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6English
Word Formation
Processes
Word formation processes are basically how
new words are created and become part of
the language.

There are quite a few of them, and we will

now make the most important ones simple
and clear.

Knowing this can actually help you better

understand the English language, not to
mention the fact that knowing a word's origin
is a great way to reinforce your
understanding of it!

Borrowed words
Borrowed words are words that came to the
English language from another language.

It is a process where foreign words are

gradually becoming part of the language.

In many cases, the foreign words adopt the

sound and other characteristics of the
language, and if used long enough, they can
sound quite "native"!
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Examples:

Original word
(If the original
Source
meaning is English
languag
different, then word
e
it is given
in parenthesis)
Chinese t'e tea
Dutch wagen wagon
Old Norse vanta want
Old Norse taka (grasp) take
Latin rapidus rapid
Latin plus (more) plus
nervus (strength
Latin nerve
)
Old
blanc (white) blank
French
Norwegia
klover (skillful) clever
n
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spago (small spaghett

Italian
cord) i
Arabic safar (journey) safari
beugen (to
Greek bagel
bend)

Affixes
An affix is a letter or group of letters that is added to the beginning or end
of a word and changes its meaning.

Examples:
healthy => un + healthy = unhealthy (un is the affix)

 fear => fear + less = fearless

(less is the affix)

There are two kinds of affixes:

prefixes and suffixes.

When the letter or group of letters is added to the beginning of a word,

we call it a prefix.

Examples:
unhappy overconfident ultraviolet underdeveloped

When the letter or group of letters is added to the end of a word, we call
it a suffix.
Examples:
careful secretly greatness teacher

In English, many new words were formed from existing ones by adding
affixes to them.
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Some even have several affixes added, such as:

care => careless => carelessness

Some words were formed exactly the other way around. The affixes were
removed from existing words.

For example, the affix "or" was removed from the word "editor," and so we
got the verb "edit":

Converting
By "converting" we mean changing the function of a word without changing
its form.

For example, nouns that start to be used as verbs.

Examples of NOUNS that turned into VERBS:

Original word – noun New word – verb

We had a long talk. They like to talk for hours.
Can you buy me a drink? Don't drink that!
She finally got a divorce. I heard they are divorcing.
That dress was amazing. He likes the way she dresses.
I wrote you an e-mail. He e-mailed me several times.

Combinations
In English many words are formed by joining parts of two or more existing words.

Examples:
bag + pipe = bagpipe smoke + fog = smog
spoon + fork = spork motor + hotel = motel

Or, by combining full words, and not just their parts:

Examples:
foot + ball = football black + board = blackboard
with + out = without be + have = behave
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Clipping
Clipping is the shortening of longer words.

In some cases the front is removed, in some cases the back is removed, and in some other cases both
are removed!

Examples:
advertisement => advertisement => ad
examination => examination = exam doctor => doctor = doc
airplane => airplane => plane telephone => telephone => phone
popular music => popular music => pop influenza => influenza => flu

Acronyms
An acronym is a word made up from the first letters of the words that make
up the name of something.
Acronyms are a type of abbreviation formed when the initial letters of two or more words
are combined in a way that produces consonant and vowel sequences found in words.
Acronyms are normally pronounced as words:
RAM: random access memory (RAM is a term used to describe a computer’s memory.)
Initials are similar to acronyms but are pronounced as sets of letters, not as words:
WHO: World Health Organisation, pronounced W–H–O
CD: compact disc, pronounced C–D
Examples:
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
Interpol (International Criminal Police Organization)
radar (Radio Detection And Ranging)

Totally new
Some words were simply invented.

Meaning, somebody creates the word, and people start using it.

This can be necessary when scientists invent or discover something new that
didn't exist before, when technology advances, or when a company comes
up with a new product.
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In many cases science fiction an fantasy writers invent new words, as well.

Examples:
radioactive Celsius Kleenex diesel hobbit
Internet blog

Word formation processes – final words

Understanding the different word formation processes helps us thoroughly
understand the creation of the English vocabulary.

But you can take it a step further. By taking individual words and looking
into their actual origin, you can achieve a more complete understanding of
them.

Word formation
There are four main kinds of word formation: prefixes, suffixes, conversion and
compounds.

Prefixes

We add prefixes before the base or stem of a word.

examples prefixes

monorail, monolingual mono- means ‘one’

multipurpose, multicultura
multi- means ‘many’
l

post-war, postgraduate post- means ‘after’

unusual, undemocratic un- means ‘not’ or ‘opposite to’

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See also:
 Prefixes

Suffixes

We add suffixes after the base or stem of a word. The main purpose of a suffix is to show what
class of word it is (e.g. noun or adjective).

examples suffixes

terrorism, sexism -ism and -dom are used to form nouns

employer, actor -er and -or are used to form nouns to describe people who do things

widen, simplify -en and -ify are used to form verbs

reasonable,
-able is used to form adjectives
unprofitable

unhappily, naturally -ly is a common suffix used to form adverbs

Conversion
Conversion involves the change of a word from one word class to another. For example,
the verbs to email and to microwave are formed from the nouns email and microwave:
Can you text her? (verb from noun text, meaning to send a text-message)
They are always jetting somewhere. (verb from noun jet)
If you’re not careful, some downloads can damage your computer. (noun from
verb download)
OK, so the meeting’s on Tuesday. That’s a definite. (noun from adjective)
It’s a very big if and I’m not at all sure we can afford it. (noun from conjunction, meaning
‘it’s not at all certain’)
All companies have their ups and downs. (nouns from prepositions)
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We also use conversion when we change a proper noun into a common noun:
Has anybody seen my Dickens? (copy of a book by Dickens)

Compounding
When we use compounding, we link together two or more bases to create a new word.
Normally, the first item identifies a key feature of the second word. For example, the two
bases back and ache can combine to form the compound noun backache, and the two
bases post and card combine to form the compound noun postcard.
Compounds are found in all word classes. The most common types of compounds are:
Nouns: car park, rock band
Adjectives: heartbreaking, sugar-free, airsick
Verbs: oven-bake, baby-sit, chain-smoke
Adverbs: good-naturedly, nevertheless
It is sometimes difficult to know where to put hyphens in words that are compound ed. It
is also difficult to know whether to separate words (e.g. post box) or to join the words
(e.g. postbox). In such cases, it is best to check in a good learner’s dictionary.

Abbreviation
Abbreviation involves shortening a word. We do this in three main ways: clipping,
acronyms and blends.
We use clipping when we shorten or ‘clip’ one or more syllables from a word. We also
commonly clip proper names for people:
ad: advertisement, advert
lab: laboratory
Matt: Matthew

We form blends when we combine parts of existing words to form a new word:
blog: blend of web and log
motel: blend of motor and hotel
smog: blend of smoke and fog
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Back-formation
We form words with back-formation when we remove part of a word, usually something
which we think is a suffix (or occasionally a prefix). We do this commonly when we form
verbs from nouns.
For example: to liaise (back-formed from the noun liaison); to intuit (back-formed from
the noun intuition), to enthuse (back-formed from the noun enthusiasm):
Can you liaise with Tim and agree a time for the meeting, please?
She’s always enthusing about her new teacher.

Loan words and new words

Loan words

Loan words are words that are borrowed from other languages. Some recent loan
words for food taken from other languages include: sushi, tapas, chapatti, pizza. When
we use loan words, we do not normally change them, though we do sometimes inflect
them if they are singular countable nouns (pizzas, chapattis). We also sometimes
pronounce them more like English words, instead of using their original pronunciation.

New words

Some prefixes are commonly used to create new words. In modern English the
prefix e- is used to create new words that are connected with the Internet and the use of
the Internet:
e-bank, e-cards, e-commerce, e-learning
Almost any noun may potentially combine with any other noun to form new noun
compounds (e.g. computer virus, carbon footprint, quality time).