ENGLISH

Fourth Quarter –
Lesson 1: Compose Clear and Coherent Sentences Using Grammatical
Structures: Simple Tenses of the Verb

This module will help you determine different verb forms used when composing clear
and coherent sentences. Knowing the present forms of verbs will enable you to talk about
regularly done actions. Likewise, mastering the past forms of verbs will help you talk about
past events. Lastly knowing how we form verbs to state the future will also help you in
talking about future events.

1. Simple present form expresses actions that are done regularly. It is also used to tell
general truth or facts.

To use the simple present form of the verb, you need to note whether the subject is singular
or plural.
▪ When the subject of the sentence is singular, add -s or -es to the base form of the
verb.
▪ When the subject of the sentence is plural, use the base form for the verb.

Examples:
1. Mary goes with her friends to pick up colorful stones in the river every Saturday
afternoon.
⮚ In this sentence, the subject is Mary which is singular. The verb used is goes
which is the singular form of the verb go.

2. The girls attend their baking class twice a week.

⮚ In this sentence, the subject is girls which is plural. The verb used is attend which
is the base form of the verb.

2. Simple past form of the verb is used to express past actions. Time expressions like
yesterday, a year ago, last night, etc. can be used to show definite past time actions.

Here are the rules in forming the simple past:

• Regular verbs form the past by adding d or ed to the base form of the verb whether
the subject is singular or plural.
Example:
1. The girl attended her baking class a week ago.
⮚ In this sentence, the subject is girl which is singular. The verb used is
attended which is in past form.

2. The girls attended their baking class a week ago.

⮚ In this sentence, the subject is girls which is plural. The verb used is also
attended which is in past form.
 Most irregular verbs have different spellings in the past form. Study the list given in the
next pages.

 A few verbs have the same past form as their base form. Remember the following
examples.

Example:
1. Mary went with her friends to pick up colorful stones in the river yesterday
afternoon.

2. The girls thought of sorting out the stones according to colors.

3. They took some that have shades of green, red and white.

3. Simple future form of the verb is used to express actions to be done sometime in the
future. It is formed using will/shall + base form of the verb whether the subject is singular
or plural.

Examples:

1. Mary will go with her friends to pick up colorful stones in the river tomorrow afternoon.
 In this sentence, the subject is Mary which is singular. The verb used is will go.

2. The girls will attend their baking class next week.

⮚ In this sentence, the subject is girls which is plural. The verb used is will attend.

Here is a list of verb forms used in sentences in the present, past or future tense:

A. Regular Verbs
Present Past Future
add added will add
agree agreed will agree
bake baked will bake
believe believed will believe
carry carried will carry
change changed will change
describe described will describe
donate donated will donate
enjoy enjoyed will enjoy
enrol enrolled will enrol
finish finished will finish
fix fixed will fix
gather gathered will gather
greet greeted will greet
improve improved will improve
install installed will install
harvest harvested will harvest
help helped will help
join joined will join
jump jumped will jump
kiss kissed will kiss
kneel kneeled will kneel
laugh laughed will laugh
live lived will live
match matched will match
memorize memorized will memorize
notice noticed will notice
nourish nourished will nourish
obey obeyed will obey
offer offered will offer
paint painted will paint
perform performed will perform
qualify qualified will qualify
question questioned will question
receive received will receive
rave saved will save
serve served will serve
talk talked will talk
taste tasted will taste
unite united will unite
use used will use
visit visited will visit
vote voted will vote
 wait waited will wait
walk walked will walk
yawn yawned will yawn
yell yelled will yell
zip zipped will zip

B. Irregular Verbs
Present Past Future
awake awoke will awake
begin began will begin
bite bit will bite
break broke will break
bring brought will bring
catch caught will catch
come came will come
choose chose will choose
do did will do
draw drew will draw
drink drank will drink
drive drove will drive
eat ate will eat
fall fell will fall
find found will find
fly flew will fly
forget forgot will forget
give gave will give
go went will go
grow grew will grow
hang hung will hang
hide hid will hide
hold held will hold
keep kept will keep
know knew will know
lay laid will lay
lead led will lead
leave left will leave
lie lied will lie
lose lost will lose
make made will make
meet met will meet
read read will read
ride rode will ride
ring rang will ring
rise rose will rise
run ran will run
say said will say
see saw will see
sing sang will sing
sit sat will sit
speak spoke will speak
stand stood will stand
swim swam will swim
teach taught will teach
tear tore will tear
throw threw will throw
wear wore will wear
win won will win
write wrote will write

ENGLISH
 Fourth Quarter –
Lesson 2: Compose Clear and Coherent Sentences Using Appropriate
Grammatical Structures: Perfect Tenses of Verbs

This module is designed and written in consideration of you, learners, and your level
of knowledge as well as your capacity to learn and apply the skills in English. It is made to
train you on appreciating visual images based on real-life situations and to gain knowledge
and better understanding of perfect tenses when used in sentences.

I. The Present Perfect Tense is made up of has/have plus the past participle form of the
verb.
A. Has + past participle form of the verb is used when the subject is singular.
Examples:
1. A tourist guide has accompanied them since the first day of their tour.
2. Sheila has worked as a nurse for a year now.

B. Have + past participle form of the verb is used when the subject is plural. It is
also used when the subject is I or You.
Examples:
1. They have explored Igbaclag Cave for almost an hour.
2. Sheila and Maricel have worked as nurses since 2015.
3. I have practiced my profession as a nurse for a year now.
4. You have worked as a nurse since 2015.

In present perfect tense, we refer to an action or state that happened or occurred at

an indefinite time in the past or something that began in the past and continued up to the
present. With present perfect tense, we also use the expressions for and since. For is used
to express the duration of the action and since is used to indicate the starting point of the
action.

II. The Past Perfect Tense indicates an action that had already happened at some point in
the past (which is expressed through the past perfect form of the verb) before another
action took place (that is expressed in simple past form of the verb). It also refers to actions
that were completed before certain or specific time in the past. The Past Perfect Tense is
formed by using the past tense of “to have” which is had + past participle form of the
verb. This is applicable for either singular or plural subject.

Examples:
1. When they had left for the city, they realized the value and importance of nature.
2. Sheila had worked as a nurse before she went abroad.
3. After Sheila and Maricel had passed the nursing licensure examination, they
applied for work.
4. I had worked as a nurse when the COVID 19 pandemic started.
5. You had worked as a nurse before I met you.

In the past perfect tense, the expressions before, after and when are used.
III. The Future Perfect Tense is a verb tense used with an action that will be completed
sometime in the future before another future action will take place or before a specified
point in the future. It is formed by using will/shall have + the past participle form of
the verb with either singular or plural subject.

Examples:
1. By next year, they will have returned to the place together with their families.
2. Sheila will have worked as a nurse here before she goes abroad.
3. Sheila and Maricel shall have worked as nurses by the end of next year.
4. I will have worked as a nurse by the time my father retires from work.
5. You shall have worked as a nurse by then.

In the Future Perfect Tense expressions like before, by, by the time, by then and by the end
of are used.

ENGLISH
 Fourth Quarter –
Lesson 3: Compose Clear and Coherent Sentences Using Past, Present
and Future Progressive Tenses of the Verb

In this module, you will learn to:

• define and describe past, present and future progressive tenses of the verb;
• identify past, present and future progressive tenses of the verb in a sentence; and
• compose clear and coherent sentences using appropriate grammatical structures:
past, present and future progressive tenses of the verb.

A progressive tense is used to describe ongoing action. It shows action happening at

the time when they are being mentioned.

Present Progressive Tense

The present progressive tense shows an action which is happening at the moment of
speaking and writing.
- It uses time expressions such as at this time, presently, now, right now, at this
moment, and currently.
- Sentences with verbs in the present progressive tense can be formed in these
ways:

Examples:
a. I am writing on the board right now.
b. Maria Fe is writing on the board now.
c. Maria Fe and Imee are writing on the board now.

Past Progressive Tense

The past progressive tense shows:
1. an action which was occurring in the past when another past action
happened.
It uses the time expressions while, when, as and before.
Examples:
a. I was writing on the board when our teacher came.
b. While our teacher was preparing the board, we entered the room.

2. actions happening at the same time in the past

Examples:
1. As our teacher was explaining, we were taking notes.
2. While we were taking notes, our teacher was encouraging us to ask questions.
The Past Progressive tense can be formed this way:
Future Progressive Tense
The future progressive tense shows an action that will continue to happen in the
future.

- It uses the time expressions such as later, when, this afternoon, this time
tomorrow, soon, in, on, at, next week, etc.
- It is formed using this format:

Examples:
1. I will be writing on the board later.
2. Maria Fe will be writing a letter for her friend tomorrow.
3. This time tomorrow, Maria Fe and Imee will be presenting their research to
the teachers.

ENGLISH
 Fourth Quarter –
Lesson 4: Using Coordinating Conjunctions

The learner should be able to:

1. identify the coordinating conjunctions in the sentence;
2. use coordinating conjunctions in the sentence correctly; and
3. compose clear and coherent sentences using coordinating conjunctions.

Coordinating conjunctions are words that join or coordinate two or more words,
phrases, or groups of words in a sentence. These words, phrases, or word groups should be
equal or similar.

Below are examples of coordinating conjunctions:

 for is used to show a cause

Example: I didn’t attend the meeting, for I was busy with my chores.

 and is used to add ideas

Example: Eating candies and chewing gums are not allowed during class hours.

 nor is used to distinguish between negative clauses

Example: He doesn’t know me, nor does he know my sister.

 but is used to contrast ideas

Example: Father bought potatoes, but he forgot to buy garlic.

 or is used to show choices or options

Example: Does she know you or Lorna?

 yet is used to contrast ideas

Example: They have listened to the weather forecast, yet they went fishing.

 so is used to show a result

Example: The dog was barking loud, so I shouted for help.

A comma is placed before the coordinating conjunction when the conjunction

connects two independent clauses. A clause consists of a subject and a verb.

A comma is not used when using a coordinating conjunction to connect two objects.
However, if more than two objects are connected, a comma is placed before the
coordinating conjunction.
I used soap or detergent for laundry.
We must avoid disposable cups, plates, or cutlery.

ENGLISH
 Fourth Quarter –
Lesson 5: Using Subordinating Conjunctions

The learner should be able to:

1. identify the subordinating conjunctions in the sentence;
2. use subordinating conjunction in the sentence; and
3. compose clear and coherent sentences using subordinating conjunctions.

A subordinating conjunction is a conjunction that introduces a dependent clause (a

clause that cannot stand alone) and connects it to the main clause or to the independent
clause (a clause that can stand alone). They are usually found at the beginning of a
subordinating clause or dependent clause.

ENGLISH
 Fourth Quarter –
Lesson 6: Compose Clear and Coherent Sentences
Using Adverbs of Manner, Time, and Place

The learner should be able to:

1. identify the adverbs of manner, time and place in the sentence;
2. use adverbs of manner, time and place correctly in the sentence; and
3. compose clear and coherent sentences using adverbs of manner, time, and place.

Adverbs of manner tell how things are done. They answer the question “how.” Most
adverbs of manner are formed from adjectives.

Examples:
happy-happily easy-easily
slow- slowly silent-silently

Here are more examples:

Grandmother walks slowly down the stairs.
Mom asked kindly if we still want more food.
Father told us clearly how to get there.
Her hair swayed wildly during the trip.

Adverbs of place are words that tell where an action is done. They answer the question
“where.” Some adverbs of place also function as prepositions.

Here are examples:

I cannot find it anywhere.
He put the book on the shelf above.
Do you think we can swim across?

Adverbs of time are words that tell about time. They answer the question “when” or how
on action is done.

Examples:
We plan to leave in the morning.
The team practiced last Monday.
Mother will teach me how to bake today.
ENGLISH
 Fourth Quarter –
Lesson 7: Compose Clear and Coherent Sentences
Using Adverbs of Manner, Time, and Place

The learner should be able to:

 identify adverbs of Frequency, Degree, Affirmation and Negation
 recognize adverbs of Frequency, Degree, Affirmation and Negation
 construct meaningful sentences using appropriate grammatical structures:
Adverbs of Frequency, Degree, Affirmation and Negation

Adverbs of Frequency – tell “how often” something takes place. Some examples are
usually, always, rarely, never, regularly, sometimes, seldom, often, etc.

Examples:
1. We seldom go to church after the lockdown.
2. Mother sometimes attends mass in the television.
3. My family always prays the rosary before going to bed.

Adverbs of Degree – tell “how much” or “to what extent”. Some examples are very,
completely, hardly, little, quite, almost, etc.

Examples:
1. Grandmother can hardly see without her eyeglasses.
2. She almost bumped on a tricycle when she went out on the street one day.
3. Erika feels a little worried about grandmother.

Adverbs of Affirmation or Negation – tell if an action or characteristic is true or false.

Some examples are really, sure, surely, undoubtedly, yes, certainly for affirmation and
nothing, nowhere, never, no, not or words ending in n’t for negation.

Examples:
1. Public officials should not engage in illegal activities.
2. Their constituents will surely lose their trust if they do so.
3. They have to make sure that nothing could stain their reputation.