Slides

Section 4 : Variables
and data types
1
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Variables and Data Types

2
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 int main(){} Entry Point Statements Functions

Errors Warnings Input Output

Dev Memory Execution

Comments
Workflow Model Model
3
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 4
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 int double float char

bool void auto …

5
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Memory is a grid of cells that contain either 1 or 0 in them.
Each cell is a bit

We group them in groups of 8, 16,32, 64 cells depending on the size of

Data we want to store

6
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 7
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 8
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 9
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 22 23.8

“Steve” …

10
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Slide intentionally left empty

11
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Number Systems

• Binary
• Octal
• Hexadecimal

12
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Number Systems

13
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 22 23.8

“Steve” …

14
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 2371 2 × 103 + 3 × 102 + 7 × 101 + 1 × 100

Base 10 924 9 × 102 + 2 × 101 + 4 × 100

47 4 × 101 + 7 × 100
15
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 100101 1 × 25 +0 × 24 +0 × 23 + 1 × 22 + 0 × 21 + 1 × 20

Base 2 10010 1 × 24 +0 × 23 + 0 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 0 × 20

111 1 × 22 + 1 × 21 + 1 × 20
16
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Binary Decimal
000 0
001 1
010 2
3 Digits 011 3
100 4
101 5
110 6
111 7

17
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 3 Digits
in memory

18
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Binary Decimal
0000 0
0001 1
0010 2
0011 3
0100 4
0101 5
0110 6
4 Digits 0111 7
1000 8
1001 9
1010 10
1011 11
1100 12
1101 13
1110 14 19
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
1111 15
 4 Digits
in memory

20
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Binary Decimal Binary Decimal
00000 0 10000 16
00001 1 10001 17
00010 2 10010 18
00011 3 10011 19
00100 4 10100 20
00101 5 10101 21
00110 6 10110 22
5 Digits 00111 7 10111 23
01000 8 11000 24
01001 9 11001 25
01010 10 11010 26
01011 11 11011 27
01100 12 11100 28
01101 13 11101 29
01110 14 11110 30 21
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals
01111 ©15
Daniel Gakwaya 11111 32
 5 Digits
in memory

22
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Digits Data Range
1 0 ~1
2 0~3
3 0~7
Generalization
4 0~15
5 0~31
… …
n 0~2𝑛−1

23
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Digits Bytes Data Range
8 1 0 ~255
In practice 16 2 0~65,535
32 4 0~34,359,738,367
64 8 0~18,446,744,073,709,551,615

24
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
Hexadecimal
System

25
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Binary Decimal Hex
0000 0 0
0001 1 1
0010 2 2
0011 3 3
0100 4 4
0101 5 5
0110 6 6
Hexadecimal
System 0111 7 7
1000 8 8
1001 9 9
1010 10 A
1011 11 B
1100 12 C
1101 13 D
1110 14 E 26
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals 1111
© Daniel Gakwaya
15 F
Hexadecimal 6 E 3 0 F 1 3 F
System

0x 6E30F13F

27
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 1 0010 0100 1000 1011 1010

Padding

0001 0010 0100 1000 1011 1010

28
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Binary Decimal Oct
000 0 0
001 1 1
010 2 2
011 3 3
100 4 4
Octal System
101 5 5
110 6 6
111 7 7

29
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 1 5 6 1 4 1 7 0 4 7 7
Octal System

0 15614170477

30
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Binary Table https://kb.iu.edu/d/afdl

31
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 32
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 • All data is represented by a bunch of grouped cells of 0’s and
1’s in memory
• As the range of your data grows, so will the number of digits you
need to represent the data in memory
• Hexadecimal system makes it a little easier for humans to handle
streams of data with 1’s and 0’s
• Octal has the same goal as Hexadecimal, but it’s almost no
longer used in modern times. It’s just mentioned here for your
awareness

33
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 22 23.8

“Steve” …

34
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Slide intentionally left empty

35
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Integers

36
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 22 37

55939 472299

37
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 A named piece of memory that you use to store
variable
specific types of data.

38
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 age

39
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 • Stores decimals
int • Typically occupies 4 bytes
or more in memory

40
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Variable braced initialization

41
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Functional variable initialization

42
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Assignment Initialization

43
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 • Braced Initialization
• Functional Initialization
• Assignment Initialization

44
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Size of a type in memory

45
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Int’s
in memory

46
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 47
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Slide intentionally left empty

48
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Integer Modifiers

49
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 22 37

55939 472299

50
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Positive and negative numbers

51
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 52
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 53
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 54
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 unsigned range [0 ~ 2𝑛 − 1]

signed range [- 2𝑛−1 ~ 2𝑛−1 − 1]

55
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
* n is the number of bits for a type in memory
 Type with modifier Bytes in memory Range
unsigned int 4 [0, 4,294,967,295]
signed int 4 [-2,147,483,648, 2,147,483,647]

56
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 short long

57
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 58
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 These modifiers only apply to integral types : those
Note
in which you can store decimal numbers

59
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Slide intentionally left empty

60
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Fractional Numbers

61
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 22.37 37.076

55.939 4722.99

62
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Floating Point Types

63
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Used to represent numbers with fractional parts in C++

64
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 22.37 37.076

55.939 4.72299

65
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Type Size Precision Comment
float 4 7 -
double 8 15 Recommended
default
long double 12 > double

66
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Precision

1.23456700001

67
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 68
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Precision

69
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Precision gone wrong

70
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Problem not caught at compile time

71
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Scientific Notation

72
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 73
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Floating Point Numbers Memory Representation

IEEE_754

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_754

74
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 n(floating point)/ 0 Infinity(+/-)

0.0/ 0.0 NaN

75
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 76
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 • Remember the suffixes when initializing floating point variables,
otherwise the default will be double
• Double works well in many situations, so you will see it used a lot

77
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Slide intentionally left empty

78
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Booleans

79
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 true false

80
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 81
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 82
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 83
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 • A byte can store 256 different values
• Using it just to cover two states (true/false) is wasteful, especially for
devices with hard memory constraints (think embedded devices)
• There are techniques to pack even more data into a byte . We’ll learn
more about these in a few upcoming chapters

84
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Slide intentionally left empty

85
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Characters and Text

86
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 87
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 88
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 89
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 1 byte : 256 Possible
Each matched to some character
values

90
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 ASCII Table

91
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya

* Source : https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~pattis/15-1XX/common/handouts/ascii.html
 It is possible to assign a valid ASCII code to a char variable, and the
corresponding character will be stored in. You can choose to interpret
that either as a character or a regular integral value

92
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 93
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 • ASCII was among the first encodings to represent text in a computer.
• It falls short when it comes to representing languages other than English and a few
western languages. Think Arabic, East Asian Languages like Japanese, Chinese ,…
• There are better ways to represent text that is meant to be seen in different
languages, one of the most common being Unicode
• The details of Unicode are out of scope for this course, just know that it’s a robust
way to represent text in different languages for a computer

94
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Slide intentionally left empty

95
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Auto

96
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 auto Let the compiler deduce the type

97
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 98
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 99
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Slide intentionally left empty

100
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Assignments

101
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 102
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 103
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 104
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 105
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Slide intentionally left empty

106
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Variables and data types

107
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 int double float char

bool void auto …

108
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 109
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 22 23.8

“Steve” …

110
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Number Systems

• Binary
• Octal
• Hexadecimal

111
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya
 Slide intentionally left empty

112
The C++ Masterclass : The Fundamentals © Daniel Gakwaya