. Nonetheless, Islamic rule continued
on the Iberian Peninsula for nearly nine centuries.
MEENAKSHI TEMPLE
Tamil Nadu, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHY
• Islam originated in Mecca and Medina at the start of the
7th
• Islamic leaders conquered Iran in 641 and in 642 Egypt
was under Islamic control.
• Eighth century: all of northern Africa, the Iberian
Peninsula (Spain and Portugal), India and Indonesia
became Islamic lands.
• The Muslims were stopped at France by their defeat at the
Battle of Tours in 732. Nonetheless, Islamic rule continued
on the Iberian Peninsula for nearly nine centuries.
MEENAKSHI TEMPLE
Tamil Nadu, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOGRAPHY
• Ganges and Indus rivers were the most useful rivers of the country
along with the other rivers such as Nerbudda, Krishna and Jamuna.
• By forming trade routes or cheap highways they assisted in the
formation of great cities.
• Delhi was the capital of the Mogul Emperors. Its architectural
importance was probably gained through being at the junction of
four historic roads, from the Lower Ganges, the Hindu Koosh, the
Indus Valley and the Gulf of Cambay.
• The rock-cut temples on the Western Ghats are attributed by some
to the influence of Egypt, Persia, and Assyria, as they contain capitals
and columns of similar design.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOLOGY
• Wooden architecture was mainstream.
• But as wood decreased afterward due to the aridification
of the Indian subcontinent, monumental edifices came to
be constructed of stone.
• Involved in the trabeated structure and the aesthetics of
wood would continue to persist in trabeation.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOLOGY
• Wooden architecture was mainstream.
• But as wood decreased afterward due to the aridification
of the Indian subcontinent, monumental edifices came to
be constructed of stone.
• Involved in the trabeated structure and the aesthetics of
wood would continue to persist in trabeation.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GEOLOGY
• Generally abound in excellent building stone, which had
considerable influence on Indian Architecture from the earliest
times.( Pink marble, sandstone, granite, volcanic potstone.)
• Teak is the principal wood of the country
• Bricks, was used extensively in this district made from alluvial soil.
• Lime for building was obtained by burning limestone, shells, and
kankar, a nodular form of impure lime found in river valleys.
• Terra-cotta seems to have been employed in early times
 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

CLIMATE
• India lies mostly within the
tropics. Two principal seasons,
wet and dry.
• Pierced screen or lattice
window is a decorative feature
due to persistent sunshine, and
acting as a fine architectural
screen against the excessive
light and heat.
 ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

RELIGION
Influence Of Different Religions On Indian Architecture
• Influenced by HINDUISM
• Influenced by ISLAM
• Influenced by BUDDHISM
• Influenced by CHRISTIANITY
• Influenced by SIKHISM
• Influenced by JAINISM
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

RELIGION

0%
1%
0%
2%2%
1%
HINDUISM
14% ISLAM
BUDDHISM
CHRISTIANITY
SIKHISM
JAINISM
OTHER RELIGION
80% NO RELIGION
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCED BY HINDUISM
Hinduism
• One of the oldest
known organized
religions.
• The major religion of
India, with about 80%
of the population
identifying themselves
as Hindu, which
accounts for 96.63 crore
Hindus in India.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCED BY BUDDHISM
Buddhism
• A world religion, which arose in
and around the ancient
Kingdom of Magadha (now in
Bihar, India), and is based on the
teachings of Siddhārtha
Gautama who was deemed a
"Buddha" ("Awakened One")

BUDDHISM
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCED BY SIKHISM
Sikhism
• From the word Sikh, meaning a
"disciple, seeker, or learner", is a
monotheistic religion that originated
in the Punjab region of the India.
• It is one of the youngest of the major
world religions and the world's fifth
largest organized religion, as well as
being the world's ninth-largest
overall religion.

SIKHISM
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCED BY JAINISM
Jainism
• A nontheistic religion founded in
India in the 6th century BC by the
Jina Vardhamana Mahavira as a
reaction against the teachings of
orthodox Brahmanism, and still
practiced there.
• It teaches salvation by perfection
through successive lives, and non
injury to living creatures, and is
noted for its ascetics.
JAINISM
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Indian art is spread over a subcontinent and has a long, very
productive history; but it nevertheless shows a remarkable
unity and consistency.
• Works produced in the several geographical and cultural
regions possess decidedly individual characteristics but at
the same time have sufficient elements in common to justify
their being considered manifestations of a general style.
• Most surviving examples of Indian architecture before the
Islamic period are of a religious nature consisting mainly of
Buddhist shrines, or stupas, and temples.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL CHARACTER
• Animal statuary: To Hindus, all life is sacred and deserving of
representation. Most of the temples show fine sculptures
and carvings of animals..
• For Hindus, the
carving of sacred
images and
figurines was an
art form in itself,
requiring years of
disciplined
training.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

TYPOLOGIES

MANDIR STUPA/TOPES CHAITYAS

VIHARAS STAMBHAS
 MANDIR
1. The Mosque
• A temple
• A structure designed to
bring human beings
and gods together,
using symbolism to
express the ideas and
beliefs of Hinduism.
• The symbolism and
structure of a Hindu
temple are rooted in
Vedic traditions.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

SIKHARA/ VIMANA
• A word translating literally to
"mountain peak", refers to the
rising tower in the Jain & Hindu
temple architecture of North
India.
• Shikhara over the sanctum
sanctorum where the presiding
deity is enshrined is the most
prominent and visible part of a
Hindu temple of North India.
• In South India, the equivalent
term for "shikhara" is "vimana"
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

COMPARISONS
• BUDDHISM • HINDUISM
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

2 TYPES OF STYLE IN INDIAN HINDU

TEMPLES
• They are mountain like
spire of a free standing
temple.
• Nagara Style is found in
North Indian temples
and has a curving shape.
• Dravidian Style is found
in South Indian temples
and has a pyramidal like
shape.
NAGARA STYLE DRAVIDIAN STYLE
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GARBHAGRIHA
• It literally means ‘womb-house’
and is a cave like sanctum.
• An innermost sanctuary of a
Hindu and Jain temples where
made to house the main icon
(main deity) which is itself the
focus of much ritual attention.
• The room has a single entrance,
normally facing east to be
accessed by the rising sun, and
no windows.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GARBHAGRIHA
• It literally means ‘womb-house’
and is a cave like sanctum.
• In the earliest temples, it was a
small cubical structure with a
single entrance.
• Later it grew into a larger
complex.
• The Garbhagriha is made to
house the main icon (main
deity) which is itself the focus of
much ritual attention.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

MANDAPA
• It may be a portico or
colonnaded hall that
incorporate space for a large
number of worshippers.
• Dances and such other
entertainments are
practiced here.
• Antarala is a transition area
between the
Garbhagrihaand the
mandapa.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GARBHAGRIHA
• It literally means ‘womb-house’
and is a cave like sanctum.
• In the earliest temples, it was a
small cubical structure with a
single entrance.
• Later it grew into a larger
complex.
• The Garbhagriha is made to
house the main icon (main
deity) which is itself the focus of
much ritual attention.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GARBHAGRIHA
• It literally means ‘womb-house’
and is a cave like sanctum.
• In the earliest temples, it was a
small cubical structure with a
single entrance.
• Later it grew into a larger
complex.
• The Garbhagriha is made to
house the main icon (main
deity) which is itself the focus of
much ritual attention.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

AMALAKA
• It is a stone disc like
structure at the top of
the temple and they
are common in North
Indian temples.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

KALASHA
• It is the topmost point
of the temple and
commonly seen in
North Indian temples.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

KALASHA
• It is the topmost point
of the temple and
commonly seen in
North Indian temples.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

JAGATI
• It is a raised
platform for
sitting and
praying and is
common in
North Indian
temples.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GARBHAGRIHA
• It literally means ‘womb-house’
and is a cave like sanctum.
• In the earliest temples, it was a
small cubical structure with a
single entrance.
• Later it grew into a larger
complex.
• The Garbhagriha is made to
house the main icon (main
deity) which is itself the focus of
much ritual attention.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GARBHAGRIHA
• It literally means ‘womb-house’
and is a cave like sanctum.
• In the earliest temples, it was a
small cubical structure with a
single entrance.
• Later it grew into a larger
complex.
• The Garbhagriha is made to
house the main icon (main
deity) which is itself the focus of
much ritual attention.
 TOPES/ STUPA
1. The Mosque
• An architectural
structure usually
housing the cremated
remains or possessions
of important saintly
figures, is considered to
be the structural
emblem.
• Most stupas have a very
distinctive semi-
spherical shape, often
surrounded by a fence.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

YASTI
• A spire, which
symbolizes the axis
mundi (a line through
the earth’s center
around which the
universe is thought to
revolve).
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

CHATTRA
• Represent the three
jewels of Buddhism:
the Buddha
(Siddhartha Gautama),
the Dharma (the Law),
Sangha(the monastic
community).
• They're sometimes
also called the
Teacher, the Teaching
and the Taught.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

HARMIKA
• A gate or fence, and is
topped by
chattras(umbrella-like
objects symbolizing
royalty and
protection).
• A square area that
represents the
domain of the gods.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

ANDA
• The main body of the
stupa that represents
the world mountain,
which rises through
the center of the
Buddhist universe.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

MEDHI
• Elevated circular
path around the
stupa, used for
Pradhikshina.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

VEDIKA
• A railing meant for the protection of stupa.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

TORANA
• Indian Buddhist gateway.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

GOPURAM
• Indian Hindu gateway.
 CHAITYAS
1. The Mosque
• A Buddhist shrine or
prayer hall with a stupa
at one end.
• The term chaitya-grihais
often used to denote an
assembly or prayer hall
that houses a stupa.
 VIHARAS
1. The Mosque
• A monastery,
arrangement of cells for
accommodation of
monks.
• It originally meant "a
secluded place in which
to walk", and referred to
"dwellings" or "refuges"
used by wandering
monks during the rainy
season.
 STAMBAS/ LATS
1. The Mosque
• Columns with carved
inscriptions
• The top being the
crown with emblems,
often reminiscent of
persepolitan
architecture (Elephant,
or a lion,
• Functions as bond
which joins the heaven
and the earth.
EXAMPLES
 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
TAJ MAHAL
• Translate in Hindi as the
“Crown of the Palaces”.
• An ivory-white marble
mausoleum on the south bank
of the Yamuna river in the
Indian city of Agra.
• It was erected by Shah Jahan
to the memory of his beloved
wife, Mumtaz Mahal.
• A year after her death in 1631
he began the Taj & it took
twenty-two years to complete
with over 20,000 workers
participating.
 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
TAJ MAHAL
• Shah Jahan was first inspired
to build the Taj Mahal after
Mumtaz Mahal, his third wife,
died while giving birth to their
14th child. His wife was died at
age 40.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

TAJ MAHAL
Uttar Pradesh, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

TAJ MAHAL
Agra, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

TAJ MAHAL
Uttar Pradesh, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

TAJ MAHAL
Uttar Pradesh, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

TAJ MAHAL
Uttar Pradesh, India
 AKSHARDHAM ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

TEMPLE
• A Hindu temple, and a spiritual-
cultural campus.
• Recorded as the World's
Largest Comprehensive
Hindu Temple.
• It is entirely constructed from
Rajasthani pink sandstone
and Italian Carrara marble.
• Compose of a sunken garden
named Yogi Hraday Kamal,
shaped like a lotus when
viewed from above, features
large stones engraved with
quotes from world luminaries.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

AKSHARDHAM TEMPLE
New Delhi, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

AKSHARDHAM TEMPLE
New Delhi, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

AKSHARDHAM TEMPLE
New Delhi, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

AKSHARDHAM TEMPLE
New Delhi, India
 LAKSHMANA ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

TEMPLE
• The temple is an excellent
example of Nagara style Hindu
temple architecture dedicated
to Vaikuntha Vishnu.
• The temple have become
famous for amorous images.
• These erotic images were not
intended to be titillating or
provocative, but instead served
ritual and symbolic function
significant to the builders,
patrons, and devotees of these
captivating structures.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

LAKSHMANA TEMPLE
Khajuraho, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

LAKSHMANA TEMPLE
Khajuraho, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

LAKSHMANA TEMPLE
Khajuraho, India
 HUMAYUN’S ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE

TOMB
• Tomb of the Mughal Emperor
Humayun that was
commissioned by Humayun's
first wife and chief consort,
Empress Bega Begum, in 1569-
70, and designed by Mirak
Mirza Ghiyas and his son,
Sayyid Muhammad, Persian
architects chosen by her.
• It was the first garden-tomb on
the Indian subcontinent.
• It was also the first structure to
use red sandstone at such a
scale.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

HUMAYUN’S TOMB
New Delhi, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

HUMAYUN’S TOMB
New Delhi, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

HUMAYUN’S TOMB
New Delhi, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

HUMAYUN’S TOMB
New Delhi, India
 The Masjid e Jahan Numa (lit. the 'World-reflecting Mosque')

JAMA MASJID
• Formerly the the Masjid e Jahan
Numa meaning the “World-
reflecting Mosque”.
• One of the largest mosques in
India where its courtyard can
accommodate more than 25,000
people.
• Same architectural plan of
Badshahi Masjid, in Pakistan by
Shah Jahan.
• It is considered as the best
among all mosques built during
the Mughal Empire as it has the
best mixture of marble and
limestone.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

JAMA MASJID
New Delhi, India
 ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE
AGRA FORT
• A historical fort in the city of
Agra in India which serves as
the main residence of the
emperors of the Mughal
Dynasty until 1638, when the
capital was shifted from Agra to
Delhi.
• The fort is separated from its
sister monument Taj Mahal by
just 2.5 kilometers.
• Shah Jahan was imprisoned
by his son Aurangzeb for eight
years in the octagonal tower of
Agra Fort.
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

AGRA FORT
Old Delhi, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

AGRA FORT
Agra, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

AGRA FORT
Agra, India
 INDIAN ARCHITECTURE

PISA CATHEDRAL COMPLEX

The Baptistery
• The cathedral’s
campanile, detached in
the standard Italian
fashion, is Pisa’s famous
Leaning tower.

AGRA FORT
Agra, India
समाप्त
Samaapt (END)