International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)

ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-11 Issue-5, January 2023

Experimental Study on the Influence of

Alccofine-1203 and Phosphogypsum on the Strength
Characteristics of Expansive Soil
V. Jaladevi, V. Murugaiyan
Abstract: Expansive soil is generally found in arid and It is typically consuming the expected impact to produce
semi-arid regions of the world. One of the main issues with these unwanted engineering behavior, such as low load bearing
expansive soils is their swelling properties when their natural capacity, high shrink, swell potential, and high moisture
water content increases. The various swell-shrink tendencies of
expansive soils cause numerous issues with the substructure and susceptibility (F. H. Chen, 1975 & 1988, [7,8]). These types
distress in infrastructures such as buildings, pavements, and of soils are found mainly in arid and semi-arid regions in the
breast walls, among others. Geotechnical engineers have worked world. They cover a major portion on the geographical area in
hard to understand the behavior of expanding soil and implement the world such as Australia, Canada, China, India, South
appropriate management strategies. The current study aims to Africa, and the United States. In India has extensive track of
elucidate the efficacy of alcofine-1203 and Phosphogypsum (PG) expansive soils known as black cotton soil covers about 20%
powder in achieving the geotechnical properties of soil and
improving its high swell, high shrink, and low bearing capacity, of the total land such soils are found extensively in Andhra
which have benefits for civil engineering. The combination of the Pradesh, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra,
two materials can be more beneficial when used as a stabilizing Tamil Nadu and Puducherry. One of the most difficult soils
agent than using them individually. An experimental programme for civil engineering to work with this expansive soil or black
has calculated the effects of alcofine-1203 (3, 6, 9, and 12%) and cotton soil, which expands and contracts as a result of
Phosphogypsum (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1.0%) on the Atterberg changes in water flow (Azam et al., 2013, [4]). The
limits, optimum moisture content (OMC), unconfined compressive
strength (UCS), maximum dry density (MDD), and other essential foundations of structures built on expansive soil are seriously
soil characteristics. Both admixtures were added independently at risk. Due to its natural shrinking and swelling behavior
and blended into the expansive soil. It was found that the liquid (Abdullah et al., 1999, [1]; Mishra et al., 2008, [20]) when it
limit, plasticity index, optimum moisture content, and swelling reacts with water, this type of soils can generate uplift forces
behavior of the expansive soil have been greatly reduced with the that significantly damage lightly loaded buildings such as
addition of specified admixtures. UCS gradually increases from sidewalks, basements, etc. (Selvamsagayaradja et al., 2021,
46.4 kPa to 948 kPa after 56 days due to the combined effect of
12% alccofine and 1.0% Phosphogypsum reacting with soil, which [28]; K.S. Subba Rao, 2000, [16]). As a result, the
plays a critical role when compared to the remaining admixture problematic soils are distinguished by their severe hardness
combination. Hence, the result concluded that the addition of 12% when dry and by their great swelling potential during the
alccofine and 1.0% PG exhibited an essential improver of wetting process, and the damages from expansive soils is
expansive soils, proved that adding the admixture is a potential very common where the yearly loss exceeds annual rainfall in
stabilizer, and also proved that the problematic soil was arid and semi-arid areas (Suresh et al., 2018, 2019, [32,33]).
transformed into the best soil. It also reduced the construction cost
by making the best use of locally available materials. It has been estimated as a probable natural hazard, if not
treated adequately can cause catastrophic to the structure and
Keywords: Alccofine-1203, Expansive soil, Phosphogypsum, destruction to the human life. In order to achieve the desired
Shrinking, Swelling, Unconfined Compressive Strength.
strength, mechanical stabilization, such as compaction, and
chemical admixture approach were utilized to strengthen the
I. INTRODUCTION
soil qualities, to regain the index properties of soil as well as
its shrinking and swelling characteristics. Differential free
Expansive soils are well known around the world for their swell has been performed on the soil and identified an 81%
volume change behavior in response to moisture fluctuation reduction in swelling potential and a change in a state of
due to their intrinsic mineralogical behavior. behavior of soil from plastic nature to brittle nature has been
observed by (G. Ramakrishna et al., 2018, [12]). A study by
Manuscript received on 30 December 2022 | Revised (Suresh et.al., 2019, [33]) used the various proportions of
Manuscript received on 24 January 2023 | Manuscript Accepted alccofine and CaCl2 admixtures to stabilize the clay soil as
on 15 January 2023 | Manuscript published on 30 January 2023. cohesive non swelling soils (CNS) cushions below the light
*Correspondence Author(s)
V. Jaladevi*, Research Scholar, Department of Civil Engineering, weight structures and the optimum strength of expansive soil
Puducherry Technological University, Puducherry, India. Email: is obtained at 6% alccofine and 1% CaCl2. On the other hand,
jaladevi@pec.edu, ORCID ID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3024-7106 CaCl2 and MgCl2, are hygroscopic materials and therefore
V. Murugaiyan, Professor & HOD, Department of Civil Engineering,
Puducherry Technological University, Puducherry, India Email:
perfectly suited for stabilizing expansive soils because they
vmurugaiyan@ptuniv.edu.in, ORCID ID: absorb water from the environment and prevent shrinkage
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7001-6129 cracks from appearing in expansive soils during the summer
© The Authors. Published by Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering and
season (Mishra et al., 2008, [20]).
Sciences Publication (BEIESP). This is an open access article under the
CC-BY-NC-ND license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

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DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.E7432.0111523 and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
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93
 Experimental Study on the Influence of Alccofine-1203 and Phosphogypsum on the Strength Characteristics of
Expansive Soil
Additionally, the stiffness and strength qualities of soft Clay (%) 67.9
Silt (%) 28.49
soils can be increased by mixing waste materials and fibres Sand (%) 03.61
with chemical agents (Fatahi et al., 2013, [10]; Fatahi and Atterberg Limits
Khabbaz, 2012, [9]). According to (Hayder Hasan et al., Liquid Limit, (WL) (%) 103
2016[14]), stabilizing expansive soils using bagasse ash and Plastic Limit, (WP) (%) 37.78
Shrinkage Limit (WS) (%) 01.82
hydrated lime not only increases strength but also makes it Plasticity Index, (PI) (%) 65.22
easier to address environmental issues by reducing waste Free swell index (FSI) (%) 125
from the sugar industry. In order to manage the consolidation Free swell ratio (FSR) 02.25
Water absorption (WA) (%) 93.73
features of the expansive soil, (A.T. Manikandan & M. Swell potential (S) (%) 57.74
Moganraj 2014, [17]) found that the addition of bagasse ash Cation exchange capacity (CEC) meq/100g 26.27
and hydrated lime together is more efficient than the addition Specific surface area (SSA) m2/g 01.021
Unified soil classification CH
of bagasse ash alone. Hence, 3% of lime and 0.75% of sisal Compaction characteristics
fibre content (K.R. Manjunath et al., 2013, [19]) can be Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) (%) 36
considered as optimum percentages for black cotton soil to Maximum Dry Density (MDD) (KN/m3) 13.8
Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) kPa) 46.44
increases the CBR value. Many researchers used the
pH 02.78
industrial by-product material such as alccofine (Rajesh
Conductivity (mS/cm) 05.71
Prasad Shukla et al., 2016, [24]; Rakesh Kumar Dutta et al.,
2019, [26]), using pond ash and alccofine (Mohd Fahiem
Alccofine: Alccofine 1203 is a fine cementitious Ground
Tahir & Er. Tripti Goyal, 2019, [21]), cement kiln dust,
Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS) material that
alccofine-1101 (Amit Talgotra & Er. Neeraj Sharma, 2017,
performs superior to all other mineral admixtures used and
[3]), marble dust, alccofine-1108 (Manish Kumar Soni &
obtained from Counto Micro-Fine Product Private Limited,
Sandeep Singh, 2019, [18]), as additives are becoming more
Goa, India. The majority of Ultra-fine slag products are used
popular due to their relatively low cost additionally CO2,
for high-performance soil stabilization purposes. Table 2
emission can be reduced significantly by the increased use of
displays the physical and chemical characteristics of
such supplementary cementing materials currently wasted in
micro-fine slag.
lagoons and landfill sites. The most important feature in the
stabilization of clay soils is the ability of the stabilizer to Table 2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Ultra-Fine
provide a sufficient amount of calcium. The goal of this study Slag
is to stabilize expansive soil by enhancing its geotechnical Properties Results
properties and increase the compressive strength of Physical properties
Specific gravity 2.9
compacted expansive soil using a combination of alccofine Bulk density (kg/m3) 680
and Phosphogypsum (PG) as a binder, while avoiding the Particle size distribution (mm)
harmful health and environmental issues that can be induced D10 1.5
D50 5.0
due to the disposal of this material. Therefore, the D90 9.0
combination of the two materials can be more beneficial D95 11.5
when used as a stabilizing agent then using them individual. Chemical properties
CaO 32.9 (%)
However, no research on the joint activation of
Fe2O3 1.9 (%)
Phosphogypsum (PG) and alccofine as stabilising agents for MgO 7.98 (%)
expansive soils has been published too far. The additives Al2O3 21.6 (%)
used have been chosen, focusing on waste reduction, SO3 0.21 (%)
SiO2 35.41 (%)
economy, and its eco-friendly nature.
Phosphogypsum (PG): Phosphogypsum (PG) is the calcium
II. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY sulphate hydrate formed as a by-product of the production
of fertilizer from phosphate rock. It is mainly composed
A. Materials
of gypsum (CaSO4·2H2O). but also contains impurities of
Black Cotton Soil: The soil from Location 1, in the environmental concern such as residual acids, fluoride, heavy
Puducherry region, India, was used for this investigation metals and naturally-occurring radionuclides. Impurity
because of its high swell, shrink, and low load-carrying composition within Phosphogypsum can vary greatly
capacity. The soil has collected at a depth of 1.5 m below the depending on the source of phosphate rock used in
ground level. It is dried and sieved through a sieve of 4.75mm phosphoric acid production and by treating phosphate ore
size to remove gravel fraction if any. And it is conserved in (apatite) with sulfuric acid according to the following
the test center. The soil is classified as ‘CH’ as per IS reaction:
Classification (IS 1498: 1970) which has inorganic clay of Ca5(PO4)3X + 5 H2SO4 + 10 H2O → 3 H3PO4 + 5 (CaSO4 · 2
High Plasticity (Sridharan & Nagaraj, 2009, [31]). Table 1 H2O) + HX
shows the index and engineering properties of high swell and where X may include OH, F, Cl, or Br
shrinks soil. Approximately 4-6 tons of PG are generated per ton of
Table 1. Physical Properties of Soil phosphoric acid production.
Properties of soil Results
Specific gravity, (GS) 2.27
Color of soil Blackish Grey
Grain size distribution

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Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijrte.E74320111523 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.E7432.0111523 and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
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94
 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-11 Issue-5, January 2023

The continuous growth in the world population increases expansive soil is shown in Fig 1. Results show that liquid
food production demand which requires an increase in limit and plastic limit are decreased gradually and shrinkage
phosphate fertilizer production resulting in an increase in PG limit increases; hence the difference between plastic limit and
content (Alaa M. Rashad 2017, [2]). Only 15% of world PG shrinkage limit is termed as shrinkage index and similarly the
production is recycled as building materials, including difference between liquid limit and plastic limit is the
cement retarder, building gypsum powder, gypsum board, plasticity index. Plasticity index is reduced by about 66% and
filler in papermaking, fibre plasterboard, mine filling agent, Shrinkage index is increased by about 53% when the soil is
and roadbed material (Siqi Zhao et al., 2017, [29]; Holanda et blended with 12% alccofine + 1% Phosphogypsum due to the
al., 2017, [11]). Approximately 85% of this by-product is still pozzolanic reaction and the capacity of cation exchange of
the blend when compared to the soil is blended with
discarded into the ocean or river, or stored in ponds or leaps
admixture individually from Table 4. Based on IS (1498) –
without purification. This disposal causes serious
1970 classification the results proved that the index
contamination. Reduction in the disposal of this by-product
properties of natural soil are changed from high swell
has economic and environmental benefits. It is also recycled potential to medium swell potential due to the accumulation
as agricultural fertilizers or soil stabilization amendments and of 12% alccofine + 1% Phosphogypsum. (J. Mitchell, 1993,
as set controller in the manufacture of Portland cement [15]) Suggested that plasticity is a good indicator of swell
(Hanan Tayibi et al., 2009, [13]). Table 3 shows the oxides potential; that is, that a lower plasticity index reflects a lower
composition of Phosphogypsum. swell potential. The addition of calcium chloride to soil
Table 3: Oxide Composition of Phosphogypsum increases the charge concentration (Ramanamurty, V &
Major elements Result
Praveen G.V, 2008, [27]).
SO3 44.7
CaO 32.04
F 0.79
Na2O 0.13
Cl 0.72
P2O5 0.67
SiO2 0.43
Al2O3 0.24
MgO 0.14
Fe2O3 0.07
LOI 21.06

B. Methodology
The index and engineering characteristics of stabilized
soils can be evaluated using a variety of tests. The current
study is focused on analysing the physical properties,
compaction, strength, and swell/shrink behavior.
Experiments have been done on expansive soil using varying
concentrations of Phosphogypsum (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, and Fig. 1. Effect of Alccofine and Phosphogypsum on
Atterberg limits
1.0%) and alccofine -1203 (3, 6, 9, and 12%). According to
Indian Standards, the expansive soil sample's specific The compaction characteristics of treated and untreated soils
gravity, Atterberg limits, compaction, unconfined are shown in Fig. 2 (a) and (b). The results of compaction
compressive strength (UCS), consolidation, and swelling show that the MDD is increased from 13.8 kN/m 3 to 17 .5
characteristics of soil were all determined. The water kN/m3 and optimum moisture content is reducing from 36%
absorption (WA) of soil mixed with the admixtures to 15.6% with an increase of 12% alccofine and 1%
Phosphogypsum and alccofine-1203 were added Phosphogypsum binder; that is, for the sample which shows
independently and blended into the combination of both maximum strength. Similar behavior of MDD and OMC was
admixtures with expansive soil. A water absorption (WA) observed Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) or
equation is developed and recommended by (Mokeagus J.A, industrial waste was used as stabilizing agents (Erdal Cokca,
1978, [22]). Water absorption equation is WA = 0.91 WL, 2001, [6]; Phani Kumar & Sharma, 2004, [5]). An increase in
where, WL is liquid limit. The cation exchange capacity dry density for a given compaction effect is desirable for use
(CEC) of the blended soil-admixture samples was as construction materials as it indicates soil improvement was
determined. The Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC) was reported an increase in MDD and a decrease in the OMC with
created and is advised (Sridharan A & Nagaraj H.B, 2009, increasing alccofine (Sivapullaiah, 2004, [30]; Rajesh Prasad
[31]). Shukla et al., 2015, [25]).
B. Free swell index (FSI): A swelling behavior of soil is
III. RESULT AND DISCUSSION blended with different percentages of alccofine and
Phosphogypsum is presented in Table 4. The presence of
The effect of Alccofine-1203 and Phosphogypsum (PG) on montmorillonite minerals greatly influences the swelling
different properties of expansive soil was determined as per properties of soil.
Indian standards and discussed in the following sections
Atterberg limit, free swell index, compaction parameters,
unconfined compressive strength, and free swell ratio.
A. Atterberg limits (LL, PL, PI): The influence of
alccofine and Phosphogypsum on Atterberg limits of
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DOI: 10.35940/ijrte.E7432.0111523 and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
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95
 Experimental Study on the Influence of Alccofine-1203 and Phosphogypsum on the Strength Characteristics of
Expansive Soil
By adding these chemicals individually to the soil proves that
the FSI is gradually dropped from 125% to 4.5% at 12% of Ex p a n s i ve s o i l + A l c co f i ne +
P h o s ph o g y ps u m
alccofine and 38.89% at 0.75% of Phosphogypsum. Hence,
the result shows that both admixtures were reduced the swell S +A S + PG S + A + PG
42.5
potential of soil from high swelling to low swelling and, also

Optimum moistuer content (%)

37.5
similar result is obtained when the soil is blended with the
combined action of 12% alccofine + 1% Phosphogypsum as 32.5
per IS 1498-1970 (Sridharan & Nagarajan, 2009, [31]). 27.5
Similar result is obtained by (Suresh & Murugaiyan, 2019, 22.5
[33]) the swelling behavior is changed from high swelling to 17.5
zero swelling at 6% alccofine and 1% CaCl2 with intrinsic 12.5
soil. 7.5
Ex p a n s i ve s o i l + A l c co f i ne + 2.5
P h o s ph o g y ps u m 0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15
Alccofine 1203 (%)
18 S +A S + PG S + A + PG
(a) Optimum Moisture Content
17.5
Fig. 2. Compaction Characteristics of Treated and
Maximum dry dwnsity (kN/m3 )

17 Untreated Soil
16.5 C. Free swell ratio (FSR): The free swell ratio method is
16 very competitive, involving a very simple procedure, for the
15.5 prediction of the swell potential of a soil. It is defined as the
ratio of equilibrium sediment volume of 10 g oven-dried soil
15
passing a 425 µm sieve in distilled water to that in kerosene.
14.5 FSR = Vd/Vk
14 The results show that the FSR value is reduced from 2.25 to
13.5
1.17 which means the swelling of soil is changed from high
0 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 15 swelling to low swelling with the accumulation of 12%
Alccofine - 1203 (%) alccofine + 1% Phosphogypsum respectively. And also, the
(a) Maximum dry Density (MDD) dominating clay mineral is changed from montmorillonite to
mixture of kaolinite and montmorillonite (Prakash et al.,
2009, [23]).
D. Cation Exchange Capacity: The exchangeable cations
such as Ca, Mg, Na, and K determined displacing these from
soil colloids with NH4. This is done by Asian Enviro Labs
Pvt. Ltd. Pallavaram, Chennai.

Table 4: Effects on Index and Engineering Properties of Soil Blended with Admixtures
Admixtures (%) WL (%) WP (%) WS (%) PI (%) SI (%) GS FSI (%) FSR UCS (kPa) MDD (kN/m3) OMC %
0 103 37.78 1.82 65.22 35.96 2.27 125 2.25 46.4 13.8 36
A3 77.8 29.17 7.05 48.63 22.12 2.44 81.25 1.81 89.5 14 31.6
A6 68 28.78 5.4 39.22 23.38 2.46 25 1.25 118 14.6 25
A9 60.5 20.44 11.32 40.06 9.12 2.42 13.63 1.13 150 15.3 18.7
A 12 42 31.18 17.95 10.82 13.23 2.64 4.5 1.05 172 16.95 14
PG 0.25 68.2 26.41 5.85 41.79 20.56 2.45 70.59 1.71 94 14.6 25
PG 0.50 60.5 32.18 0.97 28.32 31.21 2.53 66.67 1.67 110 15.1 24
PG 0.75 42 22.82 8.77 19.18 14.05 2.95 38.89 1.39 128 15.2 21
PG 1 66 29.09 5.93 36.91 23.16 2.88 44.4 1.44 83 15.2 23.5
A 3 + PG 0.25 77.8 29.17 7.05 48.63 22.12 2.31 82.35 1.82 81 16.2 17.5
A 6 + PG 0.50 68 35.09 14.14 32.91 20.95 2.79 66.67 1.67 120 16.5 17.8
A 9 + PG 0.75 53.5 34.28 9.06 19.22 25.22 2.61 44.4 1.44 135 16.5 17
A 12 + PG 1 48 26.14 9.16 21.86 16.98 2.68 16.67 1.17 155 17.5 15.6
Note: A = Alccofine; PG = Phosphogypsum; WL = Liquid limit; WP = Plastic limit; WS = Shrinkage limit; PI = Plasticity
index; SI = Shrinkage index; GS = Specific gravity; FSI = Free swell index; FSR = Free swell ratio; UCS = Unconfined
compressive strength; S = Swell potential; WA = Water absorption.
The UCS value of natural soil is 46.4 kPa. The percentage of
3.5 Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS):
Alccofine-1203 (3, 6, 9, and 12%) and Phosphogypsum
The prepared soil sample of UCS test were conducted with (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0%)
alccofine and Phosphogypsum were added independently and
blended to the expansive soil. It was performed on both
natural soil and chemically treated soils.

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 International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE)
ISSN: 2277-3878 (Online), Volume-11 Issue-5, January 2023

were added by dry weight of the soil. In addition, the effect of accumulation of 12% alccofine + 1% Phosphogypsum
curing time on strength improvement was examined for a respectively.
period of 0, 7, 14, 28, and 56 days. The optimum strength was Based on the positive outcomes, it can be said that the
noticed at 12% alccofine with 1% Phosphogypsum. The UCS expansive soil containing alccofine and Phosphogypsum is a
strength is gradually increased from 46.4 kPa to 155 kPa, 229 useful cohesive non-swelling soil (CNS) for roads,
kPa, 454 kPa, 706 kPa and 948 kPa at 0, 7, 14, 28, and 56days sidewalks, and floorings. Hence the result concluded that the
with the accumulation of 12% alccofine with 1% addition of 12% alccofine + 1% Phosphogypsum exhibited
Phosphogypsum. And the result proves that the UCS strength an essential stabilizer on a high swell, high shrink soil and
was increased from 46.4 kPa to 948 kPa with 56 days of poor bearing capacity soil thereby it was discovered that by
curing. Therefore, based on the unconfined compressive addition of the admixture a problematic soil is converted to
strength behavior with the addition of 12% alccofine and 1% best soil.
Phosphogypsum binder is recommended as an optimum
content of effectively stabilized to this expansive soil. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Table 5: Properties Obtained for Optimum Soil + The authors would like to thank the Vice Chancellor and
alccofine + Phosphogypsum Head of Civil Engineering Department, Puducherry
Properties Natural 87% S Technological University, Puducherry, India, for their
soil + 12%
A + 1%
unflinching support to carry out this research work. They
PG would like to convey their appreciation for the financial
Specific gravity, (GS) 2.27 2.68 support granted by the TEQIP-III Research Assistantship for
Atterberg Limits PhD Scholars in Puducherry Technological University.
Liquid Limit, (WL) (%) 103 48
Plastic Limit, (WP) (%) 37.78 26.14
Shrinkage Limit (WS) (%) 01.82 9.16 DECLARATION
Plasticity Index, (PI) (%) 65.22 21.86
Shrinkage Index, (SI) (%) 35.96 16.98 Funding/ Grants/
Free swell index (FSI) (%) 125 16.67 No funding was received for this work.
Free swell ratio (FSR) 02.25 1.17
Financial Support
Water absorption (WA) (%) 93.73 43.68 The authors declare that they have no
Cation exchange capacity (CEC) meq/100g 26.27 45.52 Conflicts of
known competing financial interests or
Unified soil classification CH CI Interest/
Compaction characteristics personal relationships that could have
Competing
Optimum Moisture Content (OMC) (%) 36 15.6 appeared to influence the work reported
Interests
Maximum Dry Density (MDD) (kN/m3) 13.8 17.5 in this paper.
Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) (kPa) 46.44 155 We further confirm that any aspects of
the work covered in this manuscript that
IV. CONCLUSION Ethical Approval has involved human patients has been
and Consent to conducted with the ethical approval of
In this investigation, several tests were carried out based Participate all relevant bodies and that such
on the laboratory tests, to study the impact of alccofine-1203 approvals are acknowledged within the
and Phosphogypsum on swelling characteristics and strength manuscript.
behavior of soil. The findings drawn from the data in this Availability of The data that support the findings of
research are as follows: Data and Material/ this study are available from the
1. The addition of alccofine-1203 and Phosphogypsum to the Data Access corresponding author upon reasonable
soil decreased the liquid limit and plasticity index while Statement request.
increasing the shrinkage limit. It is found that the V. Jaladevi: Conceptualization,
addition of stabilizers causes flocculation of clay Authors Methodology, Writing-original draft.
particles and increases the number of coarse particles Contributions V. Murugaiyan: Visualization,
which help in reducing the Atterberg limits. Supervision and editing.
2. The optimum moisture content (OMC) was found to
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Retrieval Number: 100.1/ijrte.E74320111523 Blue Eyes Intelligence Engineering
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97
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252-262. [CrossRef] natural fiber and chemical admixture, IEEE International Conference
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11. Fernando do Carmo Holanda, Holger Schmidt, Valdecir Angelo alccofine and calcium chloride on geotechnical properties of
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AUTHORS PROFILE
12. G. Ramakrishna Reddy, Debjyoti Pal, A. K. Sinha, A. K. Choudhary, V. Jaladevi is a Ph. D Research Scholar at Civil
Improvement in swelling, strength and deformation characteristics of Engineering Department, Puducherry Technological
expansive soil using lime and brick dust, International Journal of University (PTU), Puducherry, India. She received her
Recent Technology and Engineering (IJRTE). 7(4), (2018), 146-150. Master’s in Environmental Engineering in the year 2015
13. Hanan Tayibi, Mohamed Choura, Francisco J, Alguacil. and she obtained her B.Tech Civil in the year 2012 from
Environmental impact and management of phosphogypsum (Review), Pondicherry Engineering College, Puducherry-605 014,
(2009), 1-38. India and pursuing her Ph. D in PTU in present. She has
14. Hayder Hasan, Liet Dang, Hadi Khabbaz, Behzad Fatahi, Sergei more than 4 years of Teaching Experience. Her research interests include
Terzaghi, Remediation of Expansive Soils Using Agricultural Waste Environmental Geotechnology, Soil stabilization and Improvement etc. She
Bagasse Ash, Advances in Transportation Geotechnics, The 3rd attended and participated 2 International Conference, 1 National Conference
International Conference on Transportation Geotechnics (ICTG research paper and 2 Journal papers published. E-mail: jaladevi@pec.edu.
2016). 143, 1368-1375. [CrossRef]
15. J. Mitchell, Fundamentals of soil Behaviour, Wiley, New York. Dr. V. Murugaiyan is currently working as Professor
(1993). and HOD, Department of Civil Engineering,
16. K.S. Subba Rao, Swell-Shrink Behaviour of Expansive Soils - Puducherry Technological University (PTU),
Geotechnical Challenges, Indian Geotechnical Journal. 30(1), (2000). Puducherry-605014, India. He obtained his Master
17. Manikandan A. T, Maganraj M, Consolidation and rebound degree in Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering
characteristics of expansive soil by using lime and bagasse ash, from Anna University, Chennai, in the year 1996. He
International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology. also obtained his Ph.D in Environmental
3(4), (2014), 403-411. [CrossRef] Geotechnology, Pondicherry University, Puducherry,
18. Manish Kumar Soni, Sandeep Singh, Statistical Interpretation of India, in 2005. He has more than 25 years of Teaching experience. He
Marble Dust and Alccofine for Soil Stabilization, International published more than 70 research papers in peer reviewed International
Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering Journals and International conferences and also, he has 4 Book Chapters. His
(IJITEE). 8(7), (2019). area of interest in Geotechnical Engineering. He is a Life member in MISTE,
19. Manjunath K.R, Venugopal G, Rudresh A.N, Effect of random MICI, IGC, IEI. E-mail: vmurugaiyan@ptuniv.edu.in.
inclusion of sisal fibre on strength behavior of black cotton soil,
International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology
(IJERT). 2(7), (2013), 2227-2232. Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and
20. Mishra A.K, Dhawan S, Rao S.M, Analysis of swelling and shrinkage
behaviour of compacted clays, Geotechnical Engineering. 26(3), data contained in all publications are solely those of the
(2008), 289-298. [CrossRef] individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of the Blue
21. Mohd Fahiem Tahir, Er. Tripti Goyal, Improvement of engineering Eyes Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication
properties of soil using pond ash and alccofine, International Research
Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET). 6(3), (2019). (BEIESP)/ journal and/or the editor(s). The Blue Eyes
22. Mokeagus J.A, Ed, Manual on soil sampling and methods of analysis, Intelligence Engineering and Sciences Publication (BEIESP)
2nd edition, Can. Soil. Soc. Suite. 907, 151 later st., Ottawn, ont., and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to
(1978).
23. Prakash K, Sridharan A, Prasanna H S, Manjunatha K, Identification people or property resulting from any ideas, methods,
of soil clay mineralogy by free swell ratio method, GEOTIDE Indian instructions or products referred to in the content.
Geotechnical Society, IGC, Guntur, India. (2009), 27-30.
24. Rajesh Prasad Shukla, Niraj Singh Parihar, Stabilization of Black
Cotton Soil Using Micro-Fine Slag, Journal of The Institution of
Engineers (India): Series A. (2016).
25. Rajesh Prasad Shukla, Niraj Singh, Pravar Yadav, Nitesh Mankotia,
Problems and treatment of black cotton soil, 50 th Indian Geotechnical
Conference. (2015).
26. Rakesh Kumar Dutta, Vishwas Nandkishor Khatri, Vivek Thakur,
Pragyan Paramita Das, Effect of Alccofine Addition on the Index and
Engineering Properties of Bentonite, Journal of Geotechnical
Engineering JOGE STM Journals. 6(1), (2019).
27. Ramanamurty, V, Praveen G.V, Use of chemically stabilized soil as
cushion material below light weight structures founded on expansive
soils, Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, ASCE. 20(5), (2008),
392-400. [CrossRef]
28. Selvamsagayaradja M, Murugaiyan V, Sundarajan T, Geotechnical
mapping of expansive soil problems associated with damages in low
rise buildings along south east coast of India, International Journal of
Science, Engineering and Management (IJSEM). 6(4), (2021).

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