Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
Region V
Schools Division of Sorsogon
SALVACION NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
Salvacion, Pilar, Sorsogon

SOLE POWER: Capturing Kinetic and Thermoelectric Energy with Energy

Harvesting Shoes

A Scientific Research Presented to Salvacion National High School,

Senior High School Department

Proponents:

Mark Christian G. Mirandilla

Xypher Charles M. Lindio
Joey Jr. B. Garcia
Eralyn B. Andes

Ruby T. Gonzales
Capstone Teacher
 CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Electricity is the primary need and is consumed by the people. This energy is

used in different ways, such as in industrial, commercial, communication, work,

transportation, and daily living. It comes from two different sources: renewable and

non-renewable energy sources. Most commonly, electricity comes from non-

renewable sources such as petroleum and natural gas like fossil fuel. The process by

which this usable product emits a waste product is dangerous as it contains many

gases like carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide that cause severe environmental problems.

This includes the greenhouse effect, climate change, global warming, and pollution,

specifically air pollution. One way to address this issue and lessen the emission of

dangerous gases is through energy harvesting.

A shoe is a popular piece of footwear around the world as it protects our feet,

makes us comfortable when walking or running, and is fashionable. It is also used for

different purposes and events, like sports, meetings, modeling, and on a daily basis,

for example, transporting from one place to another. In every activity, the most

common action of people is either walking or running, accompanied by a shoe. The

movement of an individual creates kinetic energy, which can be converted into a

usable form of energy, which is electricity. Also, the friction between the soles of the

feet and the shoe generates heat, which can be converted to thermoelectricity.

A motion in a body naturally produces kinetic energy, especially when

walking and running. Massive amounts of force are exchanged throughout our body,

especially to our feet. In order to harness the energy and generate it into electricity,
piezoelectric materials are needed. This material converts pressure into electricity. A

shoe with a piezoelectric disc can generate enough electricity to power up devices

(Swagatam, 2019).

Wearable thermoelectric generators (w-TEGS) have the ability to self-power

miniaturized electronic devices by converting human body heat into electricity. It

provides a decent amount of electricity, ranging from microwatts to milliwatts; it

depends on the size of the device and the temperature of the body. This device has

different variations, such as the solid or metal state and flexible film (Zhang, Wang,

B., & Wang, J., 2021).

In the present time, the increasing demand for electricity causes environmental

issues and problems. This research will utilize people’s kinetic energy and body heat

to generate electricity by using piezoelectric and thermoelectric materials. This will

give an idea of how people harvest and use electricity safely and in an

environmentally friendly way.

Statement of the Problem

This study focuses on generating electricity by utilizing the kinetic energy and

body heat by using shoe with piezoelectric and thermoelectric devices.

Specifically, it will seek answer to the following statements:

1. Constructing a Sole Power Shoes Model.

2. Test the effectivity of the Sole Power Model in terms of:

a. Pressure

b. Generate (Kinetic and Thermoelectric) useable energy.

3. Determine the number of steps it takes to fully charged the Sole Power Shoes.
 a. Piezoelectric

b. Combination of Piezoelectric and Thermoelectric.

4. Determine the amount of voltage that the device can produce.

Hypotheses

H1 Energy Harvesting Shoes Equipped with Piezoelectric and Thermoelectric

materials will generate sufficient electrical energy from walking/running motion and

body heat to power small electronic devices.

H2 Energy Harvesting Shoes Equipped with Piezoelectric and Thermoelectric

materials will not generate sufficient electrical energy from walking/running motion

and body heat to power small electronic devices.

Scope and Delimitations

This study will determine the effectiveness of energy harvesting shoes in

capturing kinetic and thermoelectric energy by using energy piezoelectric and

thermoelectric materials.

The main purpose of this study is to construct a shoe that will generate and

store electricity. The experimentation will be conducted by the researchers at the

venue of the student researcher and in a school setting. This will start on February 26,

2024, and end on March 16, 2024. The study will only focus on generating electricity

and powering devices by using piezoelectric and thermoelectric materials as primary

components.
Significance of the Study

This research is considered beneficial to the following:

Community. From a broader perspective, this research can contribute to a

more sustainable and eco-friendly community. By harnessing energy that would

otherwise be wasted, we can reduce reliance on traditional power sources and more

towards more sustainable energy solutions. This technology can also be beneficial in

areas where access to electricity is limited, providing a potential solution for charging

small electronic devices.

Athletes. It will be also beneficial to the athletes who are often in motion,

could benefit from this technology as it can be a constant source of energy. This

energy can be used to power wearable devices, especially for athletes who spend a lot

of time training outdoors, providing a self-sustaining power source of their devices.

Students. It is beneficial to the students as it can serve as a valuable learning

resources. It will introduce them to the concept of energy harvesting and how it can be

applied to everyday object like shoes. They can learn about the potential of kinetic

and thermoelectric energy, which can inspire them to explore more in the field of

sustainable energy solutions.

Future Researchers. This study will back up the future researchers who want

to conduct the same study. They can use it as a reference or guide to accomplish their

study.
 Definition of Terms

Bridge Rectifier - Composes of four diodes that are arranged cleverly to convert the

AC to a DC voltage.

Boost Converter – A DC to DC converter module that increase the voltage of

thermoelectric device.

Cyanoacrylate Glue – Quick-bonding superglue that is effective in bonding different

materials, such as plastic and rubber.

Diode- A semiconductor electrical component that only permits one direction of

current flow.

Electricity- A flow of electrical power or charge. A usable form of energy that used

by devices.

Kinetic Energy – The energy associated by the object through its motion. It is

dependent on the mass and the speed of an object.

Piezoelectricity – It converts the mechanical stress and vibration to produce

electricity.

Piezoelectric Plate– The device conductor of the mechanical stress to produce

electrical energy.

Rubber Sheet - Placed on the electrode of piezoelectric disc transducer that serve as

protection from potential damage while using and maximize the applied pressure

causing more electrical response.

Silicone Adhesive- Type of glue that is versatile and good at withstanding water as

it contains silicon and oxygen atoms.

Solder – A soft metal that is easy to melt in order to join together, it become hard

again when it cooled.

Soldering Iron – The tool used for melting solder and applying it to metals that are to

be joined.

Sole Power Shoes – A wearable footwear that protect feet and generate electricity

from kinetic and thermoelectric energy.

Thermoelectric Device – It also called as the Seebeck Generator. A solid-state device

that converts heat directly into electrical energy through a phenomenon called

Seebeck Effect.

Thermoelectric Energy – The energy converted from the body heat into usable

electrical energy.

Vibration – The physical movement or oscillation of a mechanical stress of a

reference position.

Voltmeter – Also known as multi-tester, the device designed to measure electric

current, voltage, and usually resistance.

Voltage – The electric potential difference between two points in an electric circuit

measured in volts. It represents the force that drives the electric current through

conductor.
 End Notes

Bride Rectifier (2023). Construction, Working, Advantages. BYJUS.

Retrieved on January 29, 2024, https://byjus.com/physics/bridge-rectifier/.
BYJU’S (n.d.). Exploring Kinetic Energy. Byjus.com. Retrieved on January
29, 2024, https://byjus.com/physics/kinetic-energy/.

Electrical4U. (2023). Voltage: What is it? (Definition, Formula And How To

Measure Potential Difference). Electrical4U.com. Retrieved on February 1, 2024,
https://www.electrical4u.com/voltage-or-electric-potential-difference/.

He, R., Nielsch, K. & Schierning, G. (2017). Thermoelectric Devices: A

Review of Devices, Architectures and Contact Optimization. Wiley Online Library,
Vol. 3, (4). Retrieved on February 1, 2024
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/admt.201700256.

Li, G., Wang, B., Wang, J, & Zhang, A. (2021). A theoretical model for
wearable thermoelectric generators considering the effect of human skin. Journal of
Electronic Materials, 50(3), 1514–1526. Retrieved on February 1, 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08695-6.

Piezo Plates and Blocks. (n.d.) Piezo Direct Custom Piezo Ceramic. Retrieved
on February 1, 2024, https://piezodirect.com/piezo-plates-and-blocks/.

Swagatam. (2019). How to Generate Electricity from Shoe while Walking.

Homemade Circuit Projects. Retrieved on February 2, 2024, https://www.homemade-
circuits.com/generate-electricity-shoe-walking/.

Thermoelectric Energy: How it Works and its Application. (2018).

Contemporary Science and Innovation Spring 2018. Retrieved on February 2. 2024,
https://sites.suffolk.edu/saleenason/2018/03/06/thermoelectric-energy/.

Zhang, A., Li, G., Wang, B., & Wang, J. (2021). A theoretical model for
wearable thermoelectric generators considering the effect of human skin. Journal of
Electronic Materials, 50(3), 1514–1526. Retrieved on February 2, 2024,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11664-020-08695-6.
 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter includes the review of related literature and studies which the

researchers use to determine the factors that the research will be affected and how to

improve the research. The information included in this chapter will show the

similarities and differences of the present study to the previous studies.

Related Literature

Motion Energy is known as the Kinetic Energy. It is the property of any

moving object, whether it is moving vertically or horizontally. In can be expressed in

a variety of ways, including transitional energy or the resulting energy from the

motion one place to another, rotational, and vibrational energy. The mass and the

speed of an object are the factors that determine how much kinetic energy it possesses

(Work, Energy and Power, n.d.).

The energy supply presents a major obstacle for the flexibility and integration

of portable and wearable electronic devices. While replaceable batteries are

commonly used as energy sources, their rigid characteristics limit the overall

flexibility of these devices. Additionally, the limited battery life and potential

environmental pollution issues contradict principles of sustainable development. To

address these challenges, efforts have been made to explore environmentally friendly

and renewable energy sources for powering electronic devices. Self-powered

technology offers a solution by enabling devices to operate autonomously, collecting

energy from the surrounding environment without relying on external sources. This

technology relies on the effective collection of various forms of energy, such as

mechanical, thermal, chemical, and solar energy, which has garnered significant
attention in the development of energy harvesting systems suitable for portable and

wearable devices. (Han, Song, Xu & Zhang, 2021).

According to Smith (2021), it is possible to recover thermal energy from

running cars, electronic devices like cellphones and computers, and even from human

bodies and environment. By utilizing thermal energy from the surroundings,

thermoelectric energy harvesting, produces electricity without the need for batteries or

a grid connection. Thermoelectric energy generators or TEGs are the basis for thermal

harvesters, which using heat to generate electrical energy direct from it.

Thermoelectric materials are used in this process, which operates on the concept that a

change in temperature across a semi-conductor material that produce a voltage that

generates electrical current.

Scientists are focusing on improving green energy harvesting-based power

generators to address the issues of increasing power costs, environmental pollution,

and global warming. One promising technology is thermoelectric generators (TEGs),

which can directly convert thermal energy into electrical energy through the Seebeck

effect. TEGs have several advantages, including being environmentally friendly,

operating silently without mechanical structures or moving parts, and being

compatible with various substrates such as silicon, polymers, and ceramics. They are

also position-independent, have a long operating lifetime, and can be integrated into

bulk and flexible devices. The TEGs can use in various applications fields, ranging

from low-power applications such as medical and wearable devices, IoT, and WSN, to

high-power applications like industrial electronics, automotive engines, and aerospace

(Gali, Yemula and Surapeneni, 2020).

 Green Energy harvesting aims to supply electricity to electric or electronic

systems from one or different energy sources present in the environment without grid

connection or utilization of batteries. These energy sources are solar (photovoltaic),

movements (kinetic), radiofrequencies and thermal energy (thermoelectricity). The

thermoelectric energy harvesting technology exploits seebeck effects. This effect

describes the conversion of temperature gradient into electric power at the junctions

of the thermoelectric elements of a thermos electric generator (TEG) device. This

device is a robust and highly reliable energy converter, which aims to generate

electricity in applications in which the heat would be otherwise dissipated. The

significant request for thermoelectric energy harvesting is to be justified by

developing new thermoelectric materials and the design of new TEG devices.

Moreover, the thermoelectric harvesting devices are used for waste heat harvesting in

microscale applications. Potential TEG applications as energy harvesting modules are

used in medical devices, sensors, buildings and consumer electronics. It shows the

ability thermoelectric energy harvesting and the low-power applications of it (Enescu,

2019).
Related Studies

Foreign

According to Firmansyah & Chen (2023), by attaching a thermoelectric

generator (TEG) to the shoe soles, hiking shoes, like other hiking gear, can be utilised

as an energy source. A thermoelectric generator (TEG) uses temperature differentials

between the hiker's feet, which are heated, and the cool mountains to produce

electricity. To illustrate the thermoelectric performance, we provide five shoe sole

prototypes in this study that can be printed with a 3-D printer. Using thermoplastic

polyurethane (TPU) as the soft sole material during the 3-D printing process directly

enables the construction of shoe sole cavities for TEG and other intricate designs. The

temperature differential between the hot and cold sides is what caused the TEG-

embedded hiking shoes to produce a sizable electrical voltage, according to the testing

data. It produced the maximum voltage of about 92 mV and the maximum power of

about 0.017 mW in the ideal prototype when Delta around 36 °C. Reducing heat

resistance is anticipated to increase TEG performance for real-world applications.

According to Chen, Fu, Liu, Sun, Wang, Yang, Yan, Yu, Yu, Zheng, & Zhou

(2022), the best power source for the upcoming generation of wearable electronics is

thought to be a flexible, self-charging power source with an excellent capacity to

capture and store the energy produced by human motion. They showcased a flexible

lithium battery that can charge itself and store minuscule motion energy at low

frequencies. To create a revolutionary flexible self-charging power cell (SCPC),

electrospinning polyvinylidene fluoride-trifluoro ethylene (P(VDF-TrFE)) porous

membranes was used as a supporting layer of the electrode and a piezoelectric

separator. By directly gathering movement energy through mechanical deformation,

the flexible SCPC may be efficiently charged. Periodic tapping at a frequency of 6 N

and 1 Hz could charge the flexible case-sealed SCPC, revealing a storage capacity of

0.092 μA h in 330 seconds. The flexible SCPC can function at lower frequency and

pressure than typical self-charging batteries, and it can also gather the minuscule

motion energy of the human body to power wearable electronics. The creation of new

wearable electronic devices that can charge themselves could be made possible by this

inventive approach.

According to Singh, Gupta, & Mukherjee (2022), two polyvinylidene fluoride

(PVDF) based energy harvester, which can be embedded in shoes to generate electric

energy while in walking motion. One of the harvester material is designed as a

sandwich structure is placed under the ball of foot, while the other one has curved or

oval-shaped structure, placed under the heel of foot. Both materials are developed and

deployed appropriately in the sole to couple maximum mechanical stress to the piezo-

material and achieve high power output. It has been observed experimentally that the

sandwich structured harvester yields 4.9 µW across s a capacitor of µW while

walking at a speed of two steps/ second (2 Hz).However, the same capacitor curved-

shaped harvester produces up to 5.625 µW power. Integrated output of both energy

harvester was 9.625 µW.

According to Zhu, Luo, & Shi (2022), the structure of the shrapnel transducer

(length × width × height: 90 × 50 × 15 mm3), which is made up of two piezoelectric

bimorph, is the basis for the piezoelectric shoes proposed in this study. In a scientific

setting, the shrapnel piezoelectric transducer's energy harvesting efficiency was tested

at various excitation frequencies and displacements. Under the matching resistance of

60 kΩ, the highest output voltage was 11.03 V, the maximum output current was 0.18
mA, and the maximum output power was 2.03 mW when the excitation frequency

was 4 Hz and the displacement was 5 mm. The output properties of piezoelectric

shoes were then examined by three individuals using varying weights and workout

modes. The output power increases with the wearer's weight and exercise intensity,

according to the trial results. At an 80 kg body weight, the walking, running, and

leaping output powers were 8.24, 12.71, and 23.16 mW, respectively, while the

matching resistances were 40, 14, and 12 kΩ. The shoe was successful in lighting up a

0.6-meter-long LED flexible light strip (35 LED lights). This research could lead to

the development of rechargeable illuminating shoes for night workers or positioning

shoes for individuals who are easily disoriented.

According to Mohamad, Kassim, & Suliman (2019), shoe soles with

piezoelectric components are frequently used to harness the piezoelectric effect

caused by vibrations caused by walking. The piezoelectric shoe is an excellent tool for

energy harvesting; it may be made better by including additional piezoelectric

elements and a place to store the energy that is captured. The analysis of the efficiency

differences between square and round-shaped piezoelectric elements was the main

goal of the study. Various piezoelectric element shapes resulted in varying output

voltage values. A piezoelectric element with a square form often produces an output

voltage that is lower than one with a round shape. Mean output voltage was as high as

11.56V for a round piezoelectric with a diameter of 4.5 cm and 6.12V for a square

piezoelectric with dimensions of 4.5 cm by 4.5 cm. But all of this was dependent upon

how much pressure applied on the piezoelectric materials.

Local
 The use of piezoelectric materials on tiles to generate electricity produces a

variety of voltage numbers that depend on the tile materials used. The piezoelectric

titles were made of three materials, namely wood, porcelain, and ceramic. Each tile

has five piezoelectric plates attached to each corner and center of it. To determine the

output voltage when people step on the tiles, a voltmeter was used. The findings

revealed that wood tiles produced a mean voltage of 0.711 V, porcelain tile 0.698 V,

and ceramic tile 1.018 V. Analysis of variance results showed that there were

significant voltage output differences between the three tiles. It is concluded that the

mechanical energy coming from the footsteps could be harvested using piezoelectric,

where the mechanical stress is converted into an electrical source (Go, Remolino,

Sanchez, & Paz, 2023).

On the study of Crisostomo, Granado, Marcos, Matias, Pagela, & Paralta

(2020), the researchers developed a multi-purposed and portable thermoelectric

generator that has a thermoelectric generator (TEG) module. It maximizes the waste

heat generated from different sources to produce electricity that could power up low-

voltage devices. The TEG module converts heat energy through a temperature

difference generated from both the hot and cold sides of the module. The study used

eight thermoelectric modules for the accumulation of waste heat, and it also used a

radiator as a medium to hold a cold substance. Based on the results, the generator

works best on waste heat sources from the transport system. The cold side of the

device performs better at charging batteries.

According to the study of Ching, Geotina, Gora, Martinez, Santiago, and

Sucayre (2018), the rise of friendly energy sources and the design of a renewable

energy system using piezoelectric transducers is another way to generate electricity.

Piezoelectric transducers are materials that could transform mechanical energy into
electrical energy. The researchers developed an electrical harvester through the use of

a standalone, mounted staircase, and the energy came from human footsteps. The

device is composed of LTC3588-1 and a XLC6009 boost converter as a charging

circuit for the lead-acid batteries. Furthermore, a relay and inverter-based automatic

transfer switch between batteries and mains acts as an uninterruptable power supply.

To record the output voltage, a data logger was used.

A system called the VEHD, or Vibration Energy Harvesting Device, was

designed to harness the vibration energy and convert it into electrical energy. To fully

utilize the mechanical stress, a piezoelectric transducer was used. The electrical

energy that was generated was measured, monitored, and compared with other trials at

different test points of the generator. Based on the findings, the greater the percent

unbalanced of the line currents, the greater the generated voltage (Paris & Bersano,

2017).

On the study of Buenafe, Cruz, Ibara, Latina, Mirano, Sese, & Yu (2016), the

researchers harvest electrical energy through thermoelectric coolers (TEC) or peltier

tiles. It uses body heat in different workout activities. The harvesting circuit is

composed of Peltier tiles, a joule thief circuit, and a rechargeable battery. The TECs

device exhibits the Seebeck effect, in which voltage is produced when there is a

temperature difference between two dissimilar conductors. The tiles have two sides,

the hot and cold sides, which are interchangeable depending on the flow of current.

The joule thief performs as a self-oscillating voltage booster circuit for small power

applications. The rechargeable battery stores the voltage collected from the joule thief.

The researcher measured the voltage and current generated during different workout

activities, and based on the values obtained, jogging using a treadmill was the most

effective workout that generated the most voltage in a certain amount of time
compared to other activities. The researcher calculated the approximated time for

charging the fully discharged battery and found out that it will take 38,461.54 hours

for the full charge of a 1000 mAh battery rating.

Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art

The rise in demand for electricity is the reason for the increase of harmful

gases and chemicals. To overcome the environmental problem and sustain the needs

of individuals, renewable energy is the key. Energy-harvesting shoes utilize the

motion and heat of the person. The shoes that are composed of piezoelectric

components are used to harness the vibration that results in mechanical stress and

convert it to a usable form of energy, which is electricity. The piezoelectric effect is

caused by vibrations caused by walking. The piezoelectric shoe is an excellent tool for

energy (Mohamad et al., 2019).

The combination of piezoelectric and thermoelectric materials could result in a

more reliable and fast generation of electricity. The piezoelectric material used the

kinetic energy from the motion of people to harvest electricity (Singh et al., 2022),

while the thermoelectric material used the seebeck effect (body heat) to generate

electricity (Gali et al., 2020). The shoes are made of different electrical components

such as piezoelectric, thermoelectric, lithium batteries, a self-charging power cell, a

flexible membrane, a separator, a boost converter, a relay, and a polyuinylidene

fluoride (PVDF) energy harvester (Chen et al., 2023). By creating and modifying the

model and structure of the shoe, you can greatly affect the voltage produced by the

device.

In the other studies, the researchers only utilized the piezoelectric material as

an energy-capturing component for the shoes; the material was also used for the tiles

(Go, 2023) and staircase (Ching, 2016). Other studies used only the thermoelectric in

a generator (Crisostomo, 2020), peltier tiles (Buenafe, 2018), and wearable devices

(Han, 2021). The production of electricity is very low, and it takes plenty of time to
fully charge the batteries of the device and to have the power to charge a low-voltage

tool. In order to determine the voltage of the energy generated by the steps and

movements of people, a multimeter and a data logger are needed. This research will

fully employ piezoelectric and thermoelectric materials in a shoe to harness and

generate electricity effectively. To ensure the effectiveness of the device, the

researchers will create a model that harvests almost all of the waste energy from the

kinetic and body heat of humans, specifically the feet.

 End Notes

AZoCleantech. (2021). The future of thermoelectric energy harvesting.

Retrieved on February 28, 2024, https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?
ArticleID=1296.

Boughamoura, A., Ismail, M., Jaziri, N., Mezghani, B., Mueller, J., & Tounsi,
F. (2020). A comprehensive review of Thermoelectric Generators: Technologies and
common applications. Published by Research Gate. Retrieved on February 28, 2024,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338019532_A_comprehensive_review_of_T
hermoelectric_Generators_Technologies_and_common_applications.

Buenafe, R. T., Cruz, G., Ibara, J. B., Latina, M. A., Mirano, M. A., Sese, J., &
Yu, J. J. (2016). Harvesting Electrical Power Through Body Heat in Different
Workout Activities Using Peltier Tiles. International Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE). Pp. 460-463, Retrieved on February 28, 2024,
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7893618/

Chen, D., Fu, Y., Liu, G., Sun, S., Wang, Y., Yang, L., Yan, L., Yu, S., Yu, Z.,
Zheng, J., & Zhou, H. (2022). Flexible self-charging lithium battery for storing low-
frequency mechanical energy. Nano Energy, 94, 106911. Retrieved on February 28,
2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106911.

Ching, W. A., Geotina, M. J., Gora, N. S., Martinez, J. M., Santiago, R. V. M.

& Sucayre, R. J. (2018). “Implementation of Piezoelectric Generator for Harvesting
Energy for Different Types of Staircases with Automatic Switching Mechanism,”
2018 IEEE 10th International Conference on Humanoid, Nanotechnology, Information
Technology,Communication and Control, Environment and Management (HNICEM),
Baguio City, Philippines, 2018, pp. 1-6. Retrieved on February 25, 2024, doi:
10.1109/HNICEM.2018.8666232.

Crisostomo, M. A., Granado, S., Marcos, I., Matias, J., Pagela, J. K., &
Paralta, J. M. (2020). Portable and Multipurpose Thermoelectric Generator Device.
Engineering Research Bulletin, Vol. 8, 29. Retrieved on February 29, 2024,
https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Philippines+Study+about+body+heat+Thermoelectric+eff
ectiveness+in+generating+electricity&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1709167487692&u=
%23p%3DuifktDCDuzQJ.

Enescu, D. (2019). Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting: Basic Principles and

Applications. IntechOpen. Retrieved on February 25, 2024,
https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/65239.

Firmansyah, H.B. & Chen, C. (2023). Fabrication and Analysis of

Thermoelectric Generator-Integrated Shoes for Hiking. Retrieved on February 25,
2024, https://scholar.google.com/scholar?
hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Hasan+Basri+Maulana+Firmansyah%2C+Chin-
Tai+Chen&btnG=#d=gs_qabs&t=1709191239889&u=%23p%3Ddf60N9oril8J.
 Go, J. C. T., Remolino, A. K. A., Sanchez, J. M. P., & Paz, K. E. (2023).
Harvesting Energy through Piezoelectric Tiles: A Comparative Study of Wood,
Porcelain, and Ceramic Tiles. EDUCATUM Journal of Science, Mathematics and
Technology, 10(1), 1–6. Retrieved on February 27, 2024,
https://doi.org/10.37134/ejsmt.vol10.1.1.2023.

Gupta, V. K., Mukherjee, S., & Singh, S. (2022). PIEZOELECTRIC BASED

ENERGY HARVESTER EMBEDDED IN SHOE FOR WEARABLE
ELECTRONICS. Published by Research Gate. Retrieved on February 29, 2024,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360549758_PIEZOELECTRIC_BASED_E
NERGY_HARVESTER_EMBEDDED_IN_SHOE_FOR_WEARABLE_ELECTRO
NICS.

Han, M., Song, Y., Xu, C. & Zhang, H. (2021). Portable and wearable self-
powered systems based on emerging energy harvesting technology. Microsystems and
Nanoengineering. Retrieved on February 29, 2024,
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41378-021-00248-z.

Husin, I., Kassim, M., Mohamad, R., Shahbudin, S., Suliman, S. I., & Yusaf,
Y. (2019). The Effect of Piezoelectric Shape on Energy Harvesting Shoes.
2019International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering
8(12):918-923. Retrieved on February 27, 2024,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/364105824_The_Effect_of_Piezoelectric_S
hape_on_Energy_Harvesting_Shoes.

Luo, R., Shi, K., & Zhu, Q. (2022). Preparation and Performance Study of
Piezoelectric Shoes Based on Shrapnel Transducer Structure, Integrated
Ferroelectrics, 230:1, 48-60. Retrieved on February 28, 2024,
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10584587.2022.2102798.

Pacis, M. C. & Bersano, R. F. (2017). “A study on vibration energy harvesting

in electric generators,” TENCON 2017 – 2017 IEEE Region 10 Conference, Penang,
Malaysia, 2017, pp. 3012-3017. Retrieved on February 28, 2024, doi:
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February 29, 2024, https://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/energy/u5l1c.cfm.
 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY

This chapter includes the research design and methodology of this study.

Research Design

This study used a quantitative method, specifically a quasi-experimental

design, to conduct an experimental study determining the effectiveness of the sole

power with piezoelectric and thermoelectric materials in generating and storing

electricity. This research will also utilize the parts of the qualitative method to state

and explain the respondents The researchers will also utilize instruments such as

experiments, control groups, time-series design, and observation. This process will

help the researchers obtain and collect the needed data in order to conduct this

research.

This research study will be conducted at the residences of the researchers and in a

school setting. The respondents will be the researchers and a group of people that will

be chosen by the researchers. The researchers will first construct the sole power and

create the product. The sole power will be used by the researcher to determine the

comfort, quality, sturdiness, and effectiveness of generating electricity. After the

product is examined, it will be worn by the respondents in order to know their

thoughts about it and its effectiveness in generating mechanical and body heat and

electrical energy. The sole power will have two models: one with only piezoelectric

material and the other with a combination of piezoelectric and thermoelectric

materials. Therefore, the researchers will conduct two experimental sessions in order

to identify the electricity produced by the two models. In order to determine the

different factors, the researchers will use the following tools: a voltmeter to determine
the electricity produced by the device; a scientific and mathematical formula for

pressure; and a thermometer for temperature.

The researchers chose this place of implementation because it will give them the

freedom and accurate data, they need to determine the effectiveness of the sole power

of piezoelectric and thermoelectric materials in generating and storing electricity. This

study was conducted on February 26, 2024, and will end on April 20, 2024. This time

frame is given to the researchers to obtain the results and formulate answers to the

research questions.

Table 1. EFFECTIVITY OF THE SOLE POWER ACCORDING TO THE

FACTORS

This table show the respondents observation and battery accumulated in terms

of percentage and base on the factors.

Battery Percentage

Accumulated

Respondents No. of Observation

Steps Piezoelectric Sole

Power

1 500

2 500

3 500
Table 2. NUMBERS OF STEPS IT TAKES TO FULLY CHARGE

This table show the steps needed to fully charge the battery of the sole power

and the watts produce per step.

No. of Steps Watts Battery

Materials Produce per Capacity
Step
Piezoelectric 2200 mAh

Piezoelectric and Thermoelectric 2200 mAh

Table 3. AMOUNT OF VOLTAGE PRODUCE BY THE DEVICE

This table shows the voltage produce in charging by the materials of the

product.

Materials Battery Capacity Voltage Output

Piezoelectric 2200 mAh

Piezoelectric and 2200 mAh

Thermoelectric

Methodology
 Phase I: Installing the Piezoelectric Disc to the Shoe

Gather all the needed Cut a hard plastic to half the size of the insole. Drill
materials. five holes smaller than the size of the piezoelectric disc
on it.

Test the materials by Paste the piezoelectric discs. Attached positive and
voltmeter. negative wires to the piezoelectric disc.

After the testing, attached Paste a circular rubber to the back of the disc.
the disc to the hard plastic.

Connect the wires of the whole After that, attached another disc to the rubber.
disc and attached to bridge
rectifier

Paste a circular rubber to the Piezoelectric device

front of the discs.

To create the

piezoelectric device, the needed materials must be gathered first. To have a surface,

measure the size of the insole of the shoe with the hard plastic and cut it into the half-

size of the insole. Make five holes in it using a drill, and make sure that the

piezoelectric disc is fitted into the hole. Paste the disc into the hole by using silicon

adhesive. After it is dry, attach the positive and negative single-stranded wires to it by

soldering. To test if the discs are working, use a voltmeter.

To accumulate mechanical stress, paste a circular rubber to the back of the discs and

attach another set of them by using the same paste agent. After ensuring the placement

of the discs, connect the negative wire on the corner or side of the piezoelectric disc,
 while the positive wire attaches at the center of the piezoelectric disc. Resulting in one

positive and one negative wire, connect it to the bridge rectifier on each side, which is

composed of four diodes (1N4007). The bridge rectifier is paste to the hard plastic by

cyanoacrylate glue. To certify the production of kinetic energy, paste a small piece of

rubber at the center of each disc.

Phase II: Constructing the Thermoelectric Devices

Gather all the needed Connect the five Solder another wire to the
materials. thermoelectric plates. device and connect it to a
boost converter.

Thermoelectric device Put a leg garter belt to After it, connect the boost
the device. converter to the USB
charging module.
 To construct the thermoelectric device, the needed materials must be gathered

first. Form first a circular-shaped bracelet-like structure and connect the five

thermoelectric plates by connecting the positive to negative and negative to positive

wires by soldering. Make sure to have a free-from-connection connection with one

positive and one negative wire. After the structure is formed, solder the wires into the

boost converter and connect the converter to the USB charging module. To ensure the

bond and the structure of the device, attach it with a leg garter belt.
 Phase III: Constructing the Sole Power

Put the piezoelectric Attached the USB Attached the

device to the shoe. charging module and thermoelectric
battery holder to the side device.
of the shoe.

Solder the wire of Solder the wire of Connect the battery

thermoelectric device piezoelectric device to the holder to the module.
to the module. module.

Sole power shoe

To construct the sole power shoes, the following are the steps: Put the

piezoelectric device into the shoe, covering half of the midsole. Attached the USB

charging module along with the battery holder to the left side of the shoe by using

cyanoacrylate glue and tape. After that, solder the wires of the battery holder,

piezoelectric, and thermoelectric devices to the module. To have electricity storage,

put the 2200 mAh and 3.7V battery.

 End Notes

AZoCleantech. (2021). The future of thermoelectric energy harvesting.

Retrieved on February 28, 2024, https://www.azocleantech.com/article.aspx?
ArticleID=1296.

Chen, D., Fu, Y., Liu, G., Sun, S., Wang, Y., Yang, L., Yan, L., Yu, S., Yu, Z.,
Zheng, J., & Zhou, H. (2022). Flexible self-charging lithium battery for storing low-
frequency mechanical energy. Nano Energy, 94, 106911. Retrieved on February 28,
2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2021.106911.

Elsayed, Y., Saad, N., & Zekry, A. (2016). Enhancing the design of battery
charging controllers for photovoltaic systems. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews. 57. 646-655. Retrieved on March 30, 2024,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290436504_Enhancing_the_design_of_batte
ry_charging_controllers_for_photovoltaic_systems/citation/download.
Skill Make. (2022). I generate electricity by walking - How to Generate free
energy with smart shoes [Video]. YouTube. Retrieved on March 29,2024,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PNjc9tUs96Y.