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    Thermal and Statistical Physics

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    littleartz2024
    The document discusses different methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction requires a medium and occurs at the molecular level as heat causes molecules to vibrate and transfer energy to neighbors. Convection involves the heating and movement of fluid particles. Radiation uses electromagnetic waves to transfer heat without a medium. Thermal conductivity and resistance are also explained.

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    Thermal and Statistical Physics

    Uploaded by

    littleartz2024
    17 views13 pages
    The document discusses different methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction requires a medium and occurs at the molecular level as heat causes molecules to vibrate and transfer energy to neighbors. Convection involves the heating and movement of fluid particles. Radiation uses electromagnetic waves to transfer heat without a medium. Thermal conductivity and resistance are also explained.

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    Notes for mgu bsc physics 3rd years

    Original Title

    THERMAL AND STATISTICAL PHYSICS

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    The document discusses different methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction requires a medium and occurs at the molecular level as heat causes molecules to vibrate and transfer energy to neighbors. Convection involves the heating and movement of fluid particles. Radiation uses electromagnetic waves to transfer heat without a medium. Thermal conductivity and resistance are also explained.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    17 views13 pages

    Thermal and Statistical Physics

    Uploaded by

    littleartz2024
    The document discusses different methods of heat transfer including conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction requires a medium and occurs at the molecular level as heat causes molecules to vibrate and transfer energy to neighbors. Convection involves the heating and movement of fluid particles. Radiation uses electromagnetic waves to transfer heat without a medium. Thermal conductivity and resistance are also explained.

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    Transfer of heat

    Medium
    Conduction required

    Conduction occurs at the molecular level—from one body to another—when heat energy is
    absorbed by a surface and causes the molecules of that surface to vibrate about their mean
    position . In the process, they transfer the energy into their neighbors a process which
    continues as long as heat is still being added.

    Medium
    Convection required

    When a liquid is heated at the bottom, fluid particles acquire energy from the source and density of
    fluid there decreases. The fluid particle moves upward and hence heat energy is transferred.

    Radiation No Medium

    This method uses electromagnetic waves which transfer heat from one place to the other.
    Thermal Conductivity -- The ability of a substance to conduct heat energy is measured by thermal
    conductivity

    Metals

    Wood, glass

    Insulators :
    mica
    The process of heat conduction depends on four basic factors: the temperature
    gradient, the cross section of the materials involved, their path length, and the
    properties of those materials.

    EXPRESSION OR THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY


    Consider a slab of material of length x meter and area of cross section A as shown in the figure.
    One end of the slab is maintained at a higher temperature θ1 and the other end at a lower temperature is θ1. Heat
    flows from the hot end to the cold end. It is found that the amount of heat(Q) conducted from one end to another
    end is
    Directly proportional to the area of cross-section(A)
    Directly proportional to the temperature difference between the end θ1- θ2
    Directly proportional to the time of conduction(t)
    Directly proportional to the length of (x).
    Where K is the proportionality constant. It is known as coefficient of thermal conductivity or simple or
    thermal conductivity. Its value depends upon the nature of the material.

    Thermal conductivity is defined as the amount of heat conducted per second normally across unit area
    of cross-section of the material per unit temperature difference per unit length.
    The quantity (θ1- θ2) / x denote the rate of fall of temperature with respect to distance. It is know as
    temperature gradient.

    The negative sign indicates the fall of temperature with distance.


    Thermal resistance

    Q= K A (θ1-θ2)/x (per sec)


    Q = (θ1-θ2)/(x/KA)
    Q = Temperature difference/Resistance
    Thermal resistance R =x/KA
    Q =(θ1-θ2)/R
    Lees disc experiment : thermal conductivity of bad conductors
    Radiation
    Nature of thermal radiation and properties
    ● It can travel in vacuum
    ● Like light it travels in straight line
    ● The intensity is inversely proportional to the square of the distance from the
    source.
    ● It obeys laws of reflection refraction and total internal reflection
    ● It exhibits interference, diffraction and polarisation.
    ● It manifest as heat unlike light
    ● It is a part of em radiation spectrum
    Energy flux : Thermal energy crossings surface in unit time . It is measured in watts

    Intensity: Thermal energy passing per unit area in unit time . It is measured in watts/m2

    Radiant emittance: Thermal energy emitted per unit area in unit time of
    a radiating body in all direction within limits of a solid angle 2π.

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